Datasets:
cfli
/
ssss

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
2
question
stringlengths
18
1.2k
facts
stringlengths
44
500k
answer
stringlengths
1
147
The Cochiti Dam is in which US state?
Facility Details - COCHITI AREA, NM - Recreation.gov COCHITI AREA, NM part of Cochiti Lake , US Army Corps of Engineers 192 Ratings   Overview Cochiti Recreation Area is located in Sandoval County, New Mexico, within the boundaries of the Pueblo de Cochiti Indian Reservation. The lake offers two public recreation areas: Cochiti on the west side of the lake and Tetilla Peak on the east side. Both sides offer spectacular scenic views of the water and surrounding mountains. The Cochiti Dam is one of the ten largest earth-fill dams in the United States, and also one of the largest in the world. The lake derives its name from the Indian Pueblo on the Cochiti Reservation. Natural Features: Cochiti Lake is in a high desert environment, and the dominant vegetation is desert scrubland. There are many opportunities for wildlife viewing. Four osprey nesting platforms have been erected around the lake to provide nesting sites, as well as viewing opportunities. On the east side of the lake, deer, coyote and rabbit are often sighted. Recreation: Wind surfing is a favorite pastime for visitors. The lake is also a popular fishing spot for species such as bass, crappie, walleye, catfish, sunfish and trout. Cochiti Recreation Area has a swim beach and playground for the convenience of families with children. Facilities: The campground consists of four loops. Juniper Loop campsites have electric hookups and some have water. Elk Run and Ringtail Loops are non-electric and have community water spigots. All sites in Buffalo Grove Loop have water and electric hookups. The Cochiti Recreation Area and boat ramp are open year-round and are accessed by a paved road. The ramp has four concrete lanes for loading and unloading. Nearby Attractions:
New Mexico
Which golfer won the 2011 US Open?
Facility Details - TETILLA PEAK, NM - Recreation.gov TETILLA PEAK, NM part of Cochiti Lake , US Army Corps of Engineers 55 Ratings   Overview Tetilla Peak Recreation Area is located in Sandoval County, New Mexico, within the boundaries of the Pueblo de Cochiti Indian Reservation. The lake offers two public recreation areas: Cochiti on the west side of the lake and Tetilla Peak on the east side. Both sides offer spectacular scenic views of the water and surrounding mountains. The Cochiti Dam is one of the ten largest earth-fill dams in the United States, and also one of the largest in the world. The lake derives its name from the Indian Pueblo on the Cochiti Reservation. Natural Features: Cochiti Lake is in a high desert environment, and the dominant vegetation is desert scrubland. There are many opportunities for wildlife viewing. Four osprey nesting platforms have been erected around the lake to provide nesting sites, as well as viewing opportunities. On the east side of the lake, deer, coyote and rabbit are often sighted. Recreation: Wind surfing is a favorite pastime for visitors. The lake is also a popular fishing spot for species such as bass, crappie, walleye, catfish, sunfish and trout. Tetilla Peak Recreation Area has a swim beach and playground for the convenience of families with children. Facilities: The campground consists of two loops. Cholla Loop includes 36 individual campsites, each with an electric hookup, table and grill. All electric campsites have shelters, and water spigots are located throughout the campground. This loop also provides a dump station and large restroom and shower building. A partially paved road winds through Coyote Loop, which has 10 sites, each with a table and grill. There are no electric hookups, and water spigots are scattered throughout the loop. The restroom and shower building is centrally located for easy access. The Tetilla boat ramp area offers a parking area and courtesy dock. Nearby Attractions:
i don't know
Who was the lead singer in the US rock and roll group The Teenagers, who died in February 1968, aged 25?
Frankie Lymon - MusicBrainz Frankie Lymon Goody Goody 1 Showing official release groups by this artist. Show all release groups instead , or show various artists release groups . Artist information
Frankie Lymon
Elizabeth Bloomer was the wife of which US President?
1000+ images about Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers on Pinterest | Santiago, Drug overdose and The teenagers Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers - I Want You To Be My Girl See More
i don't know
Poet and novelist Nazim Hikmet, one of the all-time greatest literary figures of the 20th Century, was what nationality?
Famous Love Poets - Love Poems and Poets Famous Love Poets Famous Love Poets Home » Famous Love Poets Below are famous poets that are known for writing love poetry. Where possible, we've provided links to examples of their poetry. We provide a resource of the all-time best and most-famous love poets or romantic poets in history. These famous love poets do not describe a single unchanging view of love; they express a wide variety of emotions and attitudes, as if a love poet were trying to define his or her experience of love through poetry. Major English Romantic poet William Wordsworth, born in 1770, is considered to be one of the most important literary figures in modern history, as well as one of the leading purveyors of the Romantic Movement. | Famous Love Poet 2 William Blake (born on November 28, 1757 in London's West End) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. He was one of the greatest poets of the Romantic era. | Famous Love Poet 3 Longfellow , Henry Wadsworth American poet and educator Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is one of the greatest poets in American history. Born in Portland, Maine, He became professor of Modern Languages in Harvard University; wrote "Hyperion," a romance in prose, and a succession of poems as well as lyrics, among the former "Evangeline," "The Golden Legend," "Hiawatha," and "Miles Standish" | Famous Love Poet 4 Rossetti , Christina Christina Georgina Rossetti was an English poet who wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, and children's poems. She is best known for her long poem Goblin Market, her love poem Remember, and for the words of the Christmas carol In the Bleak Midwinter.. English poet | Famous Love Poet 5 ​Edgar Allan Poe is an American poet and short story writer best known for his tales of the macabre. Poe was an author, poet, editor, and literary critic most famously known for his poem "The Raven". | Famous Love Poet 6 Keats , John John Keats was an English poet who is now regarded as being one of the greatest lyric poets of his time and one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. He was born in London on October 31, 1795 and in his short lifetime had 54 poems published in various magazines and in three volumes of poetry. Recognition of his achievements as one of the leading poets of his time only came after his death in Rome on February 23, 1821. | Famous Love Poet 7 Ralph Waldo Emerson was born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was a famous American preacher, philosopher, and poet of the 19th century who served as the center of the Transcendental movement. | Famous Love Poet 8 A celebrated Romantic English poet of the Victorian era, Elizabeth Barrett Browning is still one of the most influential figures within English poetry. | Famous Love Poet 9 Pushkin , Alexander Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays, creating a style of storytelling—mixing drama, romance, and satire—associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly influencing later Russian writers. He also wrote historical fiction. His The Captain's Daughter provides insight into Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great. A Russian Romantic author who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet. | Famous Love Poet 10 Byron , George (Lord) George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, later George Gordon Noel, 6th Baron Byron, FRS (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was an English poet and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among Byron's best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and the short lyric " She Walks in Beauty ." He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential. | Famous Love Poet 11 One of the major English Romantic poets.. one of the major English Romantic poets | Famous Love Poet 12 A poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, visual artist, statesman and human rights campaigner.. French poet novelist and dramatist | Famous Love Poet 13 A Scottish novelist, poet, and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in England.. Scottish novelist poet essayist and travel writer | Famous Love Poet 14 An Irish poet. | Famous Love Poet 15 Burns , Robert Robert Burns was a poet and songwriter widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland. This celebrated Scottish poet and lyricist was born at Alloway, near Ayr, in 1759. Burns' poem "A Red, Red Rose" is considered one of the greatest poems of all-time. | Famous Love Poet 16 Moore , Thomas Thomas Moore was an Irish poet, singer, songwriter, and entertainer, now best remembered for the lyrics of The Minstrel Boy and The Last Rose of Summer. He was responsible, with John Murray, for burning Lord Byron's memoirs after his death.. Irish poet singer songwriter and entertainer | Famous Love Poet 17 A German polymath: he was a poet, novelist, dramatist, humanist, scientist, theorist and painter.. German writer artist and politician | Famous Love Poet 18 Pillai , Changampuzha Krishna Changampuzha Krishna Pillai was a celebrated Malayalam poet from Kerala, India, known almost exclusively for his romantic elegy Ramanan (Malayalam ) which was written in 1936 and sold over 100,000 copies. It is a play written in the form of verse. It is a long pastoral elegy allegedly based on the life of Changampuzha's friend Edappally Raghavan Pillai. This has also been converted into a movie in 1967. He is credited with bringing poetry to the masses with his simple romantic style. He died of Tuberculosis at a young age of 36. His style influenced the next few generations of Malayalam poetry. | Famous Love Poet 19 Baudelaire , Charles Charles Pierre Baudelaire is one of the most influential French poets of the nineteenth century. French poet essayist art critic and translator, b. Paris, 9 April 1821, the son of a distinguished friend of Cabanis and Condorcet. He first became famous by the publication of Fleurs du Mal, 1857, in which appeared Les Litanies de Satan. The work was prosecuted and suppressed. Baudelaire translated some of the writings of E. A. Poe, a poet whom he resembled much in life and character. The divine beauty of his face has been celebrated by the French poet, Théodore de Banville, and his genius in some magnificent stanzas by the English poet, Algernon Swinburne. Died Paris 31 Aug. 1867. | Famous Love Poet 20 Robert Southey was an English Romantic poet. One of the "Lake Poets"; Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom 1813–1843. | Famous Love Poet 21 A prolific Scottish historical novelist and romantic poet of the 19th century.. Scottish historical novelist playwright and poet | Famous Love Poet 22 Shelley , Mary Mary Shelley, born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. . | Famous Love Poet 23 Po , Li Li Bai (Li Pai ; Chinese : ; pinyin : Li Bái ; Wade–Giles : Li 3 Pai 2, 701  – 762), also known as Li Bo (or Li Po ; pinyin : Li Bó ; Wade–Giles : Li 3 Po 2 ), is a Chinese poet acclaimed from his own day to the present as a genius and romantic figure who took traditional poetic forms to new heights. He and his friend Du Fu (712-770) are the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the mid- Tang Dynasty that is often called the " Golden Age ." | Famous Love Poet 24 Coleridge , Samuel Taylor Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, Romantic, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as for his major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. He coined many familiar words and phrases, including the celebrated suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence, via Emerson, on American transcendentalism.. English poet | Famous Love Poet 25 Hikmet , Nazim Nâzim Hikmet Ran, commonly known as Nâzim Hikmet, was a Turkish poet, playwright, novelist and memoirist. He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow of his statements". Described as a "romantic communist" and "romantic revolutionary", he was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than fifty languages. | Famous Love Poet 26 Adolfo Becquer , Gustavo Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, was a Spanish post-romanticist poet and writer (mostly short stories), also a playwright, literary columnist, and talented drawer. Today he is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. He adopted the alias of Bécquer as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier. He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism was enjoying success in Spain. He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published. His best known works are the Rhymes and the Legends, usually published together as Rimas y leyendas. | Famous Love Poet 27 Bryant , William Cullen William Cullen Bryant was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. He was born at Cummington, a farming village in the Hampshire hills of western Massachusetts, on the 3rd of November 1794. | Famous Love Poet 28 Cowper , William William Cowper was an English poet and hymnodist. One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and scenes of the English countryside. In many ways, he was one of the forerunners of Romantic poetry. | Famous Love Poet 29 Ghalib , Mirza One of the best-known Urdu poets of all times, Mirza Ghalib is a name that is synonymous with Urdu poetry. Born Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan, Ghalib was a pen name he adopted. It is like a pseudonym that most poets and writers adopt in the literary world. The life history of Ghalib is truly interesting and Ghalib biography indeed makes a good read. Ghalib was born in Agra, India in Turkish aristocratic ancestry on 27th December 1796. | Famous Love Poet 30 Doherty , Pete Peter Doherty (born 12 March 1979) is an English musician, writer, actor, poet and artist. He is best known musically for being co-frontman of The Libertines, which he reformed with Carl Barât in 2010. His other musical project is indie band Babyshambles. In 2005, Doherty became prominent in tabloids, the news media, and pop culture blogs because of his romantic relationship with model Kate Moss and his frequently-publicised drug addictions.. British musician songwriter poet | Famous Love Poet 31 Turner Smith , Charlotte Charlotte Turner Smith (4 May 1749 – 28 October 1806) was an English Romantic poet and novelist. She initiated a revival of the English sonnet, helped establish the conventions of Gothic fiction, and wrote political novels of sensibility.. English Romantic poet and novelist | Famous Love Poet 32 Micle , Veronica Veronica Micle (born Ana Câmpeanu; April 22, 1850—August 3, 1889) was an Imperial Austrian-born Romanian poet, whose work was influenced by Romanticism. She is best known for her love affair with the poet Mihai Eminescu, one of the most important Romanian writers.. Imperial Austrian-born Romanian poet | Famous Love Poet 33 poet of Chhayavaad literary movement (romantic upsurge) | Famous Love Poet 34 Shiv Kumar Batalvi (Punjabi : ) (1936–1973) was a Punjabi language poet, who was most known for his romantic poetry, noted for its heightened passion, pathos, separation and lover's agony | Famous Love Poet 35 Wordsworth , Dorothy Dorothy Mae Ann Wordsworth was an English author, poet and diarist. She was the sister of the Romantic poet William Wordsworth, and the two were close for all of their lives. Dorothy did not set out to be an author, and her writings consist only of a series of letters, diary entries and short stories.. English author poet and diarist; sister of William Wordsworth | Famous Love Poet 36 Das , Jibanananda Jibanananda Das (Bengali: Jibonanondo Dash) (17 February 1899 - 22 October 1954) is probably the most popular Bengali poet. He is considered one of the precursors who introduced modernist poetry to Bengali Literature, at a period when it was influenced by Rabindranath Tagore's Romantic poetry.. Bengali poet and author | Famous Love Poet 37 Russell Lowell , James James Russell Lowell (February 22, 1819 – August 12, 1891) was an American Romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. He is associated with the Fireside Poets, a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets who rivaled the popularity of British poets. These poets usually used conventional forms and meters in their poetry, making them suitable for families entertaining at their fireside.. American Romantic poet critic editor and diplomat; Fireside Poets | Famous Love Poet 38 Dutt , Michael Madhusudan Michael Madhusudan Dutt was a popular 19th century Bengali poet and dramatist. He was born in Sagardari, on the bank of Kopotakho River, a village in Keshobpur Upozila, Jessore District, East Bengal (now in Bangladesh). He was a pioneer of Bengali drama. | Famous Love Poet 39 Aleardi , Aleardo Italian poet, Aleardo Aleardi (November 14, 1812 – July 17, 1878), born Gaetano Maria, he belonged to the so-called Neo-romanticists. He was engaged in a life-long struggle against the Austrian dominion, and his patriotic poems were much admired. In 1859 he was elected deputy to Parliament for Brescia. Died Verona, 16 July, 1878. | Famous Love Poet 40 Nair , P. Kunhiraman P. Kunhiraman Nair (4 October 1905 – 27 May 1978), also known as Mahakavi P, was a renowned Malayalam poet whose works romanticised the natural beauty of his home state of Kerala in southern India and juxtaposed it with the hard realities of his life and times. | Famous Love Poet 41 Mihai Eminescu was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, often regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. | Famous Love Poet 42 Christian Andersen , Hans Hans Christian Andersen (Danish pronunciation:, referred to using the initials H. C. Andersen (Danish pronunciation) in Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia; April 2, 1805 – August 4, 1875) was a Danish author, fairy tale writer, and poet noted for his children's stories. These include "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Snow Queen", "The Little Mermaid", "Thumbelina", "The Little Match Girl", and "The Ugly Duckling".. Danish poet | Famous Love Poet 43 Shaddad , Antara Ibn Antarah Ibn Shaddad al-'Absi was a pre-Islamic Arab hero and poet (525-608) famous for both his poetry and his adventurous life. What many consider his best or chief poem is contained in the Mu'allaqat. The account of his life forms the basis of a long and extravagant romance. | Famous Love Poet 44 Alecsandri , Vasile Vasile Alecsandri (Romanian pronunciation: ; 21 July 1821 – 22 August 1890) was a Romanian poet, playwright, politician, and diplomat. He collected Romanian folk songs and was one of the principal animators of the 19th century movement for Romanian cultural identity and union of Moldavia and Wallachia.. Romanian poet | Famous Love Poet 45 Lermontov , Mikhail Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Russian: ´ ´ ´, IPA: ; October 15 1814 – July 27 1841), a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", has become the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837. Lermontov is considered the supreme poet of Russian literature side by side with Pushkin and the greatest figure of Russian Romanticism. His influence on later Russian literature is still felt in modern times, not only through his poetry, but also through his prose, which has founded the tradition of Russian psychological novel.. Russian Romantic writer poet and painter | Famous Love Poet 46 Hölderlin , Friedrich Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (German pronunciation: ; 20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843) was a major German lyric poet, commonly associated with the artistic movement known as Romanticism. Hölderlin was also an important thinker in the development of German Idealism, particularly his early association with and philosophical influence on his seminary roommates and fellow Swabians Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.. German lyric poet; associated with Romanticism | Famous Love Poet 47 Shevchenko , Taras Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (Ukrainian: ´ ´ ´, Russian: ´ ´ ´) (March 9 1814 – March 10 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, artist and humanist. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian and left many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.. Ukrainian poet and artist | Famous Love Poet 48 Bhanja , Upendra KabiSamrta Upendra Bhanja (Oriya) (born during 1670 (opinions differ between 1670 and 1688) at Kullada, Ghumusara, near the town 'Bhanjanagar', a princely state in Odisha and died during 1740 (again opinions differ)) was considered as the greatest poet of Oriya Literature and was awarded the title "Kavi-Samrata" (also given as Kabi) – "The Emperor of the Poets". Born in a royal family, Upendra Bhanja had never eyed for throne. His first wife was the sister of the king of Nayagarh and the daughter of the king of Banapur was his second wife, who was an erudite princess and gave Upendra Bhanja poetical inspiration in an abundant measure. His grand father King Dhananjaya Bhanja was a great poet and wrote Raghunath Bilash (The Ramayana), Ratna Manjari (a poetical romance) etc., which provided models to Upendrabhanja for writing. But unlike his grandfather, he preferred his entire life to poetry rather than to ruling over a kingdom. He had a thorough training in Sanskrit classical literature and mastered Sanskrit dictionaries such as Amar-Kosha, Trikanda Kosha and Medini-Kosha. He even wrote a dictionary Geetabhidhana for helping poets. A statue of him was built in Bhanjanagar, near State Bank of India | Famous Love Poet 49 Bécquer , Gustavo Adolfo Gustavo Adolfo Claudio Domínguez Bastida, better known as Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, was a Spanish post-romanticist poet and writer (mostly short stories), also a playwright, literary columnist, and talented drawer. Today he is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. He adopted the alias of Bécquer as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier. He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism was enjoying success in Spain. He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published. His best known works are the Rhymes and the Legends, usually published together as Rimas y leyendas. | Famous Love Poet 50 Casimiro José Marques de Abreu (January 4, 1839 – October 18, 1860) was a Brazilian poet, novelist and playwright, adept of the " Ultra-Romanticism " movement. He is famous for the poem "Meus oito anos" ("My eight-years-old"). | Famous Love Poet 51 Botev , Hristo Hristo Botev (Bulgarian:, also transliterated as Hristo Botyov) (January 6, 1848 – June 1, 1876), born Hristo Botyov Petkov (Bulgarian: ), was a Bulgarian poet and national revolutionary. Botev is widely considered by Bulgarians to be a symbolic historical figure and national hero.. Bulgarian poet and revolutionary | Famous Love Poet 52 Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff (10 March 1788 – 26 November 1857) was a German poet and novelist of the later German romantic school.. German poet and novelist of the later German romantic school | Famous Love Poet 53 Alves , Castro Antônio Frederico de Castro Alves (14 March 1847 – 6 July 1871) was a Brazilian poet and playwright, famous for his abolitionist and republican poems. One of the most famous poets of the " Condorism ", he won the epithet of " O Poeta dos Escravos " (" The Poet of the Slaves "). | Famous Love Poet 54 Heine , Heinrich Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century. He was also a journalist, essayist, and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Heine's later verse and prose is distinguished by its satirical wit and irony. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities. Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris.. German poet journalist essayist and literary critic | Famous Love Poet 55 Frashëri , Naim Naim Frashëri (25 May 1846 – 20 October 1900) was an Albanian poet and writer. He was one of the most prominent figures of the Albanian National Awakening (Albanian: Rilindja Kombëtare) of the 19th century. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Albania.. Albanian poet and writer; regarded as the national poet of Albania | Famous Love Poet 56 Clemens Brentano, or Klemens Brentano (September 9, 1778 – July 28, 1842) was a German poet and novelist.. German poet and novelist | Famous Love Poet 57 de Musset , Alfred Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay (11 December 1810 – 2 May 1857) was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist. Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du siècle (The Confession of a Child of the Century, autobiographical) from 1836.. 19th century poet | Famous Love Poet 58 José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado was a Romantic Spanish poet. | Famous Love Poet 59 María Rosalía Rita de Castro (Galician pronunciation:  [rosa'li.a ðe 'kasto] ; 24 February 1837 – 15 July 1885), was a Galician romanticist writer and poet . | Famous Love Poet 60 Arif , Iftikhar Iftikhar Hussain Arif (Urdu : ) commonly known as Iftikhar Arif ( ) (b. March 21, 1943 Lucknow ) is an Urdu poet, scholar and littérateur from Pakistan. His style is romantic Urdu poetry. He has headed Academy Adbiyat (the Pakistan Academy of Letters ) and Muqtadra Quami Zaban (the National Language Authority ). He has been decorated with Hilal-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-e-Imtiaz and Presidential Pride of Performance, which are the highest literary awards given by the Government of Pakistan. | Famous Love Poet 61 Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (21 October 1790 – 28 February 1869) was a French writer, poet and politician who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic.. French writer poet and politician | Famous Love Poet 62 Arnsztajnowa , Franciszka Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (in full: Franciszka Hanna Arnsztajnowa ; 19 February 1865 – August 1942) was a well-known and esteemed Polish poet, playwright, and translator of Jewish descent. Much of her creative oeuvre falls within the Young Poland period, stylistically encompassing the twilight of neo-romanticism. She is called "the legend of Lublin ". | Famous Love Poet 63 Kalvos , Andreas Andreas Kalvos (Greek : da ß, also transliterated as Andreas Calvos; 1792 - November 3, 1869) was a Greek poet of the Romantic school. He published only two collections of poems - the Lyra of 1824 and the Lyrica of 1826. He was a contemporary of the poets Ugo Foscolo and Dionysios Solomos. No portrait of him is known. | Famous Love Poet 64 Azevedo , Álvares de Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo (September 12, 1831 – April 25, 1852) was a Brazilian Romantic poet, short story writer, playwright and essayist. Adept of what was called in Brazil " Ultra-Romanticism ", his work is characterized by heavy dualism and morbidity, what gave him the epithet of "the Brazilian Lord Byron ". | Famous Love Poet 65 Gérard de Nerval (French pronunciation) was the nom-de-plume of the French poet, essayist and translator Gérard Labrunie, one of the most essentially Romantic French poets.. French poet essayist and translator | Famous Love Poet 66 Nizami , Nizami Ganjavi (Persian : , Nezami-ye Ganjavi ; Kurdish : , Nîzamî Gencewî ) (1141 to 1209) (6th Hejri century), Nizami Ganje'i, Nizami, or Nezami (Persian : ), whose formal name was Jamal ad-Din Abu Muammad Ilyas ibn-Yusuf ibn-Zakki, was a 12th-century Persian poet. Nezami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic. His heritage is widely appreciated and shared by Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kurdistan region and Tajikistan. | Famous Love Poet 67 Martial , Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial ) (March 1, 40 AD – between 102 and 104 AD), was a Spanish poet from Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula ) best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram. | Famous Love Poet 68 Ashton Smith , Clark Clark Ashton Smith (13 January 1893 – 14 August 1961) was a self-educated American poet, sculptor, painter and author of fantasy, horror and science fiction short stories. He achieved early local recognition, largely through the enthusiasm of George Sterling, for traditional verse in the vein of Swinburne. As a poet, Smith is grouped with the West Coast Romantics (alongside Ambrose Bierce, Joaquin Miller, Sterling, Nora May French, and others) and remembered as 'The Last of the Great Romantics' and 'The Bard of Auburn'. As a member of the Lovecraft circle, (Smith's literary friendship with H. P. Lovecraft lasted from 1922 until Lovecraft's death in 1937), Smith remains second only to Lovecraft in general esteem and importance amongst contributors to the pulp magazine Weird Tales, where some readers objected to his morbidness and violation of pulp traditions. (It has been said of him that "Nobody since Poe has so loved a well-rotted corpse.") His work is marked chiefly by an extraordinarily wide and ornate vocabulary, a cosmic perspective and a vein of sardonic and sometimes ribald humour.. American poet sculptor painter and author | Famous Love Poet 69 Prešeren , France France Prešeren (pronunciation (help·info)) (3 December 1800 – 8 February 1849) was a Slovene Romantic poet. He is considered the Slovene national poet. Although he was not a particularly prolific author, he inspired virtually all Slovene literature thereafter.. Carniolan Romantic poet of Slovene descent | Famous Love Poet 70 Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj (1833–1904), Serbian poet, physician | Famous Love Poet 71 Jean Paul (21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825), born Johann Paul Richter, was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories. | Famous Love Poet 72 . Italian poet essayist philosopher and philologist | Famous Love Poet 73 Amy Levy (10 November 1861 – 10 September 1889) was a British poet and novelist, best-remembered for her feminist positions and her engagement with homosexual romance during the Victorian era . | Famous Love Poet 74 Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world in the 19th century. | Famous Love Poet 75 Ugo Foscolo (6 February 1778 – 10 September 1827), born Niccolò Foscolo, was an Italian writer, revolutionary and poet.. Italian writer revolutionary and poet | Famous Love Poet 76 Novalis (German: [no'vals] ) was the pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (May 2, 1772 – March 25, 1801), a poet, an author and philosopher of early German Romanticism . | Famous Love Poet 77 Danish , Ehsan Ehsan Danish (Urdu : — Esan Daniš, 1914—1982), born Ehsan-ul-Haq (Urdu : — Esanu l-aq ), was a prominent Urdu poet from the Indian subcontinent. At the beginning of his career his poetry was very romantic but later he wrote his poems more for the labourers and came to be called "Šair-e Mazdur" (Poet of the workmen) by his audience. His poetry inspired the common people’s feelings and he has been compared with Josh Malihabadi. He holds the unique position as one of the best poets of all times, with fine, romantic and revolutionary, but simple style of poetry. | Famous Love Poet 78 Asachi , Gheorghe Gheorghe Asachi (Romanian pronunciation:  ['george a'saki], surname also spelled Asaki ; March 1, 1788 – November 12, 1869) was a Moldavian -born Romanian prose writer, poet, painter, historian, dramatist and translator. An Enlightenment -educated polymath and polyglot, he was one of the most influential people of his generation. Asachi was a respected journalist and political figure, as well as active in technical fields such as civil engineering and pedagogy, and, for long, the civil servant charged with overseeing all Moldavian schools. Among his leading achievements were the issuing of Albina Româneasca, a highly influential magazine, and the creation of Academia Mihaileana, which replaced Greek-language education with teaching in Romanian. His literary works combined a taste for Classicism with Romantic tenets, while his version of the literary language relied on archaisms and borrowings from the Moldavian dialect . | Famous Love Poet 79 Mickiewicz , Adam Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (listen)) (December 24, 1798 – November 26, 1855) was a Polish (Polish-Lithuanian) poet, publisher and political writer of the Romantic period. One of the primary representatives of the Polish Romanticism era, a national poet of Poland, he is seen as one of Poland's Three Bards and the greatest poet in all of Polish literature. He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic language or European poets. He has been described as a Slavonic bard. He was a prominent creator of Romantic drama in Poland. compared both at home and in Western Europe to Byron and Goethe. Polish national poet essayist translator publicist and political writer | Famous Love Poet 80 Tieck , Ludwig Johann Ludwig Tieck (May 31, 1773 – April 28, 1853) was a German poet, translator, editor, novelist, writer of Novellen, and critic, who was one of the founding fathers of the Romantic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.. German poet translator editor novelist and critic | Famous Love Poet 81 Mirón , Salvador Díaz Salvador Díaz Mirón (December 14, 1853 – June 12, 1928) was a Mexican poet. He was born in the port city of Veracruz. His early verse, written in a passionate, romantic style, was influenced by Lord Byron and Victor Hugo. His later verse was more classical in mode. His poem, A Gloria, was influential. His 1901 volume Lascas ("Chips from a Stone") established Mirón as a precursor of modernismo. After a long period of exile, he returned to Mexico and died in Veracruz on June 12, 1928. | Famous Love Poet 82 Baillie , Joanna Joanna Baillie, a poetess, born at Bothwell, child of the Presbyterian manse there; joined a brother in London, stayed afterwards with a sister at Hampstead; produced a series of dramas entitled "Plays of the Passions," besides many others, both comedies and tragedies, one of which, the "Family Legend," was acted in the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, under the auspices of Sir Walter Scott; she does not stand high either as a dramatist or a writer (1762-1851). | Famous Love Poet 83 Robinson , Mary Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (née Bourke) (Irish: Máire Mhic Róibín; born 21 May 1944) served as the seventh, and first female, President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1997 to 2002. She first rose to prominence as an academic, barrister, campaigner and member of the Irish Senate (1969–1989). She defeated Fianna Fáil's Brian Lenihan and Fine Gael's Austin Currie in the 1990 presidential election becoming, as an Independent candidate nominated by the Labour Party, the Workers' Party and independent senators, the first elected president in the office's history not to have had the support of Fianna Fáil.. English poet and novelist | Famous Love Poet 84 Almqvist , Kurt Kurt Almqvist (1912–2001), PhD in Romance Languages, Swedish poet, intellectual and spiritual figure, representative of the Traditionalist School and the Perennial philosophy. Almqvist was a lifelong disciple of the Swiss metaphysician and spiritual guide Frithjof Schuon. He came into close contact with the spiritual representatives of the Shadhiliyya order in the beginning of the 1940s. He introduced Schuon's teachings on spirituality and transcendent unity of religions in a number of publications. [ citation needed ] He also introduced the works of René Guénon in his writings. He was a frequent contributor to the quarterly journal, Studies in Comparative Religion, which dealt with religious symbolism and the Traditionalist perspective. | Famous Love Poet 85 Verdaguer , Jacint Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló (Catalan pronunciation) (Folgueroles, May 17, 1845 - Vallvidrera, June 10, 1902) is regarded as one of the greatest poets of Catalan literature and a prominent literary figure of the Renaixença, a national revival movement of the late Romantic era. The bishop Josep Torras i Bages, one of the main figures of Catalan nationalism, called him the "Prince of Catalan poets". He was also known as mossèn Cinto Verdaguer, because of his career as a priest.. Catalan poet; prominent figure in the Renaixença | Famous Love Poet 86 Tyutchev , Fyodor Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (Russian: ´ ´; December 5 1803 - July 27 1873) is generally considered the last of three great Romantic poets of Russia, following Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov.. Russian poet; last of three great Romantic poets of Russia | Famous Love Poet 87 Nagi , Ibrahim Ibrahim Nagi (Arabic) (1898–1953) was an Egyptian poet. Nagi was also a doctor in internal medicine. Nagi's most famous poem is "El Atlal" or "The Ruins" which was eventually sung by famous Egyptian singer Om Kalthoom. He was a co founder of the Cairo Society for Romantic Poetry. He married Samia Sami and had three daughters: Amira (who had a daughter named Samia and a son named Mohammed), Dawheya (who went to live in America and had a son- Ahmad, and a daughter- Shahira), and Mohassen. | Famous Love Poet 88 Tokoku , Kitamura Kitamura Tokoku ( , 29 December 1868 – 16 May 1894) was the pen name of Kitamura Montaro, a Japanese poet, essayist, and one of the founders of the modern Japanese romantic literary movement in the late Meiji period of Japan . | Famous Love Poet 89 French poet, associated with the events of the French Revolution of which he was a victim. His sensual, emotive poetry marks him as one of the precursors of the Romantic movement. | Famous Love Poet 90 Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (pronounced) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, art critic and literary critic. | Famous Love Poet 91 Bertrand , Aloysius Louis Jacques Napoléon Bertrand, more well known by his pen name Aloysius Bertrand (April 20, 1807 — April 29, 1841), was a French Romantic poet, playwright and journalist. He is famous for having introduced prose poetry in French literature, and is considered a forerunner of the Symbolist movement. His masterpiece is the collection of prose poems Gaspard de la nuit, that was published posthumously in 1842 and had three of its poems famously adapted to a homonymous piano suite by Maurice Ravel in 1908. | Famous Love Poet 92 Varma , A. R. Raja Raja A. R. Raja Raja Varma or A R. Rajaraja Varma (Malayalam : .. ) (1863–1918) was an Indian poet, grammatician and Professor of Oriental Languages at Maharaja's College(present University College ), Trivandrum. He wrote widely in Sanskrit and Malayalam. He is known as Kerala Panini for his contributions to Malayalam Literature. A mixed effect of the influence of the study of British Romantic poets of the 19th century and a renewed interest in the real classics of Sanskrit literature can be seen in his poems. His essays are fine examples of excellent prose.His important works are Kerala Panineeyam, Bhashabhooshanam, and Vritha Manjari. Bhangavilaapam and Malayavilasam are his poems. Bhasha Megha Dootu, Bhasha Kumara Sambhavam, Malayala Sakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram, and Charudattam are among his translations. Broadly speaking the Golden period of Malayalam Literature was the hundred years from 1850 for it was during this period that stalwarts like Kerala Varma, A.R. Rajaraja Varma, Chandu Menon, C.V. Raman Pillai and the Kavitrayam Asan, Ulloor and Vallathol lived and produced literature that was great by all standards.Kerala Varma and Rajaraja Varma were indeed the towering figures, and they hold a unique position. Rajaraja Varma in whom we see a rare blend of scholarship and creative talent, was the moving spirit behind the great literary renaissance in Kerala.Says Ulloor of A.R. Rajaraja Varma, “While others embellished the walls of the mansion of Malayalam literature with their paintings and drawings, A.R. worked both on its foundation and dome and made it a long enduring and imposing structure for the benefit of the people of Kerala. His fame rests on this architectural accomplishment and is bound to last for ever”. | Famous Love Poet 93 Zaydún , Ibn Abu al-Waleed Ahmad Ibn Zaydún al-Makhzumi (1003-1071) known as Ibn Zaydún (Arabic full name, ) was a famous Arab poet of Cordoba and Seville. His romantic and literary life was dominated by his relations with the poet Wallada bint al-Mustakfi, the daughter of the Umayyad Caliph Muhammad III of Cordoba. According to Jayyusi in her book The Legacy of Muslim Spain, "Ibn Zaydun brought into Andalusi poetry something of balance, the rhetorical command, the passionate power and grandeur of style that marked contemporary poetry in the east...he rescued Andalusi poetry from the self-indulgence of the poets of externalized description." | Famous Love Poet 94 Rahman , Shamsur Shamsur Rahman (Bangla: Shamsur Ruhman) (October 23, 1929 – August 17, 2006) was a Bangladeshi poet, columnist and journalist. Rahman, who emerged in the latter half of the 20th century, wrote more than sixty books of poetry and is considered a key figure in Bengali literature. He was regarded the unofficial poet laureate of Bangladesh. Major themes in his poetry and writings include liberal humanism, human relations, romanticised rebellion of youth, the emergence of and consequent events in Bangladesh, and opposition to religious fundamentalism.. Bangladeshi poet columnist and journalist; key figure in Bengali literature | Famous Love Poet 95 Chubb , Ralph Ralph Nicholas Chubb (8 February 1892 - 14 January 1960) was an English poet, printer, and artist. Heavily influenced by Whitman, Blake, and the Romantics, his work was the creation of a highly intricate personal mythology, one that was anti-materialist and sexually revolutionary.. poet painter printer | Famous Love Poet 96 Crnjanski , Miloš Miloš Crnjanski (in Serbian Cyrillic : , pronounced  [mîl tsranski] ; 26 October 1893 – 30 November 1977) was a poet of the expressionist wing of Serbian modernism, author, and a diplomat. From his beginnings as a journalist whose social-political stance was at one moment openly opposed to freedom and progress, he gradually arose to become a poet and romanticist. | Famous Love Poet 97 Fredro , Aleksander Aleksander Fredro (20 June 1793 – 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works including plays written in the octosyllabic verse (Zemsta ) and in prose (Damy i Huzary ) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even the alleged immorality (Seweryn Goszczynski, 1835) which led to years of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays were published and popularized only after his death. His best-known works have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak. | Famous Love Poet 98 Émile de Saint-Amand Deschamps (pronounced [emil d s~ am~d d~p] ) (1791–1871) was a French poet. He was born at Bourges. Deschamps was one of the chiefs of the Romantic school. | Famous Love Poet 99 Shiv Kumar Batalvi (Punjabi : ) (1936–1973) was a Punjabi language poet, who was most known for his romantic poetry, noted for its heightened passion, pathos, separation and lover's agony | Famous Love Poet 100
Turkish
Which island lies at the toe of Italy?
the-lives-of-writers1.md · GitHub the-lives-of-writers1.md Until 1905 he worked as a baker at Avelghem, a village near Kortrijk. Berthe-Evelyne Agbo is a writer from Benin who has published poems in French. By 1907, however, there was no sign of national regeneration and the government of the day was making no attempt to control or limit the powers of the Catholic Church. He wrote many book's such as Zindagi, Mehbub-e-Khuda, Deen-e-Islam, Azadi-e-Hind, Mera Afsanah, Jawahraat, Mashooqa-e-Punjab, Shaoor, Dehati rooman, Pakistan and untouchability, Taareekh-e-Ahrar, Dunya may dozakh, Islam and Socialism etc. After relocating to Canada in 1962, Ondaatje became a Canadian citizen. In 1980 Shamiakin became the chief editor of the Soviet Belarusian Encyclopedia. Has just completed the 8 part series "SCUP", Which he wrote in English but has been translated into Irish. Bhagat, an alumnus of Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, is seen more as a youth icon than as an author. He was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, on March 29, 1905, and died in Yevdokovo, Soviet Union on January 1, 1943. in Journalism from the University of Santo Tomas and an M.A. Teaching Berber was prohibited in 1962 by the Algerian government. Count Albert Wass de Szentegyed et Czege, 1908 – Astor, Florida, February 17, 1998) was a Hungarian noble, forest engineer, novelist, poet and member of the Wass de Czege family. Master's Degree in Sociology from Patna University and a post-graduate diploma in Population Studies from the University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. Winner of Madan Puraskar and Uttam Shanti Puraskar for his biography Antarmanko Yatra written whilst he was in the hospital treating Multiple myeloma of spine he was suffering from. Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on 14 September 1942, he lived there until 1975. He then emigrated to the United States in 1939, where he taught at Princeton University. Among his best novels is also "Aparição". From 1967 he lived mainly in La Celle-Saint-Cloud near Paris. She married for the second time on 18 August 1914, to the younger brother of Béla Balázs, Ervin Bauer. Until 1905 he worked as a baker at Avelghem, a village near Kortrijk. Mansfield: A Novel was a finalist for the 2005 Tasmania Pacific Fiction Prize and received commendation in the 2005 Commonwealth Writers Prize for the South East Asia and South Pacific region. Not long after his return home he set out upon a new journey to Alexandria. Benjamin, My Son, in particular, examines Caribbean life within the context of established Christian religions and African-Yoruba based traditions while using the framework of Dante's Inferno. She graduated Decebal College in Deva, and the Faculty of Letters of the Babeş-Bolyai University in Cluj. While in prison, law enforcement ransacked his home, and his wife had to flee into exile in Chile, while his children went into hiding. She returned to Equatorial Guinea and worked for the country's Ministry of Culture and Education. However, it was established that before the attack Rothstock had been a member of the National Socialist party, and although by March 1925 he had left it again, he was nevertheless supported after Bettauer's death by lawyers and friends with close ties to the Nazis. This was followed in 1952 by La Sicilia, il suo cuore, also a poetry collection, illustrated by Emilio Greco. Paul Kearney was a Northern Irish fantasy author. Ishwar Chandra joined the Sanskrit College, Calcutta and studied there for twelve long years and passed out of the college in 1841 qualifying in Sanskrit Grammar, Literature, Rhetoric [Alankara Shastra], Vedanta, Smruti and Astronomy. Konica strove for a more refined Western culture in Albania, but he also valued his country's traditions. While in Vyatka Saltykov got carried away by the idea of radically improving the quality of education for young women and girls. He was also a journalist of Hindi Literature and started several newspapers like Yuvak in 1929 and regularly contributed in various others to spread the idea of nationalism and freedom from British rule. He asked the driver to stop on the bridge so that he could take photographs. His last will and testament, in which he left his entire estate to a foundation that was to be run jointly by five presidents: "After Choukri's death, this document disappeared without a trace," says Roberto de Hollanda, who was the author's literary agent for many years. " He was a collaborator on the literary magazine, Letra Roja and in a group of painters, sculptors, and writers, El Techo de la Ballena. During World War I, Pessoa wrote to a number of British publishers in order to print his collection of English verse The Mad Fiddler, but it was refused. Both his parents were theology students, although his father lost his job as a Professor of Theology due to the Nazis, and had to settle on being a pastor instead. He won five Governor General's Awards and a Royal Bank Award. Dürrenmatt married another actress, Charlotte Kerr, in 1984. During the Second World War, when a teenager, he went to work for four years in the United States, before returning to Jamaica. He published two other books including Seva, and Writing for Rafa. He retired in 1973, and died in Istanbul on 18 April 1988. He is also regarded as the founder of the Baul music. Thea began writing poetry and short-stories in 1992 and in 2000 she published her book Not Even My Name, the memoir of her mother who belonged in Turkey's Greek minority. His great novel, Gouverneurs de la Rosée, has achieved a permanent place among great Caribbean and Latin American literature. Andrejs Upīts was a Latvian teacher, poet, short story writer and Communist polemicist. Lauryn may refer to: Shalev's books have been translated into 26 languages. Valentin-Yves Mudimbe is a philosopher, professor, and author of poems, novels, and books and articles about African culture. During this period he had a significant change in philosophy: he refused to continue writing in French, and instead began working on popular theatre, epical and satirical, performed in dialectal Arabic. Sey Wava was born to a middle-class Catholic family in Kampala, Uganda. His father joined the Reichswehr in 1929 and remained in the Wehrmacht under the Nazis. Oscar Bento Ribas was an Angolan writer. In 1940, he rented a house at Bagbazar and brought his family to Calcutta. His poetry is notable for using a mixture of standard English and Jamaican Patois. On February 15, 1960, the municipal library of São Paulo was renamed Biblioteca Mário de Andrade. He later acted as co-ordinator between various branches of the organization. Bitov’s works have been translated into a number of European languages, including English, German, Swedish, French and Italian. He claimed to have explored the Sudan desert, met Buffalo Bill in Nebraska, and sailed the Seven Seas. He was winner of the 2004 Cezam Prix Littéraire Inter CE for Johnny chien méchant. Teresa de la Parra died in Madrid. Many other novels, short stories, radio plays and essay collections followed, and in 1972 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. He adopted her son Daniel. She then lived in London for two years, where she played small roles in James Bond films and modelled for fashion magazines. Sexuality and prostitution would form a consistent theme in his writing. Mercedes Valdivieso had the extreme audacity to become an innovator; she bridged the gap between romantic and domestic fiction in a society where women have been viewed as a sexless gender, icons of virtue, and depending on men to meet the necessities of life. Moussa Ould Ebnou was born in Boutilimit. Chronique des années de braise, (dir. Van der Heijden initially studied psychology and philosophy in Nijmegen but after moving to Amsterdam he turned to writing. After the war he also worked in the cinema, collaborating as screenwriter to films such as Luchino Visconti's Rocco e i suoi fratelli, Roberto Rossellini's Paisà and Nanni Loy's Le quattro giornate di Napoli. Since her death, a twelfth novel, a second volume of poetry, and a handful of short stories have been released. He is buried at the Schoonselhof cemetery in Antwerp. Kupala ceased working for the Nasha Niva in order to avoid ruining the reputation of the newspaper. This festival is celebrated during the navaratri. In 1915, he ran away from school and rejoined his mother at Kati, where he resumed his studies. Drumul egal al fiecărei zile, a story alluding to intellectual survival in a provincial environment during the aggressive Stalinist 1950s, won her critical acclaim and the Romanian Academy prize. Bjørnson is celebrated for his lyrics to the Norwegian National Anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet". They were published as The Cinnamon Shops in 1934. He married the writer Halldis Moren Vesaas and moved back to his home district of Vinje in 1934. His best-known book is the children's novel Heart. Shadbolt suffered from Alzheimer's disease from April 1997 until his death in 2004 at Taumarunui Hospital. Berhanu Zerihun was an Ethiopian writer noted for his clear and crisp writing style, which contrasted against the more complex writing style popular in his time. " He learned to pilot an aircraft in the French Air Force in Salon-de-Provence and in Avord Air Base, near Bourges. Juhan Liiv (30 April [O.S. ), Toei (冬栄? In the late 10th century and early 11th century, Fujiwara no Michinaga arranged his four daughters into marriages with emperors, giving him unprecedented power. Sten Nadolny, is a German novelist. János Kodolányi Hungarian writer of short stories, dramas, novels and sociographies. He died when he fell from a window on the fifth floor of the Bulovka hospital in Prague where he was apparently trying to feed pigeons. She later also published a picture book on Zweig. A 2002 novel by Roberto Castillo, La guerra mortal de los sentidos chronicles the adventures of the "Searcher for the Lenca Language. She married John Duder in 1964 and following the birth of the first of her four daughters, she was a full-time mother for 7 years, much of it spent in Pakistan. His mother, Olga Constanţa Esthera Breban, born Böhmler, descended from a family of German merchants who emigrated from Alsace Lorraine. This volume contains the oft-anthologized story, "Swimming Lessons. He was an agnostic. She also wrote lyric poetry as well as novels, but is possibly most famous for her Pisma iz Nisa o Haremima / Letters from Niš Regarding Harems, a semi-fictionalised, semi-historical, anthropological narrative containing portraits of life in the Turkish harems 50 years before her birth when the south-Serbian city of Niš was still a part of the Ottoman Empire, and Pisma iz Soluna / Letters from Salonica, a genuine travelogue from the Ottoman Empire during the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, of which Salonica was the centre. He was born in a small village named Benipur in the Indian state of Bihar. Many of the other chiefs found his position as royal office-holder contrary to their interests, especially the other Sturlungar. Perhaps his most famous novel is Crônica da casa assassinada, 1959, a long, Faulknerian story of a decayed gentry family in Minas Gerais. Cary worked at various novels and a play, but nothing sold, and the family soon had to take in tenants. Things didn't work out, so she planned to go as far away as possible, and ended up in Spain. Azar Nafisi is an Iranian writer and professor of English literature. He died on 23 January 1945 at Narsapur[disambiguation needed]. In 2009, he donated the short story Still Life to Oxfam's 'Ox-Tales' project—four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Of his 1873 visit to Santiniketan, he wrote: He emigrated to the United States to escape persecution of Hungarian Jews by German authorities during World War II. Despite this, 100 of his theories were condemned by the inquisitor general, Nicholas Eymerich. He found himself in Nazi German captivity in 1944, and spent time in a POW camp near Vienna until the end of World War II. Kako upokojiti Vampira was subsequently translated into Czech in 1980, Polish in 1985, and Italian in 1992, with an English translation finally appearing in 2005. His maternal grandfather, the doctor and general Juan Pietri, was a personal friend of the dictator. After a year, he left university life behind, finding it insufficiently challenging, and devoted himself to writing his first novel, Le manuscrit, at age 20. Educated at what is now the National University of Lesotho, Mnthali has been published several times, including a book of poetry called When Sunset Comes to Sapitwa and a novel called My Dear Anniversary. He was also studying law. The 1951 Rabindra Puraskar, the most prestigious literary award in the West Bengal state of India, was posthumously awarded to Bibhutibhushan for his novel, Ichhamati. He wrote repeatedly about the Jewish community of Montreal and especially about his former neighborhood, portraying it in multiple novels. He was president of the African Studies Association. Her debut novel, the award-winning Beneath the Lion’s Gaze was named one of the 10 best contemporary African books by The Guardian. Yunus Nadi started to work as a journalist at the newspaper "Malumat" in 1900. The second part was published in 1960 and the final part in 1963. Career as Student Leader He was also included in the 1984 anthology called the Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry. Proust, in La mayor and Joyce, in "Sombras sobre vidrio esmerilado"). Luigi Capuana was born at Mineo, in the Province of Catania. She went to school at the "Heilig Graf" school for girls in Turnhout. Feeling alienated by everyone around him, especially by his peers, Hedayat's last published work, The Message of Kafka, bespeaks melancholy, desperation and a sense of doom experienced only by those subjected to discrimination and repression. He taught African literature at the University of Ghana. In "The Picture of Nahanda and Kagubi," he laments the fate of Nehanda Nyakasikana, a woman who was executed after inspiring a fight for independence in the 19th century: His novels are Moth Smoke, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, and How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia. In fulfillment of his charge, Geijer arranged these papers in a work which appeared in 1843-45 under the title of Gusstaf III's efterlemnade papper, but they contained little or nothing of value. Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, were a breakaway from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings, and provided an inspiration for authors across India. Manuel António de Sousa Lopes was a Cape Verdean novelist, poet and essayist and a founder of modern Cape Verdean literature. The literary value of his works published during this period was often disputed, and they were seen by many left-wing literary critics as little more than tasteless political pamphlets. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. His first published work was a poem that appeared in 1951, that was later followed by three collections of verse. He stayed in the United States afterwards but he died in the Visayas in 1977 at the age of 59. Born to Fante-speaking parents, and descending on his father's side from a royal family in the Ga nation, Armah was born in the port city of Sekondi-Takoradi in Ghana, Having attended Achimota School, he left Ghana in 1959 to attend Groton School in Groton, MA. He was also a notable writer, politician, journalist, lawyer, historian, diplomatic and teacher. Sabino was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, the son of Dominic Sabino, and D. Odette Tavares Sabino. in social anthropology under the supervision of Peter Lienhardt. Manea's most acclaimed book, The Hooligan’s Return, is an original novelistic memoir, encompassing a period of almost 80 years, from the pre-war period, through the Second World War, the communist and post-communist years to the present. One of the pioneers of Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an international readership. His 1910 novel for young people, W pustyni i w puszczy, serialized in Kurier Warszawski, finishing in 1911, was much better received and became widely popular among children and young adults. After five years, in 1846, Vidyasagar left Fort William College and join the Sanskrit College as 'Assistant Secretary'. In 2011 he published Irresistible North: From Venice to Greenland on the Trail of the Zen Brothers, in which he analyses the claim that two Venetian merchants, the Zeno brothers, sailed over the north Atlantic in a pre-Columbian expedition to North America. In 1943, accompanied by French theatrical director Louis Jouvet, Carpentier made a crucial trip to Haiti, during which he visited the fortress of the Citadelle Laferrière and the Palace of Sans-Souci, both built by the black king Henri Christophe. Owen described his apprenticeship as a 'kind of college', and began writing poetry after being influenced by one of his work colleagues. Wickramasinghe was born on May 29, 1890, in the town of Koggala, in Sri Lanka, the only son of Lamahewage Don Bastian Wickramasinghe, and Magalle Balapitiya Liyanage Thochchohamy. Narayan’s works also include The Financial Expert, hailed as one of the most original works of 1951, and Sahitya Akademi Award winner The Guide, which was adapted for film and for Broadway. They are helped by an old man on their gradual journey into manhood. His debut was in 1923 with Children of Humans, but he had his breakthrough in 1934 with The Great Cycle. She wrote short stories and children's books. David Ananou was a writer from Togo, and the author of Le Fils du fétiche. During his second and longer incarceration he wrote what most consider to be his best and most characteristic work Amor de Perdição. In The London Venture, Arlen writes: "I, up at Edinburgh, was on the high road to general fecklessness. Stefan Zweig was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. Following her graduation from United College, she married Jack Fergus Laurence, an engineer. Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960. Nigel Cox was a New Zealand author and museum director, with five novels published as of early 2006. They spent their summers in Normandy. He graduated from Princeton University summa cum laude in 1993, having studied under the writers Joyce Carol Oates and Toni Morrison. Maning's book Old New Zealand is, in part, a lament for the lost freedom enjoyed before European rule. His political views were strongly affected by the war, and as a budding journalist he began to write on topics like nationalism and totalitarianism. Carl Erik Soya, also known by the single appellation Soya, was a Danish author and dramatist. Four years later, he returned to Cape Verde and he functioned at an English company. Lawrence Jones said of Morrieson that it is doubtful whether the anti-puritan underside of New Zealand small-town life... has ever been so successfully caught. Yaşar Kemal, is a Turkish writer of Kurdish origin. Marie-Claire Blais, CC OQ is a Canadian author and playwright. After suffering through the depression of 1836, her husband Thomas joined the militia in 1837 to fight against the Upper Canada Rebellion. After the war, he completed his studies of art history and philosophy in Vienna and graduated from the University of Belgrade as one of the students of the famous literature critic Bogdan Popovic. Narcís Oller i Moragas was a Catalan author, most noted for the novels La papallona which appeared with a foreword by Émile Zola in the French translation; his most well-known work L'Escanyapobres ; and La febre d'or which is set in Barcelona during the period of promoterism. Odian's writings, which include novels and short stories, often humorously point out humanity's vices. His major work began with what is called the "Sunil" series which consists of at least 115 novels. He founded the literary magazine, Revista Literaria Jagüey and organized and presided over the first conference of the Venezuelan Journalists Association. Her book Parle mon fils, parle à ta mère, illustrates the absence of dialogue between two generations who do not speak the same language. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974 with the citation: for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom. She studied for a PhD in linguistics at the University of Lancaster. His ashes were later taken to East Germany. Barbara Anderson, Lady Anderson was a New Zealand fiction writer who became internationally recognized despite only starting her writing career in her late fifties. Most notably the essays published as La Expresión Americana lay out his vision of the European baroque, its relation to the classical, and of the American baroque. Because of his involvement in such projects, Carpentier was often suspected of having subversive and ultramodern cultural ideas. Manoj Das was born in the small coastal village of Shankari in the Balasore district of Orissa. His first novel, Red Earth and Pouring Rain, won the 1996 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book. He in 2009 he received his MA in Publishing from Oxford Brookes University. In 1928, he went to Saint Petersburg to continue his studies, where he attended the Language, history and literature department of University of Leningrad. In both This Kind of Love and Caliph, Bevilacqua oversaw the adaptations and productions of the film versions. His remains, after lying in state for some days, were followed to the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan by a vast cortege, including the royal princes and all the great officers of state. In the last part of his life he lived and worked in Sajkód. Other disappointments in love included Sophie Ørsted, the daughter of the physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, and Louise Collin, the youngest daughter of his benefactor Jonas Collin. In its first-ever session, the legislative body elected him its President. In 1954 he moved to Greece to study Physics at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He taught at the Cave Hill campus of the University of the West Indies from 1965 to 1967, then at the university's Mona campus from 1968 to 2001, eventually being appointed professor of English in 1978 and public orator in 1985. Her novel Tierra del Fuego: Una Biografia del Fin del Mundo won the 1999 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize for women writers in Spanish. From 1982 he was editor in chief of Contemporanul. Being born in Chacao, a small rural village near Caracas in the 19th century, his parents were Juan Díaz Chávez and Dolores Rodríguez, immigrants from the Canary Islands that arrived to Venezuela in 1842. The school, which opened in 1962, provided academic, technical and commercial education for Africans. Recently, many critics have begun to see his works in a new light and they have also attracted the attention of younger readers. Solaris was made into a film in 1972 by Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky and won a Special Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1972; in 2002, Steven Soderbergh directed a Hollywood remake starring George Clooney. Ahmet Ümit started his literary life with short stories but his first work about literature was a poetry book named “Sokağın Zulası”, published in 1989. Maria Dąbrowska was a Polish writer, novelist, essayist, journalist and playwright, author of the popular Polish historical novel Noce i dnie written between 1932 and 1934 in four separate volumes. Solomon Mikhoels, the popular actor and director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater, was appointed the JAC chairman. His music was primarily guitar-based, although he integrated traditional African instruments as well. He has written over 20 novels, television series and movies. Instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong, where she met her lifelong friend, Fatima Mohideen. Molnár died, aged 74, in New York City. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. Although he wrote a novel, 1971) and a number of short stories, he is best known for his tales and stories for children. His family left Ethiopia during the war when he was two years old and immigrated to the United States. Orhan Kemal is the pen name of Turkish novelist Mehmet Raşit Öğütçü. He had a de facto wife, who bore him two children. Born in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China in 1940, Gao has been a French citizen since 1998. He worked in a bank for a while, before returning to studies, leading up to a degree in English and philosophy. Adventure in Ottawa, published in 1991, was his first novel aimed at a younger audience. The English version of his novel After Dark was released in May 2007. He continued to comment on political matters for some time, although he surprised many with his defence of the United States in the Vietnam War. However, some scholars dispute the claim that he was not a communist at that time, noting his close ties to active members, his attendance at communist-led events, and his months-long stay in the Soviet Union in 1922-1923, which he wrote about very favorably. Bediako Asare is an African journalist and author, initially from Ghana. Li was an actor, producer, and director as well as a playwright, who traveled with his own troupe. Often the entries are written as if they were part of a novel. His first novel, Red Earth and Pouring Rain, won the 1996 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book. Lauryn may refer to: He has published two novels and a short story collection, and has contributed as a writer and/or editor to several short story collections and literary magazines. His father had been a classmate of George Coșbuc's and was an amateur folklorist. He is immortalised by some of his phrases, and in particular for his contribution to Universal Humanism or in his own words Vishwa maanavataa Vaada. His works include Rusoaica, Femeia de ciocolată, and his masterpiece, Donna Alba. He also studied under Shaikh Awla Kharpani. Her formal schooling was conducted in Samoa and New Zealand where she also began a BA which was completed at Whitworth College. Ogot was born Grace Emily Akinyi to a Christian family on May 15, 1930 in Asembo, in the district of Nyanza, Kenya - a village highly populated by the predominately Christian Luo ethnic group. The jury presented the award "for showing an adolescent's journey to maturity and his coming to terms with his mother. Alongside full length books, Montalvo was an accomplished essayist, and his Siete Tratados and Geometría Moral were popular in Ecuador and were banned by Veintemilla. Louis Paul Boon was a Flemish novelist and competes with Hugo Claus only for the title of most important twentieth-century Flemish writer in the Dutch language. Thea Halo is an American writer and painter of Assyrian and Greek heritage. She held a Chair in Literature at the Women's University. Nooteboom was born in The Hague, where his father was killed in a bombing in 1945. In addition to his career at Silliman, Tiempo taught fiction and literary criticism for four years in two American schools during the 1960s. Nirendranath Chakraborty is a popular contemporary Bengali poet. By 2012 the English translation of his novel Laskar Pelangi had been picked up by FSG, Penguin Books, and Random House for sale in twenty countries; Hirata was the first Indonesian writer to be published with FSG. He belongs to the Majerteen sub-clan of the Darod Somali clan. He was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, on March 29, 1905, and died in Yevdokovo, Soviet Union on January 1, 1943. The Welsh Language Measure 2011 Act gave the Welsh language official status in Wales, making it the only language that is de jure official in any part of the United Kingdom. He graduated from a highschool in Sighişoara, and later studied at the Philology Department of the University of Bucharest. The 2011 UK Census counted almost 3 million residents of Wales. She is the author of a memoir, The Devil that Danced on the Water and three novels, Ancestor Stones, The Memory of Love and The Hired Man. Born 47 years earlier in San Remo, Italy, Mario Calvino had emigrated to Mexico in 1909 where he took up an important position with the Ministry of Agriculture. Before the establishment of democracy in 1958, he was repeatedly forced into exile; afterwards, he was elected to the Venezuelan Senate. Bapsi Sidhwa is an author of Pakistani origin who writes in English and is resident in America. His grave is in the Aşiyan Graveyard, Istanbul. His first literary works, Novellen um Claudia and Ritualmord in Ungarn, gained him wider recognition. Seventeen years of his correspondence with Borges was published in 2000. Iván Mándy was a Hungarian writer. Esterházy, the scion of a comital branch of the Esterházy magnate family, is perhaps best known outside of his native country for Celestial Harmonies which chronicles his forefathers' epic rise during the Austro-Hungarian empire – when Haydn composed music at the family palace – to its dispossession under communism. His poems are considered prime examples of socialist-realistic writing. Aboulela’s work has been translated into thirteen languages and included in publications such as Granta, The Washington Post and the Virginia Quarterly Review. In an article entitled "Për themelimin e një gjuhës letrarishte shqip", published in the first issue of Albania, Konica also pointed to the necessity of creating a unified literary language. Both ended in divorce but she bore 4 sons from the marriages. While there, a woman named Suzu Ito (伊藤 すず, Itō Suzu? Bard President Leon Botstein, who has aided a number of refugee professors, offered him a job teaching chemistry at the American college. The Catholic Church criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content of some of his novels, mainly The Gospel According to Jesus Christ and Cain, in which he uses satire and bible quotes to present the figure of God in a comical and distorted way. For 1899, published in one volume his Cuentos de Color, appeared first in El Cojo Ilustrado, the same year married in Caracas with Graziella Calcaño, traveling again to Paris. It was during her first visit to Larne that she met Andrew Ross, a widower of 35, who was station master there. Her debut novel, the award-winning Beneath the Lion’s Gaze was named one of the 10 best contemporary African books by The Guardian. At the age of five Wickramasinghe was taught the Sinhala alphabet, at home and in the village temple, by a monk, Andiris Gunananse. For several years he was a labor agent, recruiting workers for the gold mines of Transvaal and the plantations of Natal. For Nove Dimitrijevic won the prestigious Matica Srpska prize for literature in 1912. Since 1983, she has lived mainly in France. Natsume Sōseki, born Natsume Kinnosuke (夏目 金之助? He used to live reside in a mud-cell over the advocate's stables, and used to send 60% of his salary back home. Even though most critics consider it as a lesser novel in comparison with La Regenta, it is equal to the former in the skill with which the technical resources are used. Manuel Antônio de Almeida was a Brazilian satirical writer, medician and teacher. He died at La Celle-Saint-Cloud on May 2, 2003. Datuk Abdullah Hussain is a Malaysian novelist and writer. The book enjoyed an unexpected publishing success and went through five consecutive editions. Her latest novel, The Captive Wife was runner-up for the Deutz Medal and won the Readers' Choice award at the 2006 Montana New Zealand Book Awards. His novels include Laro sa Baga, and Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag. Heiki Vilep is an Estonian poet and children's writer. They married in 1944 and divorced in 1961. B. Yehoshua. He went to France where he lived in Paris and Nice. Her first novel Breakwater, based on her MA thesis, was published by Victoria University Press in 2001. Finished his Primary, Middle and High School there. She was the Ambassador to Cameroon, and is currently First Secretary at the Chadian Embassy in Nigeria. His writing has been translated into English, German, Armenian, Italian, Russian, Romanian, Hebrew, Arabic, Hungarian, Urdu, Hindi and Chinese. He assisted in developing a Latin alphabet for the Kurdish language and became a member of the editorial board of the Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze, published in Yerevan from 1930 to 1937. She wrote poetry and a number of novels. In 1993 he debuted with the book Tatt av kvinnen, and a year later published a children's book, Fisken, about a forklift operator named Kurt. The Mahabharata was published in 1978. He quit his investment banking career in 2009, to focus on writing. He died in Warsaw. His father had been trained as a doctor, and was in Nagasaki studying western medicine at the time of the Meiji Restoration. At the age of 18, Hamid returned to the United States to continue his education. He is widely considered among the major authors of the 20th century in his home country. He also published essays, poems, and stories. Álvaro Mutis Jaramillo was an award-winning Colombian poet, novelist, and essayist and author of the compendium The Adventures and Misadventures of Maqroll. She fell ill with asthmatic bronchitis and she was forced to move from Rome to Orvieto, in Umbria. Anna Margaret Ross, known by her pen-name Amanda McKittrick Ros, was an Irish writer. Her novels include La bruttina stagionata, Del perché i porcospini attraversano la strada, Benvenuti in questo ambiente and La rossa e il nero. It was during this period that Kurkov wrote all of his children's stories. Kaniuk married Miranda, a Christian woman.[when?][where? Other important novels are Şatra, and Jocul cu moartea. Politically active in his youth, in the 1950s he fought against the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez. In 2013 she was included in the Granta list of 20 best young writers,. Firat Cewerî, is a Kurdish writer, translator and journalist. She was involved in the well known literary festival Ithaka organized at the college. Gogol was mourned in the Saint Tatiana church at the Moscow University before his burial and then buried at the Danilov Monastery, close to his fellow Slavophile Aleksey Khomyakov. His literary initiation was bound to the group Sardio magazine and to the well-known Techo de la ballena. One of such works was La malora, a long story in the style of Giovanni Verga. His poems were set on music and frequently performed by Russian singer-songwriters Tannella Boni is an Ivorian poet and novelist. Zariņš is also the author of around ten collections of short stories and several novels. Philip Michael Ondaatje, OC, is a Sri Lankan-born Canadian novelist and poet. In 1994, her first novel won the Literary Prize in Santiago, and her second book won the Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize for women writers in Spanish. Russian and world leaders paid tribute to Solzhenitsyn following his death. It depicts an Andean community, living in the Peruvian highlands. Hayslip was born in Ky La, now Xa Hao Qui, a small town in central Vietnam just south of Da Nang. In 1982 Kadare was accused by the president of the League of Albanian Writers and Artists of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore. He currently lives in Tehran and teaches creative writing and short story writing. Six months after leaving the Ministry of Education, he was invited to work for the Writer’s Association. Rizal wanted to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Rivera's uncomplaining fidelity. His Amharic novel Fəqər əskä Mäqabər is considered a classic of modern Ethiopian literature. Since 2000, Rushdie has "lived mostly near Union Square" in New York City. He was one of the founders of the Kurdish Writers Association in 2004 and he serves as its public relations officer. Until made financially secure by the success of her novel The God of Small Things, she worked various jobs, including running aerobics classes at five-star hotels in New Delhi. He was a dedicated champion of democracy and an enemy of the writer Juan León Mera. He became well known in his native region of Transylvania and in Hungary for his stories written in his original Székely style. He passed the matriculation examination in 1915 and took admission in Vidyasagar College, Calcutta. The femme-fatale is a theme repeated in many of Tanizaki's early works, including Kirin, Shonen, Himitsu, and Akuma. In 1927, Ramos was elected mayor of Palmeira dos Índios: he took office in 1928 and would abdicate his post in 1930. She has referred to Turkish poet and novelist Attilâ İlhan, and Cervantes, Dostoyevski, Doris Lessing, Turkish woman writer Sevgi Soysal as major influences on her work. He only began writing in 1980, at the age of 63, traveling back and forth between France and Morocco. She has been described as "a key figure in contemporary world literature and in Maori literature in English. Having attended a Jesuit-run school in his native Turin, Soldati then studied humanities at Turin's university, and later History of Art at the University of Rome. Abad is considered one of the most talented "post-boom" writers in Latin American literature. He was also a delegate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 24th sessions of the League of Nations in Geneva in period 1930–1934. Summary: For the entire body of her work she was awarded the 1996 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. During World War II he worked for the government as a propaganda writer. He marked the end of the traditional novel era and laid the foundation of the modern novel era. Later, his family was living in Kolkata. There he worked and took further courses in engineering and worked towards the baccalauréat. In 1973, he resigned and settled as a full-time writer in Paris. He died in Amherst, Massachusetts, where he had been teaching. He married Fatma İrfan in 1937. Exasperated by a latent conflict with several local politicians and intellectuals, in 1971 he moved to Belgrade, where he lived until his death in 1982. Agnon was born in Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire. Lauryn may refer to: He was mentioned as being considered for the Nobel Prize for Literature on three separate occasions. From 1931, he was editor of the Erdélyi Helikon, and manager of the Miklós Barabás Guild. Memories of My Melancholy Whores caused controversy in Iran, where it was banned after an initial 5,000 copies were printed and sold. Mengiste also has an interest in ways that the arts can promote human rights. Sabino was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, the son of Dominic Sabino, and D. Odette Tavares Sabino. Prus resolved, in the best Positivist fashion, to make it "an observatory of societal facts"—an instrument for advancing the development of his country. He is the son of a merchant father and a poet mother, the fourth eldest boy in a large family. He was the father of another famous writer of Rio Grande do Sul, Luis Fernando Veríssimo. He is fond of employing the short-story as a form. Cortázar's parents divorced a few years after their return to Argentina. His death followed ten weeks later. His work has had a major impact on many disciplines including Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology, Linguistics, Literature, and History. Perfume was on the bestselling list of the German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel for nine years. Like other writers of his time, Ilgaz was imprisoned as a result of one of his publications. Ondaatje was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1943 and moved to England in 1954. A large public park in his adopted home town Pune was named after him in commemoration. Joaquín García Monge is considered one of Costa Rica's most important writers. But it will go away, won't it? She went to live with her maternal grandparents, Alexander Marquis Macneill and Lucy Woolner Macneill, in the nearby community of Cavendish and was raised by them in a strict and unforgiving manner. Gunadasa Amarasekera is a prominent Sinhala writer, poet, and essayist from Sri Lanka. His father, Rehmat Khan Tarar, operated a small seed store by the name of "Kisan & co" that developed to become a major business in that sphere. Ervin Lázár was a Hungarian author. In the 21st century, publications in English of Radetzky March and of collections of his journalism from Berlin and Paris created a revival of interest in the author. In the 1947 general election he ran for the presidency of the republic as the Acción Democrática candidate and won in what is generally believed to be the country's first honest election. His father was a member of the House of Peers and was thus often away from home, and his mother was chronically ill after having given birth to 11 children, so he was brought up mostly by the servants. In 1585, Cervantes published a pastoral novel named La Galatea. He was a fierce critic of Nazism, and wrote often on the subject in the revered Resistance paper Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning. While living there, he represented the Norwegian Labour Party for Sør-Trøndelag in the Storting from 1931 to 1933. He is considered one of the most important showmen, especially after his participation in the TV show Crónicas Marcianas. Jean Jacques Clark Parent is a writer, poet, composer, singer, playwright, novelist, and philosopher. Other stories are also collected in Face and Other Stories and And Most of All Man, published in the 1940s. She died in Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire in France. Winners: 2001 John Maxwell Coetzee ; 2002 John H. Elliott ; 2003 Claudio Magris ; 2004 Eric Rohmer ; 2005 Alice Munro ; 2006 Ray Bradbury ; 2007 George Steiner ; 2008 Umberto Eco ; 2009 Marc Fumaroli. Nadolny received his PhD in 1976 at the Free University of Berlin. Halldór Kiljan Laxness ; born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was a twentieth-century Icelandic writer. In 2001 he was made Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for his services to literature. He was born in Ambach am Starnberger See, near Munich in Germany. Little did he know that this intermission was to become a major turning point in his life. Her 1989 novel, Dinas bok, was made into a film titled I Am Dina in 2002, starring Maria Bonnevie and Gérard Depardieu. In 1927 he was one of the founders of the Bagutta Prize for literature. It also spawned three sequels: Sang Pemimpi, Edensor and Maryamah Karpov. The most notable production was a Hungarian-U.S. collaboration released in 1969. His works deal with the conflict between the traditional Jewish life and language and the modern world. In Maputo he attended Eduardo Mondlane University, receiving a bachelor’s degree in History and Geography. Educated from the age of 16 in Great Britain, she is best known for her novel Wide Sargasso Sea, written as a "prequel" to Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. A short story by Bảo Ninh, "A Marker on the Side of the Boat", translated by Linh Dinh, is included in the anthology Night, Again. Mustansar Hussain Tarar is a Pakistani author, actor, former radio show host, and compere. Hiroyuki Agawa (阿川 弘之, Agawa Hiroyuki? His forte lies in depicting the psychological impact of everyday life experiences. He was rector of Uppsala University during the years 1822, 1830, 1836 and 1843-1844. Together with her sister, she went on to write realistic and descriptive poetry with a romantic undertone. Lauryn may refer to: Imre Kertész is a Hungarian author, Holocaust concentration camp survivor, and recipient of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". Ferréz is a Brazilian author, rapper, cultural critic and activist from the Zona Sul favela of Capão Redondo in São Paulo, Brazil. He was a member of the literary group Kadra. Emma Andijewska was born on March 19, 1931 in Donetsk. In 1904 he published some poems in a magazine called Martín Fierro. He then moved to Porto Alegre in 1930, willing to live solely by selling his writing. She returned to Gabon in 1979, working as a translator and interpreter, and writing her first novel, G'amarakano. Frantz Omar Fanon was born on the Caribbean island of Martinique, which was then a French colony and is now a French département. In total, Shadbolt wrote 11 novels, four collections of short stories, two autobiographies, a war history, and a volume of journalism, as well as plays. In effect, Kleist sought and discovered an overwhelming sense of security by looking to the future with a definitive plan for his life. Henriett went to Eszterhazy College at the age of 18 to the Psychology Institution but her communication and her behavior problems pensioned with a diagnosis of childhood autism in 2002. After three years of technical education she went to the College for Women in Antwerp. His experiences are related in his most famous work "Manhã Submersa", (Misty Morning, lit. 1924), which served as the basis of the film of the same name ; and The Swan (1920, tr. Sexuality and prostitution would form a consistent theme in his writing. In 1975, after two years living in Brittany, she moved back to Quebec with her partner. He lost both of his parents at an early age. Edith L. Tiempo, poet, fiction writer, teacher and literary critic was a Filipino writer in the English language. In 2006 she was one of three honourees in the 2006 Prime Minister's Awards for Literary Achievement. He once lacked only one vote to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. In books like her 1989 Coeur en exil ISBN 2-214-07893-2 she expresses a since of homesickness for her native country. In 1949 she was awarded the Baumgarten Prize, which was - for political reasons - withdrawn from her on the very day it was given. His first wife Shanti Devi to whom he was married in 1906, died of plague in 1908 along with his one year old son. During this time, he translated a number of works of Russian fiction into the Serbian language. Mustansar Hussain Tarar is a Pakistani author, actor, former radio show host, and compere. Junzō Shōno was a Japanese novelist. In 1997, he was dean of the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville when war broke out in the Republic of Congo. He lost his father at a very young age, and took responsibility of his family. " These novels were the basis of films that had distribution in the English speaking world. Kersti Merilass died in Tallinn, Estonia in 1986 at the age of 72. It was adapted a second time in 1934, as Outcast Lady, with Constance Bennett and Herbert Marshall in the main roles. Daniel Kehlmann is a member of the Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Andreas Ernestus Josephus Claes was a Flemish author. He attended Santa Librada school in Neiva and San Luis Gonzaga in Elías. She is currently a Visiting Professor in the Africana Studies Department at Brown University. During these years he kept silent, not publishing at all nor making public appearances. After the democratic changes in Croatia and the collapse of Yugoslavia, Aralica was elected to the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts; also, he re-entered politics, this time on the list of Croatian Democratic Union, a party headed by the independent Croatia’s first president Franjo Tudjman. In 2013 her novel Istanbulians is published in USA by Dalkey Archieve with the title of I am Istanbul translated into English by Kenneth J. Dakan She is also celebrating in 2013 the 22nd year's anniversary of her first novel Two Green Otters, Mothers, Fathers, Lovers and All The Others translated by Alex Dawewith its 50th edition which sold over 1 million copies in Turkey and s already a contemporary classic. He lived in Mexico City since 1956, gaining renown there as the result of Octavio Paz's positive reviews of his work. She also wrote a number of stand-alone novels, which were also generally successful, if not as successful as her Anne books. He worked in a bank for a while, before returning to studies, leading up to a degree in English and philosophy. Summary: She married Brúnó Fröhlich, a forestry officer, on 17 February 1905. Erik Gustaf Geijer was a Swedish writer, historian, poet, philosopher, and composer. In his memory, sights of the havoc of war were impressed unerasably. Schlink became a judge at the Constitutional Court of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1988 and in 1992 a professor for public law and the philosophy of law at Humboldt University, Berlin. Andreas Mand is a German contemporary author of novels, short storys and essays and a playwright. After his retirement, he served at the literary board of the Istanbul Municipal Theatres. He taught at the University of Georgia and was a professor at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Son David was born in 1955 in the Gold Coast. Abad is considered one of the most talented "post-boom" writers in Latin American literature. In the Holocaust he lost his wife Frumme-Liebe and his mother Vella Grade Rosenthal. Theories that Andersen may have been an illegitimate son of King Christian VII persist. Heinrich went to the United States in 1938, following the Anschluss, and did not return to Austria until 1959. In 1950 he won the Bagutta Prize. In fact, this thesis was an extract from Călinescu's earlier work, Opera lui Mihai Eminescu, which he wrote out longhand in five copies and sent to the members of the Examination Committee. Hagedorn was born in Manila to a Scots-Irish-French-Filipino mother and a Filipino-Spanish father with one Chinese ancestor. He is known for his fiction centered on World War II, as well as his biographies and essays. The modern Poesías Completas contains 112 poems. Albahari writes mainly novels and short stories. Welsh is a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, by some along the Welsh border in England, and in Y Wladfa. Kaur Kender, is an Estonian author and entrepreneur. In general his work was influenced by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. He has travelled widely but currently lives in Paris with his wife and daughter. Yet there was nothing cosmopolitan about him; his genius fed in solitude on specific local and ethnic sources. In 1974, Coelho was arrested for "subversive" activities by the ruling military government, who had taken power ten years earlier and viewed his lyrics as left-wing and dangerous. Doina Ruşti is a contemporary Romanian novelist. " She cancelled the publication of the sixth part of her autobiography Nei Kichu Nei, and—under pressure—deleted some passages from Dwikhondito, the controversial book that was the boost for the riots in Kolkata. He got his degree of secondary education in the area of Philosophy in 1929. Arab Shamilov was a Kurdish novelist. Before she started work on The Twelve Kingdoms, Fuyumi Ono wrote The Demonic Child (魔性の子, Mashō no Ko? In 2006, he published his first book of poetry. Manuel Antônio de Almeida was a Brazilian satirical writer, medician and teacher. Having said that Sen, however, recognised that in terms of popularity, the Autumn Moon was brighter than the Sun. His most famous book is "De komst van Joachim Stiller", in which a mysterious person, named Joachim Stiller, appears as a redeemer, under circumstances reminiscent of the death of Jesus. Oscar Bento Ribas was an Angolan writer. She was also briefly in the United States during her childhood while her father attended Yale University. She was one of the first women in Honduras to produce literary work. She has also written an illustrated non-fiction book on the bathing ponds and lido on Hampstead Heath, with photographer Ruth Corney, and a social history of Camden Lock. Dora Pavel is a Romanian novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. In Bengali culture he has become an icon of religious tolerance whose songs inspired and influenced many poets and social and religious thinkers including Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Allen Ginsberg - though, as he "rejected all distinctions of caste and creed", he was both praised and criticized in his lifetime and after his death. Timothy Irving Frederick Findley, OC, O.Ont was a Canadian novelist and playwright. She returned to England with her daughter after divorcing her husband and published a memoir about her experiences, called Place of Reeds, and for six years wrote education and careers features for The Independent newspaper. Delmira Agustini, a Uruguayan poet, is considered one of the greatest female Latin American poets of the early 20th century. During the 1970s he worked as an editor and writer, negotiating with censors in order to get his work into print, and informing against colleagues. Del Rey Manga has already released the first and second volume in his Zaregoto series. Di Robilant was born in Italy and educated at Le Rosey and Columbia University. He died on 22 February 1984 in Sheerness in England. Although at a relatively young age, like many other Albanian intellectuals he participated in the Anti-Fascist War. While in prison, law enforcement ransacked his home, and his wife had to flee into exile in Chile, while his children went into hiding. She learned of the history of Upper Volta and of children who were born to African women and French soldiers only to be forced to leave their mothers to live in orphanages. "Whenever I was done with work and wasn't preoccupied with finding food and so on, I would sit down and just write," he said. Moore was a volunteer air raid warden during the bombing of Belfast by the Luftwaffe. Her first novel, Freskó, written in these years was published in 1958 and achieved overwhelming success among readers. She wrote short stories and children's books. At the age of 13, Mowat founded a nature newsletter, Nature Lore, and had a weekly column on birds in the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. His father, Ludvík Kundera, once a pupil of the composer Leoš Janáček, was an important Czech musicologist and pianist who served as the head of the Janáček Music Academy in Brno from 1948 to 1961. Andrés Rivera, a pseudonym of Marcos Ribak, is an Argentine writer. Narendranath Mitra, was a renowned Bengali writer, poet. Findley was also the author of several dramas for television and stage. Kashmiri was elected as secretary General of All-India Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam in 1946. A central theme in her writings is friendship because, as she maintained, "friendship will be more important than love" in the future. " Only after his death was it discovered that his claim that he was born in St. Davids, West Wales was false. Alicia Freilich is a Venezuelan writer, novelist, journalist and educator. In his youth he worked as a day laborer, driver, construction worker and suffered imprisonment for leftist political views and oppositionist activities. Odian's writings, which include novels and short stories, often humorously point out humanity's vices. He began to work as a diplomat at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1973, and served at various diplomatic posts in Canberra, New York, and Washington, D.C. Ihimaera remained at the Ministry until 1989, although his time there was broken by several fellowships at the University of Otago in 1975 and Victoria University of Wellington in 1982. Géza Ottlik was a Hungarian writer, translator, mathematician, and bridge theorist. In August 2010 Kona contributed to an eBook collection of political poems entitled Emergency Verse - Poetry in Defence of the Welfare State edited by Alan Morrison After the death of Muhammad ibn Ismail in the 8th century AD, the teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning of the Islamic religion. On 26 August 1903, Schnitzler married 21-year old aspiring actress and singer Olga Gussmann who came from a Jewish middle-class family. Williams was a printer, and eventually they bought the printing and publishing house Gwasg Gee, Denbigh, and moved to live in the town in 1935. Her works have been translated into numerous languages, including English and Chinese. It won the 1996 Commonwealth Writers Prize and was shortlisted for the 1996 Booker prize. His father was an Orthodox priest in Petricani. Shōtarō Yasuoka was a Japanese writer. Eventually, he suffered a fatal breakdown: after being slandered for his Floriano speech in a piece by journalist Luís Murat entitled "A Madman in the Cemetery", feeling himself scorned everywhere, he killed himself on Christmas, 1895. Yōko Ogawa is a Japanese writer. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. In 2003 he wrote his first book A Venetian Affair, a biography of his ancestor in 18th century Venice based on their correspondence; and a sequel entitled Lucia: A Venetian Life in the Age of Napoleon. Ivan "Ivo" Andrić was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Peter Weiss earned his reputation in the post-war German literary world as the proponent of an avant-garde, meticulously descriptive writing, as an exponent of autobiographical prose, and also as a politically engaged dramatist. Subsequently he settled in Pest as a lawyer. In Mikhailovskoe, in 1825, Pushkin wrote the poem To***. Despite having little chance of a decent education, he became familiar with works of literature. In books like her 1989 Coeur en exil ISBN 2-214-07893-2 she expresses a since of homesickness for her native country. Some of her works have also been read on BBC. Măcin is a town in Tulcea County, Dobrogea, Romania. examination. Maria Dąbrowska was a Polish writer, novelist, essayist, journalist and playwright, author of the popular Polish historical novel Noce i dnie written between 1932 and 1934 in four separate volumes. In 1970, he wrote Um Copo de Cólera, published in 1978. He married five times, including a one-year marriage to the poet Fleur Adcock and a twelve year marriage to Robin Lee-Robinson, and had six sons. Heiki Vilep is an Estonian poet and children's writer. Alongside full length books, Montalvo was an accomplished essayist, and his Siete Tratados and Geometría Moral were popular in Ecuador and were banned by Veintemilla. His style is best characterized as a variation on magic realism. Lauryn may refer to: He was inspired by the works of Honoré de Balzac, attempting to write a Romanian novel cycle that would mirror Balzac's La Comédie humaine. Oliver Duff was a writer and foundation editor of the New Zealand Listener, and Duff inherited his grandfather's love of literature. Some of Van der Heijden's books have been translated into German, Russian, Finnish, Swedish, Spanish and Bulgarian. His books are considered to be significant contributions to postwar literature. Their divorce was finalized on June 5, 1914. 1900) and Mikael Söderberg (b. ... in Iran, I don't think that we needed foreign intervention at any point. Some of his works are written under the pseudonym G. van Hasselt Asked why he did not leave Jerusalem for Tel Aviv, he later said, "Tel Aviv was not radical enough – only the kibbutz was radical enough". Soon after partition, he migrated to Pakistan with his family. After a degree in management and a master's degree in applied economy, she works some years in finance before changing course. She was a journalism student at the Lyceum of the Philippines, but dropped out even before she finished her freshman year. The Shaoxing Zhou family was very well-educated, and his paternal grandfather Zhou Fuqing held posts in the Hanlin Academy; Zhou's mother, née Lu, taught herself to read. Also in 1938 she joined the Estonian Writers Association. After matriculating at a Lycée in the capital city of Bamako, he went to Paris in 1960, where he studied sociology, philosophy and English at Lycée Henry IV and from 1964 to 1966 he taught at the Lycée de Clarenton in suburban Paris, while studying for a doctorate in sociology at the École Normale Supérieure. In the same year was founded in Stockholm the Gothic League, a sort of club of young and patriotic men of letters, of whom Tegnér quickly became the chief. She worked as a model for few years. He started infant classes in San Stefano Belbo, but the rest of his education was in schools in Turin. He started his career by writing short stories, considered by some critics as his strongest literary creations. For the first few years of their marriage her husband allowed her to write and publish stories under her pseudonym despite the common idea of writing being a purely masculine field in Egyptian culture. Memmi has also written extensively on Judaism, including "Portrait of a Jew," "Liberation of the Jew" and "Jews and Arabs. Milan learned to play the piano from his father; he later studied musicology and musical composition. Many of the situations and characters he encountered there later became part of his fictional world. He later continued his studies at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Leningrad and took up journalism upon his return to Albania, working for the daily newspaper Zëri i Popullit for fifteen years. His father Khwaja Mohammed Ghose was a businessman and moved with the family to Bombay during the Second World War in 1942. He obtained his early education in his native district. His first novel, The Simple Past, was published in 1954. Aleksis Kivi ), born Alexis Stenvall, was a Finnish author who wrote the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers. He was also a provincial deputy and a general deputy, and a member of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. In his coat pocket was an unused train ticket. In November 1890, while at Prince Albert, Montgomery had her first work published in the Charlottetown paper The Daily Patriot; a poem entitled "On Cape LeForce". Kavisekhara Dr Umar Alisha was the sixth Peethadhipathi of Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Adhyatmika Peetham in Pithapuram, India. Her first feature-length film is Notre Étrangère, which The Hollywood Reporter called " A nicely observed docudrama about a biracial young French woman who goes back to her roots. After his return to Warsaw in 1887, the third volume of his Trilogy appeared — Pan Wołodyjowski — running in The Word from May 1887 to May 1888. He had two older sisters, Hermine and Mathilde. Marcos Aguinis is an Argentine writer that has received several prestigious international awards. He was predestined to work in his father’s textile factory in Teesdorf, therefore, he attended a technical college for textile manufacture and a spinning and weaving college. Francisco Massiani is Venezuelan a writer and painter. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1999 for contributions to children's literature. He attended a Jesuit school in Lwów, then studied at a Warsaw Catholic seminary. His wife, Emilie, was buried beside him four years later. Mayombe, for example, is a novel that portrays the lives of a group of MPLA guerrillas who are involved in the anti-colonial struggle in Cabinda, Yaka follows the lives of members of a white settler family in the coastal town of Benguela, and A Geração da Utopia reveals the disillusionment of young Angolans during the post-independence period. In 1944, the family moved again, but this time back to an Assyrian community in Tehran, Iran. Octavio Paz Lozano ; March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature. In the spring of 1914 the Singers moved to No. Renée Ferrer de Arréllaga, is a contemporary Paraguayan poet and novelist. He launched an alphabetization campaign all over the territory and supervised the distribution of agricultural land to the poorest. Sarah Bouyain is a French-Burkinabé writer and film director. Jorge Salgado-Reyes is a Chilean/British science fiction author and private investigator. He also wrote under the pen names: Maurycy Zych, Józef Katerla and Stefan Iksmoreż. He called for the youth of Latin America to reject materialism, to revert to Greco-Roman habits of free thought and self enrichment, and to develop and concentrate on their culture. Jamal Mirsadeghi (Persian: جمال میرصادقی, b. When one of Moscow's theatre directors severely criticised Bulgakov, Stalin personally protected him, saying that a writer of Bulgakov's quality was above "party words" like "left" and "right". His poetry combines formal virtuosity with a sympathy for the ordinary, the neglected and the down-trodden. Their extended family consisted of landowners whose fortunes were ruined by the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War of 1926-1928, a Roman Catholic integralist revolt against the government of Mexico following the Mexican Revolution. Theodore Roosevelt enjoyed his novel, St. Peter's Umbrella so much that he visited Mikszáth during his European trip in 1910 solely to express his admiration. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment. Later, he was appointed Director of Foreign Publicity, Government of Pakistan. Asked about her subsequent prose drought, she explained, "There have been two major reasons for my not having worked on prose since Nervous Conditions: firstly, the novel was published only after I had turned to film as a medium; secondly, Virginia Woolf's shrewd observation that a woman needs £500 and a room of her own in order to write is entirely valid. In 1963 he took a course in scriptwriting, and then worked in the publishing house Sovietskiy Pisatel. The decision was viewed as evidence of political corruption by the opposition National Peasants' Party, whose press deemed Sadoveanu the "Count of Ciorogârla". His most important teacher at the time was Augusto Monti, writer and educator, whose writing style was devoid of all rhetoric. His novels are Moth Smoke, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, and How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia. He was Associate Professor of Literature and Creative Writing at University of Malaya until 1997 when he took up writing full time. He wrote on popular culture, Canadian history, critiques of mainstream religion, anthologies, children's books and historical works for youth. In 1984 he received the Yomiuri Prize for his novel Hagoku based on the true story of Yoshie Shiratori. He spoke Italian as a second language. Aminatta Forna is a Scottish-born British writer. Recently, many critics have begun to see his works in a new light and they have also attracted the attention of younger readers. From 1988–95, editor Rea Wilmshurst collected and published numerous short stories by Montgomery. Abad is considered one of the most talented "post-boom" writers in Latin American literature. He was born in Faridpur in what is now Bangladesh. He studied law in Patna and then devoted his time to writing. Pompeia was born in 1863, to Antônio d'Ávila Pompeia and Rosa Teixeira Pompeia. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel Chłopi. Yōko Ogawa is a Japanese writer. Popescu then worked as a reporter for the literary magazine Steaua from 1956 to 1969, and then as editor of Tribuna magazine, from 1969 to 1982. ] de la Parra travelled and had an intense social life. Born as Chen Mao Ping, the writer's pseudonym was adopted from a character of acclaimed caricaturist Zhang Leping's most famous work, entitled Sanmao. Waltari also scripted the popular cartoon Kieku ja Kaiku and wrote Aiotko kirjailijaksi, a guidebook for aspiring writers that influenced many younger writers such as Kalle Päätalo. In 1988 Mouloud Mammeri received an honorary doctorate from Sorbonne. Then he moved to Scotland with his wife, Madeline, and four children. In parallel to his writing career, Davidar has been a publisher for a quarter century. His application for a passport was denied. Meanwhile, Aleksei wrote and published his "Trans-Volga" series. He began writing in the 1980s and his first published book, El Robinsón urbano, a collection of his journalistic work, was published in 1984. The novel is set in the somewhat hysterical atmosphere of turn-of-the-century Petersburg and the Russian Revolution of 1905. In 1953, his works were published in the United States for the first time, by Michigan State University Press, who later, relinquished the rights to Viking Press. This volume contains the oft-anthologized story, "Swimming Lessons. He was born in Fes in 1915 of Berber parents. In the same year he published a volume of work which included the drama Ślub and the novel Trans-Atlantyk, where the subject of national identity on emigration was controversially raised. He taught creative writing at UCLA. From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro. Born in Buenos Aires to immigrant parents, he was at various points a textile worker, a journalist, and a writer. She is also an American blogger for the Huffington Post and for her own journalism blog, at-Largely. In his teens, Galeano worked odd jobs – as a factory worker, a bill collector, a sign painter, a messenger, a typist, and a bank teller. He wrote 65 novels, 53 story-books, 12 plays, 4 essay-books, 4 autobiographies and 2 travel stories. After studying literature and philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he began teaching. He graduated as a medical doctor, later specializing in psychiatry. Peter Verhelst is a Belgian Flemish novelist, poet and dramatist. In 1952, Gao entered the Nanjing Number 10 Middle School which was the Middle School attached to Nanjing University. In 1980 Shamiakin became the chief editor of the Soviet Belarusian Encyclopedia. With her feelings of social inferiority, her timidity, and the increasing poverty of her family, her diary was the place where she could assert herself. Her novels include La bruttina stagionata, Del perché i porcospini attraversano la strada, Benvenuti in questo ambiente and La rossa e il nero. In 2001 he received the Charlemagne Award of the city of Aachen. She studied in the Cathedral and John Connon School. Because his father's vocation required frequent relocation, Tanpınar continued his education in several different cities, including Istanbul, Sinop, Siirt, Kirkuk, and Antalya. Rambriksh Benipuri hailed from Muzaffarpur in Bihar and took active part in the Indian freedom movement. Her father was a public prosecutor, but died early on, so the family lived in poverty. Desai is the daughter of the Anita Desai, herself short-listed for the Booker Prize on three occasions. Bjørnson is considered as one of The Four Greats Norwegian writers; the others being Henrik Ibsen, Jonas Lie, and Alexander Kielland. He has been a member of the International Jury for the Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage, 2003 & 2004. The book enjoyed an unexpected publishing success and went through five consecutive editions. On a trip to the village Sessenheim, Goethe fell in love with Friederike Brion, in October 1770, but, after ten months, terminated the relationship in August 1771. He received the Tamil Nadu Government's literary award for the best Novel for 2011 for his work on tannery workers of Southern Tamil Nadu titled "Thol". On 25 February his poem De-aș avea was published in Iosif Vulcan's literary magazine Familia in Pest. Ilgaz started writing poetry during his junior school years and evolved into one of the prolific social-realist writers of 20th century Turkish literature. Andrić attended the Jesuit gymnasium in Travnik, followed by Sarajevo's gymnasium and later he studied philosophy at the Universities of Zagreb, Vienna, Kraków, and Graz. 1904 was Sadoveanu's effective debut year: he published four separate books, including Şoimii, Povestiri, Dureri înăbuşite and Crâşma lui Moş Petcu. These poems included topics and characters previously not shown in Latvian poetry - the city night life, homeless people, prostitutes, poor suburbs, even the sewers in blockhouses. For one thing, he was afraid that the government might stop funding his expensive cancer treatment if he gave away the rights to his work to a foreign entity. Johnson published some shorter works and continued to do some work as an editor. Leopoldo Marechal was one of the most important Argentine writers of the twentieth century. She emigrated to the United States with her family after being invited to write the screenplay for the film. However, the writer Jiro Fukushima published a revealing homosexual correspondence between himself and the famed novelist. Lauryn may refer to: Hubert Leon Lampo was a Flemish writer, one of the founders of magic realism in Flanders. In fact, at least since 1993 a hallmark of his work is an almost frenetic level of writing and publication—two to four novella-length books each year. He also wrote the column for the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Isyu, an opinion tabloid. Elif Şafak is an established and outspoken Turkish author, columnist, speaker and academic. In 1958, his father—head of department in one of the ministries, slandered with accusations of embezzlement, then exonerated by the court of all charges—committed suicide; Péter Nádas became an orphan at 16. She continued her gender-segregated education at the American Girls College in Cairo, Egypt, graduating in 1966. Son of Anastase and Maria, Leonardos was born in Alexandria, Egypt on 20 February 1937. Heiki Vilep is an Estonian poet and children's writer. Active member of liberalism, participates in seminars and conferences from the Freedom Foundation organized by Mario Vargas Llosa. Meanwhile Pontianus himself married the daughter of one Herennius Rufinus; he, indignant that Pudentilla's wealth should pass out of the family, instigated his son-in-law, together with a younger brother, Sicinius Pudens, a mere boy, and their paternal uncle, Sicinius Aemilianus, to join him in impeaching Apuleius upon the charge that he had gained the affections of Pudentilla by charms and magic spells. Dương Thu Hương is a Vietnamese author and political dissident. His novel Death and the Dervish is one of the most important literary works in post-World War II Yugoslavia. Reşat Nuri attended primary school in Çanakkale, the Çanakkale Secondary School and the İzmir School of Freres. Major influences on his writings include August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway. Annamarie Jagose is a queer writer of academic and fictional works. She also attended the British Institute in Cairo from 1946 to 1949 where she studied English. Both of these were among the leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter including Matei Millo and Fanny Tardini-Vlădicescu. She currently lives in Mumbai. He developed a science fiction website aimed at helping authors working in the genre fer television. There are few reliable sources for the details of Lalon's early life as he was reticent in revealing his past, though there has been considerable speculation about his physical appearance, religious background etc. Comrade Zylo is a universal figure, a character to be found in any society or age, and critics have been quick to draw parallels ranging from Daniel Defoe and Nikolay Gogol’s Revizor to Franz Kafka and Milan Kundera's Zert. His second novel, Midnight's Children, won the Booker Prize in 1981. From 1969 to 1980 Mouloud Mammeri directed the Anthropological, Prehistoric and Ethnographic Research center at Algiers. He was among the first to respond when Neda was shot, but his attempts to save her life were unsuccessful. He attended Yeshivat Kol Torah and Knesses Chizkiyahu and married at age 21. He has taught both in Somalia and the U.S., and is the author of numerous short stories, two novels, a collection of fables, as well as articles and essays. An accomplished storyteller, Berton was one of Canada's most prolific and popular authors. She has translated into Romanian Guy de Maupassant's Pierre et Jean and Hector Bianciotti's Sans la miséricorde du Christ. " St. Amands, his native city, has dedicated a museum to this giant of Belgian literature, showing many original manuscripts of his works and letters along with works of his artistic friends Théo van Rysselberghe, Leon Spilliaert, Constantin Meunier, Paul Signac and Ossip Zadkine. He also worked in an agency in charge of the translation of Mao Zedong's works for a time. He did not spend long fighting in the front line, being captured by the Russians on September 24, 1915. Gangopadhyay's body was cremated on 25 October at Keoratola crematorium, Kolkata. A son, Carlos Fuentes Lemus, died from complications associated with hemophilia in 1999 at the age of 25. Since then his books have enjoyed unprecedented popularity in Estonia with the old and the young, the literary elite and the popular culture. While he was young, his parents changed his name seven times. But it was his discovery of Caryl Phillips' The Final Passage that allowed him to see the possibilities of fiction writing from an authentic Caribbean - specifically Jamaican - perspective. As well as producing novels and short stories, Abril Espinoza is also a playwright and scriptwriter. Dee was born in Bandung, West Java on 20 January 1976; she was the fourth of five children born to a religious Christian family. Historically it has also been known in English as "the British tongue", "Cambrian", "Cambric" and "Cymric". Kupala's first serious literary attempt was Ziarno, a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904 under the pseudonym "K-a. Her novels include La bruttina stagionata, Del perché i porcospini attraversano la strada, Benvenuti in questo ambiente and La rossa e il nero. Since 1990 he has been a full-time author. Natsuo Kirino is the pen name of Mariko Hashioka, a Japanese novelist and a leading figure in the recent boom of female writers of Japanese detective fiction. In the 1990s, he received numerous prizes, including Ateneo de Sevilla Prize for El amante bilingüe and the Critic Prize and Aristeion Prize for El embrujo de Shanghai. The book takes a critical look at the belief many Africans have that a better life can be found in Europe. Borgen was editor of the literary magazine Vinduet 1954-1959. Fanon left France for Algeria, where he had been stationed for some time during the war. Herbjørg Wassmo is a Norwegian author. Ott has won other awards, including: Juana Sujo ; the McLaren Comedy Playwriting Competition, for "I Tawt I Taw a Putty Tat" ; Puerto Rico’s Critics’ Award, for "Los peces crecen con la luna"; Best Play, Karzinbarcika Festival and Liverpool Festival for "Pavlov"; Best Play, MB-Prague Festival 2003 for "Passport"; Best Play, Yakumo Festival 2007 for “Wet Dog Waiting”; Venezuela’s Writers’ Circle Award and First Runner-up, Princess Grace Award-New York for "80 Teeth, 4 Feet & 500 Pounds"; CELCIT Award for "80 Dientes..."; "Miss" and Panama’s Escenas Award for “Divorciadas, evangélicas y vegetarianas”; and since 1990 six Municipal Theater Awards, including Best Director in 1998. It is highly musical and lends itself to musical setting; as songs it has developed into the much wider world of popular music and frequently been re-recorded by Swedish singers like Olle Adolphson, Monica Zetterlund, the Värmland group Sven-Ingvars and recently the Swedish band Mando Diao on their album Infruset. This prize is an international environment and development prize, awarded annually. He had planned to travel by train with his wife and children, but at the last minute he accepted his publisher's proposal to travel with him. While in prison in Bursa he met Hikmet, who was his major literary influence. Pinto Coelho grew up in Portugal. Other themes that occur in Lampo's work are the myths of Orpheus and the Holy Grail. Rolland was fascinated with Istrati's adventurous life, urging him to write more, and publishing part of his works in the magazine he and Henri Barbusse owned, Clarté. She settled in Bruges and became a teacher at high school. She wrote short stories and children's books. Raheja did his schooling from Apeejay School and DPS Faridabad. Jaime Manrique Colombian American author, poet, and journalist. He started his writing career as a journalist and remained a writer of short, humorous blurbs until his death. Her first travelogue The Travel Notes of A Brunette was published in 1988 and sold more than 300.000 copies. With Los pequeños seres, his first novel, Garmedia showed his remarkable dowries of observation and his interest by the routine existence of the inhabitants of the urban centres and of the alienation that suffer in their work and with their relatives. In 1845 d'Azeglio visited Romagna as an unauthorized political envoy, to report on its conditions and the troubles which he foresaw would break out on the death of Pope Gregory XVI. Later he studied engineering in Electronics from the Madras Institute of Technology. After the Qur'an school and the schools of Fes Sefrioui has made French his own. Duignan was born in Wellington, New Zealand, and completed an MA in Creative Writing at Victoria University of Wellington in 2000. There, he acquired a passion for movies and became a director. He finished his thesis titled Tokatlı Kani: Sanat, şahsiyet ve psikoloji under supervision of Nihat Tarlan. Lalami became the first Moroccan author to publish a book of fiction written in English with a major commercial press in the United States. In his obituary, the New York Times described him as "one of the most admired writers in the Spanish-speaking world" and an important influence on the Latin American Boom, the "explosion of Latin American literature in the 1960s and '70s", while The Guardian called him "Mexico's most celebrated novelist". In 1927, travels to New York City to treat a throat ailment, dying in that city at the age of 56, his last work was published after his death, entitled Entre colinas en flor. One of his sons, Martin Crump is now a well-known radio broadcaster. Lem became truly productive after 1956, when the de-Stalinization period in the Soviet Union led to the "Polish October", when Poland experienced an increase in freedom of speech. He embarked on a full-time literary career only around the age of 40. The following year, he began working at the Biblioteca Nacional José Martí. His columns have regularly appeared in El País and Die Welt. On the other hand, the downfall of the provincial lady has place amidst two very diverse suitors: the most handsome man in the city and the cathedral's priest. Géza Gárdonyi, born Géza Ziegler was a Hungarian writer and journalist. Vassanji has been nominated for the Giller Prize for best work of fiction in Canada three times, winning twice. He has published three novels in Danish – Krat, Undtagelsen, and Du Forsvinder. His works have been published in more than 20 languages. Memmi has also written extensively on Judaism, including "Portrait of a Jew," "Liberation of the Jew" and "Jews and Arabs. Without the Jews to blame, the Nazi party collapsed; the expulsion law was repealed, and the Jews were welcomed back to Vienna. The letter to his publisher said: He never again lived in Germany, though he regularly traveled there. The charges included "reading the works of Maxim Gorky and Nazim Hikmet" and "propagandising for foreign regimes and encouring revolt". After addressing packed audiences about, "the contemptible nature of the White emigration," he returned to Berlin to put his affairs in order. Kidman grew up in Northland and worked as a librarian in Rotorua after leaving school. Some of his Urdu columns are archived at Urdu-Columns.com. It won the 1996 Commonwealth Writers Prize and was shortlisted for the 1996 Booker prize. He received a B.A. He would stay in Florence until 1868. The book enjoyed an unexpected publishing success and went through five consecutive editions. He spent his childhood in Barrio Cabugawan, Rosales, where he first began to write. Born in Temesvár, Austria-Hungary, he studied engineering at the University of Budapest, and only afterwards turned towards architecture. From 1999 until his death he lived in Rabat. Marshall has been ranked among the very finest, if not the finest, New Zealand’s short story writers, as reported in the New Zealand Book Council short biography of the author. He moved to his father's hometown of Vienna at the age of six. Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte described his death as "a loss for Dutch literature and the Netherlands". Starting in 1924 he worked at MÁVAG, railway machinery plant, and began his true professional life. Born to Syrian immigrants in Serodino, a small town in the Santa Fe Province, he studied law and philosophy at the National University of the Litoral, where he taught History of Cinematography. In 1978, after more than two decades of preparation, investigation and study, the first volume of Zlatno runo was published, fully establishing Pekić as one of the most important Serbian authors. Sarojini Sahoo is an Orissa Sahitya Academy Award winner Indian feminist writer, a columnist in The New Indian Express and associate editor of Chennai based English magazine Indian AGE, who has been enlisted among 25 Exceptional Women of India by ‘Kindle’ English magazine of Kolkata. as he is called among book lovers) is most known for his multi-novel saga De tandeloze tijd about his alter-ego Albert Egberts. Indeed this does not have to be taken literally, but it does show the type of emotional insecurity that Kawabata felt, especially experiencing two painful love affairs at a young age. He was born in the city of Kars in a Kurdish family in present-day north-eastern Turkey. The Sardar has associates like Tukaram and his henchmen, like Wagle and Irfan, etc. Six months later, Saramago clarified. While traveling together in Paris, Tolstoy wrote in his diary, "Turgenev is a bore. He returned to Einaudi in 1950, responsible this time for the literary volumes. His awards include the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment in 1969, the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1989, for Roman 1987 and the Brage Prize in 2006 for Armand V. Solstad is among Norway's top-ranked authors of his generation. As a child, Farah frequented schools in Somalia and adjacent Ethiopia, attending classes in Kallafo in the Ogaden. Although he supported the independence movement in Tunisia, he was not able to find a place in the new Muslim state[clarification needed]. His other novels include Beltenebros, a story of love and political intrigue in post-Civil War Madrid, Los misterios de Madrid, and El dueño del secreto. He has helped to found Botswana's first centre for opera training, the Number 1 Ladies' Opera House, for whom he wrote the libretto of their first production, a version of Macbeth set among a troop of baboons in the Okavango Delta. Sardar Surender Singh Sohal, a.k.a. He became a civil servant under British rule and started career as a school teacher. Marugg has written 3 novels in Dutch; Weekendpelgrimage, In de straten van Tepalka ; and De morgen loeit weer aan, which was nominated for a major Dutch literature prize. He studied law in Patna and then devoted his time to writing. At the same time, he began writing more seriously. Because of his political activities, Andrić was imprisoned by the Austrian government during World War I alongside other pro-Yugoslav civilians. She made her poetry debut in the literary magazine Steaua, and her editorial debut in the collective volume Alpha '84 at Dacia Publishing House. Dona Maria José became Joaquim’s godmother; her brother-in-law, commendatory Joaquim Alberto de Sousa da Silveira, was his godfather, and both were paid homage by giving their names to the baby. Sebbar deals with a variety of topics, and either adopts a purely fictional approach or uses psychology to make her point. Mishra's latest work is a travelogue on China, A Great Clamour, published by Penguin in 2013. She grew up in a liberal family. He fell in love with a woman called Antonia Quick in 1969. She has also been involved in theater, both as actress and director. Aldo Busi is an Italian writer and translator mostly active in the last twenty years. Roland Michel Tremblay is a French Canadian author, poet, scriptwriter, development producer and science-fiction consultant. In 1896 he was elected to parliament and in 1901 became the president of the Petőfi Society. Kracht was born in Saanen. " Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa stated, "with him, we lose a writer whose work and whose presence left a deep imprint". Since that book's publication he has written a children's book, an opera for children and several poems. After his first job with a bank in Hilversum, Nooteboom traveled throughout Europe. He lives in Marrakech. He was among the first to respond when Neda was shot, but his attempts to save her life were unsuccessful. She then lived in London for two years, where she played small roles in James Bond films and modelled for fashion magazines. Later, he became leader of the Socialist Union of the Working People mass organization in Kosovo, and was from 1965 to 1967 manager of the Kosovar publishing house Rilindja. They also published two collections of essays on life in the rural communities as well as the city bourgeousie. He was a colonial administrator in Belgian Congo. She has two brothers, one who is six years older and one who is five years younger. Bapsi Sidhwa is an author of Pakistani origin who writes in English and is resident in America. His novels have been translated into several languages. After spending his adolescence in Mozambique, he returned to the UK where his further education was completed. In the same year he published La scomparsa di Majorana, dealing with the mysterious disappearance of scientist Ettore Majorana. She is considered by many to be the most important Catalan novelist of the postwar period. It became the first in his Adrien Zograffi literary cycle. Brofeldtin saarnoja and his father had been a chaplain and his grandfather a vicar. Kossi Efoui is a Togolese writer. Upamanyu Chatterjee is an Indian civil servant who currently serves as Joint Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Defence. He writes frequently for The London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, and The Guardian. In the same year he published a volume of work which included the drama Ślub and the novel Trans-Atlantyk, where the subject of national identity on emigration was controversially raised. In 1933, Petrescu wrote the novel Patul lui Procust. He received the Lifetime Achievement award at the Lahore Literary Festival in 2012. In 2013, Marías was awarded the prestigious Prix Formentor. As he was unable to publish his works for political reasons, he earned his living translating. Alavi himself claimed that he was not involved politically at the time and simply was in a group of literati, who among other things read communist writings. " Collin, who preferred women, wrote in his own memoir: "I found myself unable to respond to this love, and this caused the author much suffering. In despair, Bulgakov first wrote a personal letter to Joseph Stalin, then on March 28, 1930, a letter to the Soviet government. We were in exile in India for twelve years [1917–1929] so I had my schooling in India, and thereafter I joined my college there. Andrejs Upīts was a Latvian teacher, poet, short story writer and Communist polemicist. She is currently teaching a semester at the University of Richmond. In the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent rise to power of Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republican Party in 1980, Nafisi soon became restless with the stringent rules imposed upon women by the new government. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl (Somali: Faarax Maxamed Jaamac Cawl, Arabic: فارح محمد جامع عول‎; b. His works dealt mostly with issues related to the rights of the Albanian communities outside Albania, republicanism, emancipation of women and feminism. With her savings she was able to spend some time in Europe, but was forced to return to Canada in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. It is highly musical and lends itself to musical setting; as songs it has developed into the much wider world of popular music and frequently been re-recorded by Swedish singers like Olle Adolphson, Monica Zetterlund, the Värmland group Sven-Ingvars and recently the Swedish band Mando Diao on their album Infruset. He returned to Mexico City in 1954, where he wrote his great poem "Piedra de sol" in 1957 and Libertad bajo palabra, a compilation of his poetry up to that time. He was also a founder of Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam. His work is based on firm political principles and much of it is rooted in the ordinary life and sentiments of ordinary, modest working-class people in Florence. The novel is considered a precursor to the social change in the Spanish post-Franco society and the first novel of the transition to democracy. Felix Mnthali is a Malawian poet, novelist and playwright. Odian spent the last days of his life in Cairo, Egypt where he was buried. The letters cover topics such as their writing projects, books they were reading and personal concerns. He squatted on the floor, and was with difficulty prevailed upon by his wife, Safia, to leave the stage. His first novel, Red Earth and Pouring Rain, won the 1996 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book. He studied Hungarian, German and later English, obtaining a doctorate in 1924. Čapek would maintain a close relationship with his brother Josef, living and writing with him throughout his adult life. Francisco Esaú Cossa is a Mozambican writer born August 1, 1957, in Inhaminga, Sofala Province. A native of Sassari in Sardinia and 11 years younger than her husband, she married while still a junior lecturer at Pavia University. An accomplished storyteller, Berton was one of Canada's most prolific and popular authors. Paul Kearney was a Northern Irish fantasy author. In this novel, one of the chief characters, Timóteo, is the family's gay scion, who lives secluded in the ancestral mansion, always dressed in drag with his mother's old clothes, and who stands for the unravelling of the traditional order embodied in the mansion. Lessa died on June 8, 2012 from pulmonary emphysema in London. Qian was relieved of teaching duties and worked entirely in the Institute of Literary Studies under PKU. His family name "Choukri" is connected to the name Ayt Chiker which is the Berber tribe cluster he belonged to before fleeing hunger to Tangiers. He is half Danish and holds Danish rather than Norwegian citizenship. He addresses the topic of same-sex love in the tale Cuìyǎ lóu. Santos received an honorary doctorate degrees in humanities and letters from the University of the Philippines, and Bicol University in 1981. In 1980, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Harvard, and in 1982, he won the Neustadt Prize. He published over 20 novels, of which On Parole and Shipwrecks are internationally known and have been translated into several languages. The reunion was so emotional that Appelfeld has never been able to write about it. Her first travelogue The Travel Notes of A Brunette was published in 1988 and sold more than 300.000 copies. He died in Seattle suffering from an advanced stage of bronchopneumonia. The best edition of Eötvös collected works is that of 1891, in 17 volumes. Such works represented a turn against the naturalism of the preceding romantics and was both sensuous and mystical. He began working in 1920 in the Ruskica marble mine as a technician. At the age of 17, Kaniuk joined the Palmach. He spent long time in the Khanaqa of Mawlana Khalid in Sulaimany. She is best known for her collaborative work with Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta: Sidhwa wrote both the 1991 novel Ice Candy Man which served as the basis for Mehta's 1998 film Earth as well as the 2006 novel Water: A Novel which is based upon Mehta's 2005 film Water. Following his death, the Chilean government recognized him as a central figure of 20th-century Chilean literature. Haddis Alemayehu 15 October 1910 – 6 December 2003), also transliterated Hadis Alamayahu, was a Foreign Minister and novelist from Ethiopia. Khan is married to the American writer, David Maine. Jagadish Mohanty is a renowned Oriya writer, considered as a trendsetter in modern Oriya fiction, has received the prestigious Sarala Award 2003, Orissa Sahitya Akademy Award 1990, Jhankar Award, 1985 Dharitri Award, Prajatantra Award. Tomasi di Lampedusa was often the guest of his cousin, the poet Lucio Piccolo, with whom he travelled in 1954 to San Pellegrino Terme to attend a literary awards ceremony, where he met, among others, Eugenio Montale and Maria Bellonci. Saltykov-Shchedrin's last works were published by Vestnik Evropy and Russkye vedomosti, among them a collection of satirical fables and tales which he started back in 1869. Cao was the son of either Cao Fu or Cao Yong. " As with his earlier visit to America, he still found Americans too casual, friendly and Francophilic for his taste. In 1890, he published a new novel, Su único hijo. Yōko Ogawa is a Japanese writer. Christopher G. Moore is a Canadian writer of twenty novels and one collection of short stories. Mercedes Franco is a Venezuelan author and novelist. This style of education is recounted in his novel Rhys Lewis, given to the character 'Robyn y Sowldiwr'. He has been a member of the International Jury for the Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage, 2003 & 2004. In his native town the Biblioteca di Bufalino is now named after him. Although his father wanted him to become a lawyer, Krúdy worked as an editor at provincial newspapers for several years, then moved to Budapest in 1896. Amba Bongo is a writer and advocate for refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo-(Kinshasa. After the war he studied at the Homel Pedagogical University, worked as an editor and had different Communist Party positions in the local party offices in Belarus. His writing is as controversial and provocative as his own life and personality – a semiotician and former advertising executive, he has once said that sometimes he wishes that truck drivers and prostitutes would write more books because they have unusual stories to tell. Boudjedra was awarded the Prix du Roman Arabe in 2010 for Les Figuiers de Barbarie. As a child, Linna loved adventure novels which he borrowed from the local library. Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín was a Filipino writer, historian and journalist, best known for his short stories and novels in the English language. His writings and openly gay lifestyle were, by 1967, bringing him into conflict with the Communist government. Khan is married to the American writer, David Maine. Gao's father was a clerk in the Bank of China, and his mother was a member of the Young Men's Christian Association. In 2008, she published Luisito- A Love Story. Carmen Covito is an Italian writer and translator. He now spends at least half the year in Maputo working with the theatre and writing. His grandfather, Dinesh Chandra Sen, was a well-known writer and a doyen of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. He also has the distinction of being the first Somali novelist to write in the nascent Latin script for the Somali language after its formalization in 1972. His most appreciated novels are stories unifying elements from detective novels and romance, always including a highly individual sense of humour. After teaching at Haverford College and Stanford University, he is currently the Newman Ivey White Professor of Literature at Duke University. After attending Malvern College and spending a brief time in Switzerland, Arlen enrolled as a medical student at the University of Edinburgh, despite his and his family's intention that he go to Oxford University. Abigél was also chosen as the sixth most popular novel at the Hungarian version of Big Read. where he lived until he was twenty, when he moved to Rio de Janeiro. In 1940, aged 62, he was again uprooted by the German invasion of France, and spent weeks in a refugee camp in Mende. Dag Solstad lives in part-time in Berlin and part-time in Oslo. Since that book's publication he has written a children's book, an opera for children and several poems. Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide's description of the film is that a woman demands that her husband leave and he complies. From 1965 to 1972 he taught Berber at the university in the department of ethnology. Afeworq's relationship with Taytu only worsened, so he was relieved when he was asked in September 1894 to escort two men to Neuchatel in Switzerland where they had been enrolled at the International School. In 2010, he was a William F. Podlich Distinguished Fellow and a visiting professor at Claremont McKenna College, California, a jury member of the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award and an Academie de France Villa Medici fellow in Roma, Italy. Gheorghiu was ordained a priest of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris on May 23, 1963. Her work has been translated into French, German, Catalan, Danish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Portuguese. She has subsequently lived in France. His first book, Butter Chicken in Ludhiana: Travels in Small Town India, was a travelogue that described the social and cultural changes in India in the context of globalization. Barbara Anderson, Lady Anderson was a New Zealand fiction writer who became internationally recognized despite only starting her writing career in her late fifties. He died of natural causes at his home in Kawasaki on September 21, 2009. Aminatta Forna is a Scottish-born British writer. Named ‘Muhajiroun’, the publisher is intended to print the works of Arab writers free from the difficulties of publishing in the Arab world, which Mus'ad sees as being beset by problems engendered by ‘the state of decline in the Arab political scene’. Camilo was born out of wedlock and orphaned in infancy, although his origins lay ultimately in Northern Portugal's provincial aristocracy. His first book of short stories,“Çıplak Ayaklıydı Gece“, was published in 1992. He is the author of Full Circle, a literary novel set in Congo. Aquilino Gomes Ribeiro, ComL was a Portuguese writer and diplomat. Ivan became well known in the late 1970s, when he wrote the Assyrian Manifesto; a blue print for the formation of an Assyrian interim government. In 1997, he was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Republic, where he won considerable notoriety for his work in the 1990s. He has published two novels and a short story collection, and has contributed as a writer and/or editor to several short story collections and literary magazines. Married Sam Stewart in 1970. He occupied the 23rd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1961 until his death in 2001. He was president of the Kateb Yacine foundation and he also held the position of vice-president at Amnesty International. They were the parents of Norwegian author and cultural historian, Erik Lie. The book features 12 interlinked short stories. Ştefănescu, who sees the writer's activities as responsible for making the library "a sui generis literary club". It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company. Peter Høeg is a Danish writer of fiction. From 1936, in collaboration with her elder brother Jean Amrouche and her mother, Amrouche collected and began to interpret Kabyle songs. She went on to work as a camerawomen for several films, and eventually directed several of her own. She worked as a model for few years. " Jaime Manrique Colombian American author, poet, and journalist. His father, Christian Kracht Sr., was chief representative for the Axel Springer publishing company in the 1960s. He also wrote a few plays which were performed on stage. De Lisser was born in Falmouth, Jamaica, and attended William Morrison's Collegiate School in Kingston. Sia Figiel grew up amidst the traditional Samoan singing and poetry which heavily influenced her writing. Since 2011, she has been the Head of the School of Letters, Art and Media at the University of Sydney. At the age of 46, Bibhutibhushan married Rama Chattopadhyay and the couple raised a son, Taradas, who was born in 1947. One of his grandfathers was a foreman stonemason in the royal employ. He got his degree of secondary education in the area of Philosophy in 1929. She began her teaching career in 1991 in the English Department at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Chidgey’s honours include the Glenn Schaeffer Prize in Modern Letters; the Meridian Energy Katherine Mansfield Fellowship to Menton, France; the Todd New Writers’ Bursary; the Ursula Bethell Residency in Creative Writing at the University of Canterbury; and the Buddle Findlay Sargeson Fellowship. Besides this, she offer her opinion on art, film, literature, music, and politics in the blog Ideas de Babel. Frans Eemil Sillanpää ) was one of the most famous Finnish writers and in 1939 became the first Finnish writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Contrasting myths have been built around her life. In 1998 his wife died. She was born in Ivești, Galați County, the daughter of General Dimitrie Bengescu and of Zoe. Carlos Fuentes has quoted her description of the modern woman as "having the capacity to change skin like a snake, freeing herself from the inevitability and servitude of more obsolete times". He has become one of the most widely read authors in the world today. Often the entries are written as if they were part of a novel. Although he wrote a novel, 1971) and a number of short stories, he is best known for his tales and stories for children. In 1971 he published what was to be the first volume in the 26-volume series Juuret Iijoen törmässä, probably the longest autobiographical narrative in the world. Looked beyond the official history of the country and created a parallel narrative to it. He was born in the village of Çalê located in the region of Nusaybin in southeastern Turkey. Isacovici grew up in Sighetu Marmaţiei on his parents' farm. Lars Saabye Christensen, born 21 September 1953 in Oslo, is a Norwegian author. Tannella Boni is an Ivorian poet and novelist. He has written ten novels, numerous short stories, a fiction dictionary, and published some research on literature and the short story. Jan Frans Willems, Flemish writer and father of the Flemish movement. His work depicts obsessive, often erotic, feelings. He survived by helping the inmates to write letters to wives and lovers. Dervishi was born in 1943 in Đakovica/Gjakova in the region disputed between Yugoslavia and Axis-occupied Albania. In 1957 Tomasi di Lampedusa was diagnosed with lung cancer; he died on July 23 in Rome. Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu was a Romanian writer, best known for his 1949 novel, The 25th Hour. Although Ngaahika Ndeenda was a commercial success, it was shut down by the authoritarian Kenyan regime six weeks after its opening. In 2002, he debuted with the novel The Beheading Cycle (クビキリサイクル, Kubikiri Saikuru? . While there, she met visual artist Paul Keele, and they were married in 1968. Delmira Agustini, a Uruguayan poet, is considered one of the greatest female Latin American poets of the early 20th century. After some family tensions, she returned to Japan to work in a Japanese company in Tokyo. Born in Trifeştii Vechi, Moldavia, he studied at home with a Greek teacher. He was born in a village called Miks in the Hakkari region of the Ottoman Empire. Van der Heijden has won many awards, including all the big Dutch literary awards: the 2013 P. C. Hooft Award for his entire oeuvre, the 2012 Libris Literatuur Prijs for Tonio, and the 2007 AKO Literatuurprijs for Het schervengericht and the 1997 AKO Literatuurprijs for Onder het plaveisel het moeras. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read. He will meet her only when he is in his twenties. Jaime Manrique Colombian American author, poet, and journalist. In 1967, his widow Marion Howard Spring wrote an affectionate story of their life together called 'Howard' which was published by Collins. Larisa Alexandrovna is a journalist, essayist, and poet. Hasani finished primary school and Gazi Isa-bey medrese in Skopje. His novels include Laro sa Baga, and Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag. Her novellas are considered[who? Kōbō Abe (安部 公房, Abe Kōbō? He is fond of employing the short-story as a form. Probably Karatkievich's most popular work is the novel King Stakh's Wild Hunt. After the band’s breakup, he went on to join the rugby club, which he found especially grueling. After attending a gymnasium in Kattowitz, he made extensive studies in history, philosophy and literature at several universities – Breslau, Munich, Berlin, Göttingen, Rostock and Tübingen. He was also active in the Comité Consultatif International de Documentation des Bibliothèques et des Archives and then from 1968 to 1979 served as a UNESCO expert on educational systems for much of West Africa. From amongst one hundred fifty odd short stories Mandir was selected to be the best of the year - judged by the veteran editor of the Vasumati, Sri Jaldhar Sen. Mandir was published in the name of Surendranath - and was incidentally the first ever printed story by Sarat Chandra. David Ananou was a writer from Togo, and the author of Le Fils du fétiche. Later he started with teaching Kurdish at basic level. He worked closely with the literary journal Mana, and edited in 1975 collections of poems from Fiji, Western Samoa, the New Hebrides, and the Solomon Islands. Initially he embarked on various literary pursuits, including novels such as Ye'imba debdabbéwoch, a collection of short stories titled Birr ambar sebberelliwo, and writings dealing with Ethiopian political themes such as starvation. Lauryn may refer to: Natalia Ginzburg née Levi was an Italian author whose work explored family relationships, politics during and after the Fascist years and World War II, and philosophy. She went to the Catholic Sacred Heart School in Tokyo after elementary school. His most famous novel is Symphony of the Dead. Măcin is a town in Tulcea County, Dobrogea, Romania. Anne Provoost is a Flemish author who now lives in Antwerp with her husband and three children. She is considered by many to be one of the most important francophone writers in Canadian history and one of the most influential Canadian authors. The book was already printed when Lacroix refused to distribute it to the booksellers as he feared prosecution for blasphemy or obscenity. After the war he studied at the Homel Pedagogical University, worked as an editor and had different Communist Party positions in the local party offices in Belarus. In the same year he completed work on the second part of Faust from. Bernhard's grandfather, the author Johannes Freumbichler, pushed for an artistic education for the boy, including musical instruction. Securing his literary legacy was of the utmost importance to Choukri, but the promises that were made to him were not kept "The decision was whether to give it to a European or an American university or whether to entrust it to a Moroccan institution," the literary agent explains. Böll was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize in 1967 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972. In 1917, he founded the avant garde Jidishe Kultur Lige in Kiev. However, with the start of the Portuguese Colonial War home in Angola, he was summoned to serve in the Portuguese Armed Forces and decided to flee Portugal. Thanks to a scholarship, he moved to Paris in 1968. Both his older siblings, brother Israel Joshua Singer, and sister Esther Kreitman, were writers as well. Mercedes Franco is a Venezuelan author and novelist. Since 1983, she has lived mainly in France. While there, he cowrote what remains the only book on the country's legal system, The Criminal Law of Botswana. Giulio Angioni is considered, with Sergio Atzeni and Salvatore Mannuzzu, one of the initiators of a so-called Sardinian Literary Spring, the Sardinian narrative of today in the European arena, which followed the works of individual prominent figures such as Grazia Deledda, Emilio Lussu, Giuseppe Dessì, Gavino Ledda, Salvatore Satta. Carlo Cassola was an important Italian novelist and essayist. Settling in 1948 in Great Britain, he attended night school, trained and worked as a telegrapher in London, while also writing. Jorge Icaza Coronel was a writer from Ecuador, best known for his novel Huasipungo, which brought attention to the exploitation of Ecuador's indigenous people by Ecuadorian whites. That year he wrote his first novel, Piazza d'Italia, in which he tried to describe history from the losers' point of view, in this case the Tuscan anarchists, in the tradition of great Italian writers of a more or less recent past, such as Giovanni Verga, Federico De Roberto, Giuseppe Tomasi Di Lampedusa, Beppe Fenoglio, and contemporary authors, like Vincenzo Consolo. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes. in History. One of the pioneers of Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an international readership. His novels have been translated into German, French, Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Turkish, Norwegian, Polish, and Thai. It was in the French translation by Pierre Hourcade. At age 17, Joaquín had his first piece published, in the literary section of the pre-World War II Tribune, where he worked as a proofreader. Although he only left Cuba on at most two occasions, Lezama's poetry, essays and two novels draw images and ideas from nearly all of the world's cultures and from all historical time periods. She also wrote Pisma iz Indije / Letters from India in 1928, Pisma iz Misira / Letters from Egypt in 1929, and Novi svet ili u Americi godinu dana / The New World, alias: In America for a Year in 1934. Popescu then worked as a reporter for the literary magazine Steaua from 1956 to 1969, and then as editor of Tribuna magazine, from 1969 to 1982. Kwame Senu Neville Dawes is a poet, actor, editor, critic, musician, and former Louis Frye Scudder Professor of Liberal Arts at the University of South Carolina. Eunice de Souza is a contemporary Indian English language poet, literary critic and novelist. Thus he was able to compile a wealth of information on the amazigh language and literature. The cause of death was ischemic heart disease. George Leonardos is a Greek author of historical novels. As his studies did not progress, Goethe was forced to return to Frankfurt at the close of August 1768. Although the studio was open to men and women, Baum writes in her memoir, It Was All Quite Different, that only a few women trained there: “I don’t know how the feminine element sneaked into those masculine realms, but in any case, only three or four of us were tough enough to go through with it.” Positioning herself as a “New Woman,” she asserted her independence in the traditionally male domain of boxing and challenged old gender categories. He attended vocational studies in motor mechanics. Unamuno was a well-known lusophile, being probably the best Spanish connoisseur of Portuguese culture, literature, and history of his time. He published his poems, stories and works in some artificial magazines and newspapers such as Adam Sanat, Hişt, Öküz ve Cumhuriyet Kitap and Yeni Yüzyıl At thirteen he attempted suicide by hanging himself. His family moved several times, and young Henryk spent his childhood on family estates in Grabowce Górne, Wężyczyn and Burzec. János Kodolányi Hungarian writer of short stories, dramas, novels and sociographies. Anzia Yezierska was an American novelist born in Maly Plock, Poland. His most famous novel is Symphony of the Dead. He was also an award winner Astrologer. Dag Solstad is a Norwegian novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist whose work has been translated into several languages. The Hans Fallada Prize, a literary prize awarded by the city of Neumünster, was named after the author. Oz's work has been published in some 41 languages, including Arabic, in 35 countries. In 1957 Tomasi di Lampedusa was diagnosed with lung cancer; he died on July 23 in Rome. Here the family defined themselves as Afrikaners, with the Behr children attending Afrikaans language schools and the conservative Dutch Reformed church. As a novelist writing about Polish history, Kraszewski is generally regarded as second only to Henryk Sienkiewicz. In a 2007 interview, Horace Engdahl, former secretary of the Swedish Academy, mentioned Sebald, Ryszard Kapuściński and Jacques Derrida as three recently deceased writers who would have been worthy laureates. She was the Meridian Energy Katherine Mansfield Memorial Fellow for 2006 and President of Honour of the New Zealand Book Council. Sirah Baldé de Labé was a Guinean novelist and teacher. Upon his return to Japan, he was promoted to surgeon first class in May 1885; after graduating from the Army War College in 1888, he was promoted to senior surgeon, second class in October 1889. She also wrote dramas, essays, studies, memories and poetry. He has won a number of literary prizes, including the 2001 Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction and the 2001-2003 Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature. But he refused it. He attended University College London, Balliol College, Oxford and has also been Creative Arts Fellow at Wolfson College. Gombrowicz wrote in Polish, however, in view of his decision not to allow his works to be published in his native country until the ban on the unabridged version of Dziennik, in which he described the Polish authorities' slanderous attacks on him, was lifted he remained a largely unknown figure to the general reading public until the first half of the 1970s. Then he moved to Scotland with his wife, Madeline, and four children. Tansi's partner died from the disease on 31 May 1995 and Tansi followed 14 days later. It gained further fame with a film based on the novel. She has served as the Managing Editor of Investigative News of The Raw Story for the last three years, and contributes opinion and columns to online publications such as Alternet. As a boy, he began his education within the system of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, studying at the monasteries of Debre Elias, Debre Werq, and Dima. During this time Mutis' family stayed at his grandfather's coffee and sugar cane plantation, Coello. His "Thol" Novel is an Apt example of that effort. He subsequently edited the newspaper Pesti Napló. Davidar has been married to Rachna Singh, a bookseller, since 1997. ) is a Japanese author born on December 24, 1920, in Hiroshima, Japan. Her novels include Light and Darkness Continued, An I Novel from left to right, and A Real Novel, which has been selected for the Japanese Literature Publishing Project, a national program to promote translations of Japanese literature. The following year, she wrote her debut short novel at the age of 12. Characterised by scholar Simone Oettli as a writer who simultaneously sought fame and anonymity, Frame eschewed the dominant New Zealand literary realism of the post-war era, combining prose, poetry, and modernist elements with a magical realist style, garnering numerous local literary prizes despite mixed critical and public reception. However, with the start of the Portuguese Colonial War home in Angola, he was summoned to serve in the Portuguese Armed Forces and decided to flee Portugal. It was in the French translation by Pierre Hourcade. 1900) and Mikael Söderberg (b. Javier Abril Espinoza is a Honduran writer based in Switzerland. It anticipated a utopian world where women held many positions of authority—and coincidentally New Zealand became the first country to give women the vote, and from 1997 to 2008 continuously had a female Prime Minister, while for a short period women simultaneously held all five highest government offices. Of the five hundred who went to war with the brigade in 1969, he is one of ten who survived. More recently Tremblay has been writing poetry, novels and film scripts mostly in English. Gheorghiu was ordained a priest of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Paris on May 23, 1963. In 2007, he contributed the original story and wrote the screenplay for the animated film Anna and the Moods. The bulk of her writing can be seen as being somewhat similar in style that of Anita Brookner, Raymond Carver, Margaret Drabble and Bernice Rubens. " The best among them show similar traits: these are essentially novels of complex narrative techniques recreating dramatic events in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 16th to 18th century and describing historical fatum of Croats caught in the “clash of civilizations”- a three centuries long warfare between Austria, the Ottoman Empire and Venice. Also, in concert with Pedro Henríquez Ureña, he published a collaboration in the renown Sur magazine. Joseph Roth, born Moses Joseph Roth, was an Austrian-Jewish journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and for his novel of Jewish life, Job as well as the seminal essay 'Juden auf Wanderschaft', a fragmented account about the Jewish migrations from eastern to western Europe in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution. This exceptionally rare and extremely important ivory bust is raised on a Rosso Antico-type marble plinth, the ivory, including turned socle, 11 cm high; 18 cm high overall including marble plinth.The best and most accurate three-dimensional likeness of Rammohun Roy in existence, this ivory bust was made by the famous nineteenth-century ivory carver Benjamin Cheverton in London in 1832. Vitaliano Brancati was an Italian writer. Although he only left Cuba on at most two occasions, Lezama's poetry, essays and two novels draw images and ideas from nearly all of the world's cultures and from all historical time periods. He then attended the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, where he got his Bachelor's in Technology in Mechanical Engineering but, perhaps more significantly, was for two years one of the editors of the campus magazine, Alankar, where his first journalism and fiction appeared. Shobhaa was divorced with two children, Aditya and Avantika. Later he did a Masters in Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University. He was inspired by the works of Ludwig Feuerbach and Charles Fourier. Her works have been translated into numerous languages, including English and Chinese. According to Max Hayward, "In November 1910, when Tolstoy fled from his home and died in the stationmaster's house at Astapovo, Leonid Pasternak was informed by telegram and he went there immediately, taking his son Boris with him, and made a drawing of Tolstoy on his deathbed. This has caused him to be banned by three different Ethiopian governments. Clark Parent continues to devote his work in bringing about change in Haiti. " Sharmistha was Dutt's first attempt at blank verse in Bengali literature. He has also been the target of assassination attempts. Then in 1929 he returned to Ishikawa prefecture, this time to visit the scenic Noto Peninsula. He wrote several articles for the paper every day. In 1933 the family moved to Essen and later to Kalmthout. Ross has worked at Cardiff University, Trinity College Dublin, the City Literary Institute and the Arvon Foundation and is presently Senior Lecturer in the Creative Writing department at Roehampton University in London. as a fictional character, the epitome of exploitation of the working class. His work is characterised by a strong association with the outdoors and New Zealand ecology. She made her poetry debut in the literary magazine Steaua, and her editorial debut in the collective volume Alpha '84 at Dacia Publishing House. In 1969 he moved to Iraqi Kurdistan, where he became involved in the Kurdish uprising led by Mustafa Barzani. Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo is an Equatorial Guinean writer/journalist and part of a movement of young Afro-descended authors who have contributed their African experience and traditions to Hispanic culture. Juana began studies at the José Pedro Varela school in 1899 and moved to a religious school the following year, and two public schools afterwards. Her children's novel The Silent One, was made into a 1985 film; other works include Bow Down Shadrach and its sequel Gladly, Here I Come. In books like her 1989 Coeur en exil ISBN 2-214-07893-2 she expresses a since of homesickness for her native country. This was followed by Un Filo di Fumo in 1980. He is associated with the Bengali magazine Desh. Gangopadhyay used the pen names Nil Lohit, Sanatan Pathak, and Nil Upadhyay. She has served on the Board of Directors of several organizations including The Rotary Foundation, The Ross Ragland Theater and The South North Development Institute. He died of a cerebral thrombosis in 1922. She was born in Sint-Amandsberg and died at Bruges. He was generally known as the Pest Alcibiades, and was especially at home in the salons of the Protestant magnates. As a result of his refined prose style and the modernista ideology he pushed, Rodó is today considered the preeminent theorist of the modernista school of literature. From 1980 until his death, Wolkers resided on the Dutch island of Texel. During the 1920s he was considered a leading representative of the Czechoslovakian artistic avant-garde. She has one brother and one sister, Juliette Nothomb. After studying in Gweru, he became a teacher and then took degrees at the University of South Africa and the University of Zimbabwe. He was devoted to Angolan independence, resulting in his arrest in 1961 after an interview with the BBC in which he disclosed secret lists of deserters from the Portuguese army fighting in Africa. Dr. Kiran Seth of SPIC MACAY and Dr. Sandeep Juneja are his thesis advisors. She was diagnosed with syphilis toward the end of their first year of marriage. He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee, although, after the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, he resigned in protest. This religious, and more specifically Christian, background is an important part of the struggle with identity and belonging which becomes apparent in much of Mus'ad’s writing. She herself is not a princess, since the Akans of Ghana trace their ancestry through the female line. Odian spent the last days of his life in Cairo, Egypt where he was buried. She was born the third of four children of Julio César Esquivel, a telegraph operator, and Josefa Valdés. He published his first work, Fantoches, in 1932, with a sequence of short stories, mostly in the form of short plays. She married Captain Lucas Ibarbourou in a civil ceremony June 28, 1913, and had one child named Julio César Ibarbourou (b. From the time of his return to Kolkata until he fell ill in 1941, Nazrul composed more than 2,600 songs, many of which have been lost. Theodor Fontane was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many as the most important 19th-century German-language realist writer. He has made a complete translation of the famous revolutionary Sultan Galiev's writings from Russian to Turkish in 2006. Their home was a center of cultural life, as her parents invited intellectuals, activists and industrialists. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God, as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity". Kampala fell on 26 January 1986. and Museveni was proclaimed as president, but Uganda remained haunted by civil war. " He has since come to be considered an important literary representative of the Brazilian slum periphery. In 1906 he received a scholarship to study at the normal school in Bogotá. Schulz was discouraged by influential colleagues from publishing his first short stories. He specialized at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in the seventies and in 1973 he was appointed as teacher of Portuguese Language and Literature in Bologna. His Bayrn Opgrunt, is set in Germany during the hyperinflation of the 1920s. " While in Southern Italy and Sicily, Goethe encountered, for the first time genuine Greek architecture, and was quite startled by its relative simplicity. Among other writers and poets, Orpheu published Pessoa, orthonym, and the modernist heteronym, Álvaro de Campos. Later, he passed the matriculation examination from Chittagong Collegiate School ranking 16th of 39,000 students in East Pakistan. ) The five other authors on the shortlist included one other Indian writer and another first-time writer. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author, often considered the first great Danish writer of the 20th century. Lillo was able to observe similar conditions in the Chilean mines and set out to improve the conditions of the workers by dramatizing their plight. Siegfried Lenz was born in Lyck, East Prussia. 2.5 million copies of his books have been sold in Italy. Born in Tønsberg and raised in Larvik, his debut novel was a semi-autobiography called 23-salen, in which he criticized Norway's efforts to take care of psychically challenged individuals. Natural son of Joaquim Francisco Ribeiro, a priest, and Mariana do Rosário Gomes, he had three older siblings: Maria do Rosário, Melchior and Joaquim. She was elected to the Japan Art Academy shortly before her death on November 14, 1986, of a heart attack, suffered while she was at a family event in 1986 at her home in the Yanaka neighborhood of Tokyo. Anna S. Kashina, Ph.D. is a faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, as well as a writer. She first published some novels in the magazine L'ultima moda when it still published works in prose and poetry. Subramaniam Krishnan, popularly known as K. S. Maniam, is an Indian Malaysian academic and novelist. Although at a relatively young age, like many other Albanian intellectuals he participated in the Anti-Fascist War. He taught at Federal City College, Washington, DC, and from 1977 to 1987 he lectured in literature and creative writing at the University of the West Indies at St Augustine. Ribas was born in Luanda, the son of Arnaldo Gonçalves Ribas and Maria de Conceição Bento Faria. Leopoldo Marechal was one of the most important Argentine writers of the twentieth century. Jaime Manrique Colombian American author, poet, and journalist. She grew up in a liberal family. In 1910, he was elected as governor of the province of Rizal under the Nacionalista Party. In recognition to the works of Humayun, Times of India wrote Humayun was a custodian of the Bangladeshi literary culture whose contribution single-handedly shifted the capital of Bengali literature from Kolkata to Dhaka without any war or revolution. He was the president of the Japanese writers' union and a PEN member. In books like her 1989 Coeur en exil ISBN 2-214-07893-2 she expresses a since of homesickness for her native country. During this time he traveled extensively in Britain, France and Africa and witnessed the devastation of WWII first hand. He is sometimes confused with Vikram A Chandra, an Indian journalist and author who published The Srinagar Conspiracy. In 1970, he published the first volume of his Jahrestage. His health had deteriorated during this stay and he was not able to go back to Argentina. It was short-listed for the Orange Prize in 1997. In 1945 he was appointed chief librarian of the city of Ghent. According to the James King biography, The Life of Margaret Laurence, the prognosis was grave, and as the cancer had spread to other organs, there was no treatment offered beyond palliative care. Francisco "Franz" Arcellana was a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher. Ondaatje and his wife, novelist and academic Linda Spalding, co-edit Brick, A Literary Journal, with Michael Redhill, Michael Helm, and Esta Spalding. Maxamed Daahir Afrax Ph. Born in Ukerewe, Tanganyika, he is currently based at the University of Botswana, where he is an Associate Professor at the Department of African Languages. Chang already displayed great literary talent and her writings were published in the school magazine. Gezelle was the uncle of Flemish writer Stijn Streuvels. Other collections followed: Darya Hanuz Aram Ast 1960, Bihudegi 1962, Za'eri Zir-e Baran 1968, Pesarak-e Boumi 1971, and Gharibeh'ha 1972. Desai resides in the United States, where she is a permanent resident. Luke Baldwin's Vow, a slim novel about a boy and his dog, was originally published in a 1947 edition of Saturday Evening Post and soon became a juvenile classic read in school rooms around the world. Kavisekhara Dr Umar Alisha was the sixth Peethadhipathi of Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Adhyatmika Peetham in Pithapuram, India. He is the sixth of eight children. In spite of publishing more than 80 books and being published in twenty languages he was not well known in the English-speaking world, but in the Spanish-speaking world he was considered one of Latin America's most important writers from the latter half of the 20th-century. He refused the latter because it is bestowed by the Emperor. His most recent book, set in Tanzania will be published in Canada in 2012. The Fifth Finger was a sequel to that book. Author of well known historical novels, including: Boves, el Urogallo, Los Amos del Valle and La Luna de Fausto. Her health deteriorated and she spent the last year of her life at her apartment in the Carnotstraat in the centre of Antwerp. Oscar Bento Ribas was an Angolan writer. Alexander Movsesyan, better known by his pen name Shirvanzade was an Armenian playwright and novelist. After earning his Ph.D. from that institution, he worked as a journalist and then opened a public relations firm. After spending his adolescence in Mozambique, he returned to the UK where his further education was completed. Carlo Cassola was an important Italian novelist and essayist. János Kodolányi Hungarian writer of short stories, dramas, novels and sociographies. He served as Benin's Directeur de Cabinet of the National Ministry of Education from 1963 to 1966. Jack Jones was a Welsh novelist and playwright who began writing in the 1930s. Theodore Roosevelt enjoyed his novel, St. Peter's Umbrella so much that he visited Mikszáth during his European trip in 1910 solely to express his admiration. After spending some time in a Soviet camp for former concentration camp inmates, as a result of the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, he embarked on an arduous journey home in the company of former pre-1946 Italian prisoners of war from the Royal Italian Army in Russia. Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre. He has been dubbed the 20th-century Dostoyevsky for the deep psychological torment of his prose. From 1967 he lived mainly in La Celle-Saint-Cloud near Paris. Having returned to India in 1979, he married Reba Dasgupta, of Bengali origin, in 1982, with whom he has two children. Baldomero Lillo grew up in these mining communities and worked the mines himself. He arrived back in New Zealand in July 1919, and established a small business. Gyula Krúdy was a Hungarian writer and journalist. Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo is an Equatorial Guinean writer/journalist and part of a movement of young Afro-descended authors who have contributed their African experience and traditions to Hispanic culture. His grave is in the Aşiyan Graveyard, Istanbul. Her first travelogue The Travel Notes of A Brunette was published in 1988 and sold more than 300.000 copies. He died on 23 January 1945 at Narsapur[disambiguation needed]. Akosua Gyamama Busia is a Ghanaian actress who now lives in the U.S.. Mishima's story Tabako, published in 1946, describes some of the scorn and bullying he faced at school when he later confessed to members of the school's rugby union club that he belonged to the literary society. Two years later he was appointed special inspector to the normal schools and kept this job until he died at Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, a suburb of Brussels, on 1 December 1874. She is primarily known for her Alex quartet. He often uses metafiction in his works, writing stories within stories. From 1917 he was married in Denmark to Emelie Voss (b. Leopoldo Marechal was one of the most important Argentine writers of the twentieth century. Robert Musil was an Austrian writer. As an author he started early and at 16 won the nation's "Institut Français d'Afrique Noire" prize for a novel. Bernice Rubens was a Booker Prize-winning Welsh novelist. Born in Woodside, Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica, she gained a B.A. He was born in a small village named Benipur in the Indian state of Bihar. The Brazilian cinema adapted both of his books ). In her analysis of Blixen's medical history, Linda Donelson points out that Blixen wondered if her pain was psychosomatic even though she blamed it in public on the emotive syphilis: "Whatever her belief about her illness, the disease suited the artist's design for creating her own personal legend. He also worked as a dishwasher with his brother and Lorenzo in the famous Madonna Inn in San Luis Obispo. His novel La Ragazza di Bube, which received the Strega Prize, was adapted into a film by Luigi Comencini in 1963. Ghose also met English poet Ted Hughes and his wife, the American poet and novelist Sylvia Plath, and American author Janet Burroway, with whom he occasionally collaborated. In books like her 1989 Coeur en exil ISBN 2-214-07893-2 she expresses a since of homesickness for her native country. One of his brothers was the well-known italian geneticist Adriano Buzzati-Traverso. Tadeusz Konwicki is a Polish writer and film director, a member of the Polish Language Council. Three million stamps were issued. During the following years, Kiš received a great number of national and international awards for his prose and poetry. She then lived in London for two years, where she played small roles in James Bond films and modelled for fashion magazines. Since 1969 he has been a freelancer. As a matter of fact, his parents knew Pirandello and were even distant friends, as he tells in his essay on Pirandello Biography of the Changed Son. Erlend Loe worked at a psychiatric clinic, as a brigade because of his mother working there, and was later a freelance journalist for Norwegian newspaper Adresseavisen. In 1868 Capuana returned to Sicily planning a brief stay, but his father's death and economic hardship anchored him to the island. On the contrary, the language of the common man became almost fashionable and Flemish literature began to thrive. With the jazz musician Umberto Petrin, he also wrote Misterioso. His celebrated Song to the Sun dates from 1817. Liendo, has used literature to maintain a critical position in the country politics. As a child he studied in their grand house in Palermo with a tutor, with his mother, and with a grandmother who read him the novels of Emilio Salgari. 1899), Tom Söderberg (b. His novels also earned him a large readership. His book Main basse sur le Cameroun, autopsie d'une décolonisation was censored upon its publication by the French Ministry of the Interior Raymond Marcellin on the request, brought forward by Jacques Foccart, of the Cameroon government, represented in Paris by the ambassador Ferdinand Oyono. In "Grayling Cross", Anna and Collie have established themselves in Edmonton as PR experts who keep things quiet for the local magical community. His work Die Vermessung der Welt is the best selling novel in the German language since Patrick Süskind's Perfume was released in 1985. She has a BA in Creative Writing from Hamilton College, and an MFA from the MFA Program for Poets & Writers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she was influenced by the Kashmiri poet Agha Shahid Ali. Finished his Primary, Middle and High School there. He is best known to Western readers for his 1987 novel Red Sorghum Clan, of which the Red Sorghum and Sorghum Wine volumes were later adapted for the film Red Sorghum. In 1966, Maraini, Moravia and Enzo Siciliano founded the del Porcospino theatrical company which had as its mission the production of new Italian plays. Shobhaa De was born in Girgaon, Mumbai, India, in a Goud Saraswat Brahmin family. Edgardo M. Reyes is a Filipino male novelist. He lived with his family in Chongqing, Shanghai, and Nanjing before moving to the British-controlled Hong Kong in 1948 as CPC forces turned the tide of the Chinese Civil War. He was married to Maria Catarina de Abreu Sodré, a cousin of poet Álvares de Azevedo. By 1934, he was recognized as Grand Master of the United Romanian Freemasonry, which regrouped all major local Lodges. Petronius' development of his characters in the Satyricon, namely Trimalchio, transcends the traditional style of writing of ancient literature. Her mission was to “sing louder than the bombs” and to give theatrical performances for the North Vietnamese troops, but also to tend to the wounded, bury the dead, and accompany the soldiers along. While in Japan, Nothomb attended a local school and learned Japanese. She married the novelist Alberto Moravia in 1941, and through him she met many of the leading Italian thinkers and writers of the day. Youssef Saadallah Howayek a painter and sculptor from Helta, in modern day Lebanon. Aharon Appelfeld was born in the town of Zhadova or Sadhora, now part of Czernowitz, Bucovina, Romania, now Ukraine. " When speaking to The Observer in 2006 he said "The painter paints, the musician makes music, the novelist writes novels. Stancu was born in 1902 in Salcia, a village in Teleorman County, Romania. His father, Arun Sen, an academician of repute, had remarked, "I am the son of an illustrious father and the father of an illustrious son! He edited the landmark anthology News for Babylon, considered "a ground-breaking publication because its publishing house Chatto & Windus was 'mainstream' and distinguished for its international poetry list". He was subsequently brought up in the United Kingdom. Many of his writings are markedly "Indo-nostalgic". He sharpened his writing skills with constant criticism and guidance from Tho.Mu.Si. 1868), an Estonian scholar, doctor of folklore and later diplomat. He has been in residence at Civitella Ranieri [Italy], Association d’Art de La Napoule [France], Chateau de Lavigny Residence pour Ecrivains [Switzerland], Fundacion Valparaiso [Spain], The Rockefeller Foundation in Bellagio [Italy], Hawthornden Castle International Retreat for Writers [Scotland], and The Corporation of Yaddo, The MacDowell Colony, The Helene Wurlitzer Foundation of New Mexico, The Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, Ledig House International Writers Colony [US]. She was admired by Cecil Beaton and the patron Pauline de Rothschild of the Rothschild family. Grace currently lives in Hongoeka Bay, Plimmerton. To experience war and to write about it, he volunteered to join the front during the Iran-Iraq war and served there as an officer for eighteen months. Abdelkebir Khatibi was a Moroccan literary critic, novelist and playwright. After four months, publication of the story created sensation in the literary circles of Bengal and, from then on, the nom de plume stuck. He also published texts in the magazine O Malho, under the pen name Feliciano de Olivença, and founded a short-lived periodical named Echo Viçosense in 1906. Sinan Hasani was a Yugoslav novelist, statesman, diplomat and a former President of Presidency Yugoslavia, a revolving form of executive leadership which rendered him the President of Yugoslavia at the time as well. She was also a founder of the Writers' Trust of Canada, a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada's writing community. Õnnepalu was born in Tallinn and studied biology at the University of Tartu from 1980 to 1985. His first book Vipana Katipaya published in 1960 has had a great influence upon Nepali literature, especially on the genre of short stories. Crnjanski was born in Csongrád, Hungary, to an impoverished family which moved in 1896 to Temesvár where he grew up in a patriarchal-patriotic community with the implanted cult of Serbia and Serbian heritage in his soul as a precious relic. The movie Tramp at the Door is dedicated to her and supposedly depicts her childhood. Despite great critical acclaim, Nassar stopped writing in 1984, claiming he had lost interest in literature and wanted to work with agriculture instead. Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio was an Italian statesman, novelist and painter. Between 1967 and 1968, he was editor of Jeune Afrique magazine in Paris. Stijn Streuvels [born Franciscus Petrus Maria Lateur] is a Flemish writer. In 2005, Mishra published an anthology of writing on India, India in Mind. His historical trilogy O Tempo e o Vento is considered as his greatest work, written in the period of 1949-1961, from which arose primordial characters such as Ana Terra and Capitão Rodrigo that went on to become popular amongst his readers. Tallinn 1978. Ali was the BBC's Representative and Director in India during 1942–44. He has received prizes for several of his books and films, as well as for his entire work. Mutis was born in Bogotá and lived in Brussels from the age of two until eleven, where his father, Santiago Mutis Dávila, held a post as a diplomat. Mercedes Franco is a Venezuelan author and novelist. During the communist regime his books were banned both in Hungary and in Romania. In 2011 he published Irresistible North: From Venice to Greenland on the Trail of the Zen Brothers, in which he analyses the claim that two Venetian merchants, the Zeno brothers, sailed over the north Atlantic in a pre-Columbian expedition to North America. In 1945 Döblin's 18-year-old son Stefan was called up for military service in the French army. After Partition, when Ashfaq Ahmed arrived at the Walton refugee camp with millions of other migrants, he used to make announcements on a megaphone around the clock. He attended the military school at Kőszeg and Budapest, and studied mathematics and physics at Budapest University 1931-1935. She believes that the reason for faking his death is the fact that despite of using all possible resources she is unable to get the death certificate yet. In 2013, he released a fourth novel, The Hungry Ghosts. In 2009 under the direction of Tlaloc Rivas, CUNY staged a reading of “Miss and Madame”, which explores hatred and admiration during the twentieth century through the rivalry between Helena Rubenstein and Elizabeth Arden. In Lenningrad, he also met Qenatê Kurdo and published his work as a document about Kurdish language in Armenia. Mitra was married to the late Madhav Bir, member of the Goa legislative assembly and Gandhian. Popescu then worked as a reporter for the literary magazine Steaua from 1956 to 1969, and then as editor of Tribuna magazine, from 1969 to 1982. After her father was killed in the Battle of Ojinaga in 1914, her mother remarried the physician Stephen Campbell from Boston, whose last name the children assumed, and which was altered to Campobello by Nellie. Although his life was short, Roumain managed to touch many aspects of Haitian life and culture. Makanin is a writer of novels and short stories. He worked as the director of the Beirut-based daily newspaper An-Nahar until the start of the Lebanese civil war in 1975, when he moved to Paris, which became his permanent home. Gongora quoted him alongside Goya, Whitman, Mallarmé, Wilde, Lautreamont, Rimbaud, Marinetti, Cocteau, Picasso, Tzara, Huidobro. He has been a fellow of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Institute for Advanced Study. Dora Pavel is a Romanian novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. Beti was inspired to write in part by the execution of Ernest Ouandie by the government of Cameroon. She returned to Gabon in 1979, working as a translator and interpreter, and writing her first novel, G'amarakano. First to Isabel Cento, with whom he had a daughter named Delia Isabel Picón de Morles Hernández, and to socialite Beatriz Otáñez. Greatly humiliated both mentally and physically, he, according to the official record, committed suicide by drowning himself in Beijing's Taiping Lake in 1966. Nigel Cox was a New Zealand author and museum director, with five novels published as of early 2006. He was sent to an asylum in Schleswig, and early in 1841 he was cured, and able to return to Växjö. On 26 January 2009, a surgery extirpated eight tumors, along with compromised portions of his small and large intestines and the ureters. But to see the disintegration of Lulla village and the tribal community in Umuofia as parts of the same process of change is to play down the role of colonialism as an agent of disruption. Born to Syrian immigrants in Serodino, a small town in the Santa Fe Province, he studied law and philosophy at the National University of the Litoral, where he taught History of Cinematography. Later, Djebar attend a Quranic private boarding school in Blida, where she was one of only two girls. Andrey Yuryevich Kurkov is a Ukrainian novelist who writes in Russian. In 1988, Ondaatje was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and two years later a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. His work has been described as “luminous” and “wonderful and vibrant”. But, although Little Man, What Now? Peretz's 1907 play A Night in the Old Marketplace has been adapted into a multimedia theatrical presentation, with music by Frank London and book and lyrics by Glen Berger, slated to open in 2007; the CD is already on sale. These books placed Undset apart from the incipient women's emancipation movement in Europe. Rachid Mimouni was born in Boudouaou, 30 km from Algiers in a family of poor peasants. Grace currently lives in Hongoeka Bay, Plimmerton. In his creative works Frisch paid particular attention to issues relating to problems of human identity, individuality, responsibility, morality and political commitment. Miguel Otero Silva, was a Venezuelan writer, journalist, humorist and politician. Between 1942 and 1943, during the regime of General Ion Antonescu, he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania as an embassy secretary. Dervishi was born in 1943 in Đakovica/Gjakova in the region disputed between Yugoslavia and Axis-occupied Albania. He attended Church College of New Zealand in Temple View, Hamilton, New Zealand. As a young man, he joined a monastery, but left in 1962 in order to study the forces that shaped African history. Borges's father died in 1938. Millosh's father was a very respected member of the community. Johnson was born Olof Edvin Verner Jonsson in Svartbjörnsbyn village in Överluleå parish, near the town of Boden in Norrbotten. Kossi Efoui is a Togolese writer. Jack died of a stroke. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao's tai chi classic Wu Jia Taijiquan, in which he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuangzi on contemporary Chinese martial arts. After university, Grossman began working in radio, where he'd once been a child actor, eventually becoming an anchor on Kol Yisrael, Israel's national broadcasting service. According to Variety, New Line Cinema has purchased the rights for an American version, to be directed by Hideo Nakata. In the meantime she made her first steps in journalism as freelance journalist for the "De Courant", a daily which appeared from 1937 until 1939. The attempt failed and he was rearrested near Lenin Park and imprisoned at the notorious El Morro Castle alongside murderers and rapists. He attended a Kurdish school in Tbilisi. In 1923 Istrati's story Kyra Kyralina was published. Her debut collection of stories, Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits, was released in the fall of 2005 and has since been translated into six languages. She began to research a biography of Simón Bolívar, perhaps inspired by the centenary of his death. When published in book form, Santos' Banaag at Sikat was then considered as the first socialist-oriented book in the Philippines which expounded principles of socialism and seek labor reforms from the government. Hoàng Ấu Phương, pen name Bảo Ninh is a Vietnamese novelist, essayist and writer of short stories, best known for his first novel, published in English as The Sorrow of War. Gamal El-Ghitani was born to a poor family in the town of Guhayna, Sohag Governorate in Upper Egypt and moved with his family to Cairo as a child. Dinaw Mengestu is an award-winning American novelist and writer. " He continues that the "plants can live without a mouth and a stomach, and the rocks and the soil have their being without any nourishment. During his hospitalisation, Kiely was given plenty of time to think about the course his life had already taken, and about a course it might take. In 1892, Arlen's family moved to Plovdiv, Bulgaria, after fleeing Turkish persecutions of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. Despite Mutswairo's association with the small intellectual elite in the country, Feso was widely read, and even taught in schools, until it was banned by the government of the new state of Rhodesia in the mid-1960s. Born on the Cape island Boa Vista, Almeida studied law in Lisbon and currently practices in Mindelo. In Rome, Undset met Anders Castus Svarstad, a Norwegian painter, whom she married almost three years later. Dai Sijie is a Chinese–French author and filmmaker. Alan Duff, MBE, is a New Zealand novelist and newspaper columnist. Almost her entire small output is now available in English translation. Mihail had a brother, also named Alexandru, whose wife was the Swiss-educated literary critic Izabela Morţun. It was ranked second in a poll of favorite books as part of the Hungarian version of Big Read in 2005 and has also been made into a film on several occasions. Despite his great popularity, he was forced to take up an exhausting schedule of lecturing to make ends meet. He was born in Desamparados, Costa Rica in 1881 and was educated in both Costa Rica and Chile, where he fell under the influence of the leading literary currents of his time. 2.5 million copies of his books have been sold in Italy. When in 1980 his novel Gulti-macruuf began to appear in serialized form in Xiddigta Oktoobar, Somalia's government took offence. This aberrant confluence has facilitated the presence of various interpretations regarding the author's writings, most noticeably of his masterpiece, La Regenta. Caliph, published in 1964, was his break-through novel. She began her writing career as a poet, publishing her first book Bárány in 1947, which was followed by Vissza az emberig in 1949. Jack Jones was a Welsh novelist and playwright who began writing in the 1930s. Väinö Linna was born in Urjala in the Pirkanmaa region. He is a graduate of University of Ceylon and a Dental Surgeon by profession. Funeral was attended by a large number of citizens, admirers, journalists etc. by T.N. Upon finishing his schooling in Lubango, Pepetela travelled to Portugal where he began to study engineering. She is best known for her collaborative work with Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta: Sidhwa wrote both the 1991 novel Ice Candy Man which served as the basis for Mehta's 1998 film Earth as well as the 2006 novel Water: A Novel which is based upon Mehta's 2005 film Water. The big turning point in his life came in 1933, at age 21, when he met Abdul Bari Alig, a scholar and polemic writer, in Amritsar. Before arriving at Moscow, he traveled to Brussels as a delegate from the Communist Party of Argentina at the "Congress against Fascism and the War". He also kept a rattlesnake, a gopher, two owls, a Florida alligator, several cats, and hundreds of insects as pets. In 1996, the Italian director, Cristina Comencini, made a film with the novel's plot. The book was translated into 14 languages and became the most translated Estonian book of the 1990s. He attended school at Kutama College and Marist Brothers Dete, in the Hwange district of Zimbabwe. She won the Caribbean and Canadian regional Commonwealth Writers' Prize in 1989 for Myal. Mercedes Valdivieso had the extreme audacity to become an innovator; she bridged the gap between romantic and domestic fiction in a society where women have been viewed as a sexless gender, icons of virtue, and depending on men to meet the necessities of life. In 1822, A Persian paper called Mirat-ul-Akbar contained a tract entitled "Brief Remarks on Ancient Female Rights"; a book in Bengali called Answers to Four Questions was released the same year. He is a published author and best known for his novel English, August, also adapted into an acclaimed film of the same title. Amado Vera Hernandez, commonly known as Amado V. Hernandez, was a Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices in the Philippines and was later imprisoned for his involvement in the communist movement. He died in Belgrade in 2009. Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist was a German poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer. He lives in the United States, where he is the Francis Flournoy Professor of European Culture and writer in residence at Bard College. He was devoted to Angolan independence, resulting in his arrest in 1961 after an interview with the BBC in which he disclosed secret lists of deserters from the Portuguese army fighting in Africa. In 1909 he converted to Roman Catholicism and married Franziska von Rothermann, the daughter of a knighted manufacturer. In 1982, Khosa worked for the Ministry of Education for over a year. While in Piura, Vargas Llosa attended elementary school at the religious academy Colegio Salesiano. Coelho also worked as an actor, journalist, and theatre director before pursuing his writing career. Guzmán was born in Chihuahua, Chihuahua. Her family had been much involved in the European settling of South America, and she spoke often of their heroic actions. She’s compared to Queneau, or Sarraute. His 1942 book Embers expresses a nostalgia for the bygone multi-ethnic, multicultural society of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, reminiscent of the works of Joseph Roth. She is currently working on her second novel. Major influences on his writings include August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway. Luis López Nieves [note 1] is one of the most influential and best-selling Puerto Rican authors ever. His most recent book, set in Tanzania will be published in Canada in 2012. Around 1905, through the articles of Simion Mehedinţi, his work came to be criticized by the traditionalist magazine Sămănătorul, who coupled a rejection of modernism with an appreciation of for folklore. He occasionally gave speeches in public with great applause; he had the charge of exhibiting gladiatorial shows and wild beast events in the province, and statues were erected in his honour by the senate of Carthage and of other senates. Soon after, his father left the family again and never returned. He is a published author and best known for his novel English, August, also adapted into an acclaimed film of the same title. Subsequent to the release of Historietter, a collection of twenty short stories, his next major work - Martin Bircks Ungdom - was released. While visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain. The film is story of a travelling mime company selling products and a writer's views upon its journey, it has two leads Ashish Vidyarthi playing the role mime company's owner while Pawan Malhotra did the role of the writer. After the Soviet occupation and annexation of Estonia in 1944, Merilaas' work was viewed by authorities as disreputable and promoting "bourgeois nationalism". Her many albums of plant collections are housed in the National Herbarium of Canada at the Canadian Museum of Nature. He returned to Argentina in 1921 publishing his first poems there. In 1918 the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Kafka on a pension due to his illness, for which there was no cure at the time, and he spent most of the rest of his life in sanatoriums. His last home is now a museum. He was expelled for the second time in 1970. He was the son of the Reverend Thompson Samkange, a Methodist minister and nationalist politician, and his wife, Grace Mano, a Methodist evangelist. His most important work is the Kurdish classic love story "Mem and Zin". In 1938, Mexico nationalized foreign oil holdings, leading to a national outcry in the U.S. and Fuentes' ostracism by his American classmates; he later pointed to the event as the moment in which he began to understand himself as Mexican. In Summer 1943, Promet went to work at Estonian language radio in blocked Leningrad. Barreto used to write for newspapers since 1902, but he achieved fame in 1905, writing for the Correio da Manhã a series of articles regarding the demolition of Castle Hill. He was Associate Professor of Literature and Creative Writing at University of Malaya until 1997 when he took up writing full time. Their divorce was finalized on June 5, 1914. In the same year, he became the secretary of "Civata Azadî û Yekîtiya Kurd". The early 1990s was a burgeoning period in the history of Ethiopian writing and journalism. This is the period when her first writings, poems, and novels appeared. Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was an eminent Russian novelist, historian, and tireless critic of Communist totalitarianism. He ended his life with a gunshot to his head in San Diego in 1989. Yusuf Atılgan was a Turkish novelist and dramatist, who is best known for his novels Aylak Adam and Anayurt Oteli. During the 1970s he worked as an editor and writer, negotiating with censors in order to get his work into print, and informing against colleagues. Many of these essays were published in book form. Dibyendu Palit is a Bengali writer of poems, novels, and short stories. In 2005, Mishra published an anthology of writing on India, India in Mind. " He was in prison for two years. His home in Talpiot, built in 1931 in the Bauhaus style, was turned into a museum, Beit Agnon. Even though most critics consider it as a lesser novel in comparison with La Regenta, it is equal to the former in the skill with which the technical resources are used. Three million stamps were issued. He served as rector of the University of Salamanca for two periods: from 1900 to 1924 and 1930 to 1936, during a time of great social and political upheaval. His only real source of income was through his writing. He is the author of Seminar on Youth and Vita standard di un venditore provvisorio di collant. In 2012, he became Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland. He recounted his life story in his first book, Notes from the Hyena's Belly. In 1926, Moberg made his breakthrough as a playwright when his comedy Kassabrist had a successful run in Stockholm. Jha was born in Bhagalpur, Bihar, and was raised in Calcutta, West Bengal, where he went to school at St. Joseph's College. He originally trained as an artist, before turning to writing. He even approached the Marxist leader Pablo Iglesias and persuaded him to join a new organisation called La Conjunción Republicano-socialista, with Galdós as its titular head. Yōko Ogawa is a Japanese writer. Negruzzi also held several functions, including finance minister and deputy under Sturdza-Vodă. She was raised in Cherchell, a small seaport village near Algiers in the Province of Aïn Defla. His father was posted as a diplomat for the Canadian government at the time of his birth. In 1998 she achieved international recognition when she was awarded the Azorín Prize for Best Novel in Spain for El hombre, la hembra y el hambre. In October 1859, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to high school in France by his father. Rómulo Gallegos Freire died in Caracas on 5 April 1969. The book would later be translated into 30 other languages. In his youth, he went to Cizre region to study under the well-known Kurdish poet, Malaye Jaziri. Dambudzo Marechera was a Zimbabwean novelist and poet. There, on 4 April 1951, he committed suicide by gassing himself in a small rented apartment on 37 Rue Championnet. Jean-Baptiste Nguema Abessolo, also seen as J.-B. Born in Caracas, Alicia Freilich is the oldest of three girls born to Máximo Freilich and Rebeca Freilich, immigrants of Polish origin. He started writing while he was still in final year of his college. He is the son of Portuguese emigrants who moved to the former Portuguese colony in the 1950s. He is called the father of Oriya fiction. The writer is the natural enemy of dictatorship". Her sister Abena is a poet and academic, an associate professor in English at Rutgers University. When he was sent to Europe as a foreign correspondent, Mercedes waited for him to return to Barranquilla. After relocating to Canada in 1962, Ondaatje became a Canadian citizen. Cao achieved posthumous fame through his life's work. Manuel Lopes wrote texts in Portuguese, and utilized several works expressed in Cape Verdean Creole. Abdulrazak Gurnah is a Tanzanian novelist based in the United Kingdom. Tayeb Salih was a Sudanese writer. After finishing high school in Maceió, he became a collaborator of the newspaper Jornal de Alagoas in 1909, where he published a sonnet called "Céptico" under the pen name Almeida Cunha, and some other texts under many different pseudonyms. She also writes essays and literary criticism in major newspapers and journals. Nadolny's grandfather, Rudolf Nadolny, had in fact led the German delegation. At the story's end there is a strong contrast between the clean, pure and benevolent sky, and the underground monster that devours the humans who dare to penetrate its dark lair. The historical events which mothers take part in acquire the greatness and invincibility of natural phenomena". Many institutions are named in his honour, for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest. He has also written the short story collection Passing Through, and the novellas I'm Still Waiting and The Girl with the Golden Shoes. Lualhati Torres Bautista is one of the foremost Filipino female novelists in the history of contemporary Philippine Literature. His first short story book Bir Gülüşün Kimliği was published in 1987. Juan Goytisolo is a Spanish poet, essayist, and novelist. In July 1923 his father died. In 1915, during the Armenian Genocide Yervant Odian was deported from Istanbul to the Syrian desert. It is now the Writer's Workshop in the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon. Through his father, he was a relative of the Hungarian noble Ország-family. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias and afterwards appeared in book form as Cartas de Inglaterra. Aharon Appelfeld is an Israeli novelist. After the band’s breakup, he went on to join the rugby club, which he found especially grueling. Death occurred whilst the author was staying in Ghatshila. Kreitman died in 1954 in London. He received his PhD in 1941. These include "Comegato,” a work on the dilemma between decency and crime, stage in Caracas in 1998 directed by the author; "Fotomatón”, an autopsy of the Latin American soul, stage in Caracas in 1999 directed by the author; “80 Teeth, 4 Feet & 500 Pounds”, an epic piece on the subject of guilt; “Tres esqueletos y medio”, a play on the macabre intersection between transcendence and the criminal present, stage in Caracas in 2000 directed by the author; and “Miss” an epic piece on Latin American ambition, stage in Caracas in 2002 directed by the author. Bediako Asare is an African journalist and author, initially from Ghana. He has written more than ten books in Kurdish and translated literary works of John Steinbeck, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Astrid Lindgren, Yaşar Kemal and Henning Mankell into Kurdish. Francisco Arcellana was proclaimed National Artist of the Philippines in Literature in 1990. He failed in an attempt to make a living distilling whiskey, but began to write Hebrew language poetry, songs, and tales, some of them written with his father-in-law ; this collaboration, however, did not prevent his divorce in 1878, after which he promptly remarried. He has routinely been called the greatest living North African writer. After that, he joined Kolkata National Bank. Therefore, Parijat was intricately connected to Nepal and Nepali literature from her early childhood. In Paris, he befriended Guillaume Apollinaire, one of the foremost poets, critics, and artists at large in the Avant-Garde movement. Manzoni was born in Milan, Italy, on 7 March 1785. Submerged Morning), which was published in 1953 and made into a film in 1980. Kundera is a cousin of Czech writer and translator Ludvík Kundera. He also met the famous journalist and statesman Johan Vilhelm Snellman. Farah has two sons and a daughter. After his lack of success, he returned home again. At this time Konwicki became the head of the Kadr Film Studio and has since been recognized as one of the most notable members of the Polish Film School. She married Enrique Job Reyes on August 14, 1913 but left him a month later. In English she was also known as Echo or Echo Chan, the first name she used in Latin script, based on the homonymous Greek nymph. He was Fellow in Writing at the University of Iowa. During this period, Nazrul read extensively, and was deeply influenced by Rabindranath Tagore and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, as well as the Persian poets Hafez, Rumi and Omar Khayyam. However, when World War I broke out, she became a student nurse at the Stuivenberg hospital in Antwerp. Hrabal’s uncle was Bohuslav Kilián, a lawyer, journalist and publisher of the cultural magazines Salon and Měsíc. He is the author of 13 novels and 5 books for children. Instead, Rulfo moved to Mexico City, where he first entered the National Military Academy, which he left after three months and then he hoped to study law at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. As a result of his refined prose style and the modernista ideology he pushed, Rodó is today considered the preeminent theorist of the modernista school of literature. He was also an award winner Astrologer. Shri Harilal Upadhyay January 22, 1916 - January 15, 1994) was a Gujarati author, considered as one of the all-time great authors in the Gujarati language. From 1978 to 1980, he worked for Banque Meridien Biao Mali. This collection won a prize at the same time that his second novel, "More Than Conquerors" won the first prize for the novel. Towards the end of 1980s, he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary socio-political issues. Liviu Rebreanu was a Romanian novelist, playwright, short story writer, and journalist. He had accepted a script writing job for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the yearly salary of 8000 would help him overcome his financial troubles. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Story twice, for Bimal Roy's Sujata and for Gulzar’s Ijaazat in 1989. Al filo del agua is universally acknowledge as his masterpiece, according to the Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean literature, 1900-2003 By Daniel Balderston, Mike Gonzalez, page 616. He was the first Māori writer to publish both a novel and a book of short stories. His anguish was derived from his fear of death, the World War, and personal crisis. Youssef Saadallah Howayek a painter and sculptor from Helta, in modern day Lebanon. Yoshiyuki was born in Okayama, the oldest child of author Yoshiyuki Eisuke, but his family moved to Tokyo when he was 3. Other awards include the Mišićev dukat, Ramonda Serbica award, and the Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša prize. A greeting in Welsh is one of 55 languages included on the Voyager Golden Record chosen to be representative of Earth in NASA's Voyager program launched in 1977. In 2009, he was recognized as a young achiever by The Times of India. He was awarded the Medal Gonçalves Dias for the National Library of Rio De Janeiro in 1968. The Bakemonogatari prequel and sequel novels have also been adapted as a movie and an anime, respectively. For some time he was employed the Ministry of Education and the Oil Company. When Emile Verhaeren died on 27 November 1916 at Rouen station, it was Théo van Rysselberghe and his friend, the famous French writer André Gide who informed Marthe Verhaeren of the death of her husband. Natural son of Joaquim Francisco Ribeiro, a priest, and Mariana do Rosário Gomes, he had three older siblings: Maria do Rosário, Melchior and Joaquim. By then, Cha's wuxia novels had earned great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. Her mixed media style often incorporates song, poetry, images, and spoken dialogue. Among her achievements were gaining an understanding of the lives of Turkish women, including access to the private world of the harem, and undertaking a journey round the world in her sixities. Yoram Kaniuk was born in Tel Aviv. Their graves were damaged in World War II but restored thereafter. Henriett was invited to the Friderikusz Sándor's documentary film, to Szólás Szabadsága, in 2005, that was seen by 700,000 people. At the beginning of the First World War, she left her teaching job, to focus full-time on her literary work. An abridged version was published in February 2012. Waris Dirie is a model, author, actress and human rights activist of Somali origin. His primary concern was the dark alleyways of the human mind, even among the supposedly simple village folk, and not the serene beauty of nature that was always in the background in his novels. Despite a lack of formal training, Bautista as the writer became known for her honest realism, courageous exploration of Philippine women's issues, and her compelling female protagonists, who confront difficult situations at home and in the workplace with uncommon grit and strength. He has appeared in the Penguin Books- SIP Books Cross Cultural Anthology  : "The Traversal of Lines" with his bestselling short story "Three Days in a Week". David Davidar is an Indian novelist and publisher. He is the author of Seminar on Youth and Vita standard di un venditore provvisorio di collant. After the German occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938, his family moved to Sweden, and Weiss himself removed to Switzerland. His poetry combined an acute eye for, and love of nature, with a deeply felt humanism. He also published essays, poems, and stories. In his final collection of short stories, The Crooked Coronet, Arlen briefly returns to his earlier romantic, but also comic, style. She is best known for her collaborative work with Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta: Sidhwa wrote both the 1991 novel Ice Candy Man which served as the basis for Mehta's 1998 film Earth as well as the 2006 novel Water: A Novel which is based upon Mehta's 2005 film Water. He returned to Chile in 1981 and lived there until his death. Ruskin Bond is an Indian author of British descent. Slavko Janevski is the receiver of many awards, including: AVNOJ and "Makedonsko slovo" for the book "Thought". In 1936, he died from cancer of the palate. The couple had five children together: Daniel, Jacob, Noah, Martha and Emma. She attended high-school in Bucharest and, aged 20, she married the magistrate Nicolae Papadat but her literary career was delayed because her husband was transferred from town to town and because she had to take care of their four children: Nen, Zoe, Marcela and Elena. In 1927, Remarque made a second literary start with the novel Station at the Horizon, which was serialised in the sports journal "Sport im Bild" for which Remarque was working. He was a controversial figure from the outset, due to the subject matter and style. Sarah Bouyain is a French-Burkinabé writer and film director. Lussu was elected to the Italian parliament in 1921 and, in 1924 was among the Aventine secessionists who withdrew from the Italian Parliament after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti. Several of his books and short tales have been turned into movies and TV series in Brazil. After completing his education at Saint Stanislaus Kostka's Gymnasium in 1922, he studied law at Warsaw University (in 1927 he obtained a master’s degree in law. There he had hoped, after recovery, to register and study at the Faculty of Arts. Moa became a writer; Harry married Ingrid Lindcrantz in 1942. These women were chosen by scholars and community leaders for their courage, compassion and commitment in helping to shape society. In 2010 he was offered a residency by the Bogliasco Foundation, but unfortunately had to turn it down due to work demands. Poulet Malassis announced the forthcoming publication of the book the same month in his literary magazine Quarterly Review of Publications Banned in France and Printed Abroad. His father was a judge and his mother a schoolteacher, thus both representative of the modernization of Turkey brought about by Atatürk. Murilo Rubião is believed to have influenced many Brazilian authors, among them Joseph J. Veiga and Moacyr Scliar. Her poems are intricate verbal transfigurations of significant experiences as revealed, in two of her much anthologized pieces, "Lament for the Littlest Fellow" and "Bonsai. This period culminated with the publication of his mixed collection Afsane aur Drame in 1943. She worked here for many years, becoming, in 1971, a member of the editorial board. His works have been translated into more than 25 languages. Lauryn may refer to: Being very poor, he studied assiduously, worked to support himself, and relatively late—at the age of 29—he began his studies in philosophy at the University of Bucharest. Mulk Raj Anand was an Indian writer in English, notable for his depiction of the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society. Following this Temple produced a number of novels - The Explorer, Stations, Beak of the Moon, Sam, Dark of the Moon, and To Each His Own - and many children's books, among which the most notable are The Legend of the Kea, Kakapo, Parrot of the Night, and Kotuku, Flight of the White Heron. Gee was brought up in Henderson, a suburb of Auckland, a location that frequently features in his writing. In the magazine Plural he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's. In April 1974, after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon and the overthrow of the Estado Novo regime, Mozambique was about to become an independent republic. Immediately after World War II, he had to spend some time in an hospital for tuberculosis; hence he drew the material for the novel Diceria dell'untore. Together with her sister, she went on to write realistic and descriptive poetry with a romantic undertone. Having originally studied mathematics, Bouyain later shifted her attention to cinematography, studying at the Louis Lumière School of Cinematography. Andrejs Upīts was a Latvian teacher, poet, short story writer and Communist polemicist. A Masked Deception was accepted by Signet and published in 1985. Only one of them survived him: Cecilia Fuentes Macedo, born in 1962. He has received several awards including Padma Shri, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and Crossword Book Award. He won five Governor General's Awards and a Royal Bank Award. Then she worked for the Science and Technology Center in Kumasi. He suggested the most obvious solution, that the two main dialects, Tosk and Gheg, should be fused and blended gradually. Nirendranath Chakraborty is a popular contemporary Bengali poet. Soon in 1956 he was elected as the Vice-Chancellor of Mysore University where he served till retirement in 1960. From 1962 to 1970, Gary was married to American actress Jean Seberg, with whom he had a son, Alexandre Diego Gary. Since 1963, he has been an ashramite at Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry. He was born in Faridpur in what is now Bangladesh. He was a member of the literary group Kadra. For some time, Nagpur University had included study of Kavthekar's fictions in its Master of Arts curriculum. St. Amands, his native city, has dedicated a museum to this giant of Belgian literature, showing many original manuscripts of his works and letters along with works of his artistic friends Théo van Rysselberghe, Leon Spilliaert, Constantin Meunier, Paul Signac and Ossip Zadkine. A common theme of his early work is the rejection of the adult world by children. Bessie Emery Head is usually considered Botswana's most influential writer. Dame Fiona Judith Kidman DNZM OBE, is a New Zealand novelist, poet, scriptwriter and short story author. Saramago's cremation took place in Lisbon, with his ashes being scattered in his birthplace of Azinhaga and in Tias in Lanzarote, his home until his death. 94. Divakaruni's works are largely set in India and the United States, and often focus on the experiences of South Asian immigrants. Het duistere bloed of 1931 was a further success. It was there he gained a love of literature. He demonstrated enormous interest in a variety of subjects, such as literature, chemistry, photography, mechanics, cycling and country life. Prus wrote several dozen stories, originally published in newspapers and ranging in length from micro-story to novella. Cezar Petrescu was a Romanian journalist, novelist and children's writer. Koggala was bounded on one side by a reef, and on the other by a large lake into which the numerous tributaries of the Koggala Oya drained. The series has been described as “the most coherent novelistic project of its generation, indispensable for understanding the social psychology and spiritual vicissitudes of the Cuban people.” He was also interested in philosophy—studying, among others, Socrates, Vasile Conta, and the Stoics Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, and read works of history—the two Romanian historians who influenced him from early on were Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Nicolae Iorga. In 1945, he transferred to the University of Bucharest, from which point he collaborated on the prestigious Revistă a Fundaţiilor Regale, edited by Alexandru Rosetti and Camil Petrescu, until the abdication of the King in 1947. ), who had an incredible ability to disguise himself and move throughout society. His conviction was overturned on appeal in 1975 and Bennett was released from Long Kesh prison near Lisburn, Co. Shortly before the end of World War II, he defected to Denmark, but became a prisoner of war in Schleswig-Holstein. He has a 30,000 volume library in the former and a 20,000 volume library in the latter. In 1965 she published an autobiography, Black Beech and Honeydew. Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay ) was an Indian Bengali author and one of the leading writers of modern Bengali literature. They had had two children, a son, Michael John Arlen born in 1930, and a daughter, Venetia Arlen, born in 1933. She began writing novels with Dangerlok in 2001. Voyage to Faremido is an early examination of artificial intelligence, with a pacifist theme. His own literary work was limited to four small collections of short stories for children. In 1899, he enrolled at Debreceni Református Kollégium to study theology, but transferred into law after only six months. He began studying at The University of San Marcos in 1931; there he graduated with a degree in Literature. In 1988, Ondaatje was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and two years later a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He got his M.A. The 1951 Rabindra Puraskar, the most prestigious literary award in the West Bengal state of India, was posthumously awarded to Bibhutibhushan for his novel, Ichhamati. Graciliano Ramos de Oliveira was a Brazilian modernist writer, politician and journalist. He passed the matriculation examination in 1915 and took admission in Vidyasagar College, Calcutta. He returned to southern Africa in 1981 to help co-found and teach law at the University of Botswana. Chubak died on July 3, 1998, in Berkeley, California, U.S. He has also been awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature in its 2010 edition. In the year 1839, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar successfully cleared his Law examination. He was educated at Gordonstoun school; and then the University of Nice, France, the University of Glasgow, and finally Jesus College, Oxford. Marcela Serrano is an award-winning Chilean novelist. Karel van Mander was a Flemish-born Dutch painter and poet, who is mainly remembered as a biographer of Netherlandish artists in his Schilder-boeck. His father belonged to the Tolstoy family of Russian nobles and was a remote relative of Leo Tolstoy. She married Ian Kidman in 1960 and they have a son and daughter. Kemal was a locally noted bard before he started school, but was unappreciated by his widowed mother until he composed an elegy on the death of one of her eight brothers, all bandits. Dürrenmatt began studies in philosophy, German language and literature at the University of Zurich in 1941, but moved to the University of Bern after one semester. In 1963, he suffered his first major bout of depression. She received primary and secondary education in Touraine, France before attending Université de Dakar. He has found, he says, intuitive ways of making leaps from one to the other, even if they sometimes defy word-for-word translation: Saramago had suffered from pneumonia a year before his death. Juhani Aho, originally Johannes Brofeldt, was a Finnish author and journalist. This novel caused dismay from the reactionary segment of society and loud applause from the critics and is considered a revolutionary departure from the traditional treatment of the feminine role in marriage. another dozen names he uses to camouflage his identity in the Mumbai underworld. She married John Duder in 1964 and following the birth of the first of her four daughters, she was a full-time mother for 7 years, much of it spent in Pakistan. She also attended the British Institute in Cairo from 1946 to 1949 where she studied English. Duignan was born in Wellington, New Zealand, and completed an MA in Creative Writing at Victoria University of Wellington in 2000. Owen described his apprenticeship as a 'kind of college', and began writing poetry after being influenced by one of his work colleagues. When he got out of hospital in 1939, Kiely returned to Omagh to recover from his back problem. Heiki Vilep is an Estonian poet and children's writer. In 1910 she fell in love with Arnold Levitas, but instead married his friend Jacob Gordon, a New York Attorney. In Mikhailovskoe, Pushkin wrote nostalgic love poems which had been dedicated to Elizaveta Vorontsova, wife of Malorossia's General-Governor. Jan Nepomucen Potocki was born into the Potocki aristocratic family, that owned vast estates across Poland. Marsh was born in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, where she also died. He worked in a bank for a while, before returning to studies, leading up to a degree in English and philosophy. Dr. Kiran Seth of SPIC MACAY and Dr. Sandeep Juneja are his thesis advisors. She is considered to be one of the leading post-war German poets. In 1920, he changed his name to the single appellation, Soya. While taking on such controversial subjects Fatimah Rifaat’s protagonists remained religiously faithful and passive feelings towards their fate. Having attracted the jealousy of Tigellinus, the commander of the emperor's guard, he was accused of treason. Upamanyu Chatterjee is an Indian civil servant who currently serves as Joint Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Defence. Koggala was bounded on one side by a reef, and on the other by a large lake into which the numerous tributaries of the Koggala Oya drained. DOINA RUŞTI lives in Bucharest. Between 1994-1995 he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Amsterdam. He was Associate Professor of Literature and Creative Writing at University of Malaya until 1997 when he took up writing full time. His partner is Georgina Henry, editor of guardian.co.uk. She was made a Member of Honour of the Association of Writers in Catalan Language. The family lived in the neighborhood of São Cristóvão, north of downtown Rio, before moving to Tijuca. She has also written an illustrated non-fiction book on the bathing ponds and lido on Hampstead Heath, with photographer Ruth Corney, and a social history of Camden Lock. Anne Provoost is a Flemish author who now lives in Antwerp with her husband and three children. There he began to live around writers of renown, such as Mário Quintana, Augusto Meyer, Guilhermino César and others. He devoted his last years to combating religious fundamentalism. Ramon Muntaner was a Catalan soldier and writer who wrote the Crònica, a chronicle of his life, including his adventures as a commander in the Catalan Company. Jaime Manrique Colombian American author, poet, and journalist. He spend some time in France, and upon his return to Poland, he became a known publicist, publishing newspapers and pamphlets, in which he argued for various reforms. His poems were set on music and frequently performed by Russian singer-songwriters This novel was awarded the Attila József Prize in 1960, was made into a film in 1967 and was voted to be the 8th most liked novel of Hungary in the Big Read in 2005. Gadda was a practising engineer from Milan, and he both loved and hated his job. The Berlin International Literature Festival has praised him as "one of the most significant contemporary Latin American poets". For Knjiga za Marka she won the Neven Prize and Prize of Politikin zabavnik. He has gained popularity in Scandinavia with his humorous and sometimes naïve novels, although his stories have become darker in tone, moving towards a more satirical criticism of modern Norwegian society. His parents were professional puppeteers. Felix Mnthali is a Malawian poet, novelist and playwright. As a member of his PCP he stood for the 1989 Lisbon local election in the list of the Coalition "For Lisbon" and was elected alderman and presiding officer of the Municipal Assembly of Lisbon. Sarojini Sahoo is an Orissa Sahitya Academy Award winner Indian feminist writer, a columnist in The New Indian Express and associate editor of Chennai based English magazine Indian AGE, who has been enlisted among 25 Exceptional Women of India by ‘Kindle’ English magazine of Kolkata. Hopkinson has edited two fiction anthologies. The book's characters act in roles that roughly correspond to Jungian archetypes according to Davies' belief in the predominance of spirit over the things of the world. They moved to Dundarave, West Vancouver, for James's job in a department store. His novels deal predominantly with Belarus's historical past, including the January Uprising 1863 - 1865. Julio Escoto, born San Pedro Sula, February 28, 1944, is a Honduran short-story teller, novelist and essayist. This course of events was chronicled in his "false novel," Dark Back of Time. From his beginnings as a journalist whose social-political stance was at one moment openly opposed to freedom and progress, he gradually arose to become a poet and romanticist. Jacob Lodewijk Gerard, Baron Walschap, was a Belgian writer. Joseph Opatoshu, was a Polish-born Yiddish novelist and short story writer. After his schooling he returned briefly to Sierra Leone, but accepted a position at the University of the Philippines in 1975; he later married a Filipino woman. The Catalan Company was an army of light infantry under the leadership of Roger de Flor that was made up of Aragonese and Catalan mercenaries, known as Almogavars; Roger led the Company to Constantinople to help the Greeks against the Turks. Indeed this does not have to be taken literally, but it does show the type of emotional insecurity that Kawabata felt, especially experiencing two painful love affairs at a young age. He emigrated to Canada in 1948, worked as a reporter for the Montreal Gazette, and became a Canadian citizen. Following its success in the United States, Cowley wrote several works for adults: her novels Man of Straw, Of Men and Angels, The Mandrake Root, and The Growing Season typically focused on families dealing with issues such as marital infidelity, mental illness, and death. According to official records of the Nobel Prize committee, the idea of dividing the prize was rejected as an act of disparagement, and only the latter ended up as the laureate. Gombrowicz was born in Małoszyce, in Congress Poland, Russian Empire to a wealthy gentry family. Oscar Bento Ribas was an Angolan writer. After the German occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938, his family moved to Sweden, and Weiss himself removed to Switzerland. Though Findley had declared his homosexuality as a teenager, he married actress/photographer Janet Reid in 1959, but the union lasted only three months and was dissolved by divorce or annulment two years later. Arab Shamilov was a Kurdish novelist. In 1982, with martial law in Poland declared, Lem moved to West Berlin where he became a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin. Dr. Hejazi was present at a rally held in Tehran on June 20, 2009, to protest alleged electoral fraud in the Iranian presidential elections, at which Neda Agha-Soltan was shot and killed, allegedly by a member of the Basij militia. Kiš was influenced by Bruno Schulz, Vladimir Nabokov, Jorge Luis Borges and Ivo Andrić, among other authors. In 1905 he married Alida Staelens. He received a Sahitya Akademi Award for year 1990 for his critical work Teeka Svayanwar. Other US collections include Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora and The Year’s Best Fantasy and Horror. 5, May 1957), with the sketch Doamna din vis. She briefly taught poetics at the University of Frankfurt. He holds an Honorary degree from the University of Zimbabwe. Hopkinson defended George Elliott Clarke's novel Whylah Falls on the CBC's Canada Reads 2002. Although many of his first stories were primarily about sleuthing and the processes used in solving seemingly insolvable crimes, during the 1930s, he began to turn increasingly to stories that involved a combination of sensibilities often called "ero guro nansensu", from the three words "eroticism, grotesquerie, and the nonsensical". As he did not live with his father anymore, it was common for him to eat only once a day for lack of money. ) was a Japanese novelist of the Meiji period. His collected works, Samlade Skrifter, with a bibliographic treatise by Teodblad (8 vols. The loyalist "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore, who employed European estate managers and visited with Victoria and other royalty, was his paternal grandfather. He was arrested in 1930 for actively supporting the Indian independence movement, but released later that year. He was also a delegate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 24th sessions of the League of Nations in Geneva in period 1930–1934. In 1996, he published his third major Barcelona novel, this time set in the 1940s, Una comedia ligera. In March 2005, Waris acquired Austrian citizenship. Born in Budapest, Hungary, he resides in Berlin with his wife. He was educated at the Colegio Estudio in Madrid. She was christened Anna Margaret at Third Ballynahinch Presbyterian Church on 27 January 1861. He was dismissed from his position at the school for his political activism. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was born into a peasant farming family in Hämeenkyrö. Hasani finished primary school and Gazi Isa-bey medrese in Skopje. In 1936, he returned to Tuzla to teach in the gymnasium that today bears his name. Barbara Anderson, Lady Anderson was a New Zealand fiction writer who became internationally recognized despite only starting her writing career in her late fifties. In 1863 he enrolled in the Lycée Louis Barthou in Pau, where he attended classes in rhetoric and philosophy. Her father struggled to buy a lower-rank samurai position, then lost it, worked for the municipal government, but was let go, and then invested all the family's savings in a business venture which failed. In the early 1950s, he visited the Goli otok concentration camp, where the Yugoslav authorities imprisoned political opponents of the Communist Party. However, priests visited him regularly and taught him about the Bible, as well as the Arabic and Syriac languages. The novel Rabies together with The Golden Fleece and The Years the Locusts Have Devoured, were selected by readers as the best novels in the years from 1982 to 1991. He was married to Annemarta Borgen. Chang ran away to live with her mother shortly after her 18th birthday, where they remained in a new apartment for nearly two years, until she began to attend university and briefly lived in Hong Kong. His mother Anu Kivikas was a weaver. He is also featured in Making Music Magazine. Alongside Jorge Luis Borges, he is considered one of the masters of the hybrid subgenre of the essay-story. In 2002 he received a doctorate in literature from Bucharest University for his thesis on Transitivity in Modernist and Post-Modernist Romanian Poetry. Amos Oz is an Israeli writer, novelist, and journalist. Incidentally, I am moving and hope that, for the first time since Nervous Conditions, I shall have a room of my own. While stationed there, Savinio gained the chance to rediscover his childhood play-world of Greece, and the influence can be seen in his first published novel, Hermaphrodito. Lahiri's mother wanted her children to grow up knowing their Bengali heritage, and her family often visited relatives in Calcutta. He left Romania in 1986 with a DAAD-Berlin Grant and in 1988 went to the US with a Fulbright Scholarship at the Catholic University in Washington DC. The following year, their son Hermann Friedrich Maria was born. In 1909 directs the daily El Progresista, and is appointed as vice rector of the Central University of Venezuela. Although she continued writing in Finnish, she often wrote about Estonian subjects. Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf ; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish author. The brochures of aphoristic prose did not have a price; each customer could decide which sum they wanted to pay for it. Born in Delhi, India, Ahmed Ali was educated at Aligarh and Lucknow universities, graduating with first-class and first in the order of merit in both B.A. On 14 October 1954, he was carelessly crossing a road near Calcutta's Deshapriya Park when he was hit by a tram. Babits' 1918 novel The Nightmare is a science fiction novel about a split personality influenced by Freudian psychology. The deposed chief of the Bamangwato, Seretse Khama, was soon to become the first President of independent Botswana. These dramatic personal experiences feature prominently in Frame's autobiographical trilogy and director Jane Campion's popular film adaptation of the texts, with recognisably autobiographical elements further resurfacing in many of her fictional publications. A short story by Bảo Ninh, "A Marker on the Side of the Boat", translated by Linh Dinh, is included in the anthology Night, Again. She was born in the Republic of the Congo and lived in France from 1969 with her three sons. He lives in Gurgaon. Rosalie Loveling died on 4 May 1875 in Nevele. Her debut novel, In the Eye of the Sun, set in Egypt and England, recounts the maturing of Asya, a beautiful Egyptian who, by her own admission, "feels more comfortable with art than with life. The son of Lebanese immigrants, he moved to São Paulo when he was a teenager. Julián Padrón was a Venezuelan writer, journalist and lawyer. She has made a film about communal violence called The Connection. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan. His poems were set on music and frequently performed by Russian singer-songwriters His works include: The marriage ended on 2 July 2007, with Lakshmi's indicating it was her desire to end it. His body washed ashore on January 18, twelve days after his disappearance, on the coast of Marmara Sea at Beylikdüzü. Munro returned to Ontario to become writer in residence at the University of Western Ontario, and in 1976 received an honorary LLD from the institution. This can be compared with the 2001 Census, in which 20.8% of the population reported being able to speak Welsh. Remaining a figure of great reference in Venezuelan literature, his literary and journalistic works were strictly related to the social and political history of Venezuela. Õnnepalu's work often explores topics such as homosexuality, isolation and betrayal. He completed his Masters in Urdu literature from Government College Lahore. Karinthy was married twice. Jean-Paul Sartre alluded to Maran in his preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth, mocking the French establishment's complacent self-congratulation that they had "on one occasion given the Prix Goncourt to a Negro". Not until the release of The Unknown Soldier did he rise to fame. Carlo Cassola was an important Italian novelist and essayist. One of Karl Stead's novels, Smith's Dream, provided the basis for the film Sleeping Dogs, starring Sam Neill; this became the first New Zealand film released in the United States. His first novel, The Blue Mountain, was published in 1988. The Andrei Bely Prize, one of the most important prizes in Russian literature, was named after him. She began writing children's books in 1818, after the death of her father. His father Mir Moazzem Hossain was one of the few Muslim zamindars of nineteenth century Bengal.His mother's name is Daulatunnesa. Production was planned for 2011. She started reading material that her employer gave her on politics and sociology and began writing around this time. She is primarily known for her Alex quartet. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author, often considered the first great Danish writer of the 20th century. Ishwar Chandra was born to Thakurdas Bandyopadhyay and Bhagavati Devi at Birsingha village, in the Ghatal subdivision of Paschim Midnapore District, on 26 September 1820. Indian feminist writer Sarojini Sahoo is his wife and he has two children Anubhav and Sambedana. She has represented the British Council in the USA, South Korea, Slovakia, Romania, Sweden and across the UK. The Fifth Finger was a sequel to that book. His first work was in the neorealist style: La paga del sabato In 1862, he was arrested and confined in the Fortress of St. Peter and Paul, where he wrote his famous novel What Is to Be Done? Augustin Buzura is a Romanian novelist and short story writer, also known as a journalist, essayist and literary critic. Youssef Saadallah Howayek a painter and sculptor from Helta, in modern day Lebanon. "At a tender age I learned that I belonged to an inferior race or, as I saw things at the time, to a category of mangy dogs to be kicked about and chased away. He was educated at St Malachy's College and Queen's University Belfast. In 1975 he moved to Tehran and studied Political Sciences at Tehran University, graduating in 1980. Both novels are among the earliest major works in Francophone African literature. His fourth son, Bruno, was born in 1938. Whereas he was once known for his witty remarks in literary gatherings, in later days he would not tolerate any criticism. Since 1951, Lenz worked as a freelance writer in Hamburg and was a member of the literature forum "Group 47". In 1941 he published a History of World Literature which continues to be authoritative today. Mario Briceño Iragorry, was a Venezuelan intellectual and cultural analyst. In 1930 he was captured by the Yugoslav authorities and evicted to Albania, where he was sentenced to prison for his antimonarchist activities. During this time the Jamaican government asked her to write Ballad for a Rebellion and a biography of Sir Alexander Bustamante, the first prime minister of independent Jamaica. Achebe’s allusion to W.B. “It may be superstitious belief, but in my eyes, any books which could be printed at all in Germany between 1933 and 1945 are worse than worthless and not objects one wishes to touch. English, 1931. Almost no records of Cao's early childhood and adulthood survive. When he tried to return to India in 1948, K.P.S. Her stage plays were translated into foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres, as well as adapted for radio and film. Kersti Merilaas (7 December [O.S. Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie was a Norwegian novelist, poet, and playwright who is considered to have been one of the Four Greats of 19th century Norwegian literature, together with Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Alexander Kielland. At the age of ten Ruskin went to live at his grandmother's house in Dehradun after his father's sudden death in 1944 from malaria. From 1827 up to 1832 he established himself as a lawyer in Maastricht. Brodber currently works as a freelance writer, researcher and lecturer in Jamaica. Born in Romania, he moved to Ecuador following World War II, and co-authored with Juan Manuel Rodriguez the book Man of Ashes. She was awarded the 6 April Prize for her life’s work about Belgrade. Her travels from Oslo through Bergen to Finnmark resulted in Pisma iz Norveške / Letters from Norway meditative travelogue in 1914. She has written several opinion press articles and two novels: La Capa Roja and Crónica Caribana. During his youth, Dhaliwal grew up with kids that at the early age of 13 year old were packing guns, stealing cars, getting into fights, making alliances, and selling drugs at school with police always close by watching the beginning of the Indo-Canadian gang culture rise. He was subsequently on the staff of the Extra-Mural Department of the University of the West Indies, Mona. from the University of Michigan in 1988 and a Ph.D. in English from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1991 as a Fulbright scholar. He finished his thesis titled Tokatlı Kani: Sanat, şahsiyet ve psikoloji under supervision of Nihat Tarlan. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. During World War II, she evacuated to Kanazawa. As a member of a wealthy family, Ana Teresa spent part of her childhood at her father's hacienda, Tazón. Samkange was born in 1922 in Zvimba, Mashonaland West Province, in the British southern African colony of Rhodesia. He was among the first to respond when Neda was shot, but his attempts to save her life were unsuccessful. Of his prolific poetry of the late 1940s only "El naranjal ardiente" was published. He is listed in the book of The 20th century's 100 most important people in Denmark. He spent his childhood in Bihar and many places in Bengal and Assam accompanying his father, who worked in the railways. News that his long-pending application for British nationality had been granted reached him in France in late December. There he had hoped, after recovery, to register and study at the Faculty of Arts. In the late 1980s, Albahari initiated the first formal petition to legalize marijuana in Yugoslavia. From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training, and subsequently posted at Kanpur in 1905. The same year he brought out his first great novel, Gyulai Pál. In addition to his career at Silliman, Tiempo taught fiction and literary criticism for four years in two American schools during the 1960s. He later published a book, Gambia Taizaiki about his experiences at Kenyon. In early 1961, he became a news editor for the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation, where his mentor was the Jamaican journalist and political analyst John Maxwell. He was considered a senior member of the 'Generation of 45', a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement: Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Ángel Rama, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Mario Arregui, Mauricio Muller, José Pedro Díaz, Amanda Berenguer, Tola Invernizzi, Mario Benedetti, Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Cunha, among others. Born into a Bengali Muslim Quazi family, Nazrul received religious education and worked as a muezzin at a local mosque. Ni's science fiction stories, which have been enjoyed by generations of juvenile readers in Hong Kong, usually take the form of mysteries- often featuring extraterrestrial life as a deus ex machina to explain the impossible and implausible. " At the 17 April 2009, opening session of the 5th Summit of the Americas held in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez gave a copy of Galeano's Open Veins of Latin America to U.S. President Barack Obama, who was making his first diplomatic visit to the region. In 1790 he became the first person in Poland to fly in a hot air balloon when he made an ascent over Warsaw with the aeronaut Jean-Pierre Blanchard, an exploit that earned him great public acclaim. Nevertheless, King Frederick VI took a personal interest in him as a youth and paid for a part of his education. She was born in Karlsruhe. Agha Shorish Kashmiri was a scholar, writer, debater, and leader of the Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam party. He fought as a guerrilla during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. He is also one of the authors of the critically acclaimed anthology of Tagalog Short Stories, the "Mga Agos sa Disyerto". Junzō Shōno was a Japanese novelist. Camil Petrescu was a Romanian playwright, novelist, philosopher and poet. Raised by his uncle, he initially pursued studies in Bamako, Mali. He had eight children, four from each wife. Guillou grew up with his mother and her new husband in Saltsjöbaden and Näsby Park outside of Stockholm. College in Mumbai. Educated in the United States, he has a global sense of literary history, and has introduced styles and techniques from French and Latin American literatures to Sierra Leone. After 1983, she worked as an editor for Cartea Românească, were she made efforts to preserve literary standards in front of a new wave of censorship under the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime. He is remembered for his work in the epic fantasy subgenre and his work has been compared to that of David Gemmell. He lives in Toronto, Canada and Karachi, Pakistan. 1965 in Pula, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian novelist, columnist, translator, editor, musician, and publisher. " The death of Napoleon in 1821 inspired Manzoni's powerful stanzas Il Cinque maggio, one of the most popular lyrics in the Italian language. It transferred him from his study in Lund to the bishop's palace in Växjö; it marked the first breakdown of his health, which had hitherto been excellent; and it witnessed a singular moral crisis in the inner history of the poet, about which much has been written, but of which little is known. Maria Baciu is a Romanian poet, professor, and literary critic. Promet was born on 16 February 1922 in Petseri to an Estonian painter, Aleksander Promet. In this novel, Riobaldo, a jagunço is torn between two loves: Diadorim, another jagunço, and Otacília, an ordinary beauty from the backlands. Ayşe Kulin is a Turkish contemporary novelist and columnist. He was born in the city of Kars in a Kurdish family in present-day north-eastern Turkey. For some time, Nagpur University had included study of Kavthekar's fictions in its Master of Arts curriculum. Gvozd is now his memorial center. In English she was also known as Echo or Echo Chan, the first name she used in Latin script, based on the homonymous Greek nymph. His best-known book is Pallieter. He was mentioned as being considered for the Nobel Prize for Literature on three separate occasions. Two years later, he became editor of the Peterborough Examiner in the small city of Peterborough, Ontario, northeast of Toronto. He hired a new part-time secretary, Cynthia Jefferies, who eventually became his third wife. Xoxa was born in the town of Fier, Albania on April 15, 1923. There she began writing. Narcís Oller i Moragas was a Catalan author, most noted for the novels La papallona which appeared with a foreword by Émile Zola in the French translation; his most well-known work L'Escanyapobres ; and La febre d'or which is set in Barcelona during the period of promoterism. Juan Goytisolo is a Spanish poet, essayist, and novelist. In this novel, Maroufi uses the stream of consciousness technique very effectively. Jean-Baptiste Nguema Abessolo, also seen as J.-B. After the war he started his own advertising agency, which he ran until his death. In 1972, Buzzati died of cancer after a protracted illness. As he intended to study at the Polytechnics, he has to work first as an apprentice in the „23 August” Works in Bucharest. He then began teaching at the University of Western Ontario in London. She was selected to attend Atlantic College, one of the United World Colleges, in Wales. Anita Mazumdar Desai is an Indian novelist and the Emerita John E. Burchard Professor of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Odian's writings, which include novels and short stories, often humorously point out humanity's vices. He is buried in Fraugde, Fyn, the parish of his birth. Perhaps due to his work in film and television, Puig managed to create a writing style that incorporated elements of these mediums, such as montage and the use of multiple points of view. From 1909–1912, he wrote mostly fiction based on his own experiences. In 1809, he traveled in England. Valdivieso also was founder and director of Adan, a men's magazine, and Breakthrough, a feminist publication, she published articles in newspapers and magazines and she gave many lectures and speeches. He found himself in Nazi German captivity in 1944, and spent time in a POW camp near Vienna until the end of World War II. His first novel, Piedra de mar has been a bestseller since its publication. "You could say... that the one thing which most shook the security of my childhood was the 1919 revolution", he later said. During these first few years, the country saw a new wave of writers, a flood of private newspapers and magazines, and the formation of the Ethiopian Free Press Journalists' Association or EFJA. He turned his passion for exploration and discovery to writing. In 1948, he started his first job at 'Nikhat Publications' as an Editor in the poetry department. Peter Høeg is a Danish writer of fiction. Tanpınar died of a heart attack on the 24 January 1962 in Istanbul. Jack Jones was a Welsh novelist and playwright who began writing in the 1930s. Tanizaki was born to a well-off merchant class family in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, where his uncle owned a printing press, which had been established by his grandfather. Max Blecher's father was a successful Jewish merchant and the owner of a porcelain shop. In total, Shadbolt wrote 11 novels, four collections of short stories, two autobiographies, a war history, and a volume of journalism, as well as plays. He was at high school in Ankara, at Ankara College until 1951, and after military service enrolled at Istanbul Technical University, where he graduated as a civil engineer in 1957. As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor had gone through 14 editions by 1900. In her autobiography, De said that in her late teens she started having friends of the opposite gender and boyfriends, whom she stated as "fine chaps". Jack Jones was a Welsh novelist and playwright who began writing in the 1930s. He currently writes a weekly column of political commentary for Expresso, and contributes to the sports newspaper A Bola. In spite of publishing more than 80 books and being published in twenty languages he was not well known in the English-speaking world, but in the Spanish-speaking world he was considered one of Latin America's most important writers from the latter half of the 20th-century. She is buried in the Central Cemetery of Montevideo. Mustansar Hussain Tarar is a Pakistani author, actor, former radio show host, and compere. In his obituary in Aftenposten, Bjørneboe's life and legacy were described as follows: He later did a complete turn around and criticised his own works like "Gandabba Apadanaya". He is currently a professor at the University of Botswana. His mother, who had converted to Catholicism post-divorce, succeeded in having Endō baptized at the age of 11 or 12 in the year 1934. In despair, Bulgakov first wrote a personal letter to Joseph Stalin, then on March 28, 1930, a letter to the Soviet government. Few things are known about his years of primary studies — although he entered at the Medicine course in 1849, graduating in 1855. In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 essay, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. Her novella Tajrobeh'ha-ye Azad was followed by the novel Sag va Zemestan-e Boland, published in 1976. Schnitzler died on 21 October 1931, in Vienna, of a brain hemorrhage. He grew up amid racial discrimination, poverty, and violence. In 1968, she became the chairwoman of the Iranian Writers Union. Kirino has lived in many different cities, including her current residence, Tokyo. He founded Ahrar with Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari. Sia Figiel's poetry has won the Polynesian Literary Competition in 1994 and Where We Once Belonged was awarded the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction, South East Asia/South Pacific region. Having failed his exam several times, and already a successful author, this was attached to cultural notions of "saving face. He called the battle cry of the elite armed forces group named La Legión—"Long live death! He won the Sahitya Academy Award in 1974 for the book of poems Ulanga Raja. She was born Catharine Parr Strickland in Rotherhithe in 1802, sister to authors Agnes Strickland, Susanna Moodie, and Elisabeth Strickland, Traill. The eldest son of a distinguished Malinké family, Ahmadou Kourouma was born in 1927 in Côte d'Ivoire. Max Blecher's father was a successful Jewish merchant and the owner of a porcelain shop. In 1959 he visited the Soviet Union. Clarke is buried with Ekanayake, who predeceased him by three decades, in the Colombo central cemetery. In 1905 together with Henryk Sienkiewicz and Lev Tolstoy, Eliza Orzeszkowa was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The farm in South Africa failed and Stephen's parents returned to Hampshire, where he was born. Official recognition followed with the novel 'Een dure eed' in 1891, which received the quinquennial prize for Dutch literature. In 1904, the King of Norway awarded Lie with the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. In 1909, his project for the Roman Catholic church in Zebegény, in 1909 the Óbuda Reformed parochial building, and in 1910 the Budapest Zoo complex, were carried out. He wrote Karvan-e-Ahrar, an eight volume series of the history of Indian subcontinent. Vatanen, the hero of this novel, takes an injured young hare with him on his quest, nursing the animal back to health, while his own dissatisfaction with his former urban lifestyle becomes ever more evident. A graduate in Humanities at Mali's Ecole Normale Supérieure of Bamako, he was a teacher for several years before turning to writing. Rosalie Loveling was a Flemish author of poetry, novels and essays. He has authored many short stories and is a regular contributor to many popular online journals, such as The Youth Express. He was born in Komárom, in the Kingdom of Hungary. His father died when he was two years old and he lived with his mother in Alexandria until 1954. Lauryn may refer to: He also was a professor at the Sorbonne in Paris. Pinto Coelho grew up in Portugal. In 1997, he was dean of the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville when war broke out in the Republic of Congo. A second album, Found Music, was brought out by EMI in 2011. He has been married three times and has four adult offspring. Vicki Baum died of leukemia in Hollywood, California, in 1960. In 2003 he wrote his first book A Venetian Affair, a biography of his ancestor in 18th century Venice based on their correspondence; and a sequel entitled Lucia: A Venetian Life in the Age of Napoleon. In 1992, Mishra moved to Mashobra, a Himalayan village, where he began to contribute literary essays and reviews to The Indian Review of Books, The India Magazine, and the newspaper The Pioneer. His novels are Moth Smoke, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, and How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia. " Coelho would leave his lucrative career as a songwriter and pursue writing full-time. O'Nolan was an alcoholic for much of his life and suffered from ill health in his later years. He hailed with enthusiasm the foundation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the revival of Flemish literature; and he published a number of spirited and eloquent writings in support of the claims of the native tongue of the Netherlands. After 1829 he studied medicine and literature. He also translated many plays into Hebrew, including works by Harold Pinter, Neil Simon, Noël Coward and Eugene O'Neill. She wrote novels, short stories and essays, for which she received the Strega Prize and Bagutta Prize. From 1983 to 1986 he held the presidency of the Berlin Academy of the Arts. László Németh was a Hungarian dentist, writer, dramatist and essayist. At that time, Bichitra was a leading periodical which carried stories only by eminent authors. He began to be recognised in the late 1920s when his work was favorably mentioned by some of Japan's top critics. He is best known for his novels Kokoro, Botchan, I Am a Cat and his unfinished work Light and Darkness. Janbaz Mirza was a writer, poet, and journalist from Pakistan. In 1999 Golshiri was awarded the Erich-Maria Remarque Peace Prize for his struggle to promote democracy and human rights in Iran. Jens Bjørneboe's first published work was Poems in 1951. His first book of poems, Raiz de Orvalho, was published in 1983; it included texts aimed against the dominance of Marxist militant propaganda. Unlike Mishima, Kawabata left no note, and since he had not discussed significantly in his writings the topic of taking his own life, his motives remain unclear. Dąbrowska was awarded the prestigious Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature in 1935. His father reluctantly consented, and Massimo settled in Rome, devoting himself to art. Ashfaq Ahmed authored more than twenty books in Urdu. In 2005, he won a French Award for translated literature "Laure Bataillon", one of the highest French awards to be bestowed upon non-French writers. (V. S. Naipaul, another winner, is of Indian origin, but was not born in India. In 2008, the Bollywood press romantically linked him to his friend, Indian model Riya Sen. In response to the media speculation about their relationship, she simply stated: "I think when you are Salman Rushdie, you must get bored with people who always want to talk to you about literature. Among the novels that solidified his reputation are: Flying-Away Monakhov, Life in Windy Weather, Pushkin House, Captive of the Caucasus, and The Monkey Link. He has taught both in Somalia and the U.S., and is the author of numerous short stories, two novels, a collection of fables, as well as articles and essays. That magazine, created in 1935, did not last much time. Her short fiction and essays have been widely anthologised, including the Brown Sugar erotica series, which zoomed to number three on the Los Angeles Times Bestseller's List. His most noted works include Här har du ditt liv! He was appointed to the first chair in Pacific literature at the University of the South Pacific in Suva. He was also under the influence of the Sămănătorul critique of Romanian society. In 1933, Petrescu wrote the novel Patul lui Procust. His best known works include the novels Coronación, El lugar sin límites and El obsceno pájaro de la noche. In 1950, Daneshvar married the well-known Iranian writer Jalal Al-e Ahmad. He has written over 20 novels, television series and movies. Also, in 2011, Monte Avila Editores published his first fiction novel: "Yo no sé matar, pero voy a aprender",. Initially his work was published in an insignificant magazine, De jonge Vlaming. Later that year he resigned from the Communist Party and started work on a new novel that in 1941 was published in London with the title Darkness at Noon. Sigurjón Birgir Sigurðsson, known as Sjón, is an Icelandic poet, novelist, and lyricist. Among Uruguayan youth, however, he is best known for Parque Rodó, the Montevideo park named after him. From 1909 till 1922 his primary residence and workplace was in Kristiania. She is the author of Zenzele: A Letter for My Daughter. Yoshiyuki was born in Okayama, the oldest child of author Yoshiyuki Eisuke, but his family moved to Tokyo when he was 3. At the age of 19 he went to study engineering in Nancy, France. The announcement was made on 5 July 2012 at the awards ceremony held at One Birdcage Walk in London. In 1986, he played Tío Pancho in the Venezuelan film, Ifigenia. Marie-Claire Blais, CC OQ is a Canadian author and playwright. They are helped by an old man on their gradual journey into manhood. Mo Yan was born in 1955, in Gaomi County in Shandong province to a family of farmers, in Dalan Township. It was the village where his father was born and where the family returned for the summer holidays each year. Born at Maastricht, Van Hasselt was first educated in his native town. In 1997 Catherine was awarded the Adam Foundation Prize for her portfolio produced during study with Bill Manhire at Victoria University of Wellington's Creative Writing Programme. Andreas Ernestus Josephus Claes was a Flemish author. He is Lannan Chair of Poetics at Georgetown University. Mad Shadows) in 1959 when she turned 20. Jagadish Ghimire was an eminent Nepali writer, political analyst and development worker. Darjeeling is inhabited by Nepali people and has never lost its character as a major centre of Nepali language, culture and literature. In 1997, she published "Anima Mundi," the story of a friendship. He was a research student at the University of Manchester from 1966 to 1969. Buarque also wrote a play named Calabar, about the Dutch invasion of Brazil in the seventeenth century, drawing parallels with the military regime. He also wrote under the pen names: Maurycy Zych, Józef Katerla and Stefan Iksmoreż. Camil Petrescu lost both his parents early in life and was raised by a relative. Gheorghe Crăciun was a Romanian writer and translator. Remaining a figure of great reference in Venezuelan literature, his literary and journalistic works were strictly related to the social and political history of Venezuela. He is the author of the novel, Benjamin, My Son and five poetry collections: Exodus and Other Poems, hurricane center, Florida Bound, xango music, and Twelve Poems and A Story for Christmas. " Pai was diagnosed with tuberculosis at the age of seven, during which time he would have to live in a separate house from his siblings. His early short stories were based on the lives of peasants and artisans, and had little appeal. Other works by Driss Chraïbi: In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 essay, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. At the beginning of World War I, Crnjanski was persecuted as part of the general anti-Serbian retribution of Austria to Princip's assassination in Sarajevo, but instead of being sent to jail, he was drafted to army and sent to Galician frontline to fight against the Russians where he was wounded in 1915. His literature first appeared in the Tagalog magazine, Liwayway. In Paris, he befriended Guillaume Apollinaire, one of the foremost poets, critics, and artists at large in the Avant-Garde movement. After matriculating at a Lycée in the capital city of Bamako, he went to Paris in 1960, where he studied sociology, philosophy and English at Lycée Henry IV and from 1964 to 1966 he taught at the Lycée de Clarenton in suburban Paris, while studying for a doctorate in sociology at the École Normale Supérieure. She married, and has two children. Sylvia Iparraguirre is an Argentine novelist and human rights activist. In 1993, he published his first and only play, titled "Theatre Menu For Ever and a Day". In 1958 Wynter met the Guyanese novelist Jan Carew, who became her second husband. This opinion will be refined and elaborated as more of his works emerge in English versions. Her novels and short stories such as those in her collection Skin Folk often draw on Caribbean history and language, and its traditions of oral and written storytelling. Her first novel, “Beyond the Horizon,” was originally published in German. Esterházy, the scion of a comital branch of the Esterházy magnate family, is perhaps best known outside of his native country for Celestial Harmonies which chronicles his forefathers' epic rise during the Austro-Hungarian empire – when Haydn composed music at the family palace – to its dispossession under communism. On the other hand, it would also have been particularly shameful to have given them to one of the countries that had formerly colonized and oppressed Morocco. He studied communication engineering at the University of Kent at Canterbury in England and now lives in London. Galeano was born in Montevideo, Uruguay to a middle class Catholic family of European descent. Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo is an Equatorial Guinean writer/journalist and part of a movement of young Afro-descended authors who have contributed their African experience and traditions to Hispanic culture. He lives in Miami, Florida. On regaining his liberty, he proceeded to Dresden, where, in conjunction with Adam Heinrich Müller, he published the journal Phöbus in 1808. Then, he was transferred to the School of Education in Istanbul, where he graduated in 1926. She joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1928, at the height of its struggle against the burgeoning National Socialist German Workers Party. The family moved to Bern in 1935. Alongside full length books, Montalvo was an accomplished essayist, and his Siete Tratados and Geometría Moral were popular in Ecuador and were banned by Veintemilla. In 1895, Arlen was born as the youngest child of five, having three brothers, Takvor, Krikor, and Roupen, and one sister, Ahavni. There is a particular effect that may explain to some extent the attitude of Arturo Uslar Pietri in his youthful days, with respect to political developments led by the university against Juan Vicente Gómez. The painting manual Jieziyuan Huazhuan was prefaced and published by Li in Jinling. Herbert George de Lisser CMG was a Jamaican journalist and author. Nazrul also wrote a large variety of songs inspired by the raga Bhairav. Her novel Elle sera de jaspe et de corail is a song-novel recounted by a misovire in writing a journal on nine themes. Among other places, her work has appeared in The New York Times, Lettre Internationale, Granta, Callaloo, The Granta Anthology of the African Short Story, and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. She writes that “Sabri put one limitation on women – no sparring in the ring, no black eyes, no bloody noses. " One notable business trip to Kaluga in 1850 led to a close friendship with Nikolay Gogol. She grew up in a Jewish home and attended Universidad Central de Venezuela, where she received a bachelor's degree in literature in 1969. They have two children, Lila and Nayan. In 2010 the novel Boves, el Urogallo, was adapted into a film by director Luis Alberto Lamata, with the title of Taita Boves. The novel was made into a film by the same title in 1975 by Jerzy Antczak. They live in Sydney's inner west. The next year his mother returned to Austria, where Bernhard spent much of his early childhood with his maternal grandparents in Vienna and Seekirchen am Wallersee north of Salzburg. He was a member of the literary group Kadra. In 1944 his house in Stana was plundered, and he fled to Cluj, where he rejoined his family. He was among the first to respond when Neda was shot, but his attempts to save her life were unsuccessful. He has published three novels in Danish – Krat, Undtagelsen, and Du Forsvinder. Moberg became a full-time writer when the success of Raskens enabled him to devote himself entirely to writing. In 1928 he emigrated to Morocco to live in his uncle's house in Rabat. He received the Malaysian National Laureate in 1996 which makes him the 8th recipient of the award. Although he wrote a novel, 1971) and a number of short stories, he is best known for his tales and stories for children. Peter Weiss earned his reputation in the post-war German literary world as the proponent of an avant-garde, meticulously descriptive writing, as an exponent of autobiographical prose, and also as a politically engaged dramatist. Shields was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Her remains were exhumed and brought to Caracas in 1947. Banana Yoshimoto (よしもと ばなな, Yoshimoto Banana? Specializing in short stories, she was one of the first important writers to appear in the Meiji period and Japan´s first prominent woman writer of modern times. He has authored many short stories and is a regular contributor to many popular online journals, such as The Youth Express. Gerard Kornelis van het Reve was a Dutch writer. Around 1905, through the articles of Simion Mehedinţi, his work came to be criticized by the traditionalist magazine Sămănătorul, who coupled a rejection of modernism with an appreciation of for folklore. She was first elected in 2004 and re-elected in 2009. Bibhutibhushan had a stout constitution and walked miles in the woods every day, usually taking his notebook for the purpose of writing whilst surrounded by the wilderness. He played a role in the Pakistan Movement and was the leader and official historian of the Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam party. In 2001 he published the novel La sombra del viento, his first "adult" novel, which has sold millions of copies worldwide and more than a million copies in the UK alone. trouble. While at the university he was active in the left-wing Estonian Students' Society Veljesto. He is currently in the executive committee member of the TNPWA. He is recognized as one of the major Hungarian literary personalities of the 20th century. He was also a delegate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 24th sessions of the League of Nations in Geneva in period 1930–1934. In 2010 the novel Boves, el Urogallo, was adapted into a film by director Luis Alberto Lamata, with the title of Taita Boves. He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of India. In 1990 he won the Nino Martoglio International Book Award. With Paulo César Saraceni, he was responsible for the first feature-length film of the nascent Cinema Novo, Porto das caixas - based on a true history about a popular miracle said to have happened in the municipality of Itaboraí, then a backwater rural community in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Born to Laxman Charan Senapati and Tulsi Devi Senapati, Fakirmohan dedicated his life to the progress of Oriya language in the later 19th and early 20th century. Joseph Opatoshu, was a Polish-born Yiddish novelist and short story writer. Saabye Christensen was raised in the Skillebekk neighbourhood of Oslo, but lived for many years in Sortland in northern Norway; both places play a major role in his work. Findley's first two novels, The Last of the Crazy People and The Butterfly Plague, were originally published in Britain and the United States after having been rejected by Canadian publishers. In 1983, the fourth volume of Jahrestage was published, but Johnson broke off a reading tour for health reasons. That same year, he spent three months attending a writer's workshop at the University of Iowa. Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style. In 2005, Shyamanand Jalan directed film Eashwar Mime Co., an adaptation of Dibyendu Palit's story, Mukhabhinoy, by noted playwright Vijay Tendulkar. The teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. Rhys was born in Roseau, Dominica. Educated in Constantine and in Tunis, Boudjedra later fought for the FLN during the Algerian War of Independence. When he began having trouble with an unruly child, he decided to write a story from the child's point of view and read it in front of the entire class, hoping that the child would get the message and calm down. Travel Literature She studied biology and environmental science and has conducted research and presented lectures at universities in Turkey, Norway, the United States, and Finland. Sholem Naumovich Rabinovich, better known under his pen name Sholem Aleichem (March 2 [O.S. Other themes that occur in Lampo's work are the myths of Orpheus and the Holy Grail. 1910). Teki Dervishi is an ethnic-Albanian poet, novelist and playwright. His mother worked as a sports trainer; his older brother Martin E. Süskind is also a journalist. He is the author of Full Circle, a literary novel set in Congo. His play The Canvas Barricade was the first Canadian play produced at the Stratford Festival of Canada. , 1930 and M.A. During her lifetime, Montgomery published 20 novels, over 500 short stories, an autobiography, and a book of poetry. João Ubaldo Ribeiro is a Brazilian author born in Itaparica, Bahia on January 23, 1941. He was born in Tehran, and graduated in Persian Literature from the Literature and Human science Faculty of Tehran University. In 1997 Catherine was awarded the Adam Foundation Prize for her portfolio produced during study with Bill Manhire at Victoria University of Wellington's Creative Writing Programme. He was a founding member of the breakaway Italian Communist Party in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. She was one of the best-known writers to have emerged from the former East Germany. Her novels include Dadabé. The novel deals with the moral and intellectual decline of the Austro-Hungarian empire through the eyes of the book's protagonist Ulrich, an ex-mathematician who has failed to engage with the world around him in a manner that would allow him to possess 'qualities'. She handled also her year of birth indiscriminately as 1909 or 1913. He visited Palestine again in 1936, and returned to settle in the United States in 1938. He was elected for three times in Punjab Assembly. As a late teenager he abandoned his mother and siblings and set off with his best friend to join one of the armed rebel groups. " Murasaki was aware that others saw her as "pretentious, awkward, difficult to approach, prickly, too fond of her tales, haughty, prone to versifying, disdainful, cantankerous and scornful". Sirah Baldé de Labé was a Guinean novelist and teacher. Anne Provoost is a Flemish author who now lives in Antwerp with her husband and three children. Despite her attempt at preoccupation through these means Alifa Rifaat remained frustrated at her inability to express herself and the societal issues she faced as a woman through literary means. He attempted to pull together his research into a general theory. Her novellas are considered[who? This came as a blow to Ranpo, who relied on royalties from reprints for income. From this "new art" surfaced many of Reid’s literary contemporaries, including Roger Mais, George Campbell, M. G. Smith, and H. D. Carberry. His work was published in a critical edition after his death, but controversy remains about his book Il partigiano Johnny, often considered his best work, which was published posthumously in 1968. " Nevertheless, it took a few years for this epic to win recognition all over the country. Andrejs Upīts was a Latvian teacher, poet, short story writer and Communist polemicist. Tabucchi died in a hospital in Lisbon on March 25, 2012, after a long battle with cancer. Born in Vancouver, Dhaliwal grew up in Surrey Central, British Columbia in the 1980s, which was a time when Indo-Canadian families were scattered across the suburbs. Stricken with grief over his wife’s death, Hugh John Montgomery gave custody over to Montgomery’s maternal grandparents. Tiempo, was a Filipino writer and professor. Her short fiction and essays have been widely anthologised, including the Brown Sugar erotica series, which zoomed to number three on the Los Angeles Times Bestseller's List. In the 1880s she attended Marlborough Teacher Training College in Dublin, was appointed Monitor at Millbrook National School, Larne, County Antrim, finished her training at Marlborough and then became a qualified teacher at the same school. Probably this was a reason, why she concealed traces of her past. Meja Mwangi is one of Kenya's leading novelists. Proust, in La mayor and Joyce, in "Sombras sobre vidrio esmerilado"). A film based on Peščanik, directed by the Hungarian Szabolcs Tolnai, was finished in 2008. Bano Qudsia, his wife and companion in Urdu literary circles, was his classmate at Government College. Jagadish Mohanty is a renowned Oriya writer, considered as a trendsetter in modern Oriya fiction, has received the prestigious Sarala Award 2003, Orissa Sahitya Akademy Award 1990, Jhankar Award, 1985 Dharitri Award, Prajatantra Award. In 1865 Kivi won the State Prize for his still often performed comedy Nummisuutarit. During World War II, she evacuated to Kanazawa. The River Between is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. Houshang Golshiri was an Iranian fiction writer, critic and editor. Mario Briceño Iragorry, was a Venezuelan intellectual and cultural analyst. It was during her first visit to Larne that she met Andrew Ross, a widower of 35, who was station master there. While his writings were often suppressed, he wrote many books, most notably The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works. Patricia Powell is a Jamaican writer. He returned in 1984 to Edinburgh, Scotland, where he lives today with his wife, Elizabeth, a physician, and their two daughters Lucy and Emily. Katherine Duignan is a New Zealand novelist. The Seventh Door and Leaves are among his books translated into English. His grave is at the temple of Hōnen-in in Kyoto. His widow Ana West, died seven years after him, on October 21, 1983. Abdi Abdulkadir Sheik-Abdi is a Somali author based in the United States. He went to primary school and then attended the secondary school Fatih Rüştiyesi in the same city. In 1988 he took up a professorship of Pacific studies at the University of Auckland. He spent the first two years of World War II in the hometown Tuzla, where he was arrested for participation in the Partisan anti-fascist resistance movement in 1943. It is possible that he started this work before his passage to Montevideo, and also continued the work during his ocean journey. " He was described as being "one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century. The two novels sketched the life and importance of Henry IV of France and were acclaimed by his brother Thomas Mann, who spoke of the "great splendour and dynamic art" of the work. His books have been translated to English, French, German, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian, among others. Few of Enchi's works have been translated out of Japanese. She is a university film professor, film writer and specialist in Symbology. Réjean Ducharme is a Quebec novelist and playwright who currently resides in Montreal. In 1980 Shamiakin became the chief editor of the Soviet Belarusian Encyclopedia. He also held the title Karnataka kula Thilaka conferred by Udupi Adamaru Math. Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo is an Equatorial Guinean writer/journalist and part of a movement of young Afro-descended authors who have contributed their African experience and traditions to Hispanic culture. Raj Kamal Jha is a daily newspaper editor and an internationally acclaimed novelist whose works inhabit the surreal, often dark and violent, space between fiction and fact to explore contemporary India. In 2010 he received the Prince of Asturias Award laureate for Letters for his work, an intense mix of suggestive language, historic affairs in a Mediterranean mosaic of languages, cultures and religions and stories of tolerance and reconciliation. Moses Isegawa, also known as Sey Wava, is a Ugandan author. His father was born in Austria-Hungary with a surname Kon, but changed it to Kis as part of Magyarization, a widely implemented practice at the time. Sicat graduated with a B.Litt. In the 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours, Grace was made a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service. In 2007 and 2008 he was a writer in residence at Harvard University and in 2009 at Boston College. She was the Meridian Energy Katherine Mansfield Memorial Fellow for 2006 and President of Honour of the New Zealand Book Council. In Maputo he attended Eduardo Mondlane University, receiving a bachelor’s degree in History and Geography. Duignan held the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago in 2004. Bhagat writes op-ed columns for popular English and Hindi newspapers, including the The Times of India and Dainik Bhaskar, focusing on youth, career and issues based on national development. During World War II, he served on an Extraordinary State Commission which "ascertained without reasonable doubt" the mass extermination of people in gas vans by the German occupiers. Descriptions of Mowat refer to his "commitment to ideals," "poetic descriptions and vivid images," but also to his strong antipathies, which provoke "ridicule, lampoons and, at times, evangelical condemnation. In 1921, he completed the MA degree in English from University of Calcutta, obtaining a second class. He studied in Louvain, came back to Congo and flew to the USA in 1979 for political reasons. After the end of the war, the family moved to Cetinje, Montenegro, Yugoslavia, where Kiš graduated from high school in 1954. Again during the Siege of Mainz he assisted Carl August as a military observer. She was runner-up for the 2011 Dayton Literary Peace Prize, and a finalist for a Flaherty-Dunnan First Novel Prize, an NAACP Image Award, and an Indies Choice Book of the Year Award in Adult Debut. In 1975, Soya received Denmark's foremost literary award, Grand Prize of the Danish Academy. In October 1972, he moved to Fussa near the base of the U.S. Air Force and was accepted into the Musashino Art University in the sculpture program. He is also a supporter of Iberian Federalism. He studied philosophy, drama and Germanic studies. A second volume, entitled La otra isla de los canticos, with a prologue by Emilio Oribe and containing a number of poems taken from her unpublished manuscripts, appeared in 1959 shortly after her brother's death. He began studying at The University of San Marcos in 1931; there he graduated with a degree in Literature. In 1974 he moved to Fiji, where he taught at the University of the South Pacific. She has been working in the Mumbai film industry after studying film direction at the Film and Television Institute of India. As a Christian writer she drew attention with novels such as Ik was een christen, Dood van een non and Wacht niet op de morgen. Marnix Gijsen 20 October 1899 - 29 September 1984) was a Flemish writer. He taught for a few years in the University of Rennes. Edith L. Tiempo, poet, fiction writer, teacher and literary critic was a Filipino writer in the English language. He is fond of employing the short-story as a form. Baum took up boxing in the late 1920s. Juhan Liiv (30 April [O.S. After one year in Rome, Sciascia moved back to Caltanissetta, in Sicily. He migrated to Spain in protest of the current government in Equatorial Guinea. In the English speaking world his An Invincible Memory has been highly praised. After that he went to Gabon, where his father Héménéglide Maran was in the colonial service. He is the author of about 64 works, mostly comedies. He studied mathematics at ELTE university in Budapest from 1969 to 1974; his first writings were published in literary journals in 1974. Kampala fell on 26 January 1986. and Museveni was proclaimed as president, but Uganda remained haunted by civil war. Subramaniam Krishnan, popularly known as K. S. Maniam, is an Indian Malaysian academic and novelist. It is assumed that Cervantes was born in Alcalá de Henares, a Castilian city about 35 kilometres from Madrid, probably on 29 September 1547. She was born to a noble Pawłowski family in Milkowszczyzna, and died in Grodno nearby. Other works by Shabtai include Uncle Peretz Takes Off, a collection of short stories, and Past Perfect, a continuation of Past Continuous in terms of narrative and style, published posthumously. Nigel Cox was a New Zealand author and museum director, with five novels published as of early 2006. As was the custom in the old days in Kurdistan, he started studying the Quran first and Arabic language in mosques in Kurdistan, then he became a Faqi. Pekić distinguished himself in the 1970s as one of the best Serbian contemporary dramatists. Most of his youth was spent in the countryside as a farmer. He was a student of Zafar Ali Khan, but was disappointed by the violence at the Shaheed Ganj Mosque in 1921. In 1936, Rulfo was able to audit courses in literature there because he obtained a job as an immigration file clerk through his uncle, David Pérez Rulfo, a colonel working for the government, who had also gotten him admitted to the military academy. Berthe-Evelyne Agbo is a writer from Benin who has published poems in French. He won five Governor General's Awards and a Royal Bank Award. Kundera's best-known work is The Unbearable Lightness of Being. This was made into a film in 2006 by Tom Tykwer. Maguy Rashidi-Kabamba is a writer and translator from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, excluding a brief spell as a schoolmaster before coming to England, his working life was in broadcasting. He died in Rome in 1991. While living with this brother, McKay became an avid reader of classical and British literature, as well as philosophy, science and theology. Incidentally, I am moving and hope that, for the first time since Nervous Conditions, I shall have a room of my own. Sara Pinto Coelho was a writer of fiction and plays in the Portuguese language. That year also saw her novel Perahu Kertas published. In 1962 his first novel, While Gods Are Falling, won the Trinidad and Tobago Independence literary competition sponsored by British Petroleum. Arthur Schnitzler was an Austrian author and dramatist. This was also the time when socialism becomes an emerging idea in world ideology. He is immortalised by some of his phrases, and in particular for his contribution to Universal Humanism or in his own words Vishwa maanavataa Vaada. Being a communist militant, from 1941 to 1942 Amado was compelled to go into exile to Argentina and Uruguay. In 1955, while on British Council sponsored study week in Scotland, she met a Canadian engineering student, Donald Hugh Shields. Javellana was born in 1918 in Iloilo. Married Sam Stewart in 1970. Hopkinson has a Masters of Arts degree in Writing Popular Fiction from Seton Hill University, where she studied with science fiction writer James Morrow as her mentor and instructor. She was a resident novelist in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa in 2003. Described as "highly imaginative", Pavić is said to have "[done] everything to disrupt the traditional models of fiction writing such as the development of story and the notions of beginning and end. Dora Pavel is a Romanian novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. Sardar Surender Singh Sohal, a.k.a. Andersen was sent to a local school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as a weaver's apprentice and, later, for a tailor. He died in Lisbon, Portugal. After 1970s, he moved to social, cultural, and political criticism. After the war he continued his teacher training and worked from 1 August 1919 as a primary school teacher in Lohne, at that time in the county of Lingen, now in the county of Bentheim. Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf ; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish author. After graduating he enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Catania in 1857. He said that Flemish manners and speech could not be rendered faithfully in modern French, and accordingly wrote his best works in the old tongue. He was also included in the 1984 anthology called the Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry. Later, Shields did post-graduate work at the University of Ottawa, where she received an MA in 1975. She began her education there, but concluded her A-levels at Hartzell High school, a missionary school in the Rhodesian town of Umtali. (An omnibus edition of the three Marchbanks books, with new notes by the author, was published under the title The Papers of Samuel Marchbanks in 1985. 3 October] 1912 in Pärnamaa, Saulepi Parish, Lääne County – 19 July 1977 in Solna, Stockholm) was an Estonian writer. She is "frequently associated with women's writing movements, her novels are clearly focused on the creation of a genealogy of Algerian women, and her political stance is virulently anti-patriarchal as much as it is anti-colonial. Endō died shortly thereafter from complications of hepatitis at Keio University Hospital in Tokyo on September 29, 1996. He refused to join the Hitler Youth during the 1930s. Richard Dogbeh was a novelist and educator. Laura Esquivel is a Mexican author making a noted contribution to Latin-American literature. A year later, Vargas Llosa married his first cousin, Patricia Llosa, with whom he had three children: Álvaro Vargas Llosa, a writer and editor; Gonzalo, a businessman; and Morgana, a photographer. His most important literary works are the novels Cronaca familiare, Cronache di poveri amanti and Metello. He died at the age of 67 on 11 September 2005, in Ulcinj, Serbia and Montenegro. He was elected a posthumous member of the Romanian Academy. Karel van Mander was a Flemish-born Dutch painter and poet, who is mainly remembered as a biographer of Netherlandish artists in his Schilder-boeck. He is generally believed to be the author of the Satyricon, a satirical novel believed to have been written during the Neronian era. She was the younger sister of philosopher Carlos Vaz Ferreira and a contemporary of Delmira Agustini and Julio Herrera y Reissig. He has received a number of prizes, the most important being the Nordic Council Literature Prize, which he received for the perspectivist trilogy about the TV personality Jonas Wergeland. Yervant Odian is considered to be one of the most influential Armenian satirists, along with the roughly contemporary Hagop Baronian. Charles-Theodore-Henri De Coster was a Belgian novelist whose efforts laid the basis for a native Belgian literature. Haldun Taner is a well-known Turkish playwright and short story writer. José Eustasio Rivera was born on February 19, 1888 in Aguas Calientes, a hamlet of the city of Neiva, later that year the hamlet was incorporated into the newly created municipality of San Mateo, which was later renamed Rivera in honour of José Eustasio. Circa 1952, Graciliano's health gradually began to decline. Born into a lower middle-class Muslim family in the Gamaleyya quarter of Cairo, Mahfouz was named after Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz, the renowned Coptic physician who delivered him. He is the founder of Editions Le Figuier and the director of the Association Etonnants voyageurs Afrique and, along with Michel Le Bris, is the Mali manager of the Festival Etonnants voyageurs, an international book fair. During this period, he was chosen to represent the school prefecture as the Head Boy for two successive academic years. From 1984 until 2004, his portrait appeared on the front of the Japanese 1000 yen note. In 1959, Grace Ogot married the professor and historian Professor Bethwell Allan Ogot, a Luo from Gem Location, and later became the mother of four children. Some of his books were adapted to theatre and film. As a child, he had frail health and spent much of his time at the countryside in Zedelgem, with his paternal grandparents. In 1904, they moved to Tartu, Estonia. He subsequently worked as musical critic for La Repubblica and La Stampa, and hosted talk shows on Rai Tre. His great grandfather Krishna Chandra Banerjee aquired the title 'Roy'. After the German occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938, his family moved to Sweden, and Weiss himself removed to Switzerland. He was buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, a huge crowd attending the burial ceremony. It has been praised by The Hindu, Hindustan Times, The Daily Telegraph among other publications. His best known work is the novel Sophie's World, subtitled A Novel about the History of Philosophy. His writings includes over 120 short stories, 10 novelettes, five novels, three historical romances, editorial and political writings and hundreds of film and music reviews. Ribas was born in Luanda, the son of Arnaldo Gonçalves Ribas and Maria de Conceição Bento Faria. Her formal schooling was conducted in Samoa and New Zealand where she also began a BA which was completed at Whitworth College. In the romance Incidente em Antares, written in 1971, he traces a parallel with Brazilian politics with the use of fantasy, with the rebellion of corpses during a strike of the gravekeepers, in the fictitious city of Antares. In 2006 Ediciones Destino published a book of Bioy's diary entries on Borges, numbering 1663 pages of anecdotes, witticisms and observations. In 1994 he wrote the script for "Çakalların İzinde", broadcast on ATV. Laura Esquivel is a Mexican author making a noted contribution to Latin-American literature. He emigrated to Canada with his wife in 1975, settling in Toronto where he studied at the University of Toronto and received a BA in English and Philosophy. In the subsequent years, he travelled alongside his wife to countries such as France, Portugal, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. He has won numerous awards and prizes for fiction, poetry, drama, nonfiction and screenplay, including 16 Palanca Awards. He is the author of Seminar on Youth and Vita standard di un venditore provvisorio di collant. He retired from this position in 2010. His best-known book is the children's novel Heart. Milan learned to play the piano from his father; he later studied musicology and musical composition. In 1931, he began working on the Kurdish literature at the Oriental Institute of Leningrad. She won the Géza Gárdonyi Prize at the age of 18 for her art and literature. Perhaps his most famous novel is Crônica da casa assassinada, 1959, a long, Faulknerian story of a decayed gentry family in Minas Gerais. Two parts of the 1st volume were translated into English and published in literary magazines. His writing is considered original in that it combines the dramatic and sentimental spirit of Romanticism with a highly personal combination of sarcasm, bitterness and dark humour. In 1947, he travelled to Paris to continue studying mechanics. In 2001, Lahiri married Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush, a journalist who was then Deputy Editor of TIME Latin America, and who is now Senior Editor of TIME Latin America. Described as "highly imaginative", Pavić is said to have "[done] everything to disrupt the traditional models of fiction writing such as the development of story and the notions of beginning and end. He had been brought there after his doctor had found him collapsed in his Mexico City home. John Williams' piece 'Hello Francis' is written as a tribute to Bebey. His antisemitism is controversial, having Jewish friends such as Mihail Sebastian. Aged 30, Onetti was already working as editing secretary of the famous weekly Uruguayan newspaper Marcha. It was based on his own family situation and described the influence of the English on Portuguese culture. ) dedicated to mystery fiction, and in 1947, he founded the Detective Author’s Club (探偵作家クラブ, Tantei sakka kurabu? After the outbreak of World War II, she and her family were forced to leave their home and evacuated to Tatarstan. Born in Gaziantep in 1960. His father and two brothers, James and Robert, were killed on 10 May 1837 in a mining accident when the Argoed mine became flooded. This thinly fictional account tells of the lives of soldiers during World War I and the trench warfare they encountered. En 1938 he published "Novela de Eterna" y la Niña del dolor, la "Dulce-persona" de un amor que no fue sabido, an anticipation of Museo de la Novela de la Eterna ; in 1941 he published, in Chile Una novela que comienza, and in 1944 a new edition of Papeles de Recienvenido. Gaarder often writes from the perspective of children, exploring their sense of wonder about the world. In 1999, Ghosh joined the faculty at Queens College, City University of New York, as Distinguished Professor in Comparative Literature. Until 1879 he was the representative for the Illyefalva District in Transylvania, and from 1892 until his death he represented the Fogaras District. He is the co-founder of Aleph Book Company, a literary publishing firm based in New Delhi. His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, a jeweler, and his mother was Sufia Khatun. He is extremely reclusive and has not appeared at any public functions since his first successful book was published in 1966. Musharraf Ali Farooqi is a Pakistani-Canadian writer, translator and essayist. Although Dinesen's illness was eventually cured, it created medical anguish for years afterward. While the Protestant branch of the family sent their children to British or American schools, Maalouf's mother was a staunch Catholic who insisted on sending him to Collège Notre Dame de Jamhour- a French Jesuit school. Still a Chinese citizen, in 1998 Wei established the Wei Jingsheng Foundation in New York City whose stated aim is to work to improve human rights and democratization in China. Ervin Lázár was a Hungarian author. Malick has received consistent praise for his work and has been regarded as one of the greatest living filmmakers. Uzuner wrote two more travel books as Travel Notes of An Urban Romantic which questions the meaning of exoticism and New York Logbook which are all collected lately in Travel Library of Buket Uzuner She also studied at Alliance Girls High School. Reymont was born in the village of Kobiele Wielkie, near Radomsko as one of nine children to Józef Rejment, an organist. Nazrul's mother was Zahida Khatun. Jean-Baptiste Nguema Abessolo, also seen as J.-B. Preferring solitude to the drudgery of media commitments, he left the country when the opportunity arose, and spent two years in Southeast Asia. Mircea Cărtărescu is a Romanian poet, novelist and essayist. Affected in his late twenties by the rebellious spirit of 1960s counterculture, he challenged in his writings the social and political norms upon which the countries of the Maghreb region were constructed. José Lins do Rego Cavalcanti was a Brazilian novelist most known for his semi-autobiographical "sugarcane cycle. These stories were a chronicle of the Italian Partisans or of rural life. This tactic only succeeded in making him unpopular. " Trefulka described the incident in his novella Pršelo jim štěstí. John Hugh MacLennan, CC, CQ was a Canadian author and professor of English at McGill University. She worked as a teacher in northern Norway until her debut as an author. He succeeded his father Mohiddin Badusha I. Although he supported the independence movement in Tunisia, he was not able to find a place in the new Muslim state[clarification needed]. Michèle Rakotoson is a writer, journalist, and film maker from Madagascar. This understanding of how they were oppressed was the focus for his novels. At the 1975 communal elections in Palermo, Sciascia ran as an independent within the Italian Communist Party slate, and was elected to the city council. Venezuelan literary historian and man of letters who played a major role in bringing the works of Latin American writers to world attention. She also publishes poetry and prose in such literary magazines as Tribuna, Steaua, Contrapunct, Apostrof, Contemporanul-Ideea europeană, România literară, Viaţa românească, Poesis, Familia and Vatra. It's a Bildungsroman of a middle class teenager in Caracas. He was member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He studied at Colegio Williams. In 1986 he met Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio. Edmondo De Amicis was an Italian novelist, journalist, poet and short-story writer. Following the extensive influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 17th century to the mid-20th century, through the British Empire, it has been widely propagated around the world, becoming the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions. In 1918, Kós was asked to be a professor of the College for Applied Arts of Budapest, but he declined, wishing to return to Transylvania. He has one sister, who was born in 1930. On his return from the labour camp he was placed under house arrest for a period of two years in Brăila County. She then went to England to continue her studies at Homerton College, Cambridge University, and at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. Yoshiyuki was born in Okayama, the oldest child of author Yoshiyuki Eisuke, but his family moved to Tokyo when he was 3. He published only one novel, La feria. João Ubaldo Ribeiro is a Brazilian author born in Itaparica, Bahia on January 23, 1941. His favorite authors were Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Franz Kafka, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Edgar Allan Poe. Arthur Schnitzler was an Austrian author and dramatist. Zsigmond Móricz was born in Tiszacsécse in 1879 to Bálint Móricz and Erzsébet Pallagi. Thomas worked with the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894/95. Florent Couao-Zotti is a writer of comics, plays, and short stories, who lives in Cotonou, Benin. Aquilino Gomes Ribeiro, ComL was a Portuguese writer and diplomat. Twenty-three years after pinning him up the pillory for his "anti-revolutionary activities", the Cuban people pay homage to Lezama Lima through the release of a film, Strawberry and Chocolate : Lezama is a model to Diego, a wayside gay intellectual; and David, a member of the local communists youths, discovers the author of Paradiso, and becomes a man after a grand "a la Lezama" supper. Annamarie Jagose is a queer writer of academic and fictional works. Together with Nalin de Silva, he was responsible for the Jaathika Chinthanaya movement which dominates Sinhala intellectual debate from mid-1980s to the current date. Writing in French in the 1950s, Oyono had only a brief literary career, but his anti-colonialist novels are considered classics of 20th century African literature; his first novel, Une vie de boy—published in 1956 and later translated as Houseboy—is considered particularly important. As a PhD student at the University of New Brunswick, he was editor-in-chief of the student newspaper, The Brunswickan. He worked to become a teacher and taught at schools in Baja, Szeged, Fogaras, Újpest, and Budapest. Another peculiarity that can be perceived in Beyatlı’s poetry is the almost feminine sensibility that he displayed towards Islam. In 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country". As a member of the French Protestant Church of Berlin, he was buried in the congregation's cemetery in on the Luisenstraße. She studied at the Vienna Conservatory and played in an orchestra in Germany for three years. After three years, during which Marieta's health deteriorated rapidly, they moved to the larger city of Recife, Pernambuco, settling in the neighbourhood of Boa Vista, where they lived at number 367 in the Praça Maciel Pinheiro and later in the Rua da Imperatriz. He was the youngest of six children, the others were Rita, Gerald, Eileen, Kathleen and Macartan; four of these predeceased him. In 1977, she published a volume of short stories called Avizeh'ha-ye Bolur. Ayako Sono is a Catholic Japanese writer. Around this time he also ventured into journalism, fiction, and screenplays. One of his grandfathers was a foreman stonemason in the royal employ. She received a Prince Claus Award in 2000 for her contributions to culture and society, and the Noma Award in 2005 for her book La mémoire amputée. He began writing in his teens, producing the largely unpublished historical novel Amore e Patria ; then, although nominally studying law at the University of Catania, he used money his father had given him to publish his I Carbonari della Montagna in 1861 and 1862. Diallo's television film Karim et Doussou, the story of a contemporary Malian marriage, was nominated for a 2011 FESPACO award. Mishra's latest work is a travelogue on China, A Great Clamour, published by Penguin in 2013. His review of previous Booker Prize winner Peter Carey's book, Oscar and Lucinda, appeared in The Second Circle, an online literary review. Sharīf Husain, who used the pseudonym Nasīm Hijāzī was an Urdu writer. In the post-World War I period Krleža established himself both as a major Modernist writer and politically controversial figure in Yugoslavia, a newly created country which encompassed South Slavic lands of the former Habsburg Empire and the kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro. Rosie Scott is a New Zealand novelist based in Sydney, Australia. She received a Prince Claus Award in 2000 for her contributions to culture and society, and the Noma Award in 2005 for her book La mémoire amputée. Her nonfiction work covers a wide range of topics, including belonging, identity, gender, mental ghettoes, daily life politics, multicultural literature and the art of coexistence. Despite his atheism, Gorky was not a materialist. He came back to Venezuela in 1936, working as a professor and author. Yet there was nothing cosmopolitan about him; his genius fed in solitude on specific local and ethnic sources. That year also saw her novel Perahu Kertas published. The couple moved to Kenya, where in early 1914 they used family money to establish a coffee plantation, hiring African workers, predominantly the Kikuyu tribes people who lived on the farmlands at the time of their arrival. In 1964 he moved to the Côte d'Azur in the south of France with Rita Labrosse, whom he employed as his secretary. He once lacked only one vote to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. While in Haarlem he continued to paint, concentrating his energy on his favorite genre: historical allegories. In 1942, he presided over the Birbhum District Literature Conference and became the president of the Anti-Fascist Writers and Artists Association in Bengal. He was active in the struggle against the United States' occupation of Haiti. Bernice Rubens was a Booker Prize-winning Welsh novelist. He was born in Fes in 1915 of Berber parents. Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo is an Equatorial Guinean writer/journalist and part of a movement of young Afro-descended authors who have contributed their African experience and traditions to Hispanic culture. Sia Figiel grew up amidst the traditional Samoan singing and poetry which heavily influenced her writing. He was conferred Padma Vibhushan by Government of India. He was then editor of Philippine Graphic magazine where he worked with Juan P. Dayang, who was the magazine's first publisher. He received a CBE in 1985 and was admitted into the highest honour New Zealand can bestow, the Order of New Zealand in 2007. For some time, Nagpur University had included study of Kavthekar's fictions in its Master of Arts curriculum. In some cases this brings the tormented soul of characters into mystic experiences. In the English speaking world his An Invincible Memory has been highly praised. Endō married Okada Junko, a year later. In 1926 and in 1927 he was nominated for the Nobel prize on the score of The Gate of the Life, a historical novel about archbishop Tamás Bakócz, set in 16th century Rome. His first novella was called Calul. Duignan held the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago in 2004. In 2006, he published his first book of poetry. Her first novel, All The Blood Is Red was published by Angela Royal Publishing in 1996. It was a woman of many facets, which stood out during the life in areas such as writing, film, rural development, or even as a soldier of the liberation of the country from colonial rule. With Los pequeños seres, his first novel, Garmedia showed his remarkable dowries of observation and his interest by the routine existence of the inhabitants of the urban centres and of the alienation that suffer in their work and with their relatives. His first novel, Der Zug war pünktlich, was published in 1949. This novel was awarded the Attila József Prize in 1960, was made into a film in 1967 and was voted to be the 8th most liked novel of Hungary in the Big Read in 2005. He married Mária Molnár in 1885, but their marriage was unhappy and they separated in 1892. Andrejs Upīts was a Latvian teacher, poet, short story writer and Communist polemicist. It was selected for Oprah's Book Club in November 2001 and sold hundreds of thousands of additional copies throughout North America as a result. Imre Kertész is a Hungarian author, Holocaust concentration camp survivor, and recipient of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". On that day, he took a cab in Esenler on the European side of Istanbul and requested to be driven to Üsküdar on the Asian side. José Rizal's life and writings profoundly influenced José's work. El Maleh was born in Safi, Morocco to a Jewish family from Safi. He was 68. He was interred at Karacaahmet Cemetery in Üsküdar district of Istanbul. Camara Laye was an African writer from Guinea. He died of a heart attack in 1922. He received his PhD in 1980. He also established in 1788 in Warsaw a publishing house named Drukarnia Wolna as well as the city's first free reading room. Her writing was inspired by József Kiss, Mihály Szabolcska, and the writers' group of the periodical Hét. Through learning from his parents, Mao Dun developed great interest in writing during his childhood. He was known as Mufakkir-e-Ahrar. Krishnamurthy's father was Ramaswamy Aiyar, a poor accountant in Puttamangalam village in the old Tanjore district of erstwhile Madras Presidency. While in the sanatorium, Istrati met Russian Jewish-Swiss Zionist writer Josué Jéhouda, who became his friend and French language tutor. Kemény's enthusiasm for Hungarian independence had waned, believing that the European balance of power would never accept an independent Hungary, and advocated a policy of reconciliation with Austria. His reviews, articles, poems and short stories have also appeared in Small Axe, Asili, The Caribbean Writer, Gulf Stream, Florida in Poetry: A History of the Imagination, Wheel and Come Again: An Anthology of Reggae Poetry, Whispers from the Cotton Tree Root, The Oxford Book of Caribbean Short Stories, and The Oxford Book of Caribbean Verse. Nadolny's grandfather, Rudolf Nadolny, had in fact led the German delegation. In 1982 he won a scholarship to join the RAF as a pilot and remained in the RAF for over twenty years, flying Victor air-to-air refueling tankers for three years, then as a flying instructor on Jet Provost and Tucano training aircraft for four years and was then based for eight years at Brize Norton, Oxon, as copilot, captain and instructor on the VC10 aircraft. " President Laurent Gbagbo accused him of supporting rebel groups from the north of the country. In 2003, he won the Camões Prize, considered to be the most important award in the Portuguese language. He has written eight books in all and was awarded the 2008 prix Renaudot for The King of Kahel. Shields' eldest daughter Anne Giardini is also a writer. Many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature. Few things are known about his years of primary studies — although he entered at the Medicine course in 1849, graduating in 1855. Heiki Vilep is an Estonian poet and children's writer. The story of Fakirmohan is indeed the story of the 'Renaissance' of Oriya literature. Becoming weary of the internal affairs at TVE, he resigned as a journalist and decided to work full-time as a writer. His best-known work was his early short story collection, Luuanda, which received a Portuguese writers' literary award in 1965, though it was banned by the Portuguese government until 1974 due to its examination of the oppressiveness of the colonial administration in Angola. He received the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature; he is the only Icelandic Nobel laureate. Her novel Tierra del Fuego: Una Biografia del Fin del Mundo won the 1999 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize for women writers in Spanish. Blecha served on the Italian front, before being invalided out of service. Then she worked for the Science and Technology Center in Kumasi. In 1990, Kadare claimed political asylum in France, issuing statements in favour of democratisation. One early collection of tales, the 213-page The noise of winds of the past, had the distinction of being banned and ‘turned into cardboard.’ The author was accused of Soviet revisionism at a time when the party had called for more Maoist revolutionary concepts in literature and greater devotion to the working masses. Alan Duff, MBE, is a New Zealand novelist and newspaper columnist. In 1927 Hedayat attempted suicide by throwing himself into the river Marne, however he was rescued by a fishing boat. Carol Ann Shields, CC OM FRSC was an American-born Canadian author. Ultimately, in May 1885, Zamfirescu was dispatched to Italy, as legation secretary in Rome, a position which he filled until 1906, with a hiatus during which he was assigned to Greece and later Belgium. He now made frequent visits to Berlin, Potsdam and Sanssouci at the bidding of Frederick, with whom he cultivated an acquaintance. He is best known for his groundbreaking 1980 novel Il nome della rosa, an intellectual mystery combining semiotics in fiction, biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory. His father was a lawyer, and the family followed him through his various assignments in different parts of the country. Dr. Marif Khaznadar and Dr. Kamal Foad both point to the same date too, but Aladdin Sajadi says that he was born in 1797 and died in 1855. He was an avid reader of fiction and history, and as a high school student in Alexandria had his short stories published in Tahidromos and Anatoli, the Greek daily newspapers of the city. Master's Degree in Sociology from Patna University and a post-graduate diploma in Population Studies from the University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. Winner of Madan Puraskar and Uttam Shanti Puraskar for his biography Antarmanko Yatra written whilst he was in the hospital treating Multiple myeloma of spine he was suffering from. González attended creative writing classes under Wallace Stegner and Katherine Anne Porter at Stanford University. Yoshimoto was born in Tokyo on July 24, 1964. His stories have been translated into German, French, English, Russian, Greek, Slovanian, Swedish, and Hebrew. He also stated in his note that Émile Ajar was himself. Marcos Aguinis is an Argentine writer that has received several prestigious international awards. He died six years later in his birthplace, Vicenza. His death was announced only after his funeral. It was published in 2000 in Sweden. Coming from a long line of marine officers, Bjørneboe also went to sea as a young man. Due to the manifesto, Wei was arrested and convicted of "counterrevolutionary" activities, and was detained as a political prisoner from 1979–93. The next year his mother returned to Austria, where Bernhard spent much of his early childhood with his maternal grandparents in Vienna and Seekirchen am Wallersee north of Salzburg. Master's Degree in Sociology from Patna University and a post-graduate diploma in Population Studies from the University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. Winner of Madan Puraskar and Uttam Shanti Puraskar for his biography Antarmanko Yatra written whilst he was in the hospital treating Multiple myeloma of spine he was suffering from. He died in Warsaw. Christopher G. Moore is a Canadian writer of twenty novels and one collection of short stories. Marshall taught in a rural boys' high school for 25 years before becoming a full-time author. Some are courtesans, illegitimate, "fallen" or "ruined" women. Carmen Covito is an Italian writer and translator. His work is characterised by a strong association with the outdoors and New Zealand ecology. He was also an award winner Astrologer. Before becoming a writer, he worked variously as a sailor, ballet dancer and actor —experiences that he uses in his novels. Laura Esquivel is a Mexican author making a noted contribution to Latin-American literature. As a child, he had frail health and spent much of his time at the countryside in Zedelgem, with his paternal grandparents. He has won the National Literature Prize on two occasions: first, in 2000, with his book of historical short stories The True Death of Juan Ponce de León; second, in 2005, with his novel Voltaire's Heart. Today, Andreas Mand is working and living in Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Germany. His grave is in the Aşiyan Graveyard, Istanbul. Oliver Duff was a writer and foundation editor of the New Zealand Listener, and Duff inherited his grandfather's love of literature. Her debut work was a collection of poems, "Vingeslag". Currently, he lives in the city of Córdoba. He also translated the works of Tolstoy and Dumas. He was born Ryūnosuke Murakami (村上龍之助, Murakami Ryūnosuke? In 1988 “Teatro Cinco” was published in Venezuela with the plays "Los peces crecen con la luna" "El Siglo de las luces," and "Passport", which explores the loss of identity due to arbitrariness and lack of communication. While she wrote in French, she sang in Kabyle. Financial difficulties inspired him to dedicate himself to literature and journalism. 14 June 1867, Kaiserswerth) and Anna Maria. In Palestine, Zweig became close to a group of German-speaking immigrants who felt distant from Zionism and viewed themselves as refugees or exiles from Europe, where they planned to return. Unity Dow received Awards and Honours : Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio USA: Doctor of Laws: Honorary degree awarded May 19, 2001; Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey: The William Brennan Human Rights Award,April 14, 2003; The Vanguard Women Leadership Award: March 2004; St. Michael College, Vermont USA: Doctor of Laws: Honorary Degree awarded May 2007; The Phyllis N. Stern Distinguished Lectureship Award: July 11, 2008; The Prominent Woman in International Law Award: March 26, 2009 in Washington DC; University of Edinburgh: Doctor of Laws: Honorary Degree awarded July 30, 2009; French Medal of Honour July 2010; Alexander Movsesyan, better known by his pen name Shirvanzade was an Armenian playwright and novelist. Sharīf Husain, who used the pseudonym Nasīm Hijāzī was an Urdu writer. He is buried at the Karacaahmet Cemetery in Istanbul. Ferenc Móra was born in Kiskunfélegyháza, into a financially poor family. From June to November 2011 he was 'writer in residence' of the Literaturhaus Zurich and the PWG Foundation in Zurich. His first successes were the satirical "Göre Gábor" letters on rural life, works which he later repudiated. . At the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most famous writers in the world. Baugh was born in Port Antonio, Jamaica, the son of Edward Percival Baugh, Purchasing Agent and Ethel Maud Duhaney-Baugh. In 1885, he moved to Paris where he studied literature at the Collège de France and the Sorbonne. Høeg was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. She completed her neurosurgery training at Yale. Kaniuk's mother, born in Odessa, was also a teacher. She married, and has two children. She married Enrique Job Reyes on August 14, 1913 but left him a month later. Her writing has generated some polemical discussions about social issues, such as the practice of polygamy in the country. In 1947-1948, he was, alongside Parhon, Ştefan Voitec, Gheorghe Stere, and Ion Niculi, a member of the Presidium of the People's Republic, which was elected by the BPD-dominated legislative. Sexuality and prostitution would form a consistent theme in his writing. He is also the author of three more young adult novels, El palacio de la medianoche, Las luces de septiembre and Marina. Camil Petrescu lost both his parents early in life and was raised by a relative. During 1931-32 he contributed four articles written in Kannada for Jaya Karnataka, an influential journal. His father, who was a guard soldier, died in a street battle with the Eight-Power Allied Forces in the course of the Boxer Rebellion events in 1901. Later Bennett apparently displayed a sympathy towards the Irish National Liberation Army, which made its name after it killed Margaret Thatcher's Northern Ireland advisor Airey Neave in 1979. Giannina Braschi is a Puerto Rican writer. Hoel had a short connection to the landsmål movement, but later played an active part in the riksmål campaign. Since 2011, she has been the Head of the School of Letters, Art and Media at the University of Sydney. He was born in the Endor Kidane Miheret section of the city of Debre Marqos, the son of an Orthodox priest, Abba Alemayehu Solomon. He was an only child. Her novel Tierra del Fuego: Una Biografia del Fin del Mundo won the 1999 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize for women writers in Spanish. The novel was originally written in Urdu under the title Bazaar-e-Husn, but was published in Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand 450 for his work. He is one of the founding fathers of the Peradeniya school of literary tradition of modern Sri Lankan literature. While still in law school, Clarice began working as a journalist, first at the official government press service the Agência Nacional and then at the important newspaper A Noite. He then began teaching at the University of Western Ontario in London. He studied literature and was a high-school professor in his hometown, for most of his life. He wrote two novels about post-war Barcelona, Un día volveré and Ronda del Guinardó, followed by the collection of short stories, Teniente Bravo. More recently, Temple has turned to an autobiographical relation of his own mountaineering adventures ) and a multi-awardwinning history of the Wakefield clan in New Zealand, which won the Ernest Scott History Prize in 2003, the Ian Wards Prize for Historical Writing in 2003, and the Biography category of the 2003 Montana New Zealand Book Awards. Nadolny worked for about a year as a history teacher before entering the film industry as a production manager, an experience he wrote about in his first novel, the semi-autobiographical Netzkarte. He has gained popularity in Scandinavia with his humorous and sometimes naïve novels, although his stories have become darker in tone, moving towards a more satirical criticism of modern Norwegian society. Inspired by Scriabin, Pasternak briefly was a student at the Moscow Conservatory. Wang Shuo is a Chinese author, director, actor, and cultural icon. Viaggio nel silenzio di Thelonius Monk. Natsume Sōseki, born Natsume Kinnosuke (夏目 金之助? Faqi Tayran is considered one of the great classic Kurdish poets and writers. Ganguly created the Bengali fictional character Kakababu and wrote a series of novels on this character which became significant in Indian children's literature. The story of Fakirmohan is indeed the story of the 'Renaissance' of Oriya literature. He has received several awards including Padma Shri, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and Crossword Book Award. He kept a diary of trivia like the number of tears he shed over a dead friend. His wife Véra and son Dmitri were entrusted with Nabokov's literary executorship, and though he asked them to burn the manuscript, they chose not to destroy his final work. The name Scott was originally a first name, and he was named after both Scotland and the writer Walter Scott. He played a role in Tehreek-e-Khatme Nabuwwat in 1974. Leonid was born in Moscow in 1899. He attended school at Kutama College and Marist Brothers Dete, in the Hwange district of Zimbabwe. He has written numerous novels, short stories, poems and critical essays in English. Christian Jungersen is a Danish novelist whose works have been translated into 18 languages. ] to have a hybrid background. When he found out about the outbreak of war in Europe, he decided to wait in Buenos Aires until the war was over, although he reported to the Polish legation in 1941 but was considered unfit for military duties. He finished high school in Skopje.From 1945 onwards he was the editor of the first teenage magazine called "Pioneer". The five-part radio serialization of The Translator was short-listed for the RIMA. A few years later, she moved to Lakefield, Ontario. Trained in medical studies, music and psychoanalysis, his work and his thoughts are focused on the notions of independence, democracy and rejection of authoritarianism. In 1879, he was transferred to Colégio Pedro II, where he wrote his first book, Uma Tragédia no Amazonas. His first successes were the satirical "Göre Gábor" letters on rural life, works which he later repudiated. He assisted in developing a Latin alphabet for the Kurdish language and became a member of the editorial board of the Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze, published in Yerevan from 1930 to 1937. His administration is best remembered for the issuing of bonds to fund railway construction and other public works. In 1999 she received the Jamaican Musgrave Gold Award for Literature and Orature. In 1933, passed S. S. C. Level from Vanga High School obtaining first division marks. The "treatment" lasted over a month, during which time Dazai's wife Hatsuyo committed adultery with his best friend Zenshirō Kodate. Rao died on July 8, 2006 at Austin, Texas, at the age of 97. In 1860, he married his cousin Thomasine Henriette Lie. "The bodyguard") as the winner of Marcha's annual literary contest. He attended Dulwich College. But I don't want to save time. Amado Vera Hernandez, commonly known as Amado V. Hernandez, was a Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices in the Philippines and was later imprisoned for his involvement in the communist movement. Mann was born Paul Thomas Mann in Lübeck, Germany, and was the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann, and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns. Amadou Hampâté Bâ was a Malian writer and ethnologist. She describes everyday life in the community, the relationship between Canadians, Americans, and natives, the climate, and local flora and fauna. " Collin, who preferred women, wrote in his own memoir: "I found myself unable to respond to this love, and this caused the author much suffering. Her novel Awaiting Trespass which is about the politically sensitive theme of torture by the Marcos regime was published by Readers International of London. Characters such as Gospa Nola, are the first strong female characters in Serbian literature, painted in detail in all their courage, pride and determination. His literary debut was the production novel Construction Site, which was followed by the novel Power. Marugg has written 3 novels in Dutch; Weekendpelgrimage, In de straten van Tepalka ; and De morgen loeit weer aan, which was nominated for a major Dutch literature prize. English translations of many of his short stories written between 1983 and 1990 have been collected in The Elephant Vanishes. His lungs had filled with fluid, and he died of a heart attack at 4:55 a.m. on July 22, 1990. Luisa Valenzuela is a post-'Boom' novelist and short story writer. Trained in medical studies, music and psychoanalysis, his work and his thoughts are focused on the notions of independence, democracy and rejection of authoritarianism. Salvador Garmendia Graterón was a notable Venezuelan author, awarded in 1972 with the National Prize for Literature. Stefan Zweig was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. He has also written a book of traditional Haitian riddles entitled ZoPelinZo, with theorist J.T. Makanin's writing style may be categorized as realist. Like other writers of his time, Ilgaz was imprisoned as a result of one of his publications. He was by then also affiliated with Junimea, a workshop and literary society named after its 19th-century predecessor and hosted by the influential critic Ovid Crohmălniceanu. He also wrote many short stories. The Letters were published first in Srpski književni glasnik in 1880-09, and then as a separate book in 1918 in Sarajevo. Buzzati was the second of his parents' four children. His father, Nikolai Bugaev, was a leading mathematician who is regarded as a founder of the Moscow school of mathematics. Referring to The Great Winter, a novel in which he portrayed Enver Hoxha in a flattering light, Kadare said the book was "the price he had to pay for his freedom". The couple fell madly in love and plotted to run away together. Ciro Alegría Bazán was a Peruvian journalist, politician, and novelist. Mateiu Ion Caragiale (Romanian: [maˈtej iˈon karaˈd͡ʒjale]; also credited as Matei or Matheiu; Mateiŭ is an antiquated version; March 25 [O.S. He died on 23 January 1945 at Narsapur[disambiguation needed]. Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian. During his years in Palestine, Zweig became disillusioned with Zionism and turned to socialism. As a boy, he witnessed the Finnish Civil War in Helsinki. He became a writer and wrote his first Albanian language novel "The Grape Starts to Ripen" in 1957. This date resulted from several sources, amongst which there was a file of notes on christenings from the archives of the Uspenia Church of Botoșani; inside this file, the date of birth was „15 January 1850” and the date of christening was the 21st of the same month. His work depicts obsessive, often erotic, feelings. The clear mountain air did him some good, but the poverty and misery of the mountain people in and around Puka were even more overwhelming than that which he had experienced among the inhabitants of the coastal plain. When Joaquim was ten years old, his mother died, and his father took him along as he moved to São Cristóvão. He was Fellow in Writing at the University of Iowa. He once lacked only one vote to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was threatened by Islamic militants for his courageous stance against a movement which he described as based on archaic ideas, irrelevant in the present times. He has lectured at the University of Buenos Aires, on Copi and Arthur Rimbaud, and at the University of Rosario on Constructivism and Stéphane Mallarmé, and has translated and edited books from France, England, Italy, Brazil, Spain, Mexico, and Venezuela. As a young man, he was interested in the Basque language and competed for a teaching position in the Instituto de Bilbao against Sabino Arana. Paul Kearney was a Northern Irish fantasy author. Hooftprijs. The book was published in 1956 and became an opera in 1959 composed by Karl-Birger Blomdahl. Rosie Scott is a New Zealand novelist based in Sydney, Australia. He also worked as a playwright and a photographer. Dervishi was born in 1943 in Đakovica/Gjakova in the region disputed between Yugoslavia and Axis-occupied Albania. In 1998, he became chief editor of Asr-e Panjshanbeh, a monthly literary journal. Marie-Christine Koundja is a Chadian writer and diplomat. Hubert Leon Lampo was a Flemish writer, one of the founders of magic realism in Flanders. At a Toronto appearance in October 2009, Munro indicated that she had received treatment for cancer and for a heart condition requiring coronary-artery bypass surgery. The other way is the more troubled interrogative reading that raises the same questions of cultural identity, through textual elisions and ambivalences inter alia, about writing and the Gorkha/Nepali community. He could not however, gain permission to publish it until five years later. The Hired Man, her third novel, was published in the UK in March 2013. Euphrase Kezilahabi is a Tanzanian novelist, poet, and scholar. She was a member of the influential group of Estonian poets brought together in 1938 by literary scholar Ants Oras who was greatly influenced by T. S. Eliot. Lakshmi was born was born in 1939 in the village of Streatham Lodge, in Tunapuna, Trinidad. He assailed the British Raj in India and preached revolution through his poetic works, such as "Bidrohi" and "Bhangar Gaan", as well as his publication "Dhumketu". Abdulrazak Gurnah is a Tanzanian novelist based in the United Kingdom. He was by far the most important North German dramatist of the Romantic movement, and no other of the Romanticists approaches him in the energy with which he expresses patriotic indignation. Short stories set in the various kingdoms include: Kasho (華胥? During the 1960s, participated in the left guerrilla movement against Venezuelan democracy. He migrated to Spain in protest of the current government in Equatorial Guinea. His works include Rusoaica, Femeia de ciocolată, and his masterpiece, Donna Alba. Despite Mutswairo's association with the small intellectual elite in the country, Feso was widely read, and even taught in schools, until it was banned by the government of the new state of Rhodesia in the mid-1960s. His interest in the paranormal led him to write popular titles such as Ghost Stories from the Raj, A Season of Ghosts, A Face in the Dark and other Hauntings. He spent his childhood in Tuszyn near Łódź, to which his father had moved in order to work at a richer church parish. A short story by Bảo Ninh, "A Marker on the Side of the Boat", translated by Linh Dinh, is included in the anthology Night, Again. He is married and has three children, one of whom is also a writer. He was expelled for the second time in 1970. And in 1970-71 he undertook the job as vice-president of the National Institute of Culture and Bellas Artes. He was Fellow in Writing at the University of Iowa. Bankim Chandra is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as India. In 1934 he emigrated to the United States. After the war he studied at the Homel Pedagogical University, worked as an editor and had different Communist Party positions in the local party offices in Belarus. In Summer 1943, Promet went to work at Estonian language radio in blocked Leningrad. At the time, his style was influenced by the Vienna Secession and Art Nouveau. " ("Anguish", 1916. After completing high school, Narayan failed the university entrance examination and spent a year at home reading and writing; he subsequently passed the examination in 1926 and joined Maharaja College of Mysore. Kemal worked as a labourer, a weaver and as a clerk in a cotton mill. At the end of the war, he returned to his original home only to find another family in residence. This was followed by Mission terminée, 1957, and Le Roi miraculé, 1958. In 1945–46, he wrote his first play It is Written. Gaarder often writes from the perspective of children, exploring their sense of wonder about the world. Moved by his reading, President Ben Bella will say from his exile: «Ahlem is an Algerian sun that illuminates the Arab world». Adopted as an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience, the artist was released from prison, and fled Kenya. At that time, Pécs and Zagreb were within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ] lives and works in Mumbai, India. In 1862, Chernyshevsky was sentenced to civil execution, followed by penal servitude, and by exile to Vilyuisk, Siberia. David Ananou was a writer from Togo, and the author of Le Fils du fétiche. Mayerová went back to live with her parents in 1911 after he was caught trying to fake his own death. The other tells of a woman who succeeds in saving both herself and her love from a serious matrimonial crisis, finally creating a secure family. In 2001, Powell was the Briggs-Copeland Lecturer in Fiction at Harvard University. She was the Ambassador to Cameroon, and is currently First Secretary at the Chadian Embassy in Nigeria. in English literature from Barnard College in 1989. He collaborated on several screen plays. Many modern scholars questions the authorship of the last 40 chapters of the novel, whether it was actually completed by Cao. He is buried at the Karacaahmet Cemetery in Istanbul. He studied at Debreceni Református Kollégium, Sárospataki Kollégium, and in Kisújszállás. In 1954 she also adopted Bioy’s daughter with another woman, Marta Bioy Ocampo, who was killed in an automobile accident just three weeks after Silvina Ocampo’s death, leaving two children. Leila Aboulela, Arabic 'ليلى ابوالعلا' is a Sudanese writer who writes in English. Several of his stories were turned into movies by his students, including Palo y hueso directed by Nicolás Sarquís, Cicatrices directed by Patricio Coll and Nadie Nada Nunca directed by Raúl Beceyro. Several of Bateman's novels featured the semi-autobiographical Belfast journalist, Dan Starkey. The Bakemonogatari prequel and sequel novels have also been adapted as a movie and an anime, respectively. She was the Meridian Energy Katherine Mansfield Memorial Fellow for 2006 and President of Honour of the New Zealand Book Council. Most of her adult life she spent in Portuguese Mozambique, where she taught primary school and wrote radio plays, novels, short stories, and children's books. In 1992 she moved to Los Angeles where she earned a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Southern California. George Călinescu was a Romanian literary critic, historian, novelist, academician and journalist, and a writer of classicist and humanist tendencies. Her novels include La bruttina stagionata, Del perché i porcospini attraversano la strada, Benvenuti in questo ambiente and La rossa e il nero. He forsook the literary Dutch of the Netherlands for regional Belgian Dutch words and expressions with which he colored his writing in a Faulknerian way. He won the Sahitya Academy Award in 1974 for the book of poems Ulanga Raja. Carlo Cassola was an important Italian novelist and essayist.
i don't know
What is the cube root of 125?
Cubes and Cube Roots Cubes and Cube Roots To understand cube roots, first we must understand cubes ... How to Cube A Number To cube a number, just use it in a multiplication 3 times ... Example: What is 3 Cubed? 3 Cubed Note: we write down "3 Cubed" as 33 (the little 3 means the number appears three times in multiplying) Some More Cubes A cube root goes the other direction: 3 cubed is 27, so the cube root of 27 is 3 3 The cube root of a number is ... ... a special value that when cubed gives the original number. The cube root of 27 is ... ... 3, because when 3 is cubed you get 27.   Note: When you see "root" think "I know the tree, but what is the root that produced it?" In this case the tree is "27", and the cube root is "3". Here are some more cubes and cube roots: 4 216 Example: What is the Cube root of 125? Well, we just happen to know that 125 = 5 × 5 × 5 (if you use 5 three times in a multiplication you will get 125) ... ... so the answer is 5 The Cube Root Symbol This is the special symbol that means "cube root", it is the "radical" symbol (used for square roots) with a little three to mean cube root. You can use it like this: (we say "the cube root of 27 equals 3")   You Can Also Cube Negative Numbers Have a look at this: When we cube 5 we get 125:   When we cube −5 we get −125:   So the cube root of −125 is −5 Perfect Cubes The Perfect Cubes are the cubes of the whole numbers :   3375 ... It is easy to work out the cube root of a perfect cube, but it is really hard to work out other cube roots. Example: what is the cube root of 30? Well, 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 and 4 × 4 × 4 = 64, so we can guess the answer is between 3 and 4. Let's try 3.5: 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.5 = 42.875 Let's try 3.2: 3.2 × 3.2 × 3.2 = 32.768 Let's try 3.1: 3.1 × 3.1 × 3.1 = 29.791 We are getting closer, but very slowly ... at this point, I get out my calculator and it says: 3.1072325059538588668776624275224... ... but the digits just go on and on, without any pattern. So even the calculator's answer is only an approximation ! (Further reading: these kind of numbers are called surds which are a special type of irrational number )  
5
Which country has the international vehicle registration CDN?
Cube root of 0.125 - Cube Root Calculator CoolConversion.com Cube Root Calculator Here is the answer to questions like: Cube root of 0.125 or what is the cube root of 0.125? Use the cube root calculator below to find the cube root of any real number you enter. See also in this web page a Cube Root Table from 1 to 100. Cube Root Calculator Please enter a real number:   The cube root of 0.125 is 0.5 What is cube root? Definition of cube root A cube root of a number a is a number x such that x3 = a, in other words, a number x whose cube is a. For example, 3 is the cube root of 27 because 33 = 3•3•3 = 27, -3 is cube root of -27 because (-3)3 = (-3)•(-3)•(-3) = -27. Cube Root Table 1-100 Cube roots from 1 to 100 rounded to the nearest thousandth. Cube Roots of Positive Numbers Cube root of 1 is 1 Cube root of 8 is 2 Cube root of 27 is 3 Cube root of 64 is 4 Cube root of 125 is 5 Cube root of 216 is 6 Cube root of 343 is 7 Cube root of 512 is 8 Cube root of 729 is 9 Cube root of 1000 is 10 Cube root of 1331 is 11 Cube root of 1728 is 12 Cube root of 2197 is 13 Cube root of 2744 is 14 Cube root of 3375 is 15 Cube root of 4096 is 16 Cube root of 4913 is 17 Cube root of 5832 is 18 Cube root of 6859 is 19 Cube root of 8000 is 20 Cube Roots of Negative Numbers Cube root of -1 is -1 Cube root of -8 is -2 Cube root of -27 is -3 Cube root of -64 is -4 Cube root of -125 is -5 Cube root of -216 is -6 Cube root of -343 is -7 Cube root of -512 is -8 Cube root of -729 is -9 Cube root of -1000 is -10 Cube root of -1331 is -11 Cube root of -1728 is -12 Cube root of -2197 is -13 Cube root of -2744 is -14 Cube root of -3375 is -15 Cube root of -4096 is -16 Cube root of -4913 is -17 Cube root of -5832 is -18 Cube root of -6859 is -19 Cube root of -8000 is -20 Sample Cubic Roots.
i don't know
In which English city is highwayman Dick Turpin buried?
Dick Turpin - The Legendary Highwayman and his horse Black Bess Dick Turpin Dick Turpin, much-romanticised through legend, was in fact an infamous highwayman, murderer and convicted horse-thief. He was tried and executed in York, assuring his place in English history and being forever linked with the city. The Only Way is Essex Richard ‘Dick’ Turpin was born in 1705 in Hempstead, Essex. His father John was an innkeeper and a butcher; Turpin became an apprentice butcher. He married at twenty and five years later, then with his own butcher’s shop, he aided the prolific deer-poaching Gregory Gang, disposing of carcasses. Landlord in Gangland London By 1734 Turpin had become landlord of a pub at Clay Hill. His association with the gang was such that he joined them in brutal attacks and robberies in the outer London area. In 1735 after three gang members were arrested the youngest betrayed his fellows, Turpin being named by The London Gazette. Foolishly Turpin and the gang immediately committed further shocking assaults in the Essex area with three more gang members arrested and executed at Tyburn on 10 March. Turpin was named on the indictments for burglary. Dick Turpin’s Grave lies in St. George’s Graveyard in a mainly residential part of York Wanted Man Turning to highway robbery from April 1735, he plagued Epping Forest, Southwark and other London areas. On 10 July, identified and named as ‘Turpin the butcher’, along with Thomas Rowden with a bounty of £100 on their heads, the duo’s crimes continued throughout 1735. Next referred to in February 1737 Turpin reportedly spent the night at Puckeridge with his wife, her maid and another man. Turpin’s letter arranging the meeting (for horse stealing) was intercepted by the authorities. Turpin escaped while the others were arrested and imprisoned. Undeterred Highwayman The following month Turpin took up with highwaymen Matthew King and Stephen Potter, committing a series of robberies, culminating in an incident at Whitechapel when either King or Turpin stole a horse near Waltham Forest. Joseph Major, along with Richard Bayes, identified his animal, found tethered at The Red Lion, Whitechapel, and waited, along with the local constable, for the ‘owner’. King’s brother eventually arrived leading them to his brother Matthew who received serious, but possibly accidental, gunshot wounds, dying the following month. Reports varied, stating Turpin or Bayes had shot King. Turpin fled into Epping Forest and on being spotted by Thomas Morris, who was armed, shot and killed him on 4 May with a carbine. ‘The Gentleman’s Magazine’ named Turpin as the suspect – a £200 reward was offered. Turpin a.k.a John Palmer comes to Yorkshire In June 1737, Turpin, under the alias John Palmer, lodged in Brough , East Yorkshire, posing as a horse trader. He regularly crossed the Humber committing crimes, stealing a horse from Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, and riding it to his father’s at Hempstead. Leaving the horse behind, implicating his father who was subsequently committed to gaol, Turpin returned to Brough having stolen three more horses from a Thomas Creasy. Creasy finally tracked down and recovered his horses in autumn 1738, thefts for which Turpin was eventually tried. His gravestone is the only one in the yard upstanding from the ground (top left) Locked up in York Castle After a minor incident in October 1738 Turpin threatened to shoot someone; three JPs attended and committed Turpin to the House of Correction at Beverley . The JPs’ suspicions of ‘Palmer’s’ lifestyle proved right when JPs from Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, confirmed Palmer was known there as a sheep-thief and suspected horse-thief who had evaded custody. Turpin was consequently transferred to York Castle on 16 October 1738, for the Assizes. Turpin’s final undoing came when his intercepted letter to his brother-in-law revealed his handwriting to James Smith who had taught Turpin to write. Smith travelled to York Castle identifying Turpin on 23 February 1739 and received the £200 reward originally offered following Morris’s murder. Found Guilty On 22 March York Assizes declared Turpin guilty on two charges of horse theft, passing the death sentence. Turpin bought a new frock coat and shoes, and hired five paid mourners. On 7 April 1739 Turpin and John Stead (also a horse-thief) were paraded through York by open cart to Knavesmire, York’s equivalent of London’s Tyburn. Following the hanging, by a pardoned fellow highwayman, Turpin’s body was taken to an inn in Castlegate and buried next day in the graveyard of St George’s Church, Fishergate. It was shortly reportedly as stolen; however, the body-snatchers together with Turpin’s corpse were soon apprehended. The body was reburied, possibly with quicklime, and is alleged to lie in St George’s graveyard. Black Bess and the Legendary Journey to York In legend, Dick Turpin and Black Bess, his faithful mare, are synonymous for their supposed 200-mile ride from London to York, a tale originating in Rookwood (1834), a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth. It was in fact highwayman John ‘Swift Nick’ Nevison who, in 1676, after committing a robbery in Kent and urgently needing an alibi set off on the ride of his life reaching York in around 15 hours. Through folklore Turpin’s violent character has become that of a romantic and dashing highwayman. Related posts: sadie · July 4, 2014 on 4:04 pm ridiculous they killed him by hanging him Bob · May 6, 2015 on 9:51 am No it’s not, he deserved it, he was evil sadie, killing loads of people. JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:22 pm i know we been leaning about highwaymen JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:23 pm i leaned i lot from this so its epic Paul · July 4, 2015 on 11:58 pm Yes it’s true he was a baddie and got what he deserved really I guess.
York
‘What a Night for a Knight’ was the first episode of which US animated television series, first broadcast in September 1969?
Stand and deliver a myth - Telegraph Stand and deliver a myth John Preston reviews Dick Turpin by James Sharpe 12:01AM GMT 10 Feb 2004 According to the tourist guides, Dick Turpin is buried in a grave on the outskirts of York. It's an unusually large grave, but then it had to be: Turpin's horse, Black Bess, who carried him on his legendary ride from London to York, is buried there too. Faithful to one another in death, they lie side by side between what is now a council estate and the Tramways Working Men's Club. Except that there's not a shred of evidence that Turpin is actually buried there. Or that he had a horse called Black Bess. Or that he ever rode from London to York on any horse at all. Myth has laid an enticing coverlet over Dick Turpin's bones, and until now no one seems to have had much interest in stripping it off. However, James Sharpe, Professor of History at the University of York, is keen to reveal the real Turpin and examine how history has dealt him such a winning hand. The real Richard Turpin was finally caught after shooting a man's chicken in the street. The only real surprise here was that he managed to hit the chicken. Turpin had hardly distinguished himself as a marksman: one of his first victims was a member of his own gang, who he accidentally shot "in two places". Sharpe reveals that he was certainly a highwayman with a reasonably impressive track-record of hold-ups, but no hint of equine devotion, or gallantry in his make-up. During one of his robberies - a house break-in - Turpin forced the elderly owner of the house to sit "bare-buttocked" on the fire, while another member of his gang went upstairs and raped one of the servant girls. Fifty years after his death Turpin had been virtually forgotten - and would have remained so had it not been for the attentions of a Victorian novelist called Harrison Ainsworth. Ever since boyhood, Ainsworth had been obsessed with highwaymen, and in 1834, he published his first novel, Rookwood, a kind of hybrid between a Gothic novel and the romantic historical fictions of Sir Walter Scott. Dick Turpin was not even the main character, but he still galloped off with the honours. It was Ainsworth who gave Turpin his manners, his silver-tongue, his way with women - and, most crucially of all, Black Bess. When it came to writing about Turpin's wholly imaginary ride to York, Ainsworth excelled himself. "His blood spins through his veins; winds round his heart; mounts to his brain. Away! Away! He is wild with joy." Within sight of York Minster poor Bess collapses and dies - "her heart had burst". It was - and remains - thrilling stuff. Rookwood was a huge best-seller and made Ainsworth's name. He kept plugging away in much the same profitable vein for the next few years. Indeed, his third novel, in which he gave the 18th-century thief and escapee, Jack Shepherd, a similar make-over to Turpin, outsold Dickens's Oliver Twist. Sharpe's own book gets off to an almost equally flying start. The first few chapters are crisp, colourful and possessed of appropriately large quantities of dash. But after establishing the known facts of Turpin's life, Sharpe then goes off into a broader examination of 18th-century society. His main point here is that the criminal justice system of the time in fact worked pretty well. It was a system that depended largely on rewards: in 1720, you could earn £140 for the conviction of a highwayman, the equivalent of seven years wages for a skilled manual worker. No wonder so many found the temptation too much to resist. Yet while one can see why Sharpe has broadened his focus in this manner, he loses a good deal of momentum in the process. It's only when he gets on to Ainsworth that his narrative regains its stride. By then the real Turpin has been left far behind on the road to York; the myth had taken over. And it's kept on rolling ever since. Today Turpin's name adorns everything from sex toys - the "Dick Turpin" is a six-and-a-half-inch model of an erect penis topped with a tricorn hat - to sausages. The British Sausage Appreciation Society also has a "Dick Turpin" on its books - of similar length, although mercifully unadorned with the hat. There seems little doubt that the real Turpin was an unattractive creature; both in terms of character and looks - he was "very much marked with the smallpox". Even so, Sharpe tends to take an unnecessarily harsh line with his subject, losing no opportunity to remind us what a brute he was. But surely Turpin can't have been all bad, any more than he was later portrayed as being - almost - all good. Or perhaps it's just that I find it hard to be too censorious of someone who once greeted an associate with the marvellous phrase, "Let us bung our eyes in drink." Sharpe ends, not as one might expect by examining the interplay between fact and myth, but - rather oddly under the circumstances - by lambasting the present-day preoccupation with "tasty and easily digestible morsels of the past". There is also another regrettable - to me at least - omission: he gives no indication of how a highwayman actually held up a stage-coach. It's not that I'm itching to have a go; simply that it would have been interesting to know just where one had to stand in order to maximise the likelihood of delivery. John Preston's books include 'Ghosting' and 'Ink'.  
i don't know
What is the name of fictional character Babar the Elephant’s wife?
Characters | Babar Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The cast of characters in the TV series includes but is not limited to: Contents [ show ] Babar's family Babar : The King of Celesteville. He brought his love of the city back to the great forest and built the beautiful, happy kingdom of Celesteville . However, he is a dedicated ruler and world traveler. Babar is very happy when he picnics at the lake with his family or joining in the antics of his lively children. His mother was Badou's great-grandmother and was shot by a poacher when he was young, so he is very protective and caring of his family, as well as the elephants and other animals of the kingdom in general. Celeste : Babar's wife and Queen of Celesteville. She has also traveled the world and has had many great adventures. She has a regal presence, an engaging manner and a gentle sense of humor. Arthur : Babar's mischief-making brother-in-law and Badou's great-uncle. He often gets himself (and one or more of the children) involved with practical jokes and stunts. Although the English and French versions of the official characters page lists him as a cousin, this goes against the canon of the show where he is clearly referred to as Celeste's brother, Babar's brother-in-law, and the uncle of Babar and Celeste's children. The Japanese version of the official Babar characters page also refers to him as Celeste’s younger brother. In addition, neither Celeste nor Arthur is ever referred to as a cousin of Babar, in the show. In the book, "The Story of Babar", Celeste and Arthur are shown to have two different mothers and we are told they are Babar's cousin and little cousin, respectively. This difference between the source material (the books) and adaptation (the animated television series) could explain the discrepancy between the English and French character pages and the show's own canon. Pom : The oldest of the triplets and the leader of the children. He is protective of his brother and sisters though he will gladly join in with Alexander in playfully teasing his sisters, Flora and Isabelle He is rarely seen doing anything wrong and appears to be his parents 'perfect child'. Flora : Flora is fun-loving and strong-willed. She can more than hold her own with her two brothers. Whether building tree houses, sliding down the banister at the palace, or preparing a surprise breakfast for their parents, Flora is always immersed in the action she is also seen to have low confidence at times when she doesn't seem to please others but she does try and always make the ones she loves happy. Alexander : The smallest of the triplets, is a non-stop ball of entertainment who is into everything and disarmingly naive about the commotion he causes he also has trouble obeying his father or living up to his promises at times but does try to make his father happy. Isabelle : The youngest of the four children. She began to walk and talk early in her age. Isabelle started as a baby in the series, but as the series progressed, she matured as a toddler and appears to be very smart and bright for her age she inherits her father's wisdom. Babar's close friends and royal court Madame (The Old Lady): From their first meeting in the city, the Old Lady and Babar shared a special friendship. She gave him a home and taught him about life in the city. Though she missed him greatly, she understood his decision to return to the forest. Babar built her a home in Celesteville, where she made the decision to stay and live with her friends, the elephants. Zephir : A monkey who happens to be one of Babar's oldest friends, and is considered one of the family. He is the first to take off with Arthur and the kids on some crazy adventure, but Babar knows that Zephir can always be trusted to look after the children and bring them home safely, Zephir also adores Arthur and his wild schemes and gets involve in mishaps cause by Arthur himshelf. Cornelius : The oldest and wisest elephant in Celesteville, and the Prime Minister, who takes his job as Babar's chief adviser very seriously, whether accompanying Babar on state visits or organizing numerous Celesteville parades. His catchphrase is "My tusks!". He sometimes has a hard time calming down Pompadour or seeing to the children due to his old age. Pompadour : Another adviser to Babar, and minister of royal protocol. He often opposes radical ideas, is easily alarmed, and is very adherent to protocol. He is very high-strung. He also serves as the Finance Minister. At times, Pompadour dislikes Celeste because of her "lack of proper protocol." Troubadour : Pompadour's assistant, a smaller elephant who does not speak but is very dedicated to helping Babar and his family. He appeared in the early seasons of Babar before disappearing in later episodes; it is unknown what happened to him. Truffles : The palace cook, often easily upset by various situations in the palace. In the episode "Friendly Agreement," he even quits because his request for a new stove seems to be getting ignored by Cornelius and Pompadour. Rataxes' family Lord Rataxes : The king of Rhinoland. He is the neutral character from the series. At some point between the flashbacks and the present day events of the show, Rataxes signed a peace treaty with Babar. In the series he is seen as a bumbling and occasionally incompetent oaf, although he is seen in the film as an evil and menacing ruler. Lady Rataxes : Rataxes' wife. She is very demanding of her husband, and is also on friendly terms with Babar, Celeste and the elephants, on most occasions. Her real name is Louise (as learned in the episode "No Place Like Home"), but she is generally called Lady Rataxes. In the Spin-off/Sequel "The Adventures of Badou" her personality changed radically in which she is very bitter and even more demanding. Victor : Rataxes' son. He is friends with Babar's three eldest children (the triplets). He is also in the same grade and class as them, in school. Basil : Rataxes' adviser, highly capable, competent, and organized. He does most of the paperwork, is the Head of Security for the rhino palace, and has also served as Rataxes' travel agent and spy. He is also a self proclaimed fitness nut, an advocate of clean living in general, and a wonderful theatre director. He is extremely loyal to Rataxes and very humble, though not above poking fun at his boss in a very subtle manner from time to time. Adventures of Badou Badou : A one elephant stampede, who is prince of Celesteville. Badou ("Bou" to his friends) is bursting with a sense of adventure. He has inherited his grandfather's daring spirit, plunging into any situation with boundless confidence that he can handle whatever it can throw at him. He idolises his grandfather, and feels the need to prove himself worthy of his legendary status. Chiku : a monkey whos Like her father, Zephir, Chiku is widely inquisitive and easily distracted. A fast-talking chatterbox who can ask a dozen questions at once, she is convinced that there is something wonderful under every rock, at the end of every wire, and at the heart of every lesson. She is quite inventive, often building toys or tools for the others to use. Unlike her father, she is incapable of standing upright, generally crouching on her knuckles when at rest and running on them when moving quickly. She is an accomplished dancer due to her natural acrobatic skills and sense of balance. Munroe : A courageous crested porcupine who has been eaten many times, but, due to his spikey body, has always been spit out again. Munroe considers himself Badou's personal champion: a spike-laced Lancelot. Despite being quite chubby he is very athletic. Zawadi : A zebra who, like the rest of her kind, sees the world in black and white; right and wrong. Outspoken and sometimes bossy, Zawadi hates blending in with the herd and is determined to make her own stripe on the world. Jake : A scruffy, five year old Fox kit. Jake was orphaned as a wild kit and found his way to Celesteville, where he befriended Badou. Miss Strich : An ostrich , she serves as a teacher, the palace guide for tourists, and also organizes most of Celesteville's events. She is very flighty and excitable, with Badou and his friends' merry-making usually making her even more so. (She might be considered this show's replacement for Pompadour) Crocodylus : A crocodile , who is the ambassador of the Alligator and Crocodile kingdom. A consummate schemer, his underhanded strategies range from trying to take over Celesteville to winning contests. When things go wrong, he groans "Muck and mire!" Dilash : A young crocodile , Dilash is the nephew of Crocodylus, he along with his cousin cause trouble and try to interfere with Badou's and his friends adventures. Lives in Celestville,along with Tersh, in order to make his uncle Crocodylus seem more respectable. Tersh : a younger crocodile whos Dilash's cousin and Crocodylus' nephew, he is usually seen unwillingly helping his relations with one of their schemes. He can be mean, but is generally backing up his older cousin or his uncle as opposed to being outright malicious. He is much kinder and friendly than they are, and the other children eventually forged a friendship with him. He tends to be a bit less intelligent than the others and somewhat gullible, and his uncle and cousin often take advantage of this. Sleek : A wild black panther , who is always trying to capture devour and eat the other animals, whom she calls "tame townies". She resides in the jungle outside Celesteville. Gallop : A wise old turtle , who lives just outside of Celesteville. Dandy Andi : A wild lion who lives in the nearby savannah. Unlike the rest of his wild brethren, Andi is cool and friendly. He is good friends with Badou and the gang, and will often alert them if he sees Sleek nearby. Deb Mouse  : A kind hearted mouse who appeared in the episode spy trap that lives in the palace with her children. Lulu : Badou's little cousin, who is as excitable and fun-loving as he is. She idolises her older cousin, and wants to spend most of her visits with him, to his chagrin. Visually, Lulu resembles Isabelle, Babar's youngest child, when she was a little girl, suggesting that she is her daughter. Rhudi : a rhinoceros whos prince of rhinoland and Lord Rataxes' grandson. He has a rivalry with Badou, like his grandfather had with Babar. Son of Lord and Lady Rataxes's only child, Victor. Periwinkle : Badou's mom and Pom's wife. She is the Celesteville doctor whose hobby is creating metal sculptures. Prospero : A water buffalo and a bush pirate. Officially banned from the kingdom, he still sneaks about doing bootleg activities, especially if they earn him a profit.
Celeste
Which English actress was born Dora Broadbent?
10 Pop Culture Elephants (Plus 4 Reasonable Facsimiles) | Mental Floss 10 Pop Culture Elephants (Plus 4 Reasonable Facsimiles) Image credit:  Like us on Facebook You'd have to look far and wide to find a child who doesn't like elephants! An animal so big, so extreme, and which comes with a nose that can do things was destined to be a pop culture favorite. Here are some the "biggest" elephant characters, past and present. 10. Elmer Elmer the Patchwork Elephant is the star of a series of popular children's books by David McKee. First published in 1989, the books focus on how it's okay to be different. The Elmer books were turned into a series on British television. Elmer was also the name of an elephant puppet who appeared on Chicago TV in the 50s and 60s. 9. Shep In the 1967 TV series George of the Jungle Shep was George's "pet". The comically stupid title character thought Shep was a dog and treated him as such. Shep responds by acting like a dog. Shep also appeared in the 2007 version of the TV show and in the live-action 1997 movie. 8. Snorky Snorky is a member of The Banana Splits Club , a musical group of four costumed characters in The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, a TV show that aired from 1968 to 1970. The series was put back into production for The Cartoon Network in 2008. 7. Colonel Hathi Hathi is an older elephant who leads an elephant clan in the Indian jungle of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. In the 1967 Disney movie, he is called Colonel Hathi as he drills his troop of elephants and tries to relive his younger days in the Maharajah's service. The word hathi means "elephant" in Hindi. 6. Manny Manfred , one of the main characters in the Ice Age movies is a woolly mammoth, an extinct member of the elephant family that roamed North America and Europe until about 10,000 years ago (a small subspecies survived until 1700 BC). In the second movie of the series, Ice Age: The Meltdown , Manny fears he is the only one of his species left until he finds a mate, and later on encounters a small herd of mammoths. 5. Stampy Bart Simpson won Stampy the elephant in a radio contest. His life as a pet didn't last long, but everyone remembers Stampy. He appeared in three episodes of The Simpsons TV show and The Simpsons Movie, and is also referred to in other episodes. 4. Tantor Ungawa! Tantor , a word meaning "elephant" is the elephant that Tarzan calls when he needs to stomp something flat, or catch a ride through an area with no vines to swing on. Tantor appeared in the original Edgar Rice Burroughs books, various live-action films, and in Disney's animated Tarzan movies. 3. Babar Babar is an orphan elephant who grew up to be king of the forest after his education by humans in the big city. He and his wife/cousin Celeste raise a family and teach them life lessons through their adventures. The series of French children's books by Jean de Brunhoff began in 1931. Brunhoff wrote seven Babar books before his death in 1937, and his son Laurent de Brunhoff continues the series to this day. 2. Dumbo Dumbo , the title character of the 1941 Disney feature film, was born with abnormally large ears. He is ridiculed for his deformity until the other elephants learn he can use those ears to fly! Like Elmer the Patchwork Elephant, the story of Dumbo shows children that it's okay to be different. The film is also known for the tear-inducing separation of a child from its mother , which is a recurring thread in most Disney classics. 1. Horton Dr. Seuss' elephant Horton appeared in two of his books, Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940 and Horton Hears a Who! in 1954. In both books, Horton endures ridicule and hardship in order to do the helpful and ethical thing with no promise of a reward. Despite the facts that the book contained barely 2,000 words, Horton Hears a Who was adapted into a feature film in 2008. Then there are the characters who are supposed to be some other kind of animal, but we recognize them as elephants anyway. Mr. Snuffleupagus Mr. Aloysius Snuffleupagus is known to his friends on Sesame Street as Snuffy. In his first two seasons on the show, adult humans never saw Snuffy, leading the audience to believe he only existed in Big Bird's imagination. The Snuffleupagus species differs from the elephant in their lack of big ears. Heffalumps Heffalumps (along with Woozles) were originally part of Tigger's tall tale which became shape-shifting elephantine goblins that haunted Winnie the Pooh's  dreams . The Heffalump cartoon dream sequence is reminiscent of Pink Elephants on Parade from the movie Dumbo. The Heffalumps finally got their own movie in 2005 called, surprisingly enough, Pooh's Heffalump Movie . In this adventure, the denizens of the Hundred Acre Wood get to know a young Heffalump named Lumpy and make friends. Banthas In the Star Wars universe, Banthas are huge beasts of burden used on the desert planet Tatooine, and exist on other planets as well. Banthas are covered in fur, have no trunk, and sport curly horns instead of tusks. An Asian elephant named Mardji played a Bantha in the first Star Wars movie in 1977. Oliphaunts Oliphaunts (also known as mûmakil ) are beasts from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle Earth that appear to be elephants but are many times the size of everyday elephants. They are seen used in battle in the second and third movies of The Lord of the Rings trilogy.
i don't know
In the Harry Potter series of books, what is the name of the Weasley’s Shop?
Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes | Harry Potter Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Fred and George Weasley 's fireworks terrify Umbridge Prior to their departure, they offered a discount for any Hogwarts students who would swear to use their products to eliminate Umbridge. Argus Filch banned all of Fred and George 's products from Hogwarts in 1996 . However, as no one paid much attention to things Filch banned, this had little effect. They opened a branch in Diagon Alley shortly after leaving Hogwarts in April 1996 , employing a shop assistant named Verity . They also intended to buy Zonko's Joke Shop in Hogsmeade in order to extend their business. However, because of Hogwarts security being raised to the point that all Hogsmeade trips were cancelled, they saw no point to this. The twins were strict with their businesses, as they threatened a boy for attempted shoplifting and charged their younger brother Ron full price for all the products. However, they allowed Harry to take anything he wanted, free of charge, which was because of his being their investor. They also accepted patronage from Draco Malfoy (whom they hated), allowing him to buy Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder , which he would use against Dumbledore's Army later, something Ron would resent the twins for. Their mother, despite not initially approving their dream, was glad to see they managed to make such success and joy in their career. The Second Wizarding War The inside trio, Ginny, and Mrs Weasley inside the shop In the summer of 1997, the Death Eaters seized control of the British Ministry of Magic . In the spring of 1998, it was discovered that the Weasleys had been helping the fugitive Harry Potter , and the family went into hiding. Although forced to close the shop in Diagon Alley, Fred and George continued to sell their products via mail order while at their Aunt Muriel 's. Fred and George both fought in the Battle of Hogwarts , where Fred was killed in an explosion whilst fighting alongside Percy Weasley . After the War George continued to operate the business after Fred's death, despite never fully getting over the loss of his twin. [2] Two years after Ron became an Auror he left the job, stating that he wanted to help his brother George with a shop he had always loved. Already a highly successful emporium, together they were able to successfully turn Weasley's Wizard Wheezes into an even more enormous money-spinner. [2] Products All employees at Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes wear a magenta robe. Location The first official premises of Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes was at 93 Diagon Alley. During 1997 , the founders, Fred and George Weasley were known to be looking at buying Zonko's Joke Shop after it closed. However, due to various complications such as Fred 's death and the return of Voldemort , it is unknown whether this purchase was actually made or not. It is assumed that it was purchased, as the business was highly successful after Voldemort's death. If this second location was purchased, Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes could also have a branch located in Hogsmeade . Behind the scenes Filch 's ban on the store 's products did not span to Pygmy Puffs , as Ginny Weasley takes her Pygmy Puff, Arnold , in to Hogwarts . The  Half-Blood Prince  film's graphic designer, Eduardo Lima revealed that there are more than 300 names of products they had invented just for the film adaptation of "Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes". [3] Because Harry did not give his Triwizard Winnings over to Fred and George onscreen in the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , it is not clear just how the Weasley twins were able to establish Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes in the first place in the film adaption of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince . The cash register used in the sixth film was bought off on eBay.[ citation needed ] Despite the rebellious nature of some of these products, the twins were nevertheless subject to certain Ministry regulations . Fred and George's latter skill with their shop was actually foreshadowed in the video game versions of the series. In the PC/MAC version and console versions of the Philospher's Stone the twins trade Harry Bertie Bott's Beans for Famous Wizard trading cards; the PS2, Xbox and Gamecube versions in particular they set up a shop in Gryffindor tower, which is only open at night in a secret bathroom (past a portrait with a password) that must be accessed by sneaking through the Study Room past Percy. The Game Boy versions had the boys setting up shop in Classroom 5B with two shops; Weasley Supplies Bargain Basement and Weasley Candy Emporium . This is the only time in the games where the boys have two shops with individual names. In the PS2/Xbox/Gamecube versions, there is also a chest that Harry can pay beans to for a random item, good or bad. The PC/MAC version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets has the boys set up an economic system of merchants throughout the school, while the other console versions the location is the same as before (only the randomization chest is removed). In the GBC version it is a shop in Diagon Alley and not connected to the Weasleys in any way. Ironically the boys would end up opening their own shop there four years latter. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the twins' shop somewhat differs; in the console versions, it is a similar bathroom on the sixth floor, only much larger with a challenge room beyond it for the Marauders' Map ; while on the GBA version, it is instead a shop similar to the GBC games that can be accessed on the seventh floor instead. Their inventory has expanded significantly from the second game, including Cauldron Cakes , Pumpkin Pasties , Passwords for the portraits around the castle, and special Chocolate Frog Cards . Most notably, at the back of the shop is a card with the wizard's image blocked out, which Fred and George promise to give Harry for free if he collects all other cards in the set. Collecting all of the Wizard cards unlocks Harry's own wizard card and opens the Bean Bonus Room with an unlimited timer. This is the only time in the series Fred and George have displayed the ability to access the room. Appearances
Places in Harry Potter
Deva was the Roman name for which Cheshire city?
The Owls of Harry Potter | Laura Erickson's For the Birds Laura Erickson's For the Birds By Laura Erickson (a.k.a. “Professor McGonagowl”) (SPOILER discussion of Hedwig in Book 7—Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows—is here .) No spoilers beyond this point: Now that five Harry Potter movies and all seven books have been released, people have become very familiar with owls. This website will give you facts about owls both in the real world and in J.K. Rowling’s magical world. I live in the United States, but Harry Potter lives in England. Some owls live in both places, and some are found on only one side of the pond. I’ve studied owls for a long time and read all seven Harry Potter books and seen the movies, but I simply couldn’t have written this and made it authoritative without a lot of help from a lot of people. If you have information I should add, corrections, or other comments, please email me . In J.K. Rowling’s wonderful universe, owls bridge the magical and muggle world, carrying messages, packages, and even Nimbus 2000s with ease as they make it clear to muggles that when a message needs to get through, it WILL get through. One Snowy Owl named Hedwig also provides warm companionship when a lonely wizard named Harry needs it. If you have questions about owls, first look to see if you can find the answers here. If not, you can email Professor McGonagowl . As always, if you have questions, comments, or corrections, please let me know. To get more information, see: American Humane Association’s review of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Movie #5) (Thanks, Katty!) Hedwig Harry’s owl Hedwig is a Snowy Owl . She’s a female but, in the movie, the actors playing her are males. (One of the owls playing Hedwig was also the very first cast member to be chosen!!) You can tell that the owl playing Hedwig in the photo is really a male because his plumage is so white—female Snowy Owls have dark markings. Females are also bigger and heavier, and so would be a little harder for human actors to handle. Healthy males average about 4 pounds, females almost 4 1/2 pounds. They have powerful talons. You can’t see in the photo that Daniel Radcliffe is wearing thick leather protection on his arm. Claws that can kill a large duck through thick feathers can be pretty hard on human arms, too, even when the owl is just trying to balance itself. Seven different owls played the role of Hedwig. Their names are Gizmo, Kasper, Oops, Swoops, Oh Oh, Elmo and Bandit. I found out some interesting things on The Pet Place site about Harry Potter . Real Snowy Owls live in the arctic tundra, in North America, Europe, and Asia. A few breed in the northern British Isles. Long ago, when the Arctic climate extended farther south than now, Snowy Owls lived much farther south. Cave art by Paleolithic people of Europe includes an etched outline of two Snowy Owls and their chicks on a cave wall in Ariege, France. This particular prehistoric drawing happens to make the Snowy Owl the first recognizeable bird species to be depicted in art anywhere in the world. Snowy Owls are predators, and eat only animals, never plants. Their main prey species is the lemming, a fierce little rodent smaller than a chipmunk. Lemmings have enormous population fluctuations from one year to the next. When lemmings are abundant, Snowy Owls may eat hardly anything else. They usually swallow each lemming whole, head first, but if they’re not too hungry, they sometimes bite off just the head, or even eat parts in small bits. But when lemming numbers are down, Snowy Owls eat a lot of other things. Depending on where they live, they may eat a lot of snowshoe hares, grebes and ducks (especially Horned Grebes), ptarmigans, ground squirrels, rats, partridge, and even fish. When a Snowy Owl’s face gets gooped up with blood and guts, it sometimes cleans up by wiping its face in the snow.You can see more photos of wild Snowy Owls on my Snowy Owl flickr photostream . Global warming is expected to hurt Snowy Owls over much of their range. Hedwig is lucky she lives in a magical world! Errol The Weasley family has a very clumsy owl named Errol. In the movies he’s a Great Gray Owl . I don’t think his species is actually mentioned in the books, but my friend Katty from Belgium found that he IS called a Great Gray Owl on J.K. Rowling’s Web site. Measured from head to tail, the Great Gray Owl is the biggest owl in the world. But even though they’re an inch or so longer than Snowy Owls and look just as big, they weigh much less than Snowy Owls—sometimes less than half! Also, their wingspan isn’t as long as that of Snowy Owls, probably because their wings don’t carry nearly as much weight. Great Gray Owls specialize on mice and voles, and have very thin toes compared to other huge owls. In North America, wild Great Gray Owls live in Alaska and much of Canada down to northeastern Minnesota, and down into the mountainous areas of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. In Europe and Asia, they are found in northern Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia, northern Mongolia, Northern Manchuria, Amurland, and Sakhalin. They make it to Great Britain only in the magical world of Harry Potter. Real Great Gray Owls cannot carry very heavy items because they themselves are so light (usually less than 3 pounds!), and their feet are fairly weak. When I was taking care of injured birds, I once had to go rescue a Great Gray Owl that I then transferred to a raptor specialist. I had it for a little while, and was amazed at how innocuous its feet were. I normally took care of songbirds, so didn’t have the heavy gloves normally worn when doing raptor work, but this owl’s talons didn’t hurt my bare hands at all. Normally over 90% of a Great Gray Owl’s diet is one species—meadow voles. When they eat larger prey, such as rabbits and squirrels, they must sit on the animal for many hours, biting off small chunks of meat. The Weasley’s Great Gray Owl, Errol, is very clumsy. Real owls simply cannot crash the way Errol does in the movie. Not even the owl actor who plays Errol could really crash like that—like other birds, owls have hollow bones and are much too fragile to slam into tables and windows. In the movie, they filmed a real Great Gray Owl flying gracefully through the Errol scenes. Then they substituted a dummy owl for the crashes. You can see many photos of wild Great Gray Owls on my Great Gray Owl flickr photostream . Pigwidgeon Pigwidgeon is so minute that some people have suggested to me that he might be a Little Owl , one very small owl found in England. This owl’s scientific name is Athene noctua, and it is fairly common in much of its range, in southern and central Europe and Asia, and northern Africa. Little Owls aren’t native to England, but were introduced there in the late 1800s. Little Owls are not found anywhere naturally in North America, but they are in the same genus, and closely related to, the Burrowing Owl. Like the Burrowing Owl, the Little Owl is found in open habitats, and is often active in the daytime as well as the night. The Little Owl often perches on posts and other look-outs. Like most tiny owls, the Little Owl eats many insects, which it can catch on the wing. The Little Owl does have some interesting mythology of its own, being the sacred owl of the goddess Athene—that’s how it got its scientific name. And it is shown on coins from ancient Athens. But according to J.K. Rowling’s own website , and supported by Mary Grandpre ‘s lovely illustration in Chapter 22 of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Pigwidgeon is a Eurasian (Common) Scops Owl . This owl, even tinier than a Little Owl and more closely related to the screech owls of America, has “ear tufts”—feathers that stick up on the head and look like ears. The owl illustration for this chapter clearly shows those feather tufts. We hoped the moviemakers would use a scops owl when Pigwidgeon finally appeared, but he wasn’t in the movies at all, which has been a big disappointment to me and many others! What would Pigwidgeon sound like? You can listen to recordings of various species of scops owls here . Ron seemed resentful to have such a tiny animal compared to Harry’s Hedwig. But we bet he didn’t have to work nearly as hard to clean up after Pigwidgeon as Harry did for Hedwig! Owl poop is smelly and messy. (Unless they’re magical owls—we notice that Harry’s black cloak never has a single white spot on it!) Malfoy’s Owl Malfoy’s owl is the largest, heaviest owl in Europe, an Eagle Owl. Eagle Owls are not found in the United States—they live in Europe and Asia. Eagle Owls are not native to Great Britain, but a few pairs have escaped captivity. Scientists hope they don’t become established in the wild in England because like all introduced animals, they will almost assuredly disturb the balance of nature already there. But in their native range these magnificent birds are an important part of that balance. Eagle Owls have oranger eyes than Great Horned Owls, are slightly larger, and have heavy, vertical streaks on the front, rather than the finer, horizontal barring of the Great Horned Owl. Again, notice how it perches with the two normal front toes facing forward. (The “thumb” toe and the back toe face backward). Percy’s Screech Owl I didn’t pay enough attention to another owl—Percy’s! Fortunately, my friend Katty writes: In the Harry Potter Lexicon about owls, they mentioned a screech owl. And in chapter 5 of Prisoner of Azkaban, you can find: “…Percy’s screech owl, …” (when Rowling described the Weasleys, Hermione and Harry leaving the Leaky Cauldron.) Considering that my very own owl, Archimedes, is a screech owl, I really should have found this on my own! Other Owls Appearing Here and There Throughout the Harry Potter movies, there are lots of owls here and there. The owl shown in many of the posters, screensaver, and other promotional material for the movie, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, is a Great Horned Owl. This owl lives in North, Central, and South America, but is not found in the wild in England or any other place on that side of the Atlantic Ocean. I don’t know if this promotional material was used in England, but it makes a lot of sense for an American owl to deliver invitations to the movie to people in Canada and the U.S. Notice that the owl has two front claws on each foot facing forward. Owls have three front toes and one back toe on each foot. But one of the front claws is opposable, and rotates backward the way we use our thumb. So the way this owl is carrying the letter to Harry is, indeed, exactly the way a real owl would carry mail. Notice that owls prefer air mail. In real life, large species of owls sometimes eat smaller species. Real owls are extremely stressed by being near other owls. But filming the scene shown above did not stress the owls. Why? This scene was filmed over and over, with different owls each time, and then the films were digitally manipulated to make it appear that all the owls were there together at the same time. Notes about the fourth movie: My friend Katty from Belgium, who is blind so notices a great many sounds I don’t pay enough attention to, writes: Yesterday, I saw the fourth film and was lucky to hear different owl sounds. In this movie, we entered the owlery (not a circular stone room as described in the books, but it seemed to be located outside the school). I don’t know if you can see much of the owl species during this scene, but I heard the sounds of: little owl eagle owl snowy owl ???other species I didn’t recognise. They seemed to be very active, But I don’t know if it is evening or day in the film. During the film, you can hear other owl species, but I don’t know if you can see them. I heard: little owl (on the graveyard tawney owl The only species (and owl character) I didn’t see or hear was Pigwidgeon. Frequently Asked Questions Could a real owl really carry a Nimbus 2000? Snowy Owl often kill snowshoe hares and can carry them to their nestlings. A snowshoe hare weighs over 1 kilogram. I weighed one corn broom as 0.6 kilograms, so the weight of a real broom wouldn’t be a problem for a Snowy Owl. And a Snowy Owl’s talons can easily grip a broom handle. So yes, a real Snowy Owl could really carry a Nimbus 2000. But the Snowy Owl in this scene simply flew through, and then the filmmakers digitally added the broom. This wasn’t too hard to do. In the arctic tundra, where there are no trees for Snowy Owls to bonk into in flight, they often dangle their legs in flight. So in this scene, the real owl’s legs are already in position to be carrying something. Tiny owls can easily carry mice, so letters and birthday greetings would be quite easy for them to manage. But according to The Pet Place : Although throughout the movie, it appears the owls carry messages and even the broom, they didn’t actually hold the objects. Instead, they were attached to the birds using an invisible harness. When they reached the right point, a trainer pulled a cord, which released the message or object. Also, notice that the broom that was delivered in the movie was really made out of paper. Can real owls be happy in cages? The cage Harry often keeps Hedwig in is way too small for any real owl, and the tiny Victorian cage used in the movie would be illegal to keep an owl in either the U.S. or Great Britain. Great Britain requires all bird cages to be big enough to allow the bird to stretch its wings fully without touching anything. To keep it in anything smaller requires a veterinary certificate. But the owl playing Hedwig is probably used to a fairly small cage when he goes places, the way dogs or cats get used to a small pet carrier or kennel, as long as they don’t need to stay in it too long or too often. Are real owls ever active in the daytime? Owls that live in the Arctic, “the land of the midnight sun,” obviously have to be able to hunt in bright conditions. Snowy Owls can hunt by day or night. And some other owls are very diurnal—the Northern Hawk-Owl and the more tropical Pygmy-Owls are active in the daytime. Many owls are crepuscular—most active at twilight. And some are active ONLY at night—the tiny Saw-whet Owl and Boreal Owl are good examples. My own little owl, Archimedes, reminds me of a cat. He’s active when he feels like it and sleeps when he feels like it, day or night. In the wild, Screech Owls roost and nest in tree cavities or nest boxes, and are very vulnerable to jays, robins,and crows in the daytime, but they need some sunshine to produce Vitamin D, so they spend much of the day with their head poking out of the hole. If a cranky robin or jay spots one, the little owl just retreats back into the cavity. Can people really have owls for pets? In the magical world of Harry Potter, a wizard or witch can own a real owl. In the real world, in England, people are allowed to keep owls provided the bird can be shown to be captive bred or found disabled and unable to be returned to the wild—in order to show owls for money or to breed them for sale, people in the U.K. need to have what is known as an “Article 10 certificate,” which functions much as a licence for the bird. In the U.S., keeping owls for pets is always against the law. In the U.S., owls and all other native birds are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and cannot be possessed by anyone who doesn’t have legal permits for research or education, or in the case of an injured owl, legal rehabilitation permits. I have permits to keep one Eastern Screech-Owl for education. I first needed to prove that I have a good reason to use an owl for educational programs, and that I could provide healthy, safe, and comfortable housing and good food, in order to apply for a permit from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. I needed a permit from my state in order to apply for a federal permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. After I had both permits, I was allowed to keep one screech owl, but wasn’t allowed to take it from the wild. I had to find a rehabilitation center that had an owl that had recovered but couldn’t be released into the wild. I’ve had Archimedes since 2000. How can I see a real, live owl in the wild? Owls are secretive in the daytime, because they are often attacked by crows, ravens, jays, robins, and other birds. If you’re walking in the woods or in a park and hear what sounds like exceptionally angry chickadees, or a large number of extremely loud crows, check it out! They may be mobbing an owl. At nighttime you can listen for owls, especially in late winter and spring. To hear how some owls sound, you can look at Journey North’s owl dictionary . Find out if your town or city has an Audubon society or other bird club. Most bird clubs have field trips, and will have experts along to help you see all the birds. And they might have some special trips just to find owls! How can I help owls? There are several things we can do to help owls. Buy your Harry Potter books from the Canadian publisher, Raincoast . This company prints all the Harry Potter books on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. This helps many kinds of owls because so much owl habitat is cut down to make paper. Don’t waste paper. Recycle paper when you’re done with it, and buy recycled paper. How does this help owls? On average, Americans consume 738 pounds of paper per person per year. And much of this paper is wasted—over 40% of the trash Americans throw away is paper. That adds up to a lot of trees! And when forests are cut to make paper, it hurts the birds that require older forest growth. One way you can save paper is to stop getting junk mail. Four million TONS of junk mail is sent through the U.S. Postal Service, and half is never even opened. That is an enormous waste of forests. This website has information about simple things you can do to get less junk mail. Keep your cat indoors. House cats kill millions of birds every year. Rarely, a Great Horned Owls kills a cat, but since even the heaviest owl weighs only 4 - 5 pounds, owls are at a serious disadvantage when in a fight with a cat. Even if an owl survives an attack, a cat bite or scratch can introduce bacteria leading to lethal infections. Bird lungs are on the back, making them especially vulnerable to puncture wounds. Also, cats kill a lot of mice. Except in very urban areas where rats and mice are a problem for humans, house cats destroy a lot of valuable owl food, making it harder for owls, especially smaller species, to survive. To learn more about the importance of keeping your cat indoors, see the American Bird Conservancy’s Cats Indoors campaign page. Don’t let your dog chase birds. When an owl kills a large prey animal, it sometimes spends several minutes on the ground eating. During this time, it can easily be killed or badly injured by a dog. We know of at least one screech owl that was grabbed by a dog, and the tiny owl’s wing was broken. If people had not noticed, it would have died, but now it’s in a rehab facility. Leave dead trees standing. If they absolutely must be cut, then to do it in the late fall/early winter to ensure no babies are in the nest. Put up a Wood Duck/Screech Owl box or a Barred Owl nest platform. It’s not a good idea to build both kinds close to one another, though! Support an owl rehabilitation center near you. In Minnesota, The Raptor Center does a great job of caring for injured and orphaned raptors. This page lists many other rehabilitation facilities. If you know of a place that is not listed, please email me . Join an organization that works to protect owls. My favorite American organization that does research and education to help all birds is the American Bird Conservancy . The Rainforest Alliance protects tropical birds, including the many owls that live there. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds protects birds of the world with special emphasis on the United Kingdom. Don’t even think about having an owl for a pet. Owls are protected by law, so it’s illegal to keep them in captivity in the U.S. without a license. But at least as important, owls are wild, natural birds requiring a wild, natural life. In cages they simply cannot do all the things their bodies were designed for and their spirits require. Also, owls are not at all easy to care for: they need to eat whole rodents or other whole animals, which must be fresh, and their droppings are messy and smelly, requiring frequent clean-up. If you yearn to handle real, live owls, volunteer to help at a nature center or rehabilitation center. If you’re buying owl stuff, buy them from Owl Stuff. Proceeds from the Owl Stuff website go to conservation organizations.
i don't know
In the 1977 film ‘The Eagle Has Landed’, which political figure is the target of a kidnap plot?
Interview with Anthony Sloman | Frames Cinema Journal Interview with Anthony Sloman By Keith M. Johnston   Anthony (Tony) Sloman has worked in the British film industry since the 1960s, starting out as a runner for Soho-based film companies such as Guild and Caledonian Film. At Caledonian, the editors Jack Harris and Derek York, and directors Charles Crichton and Bryan Forbes, encouraged him to go into editing and sponsored his union membership. Having worked as second assistant editor on films such as Where the Spies Are (Guest, 1965), Othello (Burge, 1965), One Million Years B.C. (Chaffey, 1966), and Vault of Horror (Baker, 1972), Tony expanded his cutting room skills as sound editor for television and film projects like Orson Welles’ Great Mysteries (Anglia, 1973), Count Dracula (BBC, 1977), and The Bounty (Donaldson, 1983); editor on Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare (Winters, 1975) and Dance Craze (Massot, 1981); and as a producer-director-editor of his own films, starting with Sweet and Sexy (Sloman, 1970) and Not Tonight Darling (Sloman, 1971). Alongside that work, Tony has also written and produced trailers for films as diverse as The Eagle Has Landed (Sturges, 1977), The Long Good Friday (Mackenzie, 1979) and Supergirl (Szwarc, 1984), and it is that work that is (broadly) the subject of this interview. This transcript is an edited version of an hour-long interview that was conducted at BAFTA London, on Wednesday 21st November 2012.   KMJ [Keith M. Johnston]: Tony, just to get us started, to get a personal perspective… how did you make the move from editing into trailer production? TS [Tony Sloman]: From the start, I wanted to progress on the classic route, from second assistant editor to dubbing assistant, first assistant, dubbing editor, editor, director… but [by the late 1960s] that route no longer existed because it was cheaper to hire people who had written a script, and get them to, you know, get an editor sorted out… but it was a great time to be working, it was really the end of the studio system – I worked in every studio… so I ended up track laying, and shooting effects, shooting post-sync, working with the director… generally, I wasn’t bad at what I did – I was peculiar, I was interested in film and to my horror, most people working in films were not, which was advantageous, because when the dubbing editor I was working for was listening to the cricket all the summer, I ended up track laying, shooting effects and dialogue, performance for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (Hughes, 1968), because the director Ken Hughes was still directing the film!   KMJ: But moving into the editing side of the industry was always your aim? TS: That was a conscious decision, I didn’t want to do cameras… in my growing up period, it very slowly dawned on me, what is specific and peculiar that makes film work… editing – cutting as it was called in slang… was peculiar and specific to film. And when I kind of realised that, and that several of my own favourite directors were editors first… [people like] David Lean, Alan Resnais and John Sturgess… I decided to centre on trying to get into the cutting rooms rather than on the [studio] floor…   KMJ: And did the experience of working in cutting rooms help you get established in trailer production? TS: I don’t see how you could make trailers without editing experience. It’s interesting that when I met the trailer producers from the companies, from National Screen Services [N.S.S.] in particular, they’ve all come through the practicality of making films, generally in the cutting room… all of the trailer producers, they used to come in and – as second assistant editor [on a film] – I used to meet them because it would fall to me, once the picture had stopped shooting and was cutting, to find them the material that they want; that is, they would come in with scripts, and I would have to find them the slates and dupe them… I learned a lot – you couldn’t use the original again, obviously, without duping it, and sometimes [alternative] material found its way into trailers, which wasn’t in the film… on all of the films on which I worked as second assistant editor, I was involved in ordering, or providing, or liaising with the trailer companies.   KMJ: Was it that liaison, or that experience, that intrigued you about working in trailer production? TS: I love trailers, I love the whole ‘in your face’-ness of it all… The captions, the words, the style of lettering – I mean, I loved MGM because they coloured the lettering, most other companies just had single colour lettering… but the bigger and more glamorous the picture, the more the actual words twinkled… the trailer for Singin’ in the Rain (Donen/Kelly, 1952) is a very good example of this, probably the best example of any trailer ever. But, of course, they were costly and they were controlled by the studios. I grew up loving trailers… [they] were all a part of the wonder of the cinema experience… So, when I actually got a picture and realised that, hey, somebody’s got to look after the trailers, and it might as well be the second assistant, who was finished syncing up rushes by then – and on the cheaper budgets would be removed – I guess I kind of offered myself… the trailer companies were always making millions of trailers at once, they would say we’d rather you do it, and send us the material… once the script had been approved… by the trailer company, it was an internal thing – [studios like] MGM, Rank, whatever, trusted them so much… It seemed to me a very glamorous part of the business… the essence of the film in a minute and a half, if that – wonderful colourful captions, and specially written captions… it’s interesting, David Lean, an editor I respect very much, and a director I quite like, sent up trailers magnificently in Brief Encounter (Lean, 1945) – ‘Flames of Passion’ all next week, and I never realised there was a film called Flames of Passion until much, much later… I did some work on a few films that incorporated trailers as library material, most notably the 70mm Dance Craze (1980), and we did the centre section with some trailers, and I got to see an awful lot of trailers of the period… because the copyright is different on trailers, you can show trailers and bits of trailers when you can’t show bits of the film…   KMJ: If we can turn to the list of trailers you’ve actually worked on… TS: Well, the first trailer I had control over was the second film I directed because I loathed the trailer done for the first film I directed, which was done by the film’s producer. We were kind of proud of it [the film], but it really was only a very, very cheap sexploitation film… He’d made a trailer which incorporated the Rice bunny The Kiss, from you know, 1896, to make it – and honestly, that’s not our audience… it was too long, and I thought why didn’t I offer to do the trailer? You know, I’ve got the background… I co-wrote, directed, cut it and co-produced it, why didn’t I do the trailer? I don’t know, probably psychologically, I’d had enough by then – control is a hard thing to keep at the end of a picture, any director will tell you, so I let Ray do it, and I thought… just no… it was so awful, I didn’t want to keep a copy of the trailer of my own film. So, when I got to do Not Tonight Darling… I realised I could do my own trailer for my own film, because nobody else was going to do it! I won’t get paid any more, I didn’t get paid much for doing the film, but at least I’ll make a trailer, so I do at last have a trailer for my own film, and it seems – although its scratched – that it may well be the only… copy, because it was for Border Film, and they junked everything…   KMJ: And after Not Tonight Darling you move onto the trailer for Can You Keep it up for a Week (Atkinson, 1975)? TS: Now, with Can You Keep it up for a Week? I’d gone back into the cutting room because I’d failed to get anything set up [as a director]… I didn’t want to do another sex film… like a few people at that time, [I tried] to set up horror things, science fiction things – and then the dubbing editor Jim Atkinson who I had assisted, and knew quite well, actually got a picture to direct. He’d cut – or dubbed, I think – Clinic Xclusive (Chaffey, 1972), with an X, for Elton Hawke (Hazel Adair and Kent Walton of Cool for Cats and wrestling fame)… Elton Hawke did quite well with Clinic Xcusive… [and Jim Atkinson asked] would I mind assisting David [Docker].. so, I’m on the picture doing first assistant, and I work a bit with the dubbing editor (the great Chris Green, who got an Oscar for dubbing The Guns of Navarone (Thompson, 1961)… Chris dubbed, without a pseudonym, Can You Keep it up for a Week?, and I moved across to help him, and then I got on very well with Hazel and Ken, and they asked me to do the trailer, and I said yes… and fortunately for me, they had to provide a ‘U’ trailer and a ‘X’ trailer so I got about five weeks of work instead of two weeks, so that’s how I got to do those two trailers. And at the same time as doing that, one of my friends and indeed contemporaries in the cutting room, one of the first people I ever met, was Peter Watson… he set up a company called Optical Film Effects… at Pinewood. And he solicited for trailers on films he was doing effects for, and at one stage he was assistant to Anne Coates, and Anne was cutting The Eagle Has Landed for John Sturges… Peter and I knew each other, and we used to go to the NFT together, and the rest of it, and I said, you know, we could do the trailer for this – it’s an independent film for Lew Grade, produced by Jack Wiener, ITC, they don’t have a regular trailer company. So Peter approached them through Optical Film Effects – they were doing the effects for the film, so it wasn’t difficult and he’d assisted Anne Coates – and we got the trailer for The Eagle Has Landed. And the great thing about this… [was] we actually managed… to be the only trailer which actually changed the shape of the film itself. I wrote this trailer script, which began with… I can’t remember if it was ‘Churchill Kidnap Plot’ or ‘Plot to Kidnap Churchill’ and I said, wouldn’t it be great if we had a newspaper with that as the headline, put it on the front of the trailer for The Eagle Has Landed, because that’s what it’s all about! So, Peter goes off to the newspaper museum, national newspaper depository thing, before it was on microfilm, and he finds something like ‘Plot to Kidnap Churchill’ and, of course, he’s at Optical Film Effects, so he puts it on the optical bench, and shoots it with film. And when Jack Wiener, the producer of The Eagle Has Landed, saw this, he showed it to John Sturges, and John said “that’s great, why haven’t we got it in our film?”… We worked out what we were doing: Anne Coates realised of course, yes it would be good to have it on the front of the film itself, so that’s what happened, we found a way of integrating it into the picture… during the first reel somewhere. So, I felt that Peter and I… had actually, as trailer makers, made a significant contribution to the film itself which, as far as I know, is the only time that’s ever happened… and they loved it, John Sturges was very pleased, Jack Wiener was very pleased, ITC and Lew Grade were very pleased… You’d think, wouldn’t you, that they’d offer us another picture immediately to do the trailers for – but it wasn’t until three years later (more or less… Peter and I submitted a lot of trailer scripts that got rejected… [and] I did get paid for writing trailer scripts) [when we were offered] Zulu Dawn (Hickox, 1979)… I did that at Twickenham [with editor Malcolm Cook], did the whole thing myself, script, script approval, shooting commentary, voiceover, working with the producer of the film – never saw the director, Dougie Hickox – who I worked with on The Master of Ballantrae (1984 TV movie)… you’ll need to talk to Peter Watson, of Optical Film Effects to find out the mechanics of it, but we delivered the trailer of Zulu Dawn to them, and they were happy with. And it’s now available on the DVD release.   KMJ: You’ve talked a bit about the autonomy of the trailer writer… TS: You’re totally on your own…   KMJ: So, can you take us though the process of trailer writing and producing on a project like Zulu Dawn or Supergirl (1984)? TS: Well, normally this happens before the film is finished. I work from the script – the script of the film – and I’m going to leap ahead to something I mentioned to you before… [the main] National Screen Services [N.S.S.]… producer was the doyenne of trailers, Esther Harris. And she – I watched her work, so I’d seen her come in on Where the Spies Are – the first feature I worked on – I watched her come in, look at the assembly (as far as I know she never looked at the rushes), and took the script away and worked out the trailer, marked it out, what she thought would be a trailer – usually a minute, minute and a half, but some companies went for a longer one, if it was a prestige picture… you had some variation in it, but not much – and she would write the captions which are so important – and then she would give it to a trailer producer… On Cross of Iron (1977), Sam Peckinpah’s film, on which I worked as assistant editor… N.S.S. were called in quite early, and they needed an early trailer to sell the film… and I met an editor called Tony Church who had been put on the Cross of Iron trailer by Esther Harris, and it was my job to run the film… for Tony Church, and afterwards we went away and had a chat. And I said to him the very thing you just asked: How do you start? What do you look for? And he gave me a wonderful insight in one word – I look for the watershed moment and then I build the trailer around it. And that watershed moment… can be a number of things. It could be a key line of dialogue. In Cross of Iron, I’ll never forget it, because it’s a close-up of James Coburn saying to Max Schell “I’m going to show you where the iron crosses grow” – and that’s a great line, a great moment, a great moment of writing… and he built the trailer around that, it became the penultimate shot and then you go ‘Cross of Iron’- and I thought, hey, this is trailer making! And that was Tony Church – he taught me all that. But I guess I’d had an instinct for it before actually meeting him and actually working on it, so that is what happens – the trailer person, whoever that is, and it was usually N.S.S. although not always, comes in – and that’s why OFE – Optical Film Effects – had such trouble getting the jobs. Not because Peter Watson didn’t know these people – he knew ‘em all, he’d assisted most of them – it’s just that they went to N.S.S. rather than OFE… And they do that – they look at what’s cut, what effects they think they can use – they have some of their own effects. If it’s a war film, they often won’t go to the dubbing editors’ material, they’ll just use their own war explosions and things. You try to find two pieces of music – trailers need music desperately, more than the film itself does – and if you can, you like to find a really good piece of music, up tempo, with a beginning – where you start it – and a really good piece of music needn’t be up tempo but invariably is – and with a really good ending – and in the process of the mix, you’ll mix across somewhere, usually under dialogue, somewhere where nobody will notice it – except another music editor… So, you’re looking for the two pieces of music remembering that the time you’re looking at the film, not only has it not been scored (because it hasn’t been cut), it might not even have a composer. So, you would go to the company – it would have a distributor in place or a production company – you would trawl through their library to see if they’ve got anything suitable, which is why music in trailers is very often not the music in the film, but may even be by a different composer. When I did the Supergirl teaser trailer I used the Star Trek main theme [from Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Wise 1979] for the cutting copy, because it worked so well. Everybody knew it was Star Trek so they knew we weren’t going to use it – and when Jerry Goldsmith scored it, scored Supergirl, there are some similarities… because he wrote the main theme for Star Trek… I would find all the elements and put them together – hopefully, you always hoped against hope that they would finish the music score and so you could swap the music over and use the music. If you can’t, then you have to mix it, and deliver it as it is – and they have to do the clearances.   KMJ: So, with the Supergirl example, you put the Star Trek music on as a temporary track, and then you replaced that with a final version? TS: They didn’t actually use that one [in theatres], that was used for the festivals, for Cannes and everywhere, because it was quite simply – the one that I did, I’d cut a detailed Supergirl trailer from the script, with the scenes from Faye Dunaway and Peter Cook and everything, and underscored it with bits of Jerry Goldsmith, but the one they liked was the cheapest, easiest and most basic – although I was on it for six weeks – which was quite simply S-U-P-E-R-G-I-R-L cut to the main Star Trek theme. That was it. Instant. Terrific. They sold the film on it. I’m very proud of it, but it wasn’t a proper trailer. And eventually they went back to my original scene-by-scene trailer, and eventually they cut that really short. There was no trailer company – I was the trailer company on that, I was brought in to do that, I was working directly for Pierre Spengler, who was the producer of the film, who represented the Salkinds, and I got on so well with them that they offered me the picture that they were making with the leftover cash from Supergirl called Where is Parsifal? (Helman, 1984), with Tony Curtis, they offered me that as dubbing editor because they liked my use of sound on the Supergirl trailer. It’s bizarre, the way you get jobs… Generally, if you have access to a studio library – and the time – then you can listen to pieces of music but by the time you… [become] a trailer editor or trailer producer, you will have a pretty good idea of the record library and you’ll know who you like, what you can use, and how to make it work. There are several schools of thought over should you use effects in a trailer, should you use a voice-over – really, generally, the trailer script is approved first. You don’t take bits of film and stick them together – that’s time consuming and costly – it would all be in the script. The script would be approved, the pages would be initialled – by whoever has to initial them, sometimes nobody has to – you show it to a group of people… my experience is that it’s the hardest thing to do, is to get people together to watch a trailer all at once. You can never get the distributor and the producer… in one theatre at one time. And always show it theatrically, try not to show it in a cutting room, or now on a TV, because it’s a trailer… it needs the scale.   KMJ: Of the three elements you’ve just identified – scenes from the film, titles and music (or soundtrack) – are they the strongest pieces that a trailer producer looks for? Is that what you build a trailer round? TS: No, you build the trailer round the watershed! Once you’ve identified that, you think: are you selling the stars? Are you selling the image? Are you selling the plot? Remember that all trailers have to have a U or a PG certificate, so if it’s horror you can’t really show any horror, you can only suggest it, or obscure the action with titles – that’s another way of doing it. No sex. And try and keep the plot down, don’t give anything away, if it’s a thriller or whatever… a highly-plotted film. You have to identify your target audience, which will already have been identified, or the film wouldn’t be being made… there are exceptions, but there’s no point in selling a war film as a romance because you’re not going to get the people in, and I cite Hannover Street (Hyams, 1979) as an example – maybe that was a romance masquerading as a war film, it doesn’t matter – but genre stereotyping, which people and critics seem so anxious to avoid is the sine qua non of movie making – you can’t avoid it, it shouldn’t be avoided, and more to the point, it should be embraced. And if you know what you’re selling, if you know what you’re making, then that’s what you sell in the trailer. Now, I’ve kept that rather vague – if it’s a western, I want to see cowboys; if it’s a war film, I want to see explosions; if it’s a romance, I want to see kissing – so there’s no point in making a deliberately obtuse trailer. People do – Tarantino does. Tarantino now has a reputation, so he doesn’t have to worry about it. But generally you’ve got the investors to protect and the trailer is a sales tool – you’ll hear that time and time again, ‘sales tool’, when you talk to trailer people – that’s all it is, let’s not get into art or fun fantasy or, you know, nostalgia, even – it’s a sales tool.   KMJ: So you wouldn’t regard any examples of trailer making as an art form? You mentioned the Citizen Kane (Welles, 1941) trailer earlier on, is that a sales tool or is that art? TS: It sells the picture! Very much so, because you’re introducing in the Citizen Kane trailer people the public have never seen before. It’s the way Welles introduces them, he chooses snatched moments, particularly of Joseph Cotton, he intrigues you. Welles is the magician superb – even in trailer making, it’s a unique trailer because he knows you don’t know any of these people, not even him. So he shot – during the making of the film – them entering doors and dropping things, and that’s the trailer. That’s the exception. Look, I don’t like using the word art even in connection with commercial cinema, but I acknowledge that it is, of course. I spend a lot of my time persuading other people that it is as well. But when I’m working… my job is to sell the picture, let somebody else decide if it’s art…   KMJ: You’ve been working on trailers since 1971… TS: I’ve been doing them – well, I won’t say between features… I like doing trailers very much, but I’m not an official trailer maker – they’re the people who will have done hundreds of trailers, roughly one a week or more.   KMJ: But over that time, what do you think has changed in trailer making? TS: The whole style. Trailers, in general, are much more sophisticated – I think probably the most… iconic trailer, that changed everything, was Alien (Scott, 1979). And from that, trailers realised they could be a little bit more intelligent, a little more subtle, maybe less star driven – you sometimes don’t see the star until halfway, a third of the way, through the trailer… It varies, but I think there’s less dependence on captions and voice-over, they tend to show you more of the actual scenes, which tend to be better integrated, not cut together, they tend to dissolve or wipe – a device I like very much… Some trailers today I think are just too subtle for the public – for their product, because it is a product – and you see something and go, ‘oh, that’s very nice but I won’t go and see it’ and that’s not what a trailer’s all about. I like hard sell – I think hard sell is very necessary with a certain kind of film. But the kind of film that needs a hard sell doesn’t have an audience any more – people don’t go every week to the pictures, so trailers tend to be if not made by, certainly they tend now to involve advertising consultants and marketing people as opposed to the companies themselves. The same companies – MGM, Paramount, Universal, RKO, Warner Bros., Fox – they knew how to sell, they didn’t have to have marketing people, they had marketing people on the lot – publicity people. And there was a formula – or certainly a format that was followed in trailer making – I think that’s gone… I think trailers now have more individuality – you can’t tell a Columbia trailer from a Universal trailer anymore, which you always could in the past by the style of editing – and I think that’s a concomitant loss with cinema in general. Purists, artists, I think perhaps prefer it – and it may be generational… but I think the key change was Alien, it can be clearly pinpointed to a large egg, and single letters coming up to form one word. After that, anything goes.   KMJ: Saying that, is there still a need for the watershed? Are trailers still built around that? TS: If you don’t have the biggest star in the world, who these days varies – a star used to last seven years, now they last about two and a half… then there is still the need for watershed. But watershed may be the appearance of the star – you could pretty well guarantee that a Clark Gable film would make a certain amount of money if it was advertised in a certain style… but today there’s no guarantee that a Brad Pitt film will make money, there’s no guarantee that a George Clooney film will make money… there’s no guarantee that a Meryl Streep film will make money – you need to sell them individually and with a very, very different approach. In the current case, a Robert Pattinson film will be sold to a very specific audience – the rest of the world doesn’t even know he exists. So, in a trailer, you really are after that audience that is the rest of the world, you are selling to people who may never have heard of the film, may never had heard of the star, but who want to be entertained – or at least thought-provoked – because the audience has changed itself now… it doesn’t apply of course to films that have won awards, you can have nobody in them and show that Oscar or BAFTA and suddenly The Artist (Hazanavicius, 2011) or Life is Beautiful (Benigni, 1997) will make money, because people don’t know who’s in it. Paradoxically, The Artist, which has an excellent trailer, had massive walkouts throughout the States when they discovered it was in black-and-white, foreign, with no dialogue. So, the trailer has to sell that – because, of course, you can’t tell from the trailer that it has no dialogue. Trailer making is a very, very specific skill, I think, rather than an art… and it’s a craft. It’s hard to do. It looks easy – it should look easy – it should be easy, fast, pleasurable and over – watershed or not. And I think that still applies. I think today because trailers tend to be shown in batches or four or five of what’s coming up, they tend to merge with the adverts themselves, because the techniques are the same… I think it’s still a very young craft. Whether it develops into an art, I have absolutely no idea.   KMJ: And on that note, thank you very much, Tony Sloman…  
Winston Churchill
The ingredients for the 1947 wedding cake for the future Queen Elizabeth II were a present from the Girl Guides of which country?
It's a Wonderful Plot - TV Tropes It's a Wonderful Plot You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share — Clarence Odbody, It's a Wonderful Life After the movie It's a Wonderful Life , a device whereby an external force (usually supernatural) intervenes in a time of crisis to show the character facing said crisis how things would have been had he or she never been born. May occur as part of a Near-Death Experience , or following Smite Me, O Mighty Smiter . Episodes with this plot usually take place around Christmas time, because It's a Wonderful Life takes place around Christmas. If a show hasn't done a Yet Another Christmas Carol episode yet (or if they have already done so), they'll be doing this one. Usually the character learns that everyone they know would be worse off without them. The most common subversion is that everybody's life is better. The world is usually governed by the Butterfly of Doom ; regardless of how minor the change, there is rarely a middle ground or a world which is only slightly different, to the extent that the character's absence, no matter how seemingly insignificant or small, will result in a complete Crapsack World in which there is little hope whatsoever. Also closely related to Necessary Fail . This may be a Dead Horse Trope . Nearly half the examples below are subversions of some sort, most commonly the above subversion used for parodic effect. A Sub-Trope of Whole Plot Reference (so anything less than the plot is merely a Shout-Out ). and here is a re-creation of It's a Wonderful Life using clips from TV episodes that referenced It's a Wonderful Life.     open/close all folders      Anime and Manga  The final episode of Serial Experiments Lain shows a world in which Lain does not exist (in contrast to scenes from the first episode, before all the weirdness)... and then the viewer realizes that this is not a mere possibility, but a reality Lain created by erasing everyone's memories of herself. Although she did leave her BFF Alice with a tiny figment of memory of her, only large enough to make her wonder for a second if she has seen Lain before. The fourth Haruhi Suzumiya novel and The Movie , The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya, is one long Wonderful Life story for Kyon, except he didn't actually ask for it, he's not the one being retgonned, and the "angel" responsible is affected by the changes as well... It does happen around Christmas, though. Played straight for a sequence in the final episode of Kimagure Orange Road , where Kyousuke steps into a world where he never existed: Madoka would've stayed as a ostracized delinquent, Manami and Kurumi would've been total bratty half pints , Yuusaku would've been a delinquent too and Hikaru would be his girlfriend ... Rika in Higurashi: When They Cry 's "Saikoroshi-hen" wakes up in a new world after a Near-Death Experience , in which none of the tragedies involving Oyashiro's curse happened. Her parents are alive, Satoko's parents are alive, Satoshi is still around, and Rena's parents never divorced. However, as a result, Keiichi never came to Hinamizawa, Satoko and her other classmates bully Rika, Hanyuu is absent, and the town will soon be flooded due to the dam project never being stopped. The Big Bad of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure part 6 uses this as the basis for his plan; he plans to create a world where the Joestar family never existed and Dio reigns supreme. The End of Evangelion had a characteristically disturbing variant of such a scene filmed in live-action, but it was ultimately cut (it can still be found floating around the Internet). In it, Shinji witnesses a world in which Misato, Rei and Asuka (who is inexplicably sleeping with Toji) go about their lives without ever having known Shinji. Here they all lead bleak, aimless existences, are almost suicidally depressed and take some time to share their incredibly cynical philosophies on life and love. Shinji eventually recognizes that this is not reality (just like the unrealistically happy high-school romance anime alternate universe of episode 26). It's not entirely clear whether the audience was meant to infer a Wonderful Life-esque lesson about how their mere existence can impact the lives of those around them, or just be depressed and disturbed. Count D in Pet Shop of Horrors shows Leon what would have happened if he, and not his childhood friend , would have grown up to become a bank robber, slowly stripping away everything that makes his life worthwhile. Spoiler: The exact same thing as happened with his friend is what, granting Leon's wish of wanting to understand why his Childhood Friend shot himself rather than shoot Leon AND his wish to have died in his place. Count D doesn't take kindly to that kind of shit. Card Captor Sakura has an odd variation: during the climax of the first half, Yue shows Sakura a future where she'd still exist, but it'd be as though she had never existed, not even to her closest family, just to show her what's at stake for the final judgment. In Yo Kai Watch , this is the modus operandi of the sinister Yo-Kai duo Kin and Gin. They invoke this by sending Nate's closest Yo-Kai friends back in time before he met them. In "Jibanyan's Secret", when Nate gets annoyed with Whisper and Jibanyan exercising, he and Jibanyan have an argument which ends with Nate kicking him out. After some convincing from Whisper, they go search for Jibanyan. Little do they know, Kin and Gin send Jibanyan back to the last day of his life as an ordinary house cat, reuniting him with Amy. In the past, Amy's mother becomes verbally abusive due to Dismerelda's presence, and Jibanyan, as Rudy, realizes that Amy did care deeply about him. But it turns out that a race of grim reapers planned to kill Amy for whatever reason, with the very truck that took Rudy's life. In the end, Jibanyan chooses his fate and realizes that Amy actually called herself lame. They return in "Whisper's Secret Past", sending Whisper and Jibanyan back to medieval Japan. In that time, Jibanyan is a normal cat, while Whisper relives his days as Nonuttin, a Yo-Kai who constantly inspirits Naoto (who is very likely to be an ancestor of Nate) to blabber about something that may or may not be true. Several time warps later, Nonuttin finds himself as an advisor to a powerful shogun as a war is about to begin, and he later becomes his tactician Whispocrates. But some of the shogun's allies turn on him, which could lead to his inevitable death. In the end, Whisper confesses to the shogun of him being full of hot air, and the shogun is touched by this as he asks Whisper to help him one last time.     Comic Books  This was done in the french comic book "Si seulement" written by Rodolphe. A writer whose name is Joe Horton finds himself in different realities after he discovered a mysterious room in his basement with five doors (one for each reality) . In the first part of the scenario, he never saved his sister from an enraged dog, thus killing her and becoming a singer. As a result, his wife does not recognize him and his son does not exist. In the second part, his cowardice was worse as he never stood up for his girlfriend and failed to protect her from being bullied and raped by a group of thugs. He ended up as a cafe owner, married to an unfaithful woman who abused him with her lover. In the third part, he was incarcerated due to a fire he created at a neighbor's farm, thus killing a horse. He became a corrupt politician. It was better that the fourth part, when he died while trying to save his sister, which allowed her to become a famous painter. In the final part, he was also put in jail and became a sadistic person, murdering children . He finally finds his old life back, coming to the conclusion that he has a wonderful existence. J. Michael Straczynski's new run of Wonder Woman , "Wonder Woman: Odyssey", is "It's a Wonderful Plot". It's surprisingly still fresh ground for comic books. In it, Wonder Woman finds herself in a parallel timeline where Paradise Island was destroyed when she was a child and she was smuggled to Man's World as a baby and raised in the streets and alleys by the few surviving Amazons. Slightly subverted, as instead of just witnessing "the world without Wonder Woman", she'll be living it, and fighting to regain her old status (thereby repairing the timeline). Disney Ducks Comic Universe : Don Rosa did a story about Donald Duck, "The Duck Who Never Was", based on this trope to celebrate his 60th birthday. Donald, who's been feeling down on his luck even for him , spends his birthday trying to get a job at a museum; he's immediately laid off for exceeding the retirement age due to a nearsighted curator misreading his application. As he leaves, he bumps into an urn and releases the "birthday genie," a powerful spirit that grant one wish to a person if that person releases him on their birthday . Donald gets upset and wishes that he'd never been born, and the birthday genie grants his request—and Duckburg instantly transforms into a miserable, graffiti-riddled hellhole. Nearly everyone Donald knows is worse off. Because Donald didn't get kidnapped by a talking wolf , Gyro Gearloose accidentally blasted himself with his own intelligence-reducing ray, robbing him of his inventing skills and forcing him to become a miserable farmer. He bought said farm from Grandma Duck, who had to give up the property because Gus never came to work for her. Instead, Grandma works as Daisy's secretary; Daisy herself has become a successful romance novelist, but she only writes her books to make up for her horrible loveless life, and spends all of her time shut away in Scrooge's (former) Money Bin, which she's turned into her printing plant, hating the world and drinking heavily (the latter is implied through some empty bottles she throws at Donald). Gus, meanwhile, is a skinny, broke loser living on the streets—without Donald to become Scrooge's heir, the billionaire was forced to hire Gus, who lost the legendary Number One Dime to Magica DeSpell on his first day on the job. This broke Scrooge's spirit and led him to lose everything to Flintheart Glomgold, who's slowly draining Duckburg of its resources through a combination of naturally large taxes (which the Duck family once paid) and outsourcing to Africa. The only person who's still rich and successful (much to Donald's chagrin) is the impossibly lucky Gladstone Gander, who continues to win sweepstakes and prizes on an hourly basis—the trouble is that Huey, Dewey, and Louie had to go to live with him without Donald to care for them. As a result of Gladstone's lazy attitudes, overindulgence, and philosophy of Hard Work Hardly Works , the boys have become massively obese couch potatoes who think that any sort of movement besides eating takes too much effort. Finally, the Beagle Boys, who lost their motivation for robbery when Scrooge went broke, have become dirty cops in the extreme, and one brother is even the mayor. Donald rushes back to the museum and begs for the birthday genie to reverse the spell; he does so, and the now-enlightened duck returns home to find a surprise party waiting for him. There was another Donald story with a similar premise, but only in the loosest of terms. For one thing, the story takes the Good Angel, Bad Angel trope and turns it Up to Eleven , with the two actually being depicted as (magical?) creatures living in Donald's brain. The bad angel, fed up with how the good angel seems to always influence Donald, beats him up and ties him into a closet, then disguises himself as the good angel. What does this have to do with this trope? Well, the angels' recent conflicts inside Donald's brain have resulted in Donald demonstrating bipolar disorder-like behavior, so all his friends and family (plus Gladstone) hold a meeting which Donald eavesdrops on and thinks is about how much he sucks as a person. Furious, he wishes that he was never born, and the bad angel (disguised as the good angel) shows him what life would be like without him... and everybody's happier (i.e. Daisy is Happily Married to Gladstone, Huey, Dewey and Louie are in Scrooge's custody). Just as this little tour ends, the good angel breaks free, beats up the bad angel in return, and shows Donald what would really result (Daisy leads an empty life married to Gladstone; Gladstone thinks that Daisy is way too controlling; Scrooge is contemplating putting Huey, Dewey, and Louie in juvenile hall, etc.). And before you ask, no, this was not a fanfiction. Huey, Dewey and Louie are preparing dinner for New Year's Eve in a geriatric care home using money provided by the Junior Woodchucks. They send Donald with the money to buy food, but he loses the purse. Donald decides Duckburg would be better off without him and seems to prepare to commit suicide, but is interrupted by his guardian angel (not the angel from the previous story, by the way). The guardian angel shows him how a new year's eve in Duckburg would be without him: Huey, Dewey and Louie live in an orphanage, are constantly bullied by their peers and are unable to celebrate new year's eve in peace. Daisy is dating Gladstone (again), but is unhappy with how Gladstone takes her to a horse racetrack rather than a restaurant and feels Gladstone doesn't really care about her. Scrooge has no friends or family and when he decides to invite his staff to a dinner party, he finds that none of them is willing to spend more time than necessary with him. And another time (Donald Duck comics will ruminate any trope to infinity) there was an inversion where Donald made the wish that he were alone without all his friends who were annoying him. No points for guessing he didn't like it when the wish came true, though there was more to the plot than that. And one more: Donald gets to see what Duckburg would be with his hypothetical twin brother existing instead of him. Since the twin is randomly a clichéd Big Brother Is Watching dictator, this makes him feel better about being who he is. It's like the story changes clichés mid-swing. Mad Magazine is fond of this trope. They tend to favor people with political power, especially the current president of the time. The Monroe comic had a chapter with this plot. In it, everyone is happier and better off without Monroe; even the guardian angel admits absolutely everything is better for everybody. In the end, Monroe decides to continue living, because "misery loves company." MAD also does this for Bill Clinton, with Richard Nixon as the angel sent to him (he has a right wing but not a left one). This being Mad, it's far less heartwarming and more of a political satire than most examples (For example, when Nixon mentions the part about no one being a failure if they have friends, he mentions the quality of Clinton's friends), with Nixon's praise being backhanded at best, and suggesting some might have been better off if Clinton hadn't become President. Hilariously double-subverted in the post-Zero Hour Legion of Super-Heroes : Brainiac 5 gets a view of what the Legion would be like without him, and it turns out to be an idealized Silver Age -style world in which the other Legionnaires are just kids in a "hero club." After confirming that, yes, their lives are in fact better without him, Brainy chooses to go back anyhow in order to go on making their lives as miserable as they make his. A Flintstones comic had Fred find that he hadn't received a Christmas bonus. Fred gets depressed about this, somehow gets even more depressed and starts going on a walk without knowing where he's headed - toward a tar pit. The Great Gazoo then yanks Fred out of time at the last minute and takes him to a world to show Fred what things would be like if he never existed (Fred protests along the way that he didn't wish that he was never born, Gazoo retorts saying Fred posed an interesting "what if" and didn't want to pass it up). They arrive in a world where Bedrock is a lot larger and is now known as Slaterock, Barney has an administrative position at Mr. Slate's business and Wilma is married to Mr. Slate. Gazoo then shows that all is not as it appears to be. Slaterock grew up "too big, too fast" and crime is now way up. Betty is single and homeless because she never met Barney (because Fred introduced her to him) and Barney is quite lonely and spends his nights in the office depressed. Pebbles is a spoilt brat and Wilma is unhappy with her marriage. Gazoo then takes Fred back to his own time, where he declares that he's alive...and in pain having fallen into the tar pit. He returns home now more appreciative of his family and Mr. Slate arrives with Fred's bonus, saying his secretary forgot to put it in his pigeonhole. In Grant Morrison's Batman story "Last Rites", set between Batman R.I.P. and Final Crisis , Bruce is given false memories of a life in which his parents weren't killed. Jim Gordon and Dick Grayson are dead. Bruce is a dilettante doctor, coddled by Martha and a disappointment to Thomas, especially when he falls for a patient who turns out to be Selina Kyle, distracting him while she robs the surgery. Issue #16 of Cartoon Network Presents featured a Top Cat story, "It's a Wonderful Strife", in which both T.C. and Officer Dibble, tired of putting up with each other, wish they'd never come to the city. The both of them are then shown alternate realities by their guardian angels, played respectively by Huckleberry Hound and Snagglepuss. Huck shows T.C. that, without guidance from a crafty leader, his gang has to resort to crime for sustenance, and Snagglepuss shows Dibble that if he never became a police officer, T.C. would be an anarchist bossing around the entire police force. In another Batman story, "The Sacrifice", the Phantom Stranger shows Batman what it would be like if his parents didn't die. He gets the family that he's always dreamed of, but without Batman, Gotham City has fallen to ruin under the constant gang wars controlled by supervillains, Commissioner Gordon has become a bedridden quadriplegic after being tortured by one of these gangs, Ra's al Ghul has conquered much of Eastern Europe, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands, and Dick Grayson is on death row for the murder of Tony Zucco. Several years prior, Ed Brubaker did a similar story for Batman: Gotham Adventures , down to the Phantom Stranger playing Clarence. Despite being geared toward a younger age-bracket, this world-without-Batman is arguably even bleaker, ending in Gordon's death (strangely, The Joker still exists even though there's no Batman to punch him into that vat of chemicals). In Nodwick , a plot like this appears when a well-meaning but somewhat naive angel (who is naturally named Clarence) attempts to save Nodwick from his henchman existence by offering to take his soul for good , and tries to convince Nodwick by showing what would happen if he were to die for good. Bad Future ensues. He then attempts to invoke this trope by replacing members of the party one by one to find a better Alternate Universe for Nodwick (replacing Nodwick put another henchman in an even worse stew than Nodwick, since he was taller and therefore a better Human Shield , replacing Yeagar put an Ogre in the party who ate Nodwick on a regular basis, and Arthax was replaced with a necromancer, who heavily reduced Nodwick's death count with some unfortunate implications ). The angel is eventually forced to acknowledge that Nodwick is a Cosmic Plaything designated to deflect misery from everyone else around him , and leaves things as they were. Issue #15 of The Simpsons comic, A Trip To Simpsons Mountain, played with the trope without actually going through the plot; the story being about Grandpa telling the Simpsons children a story from his childhood, about how he went out to look for his father, who had gone missing — though he proves to be a somewhat Unreliable Narrator as he tends to confuse his own life with things he'd seen on TV. Towards the end of the story, young Abe finally finds his father, standing on a bridge and crying and saying he regrets wishing he'd never been born; only to grow ecstatically happy when Abe calls him "Dad" and asks him to come home. Cue Bart, who has been listening to the story: "C'mon, Grandpa, I've seen that on TV, like, a million times!" In one issue of the Ren & Stimpy comic, Ren gets fed up with Stimpy's idiocy and wishes they had never met. Jiminy Lummox offers to show Ren the life he would have had without Stimpy; In this other reality, Ren is a rich and powerful businessman without peer or equal, and Ren loves it. When Ren wishes to stay, Lummox insists that Stimpy be given his own wish in return; Stimpy just wishes Ren the best, and Ren, touched by Stimpy's kindness, admits that Stimpy is his best friend. Lummox takes this as a cue to set everything to normal, leaving Ren furious. "The heart never lies." "MINE DOES!!"     Fan Fiction  The Katawa Shoujo fanfic "The Greatest Gift of the Heart" picks up from the Bad End of Hanako's route, and shows what would've happened if Hisao had never had his heart attack and ended up at Yamaku. In this fic, he befriended the other girls and Kenji, and without him, they end up lonely, miserable and plagued by their personal problems, while Hanako committed suicide. The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles fanfic "The Turtle Who Never Was" puts Michelangelo through the Wonderful Life plot, courtesy of two spirits (taking on the forms of Splinter and Shredder) who argue whether Mike's made a positive difference on the lives of everyone around him or not, and consequently take him on a trip to an alternate reality where he'd never been born, in order to find out. In the Ouran High School Host Club fanfic, It's a Wonderfully Splendid Magnificent Life , Tamaki, with his mother ill and his grandmother preventing him from seeing her , wishes he'd never left France. Kotoko grants him this wish and lets him see what would have become of the rest of the club had he not left France, which causes him to reconsider, especially when he realizes that not even he and his mother are happy there. In chapter 14 of the A Certain Magical Index fic Twist Of Fate , Kuroko (who hates Touma) and Awaki accidentally wind up in a world where Touma had never been born (they were both in the middle of teleporting, causing them to be unaffected when Touma got Ret Goned ). They are guided by a mysterious man named Moses who is unaffected by changes in the timeline. Without Touma, this is a Crapsack World to the extreme. Academy City is a military state, World War III raged, and practically everybody Touma helped is dead, insane, etc. When they manage to restore the timeline, Kuroko finally lets go of her grudge, noting how important he is and how much she and her friends owe him. The Saki fanfic A Wonderful Life , has Yumi doing this the night of her and her teammates' defeat in the individuals; when she wonders whether she would have done better had she gone to a different school . Nodocchi shows Yumi a future in which she wins the tournament for Kazekoshi, at the cost of Tsuruga being unable to even enter, and Momo resigned to being isolated and invisible. Unlike most examples, however, Nodocchi reveals that she can't offer Yumi the possibility of accepting the alternate future (although Yumi would have said "no"), and Yumi wonders if it was All Just a Dream . and sequel A World Without Gargamel has an imp named Mandrake the Mischievous who loves to make other people miserable, and who gives the It's A Wonderful Life treatment to Brainy (with Clumsy tagging along for the ride) in the first story and Gargamel in the second. In both cases, his main goal is to prove that his target has led a worthless life... but things don't develop as he'd planned. In the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fanfic " A Hearth's Warming Carol ", Rainbow Dash wishes that she was never born after she gets all of her friends upset with her. Princess Celestia then appears and uses her magic to show Rainbow Dash what Equestria would be like without her. In this alternate universe, Rainbow Dash sees that her friends' lives are different due to her not being there to perform her first sonic rainboom from the episode "The Cutie Mark Chronicles," that helped her friends discover their hidden talents. Rarity is a jewel thief, Applejack is a cold hearted business-pony, Pinkie Pie is a depressed rock seller, Twilight lives all by herself in a cottage in the mountains where she studies magic day and night, and Fluttershy is dead. In the Hey Arnold! fanfic Without You Helga feeling that everyone would be better off without her, wishes she was never born, which unfortunately comes true . Here she not only learns what has become of her family and friends without her presence, she also must find a way to return to her universe and fix what's gone wrong because of her wish as well. In the Les Mis�rables fic It's a Wonderful Life, Javert , Clarence appears to Javert at Pont Au Change and shows him how different the story would have been without him: Had Javert not been a guard in Toulon during Valjean's incarceration, he would have succeeded in one of his escape attempts and thus would have never met the Bishop of Digne and turned his life around - instead, he turns to crime, is summarily arrested and sentenced for life; Because of this, Valjean never becomes monsieur Madeleine, and M-sur-M declines into a decrepit cesspit with corruption and misery and prostitutes marking every alley; Among them is Fantine, who gets arrested and released after her brawl, but now with a bad reputation to go with her name - she dies of consumption soon after and her corpse is robbed and left forgotten; Without Fantine to provide for Cosette and Valjean to save her, the Thenardiers throw her out and she freezes to death. And lastly, without Javert volunteering to spy the students, the barricade falls earlier and the students are exiled instead of executed, which only leads to another, bloodier attempt some years later. However, this does nothing to dissuade Javert from jumping into the Seine, since it does not solve his moral dilemma - he is only convinced into living when Clarence shows him the future where Valjean dies, and Javert chooses to live to prevent Valjean's unjust death. " Superior Spider-Man: Take Two " is a Spider-Man fanfic that essentially answers the question, " What If? Peter Parker was able to get his body back from Doctor Octopus at the end of 'Dying Wish'?" Before dying, Otto begs Peter, "Don't throw your life away the way I did mine," prompting Peter to start making changes in his life. The following story follows the plot beats of Superior Spider-Man , only with Peter as Spider-Man instead of Otto. At one point, after accidentally causing the death of the criminal Massacre and later being goaded into brutally attacking Jester and Screwball, Peter chose to take a leave of absence from being Spider-Man in order to get his head on straight. At one point, a small portion of Otto that was still inside Peter's mind visited him in a dream, giving him a vision of what would have happened if Peter was never bitten by the radioactive spider; he wound up working for Oscorp, until being callously fired by Norman Osborn . In his quest for retaliation against Osborn he would end up becoming an alternate version of the Green Goblin. After this dream, Peter resumed his life as Spider-Man, his sense of purpose restored. Your Life is Wonderful Charlie Brown is a Peanuts fanfic where resident Butt Monkey Charlie Brown, feeling more distraught than ever during the holidays is shown what great impact he has made on his friends' lives. Some of the things altered without his intervention are Linus being a Shrinking Violet , Pigpen being an overdressed Jerk Ass , among many other alterations. The Animaniacs fanfic It's A Warnerful Life double-subverts this. At first, it appears that everyone is better off without Yakko, but it turns out that that couldn't be further from the truth - without "major patients" like the Warners to keep him busy, Dr. Scratchansniff is fired; Mr. Plotz is happy - Too happy, to the point where he gladly signs away millions of dollars to shady businessmen; with no Warner Brothers to lust after her, Hello Nurse feels as though she isn't pretty enough, so she lets herself go; the other toons like Slappy Squirrel and Pinky and The Brain were not hired for the show because Yakko wasn't around to recommend them; and without a big brother Dot and Wakko were easily caught and kicked out of the Studio - not only are they homeless, it's actually stated that they're going to die. The Kids Next Door fanfic Zuzu's Petals features Number 362 feeling frustrated about the Chains Of Commanding , and that because of her feelings of being unable to do normal kid stuff, she wishes she was never Supreme Leader. In a neat twist on the concept though, the story is more about Rachel deciding what she values most: being a kid or growing in her own life choices. For example, the KND never collapsed without her, her brother never became touch sensitive , Tommy never had to quit the KND and Rachel herself gets to stay with her original squad. However, tommy is still selfish and entitled without learning selflessness to sacrifice himself for the organization. Also, Number 1 took over after Chad, and thus couldn't go looking for Number 0 during the grandfather crisis. This meant Nigel died killing Grandfather by tricking him onto the moonbase and then detaching it to the sun , and following this, Sector V broke up.     Films — Animated  This is the plot of Shrek Forever After . Shrek is tricked by Rumplestilskin into signing a contract that gives him a day as a real ogre in exchange for a day from his past. Unfortunately, the day taken away is the day he was BORN .     Films — Live-Action  The Trope Namer It's a Wonderful Life of course. The main character, George Bailey, finds out that his absence from the world has kicked of many For A Want Of A Nail situations. Without him, no one was around to save his younger brother, Harry, from drowning in his childhood, and because Harry wasn't there to perform a heroic act on the battlefield in World War II , several soldiers he would have saved are now also dead. Furthermore, as George was not there to oppose Mr. Potter's predatory loan schemes and development plans, the quiet and idyllic Bedford Falls has turned into a Vice City named Potterville, and as he was never there to meet his wife, Mary, she has ended up alone and unhappy. Richie Rich's Christmas Wish has the entire plot of the film based on this, as Richie wishes (with a wishing machine ) that he never existed. Bedazzled (1967) is maybe an unconscious parody - a poor shlub is tired of his nowhere life, tries to end it all, the Devil (an angel of sorts) intervenes and offers the chance to wish up an alternate existence (not once, but seven times) which gets him to see his old life is better than the alternative. The Devil was a Jackass Genie , that's why the alternatives were so bad. Mr. Destiny , an '80s comedy starring Jim Belushi, Linda Hamilton and Michael Caine in the Clarence role, subverted this trope a little; Jim Belushi's character always bemoaned the fact that he blew a game-saving play in high-school baseball, and Caine changed history so that he made the game-saver instead. Belushi then sees his life changing; he's now the Vice-President of the sporting goods company he's working for, and married to the boss's daughter, but it turns out he's having an affair with a psychotic temptress, and his real wife from his old life (Hamilton), the one woman he truly loved, is married to someone else. The Nicolas Cage film The Family Man has the subverted/inverted version. His character is shown how much fuller and happier his life would be had he stayed with his girlfriend after college rather than moving to London and starting his rich-but-lonely life and career as a high-powered stockbroker. The plot of The Butterfly Effect is one of the most famous (and cruelest) subversions/deconstructions of this trope. The protagonist's life has been really depressing, and all his friends are worse off than before he met them. He uses his Mental Time Travel abilities to correct his past mistakes, but they each end up making things worse for them and/or himself. Accepting that they really are better off without him, he eventually decides that the only way to make them all happy is to remove his presence from their lives entirely. The director's cut was even worse; in that version he travels back so he dies in his mother's womb, just so his loved ones can live their lives without his damaging influence. There's a line from the doctor indicating she's had half a dozen miscarriages like that one... The educational short A Case of Spring Fever (Seen on the Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode 1012- Squirm ) features a Wonderful Life plot where the missing element is springs. But don't worry, it's not as dumb as it sounds. Oh, no. It's much more stupid. Second Glance is a Christian youth film where the protagonist wishes he wasn't a believer. The next morning an angel shows up to let him experience his life as if he'd never been a Christian. And bonus points for the protagonist supposedly having to live as a non-believer, while his new life is being explained to him by an angel. The movie 16 Wishes subverts this: Abby gets a wish that transforms her into an adult, causing her to see what her friends' and family's lives are like without her in them. She realized was such a brat that everybody was actually better off without her. She promptly changes her ways after undoing the wish. In the Danish arthouse film Reconstruction, the protagonist sleeps with another man's wife and wakes up in a world where he never existed. The Santa Clause 3 uses this plot for the second half of the movie. Jack tricks Scott into wishing he never became Santa and they are both transported back in time, allowing Jack to put on the original Santa's coat so he can become the new Santa. In the new timeline, Scott's family has become a bunch of miserable cynics who resent him for being a workaholic at his office job and causing Laura and Neil to divorce, Jack Frost has turned the North Pole into a Vegas-like resort that completely commercializes Christmas and parents have to pay to put their children on the nice list, making them (including Lucy) into greedy brats. There's an inversion in Donnie Darko , although you can only see it by contemplating the ending . At the beginning, the schizophrenic Donnie was saved from a completely inexplicable accident by one of his visions of an "imaginary" friend. In the ending, having somehow discovered the secret of time travel and having seen what happened to other people when he lived — most of it was actually pretty positive until the end when people died — he rewinds the movie's events and is back in bed right before the accident, finally at peace as he waits to die. Apparently in the more explained version he's also/instead saving the world this way. The 2002 TV film It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas is a direct take on "It's a Wonderful Life". After a series of leading mishaps Kermit wishes he was never born. A guardian angel named Daniel shows him what the world would be like and what his friends would be up to if Kermit was not around. Once again similar to the original film, every character has a different lifestyle without Kermit having been there to join the group together.     Literature  The Trope Namer is loosely based on a short story by Philip Van Doren Stern called The Greatest Gift . The Sweet Valley Twins series played the trope entirely straight in a Christmas special book, in which Elizabeth wishes she'd never been born and promptly receives a visitation from a quirky guardian angel who shows her a vision of what life would be like. It's heavy on For Want of a Nail scenarios based on Elizabeth's actions in previous books, but also contains a couple of more nonsensical changes: the club of shallow, popular rich girls is transformed into a vicious girl gang, and Elizabeth's sister Jessica goes from bubbly, stylish, and popular to shy, geeky, and pathetic. Subverted in a Sweet Valley High Super Edition, "Winter Carnival" where Elizabeth becomes annoyed with Jessica's forgetfulness/selfishness when it causes a rift in her budding romance with Jeffrey French during a winter festival at a ski resort. Elizabeth is upset and leaves, angrily wishing that Jessica wasn't around to mess things up. When she arrives home, she finds out that Jessica is dead. With Jessica gone, everyone in Sweet Valley is depressed and spends a lot of time remembering Jessica's bubbly personality and forgetting about Elizabeth. She wakes up and realizes that it was All Just a Dream and makes up with Jessica and Jeffrey. Animorphs did this in one book, with Jake making a Deal with the Devil with Crayak to Cosmic Retcon the timeline so that the Animorphs never received their powers in the first place. Subverted slightly in the fact that the kids end up winning the war with the Yeerks FASTER without their powers, although most of them die in the process. Which may have happened anyway . And then Crayak complains that the Ellimist cheated. Though he didn't . Parodied in More Information Than You Require , and given as Prince Albert's motivation for introducing Germanic pagan influences onto the English Christmas and becoming a Funny Foreigner . A variant in the Discworld novel Jingo , when Vimes accidentally picks up his Dis-Organiser from the wrong timeline immediately after making a difficult decision. The Dis-Organiser gives a running comentary on what's happening in the universe where Vimes stays in Ankh-Morpork and tries to work within Rust's regime. The Klatchians invade and the entire Watch gets killed, ending with Vimes himself . (Presumably, made even worse by the Dis-Organiser in that universe telling Vimes how much better things would be going if he'd gone to Klatch.) The Star Trek novel First Frontier is about a group of aliens (who turn out to be sentient descendants of Earth dinosaurs who were rescued by the Preservers) using the Guardian of Forever to avert the asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs. This erases the human race from history (and the dinosaurs' descendants ended up nuking themselves out of existence anyway). When the Enterprise is protected from the time change and sees what the galaxy would have become without humans, it's basically "It's Humanity's Wonderful Life", a Crapsack Galaxy in which the Romulans' total domination is only challenged by the Vulcans helping the Klingons build suicide-attack missiles against them. Journey to Chaos : At the beginning of Looming Shadow , Eric and Tasio discuss this trope. Tasio said he expected Eric to find him earlier when he was at a wedding helping the bride and groom get over mutual cold feet. Eric sarcastically asks if he did this trope but oriented towards the future (if they backed out of the wedding). Tasio replies negatively, "that would be ridiculous".     Live-Action TV  Mystery Science Theater 3000 What's interesting is that MST parodied A Case of Spring Fever in two different episodes. In the first one, it's just a skit during a host segment—Tom Servo eats so many waffles that he never wants to see another one again, and Crow shows up as the Waffle Sprite to spell out just how terrible a world without waffles would be. Squirm, the episode featuring the "Spring Fever" film itself, aired several seasons later, so the reference was simply a Genius Bonus . The Squirm episode featured another host segment, where Crow and Tom Servo wonder if every object in the universe has its own sprite, just waiting for the chance to pull a Wonderful Life plot. They test this by having Crow announce that he never wants to see Mike again for as long as he lives; sure enough, Mikey the Mike Sprite appears to show the 'bots the horror of a world without Mike. The 'bots don't miss Mike at all, but they wish for him back anyway just to humor the sprite. Then Servo says he never wants to see Mike's socks again; enter Mikesocksy... Mike: C'mon man, I really need my socks. Mikesocksy: NooooooooOOOOOOOooo Mike's Socks. (whistle) It happened on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . Without Carlton driving the family to greed and materialism, as well as countering Will's laid-back attitude, they sink into laziness and poverty. Oh, and Carlton's Clarence/guardian angel is Tom Jones. In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Tapestry, Q shows Captain Picard what he would've become had he not gotten into the bar fight as a cadet that gave him his artificial heart. Needless to say, he wasn't the same lovable stoic badass we remember. Can you say, Lieutenant j.g. Picard? Although, oddly enough, everything else seemed to remain exactly the same , except for the unseen Captain Thomas Halloway being in command of the Enterprise. Though that was fulfilling Picard's request when he first took up Q on the offer: only Picard could be affected by the change. Married... with Children had a subversive "Wonderful Life" episode centered around Al, with Sam Kinison as his "Clarence". The world turns out much better without him (Peg is a model housewife who's married to a rich man named Norman Jablonski (portrayed by the same actor who would later portray Jefferson D'Arcy ) who has saved up enough to move the family into a mansion, Bud has respect for women and isn't driven by greed or lust, and Kelly is in college (and still a virgin), and he chooses to return out of spite. He was infuriated when Peggy said she had saved her self for marriage screaming "What? When she graduated, the football team retired her number." An episode of Providence , aptly titled "It's a Wonderful Providence," involves Sidney's mother's ghost showing her what her life would've been like had she not moved back to Providence after her mother's death. With some mild parody, Night Court had Judge Harry Stone led through a "Wonderful Life" vision by his guardian angel, Herb. Subverted somewhat when Herb (assuming the image of Mel Torme) admits that the reason the vision was in black and white was not (as Harry suggested) because his absence took color out of the world, but nothing more than an artistic device meant to cater to Harry's love of Film Noir and that Harry needed to get over himself. In addition to the requisite For Want of a Nail changes (sleazeball lawyer Dan Fielding becomes a truly diabolical villain without Harry's friendship), there were a few random changes. For instance, in the Film Noir Alternate Universe , Jack the Speakeasy Owner has no sense of taste, whereas in the main universe Jack the Shopkeep is blind. Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's season 3 episode "The Wish" did a Wonderful Life variant, in that Cordelia wishes that Buffy had never come to Sunnydale. In this reality, Cordelia doesn't manage to come to an Aesop-style revelation, because she is killed half-way through the episode before Giles manages to reverse Cordelia's wish, turning the rest of the episode into a For Want of a Nail situation. Angel features an alternate reality in the third-season episode "Birthday." A demon gives Cordelia the chance to enter a world in which she does not have the prophetic visions, which after three years are near the point of killing her. In this parallel world, Cordy has become the rich and successful actress she always wanted to be - but the sight of a one-armed Wesley, and an Angel driven insane from getting the visions in Cordy's stead, quickly convince her to go back to the real world (though changed to become part demonic so she can survive the visions). In The Secret World of Alex Mack , when Alex wishes herself to never have been born, her mother instead got the GC-161 powers, was easily found, and was captured and became a lab specimen. Alex then finds her mother, rescues her, teaches her to use her powers, and wishes herself back into existence. It turned out to be All Just a Dream ... To keep Alex's father from finding out the truth, Danielle Atron demoted him into menial labor, thus reducing his income. To help with expenses, Alex's sister got a part-time job, which left her no time for any accomplishments that'd give her a chance to get into her college of choice. The popularity Danielle Atron got with the development of GC-161 allowed her to run for Governor. The odd part about this was that, aside for a brief conversation with Vince in the mainstream universe, she had never shown any interest into becoming a politician in the whole series. Ray Alvarado got a job at the plant and became best friends with Vince despite the age gap pointed out by Alex. In Moonlighting , Maddie wished she'd never kept the office open. A "guardian angel" by the name of Albert, showed her what would have happened if she hadn't. A twist is that others' lives might be the same or better, but her own life is headed for destruction. Also done in Highlander : The Series, where Duncan McLeod sees how drastically different the world would be without him. The biggest change is that Horton would have been able to take control of The Watchers and turned them into an organization that hunts down Immortals. After they kill Methos' mortal lover in an attempt to get to him, a furious Methos responds by teaming up with his old partner Kronos, and the Immortals following Methos and Kronos wage war against the Watchers. Also, Amanda would have never had her Heel�Face Turn , (and been murdered by the Watchers in the midst running a con) Joe Dawson would be homeless with his faith in humanity shattered, and Duncan's well meaning sidekick Richie would have been recruited by Methos and Kronos... until he got hit with a You Have Failed Me for not being able to go through with an assassination on their behalf. Subverted in A Bit of Fry and Laurie . An important media mogul (a clear Anonymous Ringer for Rupert Murdoch ) is about to throw himself off a bridge when the angel appears to show him how life would be. It turns out that without him, everyone would live together in peace and harmony, since he wasn't able to create his media empire which would profiteer heavily on create divisions in society through glorfication of violence and spreading bigoted discourses against minorities. When they return to the bridge, he wants to be brought back to life because he can exploit this universe for his own profit. The angel then pushes him off the bridge. In Chappelle's Show , Chappelle (as an Almighty Janitor ) shows a big-breasted woman how the world would be if her breasts were smaller after overhearing her complain about being ogled and harassed over her big boobs. In that world, she was turned down for a raise and fired, her friend never invited her to her wedding as a bridesmaid, and the world was destroyed by an insane man who used to masturbate to her when she was large-chested. The woman then decides to get her breasts enlarged. It takes a comedic twist when it's discovered that the janitor isn't magic; he's high on PCP and was wondering why the woman was following him around. But, then how did you show me all that stuff? Girl, I am high on PCP! But I love me some titties! Saturday Night Live : The ghost of Richard Nixon (played by episode host John Turturro) as the "Clarence" for Newt Gingrich. In a world without Newt, he's horrified to learn, abortions are safe and legal (Ted Kennedy never having gotten the case of scotch Newt sent him to keep him from showing up for the vote) and Hillary Clinton is President. SNL had a couple more "It's A Wonderful Life" parodies, including the infamous one from season 12 (on the episode hosted by William Shatner ) in which Mr. Potter finally gets what he deserves, one from season 26 in which episode host Val Kilmer sees what the show would be like if he chickened out at the last minute, and a reimaging of the movie (from season 36) as a Hanukkah movie rife with Jewish stereotypes and examining the tension and stress of a Hanukkah celebration. There was also a "What if Al Gore had won in 2000?" sketch released at the height of George W. Bush's unpopularity. In this universe, global cooling is the problem rather than global warming, gas is so cheap that the oil companies are hurting, and America is so well-loved that Americans can't go to other countries without getting hugged. When Andrew "Dice" Clay hosted an episode in 1989, the opening sketch addresses the issues of cast regular Nora Dunn and musical guest Sinead O'Connor refusing to participate in the show by doing this, with Jon Lovitz in a devil costume playing Clarence. Because Dice was never born, Frank Zappa hosted the show and ratings were so bad the show got cancelled. Nora Dunn was crushed under one of Sinead O'Connor's amplifiers and Sinead was so traumatized she gave up singing. Dice decides he wants to live after finding out that The Adventures of Ford Fairlane was a box-office smash for its star, ... Jon Lovitz. The TV show The Wayans Bros. both played it straight and subverted it at the same time. Without Marlon around, Pops owned a gourmet restaurant, Dee was married to the soap hunk of her dreams, and Shawn was rich and owned everything. However, everyone was unhappy: Pops only kept getting the same gift from Shawn and was ignored, Dee's husband was cheating on her, and Shawn was going to destroy Grandma Williams' nursing home to build a Yogurt World. Charles in Charge has an episode like this: without Charles, the Powell family (and Charles's mother) end up with a lot more money, but they've all turned into spoiled jerks . A first season Mork & Mindy episode had Mork embarrassing Mindy's dad in front of his new girlfriend. Mork tells Orson he wishes he'd never met Mindy because he screws up everything, so Orson shows Mork what Mindy's life would be like if they hadn't met (and on top of that, says he actually CAN erase the year they had together). In the alternate year, Mindy is married to a deadbeat gambler and her father has sold the music store and traveled the world (the latter of which turned out to be a lie). Mork decides he doesn't want to undo the year he's had with Mindy and that if anyone's going to screw up her life, it should be him. And then they kiss and make up. Awwww. Lampshaded when, immediately after returning from the vision of a world without him, Mork exclaims, "Hey, it's a wonderful life!" Further Lampshaded when Mork asks Mindy the setup of a joke he tried when she couldn't see or hear him. She immediately comes back with the punch-line and Mork gasps, "How did you know that?" Mindy replies she doesn't know and Mork starts humming the theme to The Twilight Zone. My Family did one where Ben wondered how his family would be without him. He then realized they would be exactly the same and was naturally pleased since it meant their problems weren't his fault after all. This occurs after an older man, who just happens to be named Clarence, "saves" him from committing suicide. At the end, Ben seems to be in a much better mood than his usual vile-tempered demeanour, so it almost looks like he's actually had some kind of revelation...then it turns out it wasn't the fresh perspective, but Nick having been locked out of the house all night. (Nick leaving didn't chirp him up meaningfully...) Lampshaded when Ben compares it to a movie that shows every Christmas, but can't remember the title. Clarence chirpily suggests Reservoir Dogs and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance . Done in the first season finale of My Mad Fat Life . Done well in an episode of That '70s Show . Eric and Donna have broken up and Eric is so miserable that he wishes he and Donna had never been together in the first place. An angel (Wayne Knight) shows up and offers to grant his wish. He shows Eric an alternate reality where Donna and Hyde got married, Hyde goes to prison and Eric is still a spineless wimp who only ever dated Big Rhonda and never moved out of his parents' house. At the end, Eric says that he's OK with all that, but when the angel shows him the good memories he would also lose, Eric changes his mind. Done with a twist (similar to That '70s Show ) on Mad About You . After finding out that the newspaper stand where they met had burned down, Jamie freaks out because if it weren't for that stand, they wouldn't have met and would never have fallen in love. Paul insists they would have found each other anyway. A magic wind shifts the world to what it'd be like, only both of them quickly lose all memory of what was lost, and start remembering their new lives. Both are unhappy with their current romantic situations and after wandering around lost, find each other at the burned out remains of the newspaper stand and go home, the world now fixed. Smallville : Done in the "Apocalypse" episode. Clark starts wondering if his friends would be better off if he had never made it off of Krypton, and he suddenly finds himself in a world where just that happened. As usual, at first he's justified to find out that all of his friends are better off, but ultimately realizes that his absence would leave the world in great danger. There some problems with this episode, since without Clark, all of his friends should have died anyway, most of them having been saved from mundane situations by him at one point. Lex's brush with death in the first episode (since he would not have known Clark at all prior to that moment) should have still happened, with a more fatal outcome. Considering it's LEX FREAKIN LUTHOR, you have to wonder at whether this would be a bad thing. Another episode around Christmastime had Lex shown a possible future by the ghost of his mother. In this one, he gave information to the Daily Planet exposing his father's crimes. This caused his father to disown him, but Lex ended up married to Lana with kids, and Lex is working a low-paying job. Then Lana gets sick and, because Lex doesn't have money to pay her hospital bills, she dies. Lex says that he can't live in this world where he has nothing left, and it's better to have power so that he can have what he wants. It's supposed to show Lex's descent into evil, but the intended Aesop was really Broken . Something of a Chekhov's Gun to boot, since a later episode has Lex contact his mother via new age means, and she's angry that he ignored her Wonderful Life warning. The series Switched at Birth actually has two such episodes: One imagines that instead of keeping her discovery of the switch quiet in 1998, Regina tells the truth but ends up losing custody of both girls due to her drinking. Daphne is raised by the Kennishes with an implant to hear but becoming selfish and manipulative with Bay in her shadow. Toby is still into gambling and Katherine is having an affair. The girls eventually discover that Regina died on their birthday. In a Christmas episode, the girls, tired of the family traditions, wish together the switch never happened. Daphne wakes up as Bay, able to hear, a star athlete pushed by John to become pro and Toby is a moody musician. Bay wakes up as Daphne, deaf with a younger brother (her father Antonio died in this world but earlier), Regina still drinking and Emmett just a good friend. Interestingly, when they wake up with things set right, each girl assumes she alone had this odd dream. Doctor Who The episode "Turn Left" did this, with an alternate history where Donna never met the Doctor, so he was killed beyond regeneration by the flooding of the Racnoss tunnels when the Thames broke through. In the following couple of years, every single alien menace that the Doctor had thwarted hit home with full force, reducing the Earth to a Crapsack World . Things got downright awful. It's also (in part) set over two Christmases. Interestingly, although the perspective focuses on the consequences of the Doctor not being there, the way the scenario is set up puts Donna in the role of George Bailey, and the Doctor in the role of perhaps Harry Bailey (who in the original movie became a WWII pilot who saved the lives of every soldier aboard an Allied transport ship, years after George saved him as a child). This was by no means the first time it was done. In the 30th anniversary Doctor Who Magazine story "Time and Time Again" by Paul Cornell the Black Guardian creates an alternate timeline where the Doctor never left Gallifrey, meaning Earth has been invaded many times by various aliens. The 7th Doctor, while travelling back through his timestream to find the means to stop this, meets the 6th Doctor who wonders whether it is worthwhile leaving Gallifrey. Much of the 11th Doctor's run could be considered this. Series 5 and 6 had ideas of the Doctor undergoing He Who Fights Monsters syndrome, with some of the Universe's most vicious beings joining against him. "The Wedding of River Song" has him realise how much the Universe likes him, with many replies when a message is beamed saying he is dying. The Series 7 finale, "The Name of the Doctor", has the Alternate Timeline part. When the Great Intelligence enters the Doctor's timestream to reverse his victories the Universe starts collapsing and people disappear from existence. The 50th Anniversary story, "The Day of the Doctor" , could be seen as this. In an effort to convince the War Doctor not to commit genocide to end the Time War, the Moment shows him two of his future selves (Ten and Eleven) and how they'll be affected by his taking fatal action. It seems to backfire, as the War Doctor sees their guilt lead them to seek a peaceful solution to a Human/Zygon conflict, and decides to use the Moment, believing it will lead to a better future. Then, Ten and Eleven show up to aid him, lessening his burden. But the sight of Clara's disapproval leads Eleven to come up with a better solution to the Time War and convince the War Doctor not to use the Moment, which is just what the Moment had been planning. Supernatural : If you take this theory of "What Is And What Should Never Be" episode, then things tend to get a bit vicious. It Makes Sense in Context but the message to Dean is "Be thankful for all your abuse and parentification because without it, you would be worthless with no good qualities." Ouch. And also subverted in the fact that it's pretty clear at the end of the episode that Dean would have rather stayed and, in the next episode, things go even more to hell and his mental state gets worse. Season 4's "It's a Terrible Life" showed that even if the boys weren't Winchesters, they'd still end up as hunters somehow, which is pretty awful when you think about it. Zachariah serves as their Clarence-figure, disguised as Dean's boss. The Facts of Life had an episode in which Beverly Ann wished that she had never come to town to become the girls' den mother (or whatever she was). In a dream, Santa appeared to show her what would have happened without her. Blair lost her fortune due to a bad investment (Beverly never advised her not to), Tootie and her fiancee broke up (Beverly never gave her a safe way to carry her things to meet his mother), Natalie was arrested for bank robbery (she wore an outfit similar to the robber's because Beverly never fixed what she was going to wear), and Jo was killed in a motorcycle accident (Beverly never let her borrow her RV). iCarly has an example where it's only a Crapsack World by the standards of the show. Carly, after becoming upset with her brother Spencer when his metal tree accidentally burns down her Christmas gifts, wishes he were more normal. Her angel appears and grants the wish. Spencer is turned into a straightlaced lawyer. Sam goes to jail because Spencer refused to let Carly be her friend and become her Morality Chain , Carly ends up as Nevel's girlfriend, Freddie loses his hope that he will get together with Carly and winds up being bossed about by a girl who is completely unsuitable for him, and finally Spencer marries the completely smothering psychopath Mrs. Benson. And there is no iCarly webshow anymore, because Carly never had the opportunity to do it. In a Popular episode at the end of the arc centered on Harrison's battle with leukemia, he is prevented from committing suicide by being taken on a Wonderful Life by the spirit of his deceased hospital roommate who returned as his guardian angel. Keeping with the somewhat parodic nature of the show, said roommate is even named "Clarence". Making it even funnier is the fact that his actor was previously the star of Teen Angel . A Laverne and Shirley episode has Laverne feeling sorry for herself while nursing a broken leg, then falling asleep while watching It's a Wonderful Life on TV and dreaming that she'd never been born. A Malcolm in the Middle episode has Lois imagining what her life would be if she'd had all girl children. She goes to the mall and alternates between reality and daydreams about her 'perfect' life with her daughters. Unfortunately, it turns out to be a mess. Mallory (Malcolm) is in love with a lazy guy and manipulates Hal to get what she wants, Daisy (Dewey) is a know-it-all, Frances (Francis) works at Hooters and is married to a much older man, and Renee (Reese) is pregnant. And Hal has become grossly overweight due to the anxiety caused by raising four daughters. It's something of a subversion, however, since by the end of the episode Lois is still hoping her next child will be a girl. Weird Science has an episode called "It's a Wonderful Life... Without You", in which Lisa creates for Wyatt a world where he does not exist. While at first Chett and Gary initially look better, they soon find how their new lives are actually worse, as without Wyatt, Chett is under pressure and Gary is a thief. But when Wyatt wants Lisa to return him to the world where he was born, she can't, because she was never created, so they have to find a way to communicate with Chett and Wyatt so they can create Lisa in their world. In the Hannah Montana episode "When You Wish You Were a Star", Miley wishes upon a star that she could be all Hannah, all the time. In this life, Jackson is a hermit, Robbie Ray is married to a Gold Digger , Lilly has become the Alpha Bitch (with Ashley and Amber as her Girl Posse ), and Oliver and Rico have gone into business together as sleazy paparazzi-wannabes. Lost , Season 6, did a fairly subtle extended version of this trope, with an alternate reality playing out in which the Island was destroyed in 1977. Most of the main characters' lives aren't merely better, but the characters themselves are also generally better people. An episode of 80s Brit Com Sorry ! had this plot. Notably, the library was a less welcoming place without Timothy's influence, and his mother was a lonely old woman who kept talking to her lapdog, Timothy. Quantum Leap : Lampshaded in the series finale. When Sam expresses a desire to stop leaping to the Bartender (a character who is strongly implied to be God ), explaining that he did not intend to make the world a better place by improving only one life at a time, the Bartender replies that the lives Sam has touched in his journey have touched others , and those lives in turn have touched others; by traveling through time, Sam has done a large amount of good simply by helping individuals in need. Another episode was actually called "It's a Wonderful Leap". This was something of an aversion, however, because it did not feature anybody being shown what would have happened if anybody had not been born. It did, however, feature a woman who claimed to be Sam's guardian angel, and was apparently telling the truth. The ALF episode "Stairway to Heaven" had this plot device. At one point he wishes that he never crashed into the Tanner's garage, then is knocked unconscious. Then ALF enters a world where the Tanners never met ALF and ALF never met them. The Tanners are rich, snobby people who own the entire neighborhood and have the Ockmoneks be their servants, but are also bored out of their minds and dull. ALF landed in a cosmetic factory where some blue fluid from his spaceship turned out to be great perfume and he became a very rich CEO and has no fear of the Alien Task Force. ALF decides he likes his new life, until the Angel tells ALF in order for him to go through with it, he will have to forget all about his previous life. ALF doesn't want to forget about the Tanners and decides it's not worth it. But then he wakes up. It is never stated whether the whole thing was a dream or a vision, but as Alf and Kate learned the hard way, the blue stuff in his spaceship DIDN'T make great perfume. ALF's guardian angel tells him, "Anyone who wants a new life gets one. It's the Capra Amendment," a reference to the Trope Namer. A famous episode of Australian soap Home and Away featured long-standing character Alf Fisher having a near-death experience whilst on the operating table. He met up with his dead wife who took him on a tour to show him what their town would become if he gave up and died now. Repeated later with Sally and the ghost of Tom, her foster-father. The final episode of Dallas showed what the world was like without J.R. Ewing. In some cases, it's worse: Without J.R., Gary would have driven Ewing Oil into the ground, which killed thier parents earlier. Jason (the brother who would have existed without J.R.) then sold Southfork to become a housing development. Bobby would be a bitter and divorced gambler, Ray ekes out a poor living as a ranch hand (having never discovered he was Jock's son) and Cally is arrested for shooting her abusive husband. However, some folks are better off: Sue Ellen is sober and a successful actress; Kristin is still alive (albiet a con artist); and J.R.'s mortal enemy Cliff Barnes is happily married with good kids and about to become President of the United States. It had a twist ending: Adam (the guardian angel except not really): Angel? Who said I was from Heaven? We were left with the impression that J.R. shot himself in the end. However, the reunion movie revealed that he had merely shot his own reflection in a mirror. Done with a twist on Psych : after a particularly embarrassing screw-up, Shawn wonders what life would be like if he never returned to Santa Barbara and became a detective. The twist being: 1) that he's fully aware that it's all just a dream, and manipulates things to comedic effect; and 2)the lesson he learns is not how much better he's made everyone else's lives, but how much better THEY have made HIS. Shawn initially tries to convince himself that everyone's lives would have been terrible without him, though his superego (played by Tony Cox) doesn't let him get away with it. The penultimate episode of Brimstone , "It's a Helluva Life," uses this to some extent. Since Ezekiel Stone is already dead, it involves the Devil showing him how all the things he'd done during his life had led to bad outcomes, and doomed him to Hell, even without him killing his wife's rapist. Luckily, an Angel turns up to point out all the good he'd done as well. In the 2011 Christmas episode of Warehouse 13 , Stern's brush inflicts this trope on Pete. Turns out that without him Myka is still with the Secret Service, Artie is in jail, Claudia is institutionalized, and MacPherson is alive and in charge of the Warehouse. Heartily lampshaded: Stern's brush inflicts this trope because it belonged to Philip Van Doren Stern, the author of "The Greatest Gift", which was adapted by into It's a Wonderful Life . The episode is even called "The Greatest Gift". In one season's Christmas Episode of Raising Hope , Jimmy hallucinates what his life would be like if Hope had never been born. Jimmy's a loser with a criminal record, Burt and Virginia are divorced, Virginia is morbidly obese, Burt's a lecher, Maw-Maw (who's playing the Clarence role here) is dead, Barney owns Howdy's, which is now a liquor store where the workers are all prostitutes in their 20's, including a much larger-chested Sabrina, Shelley is homeless, Frank is mayor of Natesville (and apparently so bad at it that his re-election campaign is "I'll do better next time"), and Lucy is Barney's gold-digging girlfriend who made him buy and convert Howdy's. Hoping to set things right, Jimmy (with Sabrina's help) tries to reenact the events of the pilot to get Hope back, but is thwarted by his dad stealing her away and by the news revealing Lucy as the Boyfriend Killer, and snaps back to reality when he takes a TV to the head that Virginia had intended for Lucy. Played with when Jimmy realizes that this is very similar to a movie he watched... " This is just like that movie Inception ! I have no idea what's going on!" "Maybe me spending most of Christmas Eve passed out in a bar deprived Hope of seeing that Jimmy Stewart movie everyone loves for another year..." Given a lampshade when the narrator is recounting the episode in "The Chance Who Stole Christmas" episode. Narrator: That silly wish caused all kinds of strife, and we sort of ripped off it's a wonderful life. Very subtly done (because there was no dream sequences or supernatural elements) in the How I Met Your Mother episode "False Positive", where Marshall, Lily, Barney, and Robin all make poor decisions for their future after considering better alternatives (Marshall and Lily quit trying to have a baby and decide on a dog instead, Robin takes an easy job as a game show bimbo instead of an ambitious respectable one in journalism, and Barney buys an extravagant suit instead of giving the money to charity, connecting with his half-brother's father, and starting to turn his life around). Ted promptly rips them all a new one and forces them back on track, causing substantial and lasting changes for all the characters for the rest of the show's entire run that wouldn't have happened without him. The ending explicitly parodies the movie, with snow suddenly starting to fall on Ted after everything is made right again. It's subtle enough that if the episode didn't center on the group seeing a showing of It's A Wonderful Life it could very well have been a coincidence. In "Blackadder's Christmas Carol" Blackadder is the kindest most generous man in Victorian London. He's visited on Christmas Eve by a spirit (Robbie Coltrane) who tells him how wonderful it is that he's so nice. Unfortunately, by showing Blackadder what his descendants would be like if he were mean (rich and with power over the entire universe) he changes into the man we know. He then wreaks vengeance on all the awful people who have been taking advantage of him. More unfortunately, that's the time Queen Victoria and Prince Albert show up to give the nicest man in London a great gift and he tosses them out - assuming they are the winners of the shortest, fastest, ugliest people in London contest. The Sweet Valley High TV series played the plot somewhat different from the above literature example. An angel comes to show them what the world would look like without both of them. The sports team has no cups (no cheerleaders), one of the girls is a fanatic Greenpeace activist, someone's a computer nerd... it gets worse. ''Captain Estar Goes to Heaven'' — A young woman who leads a hellish life finds a world that may actually be Heaven. She is offered a "Wonderful Life" that she never had ... can she deal with it? The 2010 Nostalgia Critic Christmas Episode You're A Rotten Dirty Bastard parodies this plot. The Critic quits his job due to being angry about there being nothing to review for Christmas. Roger, his guardian angel, comes in to show how other people on the That Guy with the Glasses Team live without his existence, only for everyone to be much better off without him. The Cinema Snob is a giant porn star, Linkara owns both Marvel and DC Comics, The Nostalgia Chick is married and is a major director of films such as Twilight: The Good Version , Angry Joe is the president of the United States who blows up the evil Canada ( naturally , killing Phelous ) and has publicly executed Tom Green, and Spoony has taken the Critic's job, gives positive reviews to Last Action Hero and Junior , and is loved even by the trolls. When Roger discovers he could have been God's greatest angel and successor without the Critic, he tries to kill him, only to learn that God lied about angels being Immune to Bullets . The Critic realizes he improved his own life and goes back to his old self. All narrated by Santa Christ. Not everyone's lives were better. Technically, Joe did blow up Canada, so the Critic's existence actually prevents more than 33 million deaths - including Phelous's, but that happens all the time anyway. Though if we take Joe at his word, Canada was an evil empire in this alternate world. Which, if true, raises the point that the Nostalgia Critic is also somehow responsible for stopping Canada from becoming an evil empire. Doug Walker said in commentary that he was disappointed to find out this trope had been subverted numerous times before , but still hopes that this is the only rendition where they look at the Angel's life without him. Batman: The Animated Series "Over the Edge" : because of a Scarecrow-induced nightmare, Batgirl dreams she gets killed during costumed adventuring. Commissioner Gordon discovers then that Batgirl was his daughter Barbara, and orders a manhunt on Batman. Things go downhill from there. Gordon goes so far as to enlist Bane to help him hunt Batman. Another is "Perchance to Dream" , in which Bruce wakes up to discover his parents are alive, he's engaged to Selina Kyle , and there's even a Batman to fight crime. Sounds like a perfect life, huh? Like it says in the title , it's All Just a Dream and he's been put in a Lotus-Eater Machine by the Mad Hatter. Beavis And Butthead did a reversal of the plot of It's a Wonderful Life, with an angel coming to Earth on Christmas to show Butt-head how much better the world would be if he had never been born. Neighbors, classmates, teachers, and even Beavis (mainly because he'd never had the chance to screw up) are shown to be happier and more successful without him. Naturally, Butt-head fails to grasp the lesson . Daria was one of the neighbors who was happier. This proves that without Butt-head's intervention, her show would not have been as interesting as it was. In the hour-long Christmas special of the Curious George TV adaptation, the Man with the Yellow Hat, who is unable to interpret George's Christmas wish list, has a dream where he sees George under the care of other humans on the show. Under the care of Professor Wiseman, he is understood but is not allowed to play around and have fun. Under the Doorman, he can have fun cleaning but is not very well understood. Under Chef Pisghetti he seems to be understood and have fun, which saddens the Man - until he sees something in the dream that gives him the clue he needs to make George happy. The cartoon spinoff of Beetlejuice has the episode "It's a Wonderful Afterlife," which is a rare example of the trope being both played straight and averted. Beetlejuice, after a series of incidents, grows depressed and wishes himself out of existence. A guide comes to show him what the Neitherworld would be like without him, and much to their surprise, the subversion comes when his fellow ghosts are remarkably successful in their respective fields; they've just become self-absorbed jerks, because their success has gone to their heads without him around to keep them humble. The trope gets played straight, though, when he checks on Lydia in the mortal world and discovers that she's completely miserable without him. When his guide says he's allowed no contact with her on account of the wish, meaning he can't make her happy again, he immediately demands to have everything put back the way it was. Here's a odd one: Captain Planet and the Planeteers — "Two Futures" two-part episode, which takes place on New Year's Eve, Wheeler ends up trapped in a cave with Dr. Blight and her time machine. Upset with Gaia, Wheeler makes a Deal with the Devil with Blight to go back in time to prevent himself from ever getting his Fire Ring. Gaia then shows him the future of each area, including a Hope Island in bad shape, so he goes back in time and reverse his changes and return things to normal. The eco-villains escape into the timeline, but end up in a better future thanks to the Planeteers. In the CatDog episode "It's a Wonderful Half-Life", the titular twins are fed up with each other, and at night dream ( In the Style of... an old-timey black-and-white cartoon) about what their lives would be if neither one had the other: Cat is a wealthy and successful businessman, but completely friendless as nobody can stand him; meanwhile, Dog lives a life free of rules, but is without a home. Happens to Miss Malone in "Crate Expectations," an episode of The Completely Mental Misadventures Of Ed Grimley. The Donkey Kong Country cartoon had an episode with the same name in which DK gets everybody upset with him and decides to run away, but falls unconscious during his trek. He has a dream where Eddie the Yeti, as his guardian angel, shows him a Kongo Bongo Island where he doesn't exist, in which Diddy is an evil dictator, Candy's married to Bluster, and K. Rool is protecting a papier-mache lilypad. In an episode of The Emperor's New School , Kuzco realizes he makes everyone miserable as he is and wishes he were never emperor in order to fit in . Without him, Yzma has taken over the empire, and everyone is even more miserable. A rather subversive treatment of this story was The Fairly OddParents episode "It's A Wishful Life", where everyone's shown as being better off without Timmy Turner, even though he's a decent kid. When Timmy does all sorts of good things for his friends and family only to get complete ingratitude, he angrily wishes he was never born just to see how tough things would be without him... only to discover that everyone in Dimmsdale, including Cosmo and Wanda, actually have much better lives without him. At the end the whole thing turns out to have been a test given to Timmy by Jorgen Von Strangle, even if he was pretty sadistic about it. Still frustratingly, many world changes had nothing to do with Timmy's existence (ex. AJ having hair and Francis joining the football team). Viewers were not impressed, and "Wishful Life" is one of the few episodes that showrunner Butch Hartman regretted making , citing that they did go a bit overboard on the cruelty and that the lesson wasn't a fit one for kids . Family Guy This show did an interesting take on this trope. Peter gets killed in a car crash after getting drunk at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting . Death then shows up to show what Peter would be like if he continues on his path of alcoholism. In this future, Peter tortures his family and has sex with his boss. Horrified by this, Peter wishes he had never taken a drop of alcohol in his life. Death then shows him what his life would be like WITHOUT alcohol. In this future, Peter is happy, educated, and cheerful, but he has uptight friends, doesn't know Joe, Cleveland, or Quagmire, and thinks they're uncouth. The Aesop is "use moderation." (Which becomes something of a Broken Aesop when you're talking about someone on his way home from an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting.) In the episode "Chap Stewie," Stewie becomes disgusted with his family's crude, unsophisticated ways after watching Downton Abbey and decides to prevent his own conception through time travel in hopes of being born into an upper class British family. Exaggerated in an episode of Futurama which explores what would happen if Fry wasn't sent into the future. The universe implodes. Well Fry was sent into the future specifically to prevent the universe imploding. At first, Wade Duck's take on this plot in a U.S. Acres episode of Garfield and Friends looks like a standard parody, as he learns that if he hadn't existed, everyone else's life would be exactly the same. But in the end, this becomes even more subverted: he comes back in time to prevent a robbery, using knowledge that he only gained because he had been a bodiless observer at the time! Hey Arnold! uses the subversion in which Helga dreams of what the world would be like if she disappeared. Everybody celebrates that she is gone; Arnold, who caused her to disappear with a magic trick, is famous for it; and her parents' lives are much better. Eventually she wakes up and tries to fix all the bad things she did in that episode before falling asleep. An episode of Johnny Bravo did the obvious subversion, in an episode where an angel shows Johnny what life would be like with out him, despite his protests he wasn't interested in seeing it, and everyone was better off: Pop's Diner was replaced with an extremely chic restaurant, Carl was a martial arts master and a software millionaire (Pop claims Carl is the reason Aaron City was on the map), Bunny Bravo was the head of a spy organization, and Little Suzy... apparently became a terrorist ... Even his angel confesses that his boss warned him Johnny was just a 'hunk of meat with a mouth'. The only reason he came back was because he had put his face in cement that morning. He believed his friends' success didn't make up for not having his beauty around . Played straight with the Christmas special of Kappa Mikey , where Mikey never visited Japan and everyone's life is worse. This coincides with a Yet Another Christmas Carol subplot. Because Mikey never won the contest, someone else became the new star of Lilymu! - the overweight and past his prime Speed Racer . The ratings tanked and the show was cancelled. Guano became a chimney sweep with a stupid accent, Lily married Yoshi the cameraman and adopted several kids (Becoming very cranky and ugly), Gonard, because the show was cancelled during a take and no one yelled "Cut", terrorizes the city as his Lilymu! role, and Mitsuki tried to be a serious actor, but quickly became a White-Dwarf Starlet . The basic plotline of the Leap Frog educational release A Tad of Christmas Cheer has Tad thinking that his family doesn't care about him anymore, so a "fairy godbug" transports him to an alternate reality in which he never existed. The Life and Times of Juniper Lee : In the episode "Te Xuan Me", Juniper and her classmates were captured by time wraiths. Whenever time wraiths capture anybody, they rewrite history so their captives would have never existed. In the alternative world, Ray Ray became the Te Xuan Ze; Monroe said he had never met a Te Xuan Ze who accepted the role as much as Ray Ray did; and Dennis behaves like the mainstream Ray Ray. The only people (other than the captives) to remember the original timeline were Ray Ray and the magical creature that caused the whole mess by provoking the wraiths. Ray Ray eventually learned the truth and rescued everyone, restoring the original timeline. For a while, Ray Ray believed it was All Just a Dream since even Juniper didn't remember anything, but a photograph he had with him clued him to the fact it really happened. In the Lilo & Stitch: The Series episode "Skip", Lilo skips ahead twenty years. In the intervening time, Hamsterviel has conquered Earth and captured the experiments. A subversion of the trope can be found in an episode of the cartoon Little Shop ; capping it off is the following exchange of dialogue: Seymour: Hey, this isn't right! You're supposed to show me how miserable everybody is without me! Junior: Hey, if everyone made the world a better place, it'd be perfect! In The Magic School Bus Christmas Episode (simply titled "Holiday Special"), Wanda wishes recycling didn't exist (long story short: she was planning to use a nutcracker to get into a production of The Nutcracker , but it fell out of her backpack and Arnold thought it was trash so he threw it in the recycling bin), so Ms Fizzle uses the bus to eliminate recycling from Walkerville. Chaos ensues, culminating in the bus disintegrating because it was built from recycled materials, and the class having to rebuild it so that they can put things right. Maryoku Yummy : A variation occurs in the episode "A Day Without Maryoku," with Shika so frustrated at Maryoku not following the rules that he takes it up with Tapo Tapo , insisting that their world would be better off without her. Tapo Tapo uses magic bubbles to show him how the day went down and then how it would have gone down without Maryoku. Apparently, a lack of Maryoku not only left him watching all the wishes, but kept Bob's van from starting. Played straighter in the episode "It's a Yumderful Life," when Maryoku, feeling the pressure of being "the greatest wishsitter," wishes she had an easier job, and then suddenly finds herself as not a wishsitter, but Bob's official clipboard holder. There's even a direct Shout-Out to the movie with "Yuzu's pedals," a pair of lucky bike pedals Yuzu gave her earlier in the episode, disappearing, and then reappearing when she's back to her regular life. Mega Man once went to the future. A future that shows him what the world will be like if he doesn't return to his own time. Without him to stop Dr. Wily, the villain took over the world. My Friend Martin is an animated special where some kids want to prevent Martin Luther King's assassination. So they go back in time, kidnap him as a child, and bring him back to the present day... only to find segregation and racism still in full force, and many of the main character's best friends are affected. In the end, Young Martin, who guesses that the changes the others observe are For Want of a Nail , bravely decides to return to his own time. The Phineas and Ferb episode "Phineas And Ferb's Quantum Boogaloo" involves the boys traveling through time 20 years to the future, and running into future Candace, who, after some crazy antics, goes back to the events of the very first episode of the series. The roller coaster is terminated, and the boys get busted. Future Candace returns to the future, only to find everything industrial and bleak. In this world, everyone is named "Joe", and Doofenshmirtz is the ruler. What Candace didn't learn was that, because of her interference, it was Perry, not Doof, who got harmed by the huge ball of tin foil ; and that Doofenshmirtz became the ruler because Perry didn't recover on time to stop him. The Powerpuff Girls : In an episode, the titular superheroines accidentally travel fifty years into the future after overusing their superspeed for a race home. Fifty years of a world without the Powerpuff Girls, who get to see it taken over by Him . In another episode, after Professor Utonium realizes his best inventions have been accidents, has a dream where his experiments are succesful: Without accidentally adding Chemical X, the Powerpuff Girls are now normal (named Bertha, Beatrice and Betty), their lives are a tad dull, there's constant traffic because nobody does anything about the giant monsters that attack Townsville and, for some reason, the Lab where the Professor works is now a pizza place. The Punky Brewster cartoon episode "Allen Who?" has Allen being browbeaten by everyone for nearly spoiling a surprise party, so he wishes that nobody knew who he was. Glomer grants him that wish, but he's forced to fend for himself as everyone takes him as a stranger. In that reality, Allen's grandmother was depressed for having no grandchildren; nobody cared about the coach to start the surprise party; Margaux had a broken arm because Allen wasn't there with a wagonload of basketballs to stop her fall (showing the Mainstream Margaux was wrong about blaming him for it in the first place). In an episode of Rainbow Fish , the title character wishes that he was never born after having a bad day. His "guardian angelfish" soon appears and shows him what life would be like without him. In this alternate universe, Rainbow's favorite restaurant has hardly any customers, his parents are sad for not having a son, his sister is depressed due to being an only child and even the school bullies are miserable because they don't have anyone to pick on. In Rick and Morty , Rick creates a device that lets the family see alternate timeline versions of themselves. Summer realizes that she doesn't exist in most timelines, as Jerry impregnated Beth when they were teenagers and Summer's existence in any timeline hinges on if her parents decided to get an abortion or not. In any timeline she exists in, her parents gave up their dreams and her alternate life is pretty much identical to her current one. However, in every timeline where she doesn't exist, her parents got to enjoy their dreams with Beth becoming a skilled surgeon and Jerry becoming a famous actor. Beth and Jerry become conflicted over whether they should have stayed together while Summer becomes disheartened over the fact that her parents considered (and in most timelines succeeded in) aborting her. Though it's revealed that in at least one timeline, Beth and Jerry both come to seriously regret getting an abortion as they both grew up lonely and desperate for happiness. Parodied on Robot Chicken , where Wimpy (from Popeye ) is shown how much better the world is without his existence. Popeye has a full head of hair, he and Bluto open up their own bank, Olive Oyl has larger breasts, Alice the Goon found a cure for cancer, there is no pollution or war and hamburgers are free. Seeing this, his guardian angel then kicks him off the bridge himself. The Rugrats episode "Chuckie's Wonderful Life" did this for Chuckie, where Angelica took over the town. This was actually a surprisingly dark, almost disturbing episode (yes, of a show involving talking babies). Even if you just included what happened to Chuckie's father, it's rather bleak. He ends up unemployed, sitting alone in his house, surrounded by tons of empty pizza boxes he's been hoarding, a sock-puppet his only friend. Seven Little Monsters : Inverted. In "It's a Wonder-Four Life", Four has an exceptionally bad day that leads him to wish he was an only child. His Bad Future is "Four-Town", where everything revolves around the number four. This is also a case of Exact Words - technically, his siblings still exist, he's just not related to them, and they've turned into major jerks. The Simpsons : Homer is visited by his guardian angel, who initially appears to him as Sir Isaac Newton. When Homer fails to recognize him, he instead shows himself as Colonel Klink of Hogan's Heroes , and shows Homer what the world would be like if he had never married Marge; Homer is a millionaire and is married to Mindy from the plant, and Marge is president of the United States. Oddly enough, the angel seems to consider this state of events worse than the "real world" — probably because the angel's remit is to make sure that Homer doesn't cheat on Marge now, and this example doesn't really help his case. Homer doesn't get the message and instead spends his time asking "Klink" if he knew about the tunnels under the camp and the radio in the coffee pot. But he manages to stay faithful to Marge on his own. And another episode used a variation, where Homer looked into magic sauce (seriously) to see what life would've been like if he had won class president or more accurately, if he wasn't sabotaged as the principal overheard two popular kids encouraging the student body to vote for Homer as a prank to humiliate him. The Principal got Carl and Lenny to get rid of the real ballot box, which had Homer win. While he is first laughed at, Carl and Lenny voice that Homer is a loser like them, and thus you don't have to be popular to succeed, resulting in them chanting his name and leading the student body to approve of him. Homer becomes confident and self-assured of himself, able to make decisions on the go and he ends up asking the top cheerleader to prom... only to dump her there and go for Marge. After a successful night (with Patty and Selma voicing their approval seeing Marge return home,) Homer is spotted by Mr. Burns. Impressed by the young man's stance and his position, he is offered a job at the plant, Section 6F (his current one in OTL is 7G, so a step-up). He takes it and we see that he would live in a luxurious mansion where the Flanders' house would be (the original Simpson' house is a guest house of his, occupied by Abe, who never complains about anything). While he and Marge are happily married, its revealed that since Homer used protection, they never had kids. They also parodied the use of this trope in A Case of Spring Fever (see the MST3K entry) with an educational film about a world without zinc. At one point, the protagonist attempts to shoot himself because the world is so terrible. Jimmy's Dad: Think again, Jimmy. You see, the firing pin in your gun was made out of... yep, zinc. Jimmy: Come back, zinc! COME BAAAACK! Also, in "Grift of the Magi," Moe sees what the world would have been like had he never been born ( offscreen ) and stops his suicide attempt. The Smurfs episode "It's A Smurfy Life" has Handy see what life in the Smurf Village would be like if he never existed. Gargamel at one point even says, "it's a wonderful life", when one of Handy's inventions was modified by the evil wizard to capture Smurfs. In the Sofia the First episode "The Baker King", King Roland wishes he had a simpler life while standing in front of an (unbeknownst to him) Magic Mirror , and wakes up the next morning to find he and his family have become the village bakers. Unlike in most examples of this trope, Roland's previous existence isn't erased; no one knows he's the king, but no one knows where the actual king is, and it's seeing all the improvements to the town that he authorized that convinces him to go back to being the king. Parodied in an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast , where after a tribute episode to Zorak gone horribly wrong, Zorak wishes he was never born, prompting his nephew Raymond from the episode "Hungry" to appear as a wingless angel to show what life would be like without Zorak: Diff'rent Strokes would still be on the air, Lokar would be the bandleader of SGC2C, and Space Ghost himself would find huge success on his show, going on to become governor of California, then president of the universe. Upon this revelation, Zorak wants to live to make Space Ghost miserable, and Raymond gets his wings. In an episode of Spongebob Squarepants that stars Plankton , Plankton uses a machine that switches the lives of himself and Mr. Krabs. Despite initially enjoying being the owner of the Krusty Krab, it eventually drives him mad, he reverses the machine's effects, and (at least for this episode) learns to cherish what he has. There was a pretty good episode of Superfriends called "The Krypton Syndrome" where Superman falls through a portal, winds up on Krypton, and manages to save it. He returns to the present, but finds Earth a burning ruin, with Robin one of the only survivors. After realizing what happened, he goes back and ensures Krypton's destruction . Superman: When Krypton was saved, my father never sent me to Earth. So, to this world, there never was a Superman. Subverted in the Superjail! season finale: the Warden is sentenced to spend eternity locked up, because his existence would culminate in his world domination. It's only when he escapes and gets a chance to see what happens without him there to horribly enslave the world that he's able to show the alternative (which isn't remotely as bad as world domination, but quite a bit freakier). The force responsible for his fate doesn't buy it, leading to two very unsettling minutes of Continuity Nod as the two realities combine. In the Teen Titans episode "How Long Is Forever?", Starfire is thrown into a dark future where the Titans have split, becoming embittered with each other, which just goes to show how important she is as The Heart of the Titans. One episode of the first Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series follows this trope: the Turtles wonder if the world would be like without them, and then they wake up in a world in which they never existed and Shredder succeeded in his plans to taking over the world. It's a mess, and not even Shredder is happy. In the end, it turns out to be All Just a Dream . The 4kids version Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) has an episode where Donatello goes into an alternate future where Shredder has taken over the world because he never returned from the future. Perhaps more accurately, the Turtles' brotherhood falls apart without Donatello to act as the "level head" and peacemaker. Shredder would very likely have taken over the world anyway. This leads to something of a missed opportunity when various later events in the series echo aspects of that Bad Future , and Donatello never even bats an eye. Tiny Toon Adventures did this for their Christmas Episode "It's A Wonderful Tiny Toons Christmas Special", with Buster wishing he didn't exist after a loss of confidence. He's shown an alternate Acme Acres (in a clever Jimmy Stewart double whammy, his guardian angel is a while rabbit called Harvey (who's actually Bugs in disguise)), where Plucky is the star of the show and using his position to make life miserable for Babs. Meanwhile, Monty has taken over the school and uses it for his own purposes. It's a particularly memorable version of the trope, because the special is littered with clever allusions to the real It's a Wonderful Life — among others, Porky lassos the moon for his girlfriend Petunia, Pepe Le Pew uses a perfume called "ZuZu's Petals," and when Buster gets back to his own reality, he runs around wishing Merry Christmas to various local landmarks. Another allusion to It's a Wonderful Life was Monty being wheelchair-bound like his counterpart from the original story. He claimed it was an accident he suffered while skiing. And his alternative self, while not wheelchair-bound, was about to go in the same skiing trip that got the mainstream Monty. Nightmare does this to Spider-Man in a dream in the Ultimate Spider-Man epsiode "Nightmare before Christmas". After making Spidey relive his first fight with the Enforcers when he was starting out and a battle with Shocker earlier at the start of the episode. After showing Spidey a glimpse of a public who didn't appreciate him, Spidey decided to quit, which resulted in a Bad Future where he's rich, but the Green Goblin became the Goblin King and killed most of Spidey's allies, as well at much of S.H.I.E.L.D. and most of the Avengers , with only Nova and Hawkeye surviving. When Spider-Man figures this out, he fights his way out to get out of the nightmare. Part 2 of the Uncle Grandpa Christmas Special revolves around Uncle Grandpa seeing a reality where he never existed, thanks to a guardian lobster named Lawrence.
i don't know
The Axel Springer company, the largest publishing house in Europe, has its headquarters in which city?
Who Is Axel Springer, the Company Behind Business Insider's $343 Million Acquisition? | Adweek Who Is Axel Springer, the Company Behind Business Insider's $343 Million Acquisition? German publisher is on a U.S. spending spree By Chris Ariens September 29, 2015, 11:36 AM EDT The Press Business Insider is just the latest American media investment for Axel Springer. Axel Springer's $343 million acquisition of Business Insider this morning gives the German publisher 97 percent of the news site and events company. And it is the continuation of the Berlin-based company's rapid-fire investing in stateside digital media. Since March 2014, Axel Springer has been the biggest investor in OZY.com , a news and culture site that counts Steve Jobs' widow, Laurene Powell Jobs, as an investor. And it's invested in Lerer Hippeau Ventures, the digital media fund of Huffington Post co-founder Ken Lerer and former CEO Eric Hippeau. The German firm also has stakes in popular news platform Mic.com ; social video news company NowThis Media; and Ashton Kutcher's media start-up A Plus. And in April, the company partnered with Politico for a European edition of the D.C.-based politics site, which has its own global ambitions . Axel Springer is the largest publishing house in Europe. The company was built from the ruble of post-World War II Germany in 1946 by journalist Axel Springer and his father, first with one newspaper serving Northwest Germany. Today, its flagship tabloid Bild is the most-circulated newspaper in Europe with more than 12 million daily readers. Business Insider, which Henry Blodget began as Silicon Alley Insider in 2007, got a $5 million shot in the arm in 2013 when Amazon founder Jeff Bezos invested in the company. As of today, Bezos owns 3 percent of the publication. Today's deal now values Business Insider at $442 million. Founder Blodget will remain at the helm, as will COO Julie Hansen. A German edition of Business Insider has already been announced and will launch in the fourth quarter. Get the Daily Digest newsletter: Check out our other newsletters: Daily Digest
Berlin
Shiraz is a variety of which fruit?
The story of Business Insider's sale to Axel Springer - Business Insider Henry Blodget on the left, Kevin Ryan next to him. On the far right is Business Insider investor Stu Ellman. Michael Seto In 2009, in the middle of the financial crisis, Business Insider was running low on cash. Over the prior year, the stock market had tanked as the economy plunged into the deepest recession since the Great Depression. Business Insider, a newly formed website that had grown out of a two-year-old tech publication called Silicon Alley Insider, only had six months of cash in the bank. And investors weren't banging the doors down. "I didn't feel as close to death then as we were in hindsight," Business Insider CEO Henry Blodget says now. "I don't remember being terrified, but it's a miracle we made it through that." In those days, even apart from the financial crisis, the common wisdom was that digital media was a lousy investment. Blodget frequently joked that the quickest way to clear a room full of venture capitalists was to tell them you ran a media startup. "Investors would say, 'The two of you have no media background,'" Business Insider's former chairman and cofounder Kevin Ryan recalls. "Secondly, they'd say, 'There has been no online media company started in 15 years — no example where anyone has built up even a remotely successful company worth even $100 million. You are great people doing a terrible business that can’t be done.'" In the end, after many meetings and some begging, Blodget and Ryan cobbled together a $1 million financing from a hodge-podge of investors including Allen & Co. The round valued Business Insider at a measly $7 million, nearly flat from the $6 million valuation Business Insider received from venture capitalists one year prior.  Blodget has since described the $1 million as a "bailout" disguised as an "investment." Six years later, that investment paid out nicely for all involved. In late September of 2015, global media conglomerate Axel Springer shelled out $343 million to acquire most of Business Insider, valuing the company at $442 million. The valuation raised eyebrows. It was more than AOL paid to buy The Huffington Post in 2011 , and more than Jeff Bezos paid to buy The Washington Post  in 2013 (the Amazon founder is also a Business Insider investor). At $442 million, Axel Springer valued Business Insider at 6X its forward revenue projection, which is roughly in line with how AOL valued The Huffington Post. Like Huffington Post in 2011, Business Insider has no profits as it invests for growth. While we rarely write about ourselves, we decided to report the story of our sale to Axel Springer because readers usually enjoy these stories. We spoke to half a dozen people involved in the transaction to get the inside scoop. It should go without saying, but disclosure: The author and editor of this piece work at Business Insider, and work closely with many of the people in this story, so we are conflicted out the wazoo.  Here's a look at how Business Insider was built, and sold. Finding Henry Kevin Ryan Brian Ach / Getty Images In April 2007, Kevin Ryan met a lot of business journalists with the aim of starting a digital tech publication, but he left each meeting frustrated. None of them felt like the right person to start his next venture with. Ryan is a serial entrepreneur who served as the CEO of DoubleClick — an advertising platform that went public in the 1990s and then eventually got gobbled up by Google. He has gone on to found a half dozen startups with DoubleClick's cofounder, Dwight Merriman, including flash sale fashion site Gilt Groupe and enterprise software startup MongoDB. In 2007, Ryan and Merriman had an idea for a new company. It would be a digital publication dedicated to covering New York City's rapidly-growing tech scene. Increasingly, people were reading news online instead of in newspapers. Ryan craved a high-velocity blog that would be easy to skim and understand. He called an old acquaintance from his DoubleClick days, former Wall Street analyst Henry Blodget. Blodget had written a book and launched a blog, Internet Outsider, while writing occasional articles for Slate. He wasn't a traditional journalist, but maybe that was what Ryan's site needed. Within the first three minutes of their meeting, Ryan knew he'd found his co-founder and CEO. "He was like, 'I get it, this is a good idea, yes, we should do this,' which was encouraging," Ryan says.  Blodget says it only took him ten seconds to get on board. "I had always wanted to start something," Blodget says. "I saw so many cool companies when I was an analyst and I thought I would learn a ton." The only thing left to weigh was Blodget's controversial past. Henry Blodget Michael Seto/Business Insider In the 1990s, Blodget's star quickly rose and fell as a top Wall Street internet analyst. When the dotcom bubble burst, he found himself in the middle of a securities fraud investigation. The investigation, which involved some of Blodget's personal emails, got him banned from the industry. He was also hit with a $4 million fine. His reputation and career were destroyed. Ryan, who says he always felt Blodget was "unfairly tarred," brought Blodget onboard anyway. If they built a quality product, Blodget's past wouldn't matter to readers. "One thing I said to Henry at the time was, as a secondary goal for the startup, I hope when people say the words 'Henry Blodget' they'll know you for this, not for the 90s," Ryan recalls. AOL came close After a few years of early experiments, small fundrasings, and some turnover, Blodget's site landed on a formula that worked and eventually drew mass readership. It ditched its New York focus, and decided to go broad. Business Insider included a mix of in-depth industry analysis, visual story telling, original reporting, and fast blogging — all coupled with entertaining and often provocative headlines. The site grew quickly, but its penchant for slideshows and grabby headlines were often mocked by media industry pundits.  Marco Arment, one of Business Insider's fiercest critics, lambasted the site in 2011, saying, "It has nearly everything that offends me as a web reader and writer: linkbait headlines, more ads than content, more sharing buttons than original words, top-list 'slideshows' that make readers click for every item and defraud advertisers into thinking that their pageviews are legitimate, Tynt messing with copy and paste, Vibrant Media’s double-green-underline ads, generic images slapped next to each post (often poorly Photoshopped® ), and tabloid coverage of every rumor and inflammatory non-event so they can fight all of the other tabloids for Google’s pennies." The criticism stung, Blodget says, but it also helped Business Insider learn and get steadily better. He adds that the company's willingness to experiment and "be misunderstood" also helped it figure out a native digital approach that eventually made it a success.  By 2011, it had become clear that digital journalism wasn't a fad and that some companies would build big, successful businesses.  AOL paid $315 million to acquire The Huffington Post. Ryan says it was a "breakthrough" moment for Business Insider. "The venture capitalists said, 'Oh my God, this works!' Who else is doing a business like this?'" Shortly after, Business Insider raised a major round of financing, $7 million led by Institutional Venture Partners and RRE Ventures.  Traffic and revenue continued to grow, Jeff Bezos invested in the site a year later, and by late 2013 Business Insider entertained some significant acquisition discussions. Tim Armstrong, AOL's CEO, had acquired The Huffington Post and later TechCrunch, a digital publication about technology based in San Francisco. He was looking to add Business Insider to his portfolio. The deal talks were serious but never progressed to a term sheet. Ultimately the discussions fell apart over price. Armstrong reportedly offered about  $100 million,  a generous multiple on Business Insider's annual revenue, but Business Insider's board felt the company had a great future and wanted more. AOL did not respond to a request for comment. Tim ArmstrongBusiness Insider Video So Business Insider remained independent. Traffic soon reached more than 50 million unique readers per month. Business Insider expanded to Australia, India, and other countries with partners producing local editions. In October 2014 it launched its first international edition, BI UK. Its quest for further global expansion led it to Axel Springer. Axel Springer Business Insider's president and chief operating officer, Julie Hansen, joined the company in 2008, as employee number five. A former Conde Nast, CBS, and Time, Inc., executive, Hansen led Business Insider's sales and technology teams, overseeing the development of a proprietary publishing system and growing revenue from a trickle to tens of millions of dollars. Hansen and Rich Kennedy, Business Insider's head of business development, built the company's international partnerships. Germany was a priority, and in 2014, Hansen reached out to Axel Springer and other German media companies to discuss a licensing partnership. Founded in 1946, Axel Springer had grown to become one of the largest publishing houses in Europe. Its brands include national daily paper BILD, DIE WELT and finance portal Finanzen.net. In 2014, the company began making a series of investments in U.S. digital media properties, including OZY and Mic. Hansen flew to Berlin to meet Axel Springer's executive vice president Christoph Keese in the summer of 2014 and came back energized. The company's headquarters, next to where the Berlin Wall once stood, was breathtaking. An always-on doorless elevator shot employees up to any of the 19 floors in Axel Springer's sleek headquarters. An exclusive journalists-only club made of wood from an old castle was perched on the top level. Hansen raved to Blodget about the Axel Springer team, and how Business Insider might fit into their future plans. Axel Springer wasn't only interested in a licensing deal, Hansen reported. It might also want to explore an acquisition. Blodget met with some members of Axel Springer's team in London that fall, while visiting Business Insider's new London office. They vaguely discussed Axel Springer's acquisition strategy, but ultimately both parties decided a strategic investment in Business Insider would be best.  In January 2015, Axel Springer led a $25 million round in Business Insider at a $225 million post-money valuation. Axel Springer put in $20 million for 9% of Business Insider and a seat on the board. In June, Blodget first met Axel Springer's CEO Mathias Döpfner. He had been invited to speak at the NOAH Internet Conference in Berlin. Döpfner met Blodget in the bar of the Crowne Plaza next door. The conversation they had left a lasting impression on both CEOs. They discussed business strategies, career missteps, and the futures of their companies. Blodget described his long-term vision for Business Insider, which included heavy investment in video and the launching of properties beyond business. If the company were ever to sell, he explained, he wanted a partner that had a similarly long-term view and cared deeply about journalism, not just short-term profit maximization.
i don't know
The song ‘White Shadows’ by Coldplay is said to be a tribute to which late Hollywood producer?
Coldplay's Quiet Storm - Rolling Stone Coldplay's Quiet Storm Matt Taibbi's New Book: 'Insane Clown President' Coldplay's Quiet Storm Led by a man who's been proclaimed the world's sexiest vegetarian, they've have become the biggest rock band of the year, if not the coolest Jonny Buckland, Chris Martin, Guy Berryman and Will Champion of Coldplay pose at a studio session to promote the band's new album 'X&Y' at the W Hotel in New York City, on May 17th, 2005. Credit: Dave Hogan/Getty All Stories The morning after four bombs detonate in London, Chris Martin climbs aboard a Number Twenty-nine red double-decker bus and up its winding stairs. As we slowly putter south down Camden Road, Martin whips back the top of his hooded sweat shirt, smiles and says, "I haven't done this in so long." He's not talking about riding public transportation but rather about a visit to his old neighborhood, where he and Coldplay first started writing, rehearsing and performing the songs that would shape the group's rise to the top of the charts. Soon we are riding by the former Laurel Tree club, the site of Coldplay's very first gig – a sold-out affair under the awful name Starfish – and where they scored their first paycheck, for 80 pounds (about $130), and split it four ways. Further on, past the Lord Stanley pub, home to early band meetings and more than a few drunken nights, we hop off the bus and stroll up to a dingy three-story house at 268 Camden Road. Martin looks up to the second-story flat, once the headquarters of a Clash fan club. But in 1999. It was the apartment he shared with future Coldplay guitarist Jonny Buckland and two of their mates. "That's where we had our very first rehearsal," he says pointing to Buckland's room. "We had drules and everything and as long as we quit playing before midnight, no one complained. In no other house in London could you get away with that," For a moment be stands quietly as his brain floods with memories. "It's a dump, right" he says, breaking the silence. "But we used to love it. I still love it with a passion. That's where we wrote the songs that got us signed. Right in there." More News All Stories Christopher Anthony John Martin was born 190 miles southwest of London. As a child growing up in the sheltered, white, Church of England fearing town of Exeter, "I just didn't know anything about the outside world," he says. His mother was a teacher and his father an accountant, and one of Martin's earliest memories is of his parents returning from holiday in Venice and presenting him with a child-size guitar. But soon it was gathering dust and Martin had developed an attraction to the family piano. His musical world was flipped upside down at age eleven, when a new music teacher, Steven Tanner, arrived at his school with keyboards. "Before that, our music teacher was very classically based," says Martin. "But Steven told us that music was for everybody, and just because you didn't have classical training doesn't mean you can't play. Which was incredible. No one ever told us that was possible." He quickly wrote his first instrumental piece, loosely based on the Beverly Hills Cop theme song, "Axel F," but he wasn't yet thinking of music as his calling. "When you're born into a middle-class white family in the county of Devon, there are things that you feel like you're not allowed to do," he says. "Like be a pop star or grow your hair long." But Martin was soon inching toward London on to a stuffy British prep school called Sherborne. "My eye-opening years were between thirteen and seventeen," he says. "I was so cushioned until that. But at [Sherborne], it was the first time I'd ever experienced somebody disliking me." He pauses. "Well, I used to walk funny, and, to be quite honest, I was a bit of a knobhead – I wouldn't have liked me either." (This is Martin's way – any self-revelation is instantly defused by a wisecrack. He spits out jokes all day, and he frequently worries that personal details are either "cheesy" or "irrelevant.") Martin spent a lot of late nights at prep school in rehearsal rooms, bashing away at the piano. Martin's spirituality also took a sharp turn. He was raised believing in a Christian God – not the same God, he's quick to point out, as "those crazy American fundamentalists" like George W. Bush – and at an early age he felt the collective power of singing in church. "Everybody singing together is the best feeling in the world," he says. At Sherborne, meeting kids of different colors and creeds, Martin found his beliefs had morphed into something more ecumenical. "I went through a weird patch, starting when I was about sixteen to twenty-two, of getting God and religion and superstition and judgment all confused," he says. "I think a lot of our music comes out of that. I definitely believe in God. How can you look at anything and not be over-whelmed by the miraculousness of it? Everything from that carpet to your nose to my balls is amazing. In fact, my balls are a particular miracle." (To set the record straight, there is no connection between my nose and Martin's testicles.) Martin could no longer wrap his head around the idea of hell, particularly when it was linked to sexual morality – though that was hardly the only reason he wasn't getting laid. "To be perfectly honest," he says, "I didn't know what I was doing. I wish somebody would have come to me when I was fourteen and explained how to give an orgasm. And it's very strange being the world's sexiest vegetarian" – as he was recently voted in an online poll by PETA, although it should be noted he does eat fish – "because eight years ago, if I'd invite someone over to my place for a tofu burger, they wouldn't be interested." As we walk from his old flat back to the bus stop, Martin's mind turns to the London bombing. "Right now, forty families are grieving," he says. "It's fucked. I wish people would look further into the reason somebody would want to bomb London or New York rather than just how to catch them." The morning of the attacks, Martin was with family in France before playing a gig in the Netherlands that night. After the gig, when Coldplay's private jet landed in London, Martin briefly returned to his home in Belsize Park, only to go out to buy gas for his scooter. "What it must have looked like to see a guy in a hooded top walking along at two in the morning with a gas tank in his hand," he says. "Like if you're walking through the woods on your own at night and you're terrified. Then you think, 'God, if someone walks by and sees me, they're going to be terrified of me.' It's an X and Y thing – how you can be two things at once." X&Y is the name of Coldplay's third album. The title conjures chromosomes and mathematical unknowns. "We're always looking for answers to our questions," says Buckland. "X and Y represents the answers that we can't find." Bassist Guy Berryman adds, "There's a running theme through the album, a sense of duality – the idea that you can't have light without dark, or yin without yang." As it relates to Coldplay, it goes deeper than that. It's what's in their control vs. what's out of their control. It's their over-whelming commercial success – their first two albums, 2000's Parachutes and 2002's A Rush of Blood to the Head, have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide, and each won a Grammy for Best Alternative album – vs. the New York Times labeling them the "most insufferable band of the decade." For Chris Martin, it's being regarded as a serious songwriter vs. being referred to in tabloids as Gwyneth Paltrow's husband. According to drummer Will Champion, X&Y refers to Martin as well. "He's stunning and creative and incredible to be around," says Champion. "But the flip side of that is he can sink low and moody. There's not a lot of gray area in between the two." In October 2003, after sixteen months on the road supporting Rush of Blood, Coldplay hurried back into the studio with a handful of quality songs. Bad idea. "We'd just done too much touring and we needed to see our families, our friends – just be normal," says Champion. "It's not like we hated each other – we just weren't talking much, and things started to fall apart a bit." Eight months into the process, they held a band-only meeting and decided to refocus on and rediscover the initial chemistry they felt playing as a foursome in a sweaty rehearsal room. "In some respects it was quite a quick record to make," says Berryman about the year-and-a-half-long process. "It just took us a long time to figure out how to do it." Many of the songs on X&Y were inspired by the band's heroes. When I spoke with Martin earlier this summer, I was a little surprised when he told me that he considered Coldplay "incredibly good plagiarists." But that's not the whole story. As he did in childhood with his update on "Axel F," Martin has an incredible ability to ingest someone else's song, twirl it around in his brain and spit out a unique homage. (Strangely enough, Coldplay's first single from X&Y, "Speed of Sound," was topped on the British pop chart by a novelty song from Crazy Frog – a cover of "Axel F.") "I remember an amazing article about Radiohead when I was first getting into them," says Martin. "Jonny Greenwood said that every song on OK Computer was an attempt to do someone else's song. And that's how it happens sometimes for us." In that tradition, "Talk" wouldn't have been possible without Kraftwerk, and "The Hardest Part" is an ode to R.E.M. (Martin is careful to pay tribute to Michael Stipe: "I've lost all respect for fame, but I haven't lost all respect for respect. So the one great thing about being famous is that I get to meet people who I respect. Our relationship is akin to a dog and its master. I'll always look up to him.") A highlight of Coldplay's show is "White Shadows," which was inspired by Tears for Fears' "Mad World." The title "White Shadows" was lifted from a Seventies TV series produced by Martin's late father-in-law, Bruce Paltrow. Even though Martin never met the man, X&Y is dedicated to him – the CD sleeve reads, "For BWP." "It's meant to be subtle," says Martin. "It just has a way of making sense of death." What you won't find in X&Y's album sleeve are any of Martin's lyrics, a bit odd for someone whose visions of abandonment, apprehension, fragility and love have resonated with so many fans. "Because I'm not a great lyricist," says Martin with a laugh. "When you hear someone like Ian McCulloch or Bob Dylan... those are lyrics that should be printed. Mine are just a bunch of feelings." He writes constantly, though, to hone his craft. "That's my only way of making sense of the world," he says. Still, he says he's better at writing silly rhymes in birthday cards to his friends. X&Y debuted at Number One in more than twenty countries. "When the numbers started rolling in, it was brilliant," says Champion. In the U.S., where it's the year's fastest-selling rock record, it notched more than 737,000 sales its first week, and in England it posted the second-highest sales figure in U.K. history, behind Oasis' Be Here Now. The success of X&Y has wiped the bad taste of negative reviews out of Martin's mouth. He has come to a realization – after admittedly being bummed out for a couple of weeks – that the polarity of opinion about Coldplay is totally healthy. "I find that exciting," he says. "Some people are into bondage, and some people are into cross-dressing, and some people are into Coldplay – I don't mind being a fetish. I don't mind not being cool. I've never been cool in my whole life. Being voted the world's sexiest vegetarian is about as cool as it gets." Martin pauses, munching on a sourcream-and-onion Pringle. Then, under his breath, he invokes his wife's former fiancé. "It's not quite as cool as Brad Pitt, but I'll do," he says, breaking into his goofy grin. "Those have been the two biggest challenges of my life: trying to follow Radio-head, and trying to follow Brad Pitt." Martin met Paltrow at a London Coldplay gig in October 2002, about two weeks after the death of her father, and the two were married in December 2003. "She's pretty fantastic," he says. "After four months of being with Gwyneth, I realized that everyone is human. We really build people up as if they're from Mars. I mean, Hollywood seems about as accessible as Mars, to most people. When I started meeting celebrities, in some ways it's depressing, because you can't believe in the mythology of people anymore. At the same time, it's very liberating, like, 'Hey, there's no reason why I can't make Sgt. Pepper.' " Apple Blythe Alison Martin came soon after, to the music of Sigur Rós, in May 2004. "I love hanging out with my daughter, and I'm as proud as any father I know," says Martin. "We have an ambition to make her the biggest child star in the world – the next Macaulay Culkin!" He's kidding, of course, but Apple is walking and talking. Does she have a British accent? "That's a touchy question – I'm not really sure," her dad says. "Sometimes it sounds kinda French – maybe there's something I don't know." Given his utter hatred of paparazzi photos, I ask Martin if he didn't mind seeing his child's image – she looked adorable in her pink sneakers and headphones to match – being splayed across the TV during Live 8's global feed on July 2nd. "It would have pissed me off on any other occasion, but it was Live 8," he says. "And I was excited that my daughter's first concert experience" – outside of the Coldplay gigs she's witnessed – "was seeing U2 and Paul McCartney at the same time." Live 8's global poverty-relief agenda is close to Martin's heart. His mother is from Zimbabwe, and he visited Africa as a child. And Coldplay have championed the cause of Make Trade Fair – loosening foreign trade barriers so that Third World countries have a level playing field in the global market – for more than four years, since meeting with the British relief organization Oxfam. The band has gotten more than 3 million fans to sign petitions for the cause, and many are getting further involved. "Some people confuse charity with stuff that's actually beneficial for everybody," says Martin. "We've been to places where it's really shitty. Come to Haiti with us next week and you'll see squalor. You'd say that this problem is going to come back to haunt us in a big way." I Catch up with Coldplay again two weeks later, during a trek to Japan. The four-day trip immediately precedes their amphitheater tour of the U.S. and Canada, which kicked off on August 2nd in Toronto and continues through September. In Tokyo, after a four-song acoustic performance at the local HQ of EMI, their record label, Coldplay are whisked off to a conference center for a live online chat with Yahoo! Japan, answering questions from fans. (FYI: When asked what animals' characteristics they reflect, Chris is a Tasmanian devil, Will a crocodile, Jonny an owl and Guy a little monkey.) The following night, they will travel by bullet train north to the Fuji Rock Festival, where Coldplay and the Foo Fighters will close the fest's opening night. It's my first real chance to hang hard with Martin's bandmates. The members of Coldplay met during their first week at University College in London, in September 1996, when they were thrown together into Ramsey Hall with about 450 other freshman boarders. "It soon became apparent that there were a lot of musicians, a lot of show-offs and a lot of people playing 'Redemption Song' on their acoustic guitars," says Champion. But Buckland, soft-spoken to this day, hid his acoustic behind his door. ("I didn't want to end up in some shit band," he says.) "When the door closed, you'd hear these amazing sounds coming from inside," says Champion. Martin sought him out. "When I first met Chris," says Buckland, "he had mad hair – like Robert Plant in 1972." By the start of 1997, the two were writing songs together. "There would be no Coldplay music without Jonny," says Martin. "They'd be Chris Martin songs, which would be a travesty." After their frosh year, policy dictated that they move out of the hall, and on January 6th, 1998, the band was solidified after its first rehearsal at 268 Camden Road. "We weren't going to stop until we became successful." The first band name, Starfish, came out of desperation, when they'd booked a show at the Laurel Tree. "We had to print up fliers," says Champion. "The first gig, it cost three pounds with a flier and five without, and everyone at school showed up." With a line out the door, Starfish played all six songs they knew. When the audience clamored for more, they played one of their songs a second time. Champion, 27, worships his Southampton football team, lives in a modest house with his wife of two years and shatters about a dozen drumsticks during each gig. But he was not supposed to be in Coldplay. "I really didn't play drums," he says. "My flatmate had a kit and was supposed to record a couple of tracks with them. After one song, he had to go." Before the recording of Parachutes, Champion was unexpectedly fired from the band for lack of technical proficiency, unequivocally the low point in the band's history. Martin came back to Champion a week later, apologizing. "We slept with a few other drummers," says Martin. "But we learned that you can't fuck with the chemistry of our band." At the HFSival in Washington, D.C., in 2001, Champion finally felt vindicated – oddly enough, after Coldplay were roundly rejected by an audience thirsty for metal: "We got bottled," Martin remembers. "We got shit chucked at us. But after our set, Dave Grohl went up to Will and told him that he was a great drummer. And that changed Will's life." As we sit in the Oak Door whiskey bar at the Grand Hyatt Tokyo – the ridiculously extravagant sister hotel to the Park Hyatt, the Lost in Translation hotel – Champion sips a pint of beer, and Grohl, whose Foo Fighters would play after Coldplay at the fest, is across the bar. Soon he's at our table, sipping a triple shot of Jack Daniel's and talking drums with Champion. Grohl, whose recent Foo Fighters record, In Your Honor, was kept out of the Number One slot by X&Y, is effusive in his praise for Coldplay. "We were like, 'Oh, great, we're headlining Fujifest,'" Grohl says to Champion. "'So who plays before us? The biggest band in the world? Grrrrreat!' " Berryman is Coldplay's toughest nut to crack. "We have very similar brains," says Martin. "But they come out in different personalities." During the countless hours of downtime that the bandmates spend together between commitments – which the group usually kills by joking around with members of its dedicated (and hilarious) crew – Berryman usually watches from the sidelines, laying low. That's not to say he's not involved. He's constantly making refinements to Coldplay's live show and is their technological guru in the studio. Berryman also enjoys spending his dough. He's obsessed with electrical gadgets, he's the band's fashion icon, he drives a Land Rover Discovery 3 ("One of the new ones," he says proudly) and he's building a "tasteful" new house in London. While on tour in America he'll stock up on 45s for his jukebox. "I basically know every secondhand vinyl shop in every major U.S. city," he says. Buckland, Martin's closest confidante in the band, was born on September 11th, 1977, and wasn't quite lucky enough to grow up in the Welsh town of Mold. "Yeah, not even in Mold," he says, laughing. "We lived in a village outside Mold." He's mild-mannered and laughs at everyone's jokes – it's no wonder that Martin routinely professes his love for Buckland onstage. "That was a little weird at first," says Buckland, "but I know what he means." His prized possession at the moment seems to be his black-and-white mesh hat, but sometimes, he says, "I'll have mad days where I spend loads of money on computers and studio shit I'll never use." The last time the boys were in Tokyo, they were locked up like lab rats, spitting out sound bites behind closed doors for eight hours a day. Not this time. With barely four days in town, Coldplay are not content to loaf in their plush suites at the Hyatt. They climb the massive Tokyo Towe, Martin and Champion explore the Harajuku district, and the mates ride a minute-long earthquake (their first) with utter enthusiasm. I also have a chance to hoist a few with each member. Martin, who's better known for his love of chocolate over spirits, has no problem mixing plum wine, champagne and beer while devouring crab legs at a shabushabu restaurant. Buckland and Berryman, though, prove to be the heavy-weights at the bar. After hours of drinking at the Lexington Queen – a Tokyo venue legendary among Western performers – we climb out to greet the sunrise, then sing karaoke with some locals. Buckland left the karaoke bar at around 5 A.M. after a dismal rendition of "Blue Velvet" ("It was a little high for me," he demurs) and Berryman – whose Scottish brogue thickens with alcohol – left with me at eight. When Coldplay Arrive at the foot of Mount Fuji a few hours before showtime, they kick into their preshow routine. Here's a synopsis: They change into their stage gear – all black clothes, with white sneakers. (The nearly identical outfits are a homage to Kraftwerk.) While changing, Martin strips naked; tonight he wraps a Foo Fighters promo scarf around his waist, runs up to Grohl and complains about the size of their towels. They then absentmindedly sing along to a tape of voice exercises they recorded with their vocal coach. Each group member grabs a disposable camera – which they'll later throw into the audience – and reels off candid shots of bandmates. (This ritual is one of Berryman's ideas.) Martin issues his nightly complaint about going bald. Vicky Taylor, a charming assistant, wraps the middle and index fingers of Martin's left hand with four colored pieces of tape and draws an equal sign – the logo for Make Trade Fair – on the back of his hand with a black Sharpie. They sign a pile of autographs (they all can forge one another's signatures). They harmonize on "Fix You." Berryman and Buckland smoke a couple of Marlboro Lights. When the Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows" plays on the PA, it's show time. When they arrive at the side of the stage, the four often clasp thumbs and jump around in circles. Through all the X's and Y's, Coldplay seem to have found their equilibrium. As they did with X&Y, they thrive on the pressure. Then they deliver. "I love to be challenged," says Martin. "I find that exciting – the idea that there's loads of people depending on me to write a song. I'll be honest: The couple of bad reviews for X&Y were really hard for a bit, but after that, I was like, 'Why? We're just writing some songs here. We've not invented some Nazi doctrine.'" So for the next eighteen months – guided by private planes and police escorts – they'll be on the road, sweeping through America three times. And despite Grohl's kind words, they're not the biggest band in the world. Not yet, at least. "I think we're climbing into the top ten," says Martin. "The next record will hopefully validate us a bit more. We've taken the piano ballad and the falsetto as far as it can go, and that's very freeing for us. Now we can try some different things." Coldplay have the talent, and they have the ambition. "That's what we have to remember: We're only on our third record," says Martin. "Pokémon was huge for a while, but that hasn't really lasted. At this point, I feel like we're the new wazzzzup!" 
Bruce Paltrow
How many points are scored for a try in Rugby league?
Coldplay's Quiet Storm - Rolling Stone Coldplay's Quiet Storm Matt Taibbi's New Book: 'Insane Clown President' Coldplay's Quiet Storm Led by a man who's been proclaimed the world's sexiest vegetarian, they've have become the biggest rock band of the year, if not the coolest Jonny Buckland, Chris Martin, Guy Berryman and Will Champion of Coldplay pose at a studio session to promote the band's new album 'X&Y' at the W Hotel in New York City, on May 17th, 2005. Credit: Dave Hogan/Getty All Stories The morning after four bombs detonate in London, Chris Martin climbs aboard a Number Twenty-nine red double-decker bus and up its winding stairs. As we slowly putter south down Camden Road, Martin whips back the top of his hooded sweat shirt, smiles and says, "I haven't done this in so long." He's not talking about riding public transportation but rather about a visit to his old neighborhood, where he and Coldplay first started writing, rehearsing and performing the songs that would shape the group's rise to the top of the charts. Soon we are riding by the former Laurel Tree club, the site of Coldplay's very first gig – a sold-out affair under the awful name Starfish – and where they scored their first paycheck, for 80 pounds (about $130), and split it four ways. Further on, past the Lord Stanley pub, home to early band meetings and more than a few drunken nights, we hop off the bus and stroll up to a dingy three-story house at 268 Camden Road. Martin looks up to the second-story flat, once the headquarters of a Clash fan club. But in 1999. It was the apartment he shared with future Coldplay guitarist Jonny Buckland and two of their mates. "That's where we had our very first rehearsal," he says pointing to Buckland's room. "We had drules and everything and as long as we quit playing before midnight, no one complained. In no other house in London could you get away with that," For a moment be stands quietly as his brain floods with memories. "It's a dump, right" he says, breaking the silence. "But we used to love it. I still love it with a passion. That's where we wrote the songs that got us signed. Right in there." More News All Stories Christopher Anthony John Martin was born 190 miles southwest of London. As a child growing up in the sheltered, white, Church of England fearing town of Exeter, "I just didn't know anything about the outside world," he says. His mother was a teacher and his father an accountant, and one of Martin's earliest memories is of his parents returning from holiday in Venice and presenting him with a child-size guitar. But soon it was gathering dust and Martin had developed an attraction to the family piano. His musical world was flipped upside down at age eleven, when a new music teacher, Steven Tanner, arrived at his school with keyboards. "Before that, our music teacher was very classically based," says Martin. "But Steven told us that music was for everybody, and just because you didn't have classical training doesn't mean you can't play. Which was incredible. No one ever told us that was possible." He quickly wrote his first instrumental piece, loosely based on the Beverly Hills Cop theme song, "Axel F," but he wasn't yet thinking of music as his calling. "When you're born into a middle-class white family in the county of Devon, there are things that you feel like you're not allowed to do," he says. "Like be a pop star or grow your hair long." But Martin was soon inching toward London on to a stuffy British prep school called Sherborne. "My eye-opening years were between thirteen and seventeen," he says. "I was so cushioned until that. But at [Sherborne], it was the first time I'd ever experienced somebody disliking me." He pauses. "Well, I used to walk funny, and, to be quite honest, I was a bit of a knobhead – I wouldn't have liked me either." (This is Martin's way – any self-revelation is instantly defused by a wisecrack. He spits out jokes all day, and he frequently worries that personal details are either "cheesy" or "irrelevant.") Martin spent a lot of late nights at prep school in rehearsal rooms, bashing away at the piano. Martin's spirituality also took a sharp turn. He was raised believing in a Christian God – not the same God, he's quick to point out, as "those crazy American fundamentalists" like George W. Bush – and at an early age he felt the collective power of singing in church. "Everybody singing together is the best feeling in the world," he says. At Sherborne, meeting kids of different colors and creeds, Martin found his beliefs had morphed into something more ecumenical. "I went through a weird patch, starting when I was about sixteen to twenty-two, of getting God and religion and superstition and judgment all confused," he says. "I think a lot of our music comes out of that. I definitely believe in God. How can you look at anything and not be over-whelmed by the miraculousness of it? Everything from that carpet to your nose to my balls is amazing. In fact, my balls are a particular miracle." (To set the record straight, there is no connection between my nose and Martin's testicles.) Martin could no longer wrap his head around the idea of hell, particularly when it was linked to sexual morality – though that was hardly the only reason he wasn't getting laid. "To be perfectly honest," he says, "I didn't know what I was doing. I wish somebody would have come to me when I was fourteen and explained how to give an orgasm. And it's very strange being the world's sexiest vegetarian" – as he was recently voted in an online poll by PETA, although it should be noted he does eat fish – "because eight years ago, if I'd invite someone over to my place for a tofu burger, they wouldn't be interested." As we walk from his old flat back to the bus stop, Martin's mind turns to the London bombing. "Right now, forty families are grieving," he says. "It's fucked. I wish people would look further into the reason somebody would want to bomb London or New York rather than just how to catch them." The morning of the attacks, Martin was with family in France before playing a gig in the Netherlands that night. After the gig, when Coldplay's private jet landed in London, Martin briefly returned to his home in Belsize Park, only to go out to buy gas for his scooter. "What it must have looked like to see a guy in a hooded top walking along at two in the morning with a gas tank in his hand," he says. "Like if you're walking through the woods on your own at night and you're terrified. Then you think, 'God, if someone walks by and sees me, they're going to be terrified of me.' It's an X and Y thing – how you can be two things at once." X&Y is the name of Coldplay's third album. The title conjures chromosomes and mathematical unknowns. "We're always looking for answers to our questions," says Buckland. "X and Y represents the answers that we can't find." Bassist Guy Berryman adds, "There's a running theme through the album, a sense of duality – the idea that you can't have light without dark, or yin without yang." As it relates to Coldplay, it goes deeper than that. It's what's in their control vs. what's out of their control. It's their over-whelming commercial success – their first two albums, 2000's Parachutes and 2002's A Rush of Blood to the Head, have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide, and each won a Grammy for Best Alternative album – vs. the New York Times labeling them the "most insufferable band of the decade." For Chris Martin, it's being regarded as a serious songwriter vs. being referred to in tabloids as Gwyneth Paltrow's husband. According to drummer Will Champion, X&Y refers to Martin as well. "He's stunning and creative and incredible to be around," says Champion. "But the flip side of that is he can sink low and moody. There's not a lot of gray area in between the two." In October 2003, after sixteen months on the road supporting Rush of Blood, Coldplay hurried back into the studio with a handful of quality songs. Bad idea. "We'd just done too much touring and we needed to see our families, our friends – just be normal," says Champion. "It's not like we hated each other – we just weren't talking much, and things started to fall apart a bit." Eight months into the process, they held a band-only meeting and decided to refocus on and rediscover the initial chemistry they felt playing as a foursome in a sweaty rehearsal room. "In some respects it was quite a quick record to make," says Berryman about the year-and-a-half-long process. "It just took us a long time to figure out how to do it." Many of the songs on X&Y were inspired by the band's heroes. When I spoke with Martin earlier this summer, I was a little surprised when he told me that he considered Coldplay "incredibly good plagiarists." But that's not the whole story. As he did in childhood with his update on "Axel F," Martin has an incredible ability to ingest someone else's song, twirl it around in his brain and spit out a unique homage. (Strangely enough, Coldplay's first single from X&Y, "Speed of Sound," was topped on the British pop chart by a novelty song from Crazy Frog – a cover of "Axel F.") "I remember an amazing article about Radiohead when I was first getting into them," says Martin. "Jonny Greenwood said that every song on OK Computer was an attempt to do someone else's song. And that's how it happens sometimes for us." In that tradition, "Talk" wouldn't have been possible without Kraftwerk, and "The Hardest Part" is an ode to R.E.M. (Martin is careful to pay tribute to Michael Stipe: "I've lost all respect for fame, but I haven't lost all respect for respect. So the one great thing about being famous is that I get to meet people who I respect. Our relationship is akin to a dog and its master. I'll always look up to him.") A highlight of Coldplay's show is "White Shadows," which was inspired by Tears for Fears' "Mad World." The title "White Shadows" was lifted from a Seventies TV series produced by Martin's late father-in-law, Bruce Paltrow. Even though Martin never met the man, X&Y is dedicated to him – the CD sleeve reads, "For BWP." "It's meant to be subtle," says Martin. "It just has a way of making sense of death." What you won't find in X&Y's album sleeve are any of Martin's lyrics, a bit odd for someone whose visions of abandonment, apprehension, fragility and love have resonated with so many fans. "Because I'm not a great lyricist," says Martin with a laugh. "When you hear someone like Ian McCulloch or Bob Dylan... those are lyrics that should be printed. Mine are just a bunch of feelings." He writes constantly, though, to hone his craft. "That's my only way of making sense of the world," he says. Still, he says he's better at writing silly rhymes in birthday cards to his friends. X&Y debuted at Number One in more than twenty countries. "When the numbers started rolling in, it was brilliant," says Champion. In the U.S., where it's the year's fastest-selling rock record, it notched more than 737,000 sales its first week, and in England it posted the second-highest sales figure in U.K. history, behind Oasis' Be Here Now. The success of X&Y has wiped the bad taste of negative reviews out of Martin's mouth. He has come to a realization – after admittedly being bummed out for a couple of weeks – that the polarity of opinion about Coldplay is totally healthy. "I find that exciting," he says. "Some people are into bondage, and some people are into cross-dressing, and some people are into Coldplay – I don't mind being a fetish. I don't mind not being cool. I've never been cool in my whole life. Being voted the world's sexiest vegetarian is about as cool as it gets." Martin pauses, munching on a sourcream-and-onion Pringle. Then, under his breath, he invokes his wife's former fiancé. "It's not quite as cool as Brad Pitt, but I'll do," he says, breaking into his goofy grin. "Those have been the two biggest challenges of my life: trying to follow Radio-head, and trying to follow Brad Pitt." Martin met Paltrow at a London Coldplay gig in October 2002, about two weeks after the death of her father, and the two were married in December 2003. "She's pretty fantastic," he says. "After four months of being with Gwyneth, I realized that everyone is human. We really build people up as if they're from Mars. I mean, Hollywood seems about as accessible as Mars, to most people. When I started meeting celebrities, in some ways it's depressing, because you can't believe in the mythology of people anymore. At the same time, it's very liberating, like, 'Hey, there's no reason why I can't make Sgt. Pepper.' " Apple Blythe Alison Martin came soon after, to the music of Sigur Rós, in May 2004. "I love hanging out with my daughter, and I'm as proud as any father I know," says Martin. "We have an ambition to make her the biggest child star in the world – the next Macaulay Culkin!" He's kidding, of course, but Apple is walking and talking. Does she have a British accent? "That's a touchy question – I'm not really sure," her dad says. "Sometimes it sounds kinda French – maybe there's something I don't know." Given his utter hatred of paparazzi photos, I ask Martin if he didn't mind seeing his child's image – she looked adorable in her pink sneakers and headphones to match – being splayed across the TV during Live 8's global feed on July 2nd. "It would have pissed me off on any other occasion, but it was Live 8," he says. "And I was excited that my daughter's first concert experience" – outside of the Coldplay gigs she's witnessed – "was seeing U2 and Paul McCartney at the same time." Live 8's global poverty-relief agenda is close to Martin's heart. His mother is from Zimbabwe, and he visited Africa as a child. And Coldplay have championed the cause of Make Trade Fair – loosening foreign trade barriers so that Third World countries have a level playing field in the global market – for more than four years, since meeting with the British relief organization Oxfam. The band has gotten more than 3 million fans to sign petitions for the cause, and many are getting further involved. "Some people confuse charity with stuff that's actually beneficial for everybody," says Martin. "We've been to places where it's really shitty. Come to Haiti with us next week and you'll see squalor. You'd say that this problem is going to come back to haunt us in a big way." I Catch up with Coldplay again two weeks later, during a trek to Japan. The four-day trip immediately precedes their amphitheater tour of the U.S. and Canada, which kicked off on August 2nd in Toronto and continues through September. In Tokyo, after a four-song acoustic performance at the local HQ of EMI, their record label, Coldplay are whisked off to a conference center for a live online chat with Yahoo! Japan, answering questions from fans. (FYI: When asked what animals' characteristics they reflect, Chris is a Tasmanian devil, Will a crocodile, Jonny an owl and Guy a little monkey.) The following night, they will travel by bullet train north to the Fuji Rock Festival, where Coldplay and the Foo Fighters will close the fest's opening night. It's my first real chance to hang hard with Martin's bandmates. The members of Coldplay met during their first week at University College in London, in September 1996, when they were thrown together into Ramsey Hall with about 450 other freshman boarders. "It soon became apparent that there were a lot of musicians, a lot of show-offs and a lot of people playing 'Redemption Song' on their acoustic guitars," says Champion. But Buckland, soft-spoken to this day, hid his acoustic behind his door. ("I didn't want to end up in some shit band," he says.) "When the door closed, you'd hear these amazing sounds coming from inside," says Champion. Martin sought him out. "When I first met Chris," says Buckland, "he had mad hair – like Robert Plant in 1972." By the start of 1997, the two were writing songs together. "There would be no Coldplay music without Jonny," says Martin. "They'd be Chris Martin songs, which would be a travesty." After their frosh year, policy dictated that they move out of the hall, and on January 6th, 1998, the band was solidified after its first rehearsal at 268 Camden Road. "We weren't going to stop until we became successful." The first band name, Starfish, came out of desperation, when they'd booked a show at the Laurel Tree. "We had to print up fliers," says Champion. "The first gig, it cost three pounds with a flier and five without, and everyone at school showed up." With a line out the door, Starfish played all six songs they knew. When the audience clamored for more, they played one of their songs a second time. Champion, 27, worships his Southampton football team, lives in a modest house with his wife of two years and shatters about a dozen drumsticks during each gig. But he was not supposed to be in Coldplay. "I really didn't play drums," he says. "My flatmate had a kit and was supposed to record a couple of tracks with them. After one song, he had to go." Before the recording of Parachutes, Champion was unexpectedly fired from the band for lack of technical proficiency, unequivocally the low point in the band's history. Martin came back to Champion a week later, apologizing. "We slept with a few other drummers," says Martin. "But we learned that you can't fuck with the chemistry of our band." At the HFSival in Washington, D.C., in 2001, Champion finally felt vindicated – oddly enough, after Coldplay were roundly rejected by an audience thirsty for metal: "We got bottled," Martin remembers. "We got shit chucked at us. But after our set, Dave Grohl went up to Will and told him that he was a great drummer. And that changed Will's life." As we sit in the Oak Door whiskey bar at the Grand Hyatt Tokyo – the ridiculously extravagant sister hotel to the Park Hyatt, the Lost in Translation hotel – Champion sips a pint of beer, and Grohl, whose Foo Fighters would play after Coldplay at the fest, is across the bar. Soon he's at our table, sipping a triple shot of Jack Daniel's and talking drums with Champion. Grohl, whose recent Foo Fighters record, In Your Honor, was kept out of the Number One slot by X&Y, is effusive in his praise for Coldplay. "We were like, 'Oh, great, we're headlining Fujifest,'" Grohl says to Champion. "'So who plays before us? The biggest band in the world? Grrrrreat!' " Berryman is Coldplay's toughest nut to crack. "We have very similar brains," says Martin. "But they come out in different personalities." During the countless hours of downtime that the bandmates spend together between commitments – which the group usually kills by joking around with members of its dedicated (and hilarious) crew – Berryman usually watches from the sidelines, laying low. That's not to say he's not involved. He's constantly making refinements to Coldplay's live show and is their technological guru in the studio. Berryman also enjoys spending his dough. He's obsessed with electrical gadgets, he's the band's fashion icon, he drives a Land Rover Discovery 3 ("One of the new ones," he says proudly) and he's building a "tasteful" new house in London. While on tour in America he'll stock up on 45s for his jukebox. "I basically know every secondhand vinyl shop in every major U.S. city," he says. Buckland, Martin's closest confidante in the band, was born on September 11th, 1977, and wasn't quite lucky enough to grow up in the Welsh town of Mold. "Yeah, not even in Mold," he says, laughing. "We lived in a village outside Mold." He's mild-mannered and laughs at everyone's jokes – it's no wonder that Martin routinely professes his love for Buckland onstage. "That was a little weird at first," says Buckland, "but I know what he means." His prized possession at the moment seems to be his black-and-white mesh hat, but sometimes, he says, "I'll have mad days where I spend loads of money on computers and studio shit I'll never use." The last time the boys were in Tokyo, they were locked up like lab rats, spitting out sound bites behind closed doors for eight hours a day. Not this time. With barely four days in town, Coldplay are not content to loaf in their plush suites at the Hyatt. They climb the massive Tokyo Towe, Martin and Champion explore the Harajuku district, and the mates ride a minute-long earthquake (their first) with utter enthusiasm. I also have a chance to hoist a few with each member. Martin, who's better known for his love of chocolate over spirits, has no problem mixing plum wine, champagne and beer while devouring crab legs at a shabushabu restaurant. Buckland and Berryman, though, prove to be the heavy-weights at the bar. After hours of drinking at the Lexington Queen – a Tokyo venue legendary among Western performers – we climb out to greet the sunrise, then sing karaoke with some locals. Buckland left the karaoke bar at around 5 A.M. after a dismal rendition of "Blue Velvet" ("It was a little high for me," he demurs) and Berryman – whose Scottish brogue thickens with alcohol – left with me at eight. When Coldplay Arrive at the foot of Mount Fuji a few hours before showtime, they kick into their preshow routine. Here's a synopsis: They change into their stage gear – all black clothes, with white sneakers. (The nearly identical outfits are a homage to Kraftwerk.) While changing, Martin strips naked; tonight he wraps a Foo Fighters promo scarf around his waist, runs up to Grohl and complains about the size of their towels. They then absentmindedly sing along to a tape of voice exercises they recorded with their vocal coach. Each group member grabs a disposable camera – which they'll later throw into the audience – and reels off candid shots of bandmates. (This ritual is one of Berryman's ideas.) Martin issues his nightly complaint about going bald. Vicky Taylor, a charming assistant, wraps the middle and index fingers of Martin's left hand with four colored pieces of tape and draws an equal sign – the logo for Make Trade Fair – on the back of his hand with a black Sharpie. They sign a pile of autographs (they all can forge one another's signatures). They harmonize on "Fix You." Berryman and Buckland smoke a couple of Marlboro Lights. When the Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows" plays on the PA, it's show time. When they arrive at the side of the stage, the four often clasp thumbs and jump around in circles. Through all the X's and Y's, Coldplay seem to have found their equilibrium. As they did with X&Y, they thrive on the pressure. Then they deliver. "I love to be challenged," says Martin. "I find that exciting – the idea that there's loads of people depending on me to write a song. I'll be honest: The couple of bad reviews for X&Y were really hard for a bit, but after that, I was like, 'Why? We're just writing some songs here. We've not invented some Nazi doctrine.'" So for the next eighteen months – guided by private planes and police escorts – they'll be on the road, sweeping through America three times. And despite Grohl's kind words, they're not the biggest band in the world. Not yet, at least. "I think we're climbing into the top ten," says Martin. "The next record will hopefully validate us a bit more. We've taken the piano ballad and the falsetto as far as it can go, and that's very freeing for us. Now we can try some different things." Coldplay have the talent, and they have the ambition. "That's what we have to remember: We're only on our third record," says Martin. "Pokémon was huge for a while, but that hasn't really lasted. At this point, I feel like we're the new wazzzzup!" 
i don't know
Which English-born Australian darts player has the nickname ‘The Silver Surfer’?
About: Sean Reed About: Sean Reed An Entity of Type : athlete , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Sean Reed (born 28 June 1965) is an English-born Australian darts player. Property Sean Reed (born 28 June 1965) is an English-born Australian darts player. (en) Sean Reed (born 28 June 1965) is an English-born Australian darts player. (en)
Sean Reed
Who played Vince Everett in the 1957 film ‘Jailhouse Rock’?
Sean Reed Facebook, Twitter & MySpace on PeekYou 1) Sean Reed's Phone & Current Address View All Details 2) Social Media Profiles & More - Search Free! View All Details Sean Reed's Phone #, Address & More View All Details Sean Reed's Contact Info, Social Profiles & More View All Details Sean Reed - Get Contact Information Phone Number Sean Reed - Reverse Phone Search - Get Photos & Online Profiles Instantly! Phone Number View Sean's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, sean****@gmail View Sean's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, sean****@yahoo View Sean's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, sean****@hotmail View Sean's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, sean****@aol View Sean's Hidden Profiles on Facebook and 60+ Networks, sean****@outlook
i don't know
Alurpoda Melanoleuca is the scientific name for which animal?
Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda) Home » Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda) Ailuropoda melanoleuca  Synonym(s): Ursus melanoleucus David, 1869 Taxonomic Notes: The Qinling Mountains population is a distinctive genetic cluster and is significantly different from other mountain populations (Lü et al. 2001, Zhang, B. et al. 2007), diverging ~0.3 million years ago, corresponding with the onset of the Penultimate Glaciation (Zhao et al. 2013). Some argue that it should be considered a separate subspecies (Wan et al. 2003, 2005), although subspecies designation is controversial and not widely accepted. Nonetheless, there is greater consensus that this population should be managed as a conservation unit to retain genetic structure and any localized adaptation. Vulnerable C2a(i); D1 ver 3.1 Year Published: Swaisgood, R., Wang, D. & Wei, F. Reviewer(s): Rong, H. Justification: The Fourth National Survey (2011-2014) produced an estimated range-wide population of 1,864 Giant Pandas, excluding dependent young <1.5 years of age (State Forestry Administration 2015). Although no formal demographic analysis is available, there are demographic data available to enable estimation of age-related population composition (Sichuan Forestry Department 2015): if the population consists of 9.6% cubs, then the total population of Pandas is approximately 2,060. Mature adults are estimated to compose 50.5% of the total population, yielding an estimate of 1,040. Although this estimate does not contain confidence intervals, clearly the lower confidence interval would fall below 1,000 mature individuals, which meets the small population size criteria (D1) for Vulnerable. Additionally, the species falls under criteria C2. The Panda population is fragmented into subpopulations, each of which contains <1,000 adults (given that the total population is <1,000 adults); however, the size of the largest population is unknown given uncertainty in how much connectivity remains. It appears that at least one distinct populations in the Minshan mountains contains >400 mature individuals (State Forestry Administration 2015), so the species does not meet the criteria for Endangered (EN). The most tentative part of listing under C2 is a continued population decline. Evidence from a series of range-wide national surveys indicate that the previous population decline has been arrested, and the population has started to increase (State Forestry Administration 2015). Although inconsistencies in data collection methods, analysis, and sampling area make direct comparisons from survey results difficult, population estimates have consistently increased across survey since the Second National Survey conducted during 1985-1988. Initial uncertainties regarding whether modest population increases observed in the Third National Survey (2000-2004) were real warranted maintaining the Endangered status for the Giant Panda in the previous Red List assessment. Recent data from the Fourth National Survey (2011-2014) remove this uncertainty (State Forestry Administration 2015), and it is widely believed that the population has stabilized and has begun to increase in many parts of the range. An increase in available habitat and an expanding occupied range provide further support for the contention that Panda numbers are increasing. Forest protection and reforestation measures have increased forest cover in China (FAO 2010), and have supported an 11.8% increase in occupied habitat and 6.3% increase in unoccupied but suitable habitat between the Third and Fourth National Surveys (State Forestry Administration 2015). A survey of expert opinion among Giant Panda experts in the IUCN Bear Specialist Group was consistent with the results of the national survey: all believed that the Panda population was stable or increasing and that available habitat was increasing. Although the population is currently increasing, climate change is predicted to eliminate >35% of the Panda's bamboo habitat in the next 80 years, and thus the Panda population is projected to decline (Fan et al. 2012, Songer et al. 2012, Tuanmu et al. 2013, Li, R. et al. 2015). Under this scenario, the species fits the criteria for VU under C2a(i). Whereas the decision to downlist the Giant Panda to Vulnerable is a positive sign confirming that the Chinese government's efforts to conserve this species are effective, it is critically important that these protective measures are continued and that emerging threats are addressed. The threat of declining bamboo availability due to climate change could, in the near future, reverse the gains made during the last two decades. The Giant Panda will remain a conservation-dependent species for the foreseeable future. The Chinese government's plant to expand existing conservation policy for the species (State Forestry Administration 2015) should receive strong support to ensure its implementation. Previously published Red List assessments: 2008 – Endangered (EN) Geographic Range [top] Range Description: Once widespread throughout southern China, and as far north as Beijing and south into Southeast Asia, the Panda’s distribution is now confined to its previous western extremity in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Pleistocene range shifts were associated with the disappearance of the Panda’s principal source of food, bamboo, due to warming climate; whereas rapid range contraction in the past several hundred years is attributed to the conversion of bamboo forests to agricultural cultivation and rapid expansion of human populations (Li et al. 2015). The largest populations are currently found in the Minshan, Qinling, Qionglai mountain ranges, and smaller, more isolated populations remain in the Liangshan, Daxiangling, and Xiaoxiangling mountain ranges (State Forestry Administration 2015). The Giant Panda’s range is highly fragmented, resulting from centuries of human encroachment and loss of forested habitat at lower elevations. Rapidly expanding industrialization, beginning in the early 1900s and accelerating since 1949, is associated with severe contraction of the Panda’s range (Zhu et al. 2013, Li et al. 2015). While they once occupied forests below 1,000 m in elevation, current populations are restricted to mountain ranges, separated by valleys and flatter landscapes that have been altered by human activities. China lost more than 30% of its forests between 1950 and 2004, coinciding with a precipitous drop in Panda populations, but forest cover has increased in the past two decades (FAO 2010). Countries occurrence: Population [top] Population: The Giant Panda is the subject of one of the largest, most intensive efforts to estimate population size for an entire species. The Chinese government has carried out four national surveys, approximately every 10 years since 1974. The most recent, the Fourth National Survey conducted from 2011 to 2014, mobilized more than 2,000 people who spent more than 60,000 person-days surveying 4.36 million ha. The population estimates derived from these surveys should be considered rough estimates due to difficulty associated with extrapolating sign survey data to determine the number of individuals. Idiosyncratic feeding styles among individual pandas produce bamboo fragments that vary somewhat distinctively in size (“bite-size”) between individuals and thus provide some information that helps distinguish faeces from different individuals, especially when combined with information about home range size. However, as a population census tool, this method has never been fully validated (Pan et al. 2014). Evidence suggests that sign survey data may have under-estimated population size in one reserve (Zhan et al. 2006, Wei et al. 2012), but it is not known to what extent these findings can be extrapolated to other reserves. Although DNA has been extracted from faeces collected during the Fourth National Survey, these data have not yet yielded a population estimate because most of the faeces collected were not sufficiently fresh to provide adequate DNA. Thus, the best available population estimate for the species relies on bite-size analysis. Another limitation of the national survey data is that the methods have been altered and improved since they commenced in 1974, and the range and effort of the survey have been inconsistent. The same methods were used for the third and fourth national surveys; although survey effort increased in the fourth survey, most of this increase can be attributed to the larger area covered to capture the expanding range that Pandas now occupy. Thus, comparisons between surveys may not be completely valid, but they are still informative. The first survey (1974–1977) produced an estimate of 2,459 pandas, which decreased dramatically in the second survey (1985–1988) to 1,216 individuals. This approximately 50% drop in population size provided the impetus for the 1988 Wildlife Protection act, which banned Panda poaching, and China’s National Conservation Project for the Giant Panda and its Habitat, which established a reserve system for Pandas (Reid and Gong 1999). By the time of the third survey (2000–2004), the population estimate increased to 1,596, indicating that these protective measures may have been successful. However, uncertainties remained due to the inconsistencies in the methods by which the surveys were implemented (as well as a lack of confidence limits on the point estimates). Although these same limitations still apply, the recent fourth survey showed the Panda population increased further to 1,864, removing most remaining uncertainties regarding population trend. Additionally, Pandas have been documented in many areas outside their known range, including an animal shot in 2015 in Yunnan Province, where they have not been recorded for centuries. An increasing population was not surprising, given that available and occupied habitats have increased. The optimism engendered by these positive trends is dampened by evidence indicating that some Panda populations are decreasing, particularly those found in the smallest and most degraded habitat patches such as Liangshan, Xiangling and Niuweihe. Approximately 223 pandas occupying 23 isolated habitat patches are considered at high risk of local extinction, and will require increased protection and management (Zhu et al. 2010, 2011b; State Forestry Administration 2015). Current Population Trend: Habitat and Ecology [top] Habitat and Ecology: A member of the order Carnivora, Giant Pandas have evolved to specialize on a diet of bamboo (Schaller et al. 1985). Bamboo is a poor food source, low in protein and high in lignin and cellulose, and wild Giant Pandas can only digest an average of 17% of dry matter and about 27% of hemi-cellulose (Dierenfeld et al. 1982, Schaller et al. 1985). Thus, to meet their daily energy requirement, Giant Pandas must consume a large amount of bamboo, up to 12.5 kg per day, and defecate more than 100 times daily (Schaller et al. 1985). Pandas have large, muscular jaws with skeletal features to accommodate the musculature and its famous “pseudothumb” used to hold and manipulate bamboo for processing. However, compared with other herbivores, the Panda has very low digestive efficiency because its digestive tract still resembles that of its carnivorous ancestors. The Panda’s feeding strategy emphasizes volume, requiring it to allocate much of its time to foraging (approximately 14 hours daily). While morphological and behavioural adaptations provide some compensation for poor digestive efficiency, the Panda’s ability to survive on such a low-quality food source remained mysterious for decades. Even whole-genome sequencing found no specific genes responsible for the digestion of cellulose and hemi-cellulose (Li et al. 2010). An explanation was uncovered in a recent metagenomics study that found the Panda’s gut microbes play an important role in digesting bamboo fibers (Zhu et al. 2011a). Additional adaptations to poor quality diet are found in the Panda’s extreme strategy of energy conservation, with daily energy expenditure comparable to that of a sloth or reptile (Nie et al. 2015). Pandas demonstrate a suite of adaptations to reduce energy expenditure. The thick pelage conserves energy lost through body heat, and it has long been known that pandas are conservative in movement and physical activity. Smaller than expected organs also are indicative of energy-conservation adaptation, and down-regulation of resting metabolic rate has been achieved through a mutation in the synthesis pathway for thyroid hormones. Giant Pandas also compensate for digestive inefficiency by selecting the most nutritious parts of bamboo plants and by altering diet selection seasonally commensurate with changes in nutritional profiles of bamboo species (Schaller et al. 1985, Pan et al. 2014, Wei et al. 1999, Nie et al. 2014, Wei et al. 2015b). They demonstrate strong preference for seasonally available new bamboo shoots, rich in nutrition and energy and low in fibre. Outside the late spring bamboo shoot season, Pandas favour leaves, although more stems are incorporated into their diet during the winter months when leaf quality and quantity diminishes. This convergence of foraging strategies across variations in climate, bamboo species, and topographic profile indicates an adaptive strategy that serves the species well. Still, as an energy-limited species that spends more than 50% of its time foraging, Panda numbers may be limited by the availability of high quality bamboo and the time required to process bamboo in the digestive system. Early coarse-scale radio tracking using VHF transmitters provided foundational data on home range size and documented the solitary nature of the Panda’s existence (Schaller et al. 1985, Yong et al. 1994, Pan et al. 2014). Although Panda home ranges overlap generously, direct encounters between individuals are rare. Seasonal elevational migration has been documented in the Qionglai (Schaller et al. 1985) and Qinling mountains (Yong et al. 1994, Liu et al. 2002, Pan et al. 2014). At both sites, the seasonal movements track changes in resources, providing access to bamboo species that provide greater nutritional value. Research integrating behavioural, nutritional, and movement data provide new insights into these seasonal migration patterns, demonstrating that these movements facilitate consumption of higher concentrations and/or a more balanced intake of key nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Calcium (Ca) (Nie et al. 2014). Female-biased dispersal has been demonstrated with genetic data in the Minshan and Liangshan Mountains (Zhan et al. 2007, Hu et al. 2010). Fine-scale documentation of |Panda movement behaviour had to await the advent of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Published accounts using high-resolution GPS telemetry revised and added to previous findings (Zhang et al. 2014, Hull et al. 2015). VHF-based radio tracking inevitably leads to large amounts of missing data when animals at more distant locations are not detected, thus it is unsurprising that GPS tracking substantively revised home range size upwards, and that core area overlap and opportunity for social interactions is now understood to be greater than previously believed. Other interesting phenomena were also detected, such as the documentation of female-biased dispersal (confirmed with genetic data; Zhan et al. 2007), and sudden, large movements that temporarily took a female far outside of her home range during the mating season. Fine-scale movement data showed that Pandas exhibited individualistic and multiphasic movement paths within seasonal core habitats and large-scale movements between habitats. Tortuous movement paths indicated when pandas searched for and found foraging resources. Pandas frequently return to the same foraging patches, indicating that they likely have well-developed spatial memory. Using various measures of habitat suitability, efforts to map Panda habitat have proven valuable for guiding the establishment of the Panda reserve system (Shen et al. 2008, Feng et al. 2009, Qi et al. 2012). Giant Pandas typically occupy temperate montane forests at altitudes of 1,500–3,000 m (Hu and Wei 2004). Range-wide analysis of ecological covariates associated with Panda presence suggested that Giant Pandas are associated with old growth forests, a finding previously unrecognised in studies implemented on smaller spatial scales (Zhang et al. 2011). As an obligate bamboo specialist, the Giant Panda’s reliance on this resource is clear, yet it has usually been ignored in habitat suitability models because mapping bamboo understory using remote sensing techniques is difficult (Linderman et al. 2005). Including understory bamboo in habitat models dramatically decreases estimates of available habitat and increases measures of fragmentation. Advances in remote sensing techniques, such as Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (WDRVI), combined with new analytical techniques, such as artificial neural network analysis, have helped remove obstacles to including bamboo understory in maps of habitat suitability (Wang et al. 2009; Viña et al. 2008, 2010). Enhanced understanding of Panda habitat requirements and improvements in mapping technologies provide managers and policy makers with better tools for conservation decision-making (Loucks et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Swaisgood et al. 2011, Qi et al. 2012). Giant Pandas are a solitary and seasonal-breeding mammal, only coming together during the breeding season, from March to May, for reproductive purposes (Schaller et al. 1985, Pan et al. 2014, Nie et al. 2012b). Male Pandas occupy large home ranges overlapping several females and are known to congregate around oestrous females. Male Pandas are able to locate females across large areas, and demonstrate fierce and injurious aggression in competition for access to females. Early in these encounters escalated aggression is common, but, in a possible strategy to conserve energy and minimize risk of injury, once dominance is established, contact aggression is largely replaced with non-contact aggression. Individual males are able to locate and mate with multiple females sequentially, so the mating system might be considered scramble competition polygyny. Because Pandas live a solitary existence, they must rely heavily on chemosignals to communicate with one another without necessitating face-to-face encounters. Giant Pandas make use of a system of traditional communal scent mark stations that provide them with reliable locations they can visit to deposit signals and investigate signals left by other Pandas (Schaller et al. 1985). Studies documenting habitat characteristics of preferred marking sites, including tree species and microhabitat (Nie et al. 2012a), extend our understanding of habitat requirements for the species. If habitat that promotes communication is not maintained, then poor communication may hinder breeding in the wild, as has been shown for captive Pandas (Swaisgood et al. 2004). Denning ecology is an important field of study among ursids, and other species giving birth in dens, because access to adequate dens can be important for offspring survival. Forest management practices that affect the availability of suitable dens can either significantly harm or enhance cub survival (White et al. 2001). Ursid young, being extremely altricial, are particularly vulnerable. The Giant Panda lies at the extreme end of this continuum, with the mother weighing nearly 1,000 times the cub’s weight at birth (Gittleman 1994). Den quality may therefore be critical for Pandas. Giant Pandas do not hibernate, but females use rock caves or tree cavities to rear offspring that are produced every 2–3 years (Schaller et al. 1985, Pan et al. 2014, Zhu et al. 2001). Preferred dens are characterized by a small opening to buffer against the elements and provide a warmer and drier environment for rearing offspring (Zhang et al. 2007). Dens tend to be located close to water, presumably so the mother can leave the vulnerable cub (almost always a single cub) unattended for a shorter period of time while she drinks. It has also been proposed that tree dens, once more numerous in primary forests before logging converted many forests in Panda habitat to second growth, are a limiting resource for Giant Pandas (Zhang et al. 2011). The importance of this resource may explain why national survey data indicate that pandas are more often found in primary than secondary forest. It was once believed, and sometimes still mis-stated, that Pandas’ biological deficiencies were responsible for their own decline. Because of early problems with captive breeding, Pandas gained a reputation for having notoriously low levels of interest in mating; however, Pandas in the wild experience no mating problems and have high reproductive rates (Wei and Hu 1994, Pan et al. 2014). Once a better understanding of the biology and behaviour of the species was incorporated into husbandry practices, captive Pandas began to mate naturally and experienced exponential population growth (Swaisgood et al. 2006, Zhang and Wei 2006, Martin-Wintle et al. 2016). Moreover, its well-known specialization on bamboo is not (as once thought) an evolutionary cul de sac, as it opens up a foraging niche with plentiful resources and few competitors (Wei et al. 2014). Dietary specialization is often seen as an extinction risk factor, but this may not be the case for the Panda, which specializes on widespread and abundant bamboo. Thus, pandas are well-adapted to their environment and have reproductive rates sufficiently high to explain the recovery of populations once bans on poaching and habitat restoration efforts commenced (Wei et al. 2014). Systems: Use and Trade [top] Use and Trade: Although historically the Giant Panda was sometimes hunted for its pelt, law enforcement mechanisms appear to have eliminated this trade. Threats [top] Major Threat(s): The primary threat facing Giant Panda populations is the continuing effects of previous habitat loss, resulting in highly fragmented habitat and, in many cases small, isolated populations. According to the Fourth National Survey (State Forestry Administration 2015), the Panda population is composed of as many as 33 subpopulations, 18 of which contain fewer than 10 individuals. The extent to which these are demographically separate populations remains uncertain, but this fragmentation certainly increases vulnerability to extinction through environmental and demographic stochasticity and loss of genetic diversity. Although microsatellite analysis (Lü et al. 2001, Zhang, B. et al. 2007, Shan et al. 2014) and genomics (Li et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2013) have now determined that the Giant Panda has substantial genetic variability, without increased migration and connectivity, many of these smaller populations will have rapidly eroding evolutionary potential. Three genetic clusters have been recognized: the Qinling Mountains population (Lü et al. 2001, Zhang, B. et al. 2007) which diverged ~0.3 million years ago; the Mishan mountains, which diverged ~2,800 years ago into the Mishan and Qionglai populations (Zhang, B. et al. 2007, Zhao et al. 2013); and the other four combined populations, including Qionglai, Daxiangling, Xiaoziangling, and Liangshan (Zhan et al. 2013). However, in this larger cluster, further sub-structuring is manifest (Zhang, B. et al. 2007, Zhu et al. 2011b). Population divergence is the product of several operating factors, including climate change, natural barriers, and anthropogenic habitat loss. Threats associated with edge effects, human disturbance, and small population size are most severe in these small, isolated populations. Increased fragmentation from roads, hydroelectric dams, mining, and other infrastructure projects further threaten Panda populations (State Forestry Administration 2015), but these trends are partially counterbalanced through the successful implementation of ecocompensation programs that curtail some activities such as fuel wood collection (Viña et al. 2007) and efforts to increase habitat connectivity between some populations (Wang et al. 2014, Wei et al. 2015a). Tourism is increasing in some areas and if not managed properly, could negatively impact Panda populations (Liu et al. 2012). Pathogens and parasites may be an emerging problem compromising Giant Panda health and survival, particularly in areas where dogs, livestock, and other domesticated animals may introduce novel pathogens (Qin et al. 2010; Zhang, L. et al. 2011, 2015). Air- or water-borne environmental contaminants may also exert negative impacts on Panda populations, but little is known about their prevalence. Livestock grazing, inside and outside of protected areas, represents another, potentially growing threat (Hull et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2015). It should also be noted that protected status of nature reserves does not always confer protection, and some threats have continued even after Panda reserves were gazetted (Liu et al. 2001). These continuing human activities may have cumulative effects that further degrade Panda habitat. Pandas' reliance on bamboo as a primary food source puts them at risk during this plant's characteristic mass synchronous flowering and die-off events, which occur at intervals of 15 to 100 years (Schaller et al. 1985, Reid et al. 1989). Before human expansion confined Pandas to high elevations, Pandas had access to more species of bamboo adapted to different elevation zones. When one bamboo species experienced a die-off, Pandas could easily migrate up or down slope to access a different species that was not affected. Confined to its more limited elevation range today, Pandas are sometimes put at risk of starvation, especially when more than one bamboo species flowers at the same time. Although past bamboo die-off events were alarming and caused starvation and mortalities in Pandas, populations recovered (Pan et al. 2014) and these population bottlenecks did not compromise genetic diversity (Zhu et al. 2013). These primary threats associated with habitat fragmentation and degradation may be exacerbated by climate change-mediated effects on Panda habitat in the future. Several models indicate significant losses to Giant Panda habitat, with estimates of loss of bamboo habitat ranging from 37% to 100% by the end of the century (Fan et al. 2012, Songer et al. 2012, Tuanmu et al. 2013, Li, R. et al. 2015). Although these models are simplifying and may not adequately account for distributional shifts of bamboo species adapted to lower elevations and southern latitudes to replace current habitat that might be lost (Wei et al. 2015a), managers should be concerned about large-scale environmental changes facing Panda populations in the future. In addition, climate change may alter the agricultural value of current Giant Panda habitat and bring about intensified human pressure for cultivation. For example, some models indicate that much of Panda habitat will become suitable for viticulture, a high-value crop (Hannah et al. 2013). Although poaching impacted Pandas in the past (Li et al. 2003), its impact declined rapidly since the enactment of the Wildlife Protection Act, which bans poaching and carries severe punishments. However, Pandas may sometimes be caught in snares set for musk deer or other species. Conservation Actions [top] Conservation Actions: The Giant Panda has been the focus of one of the most intensive, high profile efforts to recover an endangered species. In 1981, China joined the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which made trade of Panda skins illegal. Enactment of the 1988 Wildlife Protection Law banned poaching and conferred protected status to the Giant Panda (listed as Category I, the highest level of protection). The National Conservation Project for the Giant Panda and its Habitat of 1992 laid out a masterplan for Panda conservation and established a Panda reserve system, which today has grown to 67 reserves. Enlarged by more than 50% since the Third National Survey, this reserve system currently protects 67% of the Panda population and nearly 1.4 million hectares of Panda habitat (State Forestry Administration 2015). The biological diversity of these reserves is unparalleled in the temperate world and rivals that of tropical ecosystems (Mackinnon 2008), thus making the Panda an excellent example of an umbrella species conferring protection on many other sympatric species (Noss 1990). These efforts to end poaching and protect Panda habitat played a significant role in Panda recovery. The Chinese government also invested in infrastructure and capacity building for reserve staff, established anti-poaching patrol, curtailed human activities inside reserves, and in some cases relocated human settlements from inside to outside of reserves. Other measures directed at broader conservation problems also benefited the Panda. The Natural Forest Conservation Program was implemented in 1997 to reduce the devastating impacts of flooding on human communities due to deforestation and erosion. The program banned logging in most forests in Panda habitat, slowing habitat degradation. Additionally, the Grain-to-Green Program incentivized farmers to plant trees on steep slopes to slow erosion. The result of these policies was the addition of 3 million hectares of forest cover in China annually, an increase of 1.6% per year from 2000 to 2010 (FAO 2010). As a consequence, Panda habitat is recovering and the total occupied habitat has increased by 11.8% between the Third and the Fourth National Surveys; an additional 6.3% increase in suitable but unoccupied habitat was also observed. In the Wolong Nature Reserve, implementation of the Grain-to-Green Program brought about measurable increases in connectivity of Panda habitat (Viña et al. 2007). Thus, these habitat conservation policies are associated with increasing Panda population size, increasing range, and better habitat connectivity. Efforts have also commenced to restore habitat corridors (Wang et al. 2014, Wei et al. 2015a) and to reintroduce captive-born pandas to increase genetic diversity in small, isolated populations. Ecocompensation has been proposed as an important component of a conservation strategy for pandas (Yang et al. 2013, 2015; Liu et al. 2008, 2015; Tuanmu et al. 2015). Approximately 15% of the remaining unprotected habitat occurs in collectively-owned forests. Payment for ecosystem services, which has already been shown to benefit Panda conservation under the Grain-to-Green Program, could extend conservation measures into these unprotected areas. Finally, the Giant Panda has been the beneficiary of a massive scientific effort conducted in partnerships between the Chinese government and institutions and international conservation NGOs and zoos (Swaisgood et al. 2010, Wei et al. 2015a, State Forestry Administration 2015). Once poorly understood, there has been an explosion of scientific studies across many disciplines, and this knowledge has increasingly been applied management and policy decisions. Future directions would benefit from even better coordination between science and policy, and the application of adaptive management principles in which experiments are conducted to evaluate management actions that may increase carrying capacity inside protected areas (Swaisgood et al. 2011, Wei et al. 2015a). China's State Forestry Administration, while rightfully proud of its accomplishments, fully realizes that more work needs to be done to further Panda conservation and to avoid losing ground so painstakingly gained. They plant to continue investing in habitat protection, population monitoring, and protection patrols, and to further develop capacity of reserve staff (State Forestry Administration 2015). They recognize the challenges the future holds, and in particular will seek to address problems of habitat connectivity and population fragmentation. Errata [top] Errata reason: Typo in the conservation actions section that read "The Giant Panda has been the focus of none of the most intensive" changed none to one. Citation: Swaisgood, R., Wang, D. & Wei, F. 2016. Ailuropoda melanoleuca. (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T712A102080907. . Downloaded on 20 January 2017. Disclaimer:
Giant panda
What was the first British recording to reach number one in the US Billboard Hot 100, in May 1962?
ADW: Ailuropoda melanoleuca: CLASSIFICATION Ailuropoda melanoleuca: information (1) Ailuropoda melanoleuca: pictures (18) Ailuropoda melanoleuca: specimens (8) To cite this page: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2016. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed at http://animaldiversity.org. Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.
i don't know
The first purpose-built bobsleigh (or bobsled) track was opened in which European resort town in the early 20th Century?
Caspar Badrutt - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia I am Smart, Intelligent and Hard Working who Loves to help :) Caspar Badrutt Name  Caspar Badrutt Died  1904 Swiss hotelier and tourism entrepreneur Caspar Badrutt (1848–1904) was almost singlehandedly responsible for the origin of several modern winter sporting activities. These began when he sought to provide opportunities fun and frolic on the picturesque but cold slopes outside his first hotel in St Moritz, Switzerland. Sponsored Links St. Moritz in the 19th century was known as a summer Mineral spa town where the rich and royal took mineral cures during the months of May through September. However, Badrutt was not content with having two thirds of the year without guests. So, at the end of one season, Badrutt challenged some of his well-to-do English regulars to a bet: he would give them lodging for free if they found the locale inhospitable and uninteresting during a lengthy winter stay. Otherwise, if he won their satisfaction, the guests would have to talk up the experience amongst their acquaintances for all of the following year. The five gentlemen were well connected among the aristocracy of the day — including many scions of royal lines and other European nobles. Almost overnight, wintering in St Moritz at Badrutt's Kulm hotel became the rage, and increased crowding led to a search for diversions. Beginning in the 1870s, some Englishmen adapted a type of delivery sled for daring dashes down twisting narrow streets of St. Moritz. Subsequently, other tourists wanted a Victorian ride, and larger steerable devices were contrived: the early Luge/Skeleton individual sleds, and the Bobsleigh (or Bobsled). Careening around the town's streets became increasing popular, but the incidence and frequency of pedestrian collisions and risk to life grew proportionately. Therefore Badrutt stepped in and created the first purpose-built half-pipe track, now familiar from the Winter Olympic Games. This track later became the model for the Cresta Run skeleton racing track, built in 1884.
St. Moritz
Tony Curtis played Albert DeSalvo in which 1968 film?
The SNOW Magazine High Season 2016 by SNOW - issuu issuu WAR & SKIING: THE BR AVE MEN OF THE 10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION MAGICAL MEGÈVE MASERATIS ON SNOW HELI-SKI VIRGINS LET’S GET BUSY WINTER’S GROOVIEST FASHION HIGH SEASON 2016 EIGHT DOLLARS bogner.com CONTENTS 106 THE MOD SQUAD Hot hipster looks. 1960s silhouettes. Kaleidoscope patterns. 2016 ski fashion: Sock it to me, baby! 118 WAR & SKIING They loved the mountains. They yearned to ski. They were the brave men of the 10th Mountain Division. 126 MEGÈVE MOMENTS It sparkled on the scene of 1963’s Charade with Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn. More than 50 years later, France’s magical Megève continues to shine. ON THE COVER Vanusa wears a Postcard onesie and a Kask helmet. Alma’s jacket and pants are both Toni Sailer. Goggles by Vuarnet, base layer by Newland, beanie by Dale of Norway. THIS PAGE Vanusa in a one-piece ski suit and helmet by Goldbergh, booties by Pedro. Photos: Daniela Federici Stylist: Shifteh Shahbazian See The Mod Squad Page 106. 8 BEAUTY 46 When it comes to winter beauty, we’ve got you covered. 56 28 A Shaolin monk lands in Innsbruck, bringing balance to skiers. SNOW FLURRIES 27 Color-blocked ski fashion is back, Porsche designs gondolas, Christie’s hosts a ski poster sale, and Denver refines the art of a layover. BOTTLE 52 This ski season’s spirit of choice: craft-distilled vodka. APRÈS 56 Feeling chilly? Warm yourself up with a WhistlePig Vermontoddy. Wrap yourself in the comfort of a private Vail mountain club. Proof that it’s never too late to try heli-skiing. SNOW DRIVES 58 Mastering Aspen’s mountain roads in a Maserati Ghibli. Expecting the unexpected at Cole Sport of Park City. Snow Tip: White is the color of winter. Plus, we’ll make you feel like a natural woman. SKI TOWN SECRETS 62 A fresh look at the new Park City. Hiding out in Aspen’s Buttermilk. A hideaway in Verbier reveals Sir Richard Branson’s virgin snow style. GEAR 44, 48 Drones and apps: tech that’s taking over snow country. Courchevel 1650’s coveted Hotel Manali. Spain’s Sierra Nevada is a place of sun and snow. A college graduation ceremony on snow. SNOWCIETIES 36 Argentina’s slopes of Bariloche do battle with the pretty peaks of Queenstown, New Zealand. SNOW KING 92 Mammoth Mountain’s Dave McCoy turns 100. SNOW HOMES 100 P : M AT T H O B B S L : C I T Y O F A S P E N There is something uniquely powerful about the mountains. Find your place here. Discover adventure rooted in the majestic and the unknown. Visit Aspen Snowmass to renew your spirit and live in the moment. See more at aspensnowmass.com/mindbodyspirit. S E T YO U R S P I R I T F R E E T H E J O U R N E Y* * WATC H T H E M O V I E W W W. S O S - S P O R T S W E A R . C O M Bode Miller skis BoMBer There is only one way to experience the sublime quality of Bomber skis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; firsthand. Handcrafted by experts in our factory in the Italian Alps, every pair is the ultimate blend of craftsmanship & technology. Discover the exhilaration. See Bode’S Action film @ BomBerSki.com • NYC HQ -212.980.2442 Official supplier to the U.S. and Canadian Ski Teams. PUBLISHER Barbara Sanders CREATIVE DIRECTOR Anne-Marie Boissonnault [email protected] EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Lori Knowles [email protected] ART DIRECTOR Laura Doherty SPECIAL EVENT DIRECTOR Joan Valentine WORLD CUP ALPINE EDITOR Michael Mastarciyan COPY EDITOR Shelley Preston DIGITAL DIRECTOR Julius Yoder SNOW STYLIST Shifteh Shahbazian STYLING ASSISTANTS Kim Mann, Katharine ReQua. FRESH SNOW DAILY CONTRIBUTORS Megan Barber, Leah Bourne, Daniela Federici, Jen Laskey, Michael Mastarciyan, Audrey Mead, Hilary Nangle, Gerald Sanders, Dean Seguin, Jonathan Selkowitz, Peggy Shinn, David Shribman, Rob Story, Emily Voorhees, Jenn Weede, Leslie Woit. ADVERTISING SALES SALES DIRECTOR Barbara Sanders (970) 948-1840 [email protected] SALES MANAGER Debbie Topp (905) 770-5959 [email protected] AD SALES REPRESENTATIVE Jenny MacArthur (970) 309-0282 [email protected] INSIDER ACCESS TO TOP BRANDS The latest trends in ski wear and après-ski fashion The best destinations in the ski world The top hotels and chalets Best heli-ski destinations Glamourous events and happenings in the most exclusive resorts thesnowmag.com BRAND PUBLISHER www.yqbmedia.com PRESIDENT AND EDITOR Anne-Marie Boissonnault EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Dominique Laflamme CONTENT MANAGER Jennifer Campbell CREATIVE WRITER AND COPY EDITOR Caroline Décoste ART DIRECTOR Andrée-Anne Hamel GRAPHIC DESIGNERS Laura Doherty, Audrey Geoffroy-Plante, Stéphanie Langlois. SALES AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Amélie Côte MARKETING STRATEGIST Stéphanie V. Robichaud PRODUCTION MANAGER Kathleen Forcier COMMUNITY MANAGER Julie Gagnon This product is from sustainably managed forests and controlled sources. PUBLISHER’S NOTE 22 Barbara Sanders wearing Colmar in snowy Portillo. changing to the point that when my long-time ski instructor — Dave’s daughter-in-law, Beverly McCoy — asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up, I said: “I want to be a ski instructor just like you!” That was at the age of 10 and here I am, still teaching skiing part time! Seeing Dave on the mountain, unassuming as ever in his white T-shirt, was always a highlight. My son Micah and I had the pleasure of hanging with Dave, Roma, daughter Penny, and grandson David Barrett in Bishop this summer just before Dave’s 100th birthday. He was sharp and sassy. We fished out photos from the old days when I worked there — it is a visit I will cherish. Lastly, in this edition our editor-in-chief, Lori Knowles, shares her virgin heli-ski journey with us on page 88. Her experience with TLH Heliskiing in back-of-beyond British Columbia reminds us that it’s never too late for your first time. So let’s enjoy this El Niño season and Let it Snow! BARBARA SANDERS, PUBLISHER [email protected] P H OTO : J O N AT H A N S E L KO W I T Z et’s raise our glasses to El Niño. Just as this winter was due to make its November debut, El Niño made every skier’s dream come true. Before we knew it, California got snow, Squaw Valley opened, and my Instagram feed became white and snowy. As I write this, the numbers just keep getting better. The Climate Prediction Center says there’s a 95 percent chance that El Niño will persist throughout winter 2016 and will have record-breaking precipitation potential. One of the coolest things we get to do at SNOW each year is shoot fashion with super star photographer Daniela Federici. The inspiration for the shoot begins at the ISPO and SIA trade shows in January when new designs are on display; it becomes art when Daniela’s talent and creativity bring it all to form. Our team — Shifteh Shahbazian, Joan Valentine, Kim Mann, and Katharine ReQua — worked long days executing Daniela’s vision. Check out our mod, Twiggy-inspired fashion feature on page 105. Also in this edition, Leslie Woit goes deep inside Sir Richard Branson’s Verbier ski lodge (page 100). I had the great pleasure of re-meeting Sir Richard last spring. Our encounter involved me delivering a ski bag that missed Branson’s flight to Mammoth; he couldn’t have been nicer. Meeting his mum, Eve, was just as big of a treat. One day at age 78, she went skiing in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. On her drive home she spotted a young boy improperly dressed for the cold, snowy day. She gave him a lift home and, upon hearing his story, became inspired to create the Eve Branson Foundation to teach skills to the locals so they could better support themselves and their loved ones. Once again, SNOW’s own Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Shribman contributes, illuminating the courage and trials of the 10th Mountain Division during World War II. In War & Skiing (page 118), Shribman offers an entirely different perspective of what it means to slide on snow. This edition’s story about Dave McCoy by Peggy Shinn (page 92) is meaningful in so many ways. Dave McCoy and Mammoth were my introduction to the mountains and the sport of skiing. It was life Dear gravity, resistance is futile. Four Seasons Resorts and Residences Jackson Hole, Vail and Whistler. With legendary terrains and trails suited for any level of snow enthusiast, these mountains are ideal winter destinations. And with award-winning spas, hyper-local dining and soul-warming welcomes, the après ski scene is more than worth coming off the mountain for. Experience your choice of three mountain resorts with lift passes and much more. For reservations, call your travel consultant or Four Seasons at (800) 819-5053 or visit fourseasons.com/mountainresorts Jackson Hole | Vail | Whistler A MASERATI FOR THE MOUNTAINS WAR & SKIING PAGE 58 PAGE 118 If I could drive a Maserati anywhere it would be... “… the Dolomite Mountains of Northern Italy. While the Dolomites are well north of Maserati’s birthplace, they still reward a wicked-responsive Italian Stallion of a sports car. Especially if it has all‑wheel drive. The ribbons of asphalt connecting Val Gardena and Cortina twist and shimmy like a snake with Parkinson’s. I’d  love to slither a Ghibli through the cathedrals of rock that are the Dolomites, the most spectacular mountain range on the planet.” — Rob Story is the author of two  books, Telluride Storys (Lulu.com) and Outside Adventure Travel: Mountain Biking (WW Norton). If I were in a room full of  10th Mountain Division veterans I would… “… concede that I knew how they could be trained to move into battle going downhill, but would ask them what their training told them about traveling uphill to move into battle. I’d ask them whether, or when, in the course of the war skiing turned from being an avocation into a burden. And speaking of avocations, I’d ask a select few when they realized they could transform their avocation into a vocation. Then I’d ask them if they wanted to take a run.” — David Shribman is executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and winner of a Pulitzer Prize. His father, a World War II veteran, was taught to ski by New Hampshire veterans of the 10th Mountain Division. If I had a million dollars in Megève I would... “…pass my favorite mink hat round for the other $9 million that might buy me a Henry Jacques Le Même-designed chalet. Under the patronage of Baroness Mimi Rothschild, Le Même made real his wood-framed vision of refined alpine elegance. I am tickled by the notion of sharing the tastes — if not the means — of a master architect and a fin de siècle grand dame. Either way, my new deliciously furry M. Miller ski jacket is a step in the right direction.” — Leslie Woit is a writer for various North American and U.K. publications, including Condé  Nast Traveler, The Independent, and The Telegraph. 24 www.ChaosHats.com SNOW FLURRIES Slim Aarons Fashion, The Cheese Trains of Switzerland, Glacial Jewelry, Après-Ski TV. Russian Ski Artist: Anonymous Lithograph featured in The Ski Sale, Christie’s South Kensington, February 20, 2008. © Christie’s Images Limited 2008 See page 30 for details on Christie’s 2016 Ski Sale. 27 SNOW FLURRIES SWAROVSKI & GAULTIER: A LOVE STORY GONE, GLACIER It’s known as the Mer De Glace — a four-mile sea of ice, the largest glacier in France, that’s predicted to retreat up to 4,000 feet by the year 2040. In its debut collection, Garogosi has created jewelry representing the extreme fragility of such glaciers. Artisans have taken casts from the surface of the Mer De Glace to create a limited collection of rings, necklaces, bracelets, and cuffs. By preserving these “momentary fingerprints” into jewelry, Garogosi says: “We are forever locking the extreme forces of the natural world.” K nown as the enfant terrible of Paris catwalks, haute couture’s Jean Paul Gaultier takes yet a different path, designing eccentric crystal art installations for Austria’s Swarovski. Gaultier’s winter 2016 exhibits in Vienna and at Kristallwelten near the ski slopes of Innsbruck offer us a glimpse of his crystal‑meets-haute-couture creations. Some mannequins are draped in elaborate designs; others are displayed under the glare of neon, dressed in nothing but tattoos and crystal. “It’s nothing less than a love story with Swarovski,” says Gaultier. “I feel like we already have children together and there are new ones to come.” WWW.KRISTALLWELTEN.COM APRÈS-SKI TV It’s luxury at its peak. TV’s Bravo jet sets to Whistler, British Columbia this season for its new docu-series Après Ski. In a flurry of fabulous festivities off-slope and on, Canadian hospitality mogul Joey Gibbons attempts to launch a travel concierge business. Scenes of heli-skiing, steamy hot springs, and tippling on the sky-high Peak 2 Peak gondola ensue — apparently “no request is too outrageous.” But hey, this is reality television we’re talking about. When the chairlifts go up and the shotskis go down, Gibbons’ dream team of sexy staffers — including freeskier Lynsey Dyer — butt heads and break hearts. It’s reality ski TV at its testiest. WWW.BRAVOTV.COM/APRES-SKI 28 P H OTO S : © S WA R OV S K I K R I S TA L LW E LT E N ( S WA R OV S K I & G A U LT I E R) , TAV I P H OTO (A P R È S -S K I T V ) WWW.GAROGOSI.COM www.mountainforce.com SNOW FLURRIES A WALK OF ART From a simple glass block titled Exuberance by Dan Dailey to Scott Stearman and Victor Issa’s iconic 10th Mountain Division Memorial in bronze, Vail is full of art in public places. Wednesday Art Walks — guided by art lovers who ski — take place every winter Wednesday morning in Vail Village. WWW.ARTINVAIL.COM THE ART OF LAYOVERS — LESLIE WOIT Switzerland raises the bar on posh ski lifts with a new sphere-shaped, eight-person gondola in Lenzerheide created by Porsche Design Studios. Over in snowboardbeloved Laax, fabled and famous for designing brands that include Ferrari and Maserati, the new Pininfarina-designed 10-person gondola lifts skiers smoothly, sexily and swiftly high above 10,000 feet. Laax already boasts the world’s first Porsche Design Studios chairlift. Since 2012, Porsche’s contoured and solar-heated seats have rotated 45 degrees to deliver maximum mountain scenery with minimum neck strain. — LW WWW.CHRISTIES.COM Anonymous Ski In Jasper National Park, Silkscreen 30 FLASHY RIDES Paddles at the ready this January for the annual Ski Sale at the famous London auction house, Christie’s. A rainbow of international ski and winter sports posters go under the hammer, the majority dating from the turn of the 20th century to the 1950s. Estimates of the 150-200 lots range from $1,200 to $120,000. According to Christie’s, keen bidders are known to telephone from the slopes to bid for their bit of must-have retro chic. Going once! The Ski Sale, January 21, 2016, Christie’s London, South Kensington P H OTO S : LO R I K N O W L E S (A R T I N VA I L ) , C O U R T E S Y O F T H E A R T H OT E L ( T H E A R T O F L AYOV E R S ) , C O U R T E S Y O F C H R I S T I E ’ S ( H A N G I N G H I S TO R Y ) , C O U R T E S Y O F M Y S W I T Z E R L A N D ( F L A S H Y R I D E S ) L ayovers at Denver International Airport (DIA) take on added grace when paired with a stay at the city’s new ART Hotel, luxe accommodations mixed with a modern and contemporary art collection. In-house curator Dianne Vanderlip has assembled pieces from Claes Oldenberg, Tracey Emin, John Baldessari, Sol LeWitt and more — each floor’s décor inspired by a different artist. The experience is multisensory, with avant-garde video art in the elevator, and a large-scale light installation by Leo Villareal providing a sound-and-light filled stay in downtown Denver. Banff Lake Louise Tourism / Paul Zizka Photography Dave Riley Adam Locke Josh Robertson Book your exclusive Sunshine Mountain Lodge vacation now and experience Canada’s first heated lift— Teepee Town LX. Located at 7,200 feet, the Sunshine Mountain Lodge provides 360 degree panoramic Canadian Rocky Mountain views and over 8,000 acres of Canada’s Best Snow. Sunshine Village Ski & Snowboard Resort is a place where perfect snowy days transform into breathtaking starry nights and a luxuryinspired setting creates the space where you and your family can truly get away from it all. 1-87-ski-banff (1-877-542-2633) · skibanff.com AFFORDABLE FRENCH CHIC V intage joins contemporary, alpine intersects urban, affordable meets chic. From France’s fabled Maisons et Hôtels Sibuet comes the launch of a new line of ski hotels called Terminal Neige that promise to be easy on the eye as well as on the pocket book. The first to open is in the heart of car-free Flaine — a three-star, design-forward boite of beauty called Hôtel Le Totem. Think: street art and polished concrete softened by chestnut furnishings, warm woolen bedding, traditional French breakfasts, and on the walls: Native American motifs. All for a room rate for two under $250? Mais oui! — LESLIE WOIT A LITTLE WINE WITH CHEESE, YOUR PLEASE! LAKE LIFE HELIAll aboard the Train du Fromage, a single-day Swiss rail Whistler, British Columbia SKIING excursion between Montreux is well-endowed with 32 PISTE PLEASURE WWW.SWISSTRAVEL spectacular views, but few are quite as peaceful as the one from the terraces of the spa and over-sized suites in Nita Lake Lodge. Scenes surrounding Whistler’s only lakeside property lull guests into a state of stillness — hard to believe it’s only 1500 feet from Creekside lifts and in the midst of lively local hangout Cure Lounge. New in 2016: An ice bar and a fondue hut with more fine views of the glacier-fed Nita Lake. Nice. Forget ham sandwiches. A slopeside lunch goes gourmet with the help of a Backcountry Picnic from Cured. Salamis and cheeses are hand-selected by the Colorado-based charcuterie and packed to withstand extreme temperatures, then delivered to your hotel or ski home on the eve of your adventure. “We always head into the mountains with great meats and cheeses,” says Cured’s Will Frischkorn, an avid skier and former pro cyclist. “We want to show other skiers that the eating portion of the adventure can be pure pleasure.” Ordered online, each  picnic comes with two salamis, two chunks of cheese, two apples, two house-baked treats, and a tub of Marcona almonds. SYSTEM.COM/CHEESETRAIN WWW.NITALAKELODGE.COM WWW.CUREDBOULDER.COM For heli-skiing paired with wine tasting, head to the Southern Hemisphere this summer. Argentina’s Vines Resort and Spa is offering heli-skiing the Andes by day courtesy of Powder South Heli Ski Guides, followed by luxe villa stays by night on a private Mendoza vineyard in the Uco Wine Valley. Says Rodrigo Mujica, director of Powder South: “The Vines Resort & Spa is the most stunning and luxurious heli-ski lodge on the planet!” and Château-d’Oex that’s all about cheese. Operated by the Montreux-Bernese Oberland Railway from December to April, this snow train seats passengers in a comfortable panoramic railcar as it passes through the Lake Geneva region, serving local wine paired with a selection of Swiss cheese. A fondue lunch and cheese-making demonstration follows at Château-d’Oex’s Le Chalet Bio. WWW.VINESRESORT ANDSPA.COM P H OTO S : T E R M I N A L N E I G E – TOT E M / C . A R N A L & D R ( T E R M I N A L N E I G E ) , C O U R T E S Y O F T H E V I N E S R E S O R T A N D S PA ( V I N E S R E S O R T ) , G O L D E N PA S S (C H E E S E T R A I N ) , C O U R T E S Y O F N I TA L A K E LO D G E ( L A K E L I F E ) , D O U G L A S B R O W N /C U R E D (C U R E D B O U L D E R) WWW.TERMINAL-NEIGE.COM BOLD BLOCK COLORS OF THE 1960s ARE BACK T hink of the golden age of ski fashion and Slim Aarons’ famous images of 1960s Verbier and Aspen may come to mind — gorgeous jet setters in mod, color-block coats making their way down the slopes. Fittingly, one of the biggest ski fashion trends of this season harkens right back to that golden age: color blocking. Luxury winter offerings from the likes of Valentino to Moncler are sending the message that it’s time once again to dress bold on the slopes — peppering their collections with geometric motifs, and transforming familiar shapes like boxy shell jackets and quilted snow boots into something sophisticated with just the right jolt of fun by incorporating the trend. Leading the charge is Fendi, which this season showed color-block jackets and pants in graphic white and black, plus jewel tones like purple and  fuchsia, taking cues from its similarly styled FENDI Slim Aarons’ Snowmass Gathering, 1968. Available on 1stdibs.com, $3,300. ready-to-wear offerings. That Fendi’s ski collection incorporates Gore-Tex and jackets with fitted snow-skirts means, besides scoring high on style points, these pieces will work well for even the most serious of skiers. Proving that color blocking is not a one-note trend, Austrian brand Sportalm showed a luxurious side, offering up quilted jackets with raccoon colors, and Bogner headed straight to the 1970s for inspiration with its retro jackets complete with color-block sleeves. Cult ski brand PERFECT MOMENT Perfect Moment is having an Americana moment with its red, white, and blue après-ski sweaters. “We all want to be more active in our lives, and I think a sporty look can be very sexy and, when done right, stylish, too,” says Perfect Moment’s Creative Director Helen Lee while reflecting on why this trend is primed to take over this winter’s slopes. Keep in mind, an entire fashion overhaul isn’t at all necessary — color-block accessories will update even the most neutral ski basics. Stay warm in Valentino’s muted cashmere color-block scarves, jump into Moncler Grenoble’s chevron snow boots before and after hitting the slopes, and finish off your look with a hand-knit, tri-color beanie by London-based designer Natasha Zinko — a little bit of this bold trend will go a long way. — LEAH BOURNE SPORTALM What to Wear: Mountain Hardwear Queenstown, New Zealand Queenstown Royals: Kate & William Kiwi Lodgings: Eichardt’s Private Hotel What to Wear: Picnic Lunch Canada Thief: The Goose Cheeky Kea Hot Spot: Samsara Ski: Völkl Mantra Ski: Dynastar Powertrack Vintage Ski Race: Carrera de la historia Sip: Campari Orange Boots: Sorel Culture: Michael Hill International Violin Competition Sip: No.5 Belle Rouge Snow Ride: Toyota SW4 36 Snow Ride: Range Rover Sport #INLOVEWITHSWITZERLAND since he landed there. Buzz Aldrin, astronaut Apollo 11 Breithorn, Valais Book now at MySwitzerland.com and prepare to fall in love! Skiing at the foot of the Matterhorn, Zermatt, Valais Valais, a winter wonderland . The Valais is the snowiest region in the Alps, offering more fun on the slopes than just about anywhere else. The most varied ski areas in the Alps and a fabulous panorama with 45 peaks over 13,000 feet await winter visitors. Its location high up in the Alps ensures perfect conditions well into the spring. The fresh mountain air, the breathtaking landscape and a wide range of activities make for perfect winter holidays in this sunny Alpine canton in the south-west of Switzerland. Virtually all of the Valais’ resorts are situated higher than 5,000 feet above sea level, nine even almost at 10,000 feet – this guarantees plenty of snow. Besides these activities, additional tasty pleasures shouldn’t be missed. Like the joys of Raclette and Fendant by an open fire – or delicious meals enjoyed in amicable and elegant ambiance. Valais - it’s only a matter of choice - because all that winter has to offer is discovered in the delightful canton Valais! Ski Portes du Soleil – Champéry 1 – package – 2 countries – 196 lifts – 285 runs! From $1,549 pp in double occupancy* Your package includes: ■ 7 nights lodging at Hotel Suisse in Standard Double Room ■ ■ Swiss transfer ticket 2nd class (train transfers from/to Geneva or Zurich airports) And here the sun shines far longer than anywhere else in Switzerland! Here, Mother Nature provides the fundamentals for all kinds of winter sports. Groomed ski and snow-boarding pistes, breath-taking downhill sled runs and snowywhite hiking paths are equally as enticing as relaxed bathing in the regions steaming thermal waters. For information, please visit www.visitvalais.ch ■ Portes du Soleil 6 day lift tickets AlpineAdventures.net/ski-switzerland *Offer valid throughout winter season 2015-16. Before the descent on Mt. Titlis Engelberg-TITLIS. The charming town of Engelberg is Lucerne Region’s biggest winter sports destination. At Engelberg all roads end and you are surrounded by 10’000 feet high mountain peaks. A true winter wonderland! Engelberg’s ski resort has everything for keen winter sports fans. Explore runs with more than 6’500 feet of vertical drop and ski the longest run with a total of 7.4 miles from Titlis right into town. Engelberg is world famous for its backcountry skiing and yet having slopes that suit every level of skier perfectly. Families also find children beginner areas, professional educated kids ski instructors and daily child care. With over 900 years of history Engelberg has many stories to tell. On a guided tour through the Benedictine monastery and a visit to the folk’s museum of Engelberg you sure find out a lot about our past. To know more about the now, the 4’000 residents and a bunch of Scandinavian seasoneers welcome you for a well-deserved après ski. Ski Engelberg-TITLIS From $699 pp based on 2 adults and 2 children under 16 yrs old* Your package includes: ■ 7 nights lodging in One Bedroom Apartment (2 adults and 2 children) at Titlis Resort Engelberg ■ Swiss transfer ticket 2nd class (train transfers from/to Geneva or Zurich aiports) Not a skier/snowboarder? No problem, go on a romantic horse carriage ride, take a relaxing snow shoe hike and enjoy a Swiss cheese Fondue in a charming alpine hut or explore our nature on cross country skis. Reach for the maximum fun and try out Europe’s only electronically powered snow mobiles and recharge your own batteries in one of our spas afterwards. For information, please visit www.engelberg.ch ■ Engelberg 6 day lift tickets ■ 40 9:17AM The moment your idea of heaven finally comes down to earth. The best ski days are a glimpse of paradise on earth. And there’s no place more heavenly than Whistler. As North America’s largest (and Whistler’s only true) ski-in ski-out luxury hotel, Fairmont Chateau Whistler is the ultimate Canadian ski experience. We continue to raise the standard with offerings like our Experience Guide, who personally leads Fairmont guests to Whistler’s most unforgettable moments. With today’s favourable currency exchange for travelers to Canada, there’s no better time to enjoy Whistler’s alpine beauty. Sometimes, even the most heavenly moments have very down-to-earth motivations. WHISTLER SKI RESORT IN NORTH AMERICA FOR DETAILS PLEASE VISIT FAIRMONT.COM/WHISTLER OR CONTACT YOUR TRAVEL PROFESSIONAL Gateway to your moment in over 20 countries. fairmont.com SNOW STYLE Fall-Winter Collection 2015/16 Performance Ski 614 E Durant Ave, Aspen. CO 81611 GEAR THE YEAR OF THE DRONE CAMERA READY… ACTION! GET PREPPED FOR DRONES IN SKI COUNTRY BY MEGAN BARBER Don’t own a drone? You’re not alone. Until now, drones have been pricey, hard to fly, and the obsession of photographers, not skiers. All of that is about to change. Today’s drones are smaller, easier to use, and poised to transform skiers into filmmakers. 2016 may well be the year of the drone. Are ski areas ready? ON THE MARKET This ski season’s best on-snow drones follow a skier autonomously, they’re easy to operate, and they produce high-quality video. Take the Lily camera ($599), a waterproof drone weighing-in  less than a laptop, boasting enough battery for 20 minutes of filming, and configured simply so that it’s embarrassingly easy to operate. Just throw the drone into the air and start skiing — the drone follows a small circular tracker stuffed in your pocket. The Airdog auto-follow drone ($1,295) uses a similar concept but features a larger range (1,000 feet) and employs the trendy use of a GoPro camera. Both the Lily and the Airdog will face some serious competition when the king of action cameras enters the drone race. GoPro has confirmed it will launch its own drone in 2016 — a quadcopter that’s been hailed by GoPro CEO Nick Woodman as “the ultimate GoPro accessory.” Details and pricing weren’t available at press time, but if GoPro is half as successful with its drone as it as been with its helmet-mounted camera, its drone may fast become tech-savvy skiers’ go-to gadget. FROM SEARCH AND RESCUE, TO AVALANCHE MITIGATION, TO SNOWMAKING, DRONES COULD HELP SKI AREAS SAVE LIVES AND CUT COSTS. 44 ARE SKI AREAS READY? Even as drones go on-hill and high-tech, it’s unlikely you’ll use your own at a ski area anytime soon. Drones pose a plethora of hazards, from safety risks (imagine a drone falling out of the sky?), to privacy infringements (a celebrity skier’s worst nightmare). Currently, many ski areas explicitly ban drones — but that doesn’t mean that they don’t want to use them. From search and rescue, to avalanche mitigation, to snowmaking, drones could help ski areas save lives and cut costs. They’re also a marketing department’s dream. Forget the on-mountain photographer, new this season some ski areas are employing drones to shoot film footage of you skiing your favorite bowl, or acing that double-black bump run — for a fee. A company called Cape Productions has partnered with resorts including Winter Park, Copper Mountain, and Fernie Alpine Resort. Customers sign up, meet Cape on the mountain, and get filmed by its drones, then receive a professionally edited online video to share  with family and friends. Whether as a new tool for ski resorts or as the ultimate back­ country gadget, you can bet 2016 will be the year of the drone. AIRDOG CAPE PRODUCTIONS BEAUTY Total Coverage WHEN IT COMES TO WINTER BEAUTY WE’VE GOT YOU COVERED, BOTH ON THE SLOPES AND OFF. Snow Days Nu Skin Sunright 35 Face & Body Sunscreen La Prairie Switzerland Skin Caviar Ojas Lip Conditioner Adventuress Sunscreen Swipes Miracle Skin Rewind Miracle Skin Transformer Spotlight Louboutin Lipstick Necklace Ojas Anti-aging After Sun Lotion Elizabeth James Dry Black Shampoo 46 Violife  Slim Sonic Toothbrush Le Mieux Moisture Infusion Mask Perricone MD Evening Repair GEAR iSKI A NEW CLASS OF ON-SLOPE APPS TRACK TURNS, TEMPS, AIRTIME, AND POWDER BY MEGAN BARBER Everyone is phone obsessed these days, whether in the office or skiing the back bowls of Vail. But forget checking your email and instead indulge in a new class of high-tech snow apps. From accurately predicting a top-10 powder day to creating 3D maps of your ski runs, here’s the downlow on what you need to download this winter. In 2016, ski apps go way beyond the basics of tracking vertical. Apple Watch wearers will love Slopes, a $8 app that displays live stats like vertical drop, speed, and distance on your watch so your phone stays pocketed. At the end of the day, Slopes can also replay your runs on a 3D map and create a made-for-Facebook recap image sure to incite jealousy among friends. But no matter how fancy your Apple Watch, ski-tracking apps can struggle with accuracy, cold temper­ atures, and battery power drain. Enter Trace, a new-app-turned-actionsports-tracker that’s shockproof, weighs just 1.4 ounces (about the size of an Oreo cookie), and easily mounts on your skis. In conjunction with the free Trace Snow app, the tiny tracker ($200 with an optional $50 custom engraving) uses GPS to measure your data eight times more accurately than a traditional app, all with a 10-hour battery life and no phone drain. It even syncs to your GoPro footage, calculates how many calories you burned, and logs how much airtime you got off a jump. For skiers who care more about tracking the snow than their stats, the expert meteorologists behind the free OpenSnow app provide local forecasts for places like Utah, Colorado, New England, and Tahoe. Custom snow report alerts ensure that you’ll never miss a 14-inch day and powderhounds traveling abroad will love that this winter, Open Snow will feature forecasts for Japan and Europe. Weather geeks should also check out the $10 RadarScope app, which allows you to view NEXRAD weather radar, maps, and forecasts (read: blizzards) on all iOS and Android devices. Off the mountain, skiers looking to connect will love the just-released GoSnow app. Like Tinder for the ski world, the app allows skiers to create a profile, plan trips, and discover who’s nearby to meet up for  a run or a drink. From skiers geeking out about the weather to hooking up at après, there’s an app for that. Now get downloading and get out there. TRACE SNOW EXCLUSIVE EMOTION www.lacroix-skis.com Available in the most exclusive specialty ski locations WELLNESS PERFECT HARMONY AN INNSBRUCK MONK USES SHAOLIN MASSAGE TO RESTORE A SKIER’S BALANCE WORDS AND PHOTO BY MICHAEL MASTARCIYAN F or the last 1,500 years, monks at the famed Shaolin Temple in the verdant mountains of China’s Henan Province have been practicing an assortment of arts meant to better the human mind, body, and soul. The birthplace of Chan Buddhism and the cradle of kung fu, this monastery’s monks are also trained in an ancient form of Chinese massage known as Shaolin. Stemming from the Tui Na method of Chinese manipulative therapy — which archaeologists have dated as far back as 2,700 B.C. — the Shaolin method has been used by monks at the Shaolin Temple to cure medical conditions and alleviate chronic pain. One of these monks, Shi Yan Xuan — a 34th-generation master in kung fu, tai chi, qigong and Shaolin massage — is now in residence at the Adlers Hotel, the newest, tallest, most futuristic hotel in Innsbruck, with a birds-eye view of Austria’s glistening alps and a sky-high spa overlooking Innsbruck’s snow-laden rooftops. Master Xuan’s task at the Adlers: tending to skiers sore from riding the slopes of Kühtai, Igls, or Innsbruck’s wondrous Stubai Glacier. So much more than humdrum muscle massage, the ultimate goal of an après-ski Shaolin massage is the reduction and prevention of stress. Master Xuan turns his razor-sharp focus on the regulation of his client’s internal and external systems, intent on bringing a skier’s mind and body back into harmony. 50 Shaolin massage master Shi Yan Xuan outside the Adlers Hotel, Innsbruck. As Master Xuan demonstrates, achieving harmony isn’t always Zen-like. Clad in togs of brilliant orange, the monk zeros in with relish on a skier’s various acupressure points in order to clear energy pathways and to facilitate the flow of energy. His Shaolin massage is a mix of traction and martial arts — including kneading, rubbing, brushing, squeezing, pushing, and pulling the areas around a skier’s joints. Master Xuan’s technique can even be described as kung fu on the body. Does it work? Absolutely. Despite his zestful manipulation of the body on the Adlers Spa massage table, this Jackie Chan of Shaolin monks somehow manages to restore a skier’s mind and body to harmony — a 1,500-year-old healing gift from the birthplace of Buddhism now available in the birthplace of modern alpine skiing.  WWW.DERADLER.COM THIS JACKIE CHAN OF SHAOLIN MONKS SOMEHOW MANAGES TO RESTORE A SKIER’S MIND AND BODY TO HARMONY. Limited, Handcrafted, Unique On her: style ReZA finest Merino lambskin, reversible Coat (Parka style) with the curly side felted to get a very thin and special surface. On him: style FINN finest Merino Lambskin, Dufflecoat sensitive tend and colored to get a soft and special surface. style Wes finest Virgin Wool, vest with 4 pockets trendy look. BOTTLE ALTITUDE ADJUSTERS SNOW COUNTRY’S CRAFT-DISTILLED VODKAS V BY JEN LASKEY odka has long been a staple snow country spirit. Russians, Poles, Scandinavians, and other devoted imbibers of the north have always taken their vodka seriously. But when the craft cocktail movement took off  in America, vodka became the liquor that spirits enthusiasts 52 loved to hate. Now, a decade on, with an increasing number of craftdistilled vodkas, it’s once again re-emerging as a popular spirit. Here are three award-winning vodkas worth mixing into your après-ski, but they’re so smooth and full of flavor, you may want to simply sip them instead. EMBRACE THE NOBIS CULTURE NOBIS.CA BOTTLE $30 (750 ML) $35 (750 ML) $45 (1L) A true farm-to-bottle distillery, Colorado’s Woody Creek grows its own potatoes, fermenting and batch-distilling a mash of Rio Grande spuds in custom Carl stills to make its signature 100-percent potato vodka, which recently won a Double Gold Medal at the 2015 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. “The craft-distilling movement is picking up,” says David Matthews of Basalt, CO, distillery manager for Woody Creek. “People appreciate the effort when something is local and made the right way, and if it’s a great vodka to boot, that’s a great thing.” Notes: Creamy, buttery mouth-feel with notes of vanilla, ginger, citrus, and black pepper. Suggested après: Woody Creek Mule (combine 2 ounces Woody Creek, 1 ounce fresh lime juice, 3 dashes Angostura bitters in copper mug; top with 3 ounces Fever-Tree ginger beer, stir, garnish with lime wedge). Master distiller Joanna Dawidowicz of Poland’s Polmos Lublin Distillery, creates Snow Leopard from a spelt mash. “Spelt retains nutrients and flavor better than other grains during the production process,” explains global brand manager Sarah Knowles. “The spelt grain gives our vodka a very distinctive flavor and mouth-feel.” Founder Stephen Sparrow donates 15 percent of profits to snow leopard conservation efforts. Notes: Rich, creamy, and nutty with additional notes of vanilla, pepper, and anise. Suggested après: Altitude Adjuster (1 ounce each Snow Leopard, Bols orange liqueur, Cocchi Americano vermouth, fresh lemon juice, and 1 bar spoon absinthe; shake, strain, garnish with orange zest). AYLESBURY DUCK $30 (1L) Made from soft white wheat sourced from local farmers and distilled in Canada’s sharp-peaked and picturesque Rockies, Aylesbury Duck is produced by the 86 Co., a spirits company started by bartenders to create spirits that “play well in cocktails.” “We chose the soft white wheat because it has a higher starch content,” says partner Jason Kosmas, “which gives it a richness that helps carry flavor.” The mash is fermented and continuously distilled in three copper-plated column stills from the 1940s. In an effort to retain as much of the grain character as possible, the distillers use only particle  filtration. Notes: Silky mouth-feel with notes of citrus, marshmallow, anise, and white pepper. Suggested après: Velvet Hammer (equal parts Aylesbury Duck, crème de cacao, and cream; shake, strain, garnish with nutmeg). Flavorful Cokana $58 (750 ML) Yes, even flavored vodkas are coming back into the fold. But when Leslie Campbell — a former ski racer and coach, now co-founder (with Debbie Chase) of Delicious Danger Spirits — set out to make flavored vodka, fruit wasn’t on her mind. Campbell honed-in on South American coca leaves. After doing a small test run in Argentina, she moved the production of Cokana, her 80-proof, 5x-distilled, potato‑based, coca leaf-flavored vodka to the U.S. “The coca leaf flavor in Cokana is unique,” says Campbell. “It’s like nothing you’ve ever tasted before.” Cokana will be released during the 2015 holiday season. 54 P H OTO : P O L A R A S T U D I O (C O K A N A) WOODY CREEK 100% POTATO VODKA AvA i l A b l e At PerformAnce Ski - ASPen t o m my b o w e r S S k i - vA i l HArrodS - london bArneyS new york - nAtionwide & AztecHmountAin.com APRÈS WET YOUR WHISTLE WARMING UP WITH A WHISTLEPIG VERMONTODDY E VERMONTODDY 2 ounces WhistlePig 10-year rye Splash of fresh lemon juice 1 cup hot water Drizzle of local Vermont honey Lemon slice punched with 6 cloves Combine the WhistlePig 10-year rye, lemon juice, hot water and honey. Garnish with a slice of lemon  punched with 6 cloves. WWW.BENCHVT.COM 56 lla Fitzgerald may have crooned about “Moonlight in Vermont,” but for New England snow enthusiasts it’s all about the mountains. The Green Mountain State is home to dozens of alpine and nordic resorts — and to the WhistlePig distillery, which recently won a Double Gold Medal at the 2015 San Francisco World Spirits Competition for its Old World Sauternes Finish Rye Whiskey. And you thought Vermonters only made maple syrup! At The Bench in Stowe you can warm your bones après-ski style, with a Vermontoddy featuring WhistlePig’s 10-year rye, a rich, full-bodied whiskey with notes of allspice, ginger, clove, nutmeg, rye spice, and mint with creamy butterscotch on the finish. Rye is typically thought of as a Southern spirit, but WhistlePig’s rye distillate comes down from the north (Canada) and gets finished in former bourbon barrels on the WhistlePig farm. As of this year, WhistlePig will be harvesting rye they’ve grown on their Vermont farm, fermenting, distilling, and aging it in an effort to realize their dream of creating “America’s first grain-to-glass single-estate luxury rye whiskey.” “In general, WhistlePig is a big drinker,” says Chris Mountz, general manager at The Bench. “It’s distinguishable and it sets this toddy apart from other toddies that rely on macro-produced ryes and whiskies.” The Bench’s Vermontoddy is made with fresh lemon juice, hot water, and local Vermont honey. A fresh lemon slice punched with six cloves is dropped into the steaming cocktail as a flavorful garnish. WWW.WHISTLEPIGWHISKEY.COM WARM YOUR BONES APRÈS-SKI STYLE, WITH A VERMONTODDY. P H OTO : C O U R T E S Y O F W H I S T L E P I G BY JEN LASKEY Hansen Sports | High Country Sports | Norse House | Peter Glenn | Ski Barn | Ski Haus Sundown Ski & Patio | The Sport Spot | Valbruna | Winterfell Distributed by M.T. Imports Inc. | www.mtimportsinc.com | 855-476-4909 SNOW DRIVES A Maserati for the Mountains THE NEXT TIME SOMEONE ASKS YOU TO DRIVE A MASERATI IN SNOWMASS, SAY YES T he day’s light wanes with me paused before an unfamiliar crux near Aspen, fretting the initial pangs of panic. Palms sweat. Organs cramp. I question my preparedness, cast aspersions on my skills. What have I gotten myself into? What am I going to do? The only option, really, is to drop in. I attack the crux, which in this case is not a wind-hammered cliff but a collection of elegantly gorgeous, imposingly stylish, and frequently Italian beautiful 58 people, experts in the gilded fields of fashion and luxury. Silk and cashmere scarves feather most their throats, causing my own naked neck to stand out like a pornographic tattoo. I approach the beautiful people — nervously shaking hands, instantaneously forgetting names. I’m at the Aspen private club Casa Tua for a VIP party thrown by Maserati, the Italian manufacturer of $200,000-cars that drive 200 mph. Perhaps you’ve heard of it. P H OTO : M O R G A N P E S Z KO/ M A S E R AT I BY ROB STORY arpin1817.com Clothing - Accessories - Way Of Life SNOW DRIVES “O DIO MIO! HOW CAN YOU DRIVE THIS CAR WITHOUT DRIVING GLOVES?!?” 60 HIGH DRIVE In an AWD Maserati Ghibli, 70 mph feels like 40. Sophia, editor of a Moroccan luxury magazine, buckles-up in the passenger seat and we’re off, revving up the Viceroy’s driveway with an exhilarating burst. Once past Highway 82’s countless roundabouts, I work the steering wheel’s paddle shifters and stomp the accelerator, rendering WoodyCreekBasaltElJebelCarbondale an uninterrupted blur. Then the fun starts: A turn onto nondescript macadam melts into the pure motoring joy that is Catherine Store Road — a serpentine through sageand juniper-decorated drainages that begs for an Italian stallion. In the Ghibli (named after an African desert wind), 70 mph feels like 40. By the time Sophia alerts to rockfall in the road — “Stones!” she screams, with Old World inflection — I’ve already swerved around. You can call me Steve McQueen. Too soon we arrive at Maserati’s designated rest stop: Missouri Heights Schoolhouse, a clapboard structure built in 1917 that’s now listed on the National Registry of Historic Places. Though VIPs from Japan, China, Lebanon, France, Italy, and Canada are also throttling Maseratis today, team Morocco/USA arrives first. I brim with unexpurgated pride for a while... until a hand pats my shoulder, a hand belonging to an elegant, straight‑backed, white-haired Italian man whom I believe is named Gino, but gosh, there are lots of elegant and expressive Italian men around this day, who can possibly keep up? Anyway, Gino pats me, smiles, and wails, with mock horror, “O Dio Mio! How can you drive this car without driving gloves?!?” Together, we chuckle warmly at my hayseed ways. And that’s how things go the first and only time I’ve enjoyed the good fortune to drive a $70,000-car. With any luck, it won’t be the last. WWW.MASERATI.US P H OTO S : M O R G A N P E S Z KO/ M A S E R AT I The last two seasons, Maserati has decamped to a few upper-edge Aspen hotels including the Viceroy Snowmass, to offer well-heeled citizens and visitors an irresistible test drive deal. Called “Welcome Winter,” the program is also offered at several exclusive resorts in Europe. The month-long Snowmass version concludes with said VIP wingding at Casa Tua, where I gulp rare steak and robust Brunello while laboring to understand the babel of foreign tongues. I wake the next day at the Viceroy under Egyptian cotton linens with God-only-knows-what-number thread count; then pad down to a breakfast buffet that sates epicures and gluttons alike. Several of us writers and photographers gather for a conference launching Maserati’s AWD models, Quattroporte and Ghibli. Jiannina Castro — the company’s raven-haired North America PR chief — announces with a musical accent, “The Quattroporte is the very first AWD for Maserati. It is Italian, so we want flair!” No worries there: I’m tasked to test-drive a luridly royal blue Ghibli (MSRP: $70,000) appointed in fragrant leather and cherry wood. Its stereo cranks. There are seat warmers. The Ghibli boasts imperceptibly fast on-demand all-wheel drive. Its engine purrs while transitioning — according to a proprietary algorithm — from precise Sport mode to maximum traction I.C.E. (Increased Control Efficiency) mode. Contact Valle Nevado toll-free at 800-669-0554 (U.S) / 888-301-3248 (Canada), or email [email protected] / www.vallenevado.com/en SKI TOWN SECRETS ALL EYES ON THE NEW SCENE AT PARK CITY BY DEAN SEGUIN 62 two-way Quicksilver marries two very different mountains for the benefit of Utah skiers. It also offers a new kind of ease to the après-loving skier, allowing riders to leave Park City’s bus shuttles behind and move between the two villages by lift and snow. SKI The Canyons is known for its wide-open intermediate terrain mixed with an abundance of glades and steeper faces. Park City has oodles of gentler terrain, undulating groomers, and nine pretty bowls to choose from. The new Quicksilver Gondola — named after the region’s storied mining past as well as the quickness of the new lift — shuttles skiers between the base of the existing Silverlode Lift at Park City to the Flatiron Lift area at Canyons. A mid-station at Pine Cone Ridge offers access to three new runs leading to the Iron Mountain area, as well as gated access into Park City’s coveted Thaynes Canyon. The gondola’s mid-station is being touted as the new spot for Instagram-worthy panoramas of Park City, Old Town, and Canyons Village. What’s more, this season, Park City’s King Con lift has been upgraded to a six-person speedster, and the Motherlode lift has been powered up to a high-speed quad detachable. P H OTO : M I K E T I T T E L W ith a gritty mining past, Olympic legacy, and Hollywood cool, Park City — home of the Sundance Film Festival — nails the ski town trifecta. Now it can claim bragging rights to having the largest ski area in the country — and you can ski it on a single ticket. An eight-passenger gondola link called Quicksilver now joins what was formerly Canyons Resort with Park City Mountain Resort. The two ski areas combining is the crown jewel of $50 million in improvements for what is now simply called Park City. Undertaken by Vail Resorts, the rollout includes new branding and trail map, upgraded lifts, plus restaurants, advanced snowmaking, and expanded terrain to the tune of 7,300 acres of skiing across 17 peaks. That’s significantly larger than any other Utah resort and even Vail Mountain itself, which looks paltry with its 5,289 acres. This newly connected colossus is a boon for ski vacationers not just because of its sheer size, but also its ease of reaching it from Salt Lake, which is only 35 minutes by car, plus its range of upscale hotels, and a dining scene on par with cosmopolitan tastes. Echoing Whistler’s Peak 2 Peak Gondola that connected Whistler and Blackcomb mountains with much fanfare in 2008 and introduced far greater potential to B.C. skiers, Park City’s SKI TOWN SECRETS DRINK A block off the town’s main street, kissing the base of the slopes at Park City, is High West Distillery — the world’s only ski-in distillery and saloon and first distiller in Utah in well over a century. That distinction alone is worth a stop, but its revered whiskeys are poured here alongside plates of inspired comfort food, all in a unique Victorian house/livery stable combination. High West’s fall opening of a 30,000-square-foot distillery on Blue Sky Ranch conducts tours, tastings, and high-country food pairings with savory libations. CLOCKWISE FROM TOP 1. Snow over Park City. 2. Riverhorse on Main. 3. Washington School House. EAT On the mountain, Cloud Dine at the Canyons gets the oh-so-good award for its buzz-worthy homemade donuts. Lookout Cabin serves smooth and peppery cheese fondue. And situated alongside the new gondola, Park City’s new Miners Camp replaces the old Snow Hut with a big-window view of the Wasatch peaks. In the evening, Park City’s frontier-era past comes alive in slick new concepts. At Riverhorse on Main, lofty ceilings, exposed brick, and crisp white tablecloths spread across two dining rooms and features a balcony overlooking the street. Here, the mountains meet the city — think Rocky Mountain rack of lamb with truffled mac and cheese, or Utah red trout in a pistachio nut crust. Opening this winter on Park City’s culinary scene is celebrity chef Mark Harris’s Tupelo, named after gold-standard tupelo honey. With items such as fried country ham, pork belly, and crispy okra on the menu, expect Harris’s Southern roots to show through. WWW.PARKCITYMOUNTAIN.COM 64 PARK CITY’S TWO-WAY QUICKSILVER MARRIES TWO VERY DIFFERENT MOUNTAINS FOR THE BENEFIT OF UTAH SKIERS. The Waldorf Astoria Park City is draped in luxury down to every last detail. Soaring ceilings, crystal chandeliers, and leather mixed with wood accents make for a rich feel. The hotel is connected to the lift system at Canyons via its own private gondola. Right on the slopes, have your gear valeted at the Grand Summit at Canyons, a rustic-chic lodge with impeccable Utahan hospitality. Step out the door to the ski school to leave the kids for a lesson. From there you’ll have the option of the Red Pine Gondola or the Orange Bubble Express, with heated seats. In Park City, old school takes on a new meaning at the Washington School House. Walk out onto the town with easy access to the best restaurants, bars, shopping and galleries from a historic landmark that’s tastefully curated with modern touches while maintaining its original integrity. RUSH Thrill seekers ages 13 and up can experience the rush of Olympic gold on the Comet Bobsled Ride at Utah Olympic Park (UOP). Built for the 2002 Winter Games, a professional bobsled pilot will shoot you down the sliding track reaching speeds of up to 60 mph and 3 Gs of force — all in less than a minute. Only slightly less fast is UOP’s new Extreme Tubing adventure that jets you to speeds of 50 mph by sliding down the landing hills of the Olympic ski jumps. P H OTO S : M A R K M A Z I A R Z ( S T R E E T ) , C O U R T E S Y O F R I V E R H O R S E O N M A I N , C O U R T E S Y O F WA S H I N G TO N S C H O O L H O U S E SLEEP Brass Ranch | Cole Sport | Gorsuch | Peter Glenn | Ski Barn | The Startingate | Valbruna www.parajumpers.it SNOW SUITES Hotel Manali’s suites are themed on the owners’ favorite heli-skiing haunts. FORMULA ONE ROYALTY BACKS COURCHEVEL’S HOTEL MANALI BY LESLIE WOIT 66 P P H OTO : C O U R T E S Y O F H OT E L M A N A L I The French Formula assion, imagination and resources: the crucible of any successful enterprise. The family behind Courchevel’s exotic Hotel Manali has it in spades. After years indulging their passion for fast cars and über-tech arm candy — brothers Mansour and Aziz Ojjeh are the brawn behind the McLaren Formula One team and TAG Heuer watches — they turned to their serious heli-skiing habit for inspiration for the first and, as yet, only five‑star hotel in Courchevel 1650, the laid back alternative to the busy and built-out village of 1850. True to the family’s roots — father Akram Ojjeh was a fixture of swingin’ Courchevel 1650 in the 1970s — Hotel Manali occupies a privileged position, a most beautiful suntrap with ski-from-the-door access onto miles upon miles of Aubusson-groomed pistes that weave through Trois Vallées, the largest connected ski area on the globe. Hotel Manali’s 37 rooms and suites are themed on the owners’ favorite heli-skiing haunts — Canada, the Swiss Alps, and most V UA R N E T.C O M SNOW SUITES Moriond, The New Frontier Families and those seeking lower-key luxury can leave the bling of Courch’ 1850 to the oilmen of the East. One village lower is 1650 — Moriond, as the locals call it — home of Hotel Manali. Perched bang on the beginner slopes just steps from the école de ski and the gondola, 1650 is an ideal mountain for beginner and intermediate skiers. Hotel Manali is a clever, less expensive option than its other five-star counterparts in 1850. Terrace Terroir WOODWORK IS ELEVATED WITH HAND-PAINTED ARABESQUES, FRIEZES, AND MINIATURES. 68 Villard. Canada is represented with pure trapper-luxe, right down to the “genuine faux” wolf fur. Hotel Manali shines the klieg lights brightly on its little guests. Particularly suited to families are suites that comfortably accommodate two adults and two children. As well as the large, tranquil indoor pool surrounded by red-padded chaise longues, sauna, hammam, and fitness suite, kids delight in the Children’s Chalet daycare center for ages 3 and up. There’s also a daily dinner menu especially for children. For grown-ups, chef Jérôme Faget delivers inspirations of the Mediterranean, plus fish from Lake Geneva, crozets pasta from Savoie, and the delectable lamb of southern France’s Sisteron. For all ages, the Kullu Mountain Club offers wide screen TVs, pool tables, billiards, and table football. It’s France... and so much more. WWW.HOTELMANALI.COM Little Explorers Spa An all-organic experience is good fun for the little ones. Hotel Manali’s Mahayana Spa caters to adults as well as children with kid-friendly manis, pedis, gentle massages, and banana fig facials for girls as well as for boys. Who says you’re ever too young for a bit of pampering? P H OTO S : C O U R T E S Y O F H OT E L M A N A L I of all, Manali, where the famed Himalayan peaks  rise above 25,000 feet. Woodwork is elevated with hand-painted arabesques, friezes, and miniatures. Rajasthan marble, opulent Lelièvre Paris fabrics, and objets d’art decorate richly toned walls of red and orange. Down the corridor: different rooms, different continents. Cozy Swiss suites are decorated in honey-colored wood and antique desks and lamps, with deep Roche Bobois armchairs facing the fir trees of the Dent du Where one eats in France says as much about a person as what one eats. A piste-side lunch on the sun-drenched terrace of Hotel Manali sends just the right message. Beneath the benevolent gaze of its mascots — two white marble elephants — chefs grill meats and seafood, embellish with salads and charcuterie, then present too-pretty-to-eat sweets. Affix your sunnies, refill your glass of rosé, and settle in for an afternoon. uncompromising kjus.com Culture Club INSIDE VAIL’S VANGUARD OF PRIVATE SKI CLUBS BY LORI KNOWLES Inside Vail Mountain Club. These are not the sort of private gentlemen’s clubs found in a Dominick Dunne novel. 70 P h oto : C o u r t e s y o f Va i l R e s o r t s S i g n at u r e C l u b s T hey’re known as Private Members Clubs — secluded bastions of white-gloved valet service, leather-clad libraries, and single malts served in Glencairn whiskey glasses after 4 p.m. at St. James, just off Piccadilly. On the social register since 18th century London, private social clubs remain commonplace in Dallas, Los Angeles, on New York City’s Vanderbilt Avenue, and in the shaded streets of San Francisco. Oh, and don’t forget, on the ski slopes of Vail, Colorado. Known as the Signature Clubs, Vail’s seductive selection of members-only clubhouses hide in plain view — there are no neon signs or even trail markers pointing the way to the Vail Mountain Club at the base of Vail Village or to The Arrabelle Club in the elegant confines of The Arrabelle at Vail Square. Instead, there are gated underground parking garages with key codes and thick cement walls, heavy doors that lead into plush carpeted locker rooms, leather bar stools, picture windows, and walls filled with art. But these are not the sort of private gentlemen’s clubs found in a Dominick Dunne novel. Sure, with a refundable deposit of about $275,000, membership HOMER www.homerdesign.com [email protected] P. 212 744 7705 to an establishment like the Vail Mountain Club (VMC) is exclusive. Yet inside there are women and children everywhere, and from the tone of the member newsletter VMC Weekly, one gets the clear message this is a family-friendly place. “Family Dog Sledding with Mountain Mushers on Monday, February 19!” and “Family Ski Biking, January 17!” Signature’s Vail Mountain Club opened in November 2008 with a flurry of press, including detailed articles in such high places as the The New York Times: “The clubs reflect resort operators’ attempt,” it read, “to accommodate what seemed like an endless stream of the newly rich as well as the recently retired.” Since the VMC opened, it has provided a cushioned landing and gathering spot mostly for those who own homes and have vacation lodgings on the environs of Vail. With Signature members hailing from Austin, Manhattan, Virginia Beach, and Plano, Texas, it’s a spot for like-minded semi- and full-time locals to meet, socialize, ski with one another, and partake in weekly après-ski cocktails. There are also opportunities to gain avalanche awareness from the Vail and Beaver Creek Ski Patrol, hike under moonlight en masse up Simba to Game Creek Restaurant, or partake in wine and hors d’oeuvres at Beaver Creek’s Vilar Performing Arts Center on members-only evenings before taking in a show. Breakfast is served each morning as part of the VMC’s $6,700‑plus annual dues; there’s a pool, a gym, a ski valet and concierge, and the lockers on the ground floor are handy for storing helmets and skis. Which leads us to one of the key reasons Vail families join clubs like The Arrabelle and the VMC: slopeside valet parking. It’s no secret a drawback of owning a beautiful home on Timber Springs Drive in Edwards is the concern of where to park the car at Lionshead, Beaver Creek, or Vail Village. Signature Clubs’ heated underground parking lots pave the way. Vail’s Signature Clubs has eight private establishments on its roster, each with its own plush personality. Possibly the most unique is the Game Creek Club, which, while substantially less 72 Private ski clubs have multiplied like rabbits in the past 20 years in snazzy ski areas like Aspen, Sun Valley, Telluride, and Northstar. expensive to join at $42,000, holds a special place in Vail skiers’ hearts: on-slope in Game Creek Bowl. Members access this snow-covered timber hideaway via skis, snowshoes, or “club cat.” It’s open for lunch and dinner inside the Mount Jackson Room, the casual bistro, or at a special outdoor space always referred to in marketing material as “the sunny deck.” Names of other Signature establishments: the Arrowhead, the Beaver Creek, the Red Sky Golf Club, and of course, the Bachelor Gulch Club, which carries with it access to Beaver Creek’s lavish Zach’s Cabin. Vail isn’t alone. Private ski clubs have multiplied like rabbits in the past 20 years in snazzy ski areas like Aspen, Sun Valley, Telluride, and Northstar. None are quite so peculiar, perhaps, as the Canadian clubs north of Toronto, where a rash of private ski areas have Canada’s version of Wall Street-types flocking to them every winter weekend for spates of gated alpine skiing. Still, one has to ask the question. Beyond the après-ski socials and the advantages of on-mountain parking, what’s the draw? How have private members clubs — gentlemen’s or not — continued to thrive since 18th century London, and what makes them so attractive to skiers? Perhaps David Houle has the answer. The futurist and former Oprah regular has said that while it’s true we’re in an all-about-me era right at the moment — with blogs, Facebook, and Twitter personas — “we choose our ‘tribes’ or seek like-minded social groups more than ever.” WWW.VAILRESORTSSIGNATURECLUBS.COM P h oto s : C o u r t e s y o f Va i l R e s o r t s S i g n at u r e C l u b s snow culture 1. A private club locker room. 2. Game Creek Club on Vail Mountain. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOOD SKIING AND GREAT SKIING If youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re serious about instantly improving your overall skiing experience then itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time to upgrade your ski boot liner. Surefoot Custom Liners come in three unique models designed for the nuances of all foot shapes and ability levels. From beginners to experts, a Surefoot Custom Liner is the best way to end the cold, pain and misery of ill-fitting boots. Surefoot liners work with all brands and models of ski boots. To experience the comfort and performance advantages a Surefoot Custom Liner will give you, come see one of our boot fitting experts at Surefoot today. Skier: Russ Shay, Owner, Surefoot surefoot.com boutique Pure Instinct Gary Cole Uses Intuition To Build A Chic Park City Boutique By Hilary Nangle 74 P h oto : c o u r t e s y o f c o l e s p o r t The Cole family from left to right: Jason, Jana, Gary, and Adam. FAR Part 135 direct air carriers that have been certified to provide service for Sentient jet card clients and that meet all FAA safety standards and additional safety standards established by Sentient. (Refer to www.sentient.com/standards for details.) The Sentient Jet Card is a program of Sentient Jet, LLC (“Sentient”). Sentient arranges flights on behalf of jet card clients with FAR Part 135 direct air carriers that exercise full operational control of charter flights at all times. Flights will be operated by I fly Sentient Jet. For me, life has always been an adventure. To get the most out of every journey, I want the confidence that the details are taken care of, and I get to my destination seamlessly. That’s why I carefully choose the right partner to get me there, every time. I fly for adventure. I fly for my reasons. I fly Sentient Jet. boutique W Walk down Park Avenue in Old Town, and it’s nearly impossible to resist the lure of the red Triumph TR3 in the window of Cole Sport flagship store. A nattily dressed mannequin occupies the driver’s seat and arresting eye candy fills the open trunk. “It’s a draw like you wouldn’t believe,” Cole says. It’s just one example of the store’s slogan: “Expect the Unexpected.” Step inside, and the unexpected becomes the norm. “Every customer is greeted within 10 feet or 10 seconds,” Jana Cole says. Most employees have been with the company for at least 15 years, some for as many as 25. “Our employees know our customers; they’ve developed relationships with them over the years,” she says. “We also spend a lot of time in the fall training our employees so that they can give their customers great information about the products.” 76 Cole admits he always sang to a different tune. FAMILY TIES Gary and Jana Cole through the years with sons Jason and Adam. P h o t o s : co u r t e s y o f co l e s p o r t hen Gary Cole opened Cole Sport in Park City, Utah in 1982, he did so on pure instinct. He and his wife, Jana, had resided in the resort town for 10 years, and as a ski instructor and realtor, this former opera singer — yes, opera singer — built a clientele of wealthy, well-dressed clients. “It occurred to me that nobody in town was doing any high-end, European-type fashion,” he says. Cole had always enjoyed shopping, liked clothes, and sensed opportunity. “It was a total seat-of-the-pants effort,” he admits. “We brought in unique quality design and built a reputation around that.” Opening a luxury ski wear shop in the early 1980s was a gamble, not to mention an unusual choice for a classically trained opera singer. But Cole admits he always sang to a different tune. “I was the oddball in the music department, teaching skiing at Mount Baker in rain and wet snow, while everyone else was walking around with towels around their necks hoping not to catch a cold.” Realizing that the opera lifestyle would not be conducive to married life, he and Jana had moved from Seattle, where he’d studied opera performance, to Park City in 1972. They intended to spend one winter. Not only are they still there, they now operate four stores in Park City and Deer Valley with their sons Jason, 35, and Adam, 32, and a staff that seems more like family than employees. Jason joined the family company right out of college. Adam, a former Junior World Champion for downhill, two-time NCAA champion, and U.S. Ski Team coach who worked with Bode Miller, recently came aboard full time. “They’re our succession plan,” Jana quips. Visit us at SIA Snow Show Denver, Co. Booth #1415 Check out our video ‘The Perfect Ski Pants’ at www.vimeo.com/112497493 boutique The store is treated as a stage, with mannequins used to display clothes rather than hangers, and theatrical lighting spotlighting displays and highlighting décor. Gary says that to replicate the warmth and innate heritage of classic European ski shops, he scrounged antiques stores from Seattle to Salt Lake City. Whenever he found an interesting piece crafted in old pine, he purchased it and put it in the store without gussying it up. Those pieces blend well with the store’s fixtures, which were built from scratch by a creative neighbor with a woodworking shop. Juxtaposed against classic appeal is cutting-edge merchandise that includes brands such as Frauenschuh, Jet Set, and KRU. “What sets us apart is that we’re not focused on old European styles. We’re looking at fashion-forward companies that use more technically advanced materials,” Jason Cole says. To achieve the right mix, Jana Cole says: “We depend strongly on our buyers, they have a very good feel; they know what works and what doesn’t, and we rely on their expertise.” Buyer Kathy Burke has been honing that expertise since joining the company in 1990. Cole Sport’s clients, she says, are first and foremost true skiers; they’re not here “to just walk the streets and look beautiful. They want products that are chic and sexy, but also are performance driven.” Burke not only shops the big European shows every year, but also pounds the pavement, visiting numerous private showrooms 78 to distill global trends for local clients and to select the right mix for each store; Jet Set for Deer Valley, for example. “When I buy a line, I really commit,” she says. “You don’t just see a few jackets here and there, you’re seeing a majority of the collection.” Within the flagship store, small boutiques showcase one brand paired with complementary ones. “We put a lot of thought into the process of what brands to buy and how they’re positioned within store,” Burke says. Bogner has its own intimate space, but it’s shown with Fire & Ice. Cashmere sweaters share the huge antique farm table in the Bogner room with luxury leather handbags and beautiful candles. Another room showcases European brands, such as Frauenschuh, an understated Austrian luxury brand that Burke envisions pairing with KRU, a very sporty, fitted, hip and young luxury brand from St. Moritz. Bridging the Bogner and European rooms is a private room displaying Toni Sailer, a sport luxury collection from Europe. This year, Burke is excited about a new addition: the women’s line of SOS from Scandinavia. “It’s sexy, but made for skiing, and I think our customers will respond to it.” In the end, it all comes down to customer service. That’s what distinguishes Cole Sport. “We’ll do whatever it takes to make the customer happy,” Burke says. “It’s not necessarily about making the sale.” Now that’s unexpected. www.colesport.com P h oto : D o u g l a s B u r k e Kathy Burke, left, brings global ski trends to local Park City clients. N O R W E G I A N O LY M P I C A L P I N E S K I E R : Aksel Lund Svindal - Wearing the Glittertind sweater with windproof lining & water/stain repellent wool D A L E O F N O R WA Y . C O M snow kids BUTTERMILK’S NEW HIDEOUT PROVES ASPEN HAS ALLURE, EVEN FOR 3-YEAR-OLD KIDS By Jenn Weede “I want to go to ski school,” our little princess says. “I’m old enough. I’m 3.” “Almost 4,” I say. “Where do you want to go to ski school?” her dad asks. “Aspen.” “If you’re going to ski anywhere,” he replies, “it may as well be Aspen.” Snowmass has always been Aspen’s go-to for vacationing skiers with kids. But these days Buttermilk — home of long, rolling, easy-to-ski green and blue runs — is catching up. Aspen Skiing Company recently spent $10 million to upgrade Buttermilk’s children’s center. Bye-bye, Powder Pandas. Hello, Hideout. Designed for kids from age 2 to 12, Buttermilk’s Hideout delivers a welcome approach to kids’ programming by seamlessly mixing indoor play with ski instruction. The 7,500-square-foot space at the mountain’s base — new last season — is a blue-and-green colored oasis of play space: ropes, 80 jungle gyms, hideouts, lookouts, towers, and forts. Add perfectly pitched ski runs and easy-to-ride lifts, and you’ve got Colorado’s Eldorado for kids. As we drive the highway winding along the Roaring Fork River, cradled between the Sawatch and Elk mountains, I ask our daughter Zizi why she isn’t napping. “It’s too beautiful,” she says. It is. I point out Buttermilk ski area. “Look, Z,” I say, “that’s where you’re going to learn to ski tomorrow.” Her reply: “Will I wear my new cupcake goggles? And my ladybug helmet?” Aspen’s perfect for her, I think. She cares as much about skiing as she does about looking good. Situated curbside at Buttermilk, the Hideout is an easy destination for families. Drop-off parking is permitted. Better yet, the building acts as a one-stop shop, offering parents access to the big three: snow school, rentals, and lift tickets. P h oto s : b a r b a r a s a n d e r s ( s k i i n g ) , ©2 0 1 5 H a l W i l l i a m s P h oto g r a p h y I n c . ( h i d e o u t ) HIDING OUT Ultimate Mountain Getaway Make one of our homes your Aspen Signature Properties is the most trusted luxury vacation rental provider in Aspen and Snowmass, specializing in exclusive rental properties and exceptional personalized concierge services. Now booking the largest selection of estate and luxury properties for the winter! Toll free: 844-544-8001 ~ AspenSignatureProperties.com ~ 215 S. Monarch St. #201, Aspen snow kids Kid-Friendly Aspen Fun for families off the slopes Limelight Hotel With its living room-like lobby, generous room sizes, s’mores fire pit, and two separate hot pools — one for parents, another for kids — like the Hideout, the Limelight Hotel in down­ town Aspen is an oasis for kids. Once a party place — the Limelight was home to Aspen’s outlaw-friendly Ski and Spur bar — Aspen Skiing Company’s recent million-dollar remodel has given the Limelight a casual elegance and homey atmosphere that’s welcoming for kids. Element 47 Alternatively, Max the Moose shuttle buses transport kids to-and-from the Hideout, Aspen Mountain Gondola and the Limelight Hotel… that is, if adults want to ski a different Aspen mountain, or head back to bed. The Hideout’s structure has been designed to look as if a child built it over time from a series of blocks. Its configuration means that inside, the Hideout is pleasantly easy to navigate for both parents and kids. Multi-level climbing structures, slides, ropeways, and games are overhead and built into the walls. Two playrooms lure with blocks, books, cars, castles, dinosaurs, and a massive fish tank. One girl has a Knuffle Bunny sticking out of her ski vest. A rubber duckie bobbles on an instructor’s helmet. Friendly lunch ladies effortlessly accommodate gluten-free, nut-free, whatever-free food requests so no kid feels left out. There’s a princess-worthy lookout tower, bridges made of ropes, and best of all, cozy nooks where kids can “hideout.” Outside, snow clouds (snowmobile-driven sleds) shuttle kids from the Hideout’s back door to the magic carpet. Colorful “happy hands” obstacle courses encourage kids to learn to turn, go forward, and stop. There’s a snow snake, two tunnels, Hula Hoops, even stair steps to teach kids how to climb up a hill sideways. Ski pros animate the lessons and offer lots of breaks. And while it’s true, as the annual host of the Winter X-Games, Buttermilk boasts a standout terrain park and a 22-foot superpipe, the mountain’s plethora of easy-to-ski novice terrain makes it an ideal place for families learning to ski. When we return to pick up Zizi at the end of her very first day on snow, she is actually skiing.  And stopping. By herself. Her teacher can’t believe Zizi has never skied before, and I am impressed. Still, Zizi herself is nonchalant. Never mind learning to turn. Ignore the fact her parents are witnessing the next Julia Mancuso in the making. When I ask her if learning to ski was her favorite part of the day, my 3-year-old looks at me as seriously as one can in cupcake goggles and a ladybug helmet. “No,” she replies. “It was lunch.” WWW.ASPENSNOWMASS.COM 82 SK8 (Silver Circle) Ice Skating This idyllic winter wonderland in the shadow of Aspen Mountain makes Frozen dreams come true. Glide onto the ice, twirl amid glittering lights and “Let it go!” Just a few blocks from the gondola, the quaint rink is nestled amid festive trees and next to a cottage that serves hot dogs and kale salad — it’s Aspen, where else? Aspen-Santa Fe Ballet Aspen’s art scene sets it apart from most ski resorts, from B.B. King to ballet. A pioneering spirit drives the AspenSanta Fe Ballet to create new works and  reshape the boundaries of contemporary dance, so it’s always unique. Most shows offer a kids’ performance. Aspen Recreation Center A sweet sledding hill and pond-style ice rink are the ultimate nostalgic amusement at the ARC. Inside, a twostory waterslide plunges into a pool with lazy river, kiddie pool and hot tub, plus a climbing wall that towers 32 thrilling feet. P h oto s : j e n n w e e d e ( z i z i ) , © 2 0 1 5 H a l W i l l i a m s P h oto g r a p h y I n c . ( m ag i c c a r p e t a n d b u i l d i n g ) HAPPY KIDS Kid-friendly moments on the slopes of Buttermilk and at Aspen’s Limelight Hotel. Element 47 is named for silver, the precious metal that put Aspen on the map. But the restaurant’s Date Night is pure gold. A five-star, Five Diamond dinner comes with licensed childcare, so while adults savor the sommelier’s suggestion and the ability to converse in complete sentences, kids nosh on sliders and play games while their favorite mermaid laments life under the sea. We’re not like most craft distillers. F o r e x a m p l e , w e h a v e a d i s t i l l e r y. There are a lot of so-called “craft distillers” out there these days, many of whom are distillers in name only. They buy industrial alcohol from big manufacturers, blend it with a small amount they make from a contract distiller and call it their own. But, of course, their label sure does look pretty. Woody Creek Distillers, however, is the real deal. We make and bottle our spirits in our own distillery. And we grow most of our ingredients ourselves. So if you want a truly craft distilled spirit, drink Woody Creek. vodka © 2015. Distilled and Bottled by Woody Creek Distillers, Woody Creek, CO. • WoodyCreekDistillers.com | Real People Drink Responsibly. Granada’s Alhambra. P h o t o : © J e a n - P i e r r e L e s co u r r e t/Co r b i s ( f o r t r e s s ) , b a r b a r a s a n d e r s ( l u i s ) Sol y Nieve Spain’s Sierra Nevada, the land of sun and snow By Barbara Sanders perfect places Luis Santisteban skis Sierra Nevada. E spaña! Just the word evokes images of handsome matadors in skintight pants and elaborately bejeweled costumes, tapas of marinated olives, gambas al ajillo washed down with a regal Rioja, and languid siestas with flamenco playing softly in the background. Skiing, on the other hand, may not be top of mind when dreaming of the land of Picasso. But there is a little known gem in the south of Spain called Sierra Nevada. It’s just 20 miles from the center of Granada and perfectly encapsulates the Spanish ski experience. My visit to Sierra Nevada begins in Granada, a city more than 2,500 years old. You are immediately struck by a mystical blend of architecture that encompasses the culture of its past inhabitants. The Catholic cathedral is the crowning jewel of Granada’s old town and just across the road, one can imagine Scheherazade from The Arabian Nights beckoning toward a market that transports you to the Islamic side of the city — stalls filled with brightly colored spices, golden baklava oozing honey, and men in djellabas smoking hookahs. The narrow market street winds its way up to Alhambra, a palace with Moorish architecture, gardens, courtyards, and behind it, snow-covered mountains. A short drive from the city, up a gentle, well-paved road, we find the ski resort of Sierra Nevada. The name is Spanish for “snowy range,” and it’s no wonder — blessed with an average of 340 sunny days and an The name is Spanish for “snowy range,” and it’s no wonder. annual snow depth of more than 100 inches, Sierra Nevada’s tag line is Sol y Nieve (sun and snow). The resort is so far south that from the top of its peaks you can see the  African continent across the Mediterranean Sea. The ski area, all above tree line, has a network of 22 lifts with both off-piste terrain and groomed trails, some with a pitch of more than 50 degrees. Word on the street is that the best shop in Sierra Nevada is Santisteban Sports, so  we make that our first stop. This charming store is filled with a selection of the top brands in the ski world. The shopkeeper asks if I’ve skied today and I tell him tomorrow would be my primera vez skiing in Sierra Nevada. He introduces himself and his wife and they welcome me to their shop. Luis Santisteban is a handsome man with steely blue eyes, so when he tells me to meet him at their mid-mountain store at 11 a.m. the next day for a ski, I quickly agree. After a hearty breakfast that includes tart, fresh-squeezed jugo de pomelo (grapefruit juice), we take the gondola out of the village to Santisteban Sports’ slopeside ski shop. After a quick café con leche, we set out skiing. Turns out we’re in great hands. 85 Having worked up an appetite, we ski right into our lunch spot. We click out of our skis and are delivered into the hands of Silvia Peris, who keeps the party going at the Nevada Terrace, a Veuve Clicquot-themed restaurant. This on-mountain spot is rustic and cozy inside, raucous and wild outside. Peris cracks open a bottle of Veuve, we cheer “Salud!” and become fast friends. Her outgoing attitude, warmth, and huge smile make it impossible not to love her. The restaurant’s sunny deck has an eight-person foosball table so if you want to challenge your new friends between menu courses, that is also an option. Spain is the embodiment of the fiesta lifestyle; each new guest that comes by to greet Peris immediately becomes our ¡ new “BFF.” Though technically on Central European Time, Spain really moves to its own clock. It’s well after 5 p.m. as we make our way to the bottom to trade our ski boots for something more comfortable and head to N’ice, Peris’s après-ski spot on the plaza in the village. The Veuve keeps flowing, stories are shared, and ¡ pronto ! — it’s 10 p.m. We bid our new friends good-bye and walk around the corner to find a table at Asador La Vinoteca. In the United States, the entrance of late diners is often met with hostile glares. Here we are greeted like familia and shown to a table, where owner Andres Garcia comes to tell us the special of the day. Our wine arrives with a plate of steaming patatas bravas, a dish native to Spain made with fried potatoes and a spicy tomato sauce. Starving and needing something to soak up the Veuve, I order 86 a filet of beef. My Muga rioja is the perfect accompaniment for the rare steak served sizzling on a hot stone. We move to the bar after dinner to talk to the chef and the wait staff, and are surprised how time gets away from us. It is close to 1 a.m. as we make our way back to the Meliá Sol y Nieve — a savvy hotel choice with its proximity to the slopes, its spa, cozy rooms, and wonderful buffet breakfast that fulfills any skier’s dream. The beauty of Sierra Nevada is not only its proximity to the art, history, and culture of Granada, but in its proximity to the glamorous beaches of Marbella. Less than two hours from the snow, the glitz of Marbella is calling our name. Marbella has an Aspen-meets-Portofino feeling — every car a Range Rover and every shop a Dior, Missoni, or Malo. We check in to the fabulous Puente Romano Hotel and make our way straight to their beachside restaurant to have lunch with P h oto s : c o u r t e s y o f S i e r r a N e va da ( m o u n ta i n ) , B a r b a r a s a n d e r s (a n d r e s ) , P u e n t e R o m a n o B e ac h R e s o r t a n d Spa M a r b e l l a ( p o o l ) , b a r b a r a s a n d e r s (g r a n a da a n d v e u v e c l i q u ot ) perfect places Luis Santisteban is a former ski instructor and Spanish national team coach. From a young age, Felipe, the King of Spain, has owed his skiing skills to Santisteban’s instructional prowess. Outfitted in some of his favorite brands — powder blue M.Miller jacket the color of the sky, Kask helmet and Rossignol GS race skis — Santisteban leads our little pack. We rip down long, rolling, perfectly groomed runs. Next, we make our way to the top of the mountain to see if the clouds might lift to allow us a view of the Mediterranean Sea and the African continent. Unfortunately, it is not to be. The low hanging clouds and mist are tantalizing and teasing — like a negligee, seductively they keep the good view just out of sight. We push on to explore the off-piste terrain, then finish our tour on a pista negra (black run) that is smooth and steep — as if the Cornice at Mammoth meets the Mausefalle at Kitzbühel. perfect places Marbella has an Aspen-meetsPortofino feeling — every car a Range Rover and every shop a Dior, Missoni, or Malo. TOP TO BOTTOM 1. The slopes of Sierra Nevada. 2. Andres Garcia of La Vinoteca. 3. The pool at Marbella’s Puente Romano. 4. Historic scenes from Granada. 5. Silvia Peris at Nevada Terrace. an ocean view. A crisp glass of Albariño is the perfect choice for our grilled pescado; with it we watch the world go. On the Venice Beach-like boardwalk, we ogle the body builders, bombshells, and vote on who has the best fake tan. After lunch, we stroll along the beach, finally making our way back to our lush bungalow to relax before dinner. We select a Japanese restaurant in Puente Romano, making a reservation for 10 p.m. We arrive and the place is dead quiet; we think it must be because we are dining so late. Unfazed we settled in to an exquisite dinner of one Japanese treat after another: fresh sashimi, miso cod, and my favorite, spicy tuna and crab salad. Just as we’re about to leave, people stream in. It’s then that it dawns on us: we weren’t late, but embarrassingly early! It’s as if we are seniors turning up for an early-bird dinner at 5:30 p.m. We ask our waiter what time the restaurant closes. His reply: “4 a.m.” We stroll after dinner to check out some of the other restaurants and bars, dumbstruck by the glittering array of beautiful people wearing very little clothing. They are busy eating freshly cut slices of jamón ibérico and washing it down with large glasses of red wine to provide the needed sustenance to dance the night away. No matter what the hour, from city to ski to sea, the Spanish alegria (joyfulness) is warm, welcoming, and ever present. There is always a fiesta, and you can count on an invitation. Note to self: there’s a reason Spain has a siesta every day. Take one if you want to keep up. www.sierranevada.es 87 heli-skiing is better done late than never By Lori Knowles P h oto : R a n dy L i n c k s /A n d r e w D o r a n THE 40YEAR-OLD HELI-SKI VIRGIN heli I t was the end of a long, cold, slow winter — the kind people whine about in my city. Snow piled high on side streets. Over-laden cars were plowed-in and unable to move. The sun seldom made an appearance, and when it did its intensity wasn’t powerful enough to pierce the chill. Then the call came through: Would I like to try heli‑skiing? There was a single spot on a late-March expedition into British Columbia’s South Chilcotan Mountains. TLH Heliskiing runs deep-powder excursions out of Tyax Wilderness Resort & Spa. It’s about 200 miles inland from Canada’s feral west coast in a range of sharply tipped, effulgent white peaks too far from civilization for steady traffic — or any kind of traffic. I would be a lone, 40-something woman in a group of… who knew? It would be eight strangers, plus me, a heli-ski virgin. My inclination was to refuse: fear of going too deep, fear of inadequacy, and fear of leaving my young family. But I said yes… yes because as a lifetime skier, I instinctively knew heli-skiing is a rite of passage — as is witnessing a Hahnenkamm, skiing Highland Bowl at Aspen, or tasting the warmth and smoothness of a fondue cooked in a caquelon in France’s Haute-Savoie region. I was picked up in Whistler by a van full of strangers: two unspeaking Austrians, two Dutchmen clad in black leather, and a family of four Italians from the sweet, sunny city of Bolzano in Trentino-Alto Adige (Südtirol). We rode as strangers in edgy silence for six hours, first on the winding Sea-to-Sky highway northward from Whistler, then on a washboard-gravel path onward from Lillooet. Seated up front, next to the driver, I was warned to watch for falling boulders. “I’ve had trips where the passengers had to get out and move the rocks so the van could move forward,” the driver told me. Like a bird of prey, my eyes were riveted. 89 HELI But when tomorrow broke, the sun was nowhere. There were large flakes falling like goose down onto the front lawn of the lodge, and the guides were frowning. Poor visibility, they said. We would have to bide our time; wait for a clearing. I spent the morning fully dressed — ski pants, jacket, helmet, avvy backpack and beacon fully charged and at the ready. The wait was nail biting. We finally got the call to move out at 2:59 p.m., and to the lake “we ran like young wild furies” (McCammon). The chopper swooped in. We loaded on. We were lifted high into the South Chilcotans. All of it was breathtaking. We landed on top of the world. There was nothing around us but scalded black rock and snow-white terrain. As far as my eyes could see: white. It was the highest peak around and I was on it, crouched low and still, just as my guide had taught me, hugging my pack, hearing nothing but the roar of an engine and feeling the thwack of the chopper’s blades beating against the wind as  the pilot lifted off. Then, silence: blissful, mind-bending silence. I raised my eyes to thousands of pointed peaks in every direction. My first run I could hear two things: the swooshing of snow and my own heart beating. I’d shoved forward, nervously, off a peak at about 9,000 feet. I was turning rhythmically in powder that was thigh-deep. It was as soft and airy as a fluffy white cloud must feel 90 to an airplane pilot. It wasn’t at all scary. I entered a dream state that day — a state that took me a whole week to break out of. We skied the first day until about 5:30 p.m. — the latest our guides had ever gone. As we flew out, the sunset was a deep pink blanket that lay over the mountains. Out there, ages from civilization, I doubted I’d seen anything as comforting. The staid Austrians had huge smiles on their faces. The Italian family — with two sons helping celebrate their parents’ 60th birthdays — was hugging one another. The Dutchmen — rally car drivers from the Netherlands — were singing Gimme Shelter. That night’s dinner was at a long, family-style table; the broad windows of Tyax Lodge at one end, a fire with leaping flames at the other. The iciness among us strangers had finally melted. Somehow we’d shifted from foreigners to kindred spirits who’d shared something very special. We’d stood at the top of a B.C. mountain peak, a very long way from anywhere, with nothing but snow and rock and wind around us, and then we’d skied down it. P h oto s : R a n dy L i n c k s /A n d r e w D o r a n ( TLH ) , M a r l e e C o r r a ( LORI KNO W LES ) Tyax Lodge is a long, caramel-colored log building on the brim of a lake on the edge of nowhere. Inside there’s a stoked fire, a table full of tapas, and a deck that spills into the  British Columbian wilderness. At Tyax, the trees are the height of high rises in New York City and just as thick. After check-in, I watched from my balcony as a chopper landed by the lake, the silver water whirling into whitecaps. A slew of tired heli-skiers tumbled out; crouched, and huddled as the bird flew away. That would be me tomorrow, I thought. My tummy did a back flip. Clockwise from top left 1. Starry, starry night at TLH’s lakeside lodge. 2. Unlimited powder turns. 3. Good food and fine wine end a heli-ski day. 4. Lori, the heli-ski virgin. 5. TLH terrain includes 1 million acres and 375 runs. “What makes a woman go heli-skiing alone?” There were warm smiles, and tales told, and wine poured. Our hearty guides told us stories of wolverines and winter camping, and withstanding the Canadian wilderness for days alone in the backcountry. Soup bowls were filled, bread was broken, enormous platefuls of beef and fish and pasta came and went. “Lori,” I was finally asked, “What makes a woman go heli-skiing alone?” The entire table fell silent. Eyes turned to me and waited. I wanted to say, “It’s not so unusual for a woman to heli-ski,” but as it isn’t true, I couldn’t. The two long tables next to ours were filled with Germanand Russian-speaking men of great girth and stature — men make up 80 percent of Canadian heli-ski operators’ clients. Instead I said, “I’m over 40 and I’d never been heli-skiing. It was something I had to do. Until today, I was a virgin.” There were nods all around. The Austrians, the Italians, and the rally car drivers from Holland — all of them got it. Someone raised a glass. Someone else toasted: “Here’s to 40-year-old heli-ski virgins.” 80% 20% POWDER FACT 80 percent of Canada’s heli-skiers are male, 20 percent female.   — Canada West Ski Areas Association, anecdotal. WWW.TLHHELISKIING.COM Dave McCoy, founder of Mammoth Mountain, turns 100 By Peggy Shinn 92 P h o t o : T h e M cCoy Fa m i ly A r c h i v e snow kings A Mammoth of a Man ALLSPORT ALP N ROCK ARC’TERYX BOGNER CANADA GOOSE DALE OF NORWAY EIDER FIRE & ICE JETSET KJUS MANAS MONCLER MOUNTAIN FORCE PARAJUMPERS ROSSIGNOL JCDC SOS TONI SAILER SUN VALLEY VILLAGE 208.622.2021 BASE OF RIVER RUN 208.622.6146 S U N VA L L E Y. C O M snow kings “We always laughed that Dave led by pulling on the rope, he wasn’t behind cracking the whip, pushing the rope.”  — Long-time Mammoth ski coach and employee Dennis Agee Standing at the top of Dave’s Run, it’s easy to see what attracted Dave McCoy to Mammoth Mountain. The sculpted cornices and brilliant white bowls that go on forever beckon those with skiing in their blood. And that pretty much defines Dave McCoy. McCoy turned 100 last August. Over 68 years at the helm of Mammoth Mountain, he grew the ski area on this snow-covered lava dome from a couple of portable rope tows to the monumental resort that it is today — with 28 lifts, including three gondolas, and 3,500 acres of skiing. Why? Because McCoy wanted to have fun. And he wanted those around him, whether they were building new chairlifts, racing gates, or skiing through several feet of untracked powder, to have fun too. With a personality — and a following — perhaps larger than Mammoth, Dave McCoy and Roma, his wife of 74 years, are quick to share the praise. “The family and the community were always a big part of our success, as they helped play in the big sandbox as well,” McCoy wrote on his website DaveMcCoyPhoto.com. “It  shows that no man does anything alone.” Mammoth’s community of friends, employees, townspeople, ski racers, and many others, stuck with McCoy for a reason. Born on August 24, 1915 in El Segundo, California — just south of what’s now LAX International Airport — Dave McCoy was only 5 years old when his father quit his job at the Standard Oil Refinery and began working as a state highway contractor. With thousands of miles of California roads to pave, the McCoys lived an itinerant life, traveling from one tent encampment to the next. An only child, McCoy quickly learned how to make friends, and perhaps 94 more importantly, how to “look at a guy and know what he’s like,” McCoy once told Sports Illustrated. In 1928, McCoy visited Independence, a town along U.S. Route 395 in the Owens Valley. With the snowcapped Eastern Sierra rising from Independence like a theater backdrop, he was captivated. The nomadic boy had found the place where he would spend his life. “I couldn’t get over the snow on the mountains in the middle of July,” he told Robin Morning in the McCoy biography, Tracks of Passion. “This spiritual feeling came over me, a sense of opportunity, and desire. I felt like I belonged, and I knew I would come back.” He did come back, in 1935 — after a few years living with his grandparents in Wilkeson, Washington, where he learned to ski. In Independence he worked at Jim’s Place, a restaurant owned by his mom’s friends, then became a hydrographer for the L.A. Department of Water and Power. His job: to ski into the backcountry, measure snow depth, and estimate how much water would flow downstream each spring. Before he left Jim’s Place, he met a curly-haired cheerleader named Roma Carriere — they married in 1941. Skiing was more than a means to work. It was pure fun — swooping through snowfields was the definition of freedom. McCoy built portable rope tows so he and his friends could ski on the weekends. Friends and ski lovers flocked to McGee Mountain (about 16 miles southeast of Mammoth Mountain along Route 395) to ride McCoy’s tows. When the snow melted in the valleys, he moved his tows higher, first skiing Mammoth’s slopes on Easter Sunday 1936. The cost of a lift ticket: A smile. As grandson David Barrett says, “He manufactured fun.” But Dave and Roma still had to eat. One weekend shortly after they were married, they ran out of money. With a few days until P h oto : T h e McC oy Fa m i ly A r c h i v e Ski racing with Dave McCoy of Mammoth Mountain. snow kings Mammoth’s growth was fueled by passion, hard work, and ingenuity. MOUNTAIN MAKERS CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT P h oto s : T h e McC oy Fa m i ly A r c h i v e 1. Dave and Roma McCoy at the summit. 2. Dave McCoy skis Gravity Chute mid-1950s. 3. The McCoy family on deck. 4. Dave McCoy overlooking the Mammoth ropetow. 5. Dave and Roma McCoy mid-1960s. McCoy received his next paycheck, he suggested to Roma that she charge 50 cents to ride the rope tow. Roma was mortified… until she realized that they collected $15, and people still smiled. A talented ski racer — even after he shattered his leg racing in the California State Championship in 1942 — McCoy was also a renowned coach. He coached local legends like Jill Kinmont, Linda Meyers, and his daughter Penny, who won a bronze medal in slalom at the 1966 World Championships. And some of the nation’s top skiers — Jean Saubert and Joan Hannah, to name just two — came to Mammoth to ski with McCoy. “None of those people were invited, they came to ski,” says Dennis Agee, who was inspired by McCoy to learn to ski after his family moved to Mammoth. “It was almost like a skiing field of dreams.” McCoy coached each person differently and made instruction clear by explaining the physics of the sport. “He had the ability to see what each individual’s challenges were, and he spoke to those challenges,” adds Agee. “He didn’t say, ‘This guy is the best skier in the world, you have to look like him.’ He looked at you as an individual and brought out your strengths and recognized your weaknesses and came up with a program for each of us that allowed us to fulfill what God-given talents we had.” And he focused on every skier, not just the stars. “He was always positive to all of us who were less than athletic but willing to work,” says Dennis “Poncho” McCoy, Dave and Roma’s second-oldest son. “He always made it fun for us.” McCoy also made it fun to work for him; his passion for building a ski area was as great as his desire to play on it. When no one else thought that Mammoth Mountain was a good location for a ski area — too windy, too snowy, too high, too avalanche-prone, and too isolated — McCoy thought otherwise. He had had too much fun skiing its glades. So when the U.S. Forest Service asked how he would develop the mountain, he drew three lines on a piece of paper showing where he would put the lifts. The Forest Service gave McCoy a permit. Two weeks before his sixth child was born in November 1953, McCoy requested a leave of absence from the LADWP and began welcoming skiers to his rope tows at Mammoth Mountain. Over the next couple of decades, Mammoth became truly mammoth, paralleling the growth of California in the boom that followed World War II. Unlike other ski area founders, he did it without investors, taking out small loans and pumping any profit back into the mountain. But mostly, Mammoth’s growth was fueled by passion, hard work, and ingenuity. “He’s one of these guys, because he is so passionate, he has a sparkle in his eye and a grin on his face almost all the time,” says Poncho, “really, all the time.” And he wanted to put a smile on the faces of those who came to Mammoth. Barrett remembers driving to the mountain with his grandfather and asking why he didn’t want to make Mammoth a high-end destination resort like Aspen or Vail. “He said, ‘I don’t want to beat Vail or Aspen,’” recalls Barrett, now a TV producer in New York City. “He said, ‘I am in this business to manufacture fun. If I can make it as cheap as possible so that I can see as many families as I can possibly see smiling down that mountain, that is what drives every decision that I make.’” Mammoth’s growth was also fueled by the hard work of others who came to work at the mountain. Like the young ski racers who trained at Mammoth, these employees were drawn to work for McCoy. He never asked them to come. He was, as Dennis Agee says, the pied piper. “His management style was by example,” says Agee, who worked at Mammoth before and after stints coaching the U.S. Ski Team. “He never asked anybody at the mountain to do anything that he hadn’t done, whether it be driving a snowcat, a cement truck, or a loader to clear trails. We always 97 snow kings laughed that Dave led by pulling on the rope, he wasn’t behind cracking the whip, pushing the rope.” McCoy also empowered people. Clifford Mann, who grew up racing at Mammoth and ran mountain operations, remembers the summer when he turned 12. McCoy let his youngest son, Randy, and young Clifford drive a bulldozer to fill around the foundation of the mid-mountain lodge. Three years later, Clifford helped build Chair 6. He was 15 years old. “Some kids got Tonka toys,” says Mann. “We got the real deal.” They worked through good times and bad, surviving snow droughts and years where there was so much snow that it buried the ski area. They survived avalanches, earthquakes, and volcanic activity, and recessions and gas shortages. Through it all, McCoy was positive. “We’re going to get it done,” Mann remembers McCoy saying in 1990 when he tasked Mann with developing a snowmaking system while the company was in financial trouble. In 1996, Rusty Gregory, who started at Mammoth as a lift operator in 1978, took over as CEO, then later as Mammoth’s chairman. “Taking over Dave’s responsibilities was a little like 98 Dave and Roma did not sideline themselves in retirement. They have continued their involvement with the Mammoth Lakes Foundation, founded in 1989 to carry on McCoy’s legacy by bringing higher education and cultural enrichment to the Eastern Sierra. In Mammoth Lakes, a branch of Cerro Coso Community College now offers associates degrees and transferable credits to the University of California system, and the MLF provides free tuition to the Mammoth campus to anyone living in Mono County who wishes to continue their education. To date, the MLF has given out 625 scholarships, and the campus has grown to 500 students. “Dave built this college program from zero to where it is today,” says Evan Russell, CEO of the MLF. “But he will tell you it’s not just him. He gets people excited around him, then people come out of the woodwork to do things.” McCoy has also pursued photography in retirement, his “camera’s eye keeps making the Eastern Sierra a place for all of us to enjoy,” he wrote on his website. Sales of his prints benefit the MLF, as well as other organizations. And he’s continued to tinker, turning the ATV on which he and Roma explore the mountains into a zero-emissions vehicle. He worked with a team from the mountain and from town to develop the ATV. And it’s still not about the money, he told Mammoth Magazine. It’s about fun. “He’s spent his life doing what he loved,” says McCoy’s son Poncho. “Not many people can say that.” P h oto : T h e McC oy Fa m i ly A r c h i v e “There’s never been a man like Dave McCoy and there never will be.” — Roma McCoy coming out on stage after the Rolling Stones, ” says Gregory. “It’s impossible to follow in Dave’s footsteps. His imprint is too large and his stride is too long for anyone to follow.” “Dave left a culture of having fun, putting people first, and doing things our own way, the more idiosyncratic and different the better,” he adds. “We still believe strongly in all of these things.” Looking back, McCoy realizes that Mammoth was really a college for those who worked there. “It educated so many people in so many professions that they carried on through their lives,” he said recently. In October 2005, less than two months after McCoy’s 90th birthday, he and Roma signed the papers selling Mammoth to Starwood Capital Group. “It’s like selling your heart,” Roma McCoy tearfully told reporters. “We practically grew up here. We raised our kids and grandchildren here. There’s never been a man like Dave McCoy and there never will be.” snow homes F sir richard Style Sir Richard Branson’s Stylish Verbier Hideaway for Hire words By Leslie Woit photos by yves garneau 100 irst, let’s get the name right. It’s Verbs, darling. And true to the moniker, this resort is all about action men and women. Verbier lures mountain-mad alpine fashionistas like a siren in a storm. A true classic of the Alps, this big-mountain bit of Switzerland is renowned for powder, parties, and chalet culture. Verbier’s huge off-piste and non-stop socials attract Hollywood royalty from Leonardo and Jude, to the 24-carat kind that includes William, Kate, and Harry. Their aunt and uncle, a.k.a. Fergie and Prince Andrew, bought a Verbier chalet just last year. Verbs has chalets in spades — catered, self-catered, and über-private. Atop the A-list is the well-established nine-bedroom home of Sir Richard Branson, the U.K. founder of the Virgin Group. Known as The Lodge, it’s an exclusive member of the Virgin Limited Edition collection of retreats. It’s a snow-coated wedding cake en bois, enviably tucked in a wood just 800 feet from the Médran gondola station. Opened in 2008, The Lodge has made its mark as one of Switzerland’s sought after luxury retreats. Sir Richard and his family make good use of The Lodge. “I’ve always had a passion for skiing because of my dad, photo by Stefan Schlumpf Jacket GLOBAL // pants CASANNA // refined skiwear. capranea.ch Edward James Branson, who was one of the pioneers of skiing in the 1920s,” Branson says. “From the moment I saw it I knew this beautiful chalet in the Swiss Alps was destined to become my favorite mountain hideaway. I chose Verbier because it’s an  amazing year-round destination, and offers world-class skiing, fabulous après-ski, and beautiful old restaurants tucked away in the woods.” He adds: “I have always loved Verbier. We get there a couple of times a year.” For the rest of the winter, this sumptuous chalet and its team are available for exclusive hire by the week, or an individual room basis if the chalet has not been booked for exclusive use. Rental includes a staff of 14 — activities co-ordinator, spa therapist, and cooks trained by celeb-chef Raymond Blanc. Oh, the games you’ll play. The Lodge accommodates 18 guests plus up to six children or young adults in a funky bunkroom kitted out with TV, Xbox and beanbags. Five lavish floors reveal nine en suite bedrooms — that’s seven suites and two top-floor master suites. Take a dip in the indoor pool, or get bubbly in the indoor and outdoor Jacuzzis. (Champagne and other tipples are included.) Shoot some pool, workout in the gym, or trip the light beneath the twinkling disco ball in your dance and party room. There’s even a private ice rink. Just because it’s big doesn’t mean it’s not cozy. Warm wood surrounds and high thread counts prevail. From remotecontrolled fireplaces, a large wine cellar, 102 and wide balconies that open onto one of the  finest peakscapes in the Alps, exciting pops of orange, purple and yellow keep things vibrant. Branson’s humor is evident, too: vast bathrooms and egg-shaped tubs come with rubber duckies at the ready. Tired ski legs? The spa treatment tables lie in wait and the elevator comes in handy too. Fifteen months of work went into this eco-oriented chalet, by architects Sophie Mourad and Patrice Coupy (archimc.com), employing recycled wood to water-saving loos. The decor is contemporary chic, thanks to star interior designer Fiona Barratt — granddaughter of late Sir Lawrence Barratt, known as Britain’s most prolific house builder, and spouse of former England football captain Sol Campbell. Furniture was custom made in England and shipped to Switzerland. Clean lines are paired with sumptuous fabrics: plain oak armchairs are lined with flannel and cashmere stoles drape out-sized sofas. Branson’s globetrotting joie de vivre lives large in the personal touches that include photos of his exploits (public and private), and beloved biographies of his favorite adventurers. Sir Richard has a hand in all of it, including the secret passageway in his bedroom that opens into a further private suite. Says Branson: “My wife Joan and I love to get involved in the design of our properties.” Of course, we’re not surprised to learn moguls love powder — virgin powder at that. “I love to heli-ski in Verbier,” Branson says. “It’s nice to have a day without lifts.” The Lodge’s concierge regularly organizes heli-skiing days. Lifting off from just below the village, a glittering array of peaks surrounds Verbier proper. Ones like Petit Combin, whose 360-degree panorama stretches from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn, the rugged Trient Glacier, or, at a height of 12,454 feet, the Pigne d’Arolla, the highest drop-off point around Verbier — these are the Alps’ classic heli-skiing landing zones at altitudes above 10,000 feet. Long runs descend through stunning mountain scenery, averaging close to 6,500 vertical feet. Far from the madding crowds, one or two multi-hour descents end in a picturesque barn-filled hamlet, or inside a remote restaurant where a tangy fondue or tasty raclette and excellent local Valais wines such as Chasselas and Humagne Rouge await… As does your 24-hour chauffeur, just another service for Sir Richard’s guests at his hideaway in Verbs. WWW.VIRGINLIMITEDEDiTION.COM snow homes “From the moment I saw it I knew this beautiful chalet in the Swiss Alps was destined to become my favorite mountain hideaway.”  — Sir Richard Branson CONTEMPORARY CHIC Interior designer Fiona Barratt paired clean lines with leather, flannel and cashmere fabrics to warm surroundings and create a welcoming atmosphere that’s both contemporary and chic. 103 snowstrike VARIOTRONIC Fastest adaptable lens of all time. Light and shade just a click away. With the snowstrike VT you are in FULL control. protecting people SNOW stories Swing into the snow season with Mod Squad style and magical moments in Megève. Mon Dieu ! Don’t miss the mountain-loving men of the 10th Mountain Division. Alma Coat Moncler $1,820 Fur hat SOS $610 Sunglasses Stylist’s Own 105 Reid Jacket Sportalm $1,729 Pant Sportalm $759 Alma One-piece SOS $690 Belt SOS $120 Goggles Optic Nerve $169 Mittens Astis $195 Vanusa One-piece Fendi $2,800 Helmet Kask $1,800 Diego Jacket Lacroix $1,989 Pant Lacroix $845 Watch Bell & Ross $3,900 The Mod Squad Onesies, hipster belts, trippy geometric patterns, and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;60s silhouettes groove the slopes from Vail and Aspen to the Andes and St. Moritz. Photographs by daniela federici STYLED BY Shifteh Shahbazian 10 OPPOSITE PAGE Reid Jacket Descente $550 Pant RH+ $500 Glove Kjus $279 Skis Bomber $1,900 Sunglasses Vuarnet $540 Diego Jacket Aztech $1,300 Pant Aztech $725 Sweater Lacroix $1,130 Helmet Kask $550 Gloves Zanier $140 Ski Boots Surefoot Lange $499 THIS PAGE Reid Jacket Perfect Moment $750 Pant Perfect Moment $350 Alma Jacket Skea $935 Pant Skea $418 Baselayer Kari Traa $55 Boots Vist $349 Sunglasses Revo $349 THIS PAGE Vanusa Jacket Fera $275 Top Osklen $179 Skirted Leggins Newland $179 Beanie Eisbar $60 Reid Jacket Strafe $600 Puffy Jacket Sync $299 Pant Perfect Moment $350 Headband Chaos $40 Skis Bomber $1,900 OPPOSITE PAGE Alma Vest Goldbergh $550 Sweater Krimson Klover $189 Pant Authier $890 Helmet Goldbergh $403 Diego Jacket Helly Hansen $850 Baselayer Helly Hansen $100 Pant Helly Hansen $90 Goggles Optic Nerve $169 4 THIS PAGE Diego Jacket J.Lindeberg $1,100 Baselayer J.Lindeberg $175 Pant J.Lindeberg $690 Sneakers Converse $70 Alma Jacket Moose Knuckles $795 Top Skea $128 Pant Bogner $599 Shoes Aerin $338 Beanie Chaos $45 OPPOSITE PAGE Vanusa (1) Jacket Fusalp $1,910 Pant Fusalp $600 Beanie Lacroix $79 Booties Pedro $338 Vanusa (2) Jacket Paul & Shark $1,850 Zip-neck top Colmar $199 Après pant Colmar $290 Booties Pedro $338 Sunglasses Vuarnet $345 Ring Lulu Fiedler $380 Vanusa (3) One-Piece Goldbergh $1,024 Booties Pedro $338 Helmet Goldbergh $403 OPPOSITE PAGE Reid Jacket Mountain Force $1,299 Sweater Dale of Norway $299 Goggles Lacroix $235 Alma Jacket Nils $600 Pant Perfect Moment $350 Sweater Ecote $69 Sunglasses Barton Perreira $430 THIS PAGE Vanusa Jacket Frauenschuh $1,398 Sweater Stylist’s own Pant Snow Sugar $90 Helmet Vist $690 Reid Jacket Aether $325 Pant Aether $495 Sunglasses Revo $189 Alma Jacket Vist $799 One-Piece Jet Set $598 2 THIS PAGE Vanusa Jacket Kjus $899 Pant Kjus $579 Top Nicole Miller Price available upon request Ski Boots Surefoot Lange $919 Beanie Discrete $32 Goggles Optic Nerve $169 Reid Jacket Bogner $1,499 Pant Bogner $869 Sneakers Creative Reception $72 OPPOSITE PAGE alma Jacket M.Miller $1,730 Turtleneck RH+ $800 Pant RH+ $450 Sunglasses Barton Perreira $430 3 P h oto : c o u r t e s y o f t h e C o lo r a d o S k i & S n o w b oa r d M u s e u m a n d H a l l o f Fa m e , Va i l , C O www. s k i m u s e u m . n e t war & skiing War & Skiing There never was a group of fighting men quite like the 10th Mountain Division By David Shribman war & skiing P h oto s : c o u r t e s y o f t h e C o lo r a d o S k i & S n o w b oa r d M u s e u m a n d H a l l o f Fa m e , Va i l , C O www. s k i m u s e u m . n e t “All of the guys in the 10th Mountain Division had one thing in common. We loved the mountains.”  — Richard Calvert T CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT 1. Pete Siebert, Bob Parker, and Bill Brown in Vail. 2. 10th mountain troops marching in formation with skis rather than rifles 3. Training at Colorado’s Camp Hale. hey were present at the creation of Aspen and Vail. Without them there would be no Arapahoe Basin in Colorado, no Crystal Mountain in Washington, no Sandia Peak in New Mexico, no Sugarbush in Vermont, no Mount Bachelor in Oregon. Alta in Utah would be a different place entirely without them. The same applies to the Olympic Village in St. Moritz in 1948. Five of them were on the United States ski team in the 1948 Olympics, six if you include the coach. Footprints in the snow are notoriously shortlived — new snowfall covers them up; they become smudged by time, they are eroded by thaws and disappear with the changing of the seasons. But the footprints the men of the 10th Mountain Division are left where they trained in the snows of Colorado, where they fought in wartime Europe, and across North America, where they planted more than five dozen ski resorts, defying the physics of snow. They endure and, in a further defiance of the natural world, they glimmer, if not actually on the mountainsides, then surely in the legacy they provided. Because there never was a group of fighting men — there never was a group of ski pioneers — there never was a group of snow-crazy warriors, partiers, visionaries, and men of destiny — quite like the men of the 10th Mountain Division. They helped defeat tyranny, they helped establish an important industry, and they helped define an era that grows more glorious with the years. “All of the guys in the 10th Mountain Division had one thing in common,’’ says Richard Calvert of  Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, who is still skiing at age 91. “We loved the mountains. We were hunters, we were fishermen, we were climbers and of course we were skiers. And when we came back we continued to hunt and to fish — and to ski. “For me,’’ he continues, “it was the most important  experience of my life.’’ It was, for all of them, a defining experience. One of them became the president of the Sierra Club and founded Friends of the Earth. One co-founded Nike, one coached the San Diego Chargers. One was the governor of Massachusetts, one — not a skier but whose life was saved by two skiers — was a flatlander from a Dust Bowl town. He was Robert Joseph Dole of Russell, Kansas, where no one he ever knew in his hardscrabble plains hometown had ever seen, let alone put on, a pair of skis. Dragged to safety in the mountains by two skiing comrades, he survived to become the Senate majority leader and the 1996 Republican presidential nominee. “I can say without reservation that if those two skiers hadn’t been with me I would have never made it,’’ Dole told me. “I would not have survived.’’ In our mind’s memory, skiing is a sport of tranquility and serenity, performed in a remote mountain fastness; the wind and the glancing sweep of skis against snow are the only sounds, and if audible at all, those are whispers, not shouts. Whether amid the trees in the West or on finely sculpted cruising trails in the East, skiing at its artful best is a matter of swishes and swooshes, rustles and murmurs. That’s the reverie. The reality is different. For a millennium, these implements of recreation have 121 CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT 1. In the field in Italy’s Apennine Mountains, WWII. 2. Camp Hale 3. Learning to  ski. 4. Aspen’s Friedl Pfeifer greets Dartmouth’s Walter Prager. war & skiing A division of ski warriors whose high-altitude agility and skiing prowess could provide protection along America’s northern boundaries TOP TO BOTTOM P h oto s : c o u r t e s y o f t h e C o lo r a d o S k i & S n o w b oa r d M u s e u m a n d H a l l o f Fa m e , Va i l , C O www. s k i m u s e u m . n e t ( l e f t pag e ) 1. Charles J. Sanders’ The Boys of Winter. 2. Peter Shelton’s Climb to Conquer. 3. Skiing by Walter Prager. had the capacity to help wreak military damage, perform acts of sabotage, and stage lethal forest ambushes in various isolated episodes of history. Our weekend warriors on the slopes of Killington have their analogues and ancestors in the killing fields of Asia and Europe — and records show that skis were prominent in warfare as early as the Battle of Oslo in the year 1200. Yet it was the Finns who shaped winter warfare, as we know it. On silent skis they moved along remote trails to resist the Soviets in the Winter War of 1939-1940, oftentimes in temperatures so forbidding that, in one of the curiosities of cold, the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales merged at minus 40 degrees. In evocative photographs of the time, the Finnish soldiers, outfitted in white, are portrayed burrowed in snow banks, their rifles at hand but their skis and poles discarded at the side. These troops, known to the frustrated Russians as “White Death,’’ caught the Soviet invaders off guard with forest ambushes that, as the Times of London put it, made “rings around Russian soldiers” — and inspired the world. They also attracted the attention of a fabled Dartmouth skier named Dave Bradley, who would later design more than five-dozen ski-jump hills and win international attention for his work for peace in a nuclear world. Dave Bradley — writer, surgeon, Olympic team manager, New Hampshire state legislator — had seen the Finnish resistance firsthand, and he conveyed this report to Charles Minot (Minnie) Dole, the founder and, for more than a dozen years the director, of the National Ski Patrol: “The Finnish skiers were their own armies, their own general staffs, and many is the boy who tackled and downed a tank with no more weapon than a log of wood or a gasoline bottle tied to a hand grenade.’’ That sentence and a hearthside conversation involving Minnie Dole and three other ski pioneers in a Vermont retreat provided the strategic seeds of the 10th Mountain Division. There had been American ski soldiers before; in 1898 Frederick Remington captured on film the activities of U.S. Army ski patrols in Yellowstone. But what these men conjured in front of a roaring fire 3,750 miles from Hitler’s Berlin bunker would change the nature of American warfare and lead to a vital World War II victory in the northern Apennine Mountains of Italy. And so the call went out for mountain men and for men merely familiar with the mountains, the goal being the creation of a division of ski warriors whose high-altitude agility and skiing prowess could provide protection along America’s northern boundaries, or wage guerrilla warfare in the high altitudes of Europe, or conduct conventional attacks along mountain frontiers. The idea was fanciful, it was romantic, it was exciting  —  and it was dangerous. The foes would be Axis forces, to be sure, but the foes would also be the weather (unpredictable, but leaning toward terrible in the mountains) and the terrain (the most dangerous in the world). “When it came time to get drafted I joined the 10th and skiing was the reason,’’ says Don Linscott, who grew up barreling down the Thunderbolt Trail on Mount Greylock, constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and site of the 1936 United States Eastern Alpine Ski Championships. I caught up with him — one of 19 young men who joined the 10th from his tiny hometown of Adams, Mass. — just before he went skiing at age 91 last winter at Pat’s Peak in Henniker, New Hampshire. “I figured that if you were going to go into the Army anyway you might as well join the mountain troops. It was perfect for me.’’ Bradley suggested the ski troops recruit his onetime Dartmouth coach Walter Prager, a Swiss émigré originally drafted into the Coast Guard even though he did not know how to swim. Before long he was First Sergeant Prager and was assigned to the mountain troops, in part because along with being a ski evangelist he was at heart a practical man. In a $1.50 how-to book about skiing written in 1939, the man who would later become the coach of the 1948 United States Olympic ski team opened Chapter Four with this sentence: “If you can walk, climb, and regain your feet after a spill, you are ready for downhill skiing.’’ It was slightly more complicated than that, of course, and as a result the core of the corps was Prager’s Dartmouth skiers, who accounted for 107 of the 10th’s men. “There is little use wasting all 123 war & skiing “I can say without reservation that if those two skiers hadn’t been with me I would have never made it,’’ Bob Dole told me. “I would not have survived.’’ LEFT TO RIGHT 1. Men of the 10th in Italy’s Apennine Mountains, WWII. 2. Cover of LIFE Magazine, November 9, 1942. 3. Vail’s Pete Siebert. the time and energy teaching a bunch of southerners how to ski,’’ Bradley said. The training was rigorous and remote at Camp Hale, 9,500 feet above sea level near Pando, Colo. There the men were drilled in mountaineering, skiing, snowshoeing, and then were taught how to construct snow caves and employ dog sleds. One picture produced by Winston Pote, who would later attain fame for his photographs of skiing in New Hampshire’s White Mountains, showed the mountain troops marching in formation with skis rather than rifles balanced on their shoulders. The 10th was an object of irresistible and unremitting interest, stoked by the military publicity machine. Crews from Columbia Pictures and Warner Brothers mobilized. LIFE magazine put the mountain troops on its cover. The 124 film Mountain Fighters opened with an NFL Films-style narrator who bellowed with a stentorian reverence that would later be applied to the Mercury Seven astronauts: “Here, surrounded by the awe-inspiring grandeur of towering snow-clad peaks, our mountain divisions are being trained for the vital role they will play in the destruction of the Axis. And what men they are!’’ What men they were. Their greatest moment came in February 1945, on the Riva Ridge escarpment, so steep that, according to Jeffrey R. Leich’s account in his Tales of the 10th, published in 2003, “the German mountain troops holding it believed it was unclimbable.’’ On four separate routes the men of the division made their daring ascent, scattering the German soldiers, some of whom may well have been members of the German Universities Ski Team that members of the mountain troops had faced in ski competition on the very Thunderbolt Trail that Don Linscott had bolted down as a boy. “It cannot be ruled out,’’ Charles J. Sanders wrote in The Boys of Winter, his 2005 chronicle of the men of the 10th “that some had met their enemy before in the mountains.’’ Their training — so steeped in mythology and romance that Robert Redford has optioned Peter Shelton’s 2003 Climb to Conquer for a film — changed history. The nighttime assault on the ice and snow of Riva Ridge is regarded as an indispensable part of the combat along the spine of the Apennines in Italy. Riva Ridge lent its name to one of the original trails at Vail, a beloved four-mile journey with stunning views and challenging steeps. And Apennine war & skiing P h oto s : c o u r t e s y o f t h e C o lo r a d o S k i & S n o w b oa r d M u s e u m a n d H a l l o f Fa m e , Va i l , C O www. s k i m u s e u m . n e t ( v i n tag e ) , S t e v e P r awdz i k (c h a i r l i f t ) 10th Mountain Division vets in Vail: (left to right) Jimmy Nasser, Hugh Evans and Dick Dirkes. combat resulted in the transformation of one of the most remarkable men in modern American politics. He is known to history as one of the greatest legislators ever to serve in the Senate. But before he moved into politics, Bob Dole — once a high school basketball star renowned for his two-hand set shot and later an advocate for the disabled — was blown apart by a shell on the side of an Italian mountain while leading his troops in the last months of the war, injured so badly that a platoon sergeant gave him a shot of morphine but didn’t think he would survive. He almost didn’t. “We had two ski guys with us,’’ Dole, then 92, told me last winter. “I was no mountain guy, but they were. They dragged me to safety, and then they stayed with me far too long, or at least longer than they probably should have.’’ Dole was so profoundly injured that his weight dropped to 122 pounds. One day his temperature spiked to 107.8 degrees. He lost his right kidney. He was hospitalized for four years. At his very depths, Dole was a symbol of the hardship the mountain troops endured — hardships shared even by those who returned fit enough to ski and go on to found scores of mountain resorts in the peacetime primes of their lives. “I wanted to be in the ski troops, but when you get into a combat outfit you don’t realize that it is not glamorous,’’ Newc Eldredge, a onetime Dartmouth skier who still occasionally strapped on his skis at age 90, told me before he died in early July. “There is a lot of darkness to it. It is not a pleasure. We experienced a lot of combat, and I hadn’t anticipated that. It was devastating.’’ After the war a new, quieter battle began — to restore and enhance a ski business that had been hindered by gas rationing and wartime privations, and perhaps even to tame it. “These were the men who came back from the war and continued to live that life,’’ says Bob Linscott, president of the New England chapter of the National Association of the 10th Mountain Division and the son of one of the winter warriors. “They wanted the outdoor ethic to survive, and they wanted to expose as many people as possible to the ski life. They literally made a new industry.’’ One of those pioneers was Pete Siebert, injured in Apennine combat so badly that his rehabilitation took 17 months. With grit and a homemade leg brace, he became a ski instructor at Aspen and operations manager at Loveland. But like so many in the 10th, he was a dreamer, too, and his vision transformed a Colorado sheep pasture into a resort known as Vail and then sowed the seeds of Snow Basin, the Utah ski behemoth that later was host to the 2002 Olympic ski events and was the setting for the movie Frozen. Siebert and his companions from the 10th provided the impetus and the inspiration for the new ski industry, leaving their fingerprints on more than 60 ski areas beyond Vail and Snowbasin. They were helped by the piles of surplus ski equipment, all originally intended for the mountain soldiers, but were perfectly serviceable on trails on the sides of White Pass in Washington State, Ski Santa Fe in New Mexico, and Jackson Hole in Wyoming, which the men of the 10th would sculpt. And so the story of skiing in wartime is really a tale of triumph in peacetime. The soldiers who towed their materials with ropes constructed rudimentary rope tows. The men who carried guns in mountainside battles soon set up ski guns on stateside slopes. They traded military bases for base lodges. They built more than just T-bars, Poma lifts, and chairlifts. They built lives in the mountains — and their legacy is a  mountain way of life that has endured, a sparkling vision in white, for three generations. 125 megève MEGÈVE MOMENTS A HUNDRED YEARS ON, FRANCE’S ORIGINAL GLAMOUR POT STILL SPARKLES LIKE ITS BEST CHAMPAGNE BY LESLIE WOIT Photo: Megève Tourisme - Simon Garnier The village of Megève with the chic AAllard ski boutique in the background. D o we know each other?” asks  a tall handsome stranger pausing by the linen-draped piste-side table, the pretty sunlit peaks of Mont d’Arbois surrounding like jewels of a Cartier tiara. “Why? Do you think we’re going to?” she replies playfully from behind large dark sunglasses. “I already know an awful lot of people.” The elegant woman is dressed in Givenchy, her delicate violet scent — L’Interdit, bien sûr — wisps delicately over the cool air, direction Mont Blanc. Despite being deliciously thin, she’s tucking into a brouillade aux truffes and a glass of red with gusto. “Until one of them dies, I couldn’t possibly meet anyone else.” Stylish, chic and witty, it’s just another Megève moment, this time with Audrey Hepburn and Cary Grant in 1963’s Charade. For a century, mountain restaurants like Les Mandarines have been providing perfect alpine placement to beautiful people, glamorous clothes and champagne fueled repartee. Plus ça change… Located between two rivers in the Mont Blanc region of HauteSavoie, Megève derives its name from the Celtic — Mag, for house, and Eva, for water. Its current century-long incarnation — alpine farming village as glittering getaway — is the brainchild of Baroness Noémie “Mimi” Rothschild, so bored with St. Moritz she invented a new resort. At least, that’s the sanitized version of the story. In reality, the Rothschilds were keen to move their money and their selves away from the increasingly Teutonic atmosphere of between-wars St. Moritz. In 1924, the Baroness commissioned a young architect to renovate a weathered guesthouse on a plateau overlooking the village. The gentle, Gallic sun-soaked mountainscape was hers. The Rothschild chalet is now a deeply cosseting Relais & Châteaux property known as Chalet du Mont d’Arbois, and it is here in a sun-dappled corner table at Le 1920 that we settle in for our first Megève luncheon. The linen is starched, the crystal glittering and plentiful, and elegant original frescos adorn the walls as we taste a little of what life at chez Rothschild is like — a sort of aristocratic version of 100-mile dining. Game, butter and cheese all come from the family farm, Ferme des 30 Arpents. The extravagant cheese board, in its lactose  loveliness, offers the only Meaux brie boasting a farm label, produced at the same Seine-et-Marne estate. And of course the wine list draws heavily from the Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild. Over coming years, a further 200 Megève chalets and buildings were designed by anointed super-tect Henry Jacques Le Même, producing a pleasing palate of shuttered, A-framed charm, in sharp relief — visual as well as spiritual — to the brutalism that would soon characterize many French resorts. Comfortable, functional 128 and open to the countryside, his design for chalets, schools, shops, and bars made a significant contribution to defining 20th century mountain living. With King Albert of Belgium as Chalet du Mont d’Arbois’ sponsor (a keen mountain lover, he too had no love lost for the Germans, blocking progress through Belgium of the Kaiser’s troops en route to attack France) Megève’s ski lifts and its altiport, crucial for the emerging jet set, blossomed under the aegis of aristo-energy. France’s original purpose-built ski resort, Megève became for the chic by the chic. After a fortifying five courses, we are primed to explore the area’s three distinct ski areas, Mont d’Arbois-Princesse, RochebruneCôte 2000, and Jaillet. I make for Rochebrune — linked with the village center via gondola and cable car into a series of wooded, northeast-facing runs — up to the high point of Côte 2000, though the best snow to be found is literally everywhere. This January week, a foot of light powder has pummeled the valley and flanked the peaks, leaving neighboring resorts of Chamonix and Courchevel agog with envy. Our local instructor shares the powder blessing with us, through trees on rolling slopes. This is a low altitude ski station that can suffer for it, but for us, the sight‑enhancing trees define some of the finest hero runs of the season. After skiing, the entire community strolls the snow-laden alleys of the medieval village, the 14th-century Church of St John the Baptist, and the tall glittering Christmas tree in front, providing the perfect orientation point. We need a compass to navigate the dizzying array of elegant furs, cashmeres and woolens that pad the shops of Chanel, Bogner, Moncler, Hermès — all here in multi-hued splendour. But one stands out among this soigné crowd: AAllard. Remember Miss Hepburn working her mountain chic look? From Audrey to Bardot and Carla Bruni to Catherine Deneuve, no right-thinking Megèviste would be seen on-piste or off- without her fuseau. Yes, fuseau. The chic black ski pants of the ‘50s, ‘60s and beyond began here in Megève with the famous Allard Family. The fuseau ski pant, designed by Armand Allard in 1930 in Megève, was the first clothing item specially designed for an alpine sports activity: le ski. “My grandfather invented the fuseau during winter 1929-30 for Émile Allais, the very famous skier from Megève,” explains Antoine Allard, third generation guardian of the AAllard brand. “He was the first world champion and the first world champion in every discipline.” “You know Tin Tin?” he asks me cryptically. “The story is they used to ski with golf pants, very large with the long socks, not easy for skiing because it takes the wind, snow attached to it, and it P h oto : © P Sc h a f f megève “ We need a compass to navigate the dizzying array of elegant furs, cashmeres and woolens that pad the shops of Chanel, Bogner, Moncler, Hermès… The indoor / outdoor pool at Chalet du Mont d’Arbois. P h o t o s : M e g è v e t o u r i s m e - c y r i l e n t z m a n n / z i r (c h u r c h ) , M e g è v e t o u r i s m e - d d d Da n i e l d u r a n d (c h r i s t m a s d e co r at i o n ) , © M C e l l a r d ( ta b l e ) , M e g è v e t o u r i s m e - d d d Da n i e l d u r a n d ( s k i ) , © P S c h a f f ( b e d) , © LB r a n da j s ( f i r e p l ac e ) , M e g è v e t o u r i s m e - d d d ( h o r s e s ) , L e s F e r m e s d e M a r i e / L . D i O r i o , M P M , T. S h u & DR ( p o o l ) CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT 1. One of Megève’s many snow-covered chapels. 2. A view of Megève through a magical snow globe. 3. Restaurant Le 1920. 4. Skiing into the village. 5. The Pure Altitude spa at Les Fermes de Marie. 6. Megève’s preferred choice of transportation: horse & carriage. 7. Rustic chic inside Chalet du Mont d’Arbois. 8. The Noémie suite at Mont d’Arbois. next page CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT 1. Megève’s diamond-cut peaks. 2. Audrey Hepburn on the Megève set of Charade, circa 1963. 3. The salon at Chalet du Mont d’Arbois. 4. A satisfied customer of M. Allard expresses her gratitude with a photo in her new fuseau, 1956. wasn’t comfortable. So Émile Allais came to my grandfather and my grandfather told him, ‘Come back tomorrow. I will think of something’.” Voilà, pants slipped inside boots to streamlined, speedy effect, and an elastic band under foot secured the deal. Émile Allais became a world sensation. “He won it all and he won it with the fuseau,” declares Antoine. Our destination for the night is thanks to another scion of the French good life. The Family Sibuet began its hotel dynasty in Megève, its fabled Fermes de Marie, one of nearly a dozen luxurious oases across France. Built of reclaimed 19th century wooden farmhouses, the hamlet of the Fermes de Marie unites tradition and modernity — tweed and fur throws, carefree chic and smoky sexiness, plus an excellent traditional restaurant and the headquarters of its award-stealing Pure Altitude spa. The spa’s own line features unguents and emollients made from more than 50 mountain plants. Past the sheepskin throws and stone accents, the tranquil indoor pool and wood-lined saunas, I  am surprised when the masseuse opens the door to one of 17 treatment rooms. “Is this ok, for you?” she asks sweetly. The table, or bed in fact, lies on the floor. We’re both on it when she proceeds to knead and noodle my ski-addled muscles into a fondue of flexibility. On her knees, she explains, she has better leverage and I feel its benefits instantly. Of course, there is little the French don’t know about secrets of beauty — beautiful skin, elegant clothing, divine food and wine. Never short of a reason to pop a cork, Megève is  celebrating 100 years of alpine A-listers and après luxury. Joined by assorted Euros and Brits and beyonders, its primary clientele has always been the BCBG — bon chic, bon genre — of Paris. Back in the 1950s, famous French entertainer Sacha Distel was king, sharing bubbles with Yves Montand, Johnny Hallyday, Charles Aznavour, Brigitte Bardot, and Jean Cocteau, who famously blue-ribboned the snowy sanctuary as “Paris’ 21st arrondissement.” If they weren’t swinging at Club de Jazz Les Cinq Rues — the institution is still a Megève nightlife must-do — you could always find them at the Hôtel Mont-Blanc. Only a cork pop from the Chamois gondola station, any hour is Mont-Blanc hour. Le George is the spot for Champagne in the afternoon, or perhaps to stand a silver spoon in a pot of sinfully sweet chocolat chaud. When the sun goes down, the scene ramps up. Cocteau loved the Mont Blanc so much, he decorated the sexy, black and red bar with a (now priceless) mural. His most celebrated novel 132 “Émile Allais won it all and he won it with the fuseau…” Enfants Terrible lends its name to the restaurant. Tuck into a tower of fruits de mer and a truly fine entrecôte. You won’t be short of reading material: Cocteau’s quotes are etched in the beams above. The following morning lift-off is from Alpette, the iconic Le Même-designed chalet (remember him?) and long-lived mountain lunchstop-to-the-stars. Kudos to the village farmers who made it all possible; they invested in the Rochebrune ski zone and in 1933 made possible the first cable car solely for the use of skiers, Megève’s iconic red rocket. After an eye-opening espresso — or, on the other hand, if they offer you a génépi, who’s to say no? It’s the local tipple — a homemade, heady, green elixir made from the alpine génépi flower, plus sugar and alcohol. Then it’s tips down onto the fabled Émile Allais off-piste run. One of the first downhill race courses to attract major international stars, it subsequently failed to conform to increasing regulation. Too narrow, too many trees for modern-day World Cup racers and their modern-day lunatic speeds, but ideal for a glorious powder-laced descent for we fuseau-fitted wannabes. Finally, in case you got the impression that Megève is all sommeliers, lap dogs and old French crooners, en garde! La Folie Douce est arrivée. Atop Mont Joux, the unmistakable tchoonktchoonk of dance music pulses across the peaks. “Après-ski is new in France,” Kely Starlight, artistic director at Folie Douce, told me last year. “We have to teach the people here how to drink and have fun.” With branches in Val d’Isère, Val Thorens and Méribel, Folie Douce and its excellent sister restaurant La Fruitière have emerged as the adult Euro Disney of French après-ski. Megève’s branch blasted off last winter. And there they are, all around us: part Ibiza, part high-mountain Hard Rock Café, Parisienne women of a certain age, Genevois bankers and their well groomed teenagers grooving to the lunchtime floorshow’s version of Gene Kelly à la Miley Cyrus: Twerkin’ in the rain? Skiers dance, inside and out, in onesies and puffas, moon boots and fuseaux, as snowflakes flutter and rosé flows. “In the ‘70s, the pants came out of the boots,” Antoine Allard noted, but he was quick to remind me of their primary modern-day function. “The fuseau is the ski pant. And it is still always used for parties.” Fuseau at Le Folie Douce, is it a step too far? Certainement non. In the words of Jean Cocteau, “A little too much is just enough for me.” www.megeve.com P h oto s : M e g è v e to u r i s m e - ddd Da n i e l d u r a n d ( m o u n ta i n ) , C o p y r i g h t © Ev e r e t t C o l l e c t i o n / Ev e r e t t C o l l e c t i o n / b i n g . c a (a u d r e y h e p b u r n ) , C o u r t e s y o f A a l l a r d ( f u s e a u ) , © LB r a n da j s ( l i v i n g r o o m ) megève Toni Sailer Jacket $1,299 Toni Sailer Pant $599 WWW.TONISAILER.COM Dale of Norway Beanie $140 WWW.DALEOFNORWAY.COM Vuarnet Goggle $210 WWW.VUARNET.COM mover Perfect Moment is having an Americana moment with its red, white, and blue après-ski sweaters. “We all want to be more active in our lives, and I think a sporty look can be very sexy and, when done right, stylish, too,” says Perfect Moment’s Creative Director Helen Lee while reflecting on why this trend is primed to take over this winter’s slopes. Keep in mind, an entire fashion overhaul isn’t at all necessary — color-block accessories will update even the most neutral ski basics. Stay warm in Valentino’s muted cashmere color-block scarves, jump into Moncler Grenoble’s chevron snow boots before and after hitting the slopes, and finish off your look with a hand-knit, tri-color beanie by London-based designer Natasha Zinko — a little bit of this bold trend will go a long way. — Leah Bourne perfect moment VuaRneT T hink of the golden age of ski fashion and Slim Aarons’ famous images of 1960s Verbier and Aspen may come to mind — gorgeous jet setters in mod, color-block coats making their way down the slopes. Fittingly, one of the biggest ski fashion trends of this season harkens right back to that golden age: color blocking. Luxury winter offerings from the likes of Valentino to Moncler are sending the message that it’s time once again to dress bold on the slopes — peppering their collections with geometric motifs, and transforming familiar shapes like boxy shell jackets and quilted snow boots into something sophisticated with just the right jolt of fun by incorporating the trend. Leading the charge is Fendi, which this season showed color-block jackets and pants in graphic white and black, plus jewel tones like purple and  fuchsia, taking cues from its similarly styled dainese Bold BlocK colors of the 1960s are BacK MAGICAL MeGèVe • MASeRATIS ON SNOW • THe 10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION Experience Stranahan’s Skins Frauenschuh Gorsuch Shearling www.gorsuch.com Mountain Force Vest www.mountainforce.com Andrew Marc Vest www.andrewmarc.com Parajumpers Coat www.parajumpers.it 126 MEGÈVE MOMENTS It sparkled on the scene of 1963’s Charade with Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn. More than 50 years later, France’s magical Megève continues to shine. Argentine Bird: The Condor Fur M.Miller Fur Vest Kiwi Lodgings: Eichardt’s Private Hotel What to Wear: Mountain Hardwear www.mmillerfur.com What to Wear: Picnic Lunch Canada Thief: The Goose Cheeky Kea Hot Spot: Samsara ON THE COVER Vanusa wears a Postcard onesie and a Kask helmet. Alma’s jacket and pants are both Toni Sailer. Goggles by Vuarnet, base layer by Newland, beanie by Dale of Norway. Ski: Völkl Mantra Ski: Dynastar Powertrack THIS PAGE Vanusa in a one-piece ski suit and helmet by Goldbergh, booties by Pedro. Photos: Daniela Federici Stylist: Shifteh Shahbazian See The Mod Squad Page 106. www.goldbergh.com Snow Ride: Toyota SW4 Snow Ride: Range Rover Sport Snowcieties resources 3 Reid Jacket Sportalm $1,729 Pant Sportalm $759 AlmA one-piece SOS $690 belt SOS $120 goggles Optic Nerve $169 Mittens Astis $195 VAnusA one-piece Fendi $2,800 helmet Kask $1,800 diego Jacket Lacroix $1,989 Pant Lacroix $845 Watch Bell & Ross $ 3,900 SNOW StOrieS AD VEX The Mod Squad Swing into the snow season with Mod Squad style and magical moments in Megève. Mon Dieu! Don’t miss the mountain-loving men of the 10th Mountain Division. Onesies, hipster belts, trippy geometric patterns, and ‘60s silhouettes groove the slopes from Vail and Aspen to the Andes and St. Moritz. AlmA Coat Moncler $1,820 Fur hat SOS $610 Sunglasses Stylist’s Own PhotograPhs by daniela federici styled by shifteh shahbazian 105 RH+ Turtleneck $800 RH+ Pant $450 www.lacroix-skis.com On Alma Nils Jacket $600 Barton Perreira Sunglasses $430 Page 106-107 On Reid Sportalm Jacket $1,729 www.sportalm.at Optic Nerve Goggles $169 www.opticnerve.com Astis Mittens $195 www.astis.com On Vanusa Fendi One-Piece Ski Suit $2,800 www.fendi.com www.bellross.com Page 108 On Reid Descente Jacket $550 www.Descente.com RH+ Pant $500 www.zerorh.com On Diego Aztech Jacket $1,300 Aztech Pant $752 www.aztechmountain.com Page 109 On Reid Perfect Moment Jacket $750 Perfect Moment Pant $350 www.PerfectMoment.com www.revo.com Page 112 On Diego J.Lindeberg Jacket $1,100 J.Lindeberg Baselayer $175 J.Lindeberg Pant $690 www.jlindebergusa.com 136 On Reid Aether Jacket $325 Aether Pant $495 www.Aetherapparel.com Revo Sunglasses $189 Creative Reception Sneakers $72 Page 114 On Reid Mountain Force Jacket $1,299 www.nils.us Perfect Moment Pant $350 www.perfectmoment.com www.bartonperreira.com exquisitely the warmest snow destination in the Canadian Rockies Reservation: 1.800.661.1586 www.posthotel.com ski team parties NEW YORK SOCIETY SUPPORTS U.S. SKI TEAM In a penthouse high above Manhattan, legends of the ski world along with New York’s biggest ski enthusiasts gathered to support the U.S. Ski Team. Bomber Ski presented its new line for the 2015-2016 season, and guests got to 138 mingle with Bomber Ambassador Bode Miller. Also on tap: the latest looks from top brands in ski wear, including Bogner, Toni Sailer, and Mountain Force. Sentient Jet was on hand to demonstrate how easy it is to fly privately into Aspen P h oto s : S h aw n P u n c h ( Fa s h i o n ) , Sc e n a r i o P h oto g r a p h y (c h a i r l i f t ) SNOW scenes Also on tap: The latest looks from top brands in ski wear. P h oto s : S h aw n P u n c h ( fa s h i o n ), S c e n a r i o P h oto g r a p h y (c h a i r l i f t ) snow scenes or any ski destination of your choice. Macallan Rare Cask was poured and guests dined on celebrity chef Peter Callahan’s paella. The highlight of the evening was watching the new Bode Bomber Chase film, shot in Portillo, Chile. Ski-lebrities were out in full force, including Olympic Gold Medalist Jonny Moseley, and World Cup Champion Steven Nyman. Making MeMorable l u x u r y M o u n ta i n va c a t i o n s 1-800-759-3686 www.fcprentals.coM snow scenes ski Beijing SNOW VISITS CHINA, HOME OF 2022 OLYMPICS SNOW teamed with Oriendra in early winter to visit Beijing, China, home of the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. Along with luxury lifestyle brands Toni Sailer and Skea, the group presented the latest in ski fashion. Colorado’s Steamboat Ski Resort joined the fun to promote what they have in store this season for international visitors. 142 SNOW JOINS SKEA, STEAMBOAT, ORIENDRA, AND TONI SAILER IN CHINA. SNOW produced two events in two days: one in Beijing’s trendy 798 Art District where Cheng Art Gallery provided the perfect backdrop; the other at Jing A, a local hot spot. Fashion-forward guests got a chance to try on the latest in snow fashion. Susan, a show visitor, purchased new Toni Sailer pants, then raced to Wanlong ski resort the following weekend to try them out! SKI-IN/SKI-OUT ASPEN HIGHLANDS Experience privacy and convenience in this luxury Five Trees ski-in/ski-out estate quality home. With inviting views of Thunderbowl, this furnished property features a fabulous chef’s kitchen, six bedrooms plus an office and library, a fully-equipped gym and extensive entertaining spaces all accented with handcrafted details and finishes. Located on over an acre and a half and beautifully landscaped in one of Aspen’s true ski-in/ski- out neighborhoods with adjoining dedicated private ski lift and trails. This warm and engaging residence is the perfect gathering place for family and friends. Walking distance to the Aspen school campus, the Aspen Recreation Center and the community theater, and just a five minute drive to the airport, Maroon Creek Club and downtown Aspen. $15,350,000 - Now $13,950,000 MLS#: 139319 Carol Hood Peterson 970.379.0676 [email protected] The Source for Real Estate in Aspen 970.925.7000 | masonmorse.com last run We’d just fled down the front face of Middlebury’s very own mountain directly into the arms of our future. Graduation Day T he best part of my graduation from college was that it happened on skis. Every February at Vermont’s Middlebury College, about 90 seniors ski down the Middlebury Snow Bowl for Winter Commencement — caps affixed over woolen hats, gowns puffy from covering the down underneath. Graduates speed down hill and into a future unknown. Skiing that hill on graduation day, I remember feeling as though I was getting away with something extraordinary. Something exceptional and remarkable was happening, yet if I dared speak it out loud it might end. With gravity on my side I flew down that slick white hill in central Vermont at a fantastic pace, skis-first into the “real” world of paved roads and promise. I have few photos of the day itself. I graduated long before smart phones made memories instant fact. But a fellow grad recently 144 posted a picture on Facebook and I was surprised by how happy we looked, yet, why not? We’d just fled down the front face of Middlebury’s very own mountain — a run we’d skied hundreds of times — directly into the arms of our future, as well as those of our family and friends. We had arrived, and with the squeaky swoosh of  a hockey stop, we were done. We were ready to start. It’s been years since the snowy afternoon I graduated from Middlebury. I look back on our college commencement like an art historian — brows furrowed, caught in a moment that no longer exists, searching for meaning. “Something happened that day,” I say to myself. And it did. The awakening chill of that winter’s run taught me one final Middlebury lesson: Life carries us from one moment into the next, sometimes at a faster pace and with more of a whoosh than we expect, whether we’re ready or not. P h oto : C o u r t e s y o f M i dd l e b u r y C o l l e g e By Emily Natasha Voorhees ASPEN THE RIVER LOFT Aspen | $1,825,000 Renovated two-bedroom with views of Aspen Mt. Private deck overlooking the Roaring Fork River. Open floor plan. IT’S ALL ABOUT YOU Your goals are our top priority. Join a team that delivers results and a little fun too... HOME WITH SPECTACULAR VIEW Snowmass | $14,400,000 Stately 14,400 sq. ft. new construction on 46 acres with picture perfect views toward Snowmass Mountain and Capital Peak. Exclusively Presented by Anita & Jim Bineau and Christian Messner 970.688.0609 ASPEN’S WEST END Aspen | $4,200,000 Built in 2002, soaring ceilings, 3 fireplaces, efficiently designed kitchen, private master suite, spacious living room and dining room. [email protected] www.AspenFineProperties.com The Source for Real Estate in Aspen 970.925.7000 | masonmorse.com People have been known to line up for over 25 hours to buy a bottle of our Rocky Mountain Single Malt. Experience Stranahan’s
i don't know
What is the name of the London art gallery where John Lennon first met Yoko Ono at her art show in November 1966?
John Lennon Meets Yoko Ono - John Lennon | HowStuffWorks John Lennon Meets Yoko Ono   Prev Next   © 6 Mason’s Yard, in the center of London, the former site of the Indica Gallery, where John Lennon and Yoko Ono first met on November 9, 1966. When John Lennon visited the Indica Gallery in Central London on November 9, 1966, in order to attend a private preview of an exhibition Unfinished Paintings and Objects, it wasn't purely due to artistic interest. More to the point, he had been enticed by the gallery's co-owner, John Dunbar (ex-husband of singer Marianne Faithfull), who had told him about a "happening" that would be taking place there, featuring a Japanese woman from New York in a black bag. As John revealed to Playboy interviewer David Sheff, this sounded to him like something to do with sex: "Artsy-fartsy orgies. Great!" Up Next How the RIAA Works What John saw on his arrival hardly turned him on, however. The Japanese-American woman was certainly there, but instead of being inside a bag she was just walking around, arranging some of the objects that would form part of her display the following day. It was to be an avant-garde exhibition, dealing with progressive, decidedly offbeat art. John soon found himself gazing in astonishment at some of the items: A fresh apple on a stand, priced at £200 (at that time, $480), and a bag of nails, a bargain at just £100 ($240)! "I thought this is a con; what the hell is this," he later recalled to BBC interviewer Andy Peebles. "Nothing's happening in the bags. I'm expecting an orgy, you know ... and it's all quiet." After being introduced to "the millionaire Beatle," the woman handed him a little card that said simply, "Breathe." John, although puzzled, responded politely with a quick pant. Next, his eyes settled on a ladder leading up to a canvas suspended from the ceiling, with a spyglass hanging from it on the end of a chain. Climbing to the top of the ladder, he looked through the spyglass to read a word printed in tiny letters. "You're on this ladder -- you feel like a fool, you could fall any minute -- and you look through it and it just says 'YES,' " he told David Sheff in 1980. "Well, all the so-called avant-garde art at the time, and everything that was supposedly interesting, was all negative; this smash-the-piano-with-a-hammer, break-the-sculpture, boring, negative crap. It was all anti-, anti-, anti-. Anti-art, anti-establishment. And just that 'YES' made me stay in a gallery full of apples and nails, instead of just walking out saying, 'I'm not gonna buy any of this crap.'" The humor in the work, while downright strange to many people, was of a kind that appealed to John's sense of the absurd, and his interest was now taken. Nearby was an object called "Hammer and Nail," consisting of a board with a chain and a hammer hanging on the end, and a bunch of nails positioned underneath. Could he hammer one of the nails in? "No," was the initial reply. Tut, tut! The gallery owner pointed out to the artist that this was no way to treat a Beatle. Besides, with all his money, John might buy the piece! John told Sheff in 1980, "So there was this little conference and she finally said, 'Okay, you can hammer a nail in for five shillings [60 cents].' So smart-ass here says, 'Well, I'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in.' And that's when we really met. That's when we locked eyes, and she got it and I got it, and that was it." The woman was, of course, Yoko Ono. Seven years older than John and then in the middle of her second marriage, she had turned her back on her middle-class background, and created quite a name for herself with the New York avant-garde set. Now she was attempting to cause a similar stir in London. She would set about her task by, among other things, covering one of the lion statues in Trafalgar Square in huge white sheets, and filming a feature-length movie focusing solely on 365 naked bottoms.
Indica Gallery
What is the title of the 2009 film, directed by Richard Curtis, about a pirate radio station?
John Lennon Meets Yoko Ono - 1966 - YouTube John Lennon Meets Yoko Ono - 1966 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 15, 2012 John Lennon meets Yoko Ono 6.00pm, Wednesday 9 November 1966 On the day before her exhibition Unfinished Paintings And Objects was to open, Japanese artist Yoko Ono was introduced to John Lennon for the first time. That old gang of mine. That's all over. When I met Yoko is when you meet your first woman and you leave the guys at the bar and you don't go play football anymore and you don't go play snooker and billiards. Maybe some guys like to do it every Friday night or something and continue that relationship with the boys, but once I found the woman, the boys became of no interest whatsoever, other than they were like old friends. You know: 'Hi, how are you? How's your wife?' That kind of thing. You know the song: 'Those wedding bells are breaking up that old gang of mine.' Well, it didn't hit me till whatever age I was when I met Yoko, which was twenty-six. Nineteen sixty-six we met, but the full impact didn't... we didn't get married till '68, was it? It all blends into one bleeding movie! But whatever, that was it. The old gang of mine was over the moment I met her. I didn't consciously know it at the time, but that's what was going on. As soon as I met her, that was the end of the boys, but it so happened that the boys were well known and weren't just the local guys at the bar. John Lennon All We Are Saying, David Sheff... The exhibition was held at the Indica Gallery, in the basement of the Indica Bookshop in Mason's Yard, just off Duke Street in Mayfair, London. The Indica was co-owned by John Dunbar, Peter Asher and Barry Miles, and was supported in its early years by Paul McCartney... here was a sort of underground clique in London; John Dunbar, who was married to Marianne Faithfull, had an art gallery in London called Indica, and I'd been going around to galleries a bit on me off days in between records, also to a few exhibitions in different galleries that showed sort of unknown artists or underground artists. I got the word that this amazing woman was putting on a show the next week, something about people in bags, in black bags, and it was going to be a bit of a happening and all that. So I went to a preview the night before it opened. I went in - she didn't know who I was or anything - and I was wandering around. There were a couple of artsy-type students who had been helping, lying around there in the gallery, and I was looking at it and was astounded. There was an apple on sale there for two hundred quid; I thought it was fantastic - I got the humor in her work immediately. I didn't have to have much knowledge about avant-garde or underground art, the humor got me straightaway. There was a fresh apple on a stand - this was before Apple - and it was two hundred quid to watch the apple decompose. But there was another piece that really decided me for-or-against the artist: a ladder which led to a painting which was hung on the ceiling. It looked like a black canvas with a chain with a spyglass hanging on the end of it. This was near the door when you went in. I climbed the ladder, you look through the spyglass and in tiny little letters it says 'yes'. So it was positive. I felt relieved. It's a great relief when you get up the ladder and you look through the spyglass and it doesn't say 'no' or 'fuck you' or something, it said 'yes'. I was very impressed and John Dunbar introduced us - neither of us knew who the hell we were, she didn't know who I was, she'd only heard of Ringo, I think, it means apple in Japanese. And Dunbar had sort of been hustling her, saying, 'That's a good patron, you must go and talk to him or do something.' John Dunbar insisted she say hello to the millionaire. And she came up and handed me a card which said 'breathe' on it, one of her instructions, so I just went [pant]. This was our meeting. John Lennon
i don't know
Michael Parkinson, James Coburn, Clement Freud and Christopher Lee all appear on which 1973 album cover?
Paul McCartney & Wings 'Band on the Run' (Lyric Video) - YouTube Paul McCartney & Wings 'Band on the Run' (Lyric Video) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 29, 2014 http://www.PaulMcCartney.com Directed and produced by visual artist Ben Ib. April 2014 marks the 'Band on the Run' U.S. single's anniversary, released as a 7" on 8th April, 1974 (28th June 1974 in the UK, fact fans!). The 'Band on the Run' album was recorded in EMI Studios, Lagos and AIR Studios, London between August and October of 1973. Wings were without a drummer at the time so Paul stepped in and recorded all the drum tracks. It was during the Lagos sessions that Paul and Linda were mugged losing their money, camera and the original album demos to the thieves! This unfortunate event didn't stop 'Band on the Run' from becoming Wings' most successful album. It was the top selling album in the UK in 1974 and reached no.1 in the US on 3 separate occasions. It has gone on to sell over 7 million copies worldwide. The 'band on the run' on the iconic front cover features broadcasters Michael Parkinson and Clement Freud, singer / actor Kenny Lynch, actor James Coburn, actor Christopher Lee, boxer John Conteh as well as Paul, Linda and Denny Laine The album was re-mastered and reissued in 2010 as the first release in the on-going Paul McCartney Archive Collection, featuring previously unreleased performances and rare documentary footage. Get your copy of the remastered 'Band on the Run' here: Amazon -- Click HERE: http://smarturl.it/PM_BotR_Azn
Band on the Run
How many furlongs in a mile?
Tony Curtis's death means Sgt Pepper's band's more lonely - The Caledonian Mercury Tony Curtis's death means Sgt Pepper's band's more lonely Tweet on Twitter Last week was a sad week for admirers of icons from Old Hollywood. Arthur Penn, who gave us Bonnie and Clyde. Gloria Stewart, best known for Titanic but loved by older movie fans for The Three Musketeers and 1939’s It Could Happen to You. Joe Mantell, the man who uttered “ Forget it, Jake. It’s Chinatown ”. And, of course, Tony Curtis. All gone. Curtis’s passing marked the end of another significant chapter in pop culture. The clue is in the T-shirt in this picture . The man who lit up Some Like It Hot and The Sweet Smell of Success also popped up on Peter Blake’s cover-art for Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. The sleeve, originally intended to be populated by northern council dignitaries, instead became a free-form confection of philosophers, artists, painters, dancers, writers, gurus from India (presumably at the request of George) and wax dummies belonging to a hairdresser (the credit for this idea remains fuzzy). There were a few who didn’t make the cut for the cover because of taste (Adolf Hitler), religious sensitivity (Gandhi, Jesus Christ) and demands from agents for $400 in royalties (Angels With Dirty Faces star Leo Gorcey). The majority of individuals on the cover had died before the album’s release from Laurel & Hardy to former prime minister Sir Robert Peel, Karl Marx to Dr Sigmund Freud, Marilyn Monroe to Blantyre’s David Livingstone. Just to break it down for the chronologically-minded, here’s a list of people on the cover of Sgt Pepper who were alive when it was released in June 1967:- Former world heavyweight champion Sonny Liston (died 1970) A girl by Esquire magazine artist George Petty (d1975) Wallace Berman (d1976) A pin-up girl by artist Alberto Vargas (d1982) Johnny “Tarzan” Weissmuller (d1984) Liverpool and Newcastle striker Albert Stubbins (d2002) Marlon Brando (d2004) Karlheinz Stockhausen (a particular favourite composer of McCartney’s, d2007) Richard Merkin (illustrator for The New Yorker, died September 2009) John Lennon (d1980) George Harrison (d2001) Now that Curtis has stopped Getting Better (apologies for that), may I introduce to you the current survivors from the sleeve:- Dion (Francis DiMucci), aged 71, most famous for The Wanderer, currently living in Florida and practising prison ministry. Sculptor Larry Bell, also born in 1939, most famous for being one of the West Coast “Light and Space” artists and his work with architect Frank Gehry. Former child star Shirley Temple, now winning Lifetime Achievement awards at 82. Bob Dylan, 69 years of age, most famous for being Bob Dylan Canadian singer Bobby Breen, 82, now living in Florida running his own talent agency. Cloth figure by US pop artist and former wife of sleeve co-designer Peter Blake, Jann Haworth (b1942) Paul McCartney, 68 Ringo Starr, 70 The entire list is on Wikipedia if you want to check but fans of Paul McCartney & Wings’ 1973 album Band On The Run will have more luck running into its cover stars. Michael Parkinson, Kenny Lynch, John Conteh and Christopher Lee all remain with us, and Clement Freud died only last year. James Coburn lived until 2002. But as Pepper is the truly iconic sleeve, let’s cherish Messrs Dimucci, Bell, Temple, Dylan, Breen, Haworth, McCartney and Starr and the man who put it all together, Peter Blake. Peter Blake , McCartney and Dylan are the only ones still touring. Even if they have been going in and out of style. TAGS
i don't know
Who was the US President nominee for the Democratic Party in the 2004 Presidential election?
United States presidential election, 2004 (President McCain) | Alternative History | Fandom powered by Wikia United States presidential election, 2004 (President McCain) 40,872pages on Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. United States presidential election, 2004 November 2, 2004 58.24% 40.61% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by McCain/Bush (41 + D.C.), Blue denotes those won by Dean/Bayh (9). President before election John McCain Republican The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. It was the 55th consecutive quadrennial election for President and Vice President. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President John McCain defeated Democratic Party candidate Howard Dean, the former Governor of Vermont. Foreign policy and the economy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly McCain's conduct of the War on Terrorism, the War in Afghanistan and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. McCain capitalized on his popularity and experience while Dean's campaign suffered from several miscues. Four states changed allegiance. Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and Wisconsin voted Democratic in 2000, but voted Republican in 2004. The election also marked the first time in U.S. history that Washington, D.C. went for a Republican candidate. In the Electoral College, McCain received 420 votes, and Dean 118. Contents [ show ] Background John McCain won the presidency in 2000 over the Democratic candidate Al Gore in one of the closest elections in U.S. history. After a long night of results the fate of the election had come down to a close race in the final state of Florida. After several hours of vote counting, John McCain was announced the winner of the election and the forty third President of the United States of America at 3:17 AM EST. The McCain/Bush ticket received 277 electoral votes to Gore's 261. Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed McCain into a wartime president. McCain's approval ratings surged to as high as 95%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States invaded Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, and Osama bin Laden had been killed, although a long and ongoing military operation would follow. The McCain administration then turned its attention to Iraq. The administration argued that the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. One of the stated reasons was that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed, potential weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in violation of U.N. sanctions. On March 10, 2003 several intelligence agencies, including CIA, SIS, BND and DGSE presented further evidence of VX nerve agent and present in Iraq, and as well presented evidence of parts of the Chemical weapons programme being transported by army trucks towards Syria. The news were received as partial proof of the Iraqi WMD programme, but that this alone was no reason to intervene militarily. Two days later, Iraq expelled Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei, which according to the U.S. indicated that they had stumbled upon actual proof of their WMD programme. As a result, public opinion in the NATO countries that had agreed to participate in the Invasion of Iraq began favouring an invasion. This situation escalated to the point that a coalition of about forty nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Poland and other NATO countries which McCain called the “League of Democracies”, invaded Iraq without obtaining a second UN resolution. The coalition invaded Iraq on March 27, 2003. The invasion succeeded, with the collapse of the Iraq government and the military of Iraq in about three weeks. The oil infrastructure of Iraq was secured with limited damage in that time. On April 15, President McCain landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, where he gave a speech saying that Phase 1 of the operation has been accomplished, and that Coalition forces must capture Saddam Hussein and install a free and democratic Iraqi government. McCain's approval rating in the month of May was at 81%, according to a CNN-USA Today-Gallup poll. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups. Between August and September the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, but on August 20, 2003, McCain announced a new security strategy to be implemented throughout Iraq. Following the implementation of the security strategy, the violence dropped dramatically, attributed to McCain's swift actions with the implementation of his counter-insurgency strategy and the success of General Petraeus leadership of the MNF-I. By June 2004, the insurgency had been successfully crushed, and McCain's approval ratings increased back around 60%. Due to the progress in Iraq and the resulting popularity for McCain among the American people, the Democrats would have a difficult election campaign ahead of them. Republican Party nomination Add a photo to this gallery McCain was widely popular among the majority of U.S. citizens. Among independents and moderates he was popular for his and reforms, and he was popular as a wartime president by the conservative base. This warded off any serious challenge to the nomination. On March 10, 2004, McCain officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. McCain accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and selected Vice President George W. Bush as his running mate. (In New York, the ticket was also on the ballot as candidates of the Conservative Party of New York State). During the convention and throughout the campaign, McCain focused on three themes: his experience and leadership, national security and his stand on a strong commitment to the War on Terrorism and defending America against terrorism, and emphasizing on his status as a political maverick. While enjoying the support of the vast majority of the Republican Party and by many independents, he also had the endorsement of Joe Lieberman, the 2000 Democratic Vice Presidential Candidate and Junior Senator from Connecticut. To many people's surprise he was also endorsed by several Hollywood celebrities, including. Democratic Party nomination Add a photo to this gallery Before the primaries Howard Dean declares his candidacy for the 2004 Democratic Party presidential nomination on June 23, 2003, in Burlington, Vermont. On May 31, 2002, Vermont Governor Howard B. Dean III formed a presidential exploratory committee. Though this was almost two years before the Iowa Caucus, Dean hoped the early start would give him some much needed name recognition. As a governor of a small state, Dean was not well-known outside of the region. In December of that year, John F. Kerry, U.S. senator from Massachusetts, announced on NBC's Meet The Press his plans to form an exploratory committee for a possible 2004 presidential run, anticipating a formal announcement "down the road some months". Kerry's experience as a decorated Vietnam veteran generated some excitement among Democrats tired of being on the defensive about their candidates' suitability in the role of "commander in chief". Two weeks later, former Vice President and 2000 Presidential candidate Al Gore announced on the CBS program 60 Minutes that he would not seek election to the presidency in 2004. Gore had recently wrapped up a nationwide book tour and had been widely expected to run. Other potential candidates were likely waiting to see what Gore's plans were, and thus the floodgates opened in January 2003. Senator Joseph Lieberman, Gore's 2000 vice presidential running mate, had previously promised not to run should Gore seek their party's nomination. As Gore had refused to seek the Democratic candidacy, Lieberman announced he would endorse Republican President John McCain. Additionally, many other candidates announced their intention to form committees (a formality usually indicating an official run): U.S. Sen. John R. Edwards of North Carolina, U.S. Rep. Richard A. "Dick" Gephardt of Missouri, and Reverend Al Sharpton of New York. In February, more candidates announced their intentions: former Senator from Illinois Carol Moseley Braun, U.S. Representative from Ohio Dennis Kucinich, and Senator Bob Graham of Florida. There were other potential candidates for whom some speculation was buzzing about a potential run. These candidates felt it necessary to officially state that they would not seek the party nomination. These included United States Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle, U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut, and former U.S. Senator Gary Hart from Colorado. In April, Democratic fund-raising totals for the first quarter of 2003 were reported. John Edwards raised $7.4 million, John Kerry raised $7.0 million, Dick Gephardt raised $3.5 million, Howard Dean raised $2.6 million, Bob Graham raised $1.1 million, and Dennis Kucinich and Carol Moseley Braun raised less than $1 million each. By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest. Dean's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning. The majority of his donations came from individual supporters, who came to be known as Deanites, or, more commonly, Deaniacs. Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor, Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist, denouncing the policies of the McCain administration (especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq) as well as fellow Democrats, who, in his view, failed to strongly oppose them. In September 2003, retired four-star general Wesley Clark announced his intention to run in the presidential primary election for the Democratic Party nomination. His campaign focused on themes of leadership and patriotism; early campaign ads relied heavily on biography. His late start left him with relatively few detailed policy proposals. This weakness was apparent in his first few debates, although he soon presented a range of position papers, including a major tax-relief plan. Nevertheless, many Democrats did not flock to his campaign. Democratic primaries and caucuses Howard Dean at a campaign rally during the New Hampshire primary on January 24, 2004. By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham dropped out of the race and Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. Dean earned 38% of the state's delegates while Kerry who took 32%. Edwards took 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps. On January 27, Dean triumphed again, winning the New Hampshire primary. Kerry finished second, Clark was third and Edwards placed fourth. The following week, John Edwards won the South Carolina primary and finished a strong second in Oklahoma. However, Dean continued to dominate and his support quickly grew as he won caucuses and primaries, taking in a string of wins in Michigan, Washington, Maine, Tennessee, Washington, D.C., Nevada, Wisconsin, Utah, Hawaii, and Idaho. Clark dropped out during this time, leaving only Sharpton,Kerry,Kucinich, and Edwards in the running against Dean. In March's Super Tuesday, Dean won decisive victories in the California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Vermont and Rhode Island primaries and the Minnesota caucuses. Kerry finished only slightly behind Dean in Georgia and won Massachusetts, but, failing to win a single state other than Colorado and Massachusetts, chose to withdraw from the presidential race. On July 6, Howard Dean selected Junior Senator Evan Bayh from Indiana as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts, held later that month. Days before Dean announced Bayh as his running mate, he gave a short list of candidates: Sen. Evan Bayh, Sen. John Edwards, Rep. Dick Gephardt, and Gov. Tom Vilsack. Heading into the convention, the Dean/Bayh ticket unveiled their new slogan — a promise to make America "stronger at home and more respected in the world." The general election campaign Campaign issues John McCain at a campaign rally in Columbus, Ohio on October 21, 2004. McCain focused his campaign on two themes: national security, presenting himself as an experienced and decisive leader, his stand on a strong commitment to the War on Terrorism and defending America against terrorism, and emphasizing on his status as a political maverick due his stands on political reforms in healthcare, energy policy, taxes, cut in government spending a temporary guest-worker program for immigrants. McCain advocated a strong commitment to the War on Terrorism and defending America against terrorism, but also increased cooperation with NATO and other allies. On Iraq McCain emphasized on the improving security situation in Iraq following the "surge" strategy initiated by the McCain administration and employed by General David Petraeus in September 2003. By July 2004 the overall level of violence in the country had dropped 80% since before the surge began in September 2003, and promised that the U.S. forces would remain in Iraq until the Iraqi security forces had been properly trained and reequipped. On Afghanistan he emphasized on an increased presence (including a troop increase of at least 20,000 by July 2005) to combat al-Qa'ida as part of Operation Enduring Liberty, while also announced that the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) would be reinforced (by 15,000 by the same time) to support fellow NATO countries to combat the Taliban and increase humanitarian support. He also advocated to increase humanitarian assistance and support to improve the Afghan security forces, infrastructure, medical and educational institutions and continue the programs to increase agricultural production as well. However, he would also increase diplomatic relations and negotiations whenever the situation allowed as well as promoting democratic ideals, emphasizing on the McCain Administration's success with normalizing the relations with Cuba and being influential in the introduction of a democratic political system on Cuba. He also focused on the success of negotiating with Libya to cancel their program to develop Weapons of Mass Destruction. Another focus point in terms of foreign policy was his planned Concert of Democracies. In 2004, McCain had criticized the problems in the United Nations caused by dictatorships or authoritarian regimes, hinting in how especially Russia and China had vetoed all resolutions concerning interventions in Kosovo in 1999 and in Iraq in 2003, and now how they had vetoed resolutions for further sanctions on Sudan due to the Sudanese-led genocide in Darfur. During the spring of 2004 he had negotiated with democratic countries around the world, trying to get democratically elected governments to participate in an organisation in which only democracies could be members and which was free from the problems that dictatorships has in the United Nations. On June 11-13, 2004, just after the G8 summit in Sea Island, Georgia, McCain and the heads of government of France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, Japan, Italy, Canada, Spain, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. At this summit, the participating countries agreed that they would continue negotiations for a organisation for Democracies, with a conference planned to take place within a year. The idea behind the Concert of Democracies was that the organisation should promote strengthening of security cooperation among the world’s liberal democracies and providing a framework in which they can work together to effectively tackle common challenges. While he was criticized by some liberal Democrats for planning to circumvent the United Nations, he defended his goal with the point that it would under normal circumstances exist within existing regional and global institutions such as the United Nations, but if those institutions fail, the Concert of Democracies would independently function as a focal point for efforts to strengthen liberty under law around the world. It would serve as the institutional embodiment and ratification of the "democratic peace". In terms of economic policy, McCain emphasized on his Taxpayer Relief Act of 2001, which had reduced taxes for 97% of Americans, as well as the Budget Relief Act of 2002, which had reduced the national debt with US$500 billion since it implementation in 2002 as well as the continued budget surplus. In terms of energy policy he advocated for continuing the reduction of dependency on foreign oil, construction of nuclear power plants as well as alternative energy sources to combat the climate crisis, thus effectively reaching out to both independent and Democratic voters. Dean's campaign emphasized on health care and fiscal responsibility, and championing grassroots fundraising as a way to fight special interests. Dean called for a comprehensive call for Universal Health Care for the United States. He proposed an annual $88 billion on health care programs in the United States as well as wanting tax credits to help workers of moderate income buy "affordable" coverage similar to that offered to federal employees, with extra insurance subsidies for companies employing less than 50 people. Dean also proposed spending nearly $1 trillion over 10 years on health insurance. Dean also stressed the need for the expansion of state health care programs for children throughout his campaign. Howard Dean at a campaign rally in Springfield, Illinois on September 24, 2004. However, his opposition to the U.S. plan to invade Iraq (and his forceful criticism of Democrats in Congress who voted to authorize the use of force) quickly eclipsed other issues. By challenging the war in Iraq at a time when mainstream Democratic leaders were either neutral or cautiously supportive, Dean positioned himself to appeal to his party's activist base. Dean often quoted the late Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone as saying that he represented "the Democratic wing of the Democratic Party." His message resonated among frustrated Democratic primary voters who felt that their party hadn't done enough to oppose the policies of the Republicans. While he did acknowledge the positive results of the "surge", Dean emphasized on reminding voters that there would have been no need for a "surge" had there been no war at all, which he then used to question McCain's judgment. While Dean opposed the War in Iraq, he expressed strong support for the War in Afghanistan, saying "One priority should be strengthening our bonds with other countries, especially our historical allies in a world growing ever more interdependent." Dean would also open talks with North Korea, triple American financing to $30 billion over 10 years to combat unconventional weapons around the world and approve the use of force to halt genocide. Over the course of McCain's first term in office, his extremely high approval ratings immediately following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the death of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden had remained high, peaking again during combat operations in Iraq. His approval ratings had dropped in the second half of 2003 due to the rising insurgency in Iraq, but due to his successful counter-insurgency strategy and the capture of Saddam Hussein he had regained most of the lost ground by the beginning of 2004. However, both McCain's successful handling of the insurgency in Iraq, the War in Afghanistan and his reforms in healthcare, energy policy, taxes, cut in government spending and campaign finance reforms enjoyed wast popularity by the majority of American voters. According to one exit poll, people who voted for McCain cited the issues of terrorism, the war in Iraq, economy and health care as the most important factors in their decision. Dean supporters cited the opposition to the war in Iraq and the economy as the important factors in their decision. Debates John McCain at the third presidential debate at Arizona State University on October 14, 2004. Three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate were organized by the Commission on Presidential Debates, and held in the autumn of 2004. As expected, these debates set the agenda for the final leg of the political contest. Libertarian Party candidate Michael Badnarik and Green Party candidate David Cobb were arrested while trying to access the debates. Badnarik was attempting to serve papers to the Commission on Presidential Debates. The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Dean accused McCain of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying that he had invaded Iraq without the support of the United Nations Security Council. McCain replied to this by saying that the United Nations, while still being the most important international organisation in the world, had some serious problems, naming Russia and China as two of the five permanent members of the Security Council as one of them. He favored a "Concert of Democracies", which he among with the governments of other democratic countries, which would only consist of democracies and intervene in crisis situations when Russia and/or China should prevent the UN from taking action. Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that McCain won the debate decisively. On October 5, the Vice Presidential debate was held between George W. Bush and Evan Bayh at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and was moderated by Gwen Ifill of PBS. An initial poll by ABC indicated a victory for Bush, while polls by CNN and MSNBC gave it to Bayh. The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 8, moderated by Charles Gibson of ABC. Conducted in a "town meeting" format, less formal than the first Presidential debate, this debate saw McCain and Dean taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience. Being comfortable with this format, McCain also won this debate decisively. McCain and Dean met for the third and final debate at Arizona State University on October 14. 51 million viewers watched the debate which was moderated by Bob Schieffer of CBS News. It was decided that the debate should be postponed to the next day, due to the broadcasting of Major League Baseball championship on October 13. During the debate, slated to focus on economy, McCain defended the Taxpayer Relief Act of 2001, as well as the Budget Relief Act of 2002, which had reduced the national debt with US$500 billion since it implementation in 2002. While Dean performed better at this debate, McCain also won this debate. Results McCain salutes as he is celebrating his election victory in Phoenix, Arizona on November 2, 2004. November 2, 2004 was Election Day in 49 states, and the District of Columbia; and the last of 21 consecutive election days in Oregon, which abolished the voting booth in 1998. The majority of states allowed early voting with all states allowing some form of absentee voting. Voters cast votes for listed presidential candidates but were actually selecting their state's slate of Electoral College members. President McCain and Vice President Bush held a joint rally in Phoenix, Arizona, while Dean and Bayh held a rally in Montpelier, Vermont. McCain carried the Southern states by comfortable margins and also secured wins in Ohio, Indiana, rural Midwestern farming states, most of the Upper Midwestern states, most of the Rocky Mountain states, the Pacific Coast states of Washington and Oregon, Pennsylvania, New York and Alaska. Dean swept the Northeastern United States (with the sole exception of New Hampshire, Conneticut and New York, which McCain again won with relatively good margins), Illinois, California, and carried Hawaii, as well. However, a Dean victory quickly became improbable as McCain amounted early wins in the Northeast, and the critical swing states of Pennsylvania and Ohio by 9:20 PM, along with the southern and mid-western states. All American networks called the election in favor of McCain at 09:00 PM Eastern Standard Time before the polls closed on the West Coast, with the Electoral College totals being updated to 315 for McCain and 101 for Dean (270 are needed to win). Governor Dean gave a concession speech about half an hour later. President McCain appeared at midnight Eastern time, November 5, to deliver his acceptance speech. McCain was announced the winner of the election. The McCain/Bush ticket received 406 electoral votes to Dean's 131. Since 1984, no winning Presidential candidate has surpassed John McCain's 17.63 percentage popular vote margin, or his 276 electoral vote margin since 1988. Also note that no Republican Presidential candidate has surpassed McCain's 17.63 percentage popular vote margin since 1984, and no Democratic Presidential candidate has surpassed his electoral vote margin since 1984. Grand total
John Kerry
A sorrel is which animal with a light reddish-brown coat?
Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Presidential Elections A+E Networks Introduction Departing from the monarchical tradition of Britain, the founding fathers of the United States created a system in which the American people had the power and responsibility to select their leader. Under this new order, George Washington, the first U.S. president, was elected in 1789. At the time, only white men who owned property could vote, but the 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments to the Constitution have since expanded the right of suffrage to all citizens over 18. Taking place every four years, presidential campaigns and elections have evolved into a series of fiercely fought, and sometimes controversial, contests, now played out in the 24-hour news cycle.The stories behind each election—some ending in landslide victories, others decided by the narrowest of margins—provide a roadmap to the events of U.S. history. Google 1789: George Washington – unopposed The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. No one contested the election of George Washington , but he remained reluctant to run until the last minute, in part because he believed seeking the office would be dishonorable. Only when Alexander Hamilton and others convinced him that it would be dishonorable to refuse did he agree to run. The Constitution allowed each state to decide how to choose its presidential electors. In 1789, only Pennsylvania and Maryland held elections for this purpose; elsewhere, the state legislatures chose the electors. This method caused some problems in New York , which was so divided between Federalists who supported the new Constitution and Antifederalists who opposed it that the legislature failed to choose either presidential electors or U.S. senators. Before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, each elector cast two votes for president. The candidate with a majority won the presidency, and the runner-up became vice president. Most Federalists agreed that John Adams should be vice president. But Hamilton feared that if Adams was the unanimous choice, he would end in a tie with Washington and might even become president, an outcome that would be highly embarrassing for both Washington and the new electoral system. Hamilton therefore arranged that a number of votes be deflected, so that Adams was elected by less than half the number of Washington’s expected unanimous vote. The final results were Washington, 69 electoral votes; Adams, 34; John Jay , 9; John Hancock , 4; and others, 22. 1792: George Washington – unopposed As in 1789, persuading George Washington to run was the major difficulty in selecting a president in 1792. Washington complained of old age, sickness, and the increasing hostility of the Republican press toward his administration. The press attacks were symptomatic of the increasing split within the government between Federalists, who were coalescing around Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, and Republicans, forming around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson . James Madison , among others, convinced Washington to continue as president by arguing that only he could hold the government together. Speculation then shifted to the vice presidency. Hamilton and the Federalists supported the reelection of John Adams. Republicans favored New York governor George Clinton, but Federalists feared him partly because of a widespread belief that his recent election to the governorship was fraudulent. In addition, the Federalists feared that Clinton would belittle the importance of the federal government by retaining his governorship while serving as vice president. Adams won relatively easily with support from New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, except New York. Only electoral votes are recorded here, because most states still did not select presidential electors by popular vote. Nor was there a separate vote for president and vice president until the Twelfth Amendment took effect in 1804. The results were Washington, 132 electoral votes (unanimous); Adams, 77; Clinton, 50; Jefferson, 4; and Aaron Burr, 1. 1796: John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson The 1796 election, which took place against a background of increasingly harsh partisanship between Federalists and Republicans, was the first contested presidential race. The Republicans called for more democratic practices and accused the Federalists of monarchism. The Federalists branded the Republicans “Jacobins” after Robespierre’s faction in France. (The Republicans sympathized with revolutionary France, but not necessarily with the Jacobins.) The Republicans opposed John Jay’s recently negotiated accommodationist treaty with Great Britain, whereas the Federalists believed its terms represented the only way to avoid a potentially ruinous war with Britain. Republicans favored a decentralized agrarian republic; Federalists called for the development of commerce and industry. State legislatures still chose electors in most states, and there was no separate vote for vice president. Each elector cast two votes for president, with the runner-up becoming vice president. The Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams and tried to attract southern support by running Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina for the second post. Thomas Jefferson was the Republican standard-bearer, with Aaron Burr as his running mate. Alexander Hamilton, always intriguing against Adams, tried to throw some votes to Jefferson in order to elect Pinckney president. Instead, Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became vice president, with 68; Pinckney came in third with 59; Burr received only 30; and 48 votes went to various other candidates. 1800: Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams The significance of the 1800 election lay in the fact that it entailed the first peaceful transfer of power between parties under the U.S. Constitution: Republican Thomas Jefferson succeeded Federalist John Adams. This peaceful transfer occurred despite defects in the Constitution that caused a breakdown of the electoral system. During the campaign, Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist, tainted by his sympathy for the increasingly bloody French Revolution . Republicans (1) criticized the Adams administration’s foreign, defense, and internal security policies; (2) opposed the Federalist naval buildup and the creation of a standing army under Alexander Hamilton; (3) sounded a call for freedom of speech, Republican editors having been targeted for prosecution under the Alien and Sedition Acts ; and (4) denounced deficit spending by the federal government as a backhanded method of taxation without representation. Unfortunately, the system still provided no separate votes for president and vice president, and Republican managers failed to deflect votes from their vice-presidential candidate, Aaron Burr. Therefore, Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes each; Adams received 65 votes, his vice-presidential candidate, Charles C. Pinckney, 64, and John Jay, 1. This result threw the election into the House of Representatives, where each state had one vote, to be decided by the majority of its delegation. Left to choose between Jefferson and Burr, most Federalists supported Burr. Burr for his part disclaimed any intention to run for the presidency, but he never withdrew, which would have ended the contest. Although the Republicans in the same election had won a decisive majority of 65 to 39 in the House, election of the president fell to the outgoing House, which had a Federalist majority. But despite this majority, two state delegations split evenly, leading to another deadlock between Burr and Jefferson. After the House cast 19 identical tie ballots on February 11, 1801, Governor James Monroe of Virginia assured Jefferson that if a usurpation was attempted, he would call the Virginia Assembly into session, implying that they would discard any such result. After six days of uncertainty, Federalists in the tied delegations of Vermont and Maryland abstained, electing Jefferson, but without giving him open Federalist support. 1804: Thomas Jefferson vs. Charles Pinckney The 1804 election was a landslide victory for the incumbent Thomas Jefferson and vice-presidential candidate George Clinton (Republicans) over the Federalist candidates, Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King. The vote was 162-14. The election was the first held under the Twelfth Amendment, which separated electoral college balloting for president and vice president. The Federalists alienated many voters by refusing to commit their electors to any particular candidate prior to the election. Jefferson was also helped by the popularity of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and his reduction of federal spending. The repeal of the excise tax on whiskey was especially popular in the West. 1808: James Madison vs. Charles Pinckney Republican James Madison was elevated to the presidency in the election of 1808. Madison won 122 electoral votes to Federalist Charles C. Pinckney’s 47 votes. Vice President George Clinton received 6 electoral votes for president from his native New York, but easily defeated Federalist Rufus King for vice president, 113-47, with scattered vice-presidential votes for Madison, James Monroe, and John Langdon of New Hampshire . In the early stages of the election campaign, Madison also faced challenges from within his own party by Monroe and Clinton. The main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of 1807. The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests, although ironically it encouraged domestic manufactures. These economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. 1812: James Madison vs. DeWitt Clinton In the 1812 contest James Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the Republican party had come to power in 1800. He received 128 electoral votes to 89 for his Federalist opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts won the vice presidency with 131 votes to Jared Ingersoll’s 86. The War of 1812 , which had begun five months earlier, was the dominant issue. Opposition to the war was concentrated in the northeastern Federalist states. Clinton’s supporters also made an issue of Virginia’s almost unbroken control of the White House , which they charged favored agricultural states over commercial ones. Clintonians accused Madison, too, of slighting the defense of the New York frontier against the British in Canada. In the Northeast Madison carried only Pennsylvania and Vermont, but Clinton received no votes south of Maryland. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist party, largely owing to anti-British American nationalism engendered by the war. 1816: James Monroe vs. Rufus King In this election Republican James Monroe won the presidency with 183 electoral votes, carrying every state except Massachusetts, Connecticut , and Delaware . Federalist Rufus King received the votes of the 34 Federalist electors. Daniel D. Tompkins of New York was elected vice president with 183 electoral votes, his opposition scattered among several candidates. After the bitter partisanship of the Jefferson and Madison administrations, Monroe came to symbolize the “Era of Good Feelings.” Monroe was not elected easily, however; he barely won the nomination in the Republican congressional caucus over Secretary of War William Crawford of Georgia . Many Republicans objected to the succession of Virginia presidents and believed Crawford a superior choice to the mediocre Monroe. The caucus vote was 65-54. The narrowness of Monroe’s victory was surprising because Crawford had already renounced the nomination, perhaps in return for a promise of Monroe’s future support. In the general election, opposition to Monroe was disorganized. The Hartford Convention of 1814 (growing out of opposition to the War of 1812) had discredited the Federalists outside their strongholds, and they put forth no candidate. To some extent, Republicans had siphoned off Federalist support with nationalist programs like the Second Bank of the United States . 1820: James Monroe – unopposed During James Monroe’s first term, the country had suffered an economic depression. In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Also causing controversy were Supreme Court decisions in the Dartmouth College case and McCulloch v. Maryland , which expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in 1820, and the opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist. Voters, as John Randolph put it, displayed “the unanimity of indifference, and not of approbation.” Monroe won by an electoral vote of 231-1. William Plumer of New Hampshire, the one elector who voted against Monroe, did so be-cause he thought Monroe was incompetent. He cast his ballot for John Quincy Adams . Later in the century, the fable arose that Plumer had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. 1824: John Quincy Adams vs. Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson vs. William Crawford The Republican party broke apart in the 1824 election. A large majority of the states now chose electors by popular vote, and the people’s vote was considered sufficiently important to record. The nomination of candidates by congressional caucus was discredited. Groups in each state nominated candidates for the presidency, resulting in a multiplicity of favorite-son candidacies. By the fall of 1824 four candidates remained in the running. William Crawford of Georgia, the secretary of the treasury, had been the early front-runner, but severe illness hampered his candidacy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts had a brilliant record of government service, but his Federalist background, his cosmopolitanism, and his cold New England manner cost him support outside his own region. Henry Clay of Kentucky , the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , who owed his popularity to his 1815 victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans , were the other candidates. With four candidates, none received a majority. Jackson received 99 electoral votes with 152,901 popular votes (42.34 percent); Adams, 84 electoral votes with 114,023 popular votes (31.57 percent); Crawford, 41 electoral votes and 47,217 popular votes (13.08 percent); and Clay, 37 electoral votes and 46,979 popular votes (13.01 percent). The choice of president therefore fell to the House of Representatives. Many politicians assumed that House Speaker Henry Clay had the power to choose the next president but not to elect himself. Clay threw his support to Adams, who was then elected. When Adams subsequently named Clay secretary of state, the Jacksonians charged that the two men had made a “corrupt bargain.” John C. Calhoun was chosen vice president by the electoral college with a majority of 182 votes. 1828: Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson won the presidency in 1828 by a landslide, receiving a record 647,292 popular votes (56 percent) to 507,730 (44 percent) for the incumbent John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with 171 electoral votes to 83 for Richard Rush and 7 for William Smith. The emergence of two parties promoted popular interest in the election. Jackson’s party, sometimes called the Democratic-Republicans or simply Democrats, developed the first sophisticated national network of party organizations. Local party groups sponsored parades, barbecues, tree plantings, and other popular events designed to promote Jackson and the local slate. The National-Republicans, the party of Adams and Henry Clay, lacked the local organizations of the Democrats, but they did have a clear platform: high tariffs, federal funding of roads, canals, and other internal improvements, aid to domestic manufactures, and development of cultural institutions. The 1828 election campaign was one of the dirtiest in America’s history. Both parties spread false and exaggerated rumors about the opposition. Jackson men charged that Adams obtained the presidency in 1824 through a “corrupt bargain” with Clay. And they painted the incumbent president as a decadent aristocrat, who had procured prostitutes for the czar while serving as U.S. minister to Russia and spent taxpayer money on “gambling” equipment for the White House (actually a chess set and a billiard table). The National-Republicans portrayed Jackson as a violent frontier ruffian, the son, some said, of a prostitute married to a mulatto. When Jackson and his wife, Rachel, married, the couple believed that her first husband had obtained a divorce. After learning the divorce had not yet been made final, the couple held a second, valid wedding. Now the Adams men claimed Jackson was a bigamist and an adulterer. More justifiably, administration partisans questioned Jackson’s sometimes violent discipline of the army in the War of 1812 and the brutality of his invasion of Florida in the Seminole War. Ironically, Secretary of State Adams had defended Jackson at the time of the Seminole War, taking advantage of Jackson’s unauthorized incursion to obtain Florida for the United States from Spain. 1832: Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay vs. William Wirt Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson was reelected in 1832 with 688,242 popular votes (54.5 percent) to 473,462 (37.5 percent) for National-Republican Henry Clay and 101,051 (8 percent) for Anti-Masonic candidate William Wirt. Jackson easily carried the electoral college with 219 votes. Clay received only 49, and Wirt won the 7 votes of Vermont. Martin Van Buren won the vice presidency with 189 votes against 97 for various other candidates. The spoils system of political patronage, the tariff, and federal funding of internal improvements were major issues, but the most important was Jackson’s veto of the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. National-Republicans attacked the veto, arguing that the Bank was needed to maintain a stable currency and economy. “King Andrew’s” veto, they asserted, was an abuse of executive power. In defense of Jackson’s veto, Democratic-Republicans labeled the Bank an aristocratic institution–a “monster.” Suspicious of banking and of paper money, Jacksonians opposed the Bank for giving special privileges to private investors at government expense and charged that it fostered British control of the American economy. For the first time in American politics, a third party, the Anti-Masons, challenged the two major parties. Many politicians of note participated, including Thaddeus Stevens, William H. Seward, and Thurlow Weed. The Anti-Masonic party formed in reaction to the murder of William Morgan, a former upstate New York Freemason. Allegedly, some Masons murdered Morgan when he threatened to publish some of the order’s secrets. The Anti-Masons protested Masonic secrecy. They feared a conspiracy to control American political institutions, a fear fed by the fact that both the major party candidates, Jackson and Clay, were prominent Masons. The Anti-Masons convened the first national presidential nominating convention in Baltimore on September 26, 1831. The other parties soon followed suit, and the convention replaced the discredited caucus system of nomination. 1836: Martin Van Buren vs. Daniel Webster vs. Hugh White The election of 1836 was largely a referendum on Andrew Jackson, but it also helped shape what is known as the second party system. The Democrats nominated Vice President Martin Van Buren to lead the ticket. His running mate, Col. Richard M. Johnson, claimed to have killed Indian chief Tecumseh . (Johnson was controversial because he lived openly with a black woman.) Disdaining the organized politics of the Democrats, the new Whig party ran three candidates, each strong in a different region: Hugh White of Tennessee, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and Gen. William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for “acts of aggression and usurpation of power.” Democrats depended on Jackson’s popularity, trying to maintain his coalition. Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, only 50.9 percent of the total, and 170 electoral votes. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26 and Webster 14. Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state’s 11 electoral votes. Johnson, who failed to win an electoral majority, was elected vice president by the Democratic Senate. 1840: William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren Aware that Van Buren’s problems gave them a good chance for victory, the Whigs rejected the candidacy of Henry Clay, their most prominent leader, because of his support for the unpopular Second Bank of the United States. Instead, stealing a page from the Democratic emphasis on Andrew Jackson’s military exploits, they chose William Henry Harrison, a hero of early Indian wars and the War of 1812. The Whig vice-presidential nominee was John Tyler , a onetime Democrat who had broken with Jackson over his veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank. Studiously avoiding divisive issues like the Bank and internal improvements, the Whigs depicted Harrison as living in a “log cabin” and drinking “hard cider.” They used slogans like “Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” and “Van, Van, Van/Van is a used-up man” to stir voters. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral margin of 234 to 60. But the victory proved to be a hollow one because Harrison died one month after his inauguration. Tyler, his successor, would not accept Whig economic doctrine, and the change in presidential politics had little effect on presidential policy. 1844: James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay vs. James Birney The election of 1844 introduced expansion and slavery as important political issues and contributed to westward and southern growth and sectionalism. Southerners of both parties sought to annex Texas and expand slavery. Martin Van Buren angered southern Democrats by opposing annexation for that reason, and the Democratic convention cast aside the ex-president and front-runner for the first dark horse, Tennessee’s James K. Polk . After almost silently breaking with Van Buren over Texas, Pennsylvania’s George M. Dallas was nominated for vice president to appease Van Burenites, and the party backed annexation and settling the Oregon boundary dispute with England. The abolitionist Liberty party nominated Michigan’s James G. Birney. Trying to avoid controversy, the Whigs nominated anti-annexationist Henry Clay of Kentucky and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey . But, pressured by southerners, Clay endorsed annexation, although concerned it might cause war with Mexico and disunion, and thereby lost support among antislavery Whigs. Enough New Yorkers voted for Birney to throw 36 electoral votes and the election to Polk, who won the electoral college, 170-105, and a slim popular victory. John Tyler signed a joint congressional resolution admitting Texas, but Polk pursued Oregon, and then northern Mexico in the Mexican War, aggravating tension over slavery and sectional balance and leading toward the Compromise of 1850 . 1848: Zachary Taylor vs. Martin Van Buren vs. Lewis Cass The election of 1848 underscored the increasingly important role of slavery in national politics. Democratic president James K. Polk did not seek reelection. His party nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan , who created the concept of squatter, or popular, sovereignty (letting the settlers of a territory decide whether to permit slavery), with Gen. William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president. Antislavery groups formed the Free-Soil party, whose platform promised to prohibit the spread of slavery, and chose former president Martin Van Buren of New York for president and Charles Francis Adams, the son of President John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts for vice president. The Whig nominee was the Mexican War hero, Gen. Zachary Taylor , a slave owner. His running mate was Millard Fillmore , a member of New York’s proslavery Whig faction. Democrats and Free-Soilers stressed their views of slavery, and Whigs celebrated Taylor’s victories in the recent war, although many Whigs had opposed it. For his part, Taylor professed moderation on slavery, and he and the Whigs were successful. Taylor defeated Cass, 1,360,099 to 1,220,544 in popular votes and 163 to 127 in electoral votes. Van Buren received 291,263 popular votes and no electoral votes, but he drew enough support away from Cass to swing New York and Massachusetts to Taylor, assuring the Whigs’ victory. With the Taylor-Fillmore ticket elected, the forces had been set in motion for the events surrounding the Compromise of 1850. But Van Buren’s campaign was a stepping-stone toward the creation of the Republican party in the 1850s, also committed to the principle of “Free Soil.” 1852: Franklin Pierce vs. Winfield Scott vs. John Pitale The 1852 election rang a death knell for the Whig party. Both parties split over their nominee and the issue of slavery. After forty-nine ballots of jockeying among Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, former secretary of state James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , the Democrats nominated a compromise choice, Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former congressman and senator, with Senator William R. King of Alabama as his running mate. The Whigs rejected Millard Fillmore, who had become president when Taylor died in 1850, and Secretary of State Daniel Webster and nominated Gen. Winfield Scott of Virginia, with Senator William A. Graham of New Jersey for vice president. When Scott endorsed the party platform, which approved of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Free-Soil Whigs bolted. They nominated Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire for president and former congressman George Washington Julian of Indiana for vice president. Southern Whigs were suspicious of Scott, whom they saw as a tool of antislavery senator William H. Seward of New York. Democratic unity, Whig disunity, and Scott’s political ineptitude combined to elect Pierce. “Young Hickory of the Granite Hills” outpolled “Old Fuss and Feathers” in the electoral college, 254 to 42, and in the popular vote, 1,601,474 to 1,386,578. 1856: James Buchanan vs. Millard Fillmore vs. John C. Freemont The 1856 election was waged by new political coalitions and was the first to confront directly the issue of slavery. The violence that followed the Kansas- Nebraska Act destroyed the old political system and past formulas of compromises. The Whig party was dead. Know-Nothings nominated Millard Fillmore to head their nativist American party and chose Andrew J. Donelson for vice president. The Democratic party, portraying itself as the national party, nominated James Buchanan for president and John C. Breckinridge for vice president. Its platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and noninterference with slavery. This election saw the emergence of a new, sectional party composed of ex-Whigs, Free-Soil Democrats, and antislavery groups. The Republican party opposed the extension of slavery and promised a free-labor society with expanded opportunities for white workers. It nominated military hero, John C. Frémont of California for president and William L. Dayton for vice president. The campaign centered around “ Bleeding Kansas .” The battle over the concept of popular sovereignty sharpened northern fears about the spread of slavery and southern worries about northern interference. The physical assault by Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on the floor of the Senate heightened northern resentment of southern aggressiveness. Although the Democratic candidate, Buchanan, won with 174 electoral votes and 1,838,169 votes, the divided opposition gained more popular votes. The Republican party captured 1,335,264 votes and 114 in the electoral college, and the American party received 874,534 popular and 8 electoral votes. The Republicans’ impressive showing–carrying eleven of sixteen free states and 45 percent of northern ballots–left the South feeling vulnerable to attacks on slavery and fearful the Republicans would soon capture the government. 1860: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas vs. John C. Breckingridge vs. John Bell At the Republican convention, front-runner William H. Seward of New York faced insurmountable obstacles: conservatives feared his radical statements about an “irrepressible conflict” over slavery and a “higher law” than the Constitution, and radicals doubted his moral scruples. Hoping to carry moderate states like Illinois and Pennsylvania, the party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president. The Republican platform called for a ban on slavery in the territories, internal improvements, a homestead act, a Pacific railroad, and a tariff. The Democratic convention, which met at Charleston, could not agree on a candidate, and most of the southern delegates bolted. Reconvening in Baltimore, the convention nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president and Senator Herschel Johnson of Georgia for vice president. Southern Democrats then met separately and chose Vice President John Breckinridge of Kentucky and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon as their candidates.Former Whigs and Know-Nothings formed the Constitutional Union party, nominating Senator John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. Their only platform was “the Constitution as it is and the Union as it is.” By carrying almost the entire North, Lincoln won in the electoral college with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won a popular plurality of about 40 percent, leading the popular vote with 1,766,452 to 1,376,957 for Douglas, 849,781 for Breckinridge, and 588,879 for Bell. With the election of a sectional northern candidate, the Deep South seceded from the Union, followed within a few months by several states of the Upper South. 1864: Abraham Lincoln vs. George B. McClellan The contest in the midst of the Civil War pitted President Abraham Lincoln against Democrat George B. McClellan, the general who had commanded the Army of the Potomac until his indecision and delays caused Lincoln to remove him. The vice-presidential candidates were Andrew Johnson , Tennessee’s military governor who had refused to acknowledge his state’s secession, and Representative George Pendleton of Ohio . At first, Radical Republicans, fearing defeat, talked of ousting Lincoln in favor of the more ardently antislavery secretary of the treasury Salmon P. Chase , or Generals John C. Frémont or Benjamin F. Butler. But in the end they fell in behind the president. The Republicans attracted Democratic support by running as the Union party and putting Johnson, a pro-war Democrat, on the ticket. McClellan repudiated the Democratic platform’s call for peace, but he attacked Lincoln’s handling of the war. Lincoln won in a landslide, owing partly to a policy of letting soldiers go home to vote. But the military successes of Generals Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and William T. Sherman in the Deep South were probably more important. He received 2,206,938 votes to McClellan’s 1,803,787. The electoral vote was 212 to 21. Democrats did better in state elections. 1868: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Seymour In this contest, Republican Ulysses S. Grant opposed Horace Seymour, the Democratic governor of New York. Their respective running mates were Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana and Francis P. Blair of Missouri. The Democrats attacked the Republican management of Reconstruction and black suffrage. Grant, a moderate on Reconstruction, was accused of military despotism and anti-Semitism, and Colfax, of nativism and possible corruption. Besides criticizing Seymour’s support for inflationary greenback currency and Blair’s reputed drunkenness and his opposition to Reconstruction, the Republicans questioned the wartime patriotism of all Democrats. Grant won the popular vote, 3,012,833 to 2,703,249, and carried the electoral college by 214 to 80. Seymour carried only eight states, but ran fairly well in many others, especially in the South. The election showed that despite his popularity as a military hero, Grant was not invincible. His margin of victory came from newly enfranchised southern freedmen, who supplied him with about 450,000 votes. The Democrats had named a weak ticket and attacked Reconstruction rather than pursuing economic issues, but revealed surprising strength. 1872: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Greeley President Ulysses S. Grant ran against New YorkTribune editor Horace Greeley in 1872. Greeley headed an uneasy coalition of Democrats and liberal Republicans. Despite Greeley’s history of attacking Democrats, that party endorsed him for the sake of expediency. The vice-presidential candidates were Republican senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts and Governor B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. Disaffected by Grant administration corruption and the controversy over Reconstruction, Greeley ran on a platform of civil service reform, laissez-faire liberalism, and an end to Reconstruction. The Republicans came out for civil service reform and the protection of black rights. They attacked Greeley’s inconsistent record and his support of utopian socialism and Sylvester Graham’s dietary restrictions. Thomas Nast’s anti-Greeley cartoons in Harper’s Weekly attracted wide attention. Grant won the century’s biggest Republican popular majority, 3,597,132 to 2,834,125. The electoral college vote was 286 to 66. Actually, the result was more anti-Greeley than pro-Grant. 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel Tilden In 1876 the Republican party nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for president and William A. Wheeler of New York for vice president. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden of New York for president and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. Several minor parties, including the Prohibition party and the Greenback party, also ran candidates. The country was growing weary of Reconstruction policies, which kept federal troops stationed in several southern states. Moreover, the Grant administration was tainted by numerous scandals, which caused disaffection for the party among voters. In 1874 the House of Representatives had gone Democratic; political change was in the air. Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, receiving 4,284,020 votes to 4,036,572 for Hayes. In the electoral college Tilden was also ahead 184 to 165; both parties claimed the remaining 20 votes. The Democrats needed only 1 more vote to capture the presidency, but the Republicans needed all 20 contested electoral votes. Nineteen of them came from South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida–states that the Republicans still controlled. Protesting Democratic treatment of black voters, Republicans insisted that Hayes had carried those states but that Democratic electors had voted for Tilden. Two sets of election returns existed–one from the Democrats, one from the Republicans. Congress had to determine the authenticity of the disputed returns. Unable to decide, legislators established a fifteen-member commission composed of ten congressmen and five Supreme Court justices. The commission was supposed to be nonpartisan, but ultimately it consisted of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. The final decision was to be rendered by the commission unless both the Senate and the House rejected it. The commission accepted the Republican vote in each state. The House disagreed, but the Senate concurred, and Hayes and Wheeler were declared president and vice president. In the aftermath of the commission’s decision, the federal troops that remained in the South were withdrawn, and southern leaders made vague promises regarding the rights of the 4 million African-Americans living in the region. 1880: James A. Garfield vs. Winfield Scott Hancock The election of 1880 was as rich in partisan wrangling as it was lacking in major issues. Factional rivalry in the Republican party between New York senator Roscoe Conkling’s Stalwarts and Half-Breed followers of James G. Blaine resulted in a convention in which neither Blaine nor the Stalwart choice, former president Ulysses S. Grant, could gain the nomination. On the thirty-sixth ballot, a compromise choice, Senator James A. Garfield of Ohio, was nominated. Stalwart Chester A. Arthur of New York was chosen as his running mate to mollify Conkling’s followers. The Democrats selected Civil War general Winfield Scott Hancock , a man of modest abilities, because he was less controversial than party leaders like Samuel Tilden, Senator Thomas Bayard, or Speaker of the House Samuel Randall. Former Indiana congressman William English served as Hancock’s running mate. In their platforms, both parties equivocated on the currency issue and unenthusiastically endorsed civil service reform, while supporting generous pensions for veterans and the exclusion of Chinese immigrants. The Republicans called for protective tariffs; the Democrats favored tariffs “for revenue only.” In the campaign, Republicans “waved the bloody shirt,” ridiculed Hancock for referring to the tariff as a “local question,” and quite possibly purchased their narrow but crucial victory in Indiana. Democrats attacked Garfield’s ties to the Crédit Mobilier scandal and circulated the forged “Morey Letter” that “proved” he was soft on Chinese exclusion. Turnout was high on election day (78.4 percent), but the result was one of the closest in history. Garfield carried the electoral college, 214-155, but his popular majority was less than 10,000 (4,454,416 to Hancock’s 4,444,952). Greenback-Labor candidate James Weaver garnered 308,578 votes. Outside the southern and border states, Hancock carried only New Jersey, Nevada , and 5 of 6 California electoral votes. 1884: Grover Cleveland vs. James G. Blaine This race, marred by negative campaigning and corruption, ended in the election of the first Democratic president since 1856. The Republicans split into three camps: dissident reformers, called the Mugwumps, who were opposed to party and government graft; Stalwarts, Ulysses S. Grant supporters who had fought civil service reform; and Half-Breeds, moderate reformers and high-tariff men loyal to the party. The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine of Maine, a charismatic former congressman and secretary of state popular for his protectionism, but of doubtful honesty because of his role in the scandal of the “Mulligan letters” in the 1870s. His running mate was one of his opponents, Senator John Logan of Illinois. This gave Democrats a chance to name a ticket popular in New York, where Stalwart senator Roscoe Conkling had a long-running feud with Blaine, and they took advantage of it. They chose New York governor Grover Cleveland , a fiscal conservative and civil service reformer, for president and Senator Thomas Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. The campaign was vicious. The Republican reformers and the traditionally Republican New York Times opposed Blaine. When it became known that Cleveland, a bachelor, had fathered a child out of wedlock, Republicans chanted “Ma! Ma! Where’s my pa? Gone to the White House, Ha! Ha! Ha!” But the furor died down when Cleveland acknowledged his paternity and showed that he contributed to the child’s support. Blaine alienated a huge bloc of votes by not repudiating the Reverend Samuel Burchard, who, with Blaine in attendance, called the Democrats the party of “Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion.” Cleveland defeated Blaine by a very close margin, 4,911,017 to 4,848,334; the vote in the electoral college was 219 to 182, with New York’s 36 votes turning the tide. 1888: Benjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland In 1888 the Democratic party nominated President Grover Cleveland and chose Allen G. Thurman of Ohio as his running mate, replacing Vice President Thomas Hendricks who had died in office. After eight ballots, the Republican party chose Benjamin Harrison , former senator from Indiana and the grandson of President William Henry Harrison. Levi P. Morton of New York was the vice-presidential nominee. In the popular vote for president, Cleveland won with 5,540,050 votes to Harrison’s 5,444,337. But Harrison received more votes in the electoral college, 233 to Cleveland’s 168, and was therefore elected. The Republicans carried New York, President Cleveland’s political base. The campaign of 1888 helped establish the Republicans as the party of high tariffs, which most Democrats, heavily supported by southern farmers, opposed. But memories of the Civil War also figured heavily in the election. Northern veterans, organized in the Grand Army of the Republic, had been angered by Cleveland’s veto of pension legislation and his decision to return Confederate battle flags. 1892: Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison vs. James B. Weaver The Republican party in 1892 nominated President Benjamin Harrison and replaced Vice President Levi P. Morton with Whitelaw Reid of New York. The Democrats also selected the familiar: former president Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. The Populist, or People’s party, fielding candidates for the first time, nominated Gen. James B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia. The main difference between the Republicans and the Democrats in 1892 was their position on the tariff. The Republicans supported ever-increasing rates, whereas a substantial wing of the Democratic party pushed through a platform plank that demanded import taxes for revenue only. The Populists called for government ownership of the railroads and monetary reform, confronting these issues in a way the two major parties did not. Cleveland, avenging his defeat of 1888, won the presidency, receiving 5,554,414 popular votes to Harrison’s 5,190,801. Weaver and the Populists received 1,027,329. In the electoral college Cleveland, carrying the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana, garnered 277 votes to Harrison’s 145. 1896: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan vs. Thomas Watson vs. John Palmer In 1896 the Republican nominee for president was Representative William McKinley of Ohio, a “sound money” man and a strong supporter of high tariffs. His running mate was Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey. The party’s platform stressed adherence to the gold standard; western delegates bolted, forming the Silver Republican party. The Democratic party platform was critical of President Grover Cleveland and endorsed the coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one. William Jennings Bryan , a former congressman from Nebraska, spoke at the convention in support of the platform, proclaiming, “You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” The enthusiastic response of the convention to Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech secured his hold on the presidential nomination. His running mate was Arthur Sewall of Maine. The Populists supported Bryan but nominated Thomas Watson of Georgia for vice president. Silver Republicans supported the Democratic nominee, and the newly formed Gold Democrats nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois for president and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky for vice president. Bryan toured the country, stressing his support for silver coinage as a solution for economically disadvantaged American farmers and calling for a relaxation of credit and regulation of the railroads. McKinley remained at home and underscored the Republican commitment to the gold standard and protectionism. The Republican campaign, heavily financed by corporate interests, successfully portrayed Bryan and the Populists as radicals. William McKinley won, receiving 7,102,246 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,502,925. The electoral college votes were 271 to 176. Bryan did not carry any northern industrial states, and the agricultural states of Iowa, Minnesota , and North Dakota also went Republican. 1900: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan In 1900 the Republicans nominated President William McKinley. Since Vice President Garret A. Hobart had died in office, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York received the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic candidates were William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska for president and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for vice president. Bryan campaigned as an anti-imperialist, denouncing the country’s involvement in the Philippines. Delivering over six hundred speeches in twenty-four states, he also persisted in his crusade for the free coinage of silver. McKinley did not actively campaign, relying on the revival of the economy that had occurred during his first term. In the election McKinley won wide support from business interests. Bryan was unable to expand his agrarian base to include northern labor, which approved of McKinley’s commitment to protective tariffs. Foreign policy questions proved unimportant to most voters. McKinley was elected, receiving 7,219,530 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,358,071. In the electoral college the vote was 292 to 155. 1904: Theodore Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker This race confirmed the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president when McKinley was assassinated, and moved Democrats away from bimetallism and toward progressivism. Some Republicans deemed Roosevelt too liberal and flirted with nominating Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, who had been William McKinley’s closest political adviser. But the party easily nominated Roosevelt for a term in his own right and Senator Charles Fairbanks of Indiana for vice president. Democrats divided again over gold and silver, but this time gold won out. The party nominated conservative, colorless New York Court of Appeals judge Alton Parker for president and former senator Henry Davis of West Virginia for vice president. Parker and his campaign attacked Roosevelt for his antitrust policies and for accepting contributions from big business. His having invited Booker T. Washington for a meal at the White House was also used against him. William Jennings Bryan overcame his distaste for Parker and his supporters and campaigned in the Midwest and West for the ticket. Playing down bimetallism, he stressed moving the party toward more progressive stances. Parker gained some support from the South, but Roosevelt won 7,628,461 popular votes to Parker’s 5,084,223. He carried the electoral college, 336 to 140, with only the South going Democratic. 1908: William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan After Theodore Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908, the Republican convention nominated Secretary of War William Howard Taft for president and Representative James Schoolcraft Sherman of New York as his running mate. The Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan for president for the third time; his running mate was John Kern of Indiana. The predominant campaign issue was Roosevelt. His record as a reformer countered Bryan’s reformist reputation, and Taft promised to carry on Roosevelt’s policies. Business leaders campaigned for Taft. In the election Taft received 7,679,006 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,409,106. Taft’s margin in the electoral college was 321 to 162. 1912: Woodrow Wilson vs. William Howard Taft vs. Theodore Roosevelt vs. Eugene V. Debs In 1912, angered over what he felt was the betrayal of his policies by his hand-picked successor, President William Howard Taft, former president Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination. When the party chose Taft and Vice President James Sherman at the convention, Roosevelt bolted and formed the Progressive party, or Bull Moose party. His running mate was Governor Hiram Johnson of California. After forty-six ballots the Democratic convention nominated New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson for president and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice president. For the fourth time the Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs for president. During the campaign Roosevelt and Wilson attracted most of the attention. They offered the voters two brands of progressivism. Wilson’s New Freedom promoted antimonopoly policies and a return to small-scale business. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism called for an interventionist state with strong regulatory powers. In the election Wilson received 6,293,120 to Roosevelt’s 4,119,582, Taft’s 3,485,082, and nearly 900,000 for Debs. In the electoral college Wilson’s victory was lopsided: 435 to 88 for Roosevelt and 8 for Taft. The combined vote for Taft and Roosevelt indicated that if the Republican party had not split, they would have won the presidency; the total cast for Wilson, Roosevelt, and Debs spoke to the people’s endorsement of progressive reform. 1916: Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughs In 1916 the Progressive party convention tried to nominate Theodore Roosevelt again, but Roosevelt, seeking to reunify the Republicans, convinced the convention to support the Republican choice, Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes . The Republicans selected Charles Fairbanks of Indiana as Hughes’s running mate, but the Progressives nominated John M. Parker of Louisiana for vice president. The Democrats renominated President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. The Democrats stressed the fact that Wilson had kept the nation out of the European war, but Wilson was ambiguous about his ability to continue to do so. The election was close. Wilson received 9,129,606 votes to Hughes’s 8,538,221. Wilson also obtained a slim margin in the electoral college, winning 277 to 254. 1920: Warren G. Harding vs. James M. Cox vs. Eugene V. Debs After a generation of progressive insurgency within the Republican party, it returned in 1920 to a conservative stance. The party’s choice for president was Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, a political insider. Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, best known for his tough handling of the Boston police strike of 1919, was the vice-presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James M. Cox, governor of Ohio, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration. Democratic chances were weakened by President Woodrow Wilson’s having suffered a stroke in 1919 and his failure to obtain ratification of the League of Nations treaty. The Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs, imprisoned for his opposition to World War I , and Seymour Stedman of Ohio. A bedridden Wilson hoped the 1920 election would be a referendum on his League of Nations, but that issue was probably not decisive. If anything, the election was a strong rejection of President Wilson and an endorsement of the Republican candidate’s call for a “return to normalcy.” Harding’s victory was decisive: 16,152,200 popular votes to Cox’s 9,147,353. In the electoral college only the South went for Cox. Harding won by 404 to 127. Although still in prison, Debs received more than 900,000 votes. 1924: Calvin Coolidge vs. Robert M. LaFollette vs. Burton K. Wheeler vs. John W. Davis The Republican nominees for president and vice president in 1924 were President Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes of Illinois. President Warren G. Harding had died in 1923. Disaffected progressive Republicans met under the auspices of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and nominated Robert M. La Follette for president. The new Progressive party chose Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana for vice president. The platform called for higher taxes on the wealthy, conservation, direct election of the president, and the ending of child labor. In choosing their candidates the Democrats were faced with polar opposites. Alfred E. Smith of New York was the epitome of the urban machine politician, and he was also Catholic; William G. McAdoo was a Protestant popular in the South and West. A deadlock developed; on the 103rd ballot the delegates finally settled on John W. Davis, a corporation lawyer, and Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, the brother of William Jennings Bryan. The Republicans won easily; Coolidge’s popular vote, 15,725,016, was greater than that of Davis, 8,385,586, and La Follette, 4,822,856, combined. Coolidge received 382 electoral votes to Davis’s 136. La Follette carried only his home state, Wisconsin , with 13 electoral votes. 1928: Herbert Hoover vs. Alfred E. Smith The Republican presidential nominee in 1928 was Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California. Charles Curtis of Kansas was his running mate. The Democrats nominated Alfred E. Smith, governor of New York, and Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas . The Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) and religion–Al Smith was Catholic–dominated a campaign that was marked by anti-Catholicism. Hoover firmly supported Prohibition, whereas Smith, an avowed wet, favored repeal. Many Americans found the urban and cultural groups that the cigar-smoking Smith epitomized frightening; Hoover seemed to stand for old-fashioned rural values. The Republican campaign slogan promised the people “a chicken for every pot and a car in every garage.” The election produced a high voter turnout. The Republicans swept the electoral college, 444 to 87, and Hoover’s popular majority was substantial: 21,392,190 to Smith’s 15,016,443. The Democrats, however, carried the country’s twelve largest cities; the support for Smith in urban America heralded the major political shift to come. 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Herbert Hoover In 1932, the third year of the Great Depression, the Republican party nominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis. Although Hoover had tried to respond to the crisis, his belief in voluntarism limited his options. The Democratic party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York, for president and Senator John Nance Garner of Texas for vice president. The platform called for the repeal of Prohibition and a reduction in federal spending. During the campaign Hoover defended his record, his commitment to a balanced budget, and the gold standard–a backward-looking stance, given that the number of unemployed stood at 13 million. Roosevelt made few specific proposals, but his tone and demeanor were positive and forward-looking. The Democrats won the election in a landslide. Roosevelt received 22,809,638 popular votes to the president’s 15,758,901 and took the electoral college by 472 votes to 59. The voters’ rejection of Hoover and his party extended to both houses of Congress, which the Democrats now controlled. 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Alfred M. Landon In 1936 the Democratic party nominated President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner. The Republican party, strongly opposed to the New Deal and “big government,” chose Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas and Fred Knox of Illinois. The 1936 presidential campaign focused on class to an unusual extent for American politics. Conservative Democrats such as Alfred E. Smith supported Landon. Eighty percent of newspapers endorsed the Republicans, accusing Roosevelt of imposing a centralized economy. Most businesspeople charged the New Deal with trying to destroy American individualism and threatening the nation’s liberty. But Roosevelt appealed to a coalition of western and southern farmers, industrial workers, urban ethnic voters, and reform-minded intellectuals. African-American voters, historically Republican, switched to fdr in record numbers. In a referendum on the emerging welfare state, the Democratic party won in a landslide–27,751,612 popular votes for fdr to only 16,681,913 for Landon. The Republicans carried two states–Maine and Vermont–for 8 electoral votes; Roosevelt received the remaining 523. The unprecedented success of fdr in 1936 marked the beginning of a long period of Democratic party dominance. 1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Wendall L. Wilkie In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term by a margin of nearly 5 million: 27,244,160 popular votes to Republican Wendell L. Willkie’s 22,305,198. The president carried the electoral college, 449 to 82. The new vice president was Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, chosen by the Democrats to replace the two-term vice president John Nance Garner who no longer agreed with Roosevelt about anything. Charles A. McNary was the Republican candidate for vice president. The major issue facing the American people in 1940 was World War II . This fact had determined the Republican choice of Willkie, who was a liberal internationalist running as the candidate of a conservative isolationist party. Although Willkie did not disagree with Roosevelt on foreign policy, the country chose to stay with an experienced leader. 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Thomas E. Dewey By the beginning of 1944, in the middle of World War II, it was clear that President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to run for a fourth term, and this shaped the coming campaign. Democratic party regulars disliked Vice President Henry A. Wallace; eventually they persuaded Roosevelt to replace him with Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri.Although Wendell Willkie, the nominee in 1940, was initially the front-runner in the Republican race, the party returned to its traditional base, choosing conservative governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York. Republicans had hoped that Governor Earl Warren of California would accept the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined. The party then turned to John W. Bricker. The president won reelection with results that were similar to those of 1940: 25,602,504 people voted for Roosevelt and Truman, and 22,006,285 voters gave their support to Dewey. The electoral vote was 432 to 99. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the issue in 1944: his health–the sixty-two-year-old suffered from heart disease and high blood pressure–his competence as an administrator, and his stand on communism and the shape of the postwar world. At issue also was whether any president should serve four terms. The Democrats and the president were vulnerable on all these points, but the American people once again chose the familiar in a time of crisis: “Don’t change horses in midstream” was a familiar slogan in the campaign. 1948: Harry Truman vs. Thomas E. Dewey vs. Strom Thurmond vs. Henry Wallace President Harry S. Truman, who had succeeded President Roosevelt after his death in 1945, stood for reelection on the Democratic ticket with Alben Barkley of Kentucky as his running mate. When the Democratic convention adopted a strong civil rights plank, southern delegates walked out and formed the States’ Rights party. The Dixiecrats, as they were called, nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president and Fielding Wright for vice president. A new left-leaning Progressive party nominated former vice president Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president with Glen Taylor, a senator from Idaho , as his running mate. The Republican slate consisted of two prominent governors: Thomas E. Dewey of New York and Earl Warren of California. Although polls and conventional wisdom predicted a Dewey victory, Truman campaigned vigorously as the underdog, making a famous whistle-stop tour of the country aboard a special train. Results were uncertain to the last minute. A well-known photograph shows Truman the day after the election smiling broadly and holding aloft a newspaper with the headline dewey wins! The paper was wrong: Truman had received 24,105,812 popular votes, or 49.5 percent of the total; Dewey, 21,970,065, or 45.1 percent. Thurmond and Wallace each received about 1.2 million votes. The Democratic victory in the electoral college was more substantial: Truman beat Dewey 303 to 189; Thurmond received 39 votes, and Wallace none. 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson When President Harry S. Truman declined to run for a third term, the Democratic convention nominated Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for president on the third ballot. Senator John Sparkman of Alabama was chosen as his running mate. The Republican fight for the nomination was a conflict between the isolationists, represented by Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, and the more liberal internationalists, who backed World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower , then president of Columbia University. Eisenhower won the nomination. Richard M. Nixon , an anticommunist senator from California, was the vice-presidential candidate. Popular discontent with Truman’s handling of the Korean War , charges of corruption in his administration, an inflationary economy, and a perceived communist threat worked against Stevenson. He was also confronted with Eisenhower’s immense personal popularity–i like ike! the campaign buttons proclaimed–and the voters’ belief that he would swiftly end the war. A scandal regarding Nixon’s campaign fund threatened briefly to cost him his place on the ticket. But an emotional speech he delivered on television featuring his wife’s “good Republican cloth coat” and his dog, Checkers, saved him. Eisenhower’s victory was the largest of any candidate’s to that time: he received 33,936,234 popular votes and 442 electoral votes to Stevenson’s 27,314,992 popular votes and 89 electoral votes. 1956: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson Despite suffering a heart attack and abdominal surgery during his first term, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated by the Republicans for a second term without opposition. Although Richard M. Nixon had been a controversial vice president and many Republicans felt he was a liability, he was also renominated. For the second time the Democrats chose former governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois; his running mate was Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Foreign policy dominated the campaign. Eisenhower claimed responsibility for the country’s being prosperous and at peace; Stevenson proposed ending the draft and halting nuclear testing. The Suez Canal crisis, occurring in the final weeks of the campaign, created a sense of emergency, and the country responded by voting strongly against change. Eisenhower won with 35,590,472 votes to Stevenson’s 26,022,752. His margin was 457 to 73 in the electoral college. 1960: John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon In 1960 the Democratic party nominated John F. Kennedy , a senator from Massachusetts, for president. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas was his running mate. The Republicans nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon to succeed Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was prohibited from running for a third term by the recently adopted Twenty-second Amendment. The Republican nominee for vice president was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of Massachusetts. Although much of the campaign centered on style rather than substance, Kennedy stressed what he claimed was a “missile gap” between the United States and the Soviet Union. Kennedy was Catholic, and though religion was not a major issue, it had considerable influence on many voters. Kennedy won the presidency by a popular margin of less than 120,000, receiving 34,227,096 votes to Nixon’s 34,107,646. The race was not as close in the electoral college where Kennedy got 303 votes to Nixon’s 219. Kennedy was the first Catholic and the youngest person to be elected president. 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater The Democrats nominated Lyndon B. Johnson who had succeeded to the presidency upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Johnson, the first president from the South since Andrew Johnson, had been Democratic leader of the Senate. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, a longtime liberal, was nominated as Johnson’s running mate. The Republicans chose Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona for president and Congressman William E. Miller of New York for vice president. In the campaign, conducted in the midst of the escalating Vietnam War , Goldwater, an ultraconservative, called for the bombing of North Vietnam and implied that the Social Security system should be dismantled. President Johnson campaigned on a platform of social reform that would incorporate Kennedy’s New Frontier proposals. Despite the country’s deepening involvement in Vietnam, the president also campaigned as the candidate of peace against the militaristic Goldwater. Johnson won a decisive victory, polling 43,128,958 popular votes to 27,176,873 for Goldwater. In the electoral college he received 486 votes to Goldwater’s 52. 1968: Richard M. Nixon vs. Hubert Humphrey vs. George Wallace The Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and protests tied to both combined in a tumultuous year to cause a tight, unusual election closely linked to these issues. Opposition to the war moved Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to enter the Democratic race, followed by Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, both with strong support from liberal constituencies. On March 31, 1968, in the wake of the Tet offensive, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection. This prompted Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to announce his candidacy. Kennedy won the California primary, but immediately thereafter, he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. Humphrey then pulled ahead and was nominated for president, with Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine for vice president. The party convention in Chicago was marred by bloody clashes between antiwar protesters and the local police. In comparison, the Republican race was less complicated. Former vice president Richard M. Nixon completed his political comeback by winning the presidential nomination. He chose Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate. The conservative American Independent party nominated Governor George Wallace of Alabama, a segregationist, for president, and Air Force general Curtis LeMay of Ohio, who advocated using nuclear weapons in Vietnam, for vice president. Nixon campaigned for law and order and said he had a “secret plan” to end the war. Wallace was highly critical of Supreme Court decisions that had broadened the Bill of Rights and of Great Society programs to rebuild the inner cities and enforce civil rights for blacks. Humphrey supported most of Johnson’s policies, but late in the campaign he announced he would seek to end American involvement in Vietnam. It was not quite enough to overcome Nixon’s lead in the polls. Nixon received 31,710,470 popular votes to 30,898,055 for Humphrey and 9,466,167 for Wallace. Nixon’s victory in the electoral college was wider: 302 to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, the latter from the South. 1972: Richard M. Nixon vs. George McGovern In 1972 the Republicans nominated President Richard M. Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. The Democrats, still split over the war in Vietnam, chose a presidential candidate of liberal persuasion, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota . Senator Thomas F. Eagleton of Missouri was the vice-presidential choice, but after it was revealed that he had once received electric shock and other psychiatric treatments, he resigned from the ticket. McGovern named Sargent Shriver, director of the Peace Corps, as his replacement. The campaign focused on the prospect of peace in Vietnam and an upsurge in the economy. Unemployment had leveled off and the inflation rate was declining. Two weeks before the November election, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted inaccurately that the war in Vietnam would soon be over. During the campaign, a break-in occurred at Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. , but it had little impact until after the election. The campaign ended in one of the greatest landslides in the nation’s history. Nixon’s popular vote was 47,169,911 to McGovern’s 29,170,383, and the Republican victory in the electoral college was even more lopsided–520 to 17. Only Massachusetts gave its votes to McGovern. 1976: Jimmy Carter vs. Gerald Ford In 1976 the Democratic party nominated former governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. The Republicans chose President Gerald Ford and Senator Robert Dole of Kansas. Richard M. Nixon had appointed Ford, a congressman from Michigan, as vice president to replace Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid charges of corruption. Ford became president when Nixon resigned after the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment because of his involvement in an attempted cover-up of the politically inspired Watergate break-in. In the campaign, Carter ran as an outsider, independent of Washington, which was now in disrepute. Ford tried to justify his pardoning Nixon for any crimes he might have committed during the cover-up, as well as to overcome the disgrace many thought the Republicans had brought to the presidency. Carter and Mondale won a narrow victory, 40,828,587 popular votes to 39,147,613 and 297 electoral votes to 241. The Democratic victory ended eight years of divided government; the party now controlled both the White House and Congress. 1980: Ronald Reagan vs. Jimmy Carter vs. John B. Anderson In 1980 President Jimmy Carter was opposed for the Democratic nomination by Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts in ten primaries. But Carter easily won the nomination at the Democratic convention. The party also renominated Walter Mondale for vice president. Ronald Reagan , former governor of California, received the Republican nomination, and his chief challenger, George Bush , became the vice-presidential nominee. Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois, who had also sought the nomination, ran as an independent with Patrick J. Lucey, former Democratic governor of Wisconsin, as his running mate. The two major issues of the campaign were the economy and the Iranian hostage crisis. President Carter seemed unable to control inflation and had not succeeded in obtaining the release of American hostages in Tehran before the election. Reagan won a landslide victory, and Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time in twenty-five years. Reagan received 43,904,153 popular votes in the election, and Carter, 35,483,883. Reagan won 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter’s 49. John Anderson won no electoral votes, but got 5,720,060 popular votes. 1984: Ronald Reagan vs. Walter Mondale In 1984 the Republicans renominated Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Former vice president Walter Mondale was the Democratic choice, having turned aside challenges from Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and the Reverend Jesse Jackson . Jackson, an African-American, sought to move the party to the left. Mondale chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York for his running mate. This was the first time a major party nominated a woman for one of the top offices. Peace and prosperity, despite massive budget deficits, ensured Reagan’s victory. Gary Hart had portrayed Mondale as a candidate of the “special interests,” and the Republicans did so as well. Ferraro’s nomination did not overcome a perceived gender gap–56 percent of the women voting chose Reagan. Reagan won a decisive victory, carrying all states except Minnesota, Mondale’s home state, and the District of Columbia. He received 54,455,074 popular votes to Mondale’s total of 37,577,185. In the electoral college the count was Reagan, 525, and Mondale, 13. 1988: George H.W. Bush vs. Michael Dukakis Although Vice President George Bush faced some opposition in the primaries from Senator Robert Dole of Kansas in 1988, he won the Republican nomination by acclamation. He chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. The Democrats nominated Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts, for president and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for vice president. Dukakis had faced strong competition in the primaries, including the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart of Colorado. Hart withdrew from the race following revelations about an extramarital affair, and party regulars and political pundits perceived Jackson, a liberal and an African-American, as unlikely to win the general election. Once again the Republicans were in the enviable situation of running during a time of relative tranquillity and economic stability. After a campaign featuring controversial television ads, Bush and Quayle won 48,886,097 popular votes to 41,809,074 for Dukakis and Bentsen and carried the electoral college, 426 to 111. 1992: Bill Clinton vs. George H.W. Bush vs. H. Ross Perot In 1991 incumbent President George H. W. Bush’s approval ratings reached 88 percent, the highest in presidential history up to that point. But by 1992, his ratings had sunk, and Bush became the fourth sitting U.S. president to lose re-election. In the summer of 1992 Ross Perot led the polls with 39 percent of voter support. Although Perot came in a distant third, he was still the most successful third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Popular Vote: 44,908,254 (Clinton) to 39,102,343 (Bush) Electoral College : 370 (Clinton) to 168 (Bush) 1996: Bill Clinton vs. Robert Dole vs. H. Ross Perot vs. Ralph Nader Although Clinton won a decisive victory, he carried a mere four Southern states, signaling a decline in Southern support for Democrats who historically could count on the area as an electoral stronghold. Later, in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Democrats did not carry a single Southern state. The 1996 election was the most lavishly funded up to that point. The combined amount spent by the two major parties for all federal candidates topped $2 billion, which was 33 percent more than what was spent in 1992. During this election the Democratic National Committee was accused of accepting donations from Chinese contributors. Non-American citizens are forbidden by law from donating to U.S. politicians, and 17 people were later convicted for the activity. Popular Vote: 45,590,703 (Clinton) to 37,816,307 (Dole)Electoral College: 379 (Clinton) to 159 (Dole) 2000: George W. Bush vs. Al Gore vs. Ralph Nader The 2000 election was the fourth election in U.S. history in which the winner of the electoral votes did not carry the popular vote. It was the first such election since 1888, when Benjamin Harris became president after winning more electoral votes but losing the popular vote to Grover Cleveland. Gore conceded on election night but retracted his concession the next day when he learned that the vote in Florida was too close to call. Florida began a recount, but the U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled the recount unconstitutional. Political activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and captured 2.7 percent of the vote. Popular Vote: 50,996,582 (Gore) to 50,465,062 (Bush)Electoral College: 271 (Bush) to 266 (Gore) 2004: George W. Bush vs. John Kerry Total voter turnout for the 2004 presidential election numbered at about 120 million, an impressive 15 million increase from the 2000 vote. After the bitterly contested election of 2000, many were poised for a similar election battle in 2004. Although there were reported irregularities in Ohio, a recount confirmed the original vote counts with nominal differences that did not affect the final outcome. Former Vermont governor Howard Dean was the expected Democratic candidate but lost support during the primaries. There was speculation that he sealed his fate when he let out a deep, guttural yell in front of a rally of supporters, which became known as the “I Have a Scream” speech, because it was delivered on Martin Luther King Day. Popular Vote: 60,693,281 (Bush) to 57,355,978 (Kerry)Electoral College: 286 (Bush) to 251 (Kerry) 2008: Barack Obama vs. John McCain In this historic election, Barack Obama became the first African-American to become president. With the Obama/Biden win, Biden became the first-ever Roman Catholic vice president. Had the McCain/Palin ticket won, John McCain would have been the oldest president in history, and Sarah Palin would have been the first woman vice president. Popular Vote: 69,297,997 (Obama) to 59,597,520 (McCain)Electoral College: 365 (Obama) to 173 (McCain) 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney Romney, the first Mormon to receive a major party’s nomination, fought off a number of Republican challengers in the primary, while the incumbent Obama faced no intra-party challenges. The election, the first waged following the “Citizens United” Supreme Court decision that allowed for increased political contributions, cost more than $2.6 billion, with the two major party candidates spending close to $1.12 billion that cycle. Popular Vote: 65,915,795 (Obama) to 60,933,504 (Romney). Electoral College: 332 (Obama) to 206 (Romney). Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags
i don't know
Who wrote the 1970 book ‘Future Shock’?
Future Shock at 40: What the Tofflers Got Right (and Wrong) | Fast Company | Business + Innovation Future Shock at 40: What the Tofflers Got Right (and Wrong) Greg Lindsay 10.15.10 1:00 AM In the opening minutes of Future Shock, a 1972 documentary based on the book of the same name, a bearded, cigar-puffing, world-weary Orson Welles staggers down an airport’s moving walkway, treating the camera like a confidante. "In the course of my work, which has taken me to just about every corner of the globe, I see many aspects of a phenomenon which I’m just beginning to understand," he says. "Our modern technologies have changed the degree of sophistication beyond our wildest dreams. But this technology has exacted a pretty heavy price. We live in an age of anxiety and time of stress. And with all our sophistication, we are in fact the victims of our own technological strengths –- we are the victims of shock… a future shock." Published in 1970, Future Shock made its author Alvin Toffler — a former student radical, welder, newspaper report and Fortune editor — a household name. Written with his wife (and uncredited co-author), Heidi Toffler, the book was The World Is Flat of its day, selling 6 million copies and single-handedly inventing futurism. The Third Wave followed a decade later, and a third dispatch from the future a decade after that. On the 40th anniversary of the book’s publication (which I wrote about yesterday ), it’s worth asking why the Tofflers’ reputation seems stuck in the 1970s when their prognosis was more accurate than not. "Future shock is the shattering stress and disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting them to too much change in too short a time," the pair wrote. The accelerating changes they predicted included the "electronic frontier" of the Internet, Prozac, YouTube, cloning, home-schooling, the self-induced paralysis of too many choices, instant celebrities "swiftly fabricated and ruthlessly destroyed," and the end of blue-collar "second-wave" manufacturing, to be replaced by a "third wave" of knowledge workers. Not bad for 1970. Their misses included such classic Jetsonian tropes as underwater cities, handing teenagers the keys to the family spaceship, and the doubling of the planet’s population in just 11 years. And don’t ask Heidi Toffler about the paper clothes we’d use once and throwaway like Kleenex. "I was wrong," she said matter-of-factly at the book’s anniversary conference on Thursday. "But I was trying to make a larger point about a "throw-away society." How many plastic water bottles did we throw away last year?" And then there are the Tofflerisms: "Change is not merely necessary to life — it is life." "Technology feeds on itself. Technology makes more technology possible." "The illiterate of the future will not be the person who cannot read. It will be the person who does not know how to learn." And still Heidi’s favorite: "Change is the only constant." (I bet you’d forgotten who said that. I had.) Perhaps it says something about the Tofflers’ reputation that while their contemporary Marshall McLuhan was adopted as the " patron saint " of early Wired,, the Toffler’s most ardent admirer among the digerati was AOL founder Steve Case, who read The Third Wave while in college and was captivated by the notion of the "electronic frontier." "Back then, nobody had PCs, and everything we take for granted wasn’t there," Case told me at a dinner for the Tofflers Wednesday night, "but I remember reading it and thinking it was inevitable, and that really inspired me to start what became AOL five years later" in 1985. "There’s no question that was a seminal moment for me." But the Tofflers may yet find traction with a new generation of aspiring futurists. Parag Khanna , the 33-year-old author of The Second World and forthcoming How to Run The World has sought the Tofflers for advice and still marvels at their track record. "A few things that Toffler got right in 1970 that are still spot on today," he said Thursday, "include the transience of our relationships with each other and with things, the prediction that people would become as comfortable with virtual and interactive environments as with real life, the genesis of cyborgs and artificial intelligence, the over-stimulation of children, the rise of ad-hocery — a term he coined — in business and horizontal rather than vertical corporate structures, and the prominence of super-empowered individuals. Obviously he didn't pioneer all of these ideas, and of course didn't invent artificial intelligence, but the book really shows an imaginative but grounded sense of what the possibilities for these technologies were and the impact they would have." One reason the Tofflers seem stuck in the past is that we have yet to take all of their recommendations. "It really upsets me that people say we have to bring manufacturing back," Heidi said. "We have to re-train people how to think! We can’t compete with second-wave manufacturing, and China is starting to realize it, too. Future Shock is about the process of change, and The Third Wave is about the structures of change. And so far we’ve proven incapable of designing the systems that prepare us for change." In that sense, we’re all still as woozy as Orson Welles.
Alvin Toffler
Which Pink Floyd album was released in March 1973?
'Future Shock' Author Alvin Toffler Dies at 87 - NBC News Jun 30 2016, 5:19 am ET 'Future Shock' Author Alvin Toffler Dies at 87 by Alex Johnson advertisement LOS ANGELES — Alvin Toffler, the far-seeing futurist who predicted humanity's rising anxiety with digital and technological progress in his hugely influential 1970 book "Future Shock," has died at the age of 87, his consulting company confirmed Wednesday. Toffler — who is also credited with having coined the term "information overload" to describe people's struggle to keep up with exponentially expanding data — died Monday night at his home in Los Angeles, Toffler Associates said in a statement it released at the request of Toffler's widow, Heidi Toffler. No cause of death was given. Alvin Toffler during a talk at the Astrobiology Roadmap Workshop in Mountain View, California, in July 1998. Paul Sakuma / AP "Future Shock" sold millions of copies at a time when society was in churn, amid riots over the Vietnam War, the maturation of the civil rights movement and the growth of centralized mass media. Toffler defined the phenomenon as "too much change in too short a period of time." The book was the fruit of five years of work that began in 1965 with the publication of a magazine article titled "The Future as a Way of Life." It posited that human society was in transition to a globalized "post-industrial" age in which the majority of human activity was devoted to services, scholarship and creativity, as opposed to agrarian and manual labor. Soon, he wrote, the post-industrial economy would give way to a knowledge-based "new economy," characterized by the ever-accelerating pace of daily life, the pulling apart of the traditional family, rapid changes in business and politics and the ascendance of technology in daily affairs. Many commentators and scholars contend that all of those predictions — which were expanded upon in two influential followup best-sellers, "The Third Wave" (1980) and "Powershift" (1990) — have already come true. Sad to announce the passing of legendary #futurist Alvin Toffler. Al has been a friend and mentor to the org from our earliest days. — World Future Society (@WorldFutureSoc) June 29, 2016 Toffler, a former newspaper reporter and editor, had a gift for boiling down his complicated theories into easy-to-swallow nostrums, which immensely helped spread his philosophies. Among his pithy observations were these: "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn. " "If you don't have a strategy, you're part of someone else's strategy." "Change is not merely necessary to life — it is life." "It is no longer resources that limit decisions, it is the decision that makes the resources." And perhaps most famous: "The future always comes too fast and in the wrong order." In a 2002 interview with ComputerWorld magazine, Toffler surveyed the landscape and declared: "There is no one driving force that is always the driving force. What's happening today is not just an incremental, straight-line extrapolation of what's happened until now. This is something new, transformatory. If this is really an IT revolution, then the one thing you don't expect is linear change. You expect ups and downs, surprises, zigzags, inversions. A revolution is an upheaval." "Future Shock" had a huge impact on me in college. I'm putting it in my beach bag for a re-read. RIP #AlvinToffler https://t.co/f9H4HHVpi2 — Bill Griffeth (@BillGriffeth) June 30, 2016 "It's difficult to find an aspect of modern life not touched by his work," Deborah Westphal, chief executive of Toffler Associates, said Wednesday. "We are ever mindful of his influence as we navigate a world marked by widening artificial intelligence, globally connected societies and a quickening pace of change." A private burial will be held in Los Angeles, the company said. Alex Johnson
i don't know
Which four letter word beginning with A is the name of a god depicted as a bull, symbolising fertility and strength in war?
Egyptian Glossary This page must completely load before it will function properly. The links on this page are to an image or further description. You may need to use the "Return" button on your browser to return here. A . B . C . D . E . F . G . H . I . J . K . L . M . N . O . P . Q . R . S . T . U . V . W . X . Y . Z A ABTU. . The Greeks called this place Abydos. It was the seat of worship of Osiris . It was also called Busiris, "the house of Osiris". Egyptian tradition says that the sun ended his daily journey at Abydos, and entered into the underworld here, through a gap in the mountains called "peq". In the 12th dynasty it was believed that the souls of the dead entered into the afterlife here. AKER . . The double lion god, gaurdian of the sunrise and sunset. Gaurdian of the peaks that supported the sky . The western peak was called Manu , while the eastern peak was called Bakhu . AKH. . The akh was the aspect of a person that would join the gods in the underworld being immortal and unchangeable. It was created after death by the use of funerary text and spells, designed to bring forth an akh. Once this was achieved that individual was assured of not "dying a second time" a death that would mean the end of one's existence. AKHET . . This was the horizon from which the sun emerged and disappeared. The horizon thus embodied the idea of both sunrise and sunset. It is similar to the two peaks of the Djew or mountain symbol with a solar disk in the center. Both the beginning and the end of each day was guarded by Aker, a double lion god. In the New Kingdom, Harmakhet ("Horus in the Horizon") became the god of the rising and setting sun. He was pictured as a falcon, or as a sphinx with the body of a lion. The Great Sphinx of Giza is an example of "Horus in the Horizon". AMARNA. . The name given to the historical time period under the rule of Amenophis IV / Akhenaten . During this time period there were unprecedented changes in the government, art and religion. AMENTA . . The Underworld. Originally the place where the sun set, this name was later applied to the West Bank of the Nile where the Egyptians built their tombs. AMMUT . . A female demon, she is found in The Book of the Dead , She plays an important role in the Hall of Maat . AMULET. . A charm, often in the form of hieroglyphs, gods or sacred animals; made of precious stones or faience. They were worn like jewelry during life, and were included within the mummy wrappings for the afterlife. AMUN . . A god who's cult center was the temple of Amun at Karnak . He was considered to be king of all the gods and the the creator of all things. ANROSPHINX . . One of three varieties of Egyptian sphinx , having the head of a man. ANKH . . A symbol of life, resembling a looped cross. It was later adapted by Coptic Christians as their cross. Widely used as an amulet. ANTHROPOID. . A Greek word meaning; man-shaped. This term is used for coffins made in the shape of a human. ANUBIS . . A jackal headed god. Guardian of the necropolis . APIS BULL. . The Apis Bull was sacred to Osiris. It was revered from the earliest times, through the Graeco-Roman period. AQUERT. . A name for the land of the dead. ATEF CROWN . . The atef crown was worn by Osiris . It is made up of the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red feathers are representative of Busiris, Osiris's cult center in the Delta. ATEN . . The god that gained its prominence during the reign of Akhenaten , who abolished the traditional cults of Egypt and replaced them with the Aten. This created the first monotheistic cult in the world. B BA . . The ba can best be described as someone's personality. Like a person's body, each ba was an individual. It entered a person's body with the breath of life and it left at the time of death. The ba is associated with divinity and power. It had the ability to take on different forms, in this respect the gods had many bas. The ba of the deceased is able to move freely between the underworld and the physical world. The ba is similar to the ka . BASTET . . A cat headed goddess. As a sun goddess she represents the warm, life giving power of the sun. BAKHU. . The mythical mountain from which the sun rose. The region of the eastern horizon. One of two mountains that held up the sky, the other being Manu . These peaks were guarded by the double lion god, Aker . BENBEN. . A stone resembling a pyramid, representative of a sun ray and associated with the idea of eternal rebirth. A representation of the primordial mound. BENNU. . an aspect of Ra-Atum in the form of a phoenix. The patron of the reckoning of time. The carrier of eternal light from the abode of the gods to the world of men. BOOK OF THE DEAD . . This is a collection of magic spells and formulas that was illustrated and written, usually on papyrus. It began to appear in Egyptian tombs around 1600 BC. The text was intended to be spoken by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld. It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles in the afterlife. It did this by teaching passwords that allowed the deceased to turn into mythical creatures to navigate around hazards, while granting the help and protection of the gods, and proclaiming the deceased's identity with the gods. The texts continue the tradition of the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. There are about 200 known spells and the choice of spells can vary from copy to copy. C CANOPIC JARS . . Four jars used to store the preserved internal organs of the deceased. Each jar is representative of one of the four sons of Horus. The term comes from the Greek , Canopus, a demigod venerated in the form of a human headed jar. CARTONNAGE. . Papyrus or linen soaked in plaster, shaped around a body. Used for mummy masks and coffins. CARTOUCHE . . A circle with a horizontal bar at the bottom, elongated into an oval within which king's names are written It is believed to act as a protector of the kings name. The sign represents a loop of rope that is never ending. CENOTAPH. . From the Greek word meaning; "empty tomb". A tomb built for ceremonial purposes that was never intended to be used for the interment of the deceased. COFFIN TEXTS. . Texts written inside coffins of the Middle Kingdom that are intended to direct the souls of the dead past the dangers and perils encountered on the journey through the afterlife. More than 1,000 spells are known. COLOSSUS . . A more then life size statue, often of a kings, but also of gods and even private individuals. These huge statues usually flank the gates or pylons of temples. They are believed to act as intermediaries between men and the gods. CRIOSPHINX . . One of three varieties of Egyptian sphinx , having the head of a ram. D DESHRET . . The red crown. This was the crown that represented Lower Egypt (northern). DIVINE ADORATRICE. . Chief priestess of Amun in Thebes, an office known from the New Kingdom through the Late Period. The office was an important vehicle of political control. DJED COLUMN . . It is believed that the Djed is a rendering of a human backbone. It represents stability and strength. It was originally associated with the creation god Ptah . Himself being called the "Noble Djed". As the Osiris cults took hold it became known as the backbone of Osiris . A djed column is often painted on the bottom of coffins, where the backbone of the deceased would lay, this identified the person with the king of the underworld, Osiris. It also acts as a sign of stability for the deceased' journey into the afterlife. DJEW . . This means mountain. The Egyptians believed that there was a cosmic mountain range that held up the heavens. This mountain range had two peaks, the western peak was called Manu , while the eastern peak was called Bakhu . It was on these peaks that heaven rested. Each peak of this mountain chain was guarded by a Aker lion deity named AKER , who's job it was to protect the sun as it rose and set. The mountain was also a symbol of the tomb and the afterlife, probably because most Egyptian tombs were located in the mountainous land bordering the Nile valley. In some texts we find Anubis , the gaurdian of the tomb being referred to as "He who is upon his mountain." Sometimes we find Hathor takeing on the attributes of a deity of the afterlife, at this time she is called "Mistress of the Necropolis." She is rendered as the head of a cow protruding from a mountainside. DROMOS . . A straight, paved avenue flanked by sphinxes. DUAT. . The land of the dead. It Iies under the earth and is entered through the western horizon. E ENNEAD. . A group of 9 deities that are associated with a major cult center. The best known is the great ennead of Heliopolis, It consists of Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys. ELECTRUM. . A mixture of gold and silver. F FAIENCE. . A glazed material, with a base of either carved soapstone or moulded clay, with an overlay of blue/green colored glass. FALSE DOOR. . A door carved or painted on a wall. The ka would use this door to partake of funerary offerings. FECUNDITY FIGURE. . Type of offering bearer rendered at the base of temple walls. They are shown bringing offerings into the temple. The male figures are often shown with heavy pendulous breasts and bulging stomachs, this plumpness symbolizing the abundance of the offerings they bring. FETISH . . An animal skin hanging from a stick. It was used by the cults of Osiris and Anubis. FLAGELLUM . . A crop or whip used to ward off evil spirits. FUNERARY CONES . . Clay cones inserted above a tombs entrance with the name and title of the deceased. FUNERARY OFFERINGS . . Bread, beer, wine and other food items provided by mourners or magically, through inscriptions and pictures in the tomb. FLAME . . This symbol represents a lamp or brazier on a stand from which a flame emerges. Fire was embodied in the sun and in its symbol the uraeus which spit fire. Fire also plays a part in the Egyptian concept of the underworld. There is one terrifying aspect of the underworld which is similar to the christians concept of hell. Most egyptians would like to avoid this place with its fiery lakes and rivers that are inhabited by fire demons. G GEB . . A god that is sometimes pictured with the head of a goose. Geb was called 'the Great Cackler', and as such, was represented as a goose. It was in this form that he was said to have laid the egg from which the sun was hatched. He was believed to have been the third divine king of earth. The royal throne of Egypt was known as the 'throne of Geb' in honor of his great reign. H HAPI . . The god of the Nile, particularly the inundation. He is pictured as a bearded man coloured blue or green, with female breasts, indicating his powers of nourishment. As god of the Northern Nile he wears papyrus plants on his head, and as god of the southern Nile he wears lotus plants. HATHOR . . Hathor was the goddess of joy, motherhood, and love. Hathor was originally worshipped in the form of a cow, sometimes as a cow with stars on her. Later she is represented as a woman with the head of a cow, and finally with a human head, the face broad and placid, sometimes she is depicted with the ears or horns of a cow. HEDJET . . A white crown. This was the crown of Upper Egypt (southern). HIERACOSPHINX. . One of three varieties of Egyptian sphinx , having the head of a hawk. HIERATIC. . From the Greek word meaning "sacred," Although this form of the written language was used throughout Egyptian history, it's name comes from the later periods when it was used only in religious texts. HIEROGLYPH. . The Egyptian picture language. From the Greek word meaning "sacred carving". The symbols are individual pictures that do not join together. HIGH PRIEST. . The head of the local priesthood. HORUS . . A falcon headed god. Horus was so important to the state religion that Pharaohs were considered his human manifestation and even took on the name Horus. HORUS NAME. . A king's name. It identifies the king with a form of the god Horus. HYPOSTYLE HALL . . From the Greek word meaning; "bearing pillars". It is a term used to describe the grand, outermost halls. They are believed to represent a grove of trees. I IBU. . The tent of purification. This is the place where mummification was preformed. IEB . . This is the heart. The Egyptians believed the heart was the center of all consciousness, even the center of life itself. When someone died it was said that their "heart had departed." It was the only organ that was not removed from the body during mummification. In the Book of the dead , it was the heart that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy of joining Osiris in the afterlife. ISIS . . Isis was a great enchantress, the goddess of magic. She is often represented as a woman wearing on her head the hieroglyphic symbol of her name, which represents a throne or seat. ITHYPHALLIC. . From the Greek word meaning; "with erect penis". Various gods are represented in this form. Most notably Min and Amun. J K KA . . The ka is usually translated as "double", it represents a person's double. It is what we would call a spirit or a soul. The ka was created at the same time as the physical body. It was believed that the ram-headed god Khnum crafted the ka on his potter's wheel at the time of a persons birth. A persons ka would live on after their body had died. It was thought that when someone died they "met their ka". The ka existed in the physical world and resided in the tomb (House of the Ka). It had the same needs that the person had in life, which was to eat, drink, etc. The Egyptians left offerings of food, drink, and worldly possessions in tombs for the ka to use. KHEPRESH . . The blue crown was a ceremonial crown. KHEPRI . . A scarab headed god. The Egyptians believed that Khepri pushed the sun across the sky in much the same fashion that a dung beetle (scarab) pushed a ball of dung across the ground. KHET . . This is a flame or fire. Fire was embodied in the sun and in its symbol the uraeus which spit fire. Fire also plays a part in the Egyptian concept of the underworld. There is one terrifying aspect of the underworld which is similar to the christians concept of hell. Most egyptians would like to avoid this place with its fiery lakes and rivers that are inhabited by fire demons. KHNUM . . A ram headed god. His name means to create. He was the creator of all things that are and all things that shall be. He created the gods and he fashioned mankind on a potters wheel. KHU . . A spiritual entity often mentioned in association with the ba . It was viewed as an entirely spiritual and absolutely immortal being. L LECTOR PRIEST. . Translates as "One who bears the ritual book". This priests function was to recite from the ritual texts. LOTUS . . A symbol of birth and dawn; it was thought to have been the cradle of the sun on the first morning of creation, rising from the primeval waters. The lotus was a common architectural motif, particularly used on capitals M MAAT . . The concept of order, truth, regularity and justice which was all important to the ancient Egyptians. It was the duty of the pharaohs to uphold maat. MAMMISI. . See BIRTH HOUSE MANU. . The mythical mountain on which the sun set. The region of the western horizon. One of two mountains that held up the sky, the other being BAKHU . These peaks were guarded by the double lion god, AKER . MASTABA. . The Arabic word meaning; "bench". Used to describe tombs of the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. The basic form resembled a bench. MENAT . . A protective amulet invoking the divine favor. It was usually worn on a string of beads at the back of the neck, probably as a counterpoise to items of jewelry worn in front. Many of these amulets have been found in tombs. They were supposed to bring fertility to women and virility to men. MENHED . . A scribes pallet. Writing was a very important skill to the ancient Egyptians. It was practiced by a group called scribes. The writing equipment used by scribes consisted of a palette, which held black and red pigments, a water jar, and a pen. To be a scribe was a favorable position, even some kings and nobles are show proudly displaying scribe palettes. MIN . . In early times Min was a sky-god whose symbol was a thunderbolt. His title was Chief of Heaven. He was also seen as a rain god that promoted the fertility of nature, especially in the growing of grain. MISTRESS OF THE HOUSE. . Housewife, title given to married ladies from the Middle Kingdom onwards. MORTUARY. . pertaining to the burial of the dead. MORTUARY CULT. . People who provided funerary offerings for nourishment of the deceased. MORTUARY PRIEST . . Called the "servant of the ka". This was a Person who was appointed to bring daily offerings to a tomb. MUMMY. . From the Persian word; "moumiya". A preserved corpse by either natural or artificial means. Mummification involved thoroughly drying the body to remove the source of decay. MUT . . Mut was the divine mother goddess, the queen of all gods. She is portraied as a woman wearing a vulture headdress, with the double crown( Pshent ) of upper and lower Egypt. N NATRON. . A naturally occurring salt used as a preservative and drying agent during mummification. It is a mixture of four salts that occur in varying proportions: sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. NAOS . . Shrine in which divine statues were kept, especially in temple sanctuaries. A small wooden naos was normally placed inside a monolithic one in hard stone; the latter are typical of the Late Period, and sometimes elaborately decorated. Also used as a term for temple sanctuary. NEBU . . This is the Egyptian word for gold, which was considered a divine metal, it was thought to be the flesh of the gods. Its polished surface was related to the brilliance of the sun. Gold was important to the afterlife as it represents aspects of immortality. By the New Kingdom, the royal burial chamber was called the "House of Gold." NECROPOLIS. . The Greek word meaning; "city of the dead" normally describes large and important burial areas that were in use for long periods. NEITH . . A goddess of the hunt. She may have also been a war goddess. Neith was pictured as a woman wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, holding a bow and crossed arrows. Her cult sign was a shield and crossed arrows. NEKHBET . . A goddess portrayed as a vulture. Protectress of Upper Egypt. NEMES . . A striped headcloth worn by Pharaohs. NEPHTHYS . . A goddess, the twin sister of Osiris, Isis and Seth. She plays an important role in the Osiris legend . Her name means 'Lady of the House' it's thought to be referring to Osiris' Palace. NETER. . This seems to be the egyptian word for the forces that are god or a group of gods, although the exact meaning is unknown. NETER-KHERTET. . This translates as "divine subterranean place". A name for the land of the dead. NILOMETER. . Staircase descending into the Nile and marked with levels above low water; used for measuring, and in some cases recording, inundation levels. The most famous are on Elephantine island and on Roda island in Cairo. NINE BOWS. . enemies of Egypt . NOME. . From the Greek, nomos; this is an administrative province of Egypt. The nome system started in the Early Dynastic Period. During some periods, when there was a highly centralized government the nomes had little political importance. NU. . A swirling watery chaos from which the cosmic order was produced. In the begining there was only Nu. See also the creation myths NUT . . Nut was originally a mother-goddess who had many children. The hieroglyph for her name, which she is often seen wearing on her head is a water pot, but it is also thought to represent a womb. As the sky goddess, she is shown stretching from horizon to horizon, touching only her fingertips and toes to the ground. O OBELISK . . From the Greek word meaning; "a spit". It is a monumental tapering shaft usually made of pink granite. Capped with a pyramidion at the top. Obelisks are solar symbols similar in meaning to pyramids, they are associated with an ancient stone called BENBEN in Heliopolis. They were set in pairs, at the entrances of temples, and to some Old Kingdom tombs. OGDOAD. . Term describing the group of 8 deities associated with Hermopolis. It contained four couples who symbolized the state of the world before creation. The group usually consists of: Nun and Naunet, representing the primeval waters; Huh and Hauhet, being endless space; Kuk and Kauket. are darkness; Amun and Amaunet. represent that which is hidden. OPENING OF THE MOUTH. . This ceremony was performed at the funeral to restore the senses of the deceased. The ceremony was done by touching an adze to the mouth of a mummy or statue of the deceased, it was believed to restore the senses in preparation for the afterlife. OPET. . A great religious festival that took place in Thebes during the inundation. The god Amun was taken from his temple at Karnak and brought to visit his wife, Mut at her temple of Luxor. OSIRIS . . Supreme god and judge of the dead. The symbol of resurrection and eternal life. Provider of fertility and prosperity to the living. A bearded man wearing white mummy wrappings. Wearing the atef crown and holding the symbols of supreme power, the flail and crook . His skin is green to represent vegetation or red to represent the earth. OSIRID PILLAR . . Pillar. mostly in an open court or portico, with a colossal statue of a king forming its front part; unlike caryatids in Classical architecture, the statues are not weight-bearing elements. Most are mummiform, but not all; the connection with Osiris is doubtful. OSTRACON. . From the Greek word meaning; "potsherd". A chip or shard of limestone or pottery used as a writing tablet. Ostraca are known from all periods. but 19th and 20th-Dynasty examples are the most common. The texts can be anything from a simple shopping list to drafts of hieroglyphic inscriptions. P PANTHEON . . All the gods, collectively as a group. PAPYRUS. . The main Egyptian writing material, and an important export. The earliest papyrus dates to the Ist Dynasty, the latest to the Islamic Period. Oddly enough, the papyrus plant became extinct in Egypt, being reintroduced in the 1960's, it is now an important link in the tourist trade. Sheets were made by cutting the stem of the plant into strips. These strips were soaked in several baths to remove some of the sugar and starches. These strips were then laid in rows horizontally and vertically. Then it was beaten together, activating the plant's natural starches and forming a glue that bound the sheet together. Separate sheets were glued together to form a roll. PER NEFER . . The place where some of the purification and mummification rituals took place. PET . . This is the sky depicted as a ceiling which drops at the ends, the same way the real sky seems to reach for the horizon. This sign was often used in architectural motifs; the top of walls, and door frames. It symbolizes the heavens. PRAENOMEN. . This is a king's first cartouche name, which he adopted on his accession; also called the "throne name." It consists of a statement about the god Ra. PRONAOS. . A pillared room in front of the naos sanctuary of a temple. Usually completely or half open in the front. The location of this room varies with the design of the temple. PROPHET. . This translates as "God's Servant", There was usually a ranking; the high priest of Amun at Thebes was called "The First Prophet of Amun"; below him were the Second Prophet and so on. The head of the local cults, was often called "Overseer of Prophets." PROPYLON. . Gateway that stands in front of a pylon. PSHENT . . The Crown of upper and lower Egypt, the red crown and the white crown put together to represent a unified Egypt. Although Egypt was not always a unified nation it was stronger that way.Therefore unification was desirable. Narmer (Menes), the founder of the First Dynasty around 3100 B.C., was the first man recorded wearing this crown. PTAH . . He is a creator god. The patron of architects, artists and sculptors. It was Ptah who built the boats for the souls of the dead to use in the afterlife. PYLON . . From the Greek word meaning "gate" It is a monumental entrance wall of a temple. Pylons are the largest and least essential parts of a temple that is usually built last. Some temples have more then one set, the temple at Karnak has 10 Pylons. PYRAMIDION. . Capstone of a pyramid or the top of an obelisk. Sometimes called a benben stone or primordial mound. The pyramidion was decorated and became a symbolic object that was the focal point of the small brick pyramids of private tombs. PYRAMID TEXTS. . Texts on the walls of the pyramids of the end of the 5th through 8th Dynasties. Q R RA . . From very early times Ra was a sun god. He took on many of the attributes and even the names of other gods as Egyptian myths evolved. He is often pictured as a hawk or as a hawk headed man with a solar disk encircled by a uraeus on his head. He is often pictured wearing the double crown of upper and lower Egypt. ROCK-CUT TOMB. . Method of excavating tombs that begun during the Middle Kingdom. The burials in the Valley of the Kings are perhaps the best known Rock-cut tombs. S SA . . The Sa was a symbol of protection. Its origins are uncertain, but it is speculated that it represents either a rolled up herdsman's shelter or a papyrus life-preserver used by ancient egyptian boaters. Either way it is clearly a symbol of protection. From early times the Sa plays an important part in jewelry design. It is often used in conjunction with symbols, particularly the ankh, was and djed signs. We often find Taurt , the hippopotamus goddess of childbirth, resting her paw on a standing Sa sign. SAFF TOMB. . An Arabic word that means "row", it describes the rock-cut tombs of the early 11th Dynasty that consisted of a row of openings on the hillside. SARCOPHAGUS . . From the Greek word meaning; "flesh eater". It was the name given to the stone container within which the coffins and mummy were placed. SCARAB . . The dung-rolling beetle was, to the ancient Egyptians, a symbol of regeneration and spontaneous creation, as it seemed to emerge from nowhere; in fact it came from eggs previously laid in the sand. Seals and amulets in scarab form were very common and were thought to possess magic powers. SED FESTIVAL . . This is ritual meant to show royal regeneration. It was traditionally celebrated after 30 years of a king's reign. It is a scene usually found decorating the mortuary temples of the king. SEKHEM . . A symbol of authority. SEKHET-AANRU. . This mythical place was originally called the "Field of the Aanru plants" It was believed to be islands in the Delta where the souls of the dead lived. This was the abode of the god Osiris, who bestowed goodness upon his followers, and here the dead could lead a new existence complete with an abundance of food of every kind. The Sekhet-Aanru is in the " Fields of Peace ". SEKHET-HETEPET. . According to the Osiris cults the Fields of Peace was the desired location of the deceased. They would join with their god, Osiris and become a khu , drink, plow, reap, fight, make love, never be in a state of servitude and always be in a position of authority. SEKHMET . . A lion headed goddess. As a sun goddess she represents the scorching, burning, destructive heat of the sun. She was a fierce goddess of war, the destroyer of the enemies of Ra and Osiris .  SEMA . . It is believed to represent the lungs attached to the windpipe. As a hieroglyph this symbol represents the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Other symbols are often added to further illustrate unification. It is sometimes bound together with two plants, the papyrus and the lotus. The papyrus represents Lower Egypt and the lotus represents Upper Egypt. SEPAT. . The ancient Egyptian term for an administrative province of Egypt. See also NOME . SESEN . . A lotus flower. This is a symbol of the sun, of creation and rebirth. Because at night the flower closes and sinks underwater, at dawn it rises and opens again. According to one creation myth it was a giant lotus which first rose out of the watery chaos at the beginning of time. From this giant lotus the sun itself rose on the first day. SET AMENTET. . This means "the mountain of the underworld," a common name for the cemeteries were in the mountains or desert on the western bank of the Nile. SETH . . Early in Egyptian history, Seth is spoken of in terms of reverence as the god of wind and storms. He was even known as the Lord of Upper Egypt. Later he became the god of evil. SHAWABTI . . See USHABTI . SHE . . A pool of water. The Egyptians believed water was the primeval matter from which aII creation began. Life in Egypt's desert climate depended on water, and a pool of water would be a great luxury. There are many tomb paintings that show the deceased drinking from a pool in the afterlife. SHEN . . A loop of rope that has no beginning and no end, it symbolized eternity. The shen also seems to be a symbol of protection. It is often seen being clutched by deities in bird form, Horus the falcon, Mut the vulture. Hovering over Pharaohs head with their wings outstretched in a gesture of protection. The word shen comes from the word "shenu" which means "encircle," and in its elongated form became the cartouche which surrounded the king's name. SISTRUM . . The sistrum was a sacred noise-making instrument used in the cult of Hathor . The sistrum consisted of a wooden or metal frame fitted with loose strips of metal and disks which jingled when moved. This noise was thought to attract the attention of the gods. There are two types of sistrum, an iba, was shaped in a simple loop, like a closed horse-shoe with loose cross bars of metal above a Hathor head and a long handle. The seseshet had the shape of a naos temple above a Hathor head, with ornamental loops on the sides. The rattle was inside the box of the naos. They were usually carried by women of high rank. SOBEK . . A crocodile-headed god. Admired and feared for his ferocity. At the command of Ra , He performed tasks such as catching with a net the four sons of Horus as they emerged from the waters in a lotus bloom. SPHINX . . A figure with the body of a lion and the head of a man, hawk or a ram. STELA. . A stone slab, sometimes wood, decorated with paintings, reliefs or texts. They usually commemorate an event. T TALATAT. . This Arabic word means "three handbreadths". It is used to describe the typical stone building blocks of temples of Akhenaten, they are decorated with scenes in the Amarna style. They have been found reused at a number of other building sites. TAURT . . A goddess who protected pregnant woman and infants. Also protectress of rebirth into the afterlife. She is pictured as a pregnant hippopotamus with human breasts, the hind legs of a lioness and the tail of a crocodile. THEBAN TRIAD. . This consist of the gods Amun, his wife Mut, and their son Khons. THOTH . . An ibis headed god. Thoth was said to be mighty in knowledge and divine speech. The inventer of spoken and written language. As the lord of books he was the scribe of the gods and patron of all scribes. He is credited with inventing astronomy, geometry, and medicine. Thoth was the measurer of the earth and the counter of the stars, the keeper and recorder of all knowledge. It was Thoth who was believed to have written important religious texts such as The Book of the Dead. TIET . . The exact origin of the tiet is unknown. In many respects it resembles an ankh except that its arms curve down. Its meaning is also reminiscent of the ankh, it is often translated to mean welfare or life. As early as the Third Dynasty we find the tiet being used as decoration when it appears with both the ankh and the djed column , and later with the was scepter . The tiet is associated with Isis and is often called "the knot of Isis" or "the blood of Isis." It seems to be called "the knot of Isis" because it resembles a knot used to secure the garments that the gods wore. The meaning of "the blood of Isis" is more obscured but it was often used as a funerary amulet made of a red stone or glass. In the Late Period the sign was associated with the goddesses Nephthys , Hathor , and Nut as well as with Isis. In all these cases it seems to represent the ideas of resurrection and eternal life. TUAT. . The land of the dead. It Iies under the earth and is entered through the western horizon. U UDJAT . . This important symbol is named after the "sound eye" of Horus . According to one version of the legend Seth, the god of evil intentions, snatched away the eye of Horus which then fell to pieces. Thoth found it and put it together again. The udjat was regarded as a powerful protective amulet; it is frequently found in tombs, on coffins and on the seal which was placed over the incision in the mummy through which the internal organs were removed. UNDERWORLD BOOKS. . A textual and pictorial compositions that is found in New Kingdom tombs. It follows the daily passage of the sun god across the sky and through the underworld. URAEUS . . A symbol of kingship. A rearing cobra was worn on the king's forehead or crown. The cobra was associated with the "eye" of the sun. It was a protector of the king, spitting out fire. USHABTI . . Literally translated it means "to answer." It is a small mummiform figure placed in tombs to do work in the afterlife on behalf of the deceased. In some tombs of the late New Kingdom whole gangs of ushabti workers were included with different tools for doing different work. A complete collection would consist of 401 Ushabti: one for each day of the year, 365 plus 36 foreman. V W WAS SCEPTER . . This is a symbol of power and dominion. The Was scepter is carried by deities as a sign of their power. It is also seen being carried by kings and later by people of lesser stature in mortuary scenes. WABET. . A place where part of purification and mummification rites took place. WHITE CROWN . . See Hedjet . WINGED DISK . . This is a form that the god Horus Behudety (Horus of Edfu) takes in his battles with Seth . The god Thoth used his magic to turn Horus into a sun-disk with splendid outstretched wings. The goddesses Nekhbet and Uazet in the form of uraeus snakes joined him at his side. The earliest example of this image is found in the Ist Dynasty. It is used widely in architecture, on ceilings, cornices and stelae. It is an image that is often copied outside Egypt. X Y Z ZODIAC. . The Babylonian and Greek signs of the zodiac were introduced into Egypt in the Greco-Roman Period. They were adapted into Egyptian imagery and used to decorate ceilings of tombs and temples, and coffin lids.  
Apis
Which four letter word beginning with E is the yellowish-brown colour of unbleached linen?
Egyptian Glossary This page must completely load before it will function properly. The links on this page are to an image or further description. You may need to use the "Return" button on your browser to return here. A . B . C . D . E . F . G . H . I . J . K . L . M . N . O . P . Q . R . S . T . U . V . W . X . Y . Z A ABTU. . The Greeks called this place Abydos. It was the seat of worship of Osiris . It was also called Busiris, "the house of Osiris". Egyptian tradition says that the sun ended his daily journey at Abydos, and entered into the underworld here, through a gap in the mountains called "peq". In the 12th dynasty it was believed that the souls of the dead entered into the afterlife here. AKER . . The double lion god, gaurdian of the sunrise and sunset. Gaurdian of the peaks that supported the sky . The western peak was called Manu , while the eastern peak was called Bakhu . AKH. . The akh was the aspect of a person that would join the gods in the underworld being immortal and unchangeable. It was created after death by the use of funerary text and spells, designed to bring forth an akh. Once this was achieved that individual was assured of not "dying a second time" a death that would mean the end of one's existence. AKHET . . This was the horizon from which the sun emerged and disappeared. The horizon thus embodied the idea of both sunrise and sunset. It is similar to the two peaks of the Djew or mountain symbol with a solar disk in the center. Both the beginning and the end of each day was guarded by Aker, a double lion god. In the New Kingdom, Harmakhet ("Horus in the Horizon") became the god of the rising and setting sun. He was pictured as a falcon, or as a sphinx with the body of a lion. The Great Sphinx of Giza is an example of "Horus in the Horizon". AMARNA. . The name given to the historical time period under the rule of Amenophis IV / Akhenaten . During this time period there were unprecedented changes in the government, art and religion. AMENTA . . The Underworld. Originally the place where the sun set, this name was later applied to the West Bank of the Nile where the Egyptians built their tombs. AMMUT . . A female demon, she is found in The Book of the Dead , She plays an important role in the Hall of Maat . AMULET. . A charm, often in the form of hieroglyphs, gods or sacred animals; made of precious stones or faience. They were worn like jewelry during life, and were included within the mummy wrappings for the afterlife. AMUN . . A god who's cult center was the temple of Amun at Karnak . He was considered to be king of all the gods and the the creator of all things. ANROSPHINX . . One of three varieties of Egyptian sphinx , having the head of a man. ANKH . . A symbol of life, resembling a looped cross. It was later adapted by Coptic Christians as their cross. Widely used as an amulet. ANTHROPOID. . A Greek word meaning; man-shaped. This term is used for coffins made in the shape of a human. ANUBIS . . A jackal headed god. Guardian of the necropolis . APIS BULL. . The Apis Bull was sacred to Osiris. It was revered from the earliest times, through the Graeco-Roman period. AQUERT. . A name for the land of the dead. ATEF CROWN . . The atef crown was worn by Osiris . It is made up of the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red feathers are representative of Busiris, Osiris's cult center in the Delta. ATEN . . The god that gained its prominence during the reign of Akhenaten , who abolished the traditional cults of Egypt and replaced them with the Aten. This created the first monotheistic cult in the world. B BA . . The ba can best be described as someone's personality. Like a person's body, each ba was an individual. It entered a person's body with the breath of life and it left at the time of death. The ba is associated with divinity and power. It had the ability to take on different forms, in this respect the gods had many bas. The ba of the deceased is able to move freely between the underworld and the physical world. The ba is similar to the ka . BASTET . . A cat headed goddess. As a sun goddess she represents the warm, life giving power of the sun. BAKHU. . The mythical mountain from which the sun rose. The region of the eastern horizon. One of two mountains that held up the sky, the other being Manu . These peaks were guarded by the double lion god, Aker . BENBEN. . A stone resembling a pyramid, representative of a sun ray and associated with the idea of eternal rebirth. A representation of the primordial mound. BENNU. . an aspect of Ra-Atum in the form of a phoenix. The patron of the reckoning of time. The carrier of eternal light from the abode of the gods to the world of men. BOOK OF THE DEAD . . This is a collection of magic spells and formulas that was illustrated and written, usually on papyrus. It began to appear in Egyptian tombs around 1600 BC. The text was intended to be spoken by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld. It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles in the afterlife. It did this by teaching passwords that allowed the deceased to turn into mythical creatures to navigate around hazards, while granting the help and protection of the gods, and proclaiming the deceased's identity with the gods. The texts continue the tradition of the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. There are about 200 known spells and the choice of spells can vary from copy to copy. C CANOPIC JARS . . Four jars used to store the preserved internal organs of the deceased. Each jar is representative of one of the four sons of Horus. The term comes from the Greek , Canopus, a demigod venerated in the form of a human headed jar. CARTONNAGE. . Papyrus or linen soaked in plaster, shaped around a body. Used for mummy masks and coffins. CARTOUCHE . . A circle with a horizontal bar at the bottom, elongated into an oval within which king's names are written It is believed to act as a protector of the kings name. The sign represents a loop of rope that is never ending. CENOTAPH. . From the Greek word meaning; "empty tomb". A tomb built for ceremonial purposes that was never intended to be used for the interment of the deceased. COFFIN TEXTS. . Texts written inside coffins of the Middle Kingdom that are intended to direct the souls of the dead past the dangers and perils encountered on the journey through the afterlife. More than 1,000 spells are known. COLOSSUS . . A more then life size statue, often of a kings, but also of gods and even private individuals. These huge statues usually flank the gates or pylons of temples. They are believed to act as intermediaries between men and the gods. CRIOSPHINX . . One of three varieties of Egyptian sphinx , having the head of a ram. D DESHRET . . The red crown. This was the crown that represented Lower Egypt (northern). DIVINE ADORATRICE. . Chief priestess of Amun in Thebes, an office known from the New Kingdom through the Late Period. The office was an important vehicle of political control. DJED COLUMN . . It is believed that the Djed is a rendering of a human backbone. It represents stability and strength. It was originally associated with the creation god Ptah . Himself being called the "Noble Djed". As the Osiris cults took hold it became known as the backbone of Osiris . A djed column is often painted on the bottom of coffins, where the backbone of the deceased would lay, this identified the person with the king of the underworld, Osiris. It also acts as a sign of stability for the deceased' journey into the afterlife. DJEW . . This means mountain. The Egyptians believed that there was a cosmic mountain range that held up the heavens. This mountain range had two peaks, the western peak was called Manu , while the eastern peak was called Bakhu . It was on these peaks that heaven rested. Each peak of this mountain chain was guarded by a Aker lion deity named AKER , who's job it was to protect the sun as it rose and set. The mountain was also a symbol of the tomb and the afterlife, probably because most Egyptian tombs were located in the mountainous land bordering the Nile valley. In some texts we find Anubis , the gaurdian of the tomb being referred to as "He who is upon his mountain." Sometimes we find Hathor takeing on the attributes of a deity of the afterlife, at this time she is called "Mistress of the Necropolis." She is rendered as the head of a cow protruding from a mountainside. DROMOS . . A straight, paved avenue flanked by sphinxes. DUAT. . The land of the dead. It Iies under the earth and is entered through the western horizon. E ENNEAD. . A group of 9 deities that are associated with a major cult center. The best known is the great ennead of Heliopolis, It consists of Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys. ELECTRUM. . A mixture of gold and silver. F FAIENCE. . A glazed material, with a base of either carved soapstone or moulded clay, with an overlay of blue/green colored glass. FALSE DOOR. . A door carved or painted on a wall. The ka would use this door to partake of funerary offerings. FECUNDITY FIGURE. . Type of offering bearer rendered at the base of temple walls. They are shown bringing offerings into the temple. The male figures are often shown with heavy pendulous breasts and bulging stomachs, this plumpness symbolizing the abundance of the offerings they bring. FETISH . . An animal skin hanging from a stick. It was used by the cults of Osiris and Anubis. FLAGELLUM . . A crop or whip used to ward off evil spirits. FUNERARY CONES . . Clay cones inserted above a tombs entrance with the name and title of the deceased. FUNERARY OFFERINGS . . Bread, beer, wine and other food items provided by mourners or magically, through inscriptions and pictures in the tomb. FLAME . . This symbol represents a lamp or brazier on a stand from which a flame emerges. Fire was embodied in the sun and in its symbol the uraeus which spit fire. Fire also plays a part in the Egyptian concept of the underworld. There is one terrifying aspect of the underworld which is similar to the christians concept of hell. Most egyptians would like to avoid this place with its fiery lakes and rivers that are inhabited by fire demons. G GEB . . A god that is sometimes pictured with the head of a goose. Geb was called 'the Great Cackler', and as such, was represented as a goose. It was in this form that he was said to have laid the egg from which the sun was hatched. He was believed to have been the third divine king of earth. The royal throne of Egypt was known as the 'throne of Geb' in honor of his great reign. H HAPI . . The god of the Nile, particularly the inundation. He is pictured as a bearded man coloured blue or green, with female breasts, indicating his powers of nourishment. As god of the Northern Nile he wears papyrus plants on his head, and as god of the southern Nile he wears lotus plants. HATHOR . . Hathor was the goddess of joy, motherhood, and love. Hathor was originally worshipped in the form of a cow, sometimes as a cow with stars on her. Later she is represented as a woman with the head of a cow, and finally with a human head, the face broad and placid, sometimes she is depicted with the ears or horns of a cow. HEDJET . . A white crown. This was the crown of Upper Egypt (southern). HIERACOSPHINX. . One of three varieties of Egyptian sphinx , having the head of a hawk. HIERATIC. . From the Greek word meaning "sacred," Although this form of the written language was used throughout Egyptian history, it's name comes from the later periods when it was used only in religious texts. HIEROGLYPH. . The Egyptian picture language. From the Greek word meaning "sacred carving". The symbols are individual pictures that do not join together. HIGH PRIEST. . The head of the local priesthood. HORUS . . A falcon headed god. Horus was so important to the state religion that Pharaohs were considered his human manifestation and even took on the name Horus. HORUS NAME. . A king's name. It identifies the king with a form of the god Horus. HYPOSTYLE HALL . . From the Greek word meaning; "bearing pillars". It is a term used to describe the grand, outermost halls. They are believed to represent a grove of trees. I IBU. . The tent of purification. This is the place where mummification was preformed. IEB . . This is the heart. The Egyptians believed the heart was the center of all consciousness, even the center of life itself. When someone died it was said that their "heart had departed." It was the only organ that was not removed from the body during mummification. In the Book of the dead , it was the heart that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy of joining Osiris in the afterlife. ISIS . . Isis was a great enchantress, the goddess of magic. She is often represented as a woman wearing on her head the hieroglyphic symbol of her name, which represents a throne or seat. ITHYPHALLIC. . From the Greek word meaning; "with erect penis". Various gods are represented in this form. Most notably Min and Amun. J K KA . . The ka is usually translated as "double", it represents a person's double. It is what we would call a spirit or a soul. The ka was created at the same time as the physical body. It was believed that the ram-headed god Khnum crafted the ka on his potter's wheel at the time of a persons birth. A persons ka would live on after their body had died. It was thought that when someone died they "met their ka". The ka existed in the physical world and resided in the tomb (House of the Ka). It had the same needs that the person had in life, which was to eat, drink, etc. The Egyptians left offerings of food, drink, and worldly possessions in tombs for the ka to use. KHEPRESH . . The blue crown was a ceremonial crown. KHEPRI . . A scarab headed god. The Egyptians believed that Khepri pushed the sun across the sky in much the same fashion that a dung beetle (scarab) pushed a ball of dung across the ground. KHET . . This is a flame or fire. Fire was embodied in the sun and in its symbol the uraeus which spit fire. Fire also plays a part in the Egyptian concept of the underworld. There is one terrifying aspect of the underworld which is similar to the christians concept of hell. Most egyptians would like to avoid this place with its fiery lakes and rivers that are inhabited by fire demons. KHNUM . . A ram headed god. His name means to create. He was the creator of all things that are and all things that shall be. He created the gods and he fashioned mankind on a potters wheel. KHU . . A spiritual entity often mentioned in association with the ba . It was viewed as an entirely spiritual and absolutely immortal being. L LECTOR PRIEST. . Translates as "One who bears the ritual book". This priests function was to recite from the ritual texts. LOTUS . . A symbol of birth and dawn; it was thought to have been the cradle of the sun on the first morning of creation, rising from the primeval waters. The lotus was a common architectural motif, particularly used on capitals M MAAT . . The concept of order, truth, regularity and justice which was all important to the ancient Egyptians. It was the duty of the pharaohs to uphold maat. MAMMISI. . See BIRTH HOUSE MANU. . The mythical mountain on which the sun set. The region of the western horizon. One of two mountains that held up the sky, the other being BAKHU . These peaks were guarded by the double lion god, AKER . MASTABA. . The Arabic word meaning; "bench". Used to describe tombs of the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. The basic form resembled a bench. MENAT . . A protective amulet invoking the divine favor. It was usually worn on a string of beads at the back of the neck, probably as a counterpoise to items of jewelry worn in front. Many of these amulets have been found in tombs. They were supposed to bring fertility to women and virility to men. MENHED . . A scribes pallet. Writing was a very important skill to the ancient Egyptians. It was practiced by a group called scribes. The writing equipment used by scribes consisted of a palette, which held black and red pigments, a water jar, and a pen. To be a scribe was a favorable position, even some kings and nobles are show proudly displaying scribe palettes. MIN . . In early times Min was a sky-god whose symbol was a thunderbolt. His title was Chief of Heaven. He was also seen as a rain god that promoted the fertility of nature, especially in the growing of grain. MISTRESS OF THE HOUSE. . Housewife, title given to married ladies from the Middle Kingdom onwards. MORTUARY. . pertaining to the burial of the dead. MORTUARY CULT. . People who provided funerary offerings for nourishment of the deceased. MORTUARY PRIEST . . Called the "servant of the ka". This was a Person who was appointed to bring daily offerings to a tomb. MUMMY. . From the Persian word; "moumiya". A preserved corpse by either natural or artificial means. Mummification involved thoroughly drying the body to remove the source of decay. MUT . . Mut was the divine mother goddess, the queen of all gods. She is portraied as a woman wearing a vulture headdress, with the double crown( Pshent ) of upper and lower Egypt. N NATRON. . A naturally occurring salt used as a preservative and drying agent during mummification. It is a mixture of four salts that occur in varying proportions: sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. NAOS . . Shrine in which divine statues were kept, especially in temple sanctuaries. A small wooden naos was normally placed inside a monolithic one in hard stone; the latter are typical of the Late Period, and sometimes elaborately decorated. Also used as a term for temple sanctuary. NEBU . . This is the Egyptian word for gold, which was considered a divine metal, it was thought to be the flesh of the gods. Its polished surface was related to the brilliance of the sun. Gold was important to the afterlife as it represents aspects of immortality. By the New Kingdom, the royal burial chamber was called the "House of Gold." NECROPOLIS. . The Greek word meaning; "city of the dead" normally describes large and important burial areas that were in use for long periods. NEITH . . A goddess of the hunt. She may have also been a war goddess. Neith was pictured as a woman wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, holding a bow and crossed arrows. Her cult sign was a shield and crossed arrows. NEKHBET . . A goddess portrayed as a vulture. Protectress of Upper Egypt. NEMES . . A striped headcloth worn by Pharaohs. NEPHTHYS . . A goddess, the twin sister of Osiris, Isis and Seth. She plays an important role in the Osiris legend . Her name means 'Lady of the House' it's thought to be referring to Osiris' Palace. NETER. . This seems to be the egyptian word for the forces that are god or a group of gods, although the exact meaning is unknown. NETER-KHERTET. . This translates as "divine subterranean place". A name for the land of the dead. NILOMETER. . Staircase descending into the Nile and marked with levels above low water; used for measuring, and in some cases recording, inundation levels. The most famous are on Elephantine island and on Roda island in Cairo. NINE BOWS. . enemies of Egypt . NOME. . From the Greek, nomos; this is an administrative province of Egypt. The nome system started in the Early Dynastic Period. During some periods, when there was a highly centralized government the nomes had little political importance. NU. . A swirling watery chaos from which the cosmic order was produced. In the begining there was only Nu. See also the creation myths NUT . . Nut was originally a mother-goddess who had many children. The hieroglyph for her name, which she is often seen wearing on her head is a water pot, but it is also thought to represent a womb. As the sky goddess, she is shown stretching from horizon to horizon, touching only her fingertips and toes to the ground. O OBELISK . . From the Greek word meaning; "a spit". It is a monumental tapering shaft usually made of pink granite. Capped with a pyramidion at the top. Obelisks are solar symbols similar in meaning to pyramids, they are associated with an ancient stone called BENBEN in Heliopolis. They were set in pairs, at the entrances of temples, and to some Old Kingdom tombs. OGDOAD. . Term describing the group of 8 deities associated with Hermopolis. It contained four couples who symbolized the state of the world before creation. The group usually consists of: Nun and Naunet, representing the primeval waters; Huh and Hauhet, being endless space; Kuk and Kauket. are darkness; Amun and Amaunet. represent that which is hidden. OPENING OF THE MOUTH. . This ceremony was performed at the funeral to restore the senses of the deceased. The ceremony was done by touching an adze to the mouth of a mummy or statue of the deceased, it was believed to restore the senses in preparation for the afterlife. OPET. . A great religious festival that took place in Thebes during the inundation. The god Amun was taken from his temple at Karnak and brought to visit his wife, Mut at her temple of Luxor. OSIRIS . . Supreme god and judge of the dead. The symbol of resurrection and eternal life. Provider of fertility and prosperity to the living. A bearded man wearing white mummy wrappings. Wearing the atef crown and holding the symbols of supreme power, the flail and crook . His skin is green to represent vegetation or red to represent the earth. OSIRID PILLAR . . Pillar. mostly in an open court or portico, with a colossal statue of a king forming its front part; unlike caryatids in Classical architecture, the statues are not weight-bearing elements. Most are mummiform, but not all; the connection with Osiris is doubtful. OSTRACON. . From the Greek word meaning; "potsherd". A chip or shard of limestone or pottery used as a writing tablet. Ostraca are known from all periods. but 19th and 20th-Dynasty examples are the most common. The texts can be anything from a simple shopping list to drafts of hieroglyphic inscriptions. P PANTHEON . . All the gods, collectively as a group. PAPYRUS. . The main Egyptian writing material, and an important export. The earliest papyrus dates to the Ist Dynasty, the latest to the Islamic Period. Oddly enough, the papyrus plant became extinct in Egypt, being reintroduced in the 1960's, it is now an important link in the tourist trade. Sheets were made by cutting the stem of the plant into strips. These strips were soaked in several baths to remove some of the sugar and starches. These strips were then laid in rows horizontally and vertically. Then it was beaten together, activating the plant's natural starches and forming a glue that bound the sheet together. Separate sheets were glued together to form a roll. PER NEFER . . The place where some of the purification and mummification rituals took place. PET . . This is the sky depicted as a ceiling which drops at the ends, the same way the real sky seems to reach for the horizon. This sign was often used in architectural motifs; the top of walls, and door frames. It symbolizes the heavens. PRAENOMEN. . This is a king's first cartouche name, which he adopted on his accession; also called the "throne name." It consists of a statement about the god Ra. PRONAOS. . A pillared room in front of the naos sanctuary of a temple. Usually completely or half open in the front. The location of this room varies with the design of the temple. PROPHET. . This translates as "God's Servant", There was usually a ranking; the high priest of Amun at Thebes was called "The First Prophet of Amun"; below him were the Second Prophet and so on. The head of the local cults, was often called "Overseer of Prophets." PROPYLON. . Gateway that stands in front of a pylon. PSHENT . . The Crown of upper and lower Egypt, the red crown and the white crown put together to represent a unified Egypt. Although Egypt was not always a unified nation it was stronger that way.Therefore unification was desirable. Narmer (Menes), the founder of the First Dynasty around 3100 B.C., was the first man recorded wearing this crown. PTAH . . He is a creator god. The patron of architects, artists and sculptors. It was Ptah who built the boats for the souls of the dead to use in the afterlife. PYLON . . From the Greek word meaning "gate" It is a monumental entrance wall of a temple. Pylons are the largest and least essential parts of a temple that is usually built last. Some temples have more then one set, the temple at Karnak has 10 Pylons. PYRAMIDION. . Capstone of a pyramid or the top of an obelisk. Sometimes called a benben stone or primordial mound. The pyramidion was decorated and became a symbolic object that was the focal point of the small brick pyramids of private tombs. PYRAMID TEXTS. . Texts on the walls of the pyramids of the end of the 5th through 8th Dynasties. Q R RA . . From very early times Ra was a sun god. He took on many of the attributes and even the names of other gods as Egyptian myths evolved. He is often pictured as a hawk or as a hawk headed man with a solar disk encircled by a uraeus on his head. He is often pictured wearing the double crown of upper and lower Egypt. ROCK-CUT TOMB. . Method of excavating tombs that begun during the Middle Kingdom. The burials in the Valley of the Kings are perhaps the best known Rock-cut tombs. S SA . . The Sa was a symbol of protection. Its origins are uncertain, but it is speculated that it represents either a rolled up herdsman's shelter or a papyrus life-preserver used by ancient egyptian boaters. Either way it is clearly a symbol of protection. From early times the Sa plays an important part in jewelry design. It is often used in conjunction with symbols, particularly the ankh, was and djed signs. We often find Taurt , the hippopotamus goddess of childbirth, resting her paw on a standing Sa sign. SAFF TOMB. . An Arabic word that means "row", it describes the rock-cut tombs of the early 11th Dynasty that consisted of a row of openings on the hillside. SARCOPHAGUS . . From the Greek word meaning; "flesh eater". It was the name given to the stone container within which the coffins and mummy were placed. SCARAB . . The dung-rolling beetle was, to the ancient Egyptians, a symbol of regeneration and spontaneous creation, as it seemed to emerge from nowhere; in fact it came from eggs previously laid in the sand. Seals and amulets in scarab form were very common and were thought to possess magic powers. SED FESTIVAL . . This is ritual meant to show royal regeneration. It was traditionally celebrated after 30 years of a king's reign. It is a scene usually found decorating the mortuary temples of the king. SEKHEM . . A symbol of authority. SEKHET-AANRU. . This mythical place was originally called the "Field of the Aanru plants" It was believed to be islands in the Delta where the souls of the dead lived. This was the abode of the god Osiris, who bestowed goodness upon his followers, and here the dead could lead a new existence complete with an abundance of food of every kind. The Sekhet-Aanru is in the " Fields of Peace ". SEKHET-HETEPET. . According to the Osiris cults the Fields of Peace was the desired location of the deceased. They would join with their god, Osiris and become a khu , drink, plow, reap, fight, make love, never be in a state of servitude and always be in a position of authority. SEKHMET . . A lion headed goddess. As a sun goddess she represents the scorching, burning, destructive heat of the sun. She was a fierce goddess of war, the destroyer of the enemies of Ra and Osiris .  SEMA . . It is believed to represent the lungs attached to the windpipe. As a hieroglyph this symbol represents the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Other symbols are often added to further illustrate unification. It is sometimes bound together with two plants, the papyrus and the lotus. The papyrus represents Lower Egypt and the lotus represents Upper Egypt. SEPAT. . The ancient Egyptian term for an administrative province of Egypt. See also NOME . SESEN . . A lotus flower. This is a symbol of the sun, of creation and rebirth. Because at night the flower closes and sinks underwater, at dawn it rises and opens again. According to one creation myth it was a giant lotus which first rose out of the watery chaos at the beginning of time. From this giant lotus the sun itself rose on the first day. SET AMENTET. . This means "the mountain of the underworld," a common name for the cemeteries were in the mountains or desert on the western bank of the Nile. SETH . . Early in Egyptian history, Seth is spoken of in terms of reverence as the god of wind and storms. He was even known as the Lord of Upper Egypt. Later he became the god of evil. SHAWABTI . . See USHABTI . SHE . . A pool of water. The Egyptians believed water was the primeval matter from which aII creation began. Life in Egypt's desert climate depended on water, and a pool of water would be a great luxury. There are many tomb paintings that show the deceased drinking from a pool in the afterlife. SHEN . . A loop of rope that has no beginning and no end, it symbolized eternity. The shen also seems to be a symbol of protection. It is often seen being clutched by deities in bird form, Horus the falcon, Mut the vulture. Hovering over Pharaohs head with their wings outstretched in a gesture of protection. The word shen comes from the word "shenu" which means "encircle," and in its elongated form became the cartouche which surrounded the king's name. SISTRUM . . The sistrum was a sacred noise-making instrument used in the cult of Hathor . The sistrum consisted of a wooden or metal frame fitted with loose strips of metal and disks which jingled when moved. This noise was thought to attract the attention of the gods. There are two types of sistrum, an iba, was shaped in a simple loop, like a closed horse-shoe with loose cross bars of metal above a Hathor head and a long handle. The seseshet had the shape of a naos temple above a Hathor head, with ornamental loops on the sides. The rattle was inside the box of the naos. They were usually carried by women of high rank. SOBEK . . A crocodile-headed god. Admired and feared for his ferocity. At the command of Ra , He performed tasks such as catching with a net the four sons of Horus as they emerged from the waters in a lotus bloom. SPHINX . . A figure with the body of a lion and the head of a man, hawk or a ram. STELA. . A stone slab, sometimes wood, decorated with paintings, reliefs or texts. They usually commemorate an event. T TALATAT. . This Arabic word means "three handbreadths". It is used to describe the typical stone building blocks of temples of Akhenaten, they are decorated with scenes in the Amarna style. They have been found reused at a number of other building sites. TAURT . . A goddess who protected pregnant woman and infants. Also protectress of rebirth into the afterlife. She is pictured as a pregnant hippopotamus with human breasts, the hind legs of a lioness and the tail of a crocodile. THEBAN TRIAD. . This consist of the gods Amun, his wife Mut, and their son Khons. THOTH . . An ibis headed god. Thoth was said to be mighty in knowledge and divine speech. The inventer of spoken and written language. As the lord of books he was the scribe of the gods and patron of all scribes. He is credited with inventing astronomy, geometry, and medicine. Thoth was the measurer of the earth and the counter of the stars, the keeper and recorder of all knowledge. It was Thoth who was believed to have written important religious texts such as The Book of the Dead. TIET . . The exact origin of the tiet is unknown. In many respects it resembles an ankh except that its arms curve down. Its meaning is also reminiscent of the ankh, it is often translated to mean welfare or life. As early as the Third Dynasty we find the tiet being used as decoration when it appears with both the ankh and the djed column , and later with the was scepter . The tiet is associated with Isis and is often called "the knot of Isis" or "the blood of Isis." It seems to be called "the knot of Isis" because it resembles a knot used to secure the garments that the gods wore. The meaning of "the blood of Isis" is more obscured but it was often used as a funerary amulet made of a red stone or glass. In the Late Period the sign was associated with the goddesses Nephthys , Hathor , and Nut as well as with Isis. In all these cases it seems to represent the ideas of resurrection and eternal life. TUAT. . The land of the dead. It Iies under the earth and is entered through the western horizon. U UDJAT . . This important symbol is named after the "sound eye" of Horus . According to one version of the legend Seth, the god of evil intentions, snatched away the eye of Horus which then fell to pieces. Thoth found it and put it together again. The udjat was regarded as a powerful protective amulet; it is frequently found in tombs, on coffins and on the seal which was placed over the incision in the mummy through which the internal organs were removed. UNDERWORLD BOOKS. . A textual and pictorial compositions that is found in New Kingdom tombs. It follows the daily passage of the sun god across the sky and through the underworld. URAEUS . . A symbol of kingship. A rearing cobra was worn on the king's forehead or crown. The cobra was associated with the "eye" of the sun. It was a protector of the king, spitting out fire. USHABTI . . Literally translated it means "to answer." It is a small mummiform figure placed in tombs to do work in the afterlife on behalf of the deceased. In some tombs of the late New Kingdom whole gangs of ushabti workers were included with different tools for doing different work. A complete collection would consist of 401 Ushabti: one for each day of the year, 365 plus 36 foreman. V W WAS SCEPTER . . This is a symbol of power and dominion. The Was scepter is carried by deities as a sign of their power. It is also seen being carried by kings and later by people of lesser stature in mortuary scenes. WABET. . A place where part of purification and mummification rites took place. WHITE CROWN . . See Hedjet . WINGED DISK . . This is a form that the god Horus Behudety (Horus of Edfu) takes in his battles with Seth . The god Thoth used his magic to turn Horus into a sun-disk with splendid outstretched wings. The goddesses Nekhbet and Uazet in the form of uraeus snakes joined him at his side. The earliest example of this image is found in the Ist Dynasty. It is used widely in architecture, on ceilings, cornices and stelae. It is an image that is often copied outside Egypt. X Y Z ZODIAC. . The Babylonian and Greek signs of the zodiac were introduced into Egypt in the Greco-Roman Period. They were adapted into Egyptian imagery and used to decorate ceilings of tombs and temples, and coffin lids.  
i don't know
Which four letter word beginning with G is a large, unwieldy umbrella, named after a Dickens character?
Full text of "Everybody's Illustrated book of puzzles" See other formats THE ILLUSTRATED Hundred and Ninety-four Rebuses, Enigmts, Etc., with Answers. SAXON & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOUTERIE STREET, LONDON, RC 9F C*MF. LIBRJMT, Iff Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN EVERYBODY'S ILLUSTRATED Book of Puzzles LONDUN : \.\ON & O BOUYERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C 1890. LOSOOH : VE1X1JQ *SC CO., SO it 32, SAKUIhli BISECT, UJtCOLM 8 IXK Everybody's Puzzle Book, SELECTED BY Fabled History of the First Riddle. The ancients believed that the monster Sphynx was the inventor of riddles. Tho one she proposed for solution is this: "What animal is that which goes upon four legs in the morning, upon two at noon and upon three at night?" Many persons strove to ex- plain it, but failed and were torn to pieces by her. At length CEdipus solved it by say- ing that the animal was a man, who, in in- fancy, or in the morning of his life, creeps upon his hands and feet and so goes upon all fours; in the noon of his life walks on two feet, and in the night of old age requires a Stick and so totters upon three legs No. 1. Picture Puzzle. .LLKEL No. 2. Enigma In Rhyme. Green am I in spring, Late iu summer yellow; In the autumn red, When the days grow mellow. You may on me read; You may on me write; Green, red, yellow, though I am, I am always white. Wrinkle not my face; Let me live in clover; Look, but handle not; Yes, you may turn me over. No. 3. Arithmetic Tangle* A countrywoman carrying eggs to a garri- son, where she had three guards to pass, sold to the first guard half the number she had and half an egg more ; to the second, the half of what remained and half an egg beside, and to the third guard, she sold the half of the remainder and half another egg. When She arrived at the market place she had three dozen still to sell; how was this possible with- out breaking any of the eggs? No. 4. A Star. 1. A letter. 2. Mamma. 3. Recited. 4. Escaped by stratagem. 5. Relating to the moon. 6. Title of address to a lady. 7. A provider of provisions. 8. A male nickname. 9. A letter. No. 5. Conundrums. (a) How do we know that Byron never wore a wig? (b) "Why is the leaf of a tree like the human body? (c) Which is the oldest tree in England? (d) Why are feet like olden tales? (e) Why is a spider a good correspondent? (f) Why is a thief, picking a coiner's pocket, reminded of a line in Othello? (g) Why is an undutiful son like one born deaf? 1C8C?; Everybody s (h) Why are the pages of a book like the days of a man! (i) How many sides arc there to a tree! (j Why is your nose like St. Paul's? (k) What's that which every living man hath seen, but nevermore wit see again, I ween? A Metamorphosis. What a wonderful letter is N. Beside making a window of widow, it metamor- phoses a leviathan into two well known Jews, Levi N-athan ; makes a bungle of a bugle ; Norma, a Norman, and even causes a modest violet to be violent. One of the nicest uses to put an N to is to change an eclipse into necklips, which charms, on a pretty woman, eclipse many others. A Riddle Answered. "What is the difference between a widow and a window.'"' You give it up. I knew you would 1 Well, there is little if any, for the transparent griefs like the transparent panes of the other are Removed in course of repair- ing, and the latter is for mankind to look out of, while the former looks out for mankind. Pnnlana. Some one says that laundresses, like rail- roads, have their irons all over the country, and occasionally do a little mangling; but this, you know, is speaking ironically. Is anything worse than the Englishman in Paris, who said he guessed a certain French lady to be mad, as her husband continually addressed her as March hare (Ma chere). Theodore Rook was once asked to review a book called "Three Words to a Drunkard." "That I will do in three words," he said. "Pass the bottle!" Motto for grocers: "Honest tea is the best policy." Where is the ruffian who said, "My no- tion of a wife at forty is that one should be able to change her, like a bank note, for two twenties." Talking of a woman at forty, makes us think how funny it is that a woman who never knows her own age, can tell you in a minute the age of all her female acquaint- ances. It was the original learned pig who made this observation, when running away from the pork butcher, "Prevention is better than cure." Learn in your youth to beehive through life, with the regularity and industry of the bee; and then, as you kettle little holder, you will not get into hot water through bad habit*, and burn your flngera. Dream Interpretations. One or two dream interpretations that may be useful some day : To dream of a police- man is a sure sign of the "blues." To dream you are a monkey is to say the least sug- gestive. To dream your head is being punched, and, on waking, to discover that Buch is not the case, is lucky for you. To dream you have eloped with a wicked female ghost is a sure sign you have taken bad spir- its (over night). If a "gentleman of the press" dreams of donkeys, it is called a "ned- dy-torial" vision. To dream of suet shows a fat-uous mind (don't do it again). Double L amps in millions, O n the earth N ever conquered, D ayvlish pleasant, O nly shame 'tis, N oses smell such Acrostic. L ights on billions, O mnipotent; N ever failing, D em magnificent. O 'er Thames sailing, N asty stiff scent. No. C. Anagrams. For the benefit of very j-oung readers we will explain that making an anagram con- sists in forming a new word or words from the letters of other words. An illustration is: Cheer sick lands the anagram for Charles Dickens. We now invite you, with the per- mission of Good Housekeeping, to an ana- gramatical Dickens party, the guests of which nre prominent characters in Dickens* writings: Blame Crumple; We debtor to toys; Clev-sr fop I did pad; Pair my ages; His by a linen clock; Toy lily blows; Canny Skyes; Mere Walls ; O, feel my corn bed ; We kill red vies; Over it wilts; Bug ran by dear. No. 7 Enigma. I am a word of four letters, two of which are of no importance, signifying nought. For myself, I am an article of extended use, and worn by a lady, a friar, a snake, a clergyman, a flower and a bird. I gave a surname to a famous archer who lived about the time of Richard I, and to a poet of the reign of Victoria. My family is large, though I am an orphan, for when I go among them, I can count sisters and brothel's, maid- ens and mothers. I am somewhat addicted to single life, for I dwell with spinsters; yet I am fond of society, for where a great many neighbors dwell together j-ou will always find me. 1 am rather of a monastic turn, too, and have patronized Bo^nines, and Sceurs de Charite, Capuchins and 1'r.nu-iscans. Kings and querns t:ivor n p > when I as- sume knightly orders, and I flourish highest under their protection. Wherever I am I am at least sure of subsistence. In all prob- ability you have seen my like, but even when you find mo you may be puzzled, fox I of tun show two fact* Book of Puzzles* Xo. 8. A Riddle in Rhyme. I am borne on the pale in the stillness of night, A sentinel's signal that all is not ri.uht. I am not a swallow, yet skim o'er the wave ; I am not a doctor, yet patients I save ; When the sapling has trrmvn to a flourishing live Jt limls a protector henceforward in me? Xo. 9. Pictorial Reims. 5fo. 1O. Syncopation*. Syncopate (by omitting one letter in the middle of the word) to wander, and leave 1o stand still ; to enslave, and leave part of the far : a drink, and leave a ditch ; t > sail near the shore, and leave detriment : livelv, and leave fancy ; to divide and leave a prophet ; lnmul r , and leave part of the face ; to cue 1 gel, ami leave to lessen. 1 he syncopated words are all of equal length, and thy litters tak-u f om them, j.lar-tl in order, name s >:r.cth:ng seldom met with. Wide Awake. No. 11. Poetical Charade. My second sweepeth clean, 'tis said, When new ; but housewives say That 'tis no good when constant use Hath worn its strength away. Ah, lazy son, your algebra You've very badly reckoned: My first shall point my whole for you In likeness of my second. No. 12. Connntlrums. (a) If you had a strong desire to leave some property to the man in the moon, how would you go about it? (b) If you tumbled to the bottom of the first week in April, what sort of a Yankee would you suggest? {c) What is the difference between a sailor on duty and a sailor discharged? (d) What is the best way to prevent water coming into your house? (e) Why is a butler like a mountain? (f) Spell auburn locks in two letters. (g) What is it which occurs twice in a mo- ment, once in a minute and not once in 1,000 years? (h) If you suddenly saw a house on fire what three celebrated authors would you feel at onco disposed to name? (i) Whcu is a slug liko a poem of Tennyson's! No. 13. Charade. The student o'er my first doth pore From early morn till night; My next is buried 'neath the earth, And seldom sees the light. ' , My whole a fancy has for books, Devouring many a line; And now I think you ought to guess This short charade of mine. T>y starting at the right letter in one of the above words, and then taking every third letter, a quotation from Shakespeare's plays may be formed. St. Nicholas. No. 15. An Enigmatical List of Trees. What is the sociable tree (a), and the dancing tree (b), And the tree that is nearest the sea (c)? 1 The most yielding tree (d), and the busiest tree (e;, And the tree where ships may be (f) ? The Umg Khing tree (g), the least selfish tree (hX tree that bears a curse (i); Everybody The chr- .nologlst's trre (j), and the fisherman's t- (k), And the tree like an Irish nurse (1)? What s the telltale tree (m), the fisherman's tree And the tree that is wannest clad (o)? Tu* laymuu's restraint (p), and the housewife's live i.jl, And the tree that makes us sad (r)f No. 10. A Puzzler for Old and Young; (a) Add an ell to a lady's name, and ye teeth will chatter as you sit beside h^ What is her name? (b) What letter will moke a lady fit for re- straint? (c) Which two will make a chatting lady very dull? (d) Add one letter and remove another, and who becomes a beauty? (e) Take two letters away, and what lady becomes very painful? (f) Who shows bad behavior when half of her name is lost? (g) Take away her first letter, and place her last elsewhere, and she remains what she was before. What is her name? (h) Take away two letters from both ends of a lady's name, and you make a martyr of her. Who is she? Halve the lady mentioned, and she bo- comes an inhabitant of the desert. Her name, please? (i) Add ourselves to the end of a lady's name, and she becomes a village famous in Bible story. What is her name? (j) Take away the three last letters from a lady's name, and you make her a sacred song. What can it be? No. 17. The Two Traveler*. Two poor boys, Tom and Ned, walk be- tween London and Wolverhampton; Tom leaves the latter at 8 o'clock 10 the morning and walks at the rate of thnx; miles an hour without intermission, and Ned sets out at 4 o'clock the same evening and walks for \Vol- verhampton at the rate of four miles an hour constantly. Now supposing the distance be- tween the two places to bj loO miles, and suj)- pose the boys capable of continuing their Journeys, whereabouts on the rood will they in. t. ' No. 18. An 1 nltrma In irose. I am a newsvendor. I tell of births, mar- riages, and deaths. I invite people to din- ner, and carry their refusals. I send people abroad, and order their return. Through me, buying, selling and bartering are fre- quently accomplished. I speak the most poliftbed language and tho roughest tongue, wuitc, of Lou blue, aud times of the most delicate tints. I am some- times used with care, but more frequently receive little or none, and am often destroyed. I am also heard in the son r of the nightingale and the melody of the blackbird. Musical in- struments are"uelc<:s without me. and I am the foundation <<f the musician's art. NO. I '.. iiiiiiitli-lim-. (a) \V!,at sea would a man most like to be in on u \\t't day 'f (b) \\ hcii i< a Iml.y like a breaHnst cu{> ? ;c) Pray state where that celebrated actor Henry Irving \\ent on liis teuth hiithday. (d) Why is o the noisiest of the \ u\v els ? (e) Why is cufft-e like an axe with a dull edge ? (f) Why are teeth like verbs? (g) When is money dump ? (h) How would you express, in one word, having met a doctor of medicine? (i) Why is a vine like a soldier ? Xo. 2O. DoiiMe iVord Knlgiua. In l.<m rary ; ' In irony ;" In ra-' t>;iL' : -> In linn! 1 i In uiMrir.tr :" In tearmi.' :" In sailoi-'.- ili:ty " or "Enip're City.' In al;no-t eve.-y country, lit al.iio-t every to'.vii, YII I've he.inl of tin- effn i.tory, Ami <>:' it- i. r iv:it ivuo-.vii : Y..n know tliat T.ITAI. i- a crime. \\ it!i a <i>ntciii':' the criminal fear* Am 1 . \\ hen convii t>'.i. ->. \> * a term In jiil oi twenty years. (folilen Day*. No. 21. Reims. I am a word of five letters only; but if yon take a lesson from boll ringers and play the changes upon me, my combinations are infi- nite. My original word as it stands, silled with three i-o.. sonants at 1 .. I two vowols, signi- fies a veajion fomuTly in great repute, .-mil still of much use with s;iva;v nations. Trans- pose me, and I give you some fruit of a w holt-some and delicious nature, chiefly im- {M.rt.'il fnun < luornsey and Jersey. Cut off one letter, and 1 give you a seed; transpose me, and I cut your corn; again, and I j>eol your fruit. Alter the letter, and I present a large form of the monkey tnl>,' to you, which, if you transpose again, you will convert into a very largely usod leguminous food. Alter the letter again, and you will have the or- gans of a sense ; transpose, and you level me to the ground again, and you mark me with scars. AlU-r my letters again, and I grate for you, when, if you behead me, I become a poisonous reptile. Alter the letters again, and I go upon " 'Change;" transpose me, and Book of Puzzles. \ speak to a "medium." Alter me three times more and I become successively the materials for a dress, the blood of a plant, and what you must be. Finally, use my whole five letters once more, and if you are accustomed to the very useful grammatical exercise they show you, I think you ought to be able to make out all my meanings. No. 22. Wor.l Puzzles. (a) Name an English word containing eight syllables. (b) Name an English word in which the letter "i" occurs five times. (c) Name at least three English words, each of which contains all the vowels, in- cluding the "y." No. 23. Who Can Tflll? Twice ten are six of us, Six are but three of us, Nine are but four of us. What can we possibly be? Would you know more of us? I'll tell you more of us; Twelve are but six of us, Five are but four, do you see ? No. 24. Word Square. 1. Strengthens. 3. A ruler. 3. Memor- andum books. 4. The middle. 5. To make dear. 6. Adorned with stars. No. 25. Charade. I'll tell you no, it cannot be That you should guess my first so pat; I've said it, tho', and so will you. When you have puzzled long that's flat. My second is a thing like a hat : Like anything you please depend on it. I've said it twice, so, in a thrice. Resolve my whole and make an end on it. No. 20. J'ictorial Proverb. No. 27. Enigma. There Is a certain natural production which exists from two to six feet above the surface of the earth. It is neither animal, vegetable nor mineral ; neither male nor female, but something between both. It has neither length, breadth nor substance; is recorded in the Old Testament, and often mentioned in the New, and it serves the purpose of both treachery and fidelity. No. 28. Conundrums. Ca) From a number that's odd, cut oft the head, It then will even be; It's tail, I pray, take next away, Your mother then you'll see. Cb) What does man love more than life? Hate more than death or mortal strife? That which contented men desire? The poor have, the rich require? The miser spends, the spendthrift saves? And all meu carry to their graves. (c) My first makes company; My second shuns company; My third assembles company; My whole puzzles company. (d) My first is a point, my second a span; In my whole often ends the greatness of man. (e) The public credit and the public shame, Though widely different, differ not in name. No. 29. Decapitations. fa) Behead an animal, and leave a grain. CD) Behead a dance, and leave a fish, (o) Behead a gulf, and leave a cave, (d) Be- head part of the neck, and leave an animal, (e) Behead a useful article and leave a beam. The beheaded letters will spell the a famous American general. No. 30. The Number Forty-five. How can the number forty five be divided into four such parts that if you add two to the first part, subtract two from the second part, multiply the third part by two and divide the fourth part by two, the total of the addition, the remainder of the sub- traction, the product of the multiplication and the quotient of the division are all equal No. 31. Enigma in Kliyrae. I am a cheerful little thing, Rejoicing in the heat ; Whether it come from sea coal fire. Or log of wood, or peat. Again, I love a sunny day In park or grassy field, Whom 'neath my banner man and youtb Their utmost prowess wield. And there they stand with ready arm. Unflinching every one; v Everybody's Their only aim to prove themselYW "A Briton to the bonel" That I abound in man and beast, And also in mankind. No. 32. Biddla. Add 100 and nothing to 10, and 100 and othing to 1,000, then catch a B and put him at the end of it all, and the whole will pro- duce what you don't want one bit, so perhaps you had better save yourself the trouble of guessing this riddle. Ns, 23. A Card Board Puzzle. 2. Cut out of a piece of card, five piece> similar in shape and size to the annexed figures, viz., one piece of Fig. 1, three pieces of Fig. 2 and one like Fig. 3. These five pieces an- then to be so joined as to form a cross, like that represented by Fig. 4; but, of course, larger in size. No. 34. Geographical Emp/ma. (A city in Australia) and her friend (a city In Montana) went shopping. (A city in Australia) wore an (a county in Ireland) and a (city in the northern part of California) pin. (A city in .Montana) wore a (plateau in Asia) cloth suit and a (bills in Dakota) hat They bought some (mountains in Vermont) dress goods, a (river in Mississippi) ring, a m Florida) picture and some (an island of Scotland) for a dress for (a city in Swe- don). They then went home. Harper's Young People. No. 35. Charade. My whole's a word of letters five, I'm found both far and near; Behead me, and I am a Bound That strike* upon the ear. My tail cut off, a weight now comes, Most useful to mankind; Behead again, my tall replace, A unit you will find. Curtail once more, and I am left A >.!-> little word; A prvpuoition sometimes foi t . 1, An adverb often bear d. Behead me now, my tail clap on, And then I think you'll lind No. 36. -Conundrums. (a) "Why is a game of cards like a timber yard? (b) Make V less by adding to it. (c) Why is a widow like a gardener? (d) W by is a tight boot like an acorn tree! (e) Why is the largest city in Ireland likely to be the largest city in the world? (f) Why is a bad epigram like a poor pen- cil? (g) How do you swallow a door? - - (h) Why is a thump like a hat? (i) When you go to bed why are your slip- pers like an unsuccessful man? (j) Why are your nose and chin always at variance? (k) When may a chair be said to dislike you? (1) What man never turns to the left? (in) What is that which is lengthened by being cut at both ends? No. 37. Rebut. A churlish Jew, whose bags were mad* to bleed; A noble mind set to ungenial deed ; A knavish peddler, thievish as a pie} A shrew, made gentle by authority; A judge, with a false angel for his mate* A foolish justice, full of idle prate; A shepherd maid, for a great throne more fit ; A chattering constable, of empty wit; A dainty spirit of the air set free; A youthful lover full of phantasy ; One who a mistress wept more sweet than she. These lifelike forms the wondrous master wrought, With subtle skill and deeply searching thought; These few just gathered from his bounteous store Will spell his name, if right thou read them o'er. No. 38. Illustrated Proverb. Book of Puzzles. No. 39. Anagram. It LONG LIT THEN AFAB, Like a bright star, 6uidlng Its owner through darkness and llgm% Saving him from the terrible plight Of being left to his doom Lost in the gloom. No. 40. Charade. O'er distant hills the rising moon The evening mist dispersed; And, beaming radiant from her throne, She plainly showed my first. A horseman, now seen by her light, Approached with headlong speed; And, as he passed, my second said, To urge his foaming steed. For his lady love still waited, Though the trysting hour was pasft. My whole she was, in truth, because He was my third and last. No. 41. An Enigma. I am spelled in four letters, a very small word, In which only three letters of them seem to be heard. I dwell on the tree, on the bush, on the flower, On the top of the cedar, the midst of tbe bower, I am gold, I am silver, I am black and I'm white, I am tinged with all colors you see 'neath the light. I am thick, I am thin, I am narrow or broaa, I am met on the river, the meadow, the road. No. 42. Numerical Puzzle. A man had three daughters of three ages, to whom he gave certain apples to sell. To the eldest daughter, fifty apples ; to the sec- ond, thirty apples, and to the youngest, ten apples, and they all sold the same number for a penny and brought home the same money. How many did each sell for a penny' No. 43. Conundrums. (a) Why should a man always wear a watch when he travels in a waterless desert? (b) Why is the early grass like a penknife? (c) What is a bull in a china shop? (d) Why are clergymen like waiters? What Is Faith. A teacher in a school that stood on the banks of a river once wished to communi- cate to his pupils an idea of faith. While he was trying to explain the meaning of the word, a small covered boat hove in sight. Seizing upon the incident for illustration, he exclaimed: "If I were to tell you that there was a leg of mutton in that boat, you would believe me, would you not, without even see- ing it for yourselves? "Yes, sir," replied the scholars. "Well, that is faith," said the teacher. The next day, in order to test their recollection of the lesson, he inquired: "What is faith?" "A leg of mutton in a boat," was the answer, shouted from all parts of the school. Good boysl No. 44. An Extraordinary Dinner. Soups. (a) To jeer and a kind of clovo. (b) The name of "the piper's son," a letter and part of tho foot. Fish. (a) Only, (b) To roll, toss cz tumble. Entree. (a) To cower, served with a phil- osopher, on a sentiment. Roasts. (a) A country, (b) An essayist. (c) A tailor's implement. Vegetables. (a) A letter, an article and part of the foot, (b) Letters of the alphabet, (c) A watchman's course, (d) A coupe and a generation. Dessert. (a) To regret, part of an arrow and a mass of unsorted type, (b) Swimming and what Australia is. Nuts. (a) A wooden trunk. (b) Terra firma. (c) On every breakfast table. Fruits. (a) The fruit that urges you to travel, (b) The fruit that tells tales, (c) Unites in couples, (d) An anathema, an article and a conjunction. No. 45. Hollow Square. When the jiames of the four central ob- jects have been rightly guessed, and arranged like tho black dots on tho edge of the picture (the first and last letters of each word being used twice), a hollow square will be formedL_ Ifo. 46. Enigma ID Rbym* I'm high and I'm low, Pm up and I'm down{ I'm uaed by the boy* In country and town, I mostly em thick; Very rarely am thlflf Pometim-3 F rralk out; Sometimes I walk in. Pm often put on, And often put off; But hold ! I have done* I've told you enough. No. 47. Puzzler* for Wife Heads. There arc fourteen letters in a very famous book, the name of which you havo to guess by paying duo attention to the following re- marks: (a) When the first letter goes, a fruit which has it straightway becomes a wide mouth. (b) By adding tho second to another letter, you get a famous river. (c) The loss of the third turns, alas! an honest tar's room Into a murderer I (d) While tho loss of the fourth makes what fa fanciful a bit of wood. (e) Add my fifth letter twice to a vowel and straightway you havo a lady. (0 At any time of tho year by adding the sixth to the present moment you get some- thing cold and white. (g) Take away ray next, and what was made to swim can fly. (h) The removal of my eighth turns a king's seat into agony. (i) By the loss of my ninth the name of a person becomes a bird. (j) The addition to my tenth turns a car- riage into a shell fish. (k) Take away my nost from an important feature and you get an insect fond of a candle. (I) Add my twelfth to a coal mine and you get a kitchen utensil. (m) Add my thirteenth to a domestic ani- mal and you find something to wear. (n) And fur the want of my last letter a mariner's guide becomes good to eat. N'<>. 48. Conundrum*. (a) When is the soup likely to run out of the saucepan f (b) How does tho Russian nation resemble the tea? (c) What Is the di (Terence between a pcr- ton late for the train and a school mistress > (d) Would you rather an elephant killed you, or a gorilla! (c) What writer would havo been tho best angler? Some Good Simile*. AM wet u flmh a> dry aa a bone: Aa live u a blrd-oi dead as a rtonej Aa plump aa a partridge aa poor as a rat) Aa strong aa a horse as weak as a cat; As hard aa a fllnt^-aa eoft aa a mole; Aa white aa a lily as black as a coal ; As plain as a pike sufl as rough as a bear; As tight as a drum as free as the air; A3 heavy 03 lead as light as a feather; As steady as time uncertain as weather; As hot us an oven as cold as a frog; As gay as a lark as sick as a dog. "Your horse has a tremendous long bit," said a friend to Theodore Hook. "Yes," aid he, "it is a bit too long." No. 40. Riddle In Terse. If you would travel o'er our land, To Vermont's hills or Georgia's strand. Or where Maine's breezes blow, Get ia my flrst and you will speed Fur Ja-ster than the swiftest steed, Where 'cr you wish to go. Upon my second patriots turn, For it their he::rto with ardor burn, For It they live and die, For it in toil they spend their years, For it they give their prayers and tears, For it as captives sijh. My whole 13 In the pardon found, When tho cweet summer months come rouarl, Ai d flowers wake at their call. Yell )w sometime:* and sometimes rose, Snow white, deep red its color glows, Its perfume pleases all. No. 50. Word Pyramid. Arrange the word septuagenarian in a col- nmu of letters thus: And then tell a story of old age, or make some remarks on old age, 8 BO that tho whole will form a pyra- E raid, with twice as many letters P but ono at the bottom as there are T in tho word itself, namely, twice U fourteen wanting ono, that is, A twenty-coven. Tho letter S must re- O main alone, boiug tho apex ; tho next E letter, E, must have ono letter on N each side of it; P must have two on A each side; T three on each side, and R so on, until you arrive at N, tho last I letter, which must have thirteen A letters on each side of it. The N whole must form a connected sen- tence, having reference, as wo said before, to the condition of old age. No, 51. Enlsma. My flrst Is in tadpole, but not in a worm ; My next'a in the tempest, but not in the storm; My third's in a tunic, yet not in a coat; My fourth's in a bison, but not in a goat; My fifth is in yeliow, but never in blue; Book of Puzzles. n My sixth is in cinders, yet not in the flue, My seventh's in the tailor, but not in hit man; My last's not in kettle, but always in pan. If you put these together, a bard ycu will eee, And most people think him the top of the tree. No. 52. Arithmetical Puzzle. How many dinners would be necessary for a club of seven persons who had agreed to dine with each other as long as they could be differently arranged whca they sat down at table? No. 53. Connected Diamonds. 1. A crooked letter. 2. A sweet bread. 8. A sweet substance. 4. Is an animaL 5. The last of a chair. 1. The last of help. 2. A beverage. 3. A kind of fruit 4. A kind of ostrich. 5. The first in sickness. The centrals read down form the centrals across, which ia turn form a candy. No. 54. Illustrated Conundrum. These two peop.e are making the same re- mark. What is it? No. 55. Hidden Poets. Find the name of a poet in each of the fol- lowing sentences: (a) Is martyrdom a thing to desire or notl (b) Is it better to go to church ill, or stay (c) Does ever a cow perplex her mind with politics? (d) "What other animal can kick, eat, strike with her horns, and low? (e) When a man looks grim, a song will often cheer him up will it not? (f) How do you like such names as Robert, Philip, Arne, Llewellyn? (g) Who was best up in daring deeds in the Crimea? (h) What is the complexion of the Ningpc people? No. 66. Conundrums. (a) What is the difference between a chim- ney sweep and a gentleman who finds that the mourning he has purchased to wear at a friend's funeral fits him exactly? (b) Why are A, E and U the handsomest ol the vowels? (c) Why is a worn out shoe like ancienl Greece? (d) What key is best for unlocking thi tongue? (c) How can you ask a man if he is ill ir four letters? No. 57. A Monument. O O X O X X O X X X O X X X X O X X X X X O X X X X X X O X X X xxxxoxxxx (a) A vowel appearing but thrice in thil line; (b) A letter used as a numerical sign; (c) A quadruped faithful and true untt man; (d) A conjunction in use since our languag* began. (e) A certain uncertainty next is expressed (f) Then follow the places we all should love best ; (g) Then comes one who works at an arl that is plastic, (h) And next, passing over, though not a. "gymnastic," (i) The base is seen lying at length on th ground: This done, and the thing you hav builded is found. The central letters read downward give th inswer. No. 58. Card Board Puzzle. Everybody's A parallellogram, as in the illustration Fig. 1, may be cut into two pieces so that by shifting the position of the pieces two other figures may be formed, as shown bj Figs. 2 and i No. 50. Historical Knlgma. My first is what you first Jearn to do ir arithmetic. My second was the founder of the Norman duchy. My third is Latin for thou. My fourth is a great personal ornament. My fifth is two vowels. My sixth is a county in Scotland. My seventh was a heathen goddess named in the Bible. My eighth is an archangel mentioned bj Milton. My ninth is tho Greek K. My t-nth i< a beautiful forest tree. My eleventh a musical drama. My twelfth is no ornament to any one'i face. My thirteenth is two-thirds of a Scotch whaling port. My fourteenth is the name of a book in thi Bible. My fifteenth we must all obey, or we shal] catch it. My sixteenth is a sound in the singing scale. My seventeenth is anything and every- thing. My eighteenth is what everything has. My nineteenth is a favorite musical hano instrument. My twentieth is what every rnnn would like to be. My twenty-first is a famous North Ameri- can river. My hist is often hard to say. Arrange these words, and tho first letten read downward will describe a great soldier; the last, similarly read, will decribo three of his victories. No. GO. Ch:irao>. No book without my first is made, However small or large; A boat my next, which swiftly sails. And outstrips many a barge. My whole Is used to cut my first However thick it may be A very useful thing am I, As quickly you will see. No. 01. A Few Biblical Conundrum*. (n) At what time of the day was Adam born? '!) U"l: it kind of sweetmeats did the? have in tho arkf (c) What is the moat unequal contest men- tioned in the Bible I (d) When did Ruth treat Boaz badly! (e) Who can be said to be nobody's child? (f) How many neckties had Job? (g) Which of the animals took the most into the ark? (h) Where were walking sticks first intro duced? (i) At what season did Eve eat tho apple? No. 62. Half Squar*. (a) A leather bag. (b) Methods of working. (c) Settled again. (d) Elegies. (e) Things of importance. (f) Essential oils obtained from roses. (g) Nails. (h) Parts of the feet. (i) Finish. (j) Of the same kind. (k) A letter. No. 63. Poctlc:il Charade. My lady Jane had called for my first, And the curtains, cozy and warm, Glowed red in the twilight, shutting out The sight of the thick snow storm. Two little boys with my second played, With the help of my lady Jane And an ivory ball ; and they missed and laughed, Then tried the trick over again. But my first is ready, my second waits. On the ground all the playthings roll, And the children, tired out with their game, Are taking my first from my whole. No. 04. A Spring Time Pyratald. Arrange as a pyramid tho sentence below, and find out tho word which reaches from the point to the foundation stone. It will be found to be a spring tide festival, suitable more or less to the subject of the sentence: "Sweet spring at last is bursting tho Arctic chains. Genial breezes refresh us sometimes. Tho snow drop is gone. It has given place to the many later favorites, as daffodils and primroses. Birds, such as wo all do love, provide music rare, and we should bo joyful indeed were it not that we know winter de- parts not with the daffodils. Rude blasts have yet to roar around the garden. Fly away, winter! fly away I" N. B. Great care must be taken to arrange all tho letters in strictly level lines, and the letters of each line must be exactJy below those of the lino above, and exactly above those in the lines below, or confusion will l>e the result. Tho letter S will, of course, be the highest point of tho pyramid. No. ;.">. Anagram*. (a) Got a scant religion. (b) Shame proud Caty. Book of Puzzles. (c) Rare mad frolio. (d) One-half bias. (e) Queer as mad, (f) Mad policy. (g) Lady mine, (b) Cnesty. (i) Chasty. (j) Boy Ned. (k) Tea slops. (1) One hug. (m) Norse cat. (n) City life. No 66. Arithmetical Fuzzle. There was a poor man called Johannes Bull, Who children did possess, a quiver full; And who yet managed somehow to scratch on, By the true help of daughter and of son. Six little workers had he, each of whom Earned something for the household at the loom. I will not tell you how much each did gain, For I'm a puzzler, and I don't speak plain; But, as I would you should possess a clew, Home tell tale facts I'll now disclose to you. Week after week, Jane, Ann, Joe, Bet, Rose, Jim, Earn ten and tenpeace, father says, for him, And in this way: The eldest daughter, Jane, Gains seven pcuce more than sister Ann can gain; Ann eiglitpence morn than Joe; while .Too can get By his endeavor.; .- i ','(lian !!>!; Bet, not so old, earns not so much as thu.se, But by her hands gets fourpeuce more than Rose; Rose, though not up to Jane, yet means to thrive, And every week beats Jim by pennies five. Now, say what each child worker should receive When father draws the cash on pay day eve? No. 67. Pictorial Puzzle. No. 68. Conundrums. (a) Old Mother Twitchett she had but one eye, And a very long tail which she always let fly; And every time she went over a gap, She left a great piece of her tail in a trap. (b) What ice becomes in the heat of the sun, Is given the soldier by beat of drum. (c) Black we are, but much admired ; Men seek us out till they get tired; We tire the horse, but comfort man. Tell us this riddle if you can. No. 6D. Dcoupitntion. Cut off my head, and singular I am ; Cut off my tail, and plural I appear; Cut off both head and tail, and, wondrous f.-icf , Although my middle's left, there's nothing there. What is my head? a sounding sea; What Is my tail? -a flowing rivor; In ocean's greatest depths I fearless play, Parent of sweet ast sounds, though mute for- ever. No. 70. Word Progressions. I am a thing, which once was borne aloft, Over the hill, the woodland, and the croft; Yet I, who thus could rise like any lark. Am now the servant of a banker's clerk. Add but a litter, or, it may be, twain, And changes yet more strange shall I sustain, As thus: ajieap of copper I become, If c and e are added to my sum; And if a sacred mount you give to me. Cash am I still, and mount to s. d. But pounds and shillings, yea, and pennies fall, If u r y are tacked upon my taiL No. 71. Pictorial Proverb. No. 73. Acrostic. (5 letters.) Anyplace of public contest; to paralyze; fleshy ; a tertiary deposit on the banks of the Rhine; pertaining to a brittle, gray colored metal; to look steadfastly; to follow; tryst; obscure; to sing; an appointed place of meet- ing ; a weapon ; true. Primals: Excusing. Third letters dowii: a dependent. No. 73. Kiiigma In Prose.. I am a word of three letters, an animal's name. Add a planet to me, and you will dis- cover Sirius. Take it away, and replace it with a flower, and you will discover the ex- quisite piak tinted wild rose of the hedges. Change it once more and link mo to another order and you will perceive a purple scent- less blossom. Substitute a fish, and you will find in me one of the lesser shark tribe. Add me. to the 4th of July and llth of August inclu- sive, and I shall represent the hottest season. Add four letters to me, and I will recite the worst of bad verse to you ; replace these by three other letters, and I will show you a stubborn disposition ; alter these to two others, and I represent a tenet. Set mo on fire and I give you an ancient form of grate. In my crude form J ain the recognised emblem of Everybody's fidelity, and am monumentally represented so. I am the guardian of your flocks and herds, and of your threshold, under which guise I am represented at Pompeii. I follow your steps with pertinacity, am ofttimes slain in your service, and sometimes by your own hand. I rescue you from fire, water and snow. I get to the lowest depth of weariness in your behalf, and yet your gratitude is evinced by making my name a mere byword of reproach. No. 74. Conundrum*. (a) Why is the nose on your face like v in civility? ' (b) Why is conscience like the check string of a stage? (c) What snuff taker is that whose box gets fuller the more pinches he takes? Mi If a tough beefsteak could speak, what English poet would it mention? (e) What question is that to which you must positively answer "yes?" (0 Why is an author the most wonderful man in the world? No. 75. for WlMt Hearts. Take twenty lines, and put in the first Fomething hot and comfortable, though dan- gerous. , In the second write down Abram's home of ol.L In the third we will have the light of the body. In the fourth set down a very base word. In the fifth put what no one likes, or ever will Jot down for jour sixth word what is on every thorn. And for your seventh lay down two-thirds of half a dozen. While three-fourths of an arch shall be your eighth word. The ninth is the earliest navigator we know of. The tenth is how best to prosper. The eleventh is a clang word for something to eat And the twelfth is our own noble selves. We ought to eschew the thirteenth. While the fourteenth wo need not eschew If we are temperate, but it is of ten dangerout like number one. The fifteenth word is two-thirds of our mother. The sixteenth is a girl's name. And the seventeenth a thing's designation, The -i^l,t.'.-nth is half a nose. The nineteenth no man ever saw the end of. In tho twentieth and last place, or line, write down what you ought never to be qerer, never, never I When these are set down one beneath an- other, read the first letters, and you will find tho two great factions, or parties, who di- vided Italy and Germany so much in the Middle Ages ; and by reading the last letters you will find a most useful building, erected by Charles II, where better work is done than slitting throats for barren glory. No. 76. Word Syncopations. Take an age from to supply with air, and leave a goddess; take a Hebrew measure from a perfumed liquid, and leave a kind of shell ; take edges from to shrink, and leave a plant of the cabbage family ; take an pninml from an assistant and leave a fish. No. 77. The Hidden Poet. My first is in willow, and never in ash; My next is in wound, but not in a gash; My third is in wormwood, yet never in pall : My fourth's in the landlord, but not in his hall; My next's in the throstle, but not in her mate, My sixth's in all women, yet never in Kate ; My seventh's in tho tongue, but it's not in tho head; My eighth is in slumbers, but not in one's bed; My ninth is in scarlet, but not in red cl-ak ; My last's in a hammer, but not in its stroke. Together, my letters a poet declare, Who once wore the laurel about his white hair. No. 78. Enigmatical Animal*. An affirmative and continually. A ma- son's implement an! a morsel. Uninhabited and an old game at ball. A mottled appear- ance in wood and to steep in lye. No. 79. Pictorial Rebus. No. 80. Riddle*. (a) How can you spell George with one letter? (b) Why is S a noisy lettter? Why is love, like a canal boat? !!> Why is snuff Uke the letter ? Book of Puzzles. (6) What Is the center of gravity I (f) Why la n dentist likely to be a melan- choly manf Thonghts Wise and Otherwise. What a distressing thing it is, as soffls ona has said, that there are men who positively can't, any one of them, open their mouths without putting their foot in it. Some one asks: What is the difference be- tween a coat and a baby? To which the answer has been given : The one I wear, the other I was, A punster adds: That, ah] must be the reason why, ah! ladies like them both, as they are all given to, ah! pet a baby, also, to a(h) ! pet-a-coat. An Old Proverb Kevisccl. "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise!" That's what you say really; well, we're not quite so sura of this, but there is one thing we are quite decided about, namely : Go to bod late, and get up again early, Makes a man stupid, seedy and surly. It's all right; we've tried it. Do Yon See ItT A lady who was often visited by a gentle- man, sometimes at rather unseemly hours even, was asked if ho were ahem! any re- lation. She replied: "That gentleman's mother is my mother's only child." Do you eee it? He was her son her male child her offspring. A Specimen of Ciphering. You my 0, I thee; Oh, no 0, but me, And let your my be, ThengiveOOIOthee. A Cute Customer. Justice Do you know that yon an charged with the theft of a poor laborer's dinner? Tramp Yes, sirl J. And did you know that yon violated the law? T. No, sir! It was a case of necessity, and necessity knows no law. Boston Bud- get, I Answered. "Have you any data on which to base fl prognostication of the duration of the pres- ent period of excessive caloric in the circum- ambient atmosphere?" asked a young woman with spectacles of a man at the Union station yesterday. "Yes'ra," was tho reply, "the next train for Boston leaves in half an hour * Pittsburg Chronicle Telegraph. Ho Temptation. "And BO you have brought my beautiful Alphonso home, have you, like an honest man, instead of keeping him yourself, as you might easily have done!" said the delighted lady as she fondled the poodle. "Were you not strongly tempted fro keep the darling creature?" "No, mum," replied the incorruptible man, as he pocketed the $5 reward. "It weren't no temptation. I couldn't have sold his hido for two bits at this season of the year, mmm" Chicago Tribune. No. 81. Who or "What Was It and WlicreT God mado Adam out of dust, But thought best to make ino first, Bo I was mode before tho man, To answer God's most holy plan. My body he did make complete, But without Legs or Arms or Feet* I did my Maker's laws obey; From them I never went astray, But God did something in me see. And put a living soul in me, That soul of me my God di J claim, And when from mo that soul had fled, I was the same as when first made, And without hands or feet or soul, I travel now from pole to pole. To fallen man I give great light. Thousands of people, young and old, Jlay, by my death, great light behold; To heaven I can never go, Nor to the grave or hell below. No. 82. Illustrated Conundrum. No. 83. Riddle In Prose. I am the center of gravity, hold a capital situation in Vienna, and as I am foremost in every victory, am allowed by all to bo In- valuable. Always out of tune, yet ever in voice; invisible, though clearly seen in the midst of a river. I have threo associates in vice, and could name three who are In love with me. Still it is in vain you seek me, for I have long been in heaven, and even now lie embalmed in the grave. i6 Everybody* No. 84. Enigma by Cowper. I am Just two and two, I am warm, I am cold, And the parent of numbers thct cannot be told. I'm lawfully unlawful, a duty, a fault. Exceeding dear, good for nothing when bought, A - extraordinary boon, and a matter of course, A .J yielded with pleasure when taken by force. No. 85. Arithmetical Puzzle. Tho sum of four figures in value will be, Above seven thousand nine hundred aud three; But when they are halved, you'll find very fair The su. i will be nothing, in truth I declare. No. 86. Enigma. My first is in nun and not in some. My second la in nap and not in fun. . My third is in pay and not in debt. My fourth is in bone and not in bet. My fifth is in love and not in hatred. My sixth is in blue and also in red. My seventh is in boat and not in ship. My eighth is in hand and not in whip. My whole la the name of a great conqueror. No. 87. Conundrums. (a) There's a word composed of three letters alon Which reads backwards and forwards the MB*. It expresses the sentiments warm from th heart, And to beauty lays principal claim ! (b) What word is it which by changing a ingle letter becomes its own opposite? (c) When a boy falls into the water what in the first thing be does! (d) What is that which la pat on the tabl* and cut, but never eaten! (e) At what time was Adam married? (0 What is the difference between twic twenty -two and twice two and twenty? (g) A room with eight corners had a cat in each corner, seven cats before each cat and a cat on ev, f \ it's tail What was the total Dumber c'. ; ? (h) Wh:. 1 i '. at which the more you take from It the i.r v it growil Figures. Astrono i derful, And lull . ..ting, 2; The eart volves around the RUB Which makes a year 4 you, Tho moon Is dead and calm. By law of phys 6 great; It's 7 where the stars alive Do nightly scintU 8. If watchful Providence be 9 With good in 10 lions fraught, Di 1 not kwsp up IU grand design, We soon would come to 0. Astronomy H 1 derful. But It's 8 80 4 1 man 2 group, and that is wh/ I'd better say no more No. 88. A Charade Letter by Charles Fox. Permit mo, madam, with tho profoundest respect, for once to come uncalled into your presence, and, by dividing myself, add greatly to my consequence. So exalted am I in tho character of my" first that I have trampled upon the prido of kings, and the greatest potentates up .n earth have bowed doTvn to embrace mo, yet the dirtiest kennel, in tho dirtiest street, is not too foul to have me for its inmato. In my second, what infinite variety? I am rich as tho eastern nabob, yet poor as the weeping object of your benevolence; I am mild and gentle as the spring, yet savage as tho wintry blast ; I am young, beautiful and blooming, yet deformed and wretched. From tho highest authority, madam, I daro prove I am your superior, though few aro tho in- stances that prove it, and tea thousand the proofs against it. I am ; but you ore tired, and wish my reunion; it is done, and my consequence is lost, and I have no other merit than remaining, as at first, your most obedient servant, THE WHOLE. No. 89. Syncopations. I am composed of six letters: Without my 1, 2, 3, I am part of a lock. Without my 4, I am tho miser's god. Without my 5, 6, I am a member of th Roman Catholic church. Without my 1, 4, 5, 6, I am a preposition. Without my 2, 3, 4, 5, I am a pronoun. Without my 3, 4, 5, 0, I am tho initials of one of tho United States. My whole is an animal of South America. No. 00. Hour Glass, (a) Merchants. (b) To lift. (c) Frozen water. (d) A consonant. (c) A fish. (f) A stoves (g) Cut. Centrals read down A celebrated English novelist. Left diagonals Fell in drops. Right diagonals Searchers. No. 01. Mathematical Puzzle. An old woman, carrying eggs to market In a basket, met an unruly fellow, who broke them. Being taken before a magistrate, ho was ordered to pay for them, provided the woman could tell how many she had; but he could only remember that in counting them into tho basket by twos, by threes, by fours, by fives and by sixes there always re- mained one, but by counting them in by evens there were none remaining. Now, in this caae, how was th number to be ascer- tained! Book of Puzzles. Wo. 02. Word Building. Two lines containing a total of sixteen words can be made from the following: Y y uryyubicuryy for me. Ko. 03. The Grasping landlord. Suppose a certain landlord had eight ap- ple trees around his mansion, around these eight houses of his tenants, around these ten pear trees-phe wants to have the whole of the pear trees to himself, and allot to each of his tenants one of his apple trees in their place. How must ho construct a fence or kedge to accomplish it? No. 94. PI. Stlrf eth lube dan tehn eth rowshej Stingrub dub, dan slingmi lerwof ; Bkorob tes efre hwit kinglint rign; Drisb oto lufl fo gons ot gins; Bcrip dol seveal tiras hiwt dripe, Weerh eht dirnit stoveli heid Lai hingst darey hwit a ilwl Palir's mognic pu eht lihll No. 05. Riddle in Rhyme. Ever running on my race, Never staying at one place, Through the world I make my tour, Everywhere at the same hour. If you please to spell my name, Reversed or forward 'tis the same? No. 06. Combination Star. 1 4 . . Y. . 5 . . * > $ . . ***** *** 6 Prom 1 to 2, a braggart; from 1 to 3, mates happy; from 2 to 3, argues rationally; from 4 to 5, the principal gold coins of ancient Greece; from 4 to 6, to satisfy; from 5 to 6, the shortening of a long syllable. No. 07. Words Within Words. (a) An animal in a candle. (b) A path in a star. (c) A stream of water in fruit. (d) A crime in clergymen. (e) An owl's cry in tree branches. (f) A sign in a cosmetic. (g) A propeller in what it was made from. No. 08. Charade. My first from the Greek meaning "love, 1 My second's one vowel alone. My third was an oracle famous, My fourth like my second, I own. My whole is a friendly old city, That quite prides itself on its -'tone." No. 00. Entangled Scissors This is an old but a capital puzzle. A piece of double twine is fastened to a pair of scis- sors (as shown in the cut), and both the ends aro held with the hand, while some person extricates the scissors from the twine. No. 100. Beheadings. (a) Behead a tree, and leave roguish, (b) Behead on high, and leave a gallery in a church, (c) Behead thrown violently, and leave an organ of the body, (d) Behead a preposition, and leave a contest, (e) Behead a pronoun, and leave belonging to us. (f) Behead to efface, and leave to destroy, (g) Behead to reproach, and leave a relative, (h) Behead to annoy, and leave comfort, (i) Behead an occurrence, and leave to give utterance to. The beheaded letters will spell the name of a famous general, beloved by all Americans. No. 101. Gentlemen and Their Servants. Three gentlemen are going over a ferry with their three servants, who conspire to rob them, if they can get one gentleman to two of them, or two to three, on either side of the ferry. They have a boat that will only carry two at once; and either a gentle- i8 Everybody manor ft WfVt&tAUtt bring back the boat each time a cargo of them goes over. How can th gentlemen get orcr with all their errant) so as to avoid an attack! Ko. 1O2. Hidden Author** I was sitting Idly in my study, WfoTD A blazing fire, about en Hour before dinner, when, according to my physician's directions, I rang the bell and ordered my tonic, "Yes, sir," answered my old and very valued serv- ant, who had been my cellarmen (a) for years; "how do y>u find yourself, sir?" 'Very well, I thank you, John," replied I; "except for a slight pain in my brow (b), I was never better." "I'm glad of it, sir," he answered, "for Dick is very anxious to know when you intend to resume the chose "Ni-xt week, I IJOJK?," saiil I, "and I hope my old fashioned body dl) is ready for me to wear." "Ay, ay, sir," replied John, "but 'tis looking terribly whitish black (e) at the seams." "Never mind, John," said I, "'tis an old friend. And what's Hannah got for my dinnerP "She has got a leg of young mutton (0, sir," he replied. "Then tell her to cook it in hot water (g)," said I; "and beg her not to forget that I like a slice of dried salt pork (h) afterward, and above all things let lier be quick (i) about it. Just mention to her, by the way, that the shrimp sauce yesterday was rather husky (j)." "Yes, sir," answered faithful John, closing the door. "And now," said 1, poking the cheery flre, "I don't envy even Pio Mono (k) himself, with such a dinner awaiting me, a cozy chair, a good fire and twelve good authors whom 1 have already mentioned tt keep me company.* No. 103. Transposition. Read me aright, I'm useful to cooks; But by transposition, draw boys from their bookH: A rain transposed, then me you would shout Most lustily after a thief, I've DO doubt; Transpose but once more, and I may be found la each street of the cily. both steadfast and MM No. 1O4. A Doable Arroctio. mniAUB *5D rtxAi.8. Tbese two disclose an order new Lately of science born. WnoM eUicU, whether false or true, Beach us. each ui^ht and morn. ACBOM. (a) la forest dim. If one this sound should hear, He might in terror fly or crouch In abject fear. (b) lie bids adieu to comforts, friends and home, Through arctic saows and deserts drear to (d) A homely crop, though vef? good, And used by man and beast for food. (e) Behold my fifth's a woman's name, Which, back and forth, Is spelled the same. (f) Aloft on craga Trhlch join the skies, This home may greet your searching eyes, (f) What we all seek and pray that Heaven may eend, Alas! we rarely find It till the end. No. 105. The Carpenter's Puztle. (c) A poet of Italy 1 1 hero, WbuM name ut uuaic to the ar. A ship having sprung a leak at sea, and be- ing in great danger, tho carpenter could find nothing to mend it with except a piece of wood of which the accompanying cut is a correct representation. The black dots in it represent holes in the wood, thus apparently preventing him from cutting out of it the sized piece he wanted, which was exactly one- fourth of its own size, having no holes in it Can you tell how the square piece was cut from the board* No. IOC. Charades. (a) My first's a prop, my second's a prop and my whole is a prop. (L) What 1 do, what I do not and what yon are. (c) My first Is equality, my second inferi- ority, my whole superiority. (d) He can, seldom obtain my first, who labors for my second, and few like to do my whole, (e) My first Is wise and foolish, my second the physician's study, my whole the pleasant- est ornament of a house. (f) My whole is under my second and sur- rounds my first. (g) When you stole my first, I lost my second, and 1 wish you may ever possess my whole. (h) My first dreads my second, for my second destroys my first, while many delight In my wuol*. Book or Puzzles. No. 107. Enlgraa. Things In my first ore always told. My second smacks of matters old. My third is ever bought and sold In shops or in the market cold. Or, If you like it, on a stalk, When in the summer fields you vralk. My first you'll notice, ripening fast; My next's an adverb of the past: My third in mart or ware house sfanda, And is forever changing hands; My whole it has a luckless lot, It almost always goes to pot. No. 108. Half Square. Foreshown; displaced; a symbol; pertain* Ing to the sun; to declare; a jewel; a nick- name; a consonant. No. 109. A Riddle iii Rhyme. We are little airy creatures. Each have different forms and features; One of us in glass is set. Another you will find hi Jet; A third, less bright, is set in tin, A fourth a shining box within; And the fifth, if you pursue, It will never fly from you. No. 110. A Remarkable Monogram. You are requested to state what word It Is, of only three syllables, which combines in it twenty-six letters. While you are consid- ering an answer to this conundrum, your at- tention is called to the picture above, of the gentleman with the parasol and hand port- manteau. It presents a monogram of the twenty-sir letters of the alphabet, none of which are turned backward. To a quick mind it also suggests a reply to the opening query. No. 111. Two Diamonds 1. A consonant. 2. A garden tool 3. Parts of speech. 4. The terminus. 5. A con- sonant. 1. In chest. 2. A beverage. 3. Shelters. 4. Consumed. 5. In chest. No. 112. Conundrums. (a) What letter in the Dutch alphabet will name an English lady of title? (b) What word of six letters contains six words beside itself, without transporting a letter? (c) Is there a word in the English language that contains all the vowels? (d) Why is quizzing like the letter D on horseback? (e) What Christian name, besides Anna, reads the same both ways? No. 113. Enigma. I may be either alive, dead, or inanimate. In the first case I can be either curved, straight, or crumpled; in the second 1 may bo of any form, but especially hollow; in my last my appearance is rather circumscribed, but it is the most pleasing of my forms I wear no coat, yet sometimes 1 have a but- ton, and a cape is named after me. I have no head, but am possessed of a mouth, and sometimes of a tongue, and can give utter- ance to sounds without the latter; and, truly, I must bo a poor one of my kind if I cannot speak. In one sense I am generally in pairs, and in another never can appear in more than twenty-six weeks of the year. I can, when alive, inflict severe wounds, and when inanimate, in bad hands, can cause pain (to the ear). In one sense I give light, in an- other I protect it I am not averse to gayety, for I used of ten to appear at festive boards; no band is complete without me, and I am often mentioned in connection with plenty. But for all this, in my natural state 1 am sometimes rough, always sharp, and have been the death of several people, and a place merely bearing my name seemed to have such terrors as to cause a gallant captain to desist from his voyage. No. 114. Transformations. [Change one letter each move, the substi- tute retaining the same relation to the other letters in the word, and giving a legitimate word still Example Change Wood to Coal in three moves. Answer Wood, Wool, Cool, Coal] (aj Change White to Blck In eight isaTgS, 20 Everybody's (b) Chang* 5eat to Prim In eight moves. (c) Change Hat* to Ix>ve in three moves. (d) Change Saxe to I'ope in live moves. (e) Change Hand to Foot in six moves. (f) Change Blue to Pink in ten moves. (g) Change Hard to Cosy in five moves. (h) Change Sin to Woe in three moves. No. 115 Anagram*. () Spare him not (b) March on. (O Golden land. (d) Nine thumps, (e) Best in prayer. (f) Nay, 1 repent it (g) Rare mad frolic, (h) To love ruin. (i) Great helps. No. 110. A Transposition, A gentleman who was paying his addresses to a lady, at length summoned up sufficient courage to ask if they were agreeable to her, and whether he might flatter himself with a chance of ultimate success. The lady replied, "Stripes!" telling the gentleman to transpose the letters so as to form out of them another word, which word was her answer. The reader who can find out the word needs never fear being nonplused by a lady; those who cannot must either persist till they overcome the difficulty or may give up all thoughts of wooing. No. 117. Ea/iy Word Squares. (a) A narrow road; a plane surface; close to; pans of the body. (b) Not any; across; not far away; strayi from the right. Ko. 118. Floral Puzzle*. y w.rd. iie of twelve flowers or plant* uiy direction one square at a 1 same square only once In each No. 11D. TTord Building. I am a dog, a dog of lowr degree; There is, I'm told, no noble blood in me; Bo, settle that much in your mind, my boy, Then puzzle out the name that I enjoy. To aid you in your labors, let me say, Add e, and every sickness flies away; Turn e to I, aud then at once you'll see What the waves do when winds blow fresh and free. If you remove them both, and add a few, It brings a bell of eventide to view; Or if, instead, you do append an ate, A clergyman appears as sure as fate. If you would turn me into cheese, add d, If you would shorten me, 'tis done with t. If you're a horseman, 6 will help you guide The gallant quadruped which you bestride. More I could say, no doubt, but I refrain; I've said enough to make my secret plain. No. 120. A Box Puzzle. A boy made a box and divided it into sev- eral compartments. The sides and partitions were alike, the floor was different. The cover was decorat/'il with a pii-turo repre- smting the shore of a certain tropical onni- try. The boy painted the box the color of his own eyes. He put in it a common table luxury, a summer garden vegetable, fruit of a foreign tree, and a very bitter substance. What nuts are represented by the box, ita aides, picture, color and contents? No. 121. Illustrated Rebus. No. 122. A Transposition. I am a word of letters six, "Pertaining to tho mind;" Turn me around, and I will "grieve," Because you are- unkind; Turn just once more, and you have mad* "A cloak" of mo, you'll find. No. 123. Dropped Syllables. Example: Drop a syllable from an event, tod leave to mark, Answer, Book of Puzzles. 21 (a) Drop a syllable from a kind of needle- work, and leave a mineral (b) Drop a syllable from threatening, and leave the cry of an animal. (c) Drop a syllable from an absconder, and leave an animal. (d) Drop a syllable from a place of refuge, and leave a salt. (e) Drop a syllable from a meeting, and leave to come in. No. 124. Kiddle. Pour people sat down in one evening to play; They played all that eve and parted next day. Could you think when you're told, as thus they all sat, No other played with them nor was ther one bet; Yet when they rose up each gained a guinea, Though none of them lost to the amount of a penny. Puniana. Great K, little K and K in a merry mood will show you two islands and a continent: Major-ca, Minor-ca and Ameri-ca. What a pity it is when lovers fall out, isn't It? To think that hot words should produce a coolness! But, you know, everybody ia liable to the unpleasant vicissitudes of life. Even an oyster, which is one of the most placid of creatures, is liable to get into a Btew. Ah I it's stew terrible to even think of. We remember once meeting a man who had just escaped by a miracle from being run over; he couldn't speak; his heart was . . in his mouth, and he didn't appear to like it. We met him again a week after, and he told us that for the future he intended, when he got to a crossing, to ... run over himself. Poor fellowl we trust it is still well with him. Like which four letters of the alphabet is a honey producing insect when in small health? Like A B C D (a bee seedy). [Therefore, not so much of A B C B (a busy bee) as usual. Poor little insect, what N-R-G it has in working; what X-L-N-C has not its hom y ; and as for its N-M-E's, they ought never to be X-Q-Z, but to find out the P-I-K-C of its sting.] No. 125. The Bishop of Oxford's Puzzle. All of the following are in the human body. Tell us what these may be: I have a trunk with two lids. Two musical instruments. Two established measures. A great number of things a carpenter can- not dispense with. Have always a couple of good fish and a number of small ones. Two lofty trees. Two fine flowers. Two playful With a number of smaller less tame breeds. A fine stag. A great number of whips without handles. Some weapons of warfare. A number of weathercocks. The steps of a hotel. A wooden box. The house of commons on the eve of divis- ion. Two students. A number of grandees to wait upon them. Two fine buildings. A piece of money. The product of a caoutchquer (camphor) tree. Two beautiful phenomena. An article used by Titian. A boat in which balls are held. An article used for crossing rivers. A pair of blades without handles. A letter finished off with bows. Secure fastenings for the whole. No. 126. An Ocean Wonder. In the ocean's depths profound, Where is heard not human sound, Where the briuy monsters play, I am buried night and day. Like a master working soul, Who can myriad minds control, Like the planets in their course, I contain a hidden force. 'Tis the modern men of thought That the fleeting secret caught; When a captive it *vas made, For its guidance I was laid. Swifter than the flight of time Flashes it from clime to clime; Quick the distant nations hear What you whisper in my ear. No. 127. The Square and Circle Puzzle. Get a piece of cardboard, the size and shape of the dia- gram, and punch in it twelve circles, or holes, in the po- sition shown. The puzzle is to cut the cardboard into four pieces of equal size, each piece to be of the same shape, and to con- tain three circles, without getting into any of them. o O o o No. 128. Anagram. Each anagram contains but a single word, (a) Tame cats, (b) Master hope, (c) Rosa white, (d) Lovely tin, (e) As rag man. CO Lisping Fred. 22 Everybody s No. 129. ESS Enigma. Three boys, all prone to roguish jest, Drove a hen from off her nest; The eggs they stole, and home they hied, Resolved the plunder to divide. First, half of all and half an egg Was "portioned to the greatest wag; The next got half of what remained, And half an egg he, too, obtained ; The third got half of what was left And half an egg; yet none was cleft, And now to tell the poet begs, I pray you divide poor Partlett's eggs. One Way to Light a Candle. To light a candle without touching the wick, let the candle burn uutil it has a good long snuff, then blow it out with a sudden puff, a bright wreath of white smoke will curl up from the hot wick. Now if a flame be applied to this smoke, even at a distance of two or three inches from the candle, the flame will run down the smoke and rekindle the wick in a very fantastic manner. To perform this experiment nicely, there must be no draught or "banging" doors while the mystic spell is rising. No. 13O. Author'* Enigma. (a) A lion's house dug in the side of the hill where there is no water. (b) Belongs to a monastery. (<) What nn oyster heap is apt to b* (d) Always youthful you see; lint between you and me Ho never was much of a chicken. (e) Is any range of hills containing a cer- tain dark treasure. (0 Humpbacked, but not deformed. U) Brighter and smarter than the other*. (h) I do for information, I do for recreation, It can music awaken, But is easily shaken. (i) Put an edible grain 'twixt an ant and a bee, And a much loved poet you'll speedily SCO. (j) Pack very closely, never scatter, And doing so you'll soon get at her. (k) Oliver Twist's importunate demand. (1) The witches' salutation to Macbeth. Cm) A slang exclamation. No. 131. Heheiulmcnt ami < urtailiuenU Cut off my hcud, and singular I am; Cutoff my tail, mid plural 1 u|,| Cut off both head and tail, and, wondrous fact. Although my middle's left there's nothing there, ^fbat is my hea/1 f-a ioiyidlnf M^ What is my tail ? a flowing river; In ocean's greatest depths I fearless play, Parent of sweetest sounds, though mute for ever. No. 132. A Square. Snows or hails with a mixture of rain. A small European singing bird. Complete. A puzzle. Named. Bedsteads. No. 133. A Pictorial Charade. My first if 'tis lost music's not worth a straw ; My second's most graceful (?) in old age or law, Not to mention di- vines; but my whole cares for neither, Eats fruit and scares ladies in fine summer weather. No. 134. Au Old Proverb. A well known and very true proverb is contained in these stars. You will observe it has twenty-five letters. Two letters are given twice over in the lowest line to assist the sorely puzzled wise heads. OOK***OIL Now fill up the top line with the guest whom some superstitious people don't like to have at dinner. Put in the second line what all like on a winter day. In the third line set down what a book is called when the sheets on which it is printed are folded into eight leaves apiece. In the fourth what a person is who wean a mask at a ball In the fifth a part of speech. In the sixth a delicious wall fruit. In the seventh what you have who ar guessing my riddle. In the eighth what Dover is. If you rightly guess these eight, Ii00 will be (IJled up at a of Pushes, Jfo. 135. -Word Progression, By substituting new letter for one already In the word, make a newword t and thus pro- graa from word to word until the desired answer ts fOtind. Examples: Progress from Dcg to Foi in two moves; dog, fog, fox. Progress from Dog to Man in threo moves. Progress from Ape to Man in two moves. Progress from Skate to Coast in seven moves. Progress from Boy to Man in thfee moves. Progress from Bock to Read in four moves. No. 130. Poetical Charade. My first she was a serving maid She went to fetch some tea; How much she brought my second tells As plainly as can be. Now when the answer you have found, Name it to others too; My whole is just the very thing, In telling them, you'll do. No. 137. An Enigma In Prose. I am such an indispensable part of your being that a mortal creature cannot exist without me. Yet I am not exclusively of an animal nature, for the earth owns me as well. I am to be met with at Vesuvius and Etna, only yon would never be able to ap- proach near enough to see me. So you must look for me in rivers, where you will always discover me (just where you will not find me in the animal kingdom), the farthest from the head. I dwell in all caves of the earth, and in all pits, whether of coal or ore. Not even a cannon is made without me, for I am where men seek the "bubble reputation." I am large and long in the shark and alligator, small in the crab and caterpillar, deep and wide in jar and jug, long and elliptic in the human race, round in the ray and the skate, and triangular in the leech. With all the animal race I am movable, generally noisy, and can open or close at will, but in inani- mate nature I am generally noiseless and perpetually open. I dwelt in Venice, and through my means the secret messages to the Inquisition passed! I was in Egypt with Memnon, making musio when the sun touched me. In short, if the eyes are called the windows of the soul, I may be very justly considered as its portal. No. 138. Divided Words. EXAMPLE: Separate a certain kind of cloth, and make a humble dwelling and a measure. Answer, cot-ton. 1. Separate a cloister and make to study and a small aperture. 2. Separate a very hard ubstance, and make a masculine name and an insect. 3. Separate an ornament, and make part of a bottle find a delicate fabric. 1 Separate the corner of a leaf in a book, turned down, and make certain animals and epikes of cofn. 5, Separate a city in British India, and make fortune and at this time. 0. Separate a certain part Of tile day, and male? tmooth and current. 7. Separate ftii island in the North Atlantic, and mako fashioned and a masculine name. 8. Separate reci- procal succession, and make to change and a people. 9. Separate renders keen, and mako acid and entity. The initials of the first words will spell the name of a religious festival celebrated on Feb. 2. The initials of the second words will spell the name of a saint whose festival oo curs on Feb. 14. No. 139. Bcheadment and Curtailment. There is a little third, his name is discontent. Who second through the world, On mischief ever bent. Few totals of trne pleasure, In busy hours or leisure, But troubles without measure Have we when by him rent. 140. Cardboard Puzzle. Take a p<ece 01 cardboard or leather of the shape and measurement indicated by the diagram. Cut it in such a manner that you yourself may pass through it, still keening it in one piece. No. 141. An Arithmetical Problem. Add the figure 2 to 191 and make the an- swer less than 20. No. 142. Conundrums, (a) What kin is that child to his own father, who is not his own father's son? (b) When did Moses sleep five in a bed? (c) How many Bof t boiled eggs could the giant Goliath eat upon an empty stomach? No. 143. Quaint and Curious. (a) I only knew she came and went, (b) Like troutlets in a pdol ; (c) She was a phantom of delight, (d) And I was like a fool. (e) One kiss, dear maid, I said, and sighed, If) Out of those lips Everybody s (g) She shook her ringlets round her head (h) And laughed in merry scorn. (i) Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky; (j) You heard them, O my heart ; (k) Tis twelve at night by the castle clock, (1) Beloved, we must part. (m) "Come back, come back P she cried In grief, fn) My eyes are dim with tears H Row shall I live through all the days! (p) All through a hundred years? No. 144. Double Acrostic Tropical fruits; to infuse; a sirn of the Zodiac; a feminine name; a carnivorous ani- mal found in Java. Primals, a part of the body. Finals, a weight. Connected, a brown stone. No. 145. An Easy Charade My first is a little bird. My second is a large bird. My whole combines the two. No. 140. A Diamond. A letter; a Spanish coin formerly current In Ireland; currency; dyed; an order of plants; scolded; a part of Arabia; performed; a letter. No. 147. A Picture Puzzle. No. 14. The Famous Forty-fire. How can number 45 be divided Into four och part* that if to the first part you odd a, from tlio second part you subtract 2, the thir'l |>art you multiply by 2 and the fourth part you divide by 2, the sum of the addi- tion, the remainder of the subtraction, the product of the multiplication and the quo- tient of the division be all equal? No. 149. Enigma. In carpet, not in rug; In fish, not in bug; In fry, not in bake; In itch, not in ache; In come, not in sent; In take, not in lent: My whole is a continent. No. 150. Tangle for Sharp Wit*. My first is a thing that a tailor oft uses; A cart cannot go when my second it loses; The pauper complains that he has not my next, And is deep In my fourth, and so sorely perplext; Jly fifth's half amused, and that's better tbao weeping: My sixth throuen a great Russian city goes creeping; My next is a tree by King Solomon prized; My eighth a grand virtue to which we're advised; My ninth's an old weapon not sword, shield or lance; My tenth is three-fifths of the first stream In France; My next brings a Mush to an Austrian's face, And my last's a Spring dose, very good In iU place. Arrange all these doze^as well as you can, And the first letters show an effeminate man; The last gives the name of a Sunday that's dear To every good child in the spring of the year. No. 151. The Three Jealous Husbands. Three jealous husbands, A, B and C, with their wives, being ready to pass by night over a river, find at the water side a boat which can carry but two at a time, and for want of a waterman they are compelled to row themselves over the river at several times. The question is, how those six per- sons shall pass, two at a time, so that none of the three wives may be found in the com- pany of one or two men, unless her husband be present? No. 152. A Plebeian Waltzer. I gayly danco with my thousand feet. Making the home a place more neat; When my partner sings 'tis a waltz complete. Sometimes I suddenly stand on my head; The spider beholds this caper with drra.l, For destruction upon his work 'twill shed. When the dance is done and the fun fs o'er, My partner leads me behind the door, Where I wait till called again on the floor. No. 153. A Diamond. 1. A consonant 2. A constellation. 3. A weapon. 4. Her pile of hay. 5. A vegeta- ble. 0. A,unit 7. A consonant Read up and down and across through thf Book of Puzzles. center of the diamond and find the name of an English poet. No. 154. Anagram. N. B. Gain ten. Steve Burd. Can I let Maud? Chain me pets. M. No. 155. An Enigma. My first upon my second's deck "Departing, waved his hand. Ijcried, "My first, if 'scaping wreck, My second reach the land, Wherein your future lot is cast, Know that till death my whole shall last!" No. 156. Illustrated Rebus. Anecdote of a Bishop's Wife. Have you heard the tale of the bishop's wife, who, when she had been shopping, had her purchases put into her carriage, and was going away without paying until stopped by the counter gentleman. "Do you know who I am?" indignantly asked she; "I am the bishop's lady." "Can't help that mum," re- plied the counter gent, "you couldn't have 'em without paying for 'era if you was hia wife!" Small but Troublesome. My first is a bit of butter. My next a bit of mutton, My whole a little shutter, Put on to pinch a glutton. A but-ton. Now, what is a button? A small event that is always coming off. Acrostic. A monitor which most folk prize, W hoso precepts all too much despise; A racer set 'gainst time to run, T hat beating is itself outdone; C hained or tied, yet night and day H astening wherejlt should not stay No. 157. Poetical Conundrum. I paint with colors, I fly without wings, I people the air with most fanciful things; I hear sweetest musio where no sound ia heard, And eloquence moves me, nor utters a word. The past and the present together I bring, The distant and near gather under my wing. Far swifter than lightning my wonderful flight, Through the sunshine of day, or the dark- ness of night; And those who would find me, must find me, indeed, As this picture they scan, and this poesy read. No. 158. Literary Anagrams. In the first column are found the names of ten books; in the second column the namea of their authors: (a) Serablis Meles, (b) Four drum,unite al, (c) Nee them cows, (d) Povit L'academ, (e) Nox's cat, (f) Hove in a (g) Pery in hoi (h) be halt, (i) Let retta rhelect's, (j) Vest wil riot, (a) Touch Vigor, (b) Nickdes, (c) Harat Cyke, (d) Lambwck, (e) T. Welly Rubton, (f) Wits rest car lot, (g) Go fowl, Nell, (h) Grown vin hit in gas, (i) Hot war hen, (j) Di-Necks. No, 159. Pictorial Proverb. No. ICO. Double Acrostic. My first is a very common two wheeled ve- hicle. My second is an ancient city, captured "by Joshua. My third is a king, rather mad, but made worse by the unkindness of his children, My fourth is a sound in the singer's scale. My fifth enters into every agreement that if made. My sixth is the sign of the genitive case. My last is found plentifully in the woods. Take the first letters, and they form thj 26 Everybody s name of a flat bottomed vessel, generally used as a bomb ship against forts or bat- teries erected on the coast Take tho lost Mini, and they form the name of a singular quadruped. No. 101. An Enigma. My first in bill, but not in check. My second in build, but not in wreck. My third in love, but not in hate. My fourth in line, but not in bate. My fifth in sandal, but not in shoe. My sixth in yellow, but not in bluo. My seventh in tiger, but not in bunny. My whole is a writer, baldheaded and funny. No. 162. Kiddle*. (a) Who had the first entrance into a the- atre? (b) What is that which denotes the state of tho mind and the body? (c) Why are stout gentlemen prone to melancholy? (d) Why is a joke like a chicken? (c) Why is it almost certain that Shake- speare was a broker? (f) When is a fast young man nearest heaven? (3) What is it wa all of ten say we will do and nobody has ever yet done? (u) Why do little birds in their nests agree? (i) When is love deformed 1 (j) When does a fanner double up a sheep without hurting it? (k) Why is a kiss like a rumor? (1) What confection did they have in tho ark? (m) I live upon my own substance and die when I have devoured myself. (n) Why is a dog biting bis tail like a good manager? To Stand an Egg Upright. Tho unceremonious manner in which the great navigator performed this feat by breaking one end of the egg, is familiar to all who have read the anecdote of Columbus and the egg. Evidently at that time it was considered impossible to stand an egg on its point But a modern genius declares it may may bo done thus: Take an egg (a long one IB best), shake it well so as to break tho yolk and mix it with tho white; then with a "steady band'' balance it on its broad end upon a smooth, even surface, glass or slate being best. No. 163. A Showman'* Cemetery. (Many animals collected from all parts of the globe are buried here. Find them.) To a drama reader, Mine Heir; You being A bachelor of Oxford, I Infer, retarded "E'er True," or attempted, on Keystone's denounce ment of it, to squelch or secrete a famous effort But I, German that 1 am, cannot be arbitrarily crushed by your bulldoze, but will seize bravely my opportunity, and Abel Kasson & Co. will produce my musical farce, with sceuio attractions, on the Buck- ingham stage. All amateurs, able critics, here or o'er the sea, love to applaud my In- do-English artistic effects. My partner, Lovejoy a kinsman of mine emulating Nueland, has sold, in the boxes, his wines, lo 1 these many years, and each eve, we, as elder brothers, share the spoils. O. 164. A Charade for Young Folks. The roseate clouds drift through the sky* The sun goes down; And soft tho total's gentle cry Sounds through the town A second is he, wise and old, So people say; Who carries with him, I've been told. First, white and gray, To sprinkle on all wakeful eyes Black, bluo or brown ; As on his busy round ho hies Straight through the town. ."so. 165. A Diamond () ,A letter, (b) A preposition, (c) Inner parts of things, (d) An instrument used by dentists, (e) A fine kind of chinaware. (f) To choose again, (g) Interval (h) To rest (i) A letter. No. 166. A Rlddlo In Rhyme. I'm the offspring of shame, by modesty bred, I'm the symbol of virtue and vice; Neither written nor printed, yet constantly red; A critic discerning and nice. I'm a marplot, and terribly self willed withal, I'm not to be argued or tasked; And although I obey not a positive call, I. come when not wanted or asked. xso. 167. Problem of Money. Place ten half dimes in a row upon a table. Then taking up any ono of the series place it upon some other, with this proviso, that you pass over just one dime. Repeat this till thcro is no single half dimo left No. 168. Beheadings. (a) Behead to impute, and leave a Jewish r of the law. (b) A premium given for a privilege, and leave tho burden. Book of Puzzles. (B) An arch on a beam, and leave a car- bonaceous mineral, highly electrical and gen- erally transparent. (d) The plain part of a column, and leav trouble. No. 169. Pictorial Decapitation* Behead the first word in each lino to find the second ; then behead the second to find the third. Several Swallows. The proverb says ''One swallow does not make spring," but the proverb is certainly wrong when the swallow is one gulp at a big boiling hot cup of tea in a railway station, as, if that one swallow docs not make one spring, wo should bo glad to hear what does. A traveler writes from Naples: "Standing on Castle Elrno, I drank in the whole sweep of the bay." What a swallow the writer must have. But perhaps tho queerest feat In the eating and drinking line ever recorded is that of a man who commenced by boltiug a door, after which he threw up a window, aiid then sat down and swallowed a whole story I Varieties in Prose. A cannibal's favorite soup is a "broth of a boy." A pretty, well made, fashionable girl and a thrifty housekeeper are alike; for each makes a great bustle about a small waist. When a man attempts to jump a ditch and falls, he is likely to miss the beauties of sum- mer. Because the fall follows right after the spring, unless he makes a summer set be- tv. it'll them. No. 170. Enigmatical Writeiw My first was famed for beauty; My second bids you seek ; My third, a brave old soldier, For tariff bold did speak. My whole, a noble woman With earnest mind, essayed To ask for justice to a race Whom man for greed betrayed. No. 171. Anasram of Authors, (a) Tell Mary Bill can win.U. (b) Reient her blow, (c) We rule a tobogin. (d) Ben, M'O cry hard here, (e) Then lames her. (f) Call her verse, (g) Vowing I shant grin, (h) Trace one whine, (i) See my nag fling Ma, (j) Clare L. Wilton, (k) Hear Jo roar gilt. (1) Join the left rear wing, eh? (in) Father Bert (n) So dace cured her. (o) Old Jay Gould rares. (p) W. D. Howells, Lawn Forge, Troy, N. H. No. 172. Word Rebus. Not long ago I saw a man Who looked to me peculiar; His left hand held a cobbler's tool With which we are all familiar. And a cutting tool was in his right Well known to many nations; But all at once the scene was changed To useful publications. No. 173. A Figurative Epitaph. 04128 04120 2 80 4 1 2 8 2 45 4 The above verse, said to have been trans- scribed from the grave of a soldier during the lato war, expresses in tho alternate lines, in poetical antithesis, tho hardships endure. 1 by tho campaigner during life, contrasted with the peacefulness of his state in death. The -nt indicates Hibernian origin. No. 174. Beheadings. (a) Behead to bruise, and leave to hurry, (b) Behead a fastening, and leave a poison- ous serpent (c) Behead a stone, and leave an entrance, (d) Behead a grain, and leave a summer luxury, (e) Behead solitary, and leave a numeral. (0 Behead a kind of wood, and leave lean, (g) Behead to vibrate, and leave part of a fowl (h) Behead a track, and leave a generation, (i) Behead to com- ply, and leave a personage in high authority. (j) Behead to reckon, and leave a paint. The beheaded letters will spe.l the name of a well known city. Everybody 's No. 173. Octagon Puzzle. I have a piece of ground which is neither square nor round, But an octagon; and this I Lave laid out In a novel way, though plain in appearance, aim retain Three posts Jn each compartment; but I doubt Whether you discover how I apportioned it, e'en tho' I inform you 'tis divided Into four. But If you solve It right, 'twill afford you much delight And repay you for tho trouble, I am sure. No. 170. Numerical Enigma. The 5, C, 2, 1, 37, 23, is an idea. The 21, !3, 1>, 2D, 12, 14, SJ, 31 is defamed, The 4, 28, 29, 33, 35 is an animal The 8, 7, 22, is a heathen goddess. The S3, 13, 10, 11, 17 is to portion. The 25, 39, 15, 10, 40 is to steal The 27, CO, 34, 10 is recent The 30, 18, 24, 38 is a necessity. Tho answer, composed of 40 letters, Is a beautiful and well known quotation. It matters not if he has twelve OT one; But has he daughters? then 'tis plainly shown That I to them am seldom but a loan. No. 177.-Qnlbblcs. (a) I can stretch my hands apart, having a coin in each band, and, without bringing my hands together, I can cause both coins to come into the same hand. How is this to be done! (b) Place a candle in such a manner that every person shall seo it, except one, although be shall not bo blindfolded or prevented from examining any part of tho room, and the candle shall not bo hidden. No. 178. Enigma. Enigma guessers, tell me what I am. I've been a drako, a fox, a hare, a lamb. Yon all possess mo, and in every street In varied shape and form with me you'll meet; With Christians I am never singly known, Am green, or scarlet, brown, white, gray or ' : . I dwelt in Paradise with Mother Eve, And went with her, when she, alas! did ] To Britain with Caractacns I cam<, And made Augustus Caesar known to fame, The lover gives me on bis wedding day, The poet writes me in bis natal lay; {fa* f*Lher aiwajs gives me to each son. No. 179. Illustrated Puzzle. All of the ten objects may be described by words of equal length. When these have been rightly guessed and placed one below tho other, one of the perpendicular rows of letters will spell tho name of a famous battle fought in July. No. 180. Tho Landlord Tricked. Twenty-one persons sat down to dinner at an inn, with the landlord at the head of the table. When dinner was finished it was re- solved that one of the number should pay the whole score, to bo decided as follows: A per- son should commence counting tho company, and every seventh man was to rise from his seat, until all were counted out but one, who was to lx* tho individual who should pay tho whole bill One of tho waiters was fixed upon to count tho company out, who, owing his master a grudge, resolved to make him the person who should have to pay. How must he proceed to accomplish this! No. 181. Double Acrostic. My initials a term for tho east will name, My finals a word expressing tho same. CROsswonos. (a) At operas 'tis often found. (b) It has a certain lawlike sound. (c) A beauteous queen of ancient clime. (d) A fruit abundant in our clime. (e) A woman who tho world would shun, (f) Life of tho world since time begun. No. IS*. Geographical Pnzzlc. An old man gave a dinner, which was not rery elaborate, for he only had (first half of a city in Germany), (a country in Europe), fid a [first half of a city in lUJj) Book of Puzzles. Sis wi?e belonged to a sewing (islands In the Pacific ocean). The old man was on the (cape off North Carolina) for the (other islands in the Pacific ocean) members of his wife's club. In the evening they had a foot (cape off Newfoundland) on a (island on the eastern coast of the United States) course. Then they said (cape of Greenland), and went home. No. 183. The Two Drovers. Two drovers, A and B, meeting on the road, began discoursing about the number of sheep each had. Says A to B: "Pray give me one of your sheep and I will have as many as you." "Nay," replied A, "but givo me one of your sheep and I will have as many again as you." How many sheep had each? No. 184. Enigma. In rat, but not in kitten; In oar, but not in sail ; In gloves, but not in mitten ; In pitcher, but not in pail; In trumpets, but not in tune; The whole appears in June. No. 185 Acrostic. In the lamp globe my first is, but never In heat; In the anchor my second, yet not in the fleet; My third's in all ropes, yet it's not in a ship; In no faces my fourth, still 'tis ever in lip; My next's in all bakers, yet not in one man, And my sixth's in the pot, but it's not in the pan; My seventh's in the thoroughfare, not in the way, My eighth's in the mower, but not in the hay; My ninth's in the jury, but not in their box; My tenth's in my stockings, but not in your socks, And my last's in the harbor, but not in the docks. An English soldier in this puzzle lies, A general famous for his victories ; Some judges think all other captains yield To this man's prowess in the battle field. No. 18G. Word Dissection. Take away my last seven letters, and I am a useful article. Without my first three and last four, I am the noblest animal. Take away my first six letters, and I am an ar- ticle of commerce. Minus my last four I am a desirable thing. Without my first seven, I am a portion of the body. My whole is an Important branch of education. No. 187. Familiar Quotations. (a) Twas in the prime of summer time, (b) She blessed me with her hand; (c) We strayed together, deeply biest^ 4dJ Into thff dreaming 1n i"j_ (e) The laughing bridal roses blow, (f) To dress her dark brown hair; (g) My heart is breaking with my woe. (h) Most beautiful 1 most rare I (I) I clasped it on her sweet, cold hand, (j) The precious golden link I (k) I calmed her fears and she was calm (1) "Drink, pretty creature, drink 1" (m) And so I won my Genevieve, (n) And walked in Paradise; (o) Tho fairest thing that over grew (p) Atween mo and the skies I Each line of the above is a poetical quota- tion. Can you name the authors? No. 188. Pictorial Proverb. No. 189. Word Building. My first syllable implies equality; my sec- ond is tho title of a foreign nobleman; my wholo is asked and given many times a day with equal indifference, and yet it is of so much importance that it has saved the lives of many. No. 190. Conundrum in Rhyme. I'm strangely capricious, I'm sour and I'm sweet; To housewives I'm useful, to children a treat; I freely confess 1 more mischief have done Than anything else that is under the sun. No. 191. Word Puzzle. A whole is in all vessels found, That captains may not run aground. Cut off ray hoad, and you will see That I am where the roe rnns free. Behead again, and I am still What Webster will define as skill. Transpose, and In a vessal's hold. I ofttimes mak* myself quite bold. \i}''s Again transpose, and in the cracks And Hams of ships I stick like was. Except when suns of warmth profuse Come out and make me run Like juice. Ko. 199. Concealed Animal*, Four animals are to be found in each sen- (a) 1 saw Eli on the sofa when I came later In the evening; be seemed to suffer at times from a severe cat and the doctor thought he would have to trepan the right sido of tho boys' bead, (b) Do not disturb earnest scholars or repel ambitious ones; do not be harsh or severe with dullards or pronounce them beyond help. No. 103. Five hundred begins it, five hundred ends it, in the middle is seen; The first of all letters, the first of all figures, Take op their stations between. My whole was a king of very great fame; If you wish to know who, you hero have his Wo. 104. A Hidden Adae Ko. 10X-nair Rqnare. II'- Mght a Containing ochre. R. One who changes. 1 Too variations which verbs undergo for the indication of time, 5. Priism . Spawn of fishes. 7. A knot in wood. & A Iloman coin. 0. A letter. No. I o. A Charad*. A plunge Is beard. b will drown, b* will fak Ho calls for my first Oh. haste to the brink. ut this moment appear* in . Mjr ronod U tb-ri. arooag the craw. The man is saved, and at once doth exclaim l "Ah, my whole will rejoice to embrace me again, For she's a companion whom ever I find, In joy or iu sorrow, most loving and kind, No. 197. Arithmetical Nut. From six take niiie; from nine take ten; from forty take fifty, and have six left. No. 108. Conundrum. Thero is a noun of plural number, Foe to peace and tranquil slumber; But add to it tho letter s, And wondrous metamorphosis- Plural is plural now no more, And sweet what bitter was before. No. 199. Riddles. (a) How wcro Adam and Eve prevented from gambling! (b) Why do wo buy shoes? (c) Why is a Jew in a fever like a diamond? (d) What musical instrument invites you to fish? (e) Why is a person who never lays wagers as bad as a regular gambler? (f) Why is it dangerous to take a nap on a train? (g) What thing is that that is lower with a head than without one? (b) Why is the soul like a thing of no con* sequence? (i) Why is a nail fast in the wall like an old man? (j) Why does an aching tooth impose si- lence on tho sufferer? Thoughts \VU and Otherwise. When one receives a letter which is dull he should file it A man with a cork leg ought to have a springy step. "Most people neglect the eyes," says a mod- ical paper; but very few neglect the I. Driving a street car is not a very high call- Ing, but it can scanx-ly bo classed as among tho lower walks of life. A man is said to be personally involved when ho is wrapped up in himself. A hungry sailor should wish for a wind that blows fowl and chops about A five dollar note is more valuable than five gold dollars, because when you put it in your jKK-ket you double it, and when you toko il out again you see it increases. Puniana. The real "home rul" Curtain lectures. The best early closing movement Shutting your eyes when you go to bed early. Book of Puzzles. The sort of paper to write love letters on Foolscap. Kitchen dressers Swell cooks. A simple fraction Breaking a plate Better than a "promising" young man A paying one. Book markers Dirty thumbs. Forced politeness Bowing to circum- stances. Quick consumption Bolting one's food. The greatest curiosity in the world A woman's. No. 2OO. Double Acrostic. Two words are here to be found out, Both you have heard of, I've no doubt; One is a thing that gives its aid To ships engaged in peaceful trade. The other thing is often found To war's chief weapon closely bound. These stars replace with letters true, And both the things will look at you. In the first letters, downwards read, Is that by which the vessel's sped ; And in the last, if downwards spelt, That which adorns the soldier's belt * * * * *** * * ***** * * ***** * * * * 1st line What a bull does, if he can. 2d line What is the most beauteous span. 8d line Hog in armor is my third. 4th line Boy in barracks often heard. 5th line What the street boys often run. 6th line What gives light, not like the sun. 7th line What makes doctors oft despair. 8th line What is black, with curly hair. 9th line What is very hard to bear. No. 201. Burled Citlea. (a) To baffie the mob, I let him out by a secret door. (b) They built a mole, and thus made the harbor safe. (c) They say I cannot do it; but I can and I will succeed. (d) The Gauls said that Ariovistus was mad, rash and cruel. (e) I made the child take a nap, lest she should fall asleep during the service. (f) What, for three thousand ducats kill a manl (g) When the sense demands a colon, do not use a period. (h) { consider the pasha no very great sight (I) I can see the red berries of the sumac on the hills. (j) Where are the barbarian tribes of yoref The Goth, the Hun, the VaudaL I ask in vain. (k) They offered up a horrible holocaust in that hotel. No. 202. A Trick Puzzle. Golden Days, which is responsible for the puzzle here illustrated, gives the following directions: Copy this diagram, and, after cutting it into the fifteen small squares which we have marked out, lay the pieces back in the position they occupy in the en- graving. Now move them, cue piece nt a time, like the movements in the famous fif- teen puzzle, and when you get them in a cer- tain succession, you will find a representation of a president with only one ejje. No. 203. Word Building. My first is a sailor; my second is used by sailors; reversed, I am a uozious animal twice over ; and my whole is looked upon aa an ugly party to meet No. 204. Mutation. Two women meet, they nod and smile; They stop, shake hands and chat awhile; They treat each other with complete, And outwardly seem glad to meet. YET SCOUR from off them the false coat Which all demands, and you will note That other thoughts are cherished there, And for each other naught they care. No. 205. rnljpnas. (a) I'm slain to be saved, with much ado and pain, Scattered, dispersed, and gathered up again, Withered, though young; sweet, yet un- perfumed, And carefully laid up to be consumed. A word of one syllabi*, easy and short, ' Which read* backwards and forwards the same; It expresses the sentiment* warm from ., And to beauty lays principal claim, Soon as I'm made I'm sought with care; one whole year consulted; time elapsed, I'm thrown aside, Neglected and insulted. No. tOO. Illustrated Central Acrostic. The nine words of this acrostic are pictured Instead of described. When the words are rightly goessed and placed one below the other in the order in which they are num- bered, the central letters will spell the name of a famous sorereign of ancient history. 81 Nicholas. Xo. 107.- A Wild Flower of Autumn. My 1, 3, 3, 4 many seek until th.-yYe 2, 3,9, Aw.l i.,, 1, a, 8, 4, if so they do m- ..:. . A color bright is 7, 5, 4-1 cannot tell you If yon can rucss my mnanlng just please to 0,8,4 Ho. 0. A Disserted Word. ..uk beur.. , tree) eurUil me, and I am small but useful ; behead me again, and you will find me at hornet again curtail me, and you will find myself. No. 209. Anagram*. (a) Arma on, (a) Laiik hec Jones, (b) Kos fownd toll, (b) Mows rest, (c) Ao vow if fried kale, (c) D'log miths, (d) Tiny Faviar, (d) Kacho tray, (e) Holrait, (o) Earl Siid, (f) Col rate Frebrn. (f) D Carnal gond. In the first column are tho names of books, and opposite each, in the second coluiuu, the name of i; .. author. No. 210. Compound Acrostic. Words of eight letters: (a) Deposited by water, (b) A variety of cauliflower, (c) To curb, (d) Pertaining to the sense of hearing, (c) Unto this, (f) Be- longing to au artery, (g) Tho highest point. Whole was a president Of these United States; Ho ruled in troubled times, 60 history relates. No. 211. Quibbles. (a) If you cut thirty yards of cloth into one yard pieces, and cut one yard every day, how long will it take! (b) A person tells another that he can put something in his right hand which the other cannot put into his left. (c) A person may, without stirring from tho room, seat himself in a place where it will be impossible for another person to do so. Explain this. Oddities. Broken bones begin to make thentselvei useful wheu they begin to knit. Two people may be said to be half witted when they have an understanding between them. Many people in China must be obliged to travel on foot because there is but one Cochin-China (coach in China). Common pins undergo a strange trans- formation when they fall to the earth and be- come terra-pins. The last day of February would hardly be thought to resemble one of Shakespeare's plays, yet it i* winter's tail (Winter's Tale). People traveling in tho Sahara should never bo hungry, because of tLo sandwiches -and which is there). There is a simple thing which is above all human ini]>erfections, und yet shelters the t as well as the wisest of mankind. It is a hat. Ho. 81V.'. Word Syncopations. (a) Takean Hi-vnti.in ,>f land from a coin, and leuve u utter musical bound*. Book of Puzzles. 33 flb) Take the conclusion rrom an aromatic plant, and leave a washing utensil. (c) Take an animal from a muscle of the lower jaw that assists in chewing, and leave a measurer. (d) Take a period of time from relating to an opera, and leave relating to sight. No. 213. Proverbs AVithin a Maze. R E N W N E D T II A H W 8 Y O u R C A K E A N D A 8 T E T O B E F E A R n R E A R K S 8 P O I L E A F L E O n E R 8 N T D V O T M T L I N n T E U N O 8 C A L A G M E n I R 8 N I Y R S O B A T 8 E N a N E N O T S R N P A I A A 31 O O T S A E W R C D E V I L A n T D A 8 O U o Y N I L D A E C A T C i V R E n II T A n E Z This is a sort of maze. You should find the first letter of the first word, and then follow on till you have solved the secret. You may read from one letter to the next, north, south, east or west, but never in a northeasterly, northwesterly southeasterly or southwesterly direction. You will find here a small bundle of proverbs which, if attended to, will be as useful to you as they have been to others. No. 214. A Bill of Fare. (a) Take u one, I two, n one, o two, i one 6 one; (b) Of I one, a two, s two, c one, b two, to one; (c) Of o three, c two, w one, fc one, d one; (d) Of e three, / one, t one, fc one, b one, * one, a one; (e) Of h one, b one, d one, a three, g one, r two, m one, e one ; (f) Of r one, s two, a one, p two, n one, e or t one; (g) Of c two, o one, m one, r one, a three, n two, s one, e three, d ono, 7i one, i one; (h) Of o two, t two, p one, c one, e one, a one; (i) Of u one, c two, s two, o one, h one, ona, a one; (j) Of i one, e two, I one, m one, p ona, o ona, n one; (k) Of r three, a one, c one, s one, 6 one, * one, i one, e two; Q) Of a two, p two, d two, g one, u one, o Qua, o one, t one, i two, n oca; (m) Of r one, a one, i one, n one, c one, two, g one, o one; (n) Of a one, r one, n one, f two, s two; (o) Of 7<i one, d one, s one, I one, o one, a one, n one. Good Ilouselieeping provides the above bill of faro. These dishes are represented by one, two and three words. No. 215. Poetical Enigma. I have but one eye, and that without sight, Yet it helps me whatever I do; I am sharp without wits, without senses Tm bright, The fortune of some and of some the delight, And I doubt not I'm useful to you. No. 21G. Pictorial Conundrum. No. 217. Yagarie*. (a) Add one to nine acd make it twenty. (b) Place three sixes together so as to make even. (c) What Is the difference between six dozen dozen and half a dozen dozen? (d) A room wit'.i eight corners had a cat in each corner, seven cats before each cat and a cat on every ca'-'s tail What was the total number of cats? (e) Prove that seven Is the half of twelve. No. 218. Charade. My first is a revolver, though Others with it roundly go, Circles making one by one, Ending where it first begun; Ever turning, never changing, Steadiest when widest ranging; Recipient of mighty shocks, Secret home of cunning fox. My second makes the spirits flow Through its lengthy windings slow; Like a serpent twisting round Circled cylinders 'tis found; Creeping up at eventides, My whole in silence slowly glides. 1'iuzlo.s .c rybodys No. tlftX Bonawmy Letter*. This little girl cannot learn her lesson in time and is crying about it The letters fly- in; around her bead are telling her what to da What do they say f No. 220. OmlMlons. Fill the second blank with the same word ax the first, omitting the first letter. that wealth must be bydili- He found growing In the , of rare beauty. I should like to hare seen the on board the . He a mountain whose top with mam throughout the year. No. ttl.-Macte Sqnarrm. :mbcrsfrom ItoSl so that the whole will make a magic square having the sum of iu lines, flies and diagonals tho some. Rcmorethe marginal numbers and till bar* a magic square, and repeat the same proem with like results until but one bomber remain*, which will be tho greatest common dirlsor of the sums of tho several Ha, (a) Behead a town of Russian Toorkistan, *t a Jewel (b) Behead a t< h Burmah. and leave a city of I r> DebMd an isUmnu near the Malay , ' -"' l- ! f Australia, abd leave to be In debt. (, j Behead a river of West Australia, and leave pale. (0 Behead an Island in the Malay archipelago, and leave a city of T ndia. (g) Behead a town of British India, and leave a girl's name, (h) Behead a fortified town of Spain, and leave a girl's name, (i) Be- head a large river of Europe, and leave a tone used for sharpening instruments. No. 223. Enigma In Rhyme. Places of trust I oft obtain, And protect the house from vermin; I act as shepherd on the plain, And at fairs I'm shown for learning; In northern climes a horse I'm seen, And a roasting jack I, too, have been; Strange as it seems, it's no less true, That I eat on four legs and beg on two, No. 224. Riddles. (a) Why is an elephant like a brick? (b) "Why is the death of Socrates like a garret? (c) Why are weary people like carriage wheels! (d) What musical instrument should we always distrust? (e; Why are some great men like glow worms? (f) Why are potatoes and corn like certain sinners of old? (g) In case of an accident what is better than pres- ence of mind? (h) Of what trade is the sun? (i) What is queen of the rose, and why? (j) An old woman in a red cloak was crossing a field in which a goat was feeding; what strange transformation suddenly took place? (k) Why is a widower like a house in a state of dilapidation? 0) If tue gd all die early, why are the bad like tho pupil of the eye? (n) When do two and two make rnoro than four? No. 223. The Unlucky Hat tor. A traveler passing through a town bought a hat for $8 and gave in payment a $50 bill. The Latter called on a merchant nearjby, who changed the bill for him, and the traveler having received his $42 change went his way. Next day the merchant discovered the note to lie counterfeit, and called upon tho hatter, who was compelled to borrow $50 from an- other friend to redeem it with. On turning to search for the .traveler he had left town, so that the note was useless on the hatter's bands. What did tho hatter lose by the transaction? No. 220. Prefixes. Trrflx a letter to a word, And make a common cry a bird, A maid a fish, a beast a bound; A stone a pest, a count a sound. No. 217. Hour Glasses. 1. A city, 12. Dun. 3. Duration. 4. A ft. Crafty. 0. Turns. 7. Bravery. i a !.-> read down a poetess. Book of Puzzles. 35 1. A vessel and a plant. 2. An author. 8. Single. 4. A letter. 5. Biting. 6. A prefix and a hint. 7. An obstruction of stones. Diagonals read down from left to right a poetess; from right to left a preacher; cen- trals a general. No. 228. A Riddle. "We travel much, yet prisoners are, And close confined to boot; We with the swiftest horse keep pace, Yet always go on foot. No. 229. The Square Puzzle. Cut out pieces of card board In the shape here indicated and arran ;e these pieces so that when set close together they shall form a perfect square, No. 230. A Problem of Numbers. A poor woman, carrying a basket of apples, was met by three boys, the first of whom bought half of what she had and gave her back 10; the second boy bought a third of what remained and gave her back 2; the third bought half of what she now had left and returned her 1, after which she found that she had 12 apples remaining. IIow many had she at first? No. 231. Numerical Enigma. My 10, 11, 8, 9 is a handle. My 7, 1, 15, 5 is a side glance. My 4, 2, 3, 6 is to mend. My 12, 13, 14, 16 is the Scriptures. My whole of 16 letters is a name given to part of the United States. No. 232. For Sharp Wits. (a) What pleases in the air, and what a horse docs not like, gives tho name of a flower. (b) Half a carman, and a whole country, will form the name of a beautiful flower. (c) My first is a lady, uiy second a noble- man and my whole a blunder. (d) My first is a prop, my second is a prop, my whole is a prop. (e) My first is useful to the earth, my sec- ond is worn by ladies and my whole is seen In the sky. (f) My first is an animal, my second an article, my third should be used every day and my whole is a place for the dead. (g) My first is a weapon used in war, my second lives in the sea, my whole is a species of fish found in warm climates. (h) My first is a vehicle, my second a prep- osition, my whole is a part of a ship. (i) My first is to spoil, my second is a vowel, my third is a precious metal, my whole is a flower. (j) My first is a human being, my second is to walk, my whole is an Indian fruit. No. 233. A Charade. My first's a precious stone, My next a well known tree; Or call my first a fruit, The next a thong will be. Whichever way you choose This puzzle to divide, You still will find my whole A powder will abide. No. 234. Word Squares. 1. A gem. 2. A girl's name. 3. A part. 4. Borne aloft. 5. Affected smiles. 1. A poet 2. A lady's name. 3. Ancient. 4. Rows. 5. An herb. No. 235. Hidden Birds. No. 236. Geographical Conceits. What river is able to catch its own fish? What city to eke out your lunch do you wish? What city will never be apt to rebel? What city could printers work through very mill C 2 Everybody s What lake most enticing to your thirsty steeds? What city rnfvt surely a curtailing needs? What city sin >ui<l quickly be put into stays? What city still bankers for sports and for plays? What cape do all people frequently meet? What city should be of deep thinkers the seat? In what place should all people feel somewhat at home? What city is far the most likely to roam? No. 237. Compound Acrostic. Words of eight letters : (1) Made moist. (2) An offer. (3) A screen from the boat or rain. (4) A note payable at a bank, (5) To tear in pieces. (C) To expose to injury or loss. Primals: Twofold. Finals: Oue who deals. Combined: A tricky person. Ko. 238. Kiddle. No rose can boast a livelier hue Than I can when my birth is now; Of shorter life than that sweet flower, I bloom and fade within an hour; Like Marplot, eager to reveal The secret I would fain conceal I Mysterious Substructure. Forty-flve is subtracted from forty-five, and leaves forty -five as a remainder, thus: 9, 8, 7, 0, 5, 4, 8, 2, 1-45. 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-45. 8, 0, 4, 1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 2-45. No. 239. Crosa Word Enigma. My first is in lame, but not in pain, My second is in mind, but not in brain, My third is in twice, but not in one, My fourth is in wit, but not in fun, My flfth is in string, but not in cord, My sixth is in tribe, but not in horde, My seventh is in strong, but not in weak, My eighth is in look, but not in seek, My ninth is in light, but not in dork, My tenth is in hawk, but not in lark, In my whole you'll find a great man'a name. One who by playing has gained his fame. No. 24O.-A Dinner In Anagrams. TOUB POSSET. One solid lamb; Ripe clams shaken. Thin crow cake; Try our steak. Paste too sweet; Iced boiler. Racers sweet; Steamed or tossed. Open lime; Mucer's cake. Toe sure salt roc; Naples pip*. No, 241. Charade. A printer'* term you'll find my flnt| Of mixed up things it is the worrtt Second a fellow of low degree; Or, on mischief bent, a child may be. My whole, a thing of novel make By Indians used on stream or lake. No. 242. Kibbon Rebus. Each of the pictures on the spiral ribbon represents a word which contains within it another word represented by the picture im- mediately below, on the upright ribbon. The initials of the four inside words on the upright ribbon arts found half hidden in the landscape below. The Duals of the four in- side words are hidden in the name 01 the two weapons at the bottom. Each word on the spiral contains five let- tors. Each word on the upright ribbon con- tains three letters. No. 243. Word Squares. (a) Tracts of land. An emblem of mourn- ing. To elevate. A famous racing ground in England. Appears to be. (b) The college of the Turkish hierarchy, composed of three classes. Loaded. Pre- pares for publication. Measure. A poose. No. 244. A Mathematical Nat. A piece of marble, weighing 40 pounds, falling upon the j'.-iwnieut was, by a most incular accident, broken into four pioccs of Book of Puzzles. inch varying weights that by means of them neighboring groceryman was able to weigh Rrticles of any integral weight from 1 to 40 pounds. Required, the weights of the four pieces. No. 245. Conundrums. When is a dog like a wandering minstrel! Why is a buckwheat cake like a cater- pillar? Why is human life the riddle of all riddles? Why does a duck go into the water? Why is a quiet conscience like a fit of in- digestion? What is that which never asks questions yet requires many answers? No. 240. Charades. (a) My first I may in truth declare Its name and nature both is air; My second is a perfect bore, Yet makes sweet music evermore; My whole in many a crowded street Lies in its bed beneath your feet. (b) At evening by my whole you'll think Of days gone by, and never reckon That by my second my Grst is made, And by my first my second. No. 247. A Picture Puzzle. The> above cat describes in KC'vi'ii v.orcis a very familiar object. Wliat is the description and what is the object? No. 248. Numerical Enijpna. I am composed of 13 letters, aud am a popular novelist of the day. My 10, 3, 9 is a conveyance. My 12, 3, 1.1, 5 is to bo convcj-ed. My 1, 11, 'J is uu old woman. My 7, 5, 12, 5 is at this place. My 1, 5, 11, 4 is an important part of a man. My 6, 8, 2, 5 is precious. My 7, 11, 2, 13 is diCa- cult to penetrate. No. 240. Articles of Furniture, (a) A treatise and a box. (b) To watch over, and a gown. (c) A marsh and not to yield. (d) Very, and a musical syllable. No. 25O. A Geographical Acrostic- (a) An Asiatic country. (b) A Spanish river. (c) An Italian river. (d) A Russian province. (c) An American territory. (0 A Chinese city. Initials and finals name two cities of Eu- rope. No. 251. The Knight's Puzzle. tlo to a cat- life and live In By tlo ow- bro wso of non tlo fall tor tur- gain like land one's quiet And of ar 111 Do tr Det- mo od- and Than a- ba.tr bask luu- or tie ness done wan- rel let Taan die \Vith der of smo Lo ter In brain myr- on and hor- un- Ch ap- or to sun with work la hcat A knight (chess man), in moving from square to square over the board, converts these dis- jointed syllables into a verso of poetry. What is the verse ? No. 25!?. Proverbial "Pi." Aa c oeeff hh iiii i mnnoooprr B s 1 1 1. Out of these letters form a truthful proverb* No. 253. Reversible Words. (a) Read forward, I arn to wind ; road back- ward, I am to look obliquely, (b) Read for- ward, I am the faco of a time piece; rcit.l backward, I am set down, (c) Head for- ward, I am a number; read backward, I am a snare, (d) Read forward, I am a rosinous substance; read backward, I am a small ani- mal. No. 254. Quibbles. (a) IIow must I draw a circle around a person placed in the center of a room so that he will not bs able to jump out of it though his legs should bo free? (b) If five times four are thirty -three, what will the fourth of twenty be? v (c) What is the difference between twict twenty -five and twice flve and twenty! Everybody s No. 255.-nlgmaticAl Birds, (a) A Teasel (b) Separate a bill (c) To brink, (d) An officer. No. 25G. Crow Word. First in coast, second in j: Third you will find in execute; Fourth in boat, fifth in i\ And sixth is ever in constitute; Seventh in blue, eighth in true, And whole, my friends, is a fruit No. 257. Rclu-adins*. L Behead a valley, ami leave a beverage. 1 Behead a fruit, and leave to roam. 8. Be- head close, and leave part of the head. 4. Behead to degrade, and leave the lower part of a column. 5. Behead said, and leave ven- erable. 0. Behead a kind of wood, and leave emaciated. 7. Behead a largo basin, and leave to assert. 8. Behead a frolic, and leave an ancient ship. P. BcLcad public, and leave an iuolosuro. The beheaded letters will spell the name of g^cat Italian sculptor. No. 258. A Rhomboid. Across: 1. To fix firmly. 2. Descended. S. Entangled. 4. Struck with something thrown. 5. A gleaner. 6. Walked about Down: 1. A letter. 2. A musical syllable. 8. A basket 4. A tract of low land 5. Not well founded. 0. Made fleshy with food. 7. To make different in sumo particular. 8. A carriage or vehicle moved on runners. 0. To spread (local). 10. A printer's meas- ure. 1 1. A letter. No. 250. Tho Divided Garden. f A person lit Ln li.m. to several inmates od, having a cordon attached to the 1 be wished to divide it among them. There were ten trees in the garden and he desired to divide it so that each of the five inmates boold hare an equal share of garden %n^ two trees. How did b do ill Echoes. What must be done to conduct a newspaper right? Write. "What is necessary to a farmer to assist him? System. What would give a blind man the greatest delight? Light What is the best advice to give a justice of tho peace? 1'cace. Who commit tho greatest abominations! Nations. Who is the greatest terrifier! Fire. An Easy Translation. Yyuryyubicuryy for me? This look meaningless; but in fact it is a pointed little couplet: Too wise your are, too wise you be, I eso you are too wise for me. No. 2GO. Hidden Animals. Tho rabbi's only chauco for escape lay in flight As down the street I gaze Llewellyn ap- pears. I saw "Xeino" uso his pen writing puzzles. Tho anchor securely held us fast No. 2G1. Word Dissection. Complete you'll own I commonly am seen On garments new and old, the rich, the mean; On ribbons gay I court your admiration, But yet I'm oft a cause of much vexation To those on whom 1 make a strong impres- sion; The meed full oft of folly and trangression. Curtail me, I become a slender shred, And 'tis what I do before I go to bed ; But on excursion am without my head. Again complete me, next take off my head, Then will be se^n a savory dish instead; Again behead me, and, without dissection, I'm what your fruit is when in full perfection. Curtailed, tho verb to tear appears quite plain; Take head and tail off I alone remain. No. 202. Literary Riddles. Answers to the following questions are notable characters in Dickens' novels: (a) Who was always waiting for something to turn up? (b) Who threw his boots at his wife because ho caught her "flopping again f" (c) Who was always looking for an enemy rouii:! the corner? (il) Who lost a shoo while on on errand of mercy ? (e) Who was always exhorting people to make an effort? (0 With whose head dress did DickSwivel- ler have a friendly custom of wiping off the wluUgw panel - - Book of Puzzles. 39 (g) WEo was nearly betrayed by her ihadow? (h) Who used to say: ''When found make a note off (i) Who used to eat his boiled eggs shell and all? (j) Who maddened every one around him by playing on the flute, in bed, cue tune, "Away with melancholy," all night after bearing of his sweetheart's marriage? (k) Who was the master of the unfortunate "native?" (1) Who was "the man of teeth?" (m) Who were hidden in the orgau loft at Bella Wilfer's wedding? (n) Who was called "the old soldier?" No. 263. Curtailments. Curtail a liquor and leave a stigma; again and leave the husk. Curtail a girl's name and leave a country; again and leave a foreign coin. Curtail a fireplace and leavo the inner part: again and leave to understand. Curtail a good time and leave a title of no- bility; again and leave the organ of hearing. Curtail a small candle and leave a narrow strip; again and leave to touch lightly. No. 264. Numerical Enigma. The popular name of a city of Ohio. 7, 3, 14, 10 is a festival. 5, 4, 11, 8 is a water lizard. 13, 2, 13, 14 is fat of a beast. 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 is to say. No. 265. Illustrated Central Acrostic. The eight words of this acrostic are pic- tured instead of described. When the words are rightly guessed and placed in the order in which they are numbered, one below the other, the central letters will spell the name of one of the United States. St. Nicholas. No. 266. Concealed Poets. Ho broke his ax easily. They followed the scow persistently. We may reach the car yet. Are advertisements in order? I saw Ilusted Manning today. The man said he should go. Do not show rancor; better for- give at once. I wonder where Will is going. Messrs. Brown, lugersoll and others were there. He has good ales and wines. No. 267. A Combination Puzzle. The words whose definitions are given in the first column are to bo altered to .those given in the second by changing the central letters: 1. Rescued. 1. Satisfied. 2. An animaL 2. Different. 3. To berate. 3. To burn. 4. Volumes. 4. Tunes. 5. Breeds. 5. Farmer's tools. 6. A select assembly. 0. Pies or tarts. 7. A consumer. 7. Anxious. 8. To trace. 8. To deceive?. 9. A horseman. 9. A body of water. 10. Meager. 10. Part of a church. 11. Waistcoats. 11. Passages. 13. A river in Italy. 13. An animaL The central letters in the second column of words, read down, will give the name of a festival in which Good Housekeeping playa an important part. No. 268. Riddle, Those who take me improve, be their task what it ma}*; Those who have me are sorrowful through tho long day; I am hated aliko by the foolish and wise, Yet without me none ever to eminence rise. No. 269. Enigma. My first is a dye, my next you drink dry, and my whole is a fly. Varieties In Prose. The oldest lunatic on record Time out of mind. A man who is more than one man One beside himself. The superlative of temper Tempest. The best prescription for a poet A com- posing draught. The difference between a spendthrift and a Everybody's pillow One is bard up, the other soft down. The imallest bridge in the world The bridge of your nose. The herb most injurious to a lady's beauty Thyme. The best day for making pancake Fry- day. The best tind of agricultural f*ir A farav er's pretty daughter. N->. 270. Poetical Enijjma. I wave o'er mast, end fort, and tower, O'er royal home, from island bower ; Pm known and feared o'er land and wave. The hope of*freedo:n to the slave! Yet changed to stone b?hold me I Oft 'neath your foot am made to lie. Sometimes iny home is in the stream, Where my gay yellow blossoms gleam. When dried, my withered form they take, And into mats and baskets make. Four letters mine; cut off my head, Loitering and slow becomes my tread. No. 271. -Chan S ln;; the Middle Letter. A change of the middle letter Makes a detective subtlo. Makes a beverage high. Makes a fish complete. Makes a mimic reverence. Make* a parent obscure. No. 272. An Easy One. A thing which printers hate to sea, Although they all good livers bo, Add then an article quite small An interjection ends it alL No. 273. Round the World Riddle*. Name me the mountains that are nearly half metal, Name me the river that reminds of a kettle; What town do you t'aiak is sweetest of all? What city will to the most likely to fall? Tell me what mountains are likely to slide, Tell me the river most likely to hide, Mention the lake that should take the ad- vance, Mention the city that owes most to chance; Tell mo what city is foremost in fashion, Mention a town always In a passion ; Tell us what river ranks next after third, Tell us what river is named for a bird. No. S74. A Hidden Proverb. His parents were a worthy pair, II" honored them as well he should, LI'- li^btly trod UJK):I the stair; Bo understand that ho was good. Upon the gate hasp oil he'd IHJUI-, That QO!M mizbt not awaken them. Could other children well do more! In each line is one word of a common proverb. No. 275. Th Puzzle of Fourteen. Cut out of cardboard fourteen pieces of the samo shape and relative sizo as those shown in the design, and then form an oblong with them. No. 270. Enigmatical Cities. Hastily turning round. Dwells on the western prairiet. An open plain. Highly prized by tbo smoker. No. 277. Anagram. OHE, BAD PET 'FORE ALL GRIEF! Ye, who aro haughty and are proud, Aud boast of ancestry aloud, Should bear in mind the saying old, This anagram will now unfold. No. 278. Word Square* 1. To divulge, 2. Baser. 8. An oar. 4. Pertaining to the Andes. 5. To laud again. 6. Stretches. 1. Pertaining to the back. 2. A compound of oleic acid with a salifiable base. 3. To narrate. 4. A mariner. 5. To expiate. G. Looked obliquely. The Dice Guessed Unseen. A pair of dice being thrown, to find the rumber of points on each die without seeing them: Tell tho person who cast the dice to double tho number of points on one of them and add 5 to it; then to multiply tbo sura pro- duced by 5, and to add to the product the number of points upon tho other die. This being done, desiro him to tell you the amount, an 1, having thrown out 25, tho remainder will be a number consisting of two figures, tho first of which, to tbo left, is tbo iiumlxrr of points on tho first die, r.iul tbo second figure, to tho right, tbo number on tbo otber. Thus: Suppose tho number of points of tho first dio which comes up to bo 2 uud that of tho other 3. Then if to 4, tho doubl* of the points of the first, there be added Q Book of Puzzles. ana tue sum produced, 9, be multiplied by 5, the product will be 45; to which if 3, the number of points ou the other die, bo added 48 will bo produced, from which, if 23 bo substracted, 23 will remain, the first figuro of which is 2, the number of points on the first die, and the second figure 3, the number on the second die. No. 279. The Calculating Teacher. A teacher having fifteen young ladies under her charge, wished them to take a walk each day of the week. They were to walk iu five divisions of three ladies each, but no two ladies were to be allowed to walk together twice during the week. How could they be arranged to suit the above conditions? No. 280. An Oditty. Fifty is my first, nothing is my second, Five just makes my third, my fourth's a vowel reckoned ; Now, to fill my whole, put all my parts to- gether; I die if I get cold, but never mind cold weather. No. 281. Concealed Birds. How loiig is that small ark? Can deep love receive this wan face? I hope wit will be re- warded. Bravo not the storm, for not a star lingers in the sky. Does Parr owe Rob in- stead of Joe? Oh, pshaw! rent or sell at once. No. 282. Pictorial Diamond. No. 283. Double Word Enigma. In "winds" that whistle round my door; In "rose and rue" that grow together; In "boom" of breakers of the shore; In "whisperings" of summer weather. The one that lay upon tho ground, Ono sunny day has wholly banished, And totals in its place aro fountl, All two'd by April ere she vanished. No. 284. Anagrams. (a) Norse cata, (f) There we sat. (g) Into my arm. (h) Real fun. (i) Nay, I repent it. (b) Mad policy. (c) 'Tis in charity. (d) Nino thumps. (e) Go aurse. (j) Terrible pose. No. 285. Beheading*, Find first a fairy's magic spell, Behead it, and 'twill not work well, Again there Vulcan's strength did dwell No. 286. Cross Words. My first is in shark, but not in whale. My second is in head, but not in tail. My third in even and not in odd. My fourth is in river and not in sod. My fifth is in isle and also in mountain. My sixth is in dale though not in fountain. My seventh is in army uud also in camp. While my eighth is in candle, but not in lamp. My whole is a soldier, brave and bold, Whose laurels of fame will never grow old. No. 287. Conundrums. (a) Spell "blind pig" in two letters. (b) Spell "evening" in three letters. (c) Which are tho two most disagreeable letters, if you get too much of them? (d) Why is the letter W like scandal? (e) Why are two T's like hops? (f) What is that which is always invisible yet never out of sight? (g) Which of the feathered tribe can lift the heaviest weights? (h) What pious work do railroads do? (i) What is the best kind of agricultural fail-? Arrange tho words in their order. The names will form a diamond. Read either down or across. A Simple Elision. The following letters were written over the Ten Commandments in a Welsh church: PRSVRYPRFCTMN VRKPTHSPRCPTSTN This looks as if it might be Welsh or any other strange language. But if you will put in the vowel "e" as many times as is neces- sary, you will find you have a couplet con- taining advice appropriate to the place in which the inscription was written. Everybody's Comparisons In Rhyme. As slow as the tortoise as swift as the wind; As true as the Gospel as false as mankind; As thin as a herring as f:it as a pig; As proud as a peacock as blithe as a grig; As savage as tigers as mild as a dove; As stiff as a poker as limp as a glove; As cool as a cucumber as warm as a toast; As flat as a flounder as round as a ball ; As blunt as a hammer as sharp as an awl. No. 288. Tangled Verse. Ohtu tar bet rats atht usgedi em Lagno e ill's odbetlur ase; Heanvevt tfea tbdeeis em Hsti rctha iltls stnru to hete; Ety od ton nhkti I otbdu ehet, I okwn j-th tturh iaersnm, I lilw otn eliv ttwhuoi teen Rf o lal bet dwlor scntnoio. No. 289. A Basket of Flowers. (a) "The fateful flower besido the rilL" (b) This will bring to mind "Thoughts of Heaven." Tis also a gomo of this season. (c) Precise, and "tho queen of flowers." (d) A vehicle, a people, and tho whole is a color. (e) Artificial fireworks. (f) A part of speech, a vowel and a nega- tive. (g) A summons, a goddess, a consonant and a little girl. (h) A verb in tho present tense and an in- sect (i) "Oh, a rare old plant is tho green." 0") One of a royal house, a letter and an ornament. (k) A town in England and a hollow me- tallic vessel. (1) First, a sphere, and, second, "tho fair- est, freshest and choicest part of anything. " (m) A sport and an incentive. (n) A bird (in tho possessive) and a part of tho same. No. 20O. Hetagram. Whole, I am a small nnimnl, Change my bead, and I become in succession, regard, food, excellent, to cut, venture, naked. No 301. Numerical Enigma. My whole consists of letters six, Without me you aro In a fix ; My 1, 2 and 3 a conjunction shows, Reversed, 'tis used for washing clothes. My" 4, 5 and C la a weight you'll see, Reversed, a negative it will bo; Atui lastly, to conclude, I'll add My whole has eras, but Its sight la bad. No. 202. A Riddle Old but Good. A box has nine oars of corn in it A squir- rel carries out three ears a day, and It takes him nine days to carry the corn all out How k this explained t. No. 203. Word. Wlthta Words. Affirmation A girl's name. Things of little value A kind of firearm. A bank officer A tree. Small wheels A handsome flower. A frolicsome leap An animal. A game bird To pinch. A gambling scheme A carnivorous otjoatic tat- moL A number An excrescence. An article of def ensivo armor A female relative. No. 204. An Arithmetical Mystery. Thirteen commercial travelers arrived at an inn and each desired a separate room. The landlady had but twelve vacant rooms, which may bo represented thus: 1 2 3 4 51 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 But sho promised to accommodate all ac- cording to their wishes. So sho showed two of the travelers into room No. 1, asking them to remain a few minutes together. Traveler Jib. 3 sho showed into room No. 2, traveler No. 4 sho showed into room No. 3; traveler No. 5 into room No. 4; traveler No. G into room No. 5, and so on until she had put the twelfth traveler into room No. 11. Sho then went back to where sho had left tho two travelers together, and asking the thirteenth traveler to follow her led him to No. 12, the remaining room. Thus all were accommo- dated. Explain tho mystery. No. 295. Two Diamonds and a Word Square. First diamond A consonant; to place; without noise; a beverage; a letter. Second diamond A letter; part of the face; a boundary; a hole; a letter. Word square Fearless; a root; to fit; a \ind of snake; over and above. No. 290. A Fish Puzzle. Each of the little pictures in tho above rep- resents the name of a flsh. Book of Puzzles. 43 No. 297. A Journey. I was awakened this morning by a roaring water south of Conn. Running to the win- dow to capo of the U. S. I saw it was a lake In N. A. and the roaring a bay in Mich. I hastened to river in Europe, my clothing, and then built a fire of an island in the Gulf of Mexico. Feeling mountains in N. J. I found a bottle, drew a city of the British empire and swallowed a river of the U. S. of a department of France. Going outside I found it was not only a cape of the U. S. , but also a country of S. A. On looking round I saw the large body of water in British A. had broken loose, was circling and rushing around and likely to do damage. It occurred to me that I could stop the trouble with a lake of the U. S., and Euro enough I soon had him a river in Ken- tucky and led him to a town in Mass. I then had a large city of England in a town of Minnesota, and just as I emerged from the latter heard the blowing of a South Ameri- can cape. Knowing it to bo a lako of Africa our South American river of all work, calling to breakfast, I hurried a river in Germany. No. 298. Puzzle Picture. Find the animals that are concealed in the wood. Golden Days. No. 299. An Octagon. (a) A very small draft. (b) A firm, heavy and hard substance, shin- ing, opaque and f usiblo by heat. (c) Many, (d) To repeat, (c) Assembled, (f) More recent. () Conducted. No. 300. Easy Rebuses, (a) LE (b) DTRD ora 8 No. 301. Mlssins Vowels. Hxrx rxsts hxs hxxd rpxn thx Ixp xf rxrth. X xiilh tx fxrtxne md tx fxmx un- known. Fxxr scxxncx frxwnrd nit xn his hxmblx brrth. Xnd Mxlxnchxlx mxrkxd hxm fir hxr zwn. No. 302. A Charade. It seems to be In nature's plan The first should cover every man; Last is a common stono Found anywhere, and whole is ons On money making so intent, He'd first my last to make a cent. No. 303. Decapitations. Whole. I am a thunderous noise; Beheaced, more like headstrong boys; Beheaded again, I'm sure you'll agree That now I'm a useful forest tree. No. 304. Familiar Flowers Described. (a) A cross monster, (b) A great pi ague to unmarried men. (c) An hour of tho day. (d) A missile in which boys delight, (e) A kind of confectionery and a protuberance of some soft material, (f) A woman and an article of her attire, (g) An edible substance and something to put it in. (h) Important organs of speech. The name of a flower will answer (in sound) each of the descriptions given. No. 305. Geographical Hourglass. 1, a city in Scotland; 2, a state of Ger- many; 3, an island in the Mediterranean sea; 4, three-fifths of atlas; 5, a letter in Paris; 6, a capo on the coast of New Jersey trans- posed; 7, a gulf south of France; 8, a south- ern state; 9, a city in Texas. Centrals spell the name of a city in Maryland. No. 30G. Anagrams of Notable Women. (a) Races halt not much. (b) Write each bee shorter. (c) A black wool dove. (d) Get a chin lino for Glen. (e) Damo Sara be wild. (f) Clip a later hue. (g) They need a wild tin, (h) Us both as nanny. (i) Let Clius land on our home. No. 307. A Curious Menagerie. (a) When Snip, the younger tailor, set up for him- self. An Unanswerable Conundrum. There is no answer to the following conun- drum. No one has ever been ablo to find one. Perhaps you may be more lucky. It ought to bo good: A Landless man had a letter to write, 'Twos read by one who had no sight; Dumb was be who spoke tho word, And deaf was he who listened and heard. Pity there's no answer. Ask it to people and pretend there is an answer make 'em miserable. Everybody's He found his way smoothed by this comical elf. CD) In the kitchen these live with Biddy the cook, CO And this with his eyes his lady love took. (d) This In the laundry you surely will find, (e) And thi on a turn out Is mounted behind. CO This in a baby's robe, daintily dressed. Stands a fair flower of beauty confessed. Cg) These once were in fashion to dress ladies' hair, 00 And these on her hearthstone were always a pair. CD What a great sheet of paper that artist requires, This answers his purpose and this bo admires. CD Chink 1 chink! tho' not silver, 'tis certainly r : !, Triumphantly leading the Romans of old. Ck) If Franklin were hero with aerial sail ! my to his grandson, "Thereby ban js a taiL" CD Did this ono "die happy," when he saw tha French runT Cm) They coll this a dipper or heavenly spoon. Cn) Hero It a fellow who never leaves home Without toi-ing with him a fashionable comb. Ni>. 30S. Drop Letter Puzzle. A-t-t-h-n-i-c-a-c-n-n-o. Supply missing letters and find a common No. 3OO. niddles. (a) What may a hen bo said to bo doing when sho cackles after producing an egg? (b) What word becomes shorter by adding a syllable) (c) What four letters would frighten a thief? (d) Why aro the bund the most compas- sionate of people? (c) What is it that a dumb man can't crack* No. "10. illustrated Conundrum. Ono man b ordered to eat eggs because they aro nutritious, and another is cautioned toleavo thorn alone because they produce "This is a sort of topsy-turvy world. No one seems to be satisfied. Ono man is strug- gling to gee justice and another is flying fronzit Robinson takes a glass of sherry to give him an appetite, while Brown, who has a wino cellar, can't touch a drop jpn account of his apoplectic tendencies. Ono man keeps a pistol to protect himself against burglars, while his neighbor doesnt keep ono for fear of shooting some member of his family by mistake, Ono rich roan wears poor clothes because ho is rich and can do anything, while a poor man wears fine clothes because ho is poor and wants to create tho impression that ho is not No. 311. A Bottle. A verb; noise of a frog; a tribe of Indians; a covering for tho hea<l ; not now ; a small animal; hollow cylinders; awakening from sleep; ono who tends horses; woven together; moving with rapidity; larger; a girl's name; making firm ; thoroughfares. Tho words placed in tho order suggested above give tho form of a bottle. No 313. Charade. My first is what all do after sleeping, my second is a plot of ground, my whole is a town in Massachusetts. No. 313. n<-:>ns. The picture represents two word 1 from Uje What aro iUey j Book cj Puzzles. 45 No. 314. A Tangle. Daruno em hslal verho, Ni dasesns ro lege, Lilt silfe' rdaems eb vero, Wseet memrieso f o ethe. No. 315. Letter Enigma. My first is in jackal, not in ox. My second is in bear, not in fox. My tliird is in deer, not in gnu. My fourth is in ibcz, and in zebu." My fifth is in dormouse, also in hog. My sixth is in jaguar, not in dog. My whole is a quadruped. No. 310. Acrostic. The initials compose tho namo of the last Aztec emperor of Mexico. 1. A famous Portuguese navigator. 2. A famous Seminolo chief. 3. Pertaining to a nation, 4. A playvrritten by Shakespeare. 6. A king who was called the "Unready." G. A queen of Palmyra. 7. All tho heavenly bodies. 8. The messenger of tho gods. 9. A native of a certain province north of Greece. No. 317. Mutation. An energetic band are we, To publish is our theme, And we'll always delighted be To hear of some new scheme. Like unto tho cruel spider, We spare not great or small, Whether roguo or peace abider, Who in our clutches fall. Although some people like us not, A deal of good we do, By giving hero and there a dot Of something that is new. No. 318. Decapitation. A massacre or a loss of life Attending war or deadly strife, Is first, and, if beheaded be, Result of mirth we quickly see. No. 319. Numerical Enigma. My 8 and my 9, 13 and 16, defineth exceed- ingly bright; My 10 and my 4, and my 15 and 8, is seen in tho still summer night; My 1, 7, 4, and my 9 and my 3, may always bo found in tho depths of tho sea ; While my 3, 2 and 14, and likewise my 9, Is where "all roads lead" you'll doubt- less agree. My 11, 12, 9, is an article small ; its import- ance you surely have guessed ! While my 5 is a letter the English misuse, and my 6, by an hundred tunes ten, is expressed. My whole is a part of a proverb most true ; It's meaning self evident must be to yon.. A Hibernian Epitaph. She gently strode into the dark cave of eternal night at six and a half o'clock in the morning. A Puzzler. A man has advertised for "A boy to open oysters with a reference." We don't believe it can bo done. No. 320. A Charade for Little Folk. In winter's time my FIRST is seen, When the weather is very cold; And is formed into my SECOND By children young and old. And if my WHOLE you wish to find. My FIRST and SECOND must be combined! And then by looking you will see, A winter favorite in me. No. 321. Hidden Birds. (a) Mark 1 It excites the baby to make that noise, (b) The vine on Clarke's trellis was broken down, (c) Alfred started to go home, (d) Sorrow leaves us sad. (e) The mud was deep, (f) The host, richly dressed, did ap- pear, (g) How rents have gone up. (h) They played polo on the ball ground, (i) Tho scared otter elevated itself on its hind legs, (j) In tho heavens a bright star lin- gered. No. 323. Mutation. You'll have ne'er a tussle In solving this puzzle When you bear it in mind that IT STOOPS so RUjrl For e'er IT TRAINS ON SOP, With a twist and a flop, It turns and reverses, and changes again. No. 323. Anagrams from Scott. In each of tho following may be found the namo of a character prominent in one of the "Waver ley novels: (a) Mind and not die. (b) Oval from Rica. (c) In a big bursted boiler, 'd) Lady Drew, we rave, (e) Nan drove In a. (f) His is a perfect iron. (g) Mr. T. oils a gun. (h) A very lame it. (i) Wo first razed Ulam. (j) Say ripe hemp. No. 324. Doable Acrostic. (a) A conical shellfish. (b) An affirmation, with an appeal to God as witness of its truth. (c) A fascinator. (d) A military instrument. (e) A product of the earth. (f) A genus of flowering plants. Initials form the name of a large cityi finals the river on which it is. 4 6 7f ; wy body's No. 323. A Problem for Sharp YTiU. A former having a certain number of eggs, gave them away in this wise: To A he gave half the eggs ho had and an additional egg; to B, half bo had remaining and an additional egg; to C, hah! the eggs he had remaining and an additional ogg. This closed out his stock. How many had he to commence with) No. 320. The Yankee Square. No. 330. A lor* AfflOr. Cut as many pieces of each figure in card- board as they have numbers marked on them, then form these pieces into a square, No. 327. Conundrums. (a) Why is a wise man like a pin? (b) Why is a palm tree like a chronologerf (c) Why is a poker like an angry word! (d) Why is a telegram like a river? (e) Why is a. Damascus blado like a good natural man? Fnnlana. A pig was never known to wash, but a great many people have seen the pig iron. Pipes aro all humbugs the best of them are but mecr-shams! Books aro your best friends; for when they bore you you can shut them up without of- f | \ When a man goes out of the poultry bus- iness he "tears tho tattered hen sign down." Curiously enough, after the purchaser had paid for his gun, ho said he would like to nave it charged. No. 328. The Graces and the Mtuec. The three Graces carrying each an equal number of oranges were met by tho nine Moses, who asked for some of them. Each Grace having given to each Muso tho same number, it was then found that they had all equal shares. How many had tho Graces at first? No. 320. A Square and a Diamond. 1, an animal; 2, avast body of w:ii< r oppose by argument; 4, to treat wit i- ' .'. in. > animal ; 3, a fruit ; 4, a tree ; 6, a letter. No. 331. Transposition. Behead my first and find at sight The time at which these lines I write; Transpose me, and I am not lost While, whole, I follow autumn's frost. My second is where wealth is found. Though in no mine within tho ground. My first last comes on wintry days, And far into the spring it stays. No. 332.. Acrostic. Tho initials compose the name of a cele- brated prima donna. 1. A Roman general of renown. 2. A character in "Idyls of tho King," noted for beauty and a sad fato. 3. A modern con- queror. 4. A natural philosopher. 5. A poet whoso works few young people read. 6. A great pianist and composer. 7. A Spanish queen. 8. An American patriot of revolu- tionary famo (initial of his Christian name). 0. An interesting personage in mythology. No. 333. An Easy Anagram. Ah mo 1 A horrid shriek I heard Within tho dark and dismal night; A wholo flew by mo like a bird A ghoul IT RAN and vanished quite. No. 334. A Hi. Men Proverb. Select rightly one word from each of the following quotations and the whole will form a very common proverb: Book of Puzzles. 47 "Prove all things; hold fast that which is pod." "Oh, a dainty plant Is the ivy green 1" *Be wisely worldly; be not worldly wise." "For me the gold of France did not seduce." "Iwill know your business that 1 will." "Tie field yet glitters with the pomp of No. 335. A Cross Word Enigma. My first is in hamper, but not in basket; My second is in battle, but not in fight; My third is in piano, but not in music; My fourth is in muffin, but not in crumpet; My fifth is in tarragon, but not in chervil; My whole is a thing you will find in every greenhouse. No. 336. Pictorial Enigma for Little Folk. Arrange the letters that form the names of the small pictures in the order shown by the figures and you will find three things that every boy and girl likes. No. 337. A Curious Menagerie. Take t.hia menagerie for what it is worth; I am sure you will find it "the greatest on earth:" (a) When coid springs are over and season* are fine, This of real summer is always a sign. (b) And this is as certain the winter to show, When cutters with merry bells glide o'er the snow. (c) Here's a kind nurse, our hospital queen! (d) And here are some gloves, for a dude it would seem. (B) A wife, it is said, put this In a peck Whenever her husband she wanted to check. (f) These on his cloak a soldier should wear; (g) This carries a vessel right over the bar. (h) Here are four castles, each ready to fight To preserve for their king his legitimate right. (0 With this the Black Prince' <used ,to cover his face; Beau Brummel touched his with most exquisite grace. No. 338. Behead and Curtail. (a) I am a fireplace curtail me, and I am the fireplace of the body; curtail me again, and I am to distinguish sounds; behead me, and I am that which distinguishes sound. (b) 1 am to detest curtail me, and I am unwilling ; behead me, and I am a vow ; cur- tail me, and I am a grain; behead, and I am a preposition. No. 339. Original Arithmetic. Example. What number becomes even by subtracting one? Answer. S-evetu (a) What number, by adding one, becomes sound? (b) \Vhat number, by adding one, becomes isolated? (c) What number, by in- serting one, becomes finely ground meal? (d) What number, by subtracting one, be- comes a vegetable growth? (e) What num- ber, by subtracting one, becomes a preposi- tion? If) What number, by subtracting one, becomes an exclamation? No. 340. A Charade. Tis as a name for a thief that our first will occur, Or a pickpocket sly, if you should prefer; Next's congenial, of the same nature or kind, While the whole's a small cup f or _you to find. No. 341. Conundrums. (a) What is that condition of life from which if you take all trouble there will yet remain some? (b) What was it that Livingston had once, Lincoln twice and Longfellow three times, and yet each had about him all his lifetime? (c) When does the rain become too familiar to a lady? (d) Why may carpenters reasonably believe there is no such thing as stone? The """i who said he was down on geese must have a very small opinion of himself. Everybody's No. 34.-Alddle, I went Into a tent, And father staid outside, When suddenly the whole thing changed, And a sfcfc person I espied. No. 843. A Few Birds. 00 A rude bird, (b) A "tough" bird. J) A boasting bird, (d) A dishonest bird, (e) An untruthful bird, (f) A "cabinet" bird, (g) A cowering bird, (h) A cheating bird, ft A low spirited bird. No. 344. Poetical PL '1st' na lod zamim ni bet cboloss, Ahtt y'aflettr's eht of do fo lofos; Ety won nad neth rouy enm fo twi Liwl acendoccnd ot kate a tib." No. 345. An Inverted Pyramid. Across L Exemplified. 2. Confuted. 8. Read. 4. To prevent. 5. Expressions of in- quiries or slight surprise. G. A letter. Down L A letter, 2. An abbr. & Part of the face. 4. Employed. 5. A merry frolic. 6. Verified facts. 7. Rosettes, a To declare. 9. To spread. 10. A boy's nick 1L A letter. Wo. 340. Letter 1 C (a) trary (b) (c) Hbag. Ho. 347. Word Making. I am an evil thin?. Impure, untrue, But if to me you add what sounds like you, I bring much strength. If only g you add, I am what, well done, makes a bearer glad; And If an o you tack on after g, Why, then, 1 scorch, so much it alters me. With g I sweetly sound, with o Fm dumb, A geometric line I then become; Ole makes mo lonesome, widower or unwed, X sends me down just like a lump of lead. With c e Joined on 1 go into the post, And with on added r e I honest am at last No. 348. Anagram. When hungry flames your homes will devour, Why Dot take that which "Cures in an 1 ' hour? No. 340. A Rhomboid. ACBOSa 1. Flavor. 2. Actuated, a To hinder. 4 To make new. & An iron pipe in a forgo. DOWTf. L A consonant 2. A verb. ft, A cap- sule of legumes. 4. Above. 6. Let again. & A native of Denmark, 7. A tree. 8. A pfO- noun. 9. A Roman numeral Ho. 350. One Line One Counter Puzzle. A JB CO r . Place six counters on the dotted angles of any of the squares in the diagram so that no two counters shall be in the some line, either straight or diagonal Unless the counters ore very small, it will be advisable to rule a larger diagram before placing them. No. 351. The Knowing Shepherd. A shepherd was going to market with some sheep when he met a man who said to him, "Good morning, friend, with your score." "No," said the shepherd, "I have not a score; but if I had as many more, half as many more, and two sheep and a half, I should have just a score." How many sheep had hef Tfo. 352. Cross Word Enigma. My first is In bottle,but not in cork. My second in polka, but not in York. My third is in watch, but not in clock. My fourth is in schooner, but not in dock, My afth is in tree, but not in bush. My sixth is in wren, but not in thrush. My seventh is in navy, but not in ship. . My eighth is in tongue, but not in lip. My ninth is in river, but not in lake. My tenth is in biscuit, but not in cake. My whole is a favorite out door game, The winners of which procure great fame. No. 353. A Zigzag. Each of the words described contains the Huno number of letters. When thece have been rightly guessed and placed one below the other, the zigzags (beginning at the upper left hand corner) will spell a famous battle that took place about twenty -eight years ago. Book of Puzzles. 49 Crosswords; (a) An obstruction, (b) Much tued in hot weather, (c) A wager, (d) The goddess of revenge, (e) To saunter, (f) A retreat, (g) The fifth sign of the zodiac, (h) Frequent. tf) To request, (j) To placa (k) Forty-five inches. (1) A quadruped with palmate horns, (m) A covering for the floor, (nj To drone, (o) Part of a fish. No. 354. American Fl. These lines are from a famous American poet: Ltel em ont ni rufmloun bunresm File si ubt na pymet edmar; Rof eth usol si ddae taht sublemsr, Nad gshnit ear ton thaw eyht ernes. No. 355. An Old Saying Illustrated. No. 356. A Double Diagonal Square. An eighth of a mile; to shine brightly; management of any undertaking; a small pickled cucumber; to impose upon; certain kind of reptiles; the nymph or chrysalis of aa Insect. My diagonals, read downward from right to left and from left to right, name two states. No. 357. A Defective Proverb. Th.tL.db.c.m.s l.ght th.t .s ch..rf.Uy b.rn. . No. 358. A Charade. When o'er the western hills at close of day The sun is shedding a departing ray. He paints my first in glory on the skies In all the splendor of celestial dyes. My second, fitting emblem of the tomb, Pursues his sinuous way through paths of gloom Clothed hi sad colors, yet at man's behest He causes man to be more richly drest. My whole, soft beacon of the summer night. Through darkness sends a beam of purest light! Be who would find It Deed not gate Ob high, Or search with curious eyes the starlit sky. No. 330. Riddles. (a) When does love become a pitched battle! (b) What is that which the more it is cut the longer It grows? (c) What is that which though always in- visible is never out of sight? (d) When does a ship become a horseman? (e) When you put on your slipper why do you always make a mistake? No. SCO. A Problem of Number*. Old General Host A battle lost, And reckoned on a hissing, When he saw plain What men were slain, And prisoners and missing. To his dismay He learned next day What havoc war had wrought; He had, at most, But half his host Plus ten times three, six, ought. One-eighth were lain On beds of pain, With hundreds six beside; One-fifth were dead, Captives, or fled. Lost in grim warfare's tide. Now, If you can. Tell me, my man. What troops the general numbered, When on that night Before the fight The deadly cannon slumber'df No. 361. Double Central Acrostic. All of the words described contain the same number of letters, when these words are rightly guessed, and placed one below another in the order here given, one row, reading downward, will spell typography and another row will spell devised. Cross words: L To murmur. 2. A large strong wasp. 3. To quaka 4. Dogmas. 5. A common plant somewhat like mint 6. The shop of a smith. 7. Upright 8. A city, famous in ancient times, founded by Alman- zor. No. 363. Noted Women. (a) She whose shadow the soldiers kiss. (b) She who first realized her beauty was fading when the street sweepers no longer turned to look at her. (c) The beautiful empress who was an ex- ample of woman's devotion, (d) The distinguished lady who would glad- ly have exchanged her talents for beauty. (e) She who wept to wear a crown. (f) The captive queen of the City of the (g) The Scandinavian songstress. (h) The originator of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. (i) She who lighted the fires of Smithfield. (j) The queen who won a greater victory by her charms than by her armies. (k) The queen whose wisdom was seen in her counselors. (1) She whose children were her jewels. Good Housekeeping. No. 363. Diamonds. (a) A consonant; a verb; a fruit; an ad- verb; a consonant. Whole spells the name of a f nut. (b) A letter ; a luminary ; tasteful ; a planet ; medicine; three-fourths of deep; a letter. Whole spells the name of the largest planet No. 364. Illustrated Zigzag. In the accompanying illustration each of the numbered object* may be described by a word of flvo letter* When these are rightly guessed and placed one below the other, the rigzag, beginning at the upper left hand cor- ner, will ipell the name of a famous American artist of the early part of this century, some- time* called the "American Titian. " No. 365. A Mathematical Nat. Four things there are, all of a height, One of them crooked, the rest upright; Take away three and you will find Exactly ten remains behind. But if you cut the four in twain, You'll find one-half doth eight retain. No, 366. An Enigmatical Insect. My first is to ramble; my next to retreat; My whole oft enrages in summer's fierce heat. A Pastime for Winter Evenings. The "Flour Merchant" is the name of one of the many conversational games that are so convenient for whiling away an evening by the fireside, because they are not noisy and require no special appliances. One who personates the flour merchant will try in every way to dispose of his stock by asking questions of the others, who must in their answers be careful not to use the words "flour," "I," "yes" or "no." For instance, the merchant says: "Any flour to-day P "There is none required." "Let me persuade you to take some." "That is impossible." "Why so? It is excellent flour." "You have my answer." "Havel? Will you please repeat itP "My answer was 'Not any.' " "But the price is reasonable." "1 will not take any." The flour merchant, having succeeded In making her say "I," proceeds on his way. No. 367. Charade. In every gift of fortune I abound, In me is every vice and virtue found ; With block and blue and green myself I paint, With me an atheist stands before a saint. Far before nature I make art precede. And before sovereigns give the poor the lead; Many who bear the name of learned and wise, Did I not help them, you would oft despise. Nay, more; within my grasp, together bound. The king, tho beggar and the noble's found. In one thing I excel the proudest lord You always may depend upon my word. No. 368. Easy Word Squares. (a) L A grain, 2. A chill 8. A cluster. 4. Collections. (b) L A puppet 2. A river In North America. 3, An animal 4. Forsaken. (c) L A burden. 2. A river in England. 8. Beg& 4. A piece of furniture. Book of Puzzles. No. 369. The Maltese Cross Squared. Divide a Maltese cross, by two straight cuts, Into four pieces so that the pieces when put together will form a square. No. 370. A Curious Collection of Keys. Example A Spanish grandee. Answer Don-key. (Partly by sound.) 1. A failure, 7. To frustrate. 2. A hunch. 8. Obscurity. 8. A celibate. 9. A frolic. 4. Liable to careen, 10. Tending to darkness. 6. Hazard. 11. A plant. & To sweep. 12. Unsteady motion. No. 371. Charade, My first is darkness. My second is a proposition. My third is a plant growing in bogs. Whole is the name of a bird. No. 373. A Tangle. Yam ehret eb stju guehno cludos ni ruyo elfi ot rofm a blufetaiu ntuesa. No. 373. A Mystic Cross. This consists of four diamonds of five words each, so placed that when joined by central letters they form a cross. Top Diamond, A letter; queen of the fairies; a title applied to women; wicked; a letter. Right Hand Diamond. A letter; past tense of a verb meaning to possess; a transparent fluid; a cave; a letter. Bot- tom Diamond. A letter; to strike; close; an article; a letter. Left Hand Diamond. A letter; a fruit; a flower; a metal; a letter. Centrals, from center to top, a male sheep; from center to right, crude; from center to bottom, a small animal ; from center to left, a quick blow; from top to center, to deface; from right to center, open hostility; from bottom to center, a resinous substance; from left to center, equal value. No. 374. Enljrma. I am quite a useful article, And found in many a form; I am seen upon the ocean, In sunshine and in storm; The doctor prescribes me When your stomach isn't right; When the settler builds his cabin I help to make it tight; Tm scarce upon the prairie, But in the forest found, And I am quite abundant, too, Where little dogs abound. No. 375. Riddles. (a) A word of three syllables seek till you find That has in it the twenty -six letters combined. Cb) There was a man who bought a thing; The thing he bought he did not want; The man who sold it could not use it; The man who used it did not know it No. 370. Quizzes. What is short when it is long? What gives weakness when 'tis strongT What painful loss can make us glad? What risks more heights than any lad? What is it that is always tired When there is strength for work required? What thing to live must lose its head? And what from too much breath lies dead? What while running always lies? What is a disregarded vice? What book still lives when robbed of leaves? And can you name the unseen thieves? No. 377. A Simple Charade. Take half of what is needful for the dead, What helps physicians to their daily bread; Join these together, bright and clear, And drink for breakfast without fear. No. 378. Beheadings. A Bound in kitchens often heard; Behead, a foolish act inspired ; Behead again, its leaves are stirred Once more and silence is required. No. 379. Pied Cities. 1. Plevoliro. 2. Mr. Latiboe. a Dr Seend. 4. Las Mesrile. 5. Tanhes. G. Glareis. 7. Vanaha. 8. Vanhsana, No. 380. Anagrams Lame Jim Deels. Ah, Normal Drain. It's to maul coaL Clare L. Wilton. Who will see mad Allin Liar, send checks. of Popular Authors. Nab through door. Will likes coin. Ah, Cyril Macey. Leave tho trader wed, Tarent, tho boss. A deep city main ran. No. 381. A Word Puzzle. From these letters form one word: D O N W O E R. Everybody's No. 382. rictorliU Proverb. No. 383. Concealed Birds. LevI bisected the obtuse angle. Why Is the omnibus tardy today? Ezra ill treats his little brother. Jane must return home at once. This place must be Oretna Green. Kate always has fashionable company. Miss KMriilgo nines very sweetly No. 384. Decapitations. First. It Is very easy to see through me. Because I think you do It every day; Decapitate me and I will be A pretty little girl at play. Behead again, and It appears to your ey What a strikingly queer quadruped am L What's left of me It's for you to know, I'm nothing but two consonants though. No. 885. A Tangle of Wise Words. How setakdenur nyara nitsgh ta noco dem- ol sedo hantgyni lewL >o, 88O. Illustrated Numerical Enigma. Every word that is represented by figure* Is a noun, and all are pictured in the accom- panying illustration. Though your ambition soar like a 81 -6-1-40, unless you climb the 50-23-84-5, or take the 8U-29-5-44, or man the 20-17-3IV24-42-34, or wield the 16^7-30- 13-41, or seize the 11-3-33, or guide the 14-34-25- 13-15-8, or work the 14- 27-19-87-24, or handle the 22-51 -4-5-21, or try ttwtt-8MMMS-4a,or string the 34-32-52-43, or strike the 31-26-10, or ply the 28-46-15-5, or win the honor of a 8MS-4S-7-2-3S, you will prove the truth of the whole quotation, which IB from Shakespeare. St. Nicholas. 3Iodern Proverbs. Decorations of the golden grain Are set to allure the aged fowl in vain. Cryptogamous concretlon'never grows On mineral fragments that decline reposft. It is permitted to the feline race To contemplate even a regal face. Observe yon plumed biped flnel To effect bla captivation. Deposit particles saline Upon his termination. Teach not a parent's grandmother to extract The embryo juices of an egg by suction; That good old lady can the feat enact, Quite irrespective of your kind instruction. Pecuniary agencies have force To stimulate to speed the female horse. The earliest winged songster soonest sees And first appropriates the annelides. No. 387. A Marine Square. This is composed of words of seven letters each. The first word represents tho name of the beam or timber upon which tho broadest part of a vessel is formed. The second, a spear used in capturing largo fish. The third, "havens." The fourth, "the act of reaching a place from a distance." The fifth, "a small anchor with four or live flukes." The sixth, "a steamship." The seventh, "a traveler." The diagonal from upper left to lower right corner represents "a seaman." No. 388. Easy Rebus. My 1, 2, 3 across tho Innd My 4, ft, 6 doth carry. On 1 to 6 we both will stand The day we both shall marry. No. 389. Rarled Birds. (Two birds are concealed in each sentence.) ta) Wo saw, on our tour, a company of gyp- sies wandering about. (b) Ned caught a rat In a mouse trap in UuJ first it was, tool Book of Puzzles. 53 to) She began nettling me, else we wo _-^ have had a word. (d) Yes, he is a very sharp young fellow, and very smart in his way. (e) It is seldom a visitor uses such awkward expressions. (f) Mr. Jones will not rebuild his wall, owing to the high rate allowed masons. No. 390. Pie. ONUBRSCOSRNEIO. Arrange the above letters aright, and the name of a tale well known to children will appear. No. 391. Odd Enigmas. Write one hundred and add one, And then with five unite; When one and fifty you have joined. You'll have what is polite. If. to one thousand you add one. Then fifty and five hundred. You'll have what's gentle, good and kind. Or else 1 must have blundered. No. 393. Riddle. I've hands and feet and features flue, To you 1 often tell the time; I'm sometimes seen upon the moon. The cattle seek me oft at noon. Around each house 1 creep at night, From me the guilty hastes his flight; I help to prove the earth is round; I swiftly move without a sound. I walk with you each pleasant day; I chase the children when at play They cannot catch me if they try, Yet they are as fleet of foot as L I am not light, I'm sure you'd say, And yet 'tis true I nothing weigh. Whene'er the morn is clear and bright, My form towers to a wondrous height; But when the dinner hour is nigh. More broad and short and thick am L If before you I proceed, And if you wish to take the lead. Then turn and go an opposite way, Or wait till a different time of day. No. 393. Single Acrostic. 1. One of the Great Antilles. 2. One of the Shetland islands. 3. The largest island in the world. 4. A group of islands in the In- dian ocean. 5. An island group in the South Atlantic ocean. 6. The island prison of a great general 7. The sight of the fifth won- der of the world. 8. Two islands in the Arctic ocean which are separated by a very narrow strait 9. One of the British West Indiea 10. A large island in the Atlantic ocean. 11. A British West Indian island. 12. One of the Aukland islands. 13. An isl- and on tho east coast of Africa, The initial letters of each of the islands de- tcribsd wtlj spell the tuyne of an island which Is supposed to be the scene of a very famous story. No. 394. Transpositions. The first I will tell you Is a kind of waterfowl. Transposed now, I'm a story That will often raise a howL Again, now, I'm behind time, Like many a belated train. A foreign coin you now will get, If I am transposed again. No. 395. A Reversion. If a time of day you will turn around The time will just remain the same. No. 39G. A Pictorial Proverb. No. 397. A Charade. My first of anything is half, My second is complete; And so remains until once more My first and second meet. No. 398. Two Hidden Animals. A 1 C 10 14 * 5 * 23 * 2 * 23 13 * 19 * 23 11 * 7 * 19 14 * a * 18 4 * 14 * 20 2 * 25 * 2 IS R 13 E The stars aro letters, and the figures mean The alphabetic gaps that are between; Betwixt that A aud R, that C and E, Two horrid monsters very huge there bo. Reader, 'tis mine to hide, 'tis thine to find, go set about it with au active mind. 54 Everybody's Chinese Tea Sons. If the reader studios this attentively, he will gee how easy it is to read Chinese : Ohc ometo th ete asho pwit fame, Andb uya po undo f thebo st. T willpr oveara ostex cellentt ea, Itsq ua lit yal Iwl lla at to st, Tiso nlyf oursb 1111 nps apo und, Soc omet othe teama rtan dtry, Nob etterc anel sewh erebefou nd, Ort hata nyoth er needb uy No. 300. Meheadmento and Curtailments. (a) Behead and curtail a substance made from cloth or rice or straw, and have an ani- mal of the genus Quadrumana, (b) Behead and curtail a cut of meat and have a beverage. (c) Behead and curtail "an avenue through a town," and have the largest division of the vegetable kingdom. No. 4OO. An Eater Ej<j to Crack. This rebus, when deciphered, will give a sentence appropriate to the season. No. 401. Anagrams Men of the Day. (a) N. B. Jane rain or shine, (b) No limp voter, (c) The moon's a dias. (d) Big Jane's lama (e) Kill a brave, mild twin, (f) Sear real gulls, (g) Never clod gravel (h) If my A. C. will da (i) We care in danger, (j) Bone battle, (k) Lone Tom and I call. (1) Why more at rent (m) I will whine "my cat" (n) W. R. M. lives at Lima, (o) Ma, tune m B sharp, (p) Note who bid. (q) James II. Hornn, No. 403. Central Acrostic. 1. A privilege or grant 2. Restored, 8. Luxuriously fed. 4. Is very plentiful 5. Benevolence. 6. Pavements on which fires are built 7. Heavenly. 8. An instructor. 9. A plume. 10. A tropical plant whose oil is much used for perfumery and flavoring. 11. Cases of larvae. 12. A passage. Centrals, downward, the future state which Easter celebrates. No. 403. Cross Word Enigma, In happy, not in sad. In hopeful, not in mad. In earth, not in space. In tooth, not in face. In coming, not in gone. In chant, not in song. In chin, not in liver. The whole is a historic river of the United States. No. 4O4. Decapitations. (a) First, the voice of a fowl; Behead and have a riot. (b) Something in a raw state is my flrst; Behead, and to be very coarse. No. 405. A Square and a Diamond. Square A forest tree; part of a woman's apparel, haughty; a small insect; finished. Diamond A letter; to anoint; languishes; a field; a letter. No. 400. Metasram. fa) I run, but without any exertion on my part (b) Behead me, I am a bird, (c) Change my head, I am a servant (d) Change my bead again, behold. No. 407. An Hour Glass. 1, A public declaration; 2, advantage; 8, to examine; 4, consumed; 5, a vowel; 6, a girl's name; 7, an attempt; 8, a public sale; 9, suffering for truth. Centrals spell gayety. No. 408. Conundrums. (a) Why is i the happiest vowel! (b) Where are the vegetable and animal kingdoms united! (c) Passing a farm house I saw in the yard four domestic fowls; they were neither hens, ducks, geese nor turkeys. What were they! No. 400. Charade. My first denotes a brilliant place, Where belles and jewels shine; My next transports the merchant's stores, Or produce of the mine; Sweet pleasures in my whole abound, Apart from worldly strife; By nymphs and swains it's always found The happiest part of life. Book of Puzzles. 55 No. 410. A Proverb In Numbers. I am composed of 38 letters, and am a Dan- ish proverb, signifying there is no contenting discontented-people. 29, 8, 20 is an eel like fish. 7, 13, 23, 5, 10 is nn American singing bird. 17, 28, 8, 18, 37, :, 38 is a Brazilian bird, having an umbrella like crest of feathers above the bill 25, 30, 4, 32, 19, 6 is the Solan goose. 26, 15, 3, 23, 22 is a marine bird expert at diving. 35, 2, 24, 27, 31, 8, 4, 20 is a gallinaceous bird found wild in Europe. 34, 12, 27, 14, 15, 36, 1 is a small passerine. 11, 21, 3, 8, 7, 1, 27, 20, 22, 15 is a web footed marine bird, allied to the gulls. 9, 23, 16, 11 is a gen us of grallatory birds. No. 411. Letter Rebuses. X 8 C T ing (a) (b) (c) IT 10 A Th No. 412. Flower Enigmas. The names of flowers are here enigmatical- ly expressed. The first is of three syllables; the others of two each. (a) To spoil ; a pronoun ; a precious metaL (b) To break ; a fabulous monster. (c) A small singing bird ; a snag. (dj The first part of the day; high honor. No. 4J3. Geometrical Puzzle. A man has a square of land, out of which he reserves one-fourth, as shown in the cut, for himself. The remainder he wishes to di- vide among his four sons so that each will have an equal share and in similar shape with his brother. How can he divide it? No. 414. Syllabic Decapitations. (a) I am a kind of wood ; deprived of my first syllable, I am wood still. (b) I am intellectually deep; deprived of my first syllable, I am discovered. (c) I am an undergarment without sleeves; deprived of my first syllable, I am an outer garment with sleeves. No. 415. Numerical Enigmas. lly whole, consisting of nineteen letters, is the name of a great American authoress; My 8, 19, 9, 11, 1 is an American forest tree. My 12, 17, 4, 15, 13 once in the west roamed wild and free. My 18, 3, 5, 16, 10 when I went to school I had to do. My 7, 2, 14, 6 is a weed that must be known to you. No. 41 C. TJeheadings. (a) I am a grain, (b) Behead me, I am a force or principle in nature, (c) Behead me again, I devour, (d) Behead me once more, I am now but a preposition, (e) Behead me yet once more, I am at the end of feet. No. 417. Pictorial Conundrum, No. 4J8. Historic Men. (a) The royal cake baker. (b) He who left a throne for a foreign workshop. (c) The great genius in architecture, paint- Ing, sculpture and poetry. (d) The Guide of the Rocky mountains. (e) "Poor Richard." (f) The first gentleman of his age and the meanest man. (g) The "Addisou" of American literature. No. 419. Curtailment. Complete can be found along the great sea, Near rivers and brooks it also may be; Curtail, then a planet comes to your sight That's seen from above on a clear, starry night; Again curtail, a word you will see Which means to impair; you'll agree with me That another curtailment shows you a word That's a nickname for mamma, in fond homes 'tis heard. No. 420. Easy Squares. (a) L A crippled. 2. Hot and dry. 3. A deposit of mineral 4. Paradise. (b) L An article of food that appears early on the bill of fare. 2. To glance sideways. 8. A Turkish soldier. 4. The plural of an article used in writing. Everybody No. 491. A Diamond. 1. A letter In "Methuselah." & A precious atone possessed by few. 8. Danger, hazard an-l risk. 4. A title Kentuckians adcra 6. He nocturnal music doth contrive. & "An act beyond the human power.' 7. A largo spoon. 81 A general born in Virginia state. & A letter in "Southern," No. 483. Geographical Charade. My first is candid, also a boy's name. My second is a fortified place. My whole is the name of the capital of one of the United States. No. 423. A Quaint Puzzle. I am composed of six letters, Now you must break my fetters. My 4, 8, 2, you must not drink ; My ft, 1, 2, you won't have to think. Our president is of them one; My 4, 0, ft, 1, we'll have for fun. This enigma is wholly 5, 3, 2, 1, You will solve it in a short time. No. 424. Hidden Animals. (a) The flowers are called "Love-liea-a- bleeding." (b) She is either pretending or ill and indif- ferent. (c) She brought Jack a linen ulster. (d) The mosquito is a pest that is hard to endure. (e) The man was paid in gold for his goods. No. 425. The Unfair LMvinlon. A gentleman rented a farm and contracted to give to his landlord two-fifths of the prod- uce, but prior to the time of dividing the corn the tenant used forty-five bushels. When the general division was made, it was proposed to give to the landlord eighteen bushels from the heap, in lieu of his share of the forty-five bushels which the tenant had used, and then to begin and divide the re- mainder as though none had been used. Would this method have been correct! No. 430. A Concealed Proverb. Take one word from each of the following proverbs and form another proverb of the eliminated words: 1. Three removes are as bad as a fire. 21 De that is of a merry heart hath a con- tinual feast. 8, When in Rome you should do as the Romans da 4 Make hay while the sun shines. & Every dog must have his day. ft. Least said is soonest mended. 7. It's a long lane that has no turning. No. 427. Letter (&) Ing (bi C bl T No. 428. Small Diamonds. (R) A letter; the cry of a sheep; a sweet- meat; a girl's name; a letter. (b) A letter; cured meat; a boy's name; an abbreviation, a letter. No. 480. An Oddity. Take a thousand and one, add flfty twice Tio where things coarse are made flue In & triCa. No. 430. A Man of Letters. A quaint alphabetical tnonojjrammarlan hi this illustration you see, A sort of a letter press ty|x> of barbarian Whose parts are from A unto Z. (All the letters of the alphabet are to be found in this figure.) No. 431. Central Deletions. 1. The slope of a tool, and leave to free from water. 2. A fruit, and leave a triumphal song. 3. To condescend, and leave to obstruct 4. Part of a flower, and leave a loud sound. & An opaque substance, and leave food taken at once. The deleted letters name a poet No. 432. A Double Acrostic. 1. A resting point for a lever. 2. A river in South America. 8. The plural of a small quadruped. 4. Sincere or ardent* Book of Puzzles. 57 Primals, In advance; finals, in tho greatest quantity; primals and finals connected, in the first rank. No. 433. Conundrums. (a) Why would a drummer make a good cable car conductor? (b) Why is a watch dog larger at night than he is in the morning? (c) What relation is a door mat to a door! (d) What color is a field of grass when cov- ered with snow? (e) Why does a fish caught in a net act wildly? (f) What did the teakettle say when tied to the little dog's tail? No. 434. A Charade. Sflenoe Is golden, yet I am not gold, But rather a silvery hue have, I'm told; 1 live but a month, yet I rapidly grow, And reflect in a manner that often I throw Upon subjects beneath mo a beautiful light, And am steady, although often out late at night. As of all the things said of me, that u the worst, You surely can guess what 1 mean by my first. My second Is used In all buildings, I ween, And likewise ou steamboats, in action, I'm seen. The yachtsmen discourse of my breadth in a way That is apt to lead dwellers on land quite astray. I'm found in the forest, I'm seen on the seas, And likewise am sought for inside of tall trees. My whole Is a something transcendently light; 1 hide from the sun to appear in the night, No chemist can weigh me, I scoff at his scales. Mow all try and guess me, and notice who fails No. 435. Pictorial Conundrum. Why should this man be able to tell just how heavy the ox is? were to be thrown overboard during a gale. They consented to being placed in a row, and that every ninth person should bo sacrificed, the count to begin with the first and con- tinue round and round again. The captain desired to so place them that the unlucky vic- tims should all be Turks. How was this ac- complished? No. 437. An Hour Glass. 1, a large temple or edifice; 2, to cut; 3, frequently; 4, a letter; 5, a lyric poem, 6, visitant; 7, brava Centrals, an unbeliever. No. 438. Enigma. Fm more than one thing, that Is very certain ; Sometimes I'm chafed at by the rising tide, Then I'm a cozy room from behind a curtain. And then a place where criminals are tried ; Then, on an oaken door, or garden gats, Planted, I give intruding rogues checkmate. Such am I add but d to my short name. Then starts a poet up, his eyes aflame; Or, if a simple e to me you add, I'm what you'd be if you'd lost all you had. Give me but k, and I will cross the sea, Or n, and I a place of store will be; With m I help the brewer of the beer. 1 pick up on, and find myself a peer. Would you know more? With ter I sell and b'iy, With ge I carry coals ; then who am I ? No. 439. GeojjrapWcal Pyramid. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O poooooopp The single ring represents the initial letter of a sea port in Georgia. The ro'v of three, a cape at the southern extremity of New Jer- sey. The row of five, a bay in Florida. The row of seven, the capital city of Ontario. The row of nine, the Dutch name of the island on which New York city is located. The central vertical of five, a geographical name which is just now figuring extensively in the newspapers. No. 436. The Unlucky Turks. Half a ship's crew, consisting of thirty per- loua Christians and Turks in equal numbers No. 440. Historic Americans. (a) A small inclosuro for animals. (b) A king of England in whose reign the Bible was translated, and a capital city of the United States. (c) The author of tho Declaration of Inde- pendence and a strait of North America. (d) A laborious occupation and a hpavy weight. (e) To the name of the king who died on Flodden Field add a kind of bonnet. (f) What a toper said when a half glass was given Lim. (til The saceof Moiiticello, Everybody's (E) The CEHstlan name of the author of the Marble Faun, and the imperial color of the ancient Mexicans. A Catch for the Unwary. "Why does a pail of water with a live fish in it weigh no more than the same pail of water without the flshT This perplexing problem is said to have puzzled that august body, the Roman senate, long years ago, and many were the ways in which its members accounted, each to his perfect satisfaction, for the singular circumstance, until one, wiser than the rest, weighed a pail of water with and without the fish, and it is needless to mention the result. No. 441. Enigma. It's round and square, it's short and long, Of many shapes and sizes, In it you'll sit to bear a song, It guards the richest prizes. It makes your garden trim and neat, No house can be without it, On railway journeys you'll it meet, And porters never scout it. I gave it to a man one day, He thanked me fair and roundly; Then gave it to a friend in play, \Vho forthwith thrashed him soundly. It screens the soldier in a storm, It holds the sailor's kit; Behind four horses when 'tis warm 1 like on it to sit No. 442. Anagrams. (a) Treason. (d) Hangings. (b) Pursuer. (e) Imprecates. (c) Stagnation. (f) Stipulated. No. 443. An Egg Problem. A woman has a basket containing 150 eggs. For every 1% goose eggs in her basket she has 2>< duck's eggs and 3} ben's eggs. How many of each kind has she? No. 444. A Unlqne Window. The following has puzzlrvl many wise heads In it* time and doubtless will do tho same for many more: How can n window, having a h. i-!it equal to its width, bo made twice as large without increasing its height or width! Impomihle? Oh. no! No. 445. Eiwy Hoar Glaus. The control letters, reading downward, ]K-11 a word moaning to concede. Cms Words 1. To penetrate, 2. Buper- ciliou*. 3. A unit 4. In hour glass. 6. lie- & A law 7. No. 440. The Puzzle Wall* o o o O o o O Suppose that four poor men build their houses around a pond, and that afterward four evil disposed rich men build houses around the poor people, as shown in tho cut, and wish to have all the water of the pond to themselves. How can they build a wall so as to shut the poor people off from the condl No. 447. Decapitations. I am a title of courtesy applied to a French lady. Behead me and I am a lady of any nation. Remove my final, and I am the father of the human race. Behead me, and I am an obstructioa Behead mo again, and I am a part of a verb. Beheaded again, I am a consonant. No. 448. A Numerlc.-v Puzzle. 1. Behead a number, and have "smooth," "equal." 2. Curtail a number, and have "forward." 8. Curtail a number, and transpose, and have a verb. 4. Syncopate a number, and have a very large plant. 5. Syncopate a number, and have an excla- mation of contempt. fl. Transpose a number, and have a mater- ial for bags. 7. Behead a number, and have a possessive pronoun. 8. Transpose a number, and have a German word of negation. 9. Spell a number backward, and have "a snare." 10. Syncopate a number twice, spell back- ward, nnd have "to fasten." A Clever Calculation. One person tells another, older than him- self, that ho can discover the difference in tli. ir nges. It can bo done by the following ingenious rule: Let the younger take as many nines as there are figures in the num- ber representing his age and, from the num- ber thus formed, subtract his aca, U# Book of Puzzles. 59 Should then ask the older 'person to add this difference to his own age, then to take away the first figure of the amount and add It to the last figure. The result will be the difference in their ages. Suppose Harry, 12 years old, tries it with his Uncle John. There being two figures in 12, Harry starts with Oy, from which 12 being taken there re- mains 87. Supposing that Uncle John Is 40, and fig- ures honestly, he will calculate as follows: 40 added to 87 equals 127. Removing the left hand figure, 1, and adding it to the last fig- ure, 7, the result is 28 tho difference in their ages. If to 28 is added 12, Harry's age, we have 40, the age of the older person. No. 440. A Puzzle of Sevenths. One-seventh of currant, one-seventh of rhubarb, one-seventh of apricot, one-seventh of peaches, one-seventh of quinces, one- eevciith of oranges, one-seventh of bananas, combined, will yield tho plural of a dried fruit which is a general favorite, and adapted to a variety of purposes. No. 450. Crossing the Klver. Three Englishmen traveling in Africa with three native servants come to a river which must bo crossed in a canoe that will hold but two persons. Tho travelers suspect tho fidel- ity of their servants, who have secretly agreed to kill them whenever there should happen to be three natives alone with two Englishmen, or two natives to one English- man. How do they manage to cross without giving the desired opportunity to the treacherous servants? No. 451. A Bird Puzzle. No. 453. Easy Charade. My first is the opposite of night. My second is a weight. My whole is a city in Ohio. No. 453. Letter Rebuses. M STAND c No. 454. Enigmatical Trees. Tell the tree that will fight, The tree that obeys you, And tho tree that never stands still; The tree that got up, The tree that was lazy, And the tree neither up nor down hill; The tree to be kissed, Tho dandiest tree, And what guides tho ship to go forth; Tho unhealthiest tree, Tho tree of the people, And the tree whose wood faces the north. No. 455. Anagram. If you wish to go by rail, Hasten to the station, With "Train on Time" you will not fail To reach your destination. No farther clew than this I lend ; You'll find the answer in the "end." No. 456. Double Acrostic. Words of six letters: 1. A rascal. 2. An armed fleet. 8. A small bird. 4. A voracious jumping insect. 5. To emit. 6. At a distance within view. 7. Uses profane language. Priinals, low places; finals, rags. Each little picture in the above represents a kind of bird. The BlagJc of Figures. Ask a friend to open a book at random and select and mark any word within the first ten lines and within tho tenth word from tho end of tho line. Now, letting your companion do tho figuring, proceed to discover tho word through "the magic of numbers." Ask him to double the number of the page and multi- ply the sum by 5, and then add 20. Then to add the number of the line. Then to add 5. To multiply this sum by ten. To add the number of the word in tho line. To subtract from this sum 250, and tell you the result. The remainder will Indicate in tho unit column the number of the word; in the 10 column the number of tho line, and tho re- maining figures tho number of page. Though you may not bo able to explain this curious calculation it will always come out correctlY. 6o Everybody s No. 457. Beheadinc*. An English word, 1 mean to crush| My bead cut off, I am to bruise; Cut off again, and then I'll be A wood that carpenters much UML No. 468. Conundrum*. "What musical instrument should always be dih trusted I How can a tall man bo made short! Why is a dog biting his own tail like a good manager! Why does a sailor know there is a man in tbemoonf Why ia a camel the most irascible animal in tho world) Where can happiness always bo found! What belongs to yourself, but is used more by your friends than by yourself! 1*0. 459. Mathematically Described. A triangle having three acute angles sup- ported by elongated sides; a circle minus a slight arc; two right angles formed by a per- pendicular and a horizontal; a line; an acute angle; a plumb; a horizontal bisected by a perpendicular, forming two rectangles, and an acute angle supported by an upright. The whole will represent a word applicable to the mental state of the solver of this problem. No. 4CO. Anagram A Mystic Rird. Many men of many minds. Many birds of many kinds; Borne are dun and some are gay Which is this one! tell me, pray. He is often seen where tho river winds, But seldom found among the "pines." No. 4C1. Enigma. My first is in a can of "ale," My second is in every "dale," My t third's in "egg," My* fourth in "beg," And like an earwig iu a "rail" My Gfth. My next is in the "mud," My seventh is found in King "Ehud," My eighth's in "ram," My ninth in "Cam," My tenth in sweet Miss "Maidenhood," My last In neither "bod" nor "good," ^ow for my whole. Conceive a crowded room, Lit op with candles to expel the gloom A stage, on which our dazzled eyes we fix, A clever man who shows diverting tricks And you will hare a very curious skill, That has been used for cuds both good and ill No. 463. Drop Letter Puzzle, A-l-d-n-h-h-n-t-w-r-h-w-t-t-e-u-h. Supply rniHsing letters and find a very coo>- provorb. No, 463. Charada. As I went out among the men, I saw a boy whose name was : And while I stood and watched them hay, I saw a bird, it was a ^; I also saw a pretty wren Come out and linger with tho : I turned my steps to the forest, where AmonK the hazel I saw a ; And close to the border I did espy A larReand beautiful field of ; But night was coming, I had to run To reach my home ere the setting Now put together all these tilings, And a noted man before you spring*. No. 4G4. Crossette. O o O Start frcm any circle, and, counting that circle "1," count the next "3," the next in the same direction "3," and tho next "4." Cross out the circle counted "4." Start again from any circle not crossed out. Count QS before either in the same or in the reverse direction, and cross out the circle counted "4." Crossed circles, though not to be started from, aro to be included in tho count of four, and are not to bo passed over because crossed out. Continue to count four from any circle not crossed out, and to cross out the fourth, until all tho circles but one are crossed out. No. 4G5. Transformations. Change one letter at a move so that there will still remain a legitimate word. FIT ex- ample, hato may bo changed to love in three moves: Hato have lave love. Change Hard to Rosy in five moves. Change Sin to Woo in three moves. Change Neat to Prim in eight moves Change Saxe to Pope in five moves. Change Hand to Ftxit in six moves. Change Blue to Pink iu ten moves. No. 400. Kiddles. Why is the letter D like a squalling child? What is tho best plan to prevent crying when your tooth u extracted! Book of Puzzles. Or Wtoen to a young lady like an acrobat! Why Is a man who never lays a wager as bad as u regular gam bier f No. 467. What Is It? I am the center of gravity, hold a capital position in Vienna, and as I am foremost in every victory, am allowed by all to be inval- uable. Always out of tune, yet ever in voice. Invisible, though clearly seen in the midst of a river. I have three associates in vice, and could name three who are in love with me. Still, it Is in vain you seek me, for I have long been in heaven and even now lie em- balmed in the grave. No. 4C8. A Clever Puzzle. A hundred and one by fifty divide, And next let a cipher be duly applied ; And if the result you should rightly divine, You'll find that the whole makes but one out of nine. No. 469. The Ingenious Servant. A gentlemnu having bought twenty -eight bottles of wine and suspecting his servant of OO O OO tampering with the contents of the wine cellar, caused these bottles to be , arranged in a bin in such a way as to count nine bottles on each side of the o o O O O O OO bin. Notwithstand- ing this precaution, the servant in two successive visits stole eight bottles, four each time, rearranging the bottles each time so that they still counted nine on a side. Ilow did he do it? No. 470. Enigma. I am neither fish, Uesh nor Cowl, yet 1 fre- quently stand upon one leg; and if you be- head mo, 1 stand upon two; what is more strange, if you again decapitate mo I stand upon four, and I shall think you aro related to me if you do not now recognize me, No. 471. Chanules. (a) My love for you will never know My first, nor get my second ; Tis like your wit and beauty, so My whole 'twill aye bo reckoned, (b) My first is a circle, my second a cross, If you meet with my whole, look out for a toss. (c) My first we all possess; My second we all should gain; My whole you'll surely guess: Tis one of Flora's train, No. 472. Single Acrostic*. Cross words: 1. Epochs. 2. A cellar. 8. Javelins. 4. Farming utensils. 5. A song of triumph. 6. The chief officer of a municipal corporation. When these words have been rightly guessed, and placed one below the other, one row of letters will all bo the same, and the row next to it will form the name of an ex- tensive country. rno. 473. Beheadings. L Behead a metal, and leave not out. 2. Behead a breakfast dish, and leave a tree. 3. Behead a holy day, and leave a flower. 4. Behead a quadraped, and leave a part of the body. 5. Behead a species of antelope, and leave to disembark, 6. Behead to stagger, and leave a fish. 7. Behead to slay, and leave unfortunate. 8. Behead an odor, and leave a coin. 9. Behead a stag, and leave dexterity. 10. Behead a model of perfection, and leave to distribute. No. 474. Beheaded Rhymes. (ai Wb.cn sailing long in many Wise shipmen use the juice of (b She glared on him in feeble For he had stepped upon her (a) The barber took his painted And struck thereon one raven No. 475. Numerical Enigma. My 45, 31, 16, 2 are all the same vowel My 8, 3ti, , 51, 22 is a color. My 34, 4'.), 54 is the sound made by a cannon ball passing through the air. My 43, 89, 20, 53 is a fight. My 47, 4S, 24, 20, 19, 25, 37, 13, 9, 15, 55 is an ally. My 18, 27, 35, 52, 21, 37, is the surname of a presi- dent of the United States. My 40, 8, 19, 50, 83, 42, 5(1 was the scene of a battle Deo. 2H, 1777. My 14, 30, 23, 32, 5 48, 7 is the name of the secretary of war during Lincoln's admin- istration. My 11, 42, 2S, 5, 1, 12, 41, 41, H5, 10 is the name of a place near Wilmington that was raptured on Jan. 15, 18<>5. My 54, 33, 17, v, 4<5, 4, 20, 29 is the name by which the first battle of Bull Run is sometimes called. My whole, of 5(5 letters, forms a sentence from a famous eulogy. No. 476. Hidden Motto. DRDLLTHTMYBCMMN WHDRSDMRSNN. Insert in their proper places seven "a's, n six "e's," two "iV and six "o's," and you will have a couplet from Shakespeare which no coward would adopt as a motto. 62 Everybody s No. 477. A Dat Puzzle. X X X X The first Is one-half of the fourth. The fourth is one-half of the second. The first, second and fourth lack two of equaling the third. The second and fourth lack three of equaling tho third. The fourth is the square root of the second. The third minus the first gives the cube of the fourth. The whole is an important date in Ameri- can history. No. 478. A Pyramid. Across L A letter. 2. A bud (hot.). A reward. 4. Later. 5. A seabird. Down L A letter. 2. A preposition. 3. To injure. 4. A bud. 5. A city of Japan. 6. A Scotch word, meaning in greater quan- tity. 7. A meadow. 8. An abbreviation. 9. A letter. No. 470. Double Diamond. 3. From the ten objects here shown, construct a "double diamond;' which is one that will read differently across and up and down. The two central words ore shown by the two largest object*, tit Nicholas. No. 480. Two Easy Word Squares. (a) Anxiety ; sour ; a kind of groin ; the first home of Adam. (b) An apology , to jump, in a state of rest; the plural of an animal No. 481. Kiiigma. When green, I'm good to eat That is, if cooked with skill; When blue and pink, I'm very sweet, And nosegays help to fill ; But sweeter far it is to view me "When c and e ore added to me. Yes, though I'm good to eat, With r I'm sweeter still, With c and h am yet more sweet. With k I top the hill Add to mo but a single 1, Then rolls tho thunder, sounds the bell. Yes, though I'm food, you see, Changes soon come across A little edible like me, For t makes me a moss; And if r 1 to me draw near, I am a gem, fit for my lady's ear. Flower Lore. What plant is always a secret? A woman's sage. What is the flower for the poor! Any- money. What is the flower for a Chinese woman? Pick-her-tea. What flower is the emblem of truth? The lie-lack. On what plant does a whole garden depend for cultivation? Thyme. What is the flower for a teacher? The verb- ena. What vegetable induces asphyxia? The artichoke. No. 482. A Pleaaiug FUK/I. - 1. X drxwnxng mxn wxll cxtch xt x strxw, 2. Thx xthxr pxrtx xs xlwxys xt fxxlt. 8. X grxxt cxty xs x grxxt sxlxtxdx. 4. Ilxmxn blxxd xs xll xf xnx cxlxr. 5. Hx thxt cxnvxrsxs uxt knxws nxthxng. 0. Ilxnxy xn thx mxxth sxvxs thx pxrsx. 7. \Vxtxr rxu by wxll nxt txrn thx rnxlL 8. Drxnk xs thx xshxr xf dxxth. 9. Thx prxxf xf thx pxddxng xs xn thx xxtxng. 10. Gxvx thxt whxch yxx xffxr. 11. Gxxd wxrds cxst nxthxng bxt xrx wxrth mxch. 12. Fxncy mxy bxlt brxn xnd thxnk xt flxxr. 18. X kxnd wxrd cxsts nx mxrx thxii a crxss xnx J4. Lxng xs thx xrm xf thx nxxdy. Book of Puzzles. 15. Mxrx hxstx Ixss spxxd. Insert a vowel wherever there is an x in the fifteen sentences above. When they are complete select a word of five letters from each sentence. When these fifteen words are rightly selected and placed one below the other, the central row of letters, reading downward, will spell what June is often called. No. 483. The Maltese Cross. The walks in a certain garden were laid out in the form of a Maltese cross. Four per- sons started at noon for a walk from the house which stood at the center. Each per- son walked around a different triangle, the mother at the rate of two miles an hour, the daughter at the rate of three miles an hour, the father at the rate of four miles an hour, and the son at the rate of five miles an hour. It was agreed that they should go in to dinner whenever all four should meet for the third time at the house. The distance around each triangle was one-third of a mile. At what time did they go into dinner? No. 484. Transpositions. My first's a simple piece of wood, Which hath the farmer's herd withstood. Transposed a little coin of Spain, Which would add little to your gain. My third's a coin of Italy, Which little more in value see. My fourth, for fear of being caught. The tiger in the jungle sought. If you were called fifth to your face You would esteem it a disgrace. No. 485. The legacies. Near to my house there lived a bachelor, Ueputed rich, and servants three ho had: A valet trim to shave his lather 'd jaw, A buxom maid and a mlschlevouslad. Now, on a day, my friend was taken ill, And sent for me; said he, "I'm going to die, Bring pen and paper here and make my will." I did as I was bid, then, by and by, He whispered, "I must add a codicil." This, too, was done, and fourteen ten pound notes Were left, and justly, to the servants three. He who had folded up his master's coats, And brushed his hat, had twice as much as she Who buttered muffins for his worship's tea: And she had thrice as much, had buxom Ann, As the young scapegrace who errands ran. And now 'tis plain to every thinking head What legacy each servant pocketed. No. 486. A Hollow Square. O o o O O o O The upper horizontal, "notes taken at a meeting." The right vertical, "a few." The lower horizontal, "the seed of the flax plant." The left vertical, "to speak oratorically." Some Ages of Man. The infant's age Cribbage. The collector's age Dunnage. The minister's age Parsonage. The cabman's age Cabbage. The broker's age Bondage. The lawyer's age Damage. The lover's age Marriage. The cashier's age Shortage. The deadhead's age Passage. The plumber's age Leakage. The coal dealer's age Tonnage. The doctor's age Pillage. The butcher's age Sausage. No. 487. Hidden Fruits. Go range through every clime, where'er The patriot muse appears ; He deeds of valor antedates, His ban an army fears. By midnight lamp each poet soul Is plumed for flight sublime; Pale Monarch Moon and shilling stars Witness his glowing rhymel Incited by the muse, man goes To j;i'apple with his Everybody's The poet cares not who makes laws, If ho may make the songs. No. 488. A Geographical Puzzle. In a state bordering on the Mississippi may bo found, among the names of counties, one i.f the early explorers of this country; an ally of the colonists; one of the bravest sign- ers of the Declaration of Independence; one of the framers of that paper; a naval hero; the hero of Stony Point; a president of th United States; a statesman; a capital city; the capital of a country; a celebrated philos- opher ; the author of a famous almanac ; a novelist and poet; an Indian; a flower; a fish; a home for rabbits; a precious stone; a kind of molasses cake; an artisan; an un- comfortable thing in a house or an umbrella; "friendship;" and places dear to almost every heart. No. 480. The Crown Problem. First place ten checker men in a row, thu 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10. Now, the problem Is to lift a man up and passing over two men at a time, neither more nor less, to crown the next man, continuing in this fashion till all are kings. lu passing over a man already crowned, it is to be reckoned as two men. No. :><>. Beheading*. Behead "to carry" and have a verb. Behead "to cripple" and have "a high stan- dard." Behead a number and have a possessive pronoun. Behead "single" and have a number. No. 491. Transposition*. Trawpow the letters in tho names of these object*, taken at random, and supply the mixing words in tin- f >11( . wing sentences: J'.hll M.'IS to ROt it. The bridge rests on four . . Uuw Uio laiuba 1 Mosquitoes are great . Hear the wind . (Jet the and put out the fire. The is a very small insect. They are scarce, and he has none to No. 493. Proverb Making. A*8UBE** A pretty word for kind. A pair of eyes. A round building, as the Pantheon. Always in drops. Not enough. One of the four cardinal points. The arrows of heaven. A burglar. ***NDIS** Fill up the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth lines. Take care that the first letters of each jvord lie exactly between the letter A in the top line and the first star in tho bottom line. Take care also that the last letters of each word lie exactly between the last stars in the top and bottom lines, and then, if you get the words rip;ht, you cau easily insert letters in place of stara and read a well known proverb around the edge of the figure. The words are of un- equal length. No. 493. Enigma. A hundred and fifty, if rightly applied, To a place where the living did once all reside; Or a consonan* joined to a sweet singing bird, Will give you a name that you've oftentimea heard, Which, 'niong your friends, at least one person owns; It's the rival of Smith, and as common as Jones. No. 494. Riddles. Why is a thought like the seal When does a black and tan dog change color? Why is the letter K like a pig's tail? When is coffee like the soil? Why is a shoemaker like a true lover? Why is green grass like a mouse? Progressive Memory. In this simple parlor amusement sharp eyee and a good memory are needed. A tray is brought in containing about twenty articles, such as a ring, fork, bit of ribbon, an apple, etc. Tho tray is placed on the center of the table for fifteen seconds, and then removed out of sight. Each one must now give a list of tho articles on tho tray, and tho one giving tha longest list scores one point. This is re- peated six times (the articles being changed each time) ami th highest number of points wins. Any article named which is not on the, tray takes two off tho score. Book of Puzzles. have A Coming Congressman. Omaha Youth Pa, do you know I made a discovery? Pa No, my son; what have you found! O. Y. Well, I have discovered that an gg is in one respect like the Englishman's country. Pa Well, really, my boy, how is that? O. Y. The sun never sets on it. No. 495. A Recent Novel Craze. In earnest, not In Jest. In worst, not in best. In black, not in wulto. In loose, not in tight. In short, not in long. In right, not in wrong. In loose, not in taut. In cold, not in hot. In this, not in that. In slim, not in fat. In crooked, not in straight. In early, not iu late. IB ten and in one. Whole Is a late and noted work of fiction. Ko. 406. Illustrated Rebus. The answer to the accompanying rebus is a proverb referring to the possible weakness of that which seems strong. St. Nicholas. No. 497. The Prisoners in the Tower. An old king, a beautiful princess and a page were imprisoned in a high tower to which there was but one opening, a window 150 feet above the ground. The only means of escape was afforded by a rope which passed over a pulley fijed to the outside of _the tower^ jmd on eacn ena or wnicn nung a basket. W hen- ever one basket was at the window the other was on the ground below the tower. The rope itself was inclosed in such a way that a person iu one of the baskets could neither help himself by means of it nor receive help from the other prisoners. In short, the only way the baskets could be used was by placing a heavier weight in the one than in the other. Now, the old king weighed 195 pounds, the princess 105 pounds, the page 90 pounds, and they found in the tower an iron chain weigh- ing 75 pounds. The weight in the descending basket could not exceed that in the ascending basket by more than 15 pounds without caus- ing a descent so rapid as to be dangerous to a human being, although such a speed would of course not injure the chain. Further- more, only two persons, or one person and the chain, could be placed in the same basket at the same tune. How did the party manage to escape and take the chain with them? No. 498. A Perfect Diamond. ***** \ V "if W :'* ***** * * * The single stars represent the same conso- nant. The row of three, "the topmost point." The row of five, an ornament of precious stones worn upon the head. The row of seven, a precious stone noted for its brilliancy. The row of five, that which people often are who possess the row of seven. The row of three, a conjunction. The vertical row of seven, a precious stone noted for its hardness. No. 499. Charade. A worthless first I do despise, And ev'ry one I would advise To make them last. The whole was heard in olden time, As it pealed forth the evening chime, That day is past. No. 50O. Beheaded Animals. Behead an animal and leave part of a flower. Behead an animal and leave part of your- self. Behead an animal and leave a propeller. Behead an animal and leave a parlor orna- ment. Behead an animal and leave a fluid. Behead an quiin.il aud leave a Mexican tree, Puzzles D 66 Everybody's Varieties. It Ls the late cat that catches the early boot- jack. It was too many Roman punches that did the business for Julius Caesar. When trains are telescoped the poor passen- gers see stars. A little enlightenment is more to be desired than a big gas bill The best way to make the hours go fast is to use the spur of the moment Ko. .-.01. Enigma A Rural Preacher. My Chrisian name is very plain, And not at all befitting A. position which but few obtain, And none would think of quitting. I am a minister of fame, My sermons are quite racy, And though you may not like my name, You'll feel their efficacy. If you should to the bottom go, And taste their pungent flavor, You'll then admit their strength, I know, And say there's no palaver. No other pulpit in the land Can be of mine equal Within I stand, both tall and grand, And care not for the sequel No. 603. Historical Puzzle. I am composed of nine letters. 1. My first and fifth are the initials of a noted reformer. 2. My fourth and second the initials of a favorite story teller. 8. My seventh the initial of a famous scold. 4. My sixth the initial of a courageous and strategic king of an eastern country who lived many years ago. 5. My eighth tha initial of a living mon- arch. 6. My ninth the initial of a Hebrew pro- phet 7. My third the initial of a renowned em- peror. My whole is a famous date in American history. No. 503. Letter Rebuses, (a) D I 8 (b) O 8 T Va. S04. Motto Enigma. My 3, 88. 15, 20 is paradise. My 18, 19, 8, 1, 23, 8 la to hurry. My 2, 5, 10, 0, 10. 21 is oue who lives se- 35, 27, 13, 12 is value. 14, 4 is a large vessel My 11, 10,7, 17 i sand. No. 505. A Transposition. A rich fruit and how we would like to buy it, are expressed by the same letters. No. 6O6. A Trick for Clever Pencils. Starting at A, make this figure with one continuous line, without taking the pencil from the paper or going over any line twice, finishing at B. No. 507. A Scottish Tan B le. Ho! awd meos worpe het fitgie ge su Ot ese relssou sa theirs ees us. No. 508. An Oddity. I have no tongue, and yet I talk, Though first my words are few; I have no feet, I cannot walk, Yet run I can and do. In figures I am posted well; I'll point them out, their names I'll telL My face you often on it gaze ; My hands I often upward raise In truth I never lifted one But what I told you when twas dona. No. 509. Word Transformation. Find a body of men commanded by a colonel; curtail, and leave orderly govern- ment; curtail again, and leave administra- tion; curtail and transpose, and make to sully deeply; behead, and leave frost; re- verse, and make a military commander; transpose, and make deep mud ; curtail and reverse, aud leave a margin. No. 51O. Arithmetical Nut. From take 9, from 9 take 10, from 40 take 60, and have C left. No. 511. Hidden Authors. A ten footer whose name begins with fifty. A brighter and a wiser than the other. A very vital part of the bcniy. Worker in precious metal*. Ladies' garments. Comes from a \>i^. Is a chain of hills containing a dark treas- ure Book oj Puzzles. An American manufacturing town. Humpbacked, but not deformed. An internal pain. Value of word. No. 512. Riddle. I am a creature of creation, Used by the English speaking nation; And nearly every one in the land Has me at his own command. I am like a long and jointed worm With six-and-twenty parts, And permeate our literature, Our sciences and arts. As strange a creature as I am, One eye alone have I ; And yet I see from another place Which is as good as an eye. My different parts can be transposed, And an infinite number of forms disclosed; Or you some parts can disconnect, Yet over me it shows no effect. Guess me now, whoever can, For I am used by every man. No. 513. The Card Square. With eight pieces of card or paper of the shape of Fig. a, four of Fig. b, and four of Fig. c, and of proportionate sizes, form a per- fect square. No. 514. PL Eehimnnopprsttuuyy. Out of these letters form a sentence con- taining some financial advice given in Shake- speare's "Othello." No. 515. Cross Word Enigma. In even, not in odd. In husk, but not in pod. In willow, not in yew. In plenty, not in few. In soul, but not in mind. In angry, not in kind. In loosen, not in bind. My whole, I need not say, You'll find a bird of prey. No. 51G. Numerical Enigma. My 1, 2, 3, 4 is a small body of water. My 4, 7, 3, 5 is a perfect tense of a verb. My 6, 2, 9, 5 is a beautiful flower having a polypetalous corolla. My 4, 7, 2, 6 is an opening into a house. My 4, 2, 9, 5 is a portion of medicine taken at once. My 6, 7, 1, 5 is a large cord. My 6, 7, 2, 4 is a crucifix. My 9, 7, 8, 6 is to become acid. My 1, 2, 9, 5, C is that which puzzles. My 6, 7, 8, 9, 5 is to stir up. My 6, 7, 8, 3, 4 is to make circular. My whole is heavy. No. 517. Tempting Fruits. The letters in each of the following sen- tences may be transposed so as to spell the name of a fruit. 1. Song era. 2. One law term. 3. In a center. 4. Mop, eager ant. 5. 'T is a crop. 6. Plain peep. 7. Rich seer. 8. A speech. 9. Ere brass writ. 10. Brier scaner. No. 518. Drop Letter Proverb. A-L-O-K-N-N-P-A-M-K-S-A-K-D-L-B-Y. Supply missing letters and find a wel] known proverb. No. 519. Conundrums. Why Is the letter Q like 12 o'clock p. m,! When is hay like a good cat ? When you toss your baby boy above your head what foreign drink does he represent? A Few Riddles Solved. Feet have they, but they walk not stoves. Eyes have they, but they see not potatoes. Teeth have they, but they chew not saws. Noses have they, but they smell not tea- pots. Mouths have they, but they taste not rivers. Hands have they, but they handle not clocks. Ears have they, but they hear not corn- stalks. Tongues have they, but they talk not wagons. No. 62O. Metagram. Six letters constitute the whole; Draw hither, welcome friend ; Here cluster all our househeld joys, And pleasures have no end. Remove one letter, head or foot, In either case the same; If head, it leaves you all the world, If foot, the sacred flame Of life is kept aglow, by this, Its courage, purpose, love; And listen, for I bid you to When the next foot you remove. You 're deaf? Would'st have me lend an ear? D 2 68 Everybody's I will, behead again; Replace a foot, behead once more, And "science" will remain. No. 521. Double Acrostic. My primals and finals are the same as the first cross word. CrossWords: 1. A castle In Spain. 2. The quantity contained in a ladle. 3. A convul- sive sound which comes from the throat. 4. The same as the first cross word. 5. A spar by means of which the mainsail of a small vessel is extended. 6. An organization for playing the national game. 7. One who en- rolls or records. 8. The same as the first cross word. No. 622. Curtailment. Astronomers can clearly prove My whole is ever on the move. The word curtailed, beyond dispute A joiner's tool will constitute. Curtailed again, and then, I ween, A form or model will be seen. No. 523. Numerical Enigma. My 4, 2 is a personal pronoun. My 3, 5, C, 7 is a verb meaning to labor. My 1, 2, 3 is an adjective meaning not old. My 4, 5, C, 7 is a county in England. Whole is the name of a large city in the United States. No. 524. Rebus for Boys and Girl*. No. 625. Tangled \VUdom. Ihts drowl si ont os adb a lordw Sa mosc doulw kilo ot kame ti, Tub threwhe ogdo ro hethrew dbs Spended no who ew kate ti. No. 526. Charade. My first Is oft a kind of exercise, From which a serious second may arise. My third, to hunt, the prey is in the air. My first again, a mineral, far from rare; My second also means a sort of series; My third sometimes a busy mason wearies. My first is found on every ship that floats; My second, sailors do, in smaller boats. My third is done by peddlers to sell goods. My first-second flees unto the woods, When chased by its enemy, my third, Which the whole names in full ; it's a bird. No. 527. Nuts to Crack. When asked how many nuts he had in hla basket, a boy replied that when he counted them over 2 by 2, 3 by 3, 4 by 4, 5 by 5, or 6 by 6, there was 1 remaining; when he counted them by 7s there was no remainder. How many had he? No. 528. Letter Rebus. C C tenti tr No. 529. An Enigmatical Feast. Each of the following phrases represent something to eat or drink. 1. What a gambler risks. 2. The cursed son. 3. An American general's and four- tenths of a British general's name. 4. The destroyer of our race. 5. A letter of the al- phabet. 6. Resting place for a bird. 7. An island. 8. A color. 9. An emblem of inno- cence. 10. What a French town is noted for. 11. A tailor's implement. 12. A country. Punlana. Unseemly conduct That of a wife who will not sew. Cut glass Glaziers. A stern command "Port your helm." A spirit painting A red nose. No quarter Twenty cents. A backward spring A somersault Moral furniture Upright colonial chairs. Usually make a good impression Molders. Regulated by the weather Thermometer* A brilliant subject The electric light. Overdoing the thing Roofing the house. A staple article The hook on a gate. No. 630. Enigma In Rhyme, rm heard In halls of festivity. I'm heard In the house of prayer; and so on the fluid of battle. You will also find me there; I've charms to soothe; I'm called divine; I'm the deepest utterance of feeling sublime; fho sweetest sound to mortal ears, Ind the silver key to the fountain of tears. Book of Puzzles. 69 No. 531. Word Square. 1 A city of Anatoli, Asia Minor. 8. Gives rigor to. 3. Young plants. 4. To do too much. 5. To give up. 6. To range in classes. 1. A shepherd. 2. Habit. 8. Sluggish. 4. The tip or end of the toe. 6. A bird allied to thrush. 6. To ransom. No. 632 The Magic Octagon. Upon a piece of cardboard draw The three designs below; I should have said of each shape four, Which when cut out will show, If joined correctly, that which you Are striving to unfold An octagon, familiar to My friends both young and old. No. 533. A Remarkable Journey. In a journey around the world I saw and heard many strange things. I saw a moun- tain of Massachusetts followed by a large in- ect run across two of the southern states. I saw two nations hurling an Ohio town at each other. I saw a bay of England hung up to dry. I saw a city of Germany crawl- ing along the ground. I saw one of the Brit- ish isles, with a cape of North America, sit- ting by a bay of Africa eating towns of New Jersey and a city of Asia. I saw two capes of the Atlantic coast so badly injured while playing with a river of North America that it was necessary to send for a lake of the came region to attend them. I heard the savage Shetland island of the North Ameri- can river and the roar of an Austrian town. But when I returned to my home and told my friends of these things, they said my tory was a group of islands off the coast of Great Britain. Can you show that it was not? No. 534. Double Acrostic. My primals name a certain kind of puzzle ; my finals name riddles. Cross words: 1. An impressive command. 2. Concealed. 3. Graduates of a college. 4. Mounting. 5. A place of refuge. C. A large and beautiful flower. 7. Frames for holding pictures. No. 535. The Puzzling Pearls. A lady sent a cross of pearls to be repaired by a jeweler. To provide against any of |he pearls} being stolen, she observed that, counting rrom rne Dotcom ol tne crow up- ward, in any direction, the number of pearl* was nine, as follows, each figure representing a pearl: 9 8 7 9870789 5 4 8 2 1 But the jeweler cleverly abstracted two of the pearls and rearranged the remainder so that they still retained the original form and counted nine as before. How did be do itf No. C38. Decapitations. 1. Decapitate a digest of laws and leave a lyric poem. 2. Decapitate a greater quantity and leave a metal. i 8. Decapitate the fruit of the cedar and leave unity. 4. Decapitate to choose and leave the same meaning. 5. Decapitate a tool used for splitting and leave a rim. 6. Decapitate the act of betraying and leave to discuss. No. 537. A Curious Conversation. (Read by sound and find the names of eleven public speakers, showmen and musi- cians.) Tom and I went to the menagerie last Sat- urday, and on the way home we had a miser- able time. Reuben's tiny little dog followed us. We had just started for homo when a hard shower came up, and the lightning al- most made us blind. Tom and I ran for a street car. We overtook Madge, and just as Tony passed her she stepped on his fore paw and hurt him so that Tom had to carry him. It was horrid in the car, cold as a barn, um- brellas dripping all over us, and then the harness broke. The driver had to slop the car, buckle up the harness :is \vi-ll us In- muld and drive on. 1 thought we would .not get home at all. Madge got on board, too, and the lovely bird Etta gave her for her hat \v;i.s all soaked with the rain. I never saw the clouds deliver more rain in half an hour than they did that afternoon. Grandpa Paulson is old weather authority, and ho never su\v n. harder storm. Isn't this street marked Wayne street? It is, and I must get out. Good by. No. 538. Transformations. I am a word and mean to shrink ; To watch, read backward I will be; Curtail me and hostility Will mrely be the word you'll sea. Everybody s Read backward once again and find Unfinished, then behead and pluc One little letter to my tail ; A sharp tool stares you in the face. No. 539. Riddle. Two sisters on one day were born, Rosy and dewy as the morn, True as a sailor to his lass, Yet words between them often pass; At morn they part, but then at night They meet again and all is right ; What seldom you in nymphs discover, They're both contented with one lover. No. 540. Illustrated Rebus. No, 541. Cross Word Enigma. My first is in cotton, but not in silk ; My second in coffee, but not in milk ; My third, is in wet, but 04 iu dry; My fourth is in scream, but not in cry; My fifth is in lark, but not in sparrow ; My sixth is in wide, but not in narrow; My seventh in pain, but not in sting; My whole is a flower that blooms in spring. No. 542. The Nine Digits. Place the nine digits (that is the figures un- der 10) in three rows in such a way that, add- ing them together either up, down, across or from corner to corner, they shall always make 15. No. 043. Geographical Skeleton*. 1. i a; a city in Peru. 2. i e; a river in Africa. 3. a a a; a country in North America. a; a city in Switzerland. a; a capital city in the United 4. 5. (rates. 6. a o; a mountain in Syria. No. 544. Letter Rebuses. Ac Bolt (a) (b) DA TH No. 545. Charade. My first is dark. My second is a preposition. My third is a storm. My whole la a bird famous for its vocal fewer. No. 646. Weather Wise. 1. Behead "frozen rain" and have "to affect with pain or uneasiness either physical or mental." 2. Behead "watery particles congealed into white crystals'" and have "the present time." 3. Syncopate "a violent disturbance of the atmosphere," transpose, and ha^e "great- est." 4. Syncopate "a fall of rain of short du- ration," and have "one who scatters." A Pleasing Kind of Subtraction. How can you take 45 from 45, and let the remainder be 45? Thus: 98765432 1=45. 12345078 9=45. 86419753 2=45. No. 647. What Are They? We travel much, yet pris'uers are, And close confined to boot; We with the swiftest horse keep pace, Yet always go on foot. No. 648. The Three Travelers. Three men met at a caravansary or inn in Persia. Two of them had brought their pro- visions with them, according to the custom of the country, A having five loaves and B having three. C had not provided anything, but all three ate together, and when the loaves were gone C paid A and B eight piece* of money as the value of his share. How many pieces were A and B each entitled tot No 549. An American Author. No. 550. Charade. My first, how many hopes attend The breaking of its seal 1 What more can test a seeming friend Than what it will reveal! My aecond soon we all shall be, Though lofty bo our grade i Book of Puzzles. And those who live shall surely see My whole above us cast Its shad*. No. 551. Changes. 1. Change salty into foreigners. 2. Change wrinkled into a bird. 3. Change a filament Into scarcity. 4. Change pieces of meat into a vessel for holding coal. 5. Change a kind of plunger into sharp ends. 6. Change a kind of plum into wanderers; again, into atoms. No. 552. Word Squares. 1, an instrument for printing; 2, belonging to the country ; 3, to rub out ; 4, a sluice or sieve ; 5, to take rest. 1. Formed. 3. To change places. 3. A charm worn to prevent evil. 4. A city in Illinois. 5. Happenings. 6. To hate ex- tremely. No. 553. A Quaint Puzzl*. Write a cipher, Prefix fifty, To the right place five; Then add one fifth of eight. The whole will be the sum of human happi- ness No. 554. Double Acrostic. Words of seven letters: 1. A man of high rank. 2. A long heavy sword. 8. Lodgings. 4. Bold. 5. A town of Sicily. 6. An infant. 7. Called, named. Primals and finals, two foreign countries. No. 655. Enigma. From rosy gates we issue forth, From east to west, from south to north, Unseen, unfelt, by night, by day, Abroad we take our airy way. We foster love and kindly strife, The bitter and the sweet of life; Piercing and sharp we wound like steel, Now, smooth as oil, those wounds we heal Not strings of pearl are valued more, Nor gems encased in golden ore; Yet thousands of us every day Worthless and vile are cast away. Ye wise, secure with bars of brass The double gates through which we pass; For, once escaped, back to our cell, Nor art, nor man, can us compel. No 550. Octagons. I. 1. A couch. 2. Harmonics. 3. A clum- sy workman. 4. To form by means of in- cisions upon wood. 5. Detained. 0. To sep- arate. 7. A color. II. 1. Performed. 2. Decreased in size. 8 One who hangs about others. 4. An un- grateful person. 5. Tarried. 6. To hinder. 7. A color. No. 557. Historical Character*. Example: Who asks for admittance? An- swer, John Knox. 1. Used by potters. 2. A kind of stove. 8, One who dresses queerly, and a fur bear- ing animal. 4. A kind of nut Is inclosed in it. 5. A military title, and the plural of a lady's garment. No. 558. Riddle*. What is that of which the common sort U the best? Why should a parfumer be a good editor? Why is a man like a green goosebarry? What is the color of a grass plot covered with snow? Why ought a greedy man to wear a plaid waistcoat? When was B the first letter in the alphabet? Which is the longest letter in the alphabet? No. 539. Ilroken Word*. Example: Break a pardon and make a preposition and to bestow ; answer, for-give. 1. Break a bird, and make to fold over and part of an army. 2. Break to perform to ex- cess, and make above and a division in a drama. 8. Break one of the same name, and make to nominate and purpose. 4. Break a name sometimes given to an emigrant, and make a color and a musical instrument. 5. Break the end, and make part of a fish and a verb. 6. Break delight, and make part of the head and a case of boxes. 7. Break a fa- miliar piece of furniture, and make observing and a brittle substance. 8. Break the pole star, and make burdens and a sailor. 9. Break a Grecian theatre, and uvike a short poem and upon. 10. Break to separate chaff with wind, and make to gain and the present time. When these words have been rightly guess- ed and written one below the other, the in- itials of the first column of words will spell the name of a famqus post born in February, and the initials of the second the nam3 of a famous statesman and soldier born in Febru- ary- No. 500. Character 1'uza.le. X-X-D A K-*-*-500-50-Y II-& & G-l-E O- O-0-500 \V-O-R-.WS 'J H-*-30-P T-*- 3-*- 600 & P-O-O-R 2 50-1- V-E. No. 501. A Diamond. 1. A letter. 2. A common garden plant 8. Leans. 4. Noting glands near thu ears. 5. Having six eyes. 6. Harmonized. 7. Quartz. 8. A vulgar name for a parent. 9. A letter. Everybody's No. 562. A Doable Acrostic. Words of seven letters 1. Base. 2. A round building. 8. A province of Canada. 4. Beyond. Primals, a bird. Finals, to kip. Connected, a wild flower. No. 663. Transformation Puzzle. But Las he daughtersT then His plainly sho? That I to them am seldom but a loan. J5 Plant these six bits of paper three at depth A and three at depth B and you will get a vegetable. Plant them a second time and get an animal. 564. An Eggs-act Answer Wanted. "Twice as many eggs as you I'll eat, If of yours you will give me two." "An equal number we will get If two eggs I may have from you." Twas thus two hungry men conversed; How many eggs had each at first? IS'o. 503. Anagrams. Each anagram represents one word a com- mon noun. 1. To run at men. 4. Gilt trash. 2. Made moral. 5. I sent love, 8. Guess then our line. G. A nice pet. No. 606. Word Changes. (1.) Find a certain tree, transpose and make ran ; again, and make was inclined ; add a letter and make frightened ; transpose and make holy ; behead and curtail and make a portion of laud. (2.) Find an old game at cards, curtail and leave a kind of type; again, and leave to charge with powder; again, and leave precise; curtail once more, transpose, and make to cut off; behead and reverse, and make what printers make only accidentally. No. 667. Enigma. Enigma guessers, tell me what I am. Pve been a drake, a fox, a hare, a lamb- Ton all possess me, and in every strtt-t In varied shape and form with me you'll meet; With Christians I am never single known, Am given, or scarlet, brown, white, gray or stout. I dwelt in I'ani'Jiso with Mother Eve, And went witli her, when she, alas! did leave. To Britain with Caractacus I came, And made Augustus drear known to fame. The lover gives me on his wedding day, The poet writes me In his natal lay; The father always gives me to each BOO, qpt tf_hj. fagi ^rjly jor ooj^ No. 568. Rose Puzzle. Each of the nine small pictures suggests th name of a rose. St. Nicholas. No. 669. Half Square and Diamond. Half Square : 1 , a dipper ; 2, a passage into a bay; 3, to cloy; 4, to learn; 5, a pronoun; 6, a letter. Diamond: 1, a consonant; 2, three-sevenths of sassafras; 3, a rock; 4, a kind of clay; 5, a email bird; 0, three-fifths of enemy; 7, a voweL No. 570. Voltaire's Riddle. What is the longest and yet the shortest thing in the world; the swiftest and the most slow; the most divisible and the most extended; the least valued and the most re- gretted; without which nothing can be done; which devours everything, however small, and yet gives life and spirit to all things, how- ever great! No. 571. Charade. Industrious's my first I ween, In households where 'tis often seen; And when the wrong you may pursue, My first you then should quickly do; Second ami third no'er brings success, Nor power does it e'er possess; Homeless and friendless in the street, My total you often chance to meet. Good Housekeeping. No. 579. A Poet Transformed. First, a veritable poet; transpose, and JKW may fry him for breakfast] tr Book of Puzzles. 73 ana He is a wager ; again, ana ne Deomes a winter pleasure; behead him next and he is a girl's name; transpose, and be is to assume; again, he is a tree; curtail, and he is a decoc- tion; transpose, he is to consume; again, and he is consumed; curtail once more, and he ia near, to. No. 573. The Row of Figures. In what manner can a person reckon up how much the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, G, etc., up to 60 amount to, without adding them up, either in your head or upon paper? No. 574. Conundrum. John Smith, Esq., went out shooting, and took his interestingly sagacious pointer with him. This noble quadrupedal and, occasional- ly, graminivorous specimen went not before, went not behind nor on one side of him. Then where did the horrid brute go? No. 575. Hidden Authors. 1. What a rough mannered man said to his son when he wished him to eat properly. 2. Is a lion's house dug in the side of a hill where there is no water. 3. Pilgrims and flatterers knelt low to kiss him. 4. Makes and mends for first class customers. 5. Represents the dwellings of civilized man. 6. Is a kind of linen. 7. Is worn on the head. 8. A name that means such fiery things w can't describe their pains and stings. 9. belonging to a monastery. No. 576. How la Your Head? A common English word of five letters, de- noting the condition in which the sea is, and the heads of everybody ought to be, may b* written in this form: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * So that forward, backward, downward, upward or diagonally the orthography is the tame. You whose heads are in that condition can readily demonstrate the proposition. No. 577. The Riddle of Riddles. The riddle of riddles It leaps and it skips: Tis seen in the eyes, and it cheats on the lipa; It seldom ia found, though oftentimes read; Tis sometimes a feather, and now and then lead If it meets with its match, 'tis happily caught; If money can buy it, 'tis not worth a groat. No. 678. Knlgma. We are of many shapes and shades, We've a language all our own ; We flourish 'round the humble cot As well as the palace home. We are used to deck the happy bride When to Hymen's shrine she's led; We're placed upon the lowly grave As tribute to the dead. No. 579. Rebus. Lao. 10. Dear solvers, your thoughts turn to me, A synonym for brevity. No. 580. Rhomboid. Across 1. Searched. 2. Set sail 8. Charged with powder. 4. Roman magis- trates (Rom. ant.). 5. To appreciate the worth of. 6. The cerumen. Down 1. A letter. 2. A personal pronoun. 8. Woolly or villous surface, as of cloth. 4. To weary. 6. To cut off, as a syllable. 6. Death. 7. A tract of land in the form of the Greek letter A. 8. A ruminant quadruped. 9. To fasten together with thread. 10. A relative. 1L A letter. No. 581. Rebus for Little Folk. No. 583. Wood Squares. 1. To devastate. 2. A stage player. 8. A gem. 4. A medicine. 5. Upright. L To bite into small pieces. 2. Caprice. 8. To entertain. 4. A famous law giver. &. To urge. No. 583. Hidden Flowers. 1. It is more difficult to read poetry than prose. 2. Mr. Jarousky declares that he will never be naturalized. 8. I found a broken cup in Kate's cup- board. 4. That is a lovely blue crape on your bon- net. No. 684. Crossword Enigma. In oats, no^ ip corn; 74 Everybody^ In hoof, notlnhorti; In waiter, not In cook 5 In button, not in book; In crescent, not in moon ; In rabbit, not iu coon, My tfhole is an eastern country. Klaw ni eth rttrf dan outh lasht < Het herot erev lowlof eeth. No. 583. A Knotty Problem. Place six straight lines in a row, thus: I I I I I. Now add to them five straight liues and have only nine. No. 586. Charade. My first I hope you are, My second I see you are, My whole I know you are. No. 587. Curtailment. A stranger comes from foreign shores, Perchance to seek relief; Curtail him, and you find his tale Unworthy of belief; Curtailed again, you recognize An old Egyptian chief. Some Good Anagrams. The pith of a good anagram is that it should In some way relate to the meaning of the original word. Here are some excellent speci- mens: | Astronomers No more stars or moon starers. Impatient Tim in a pet. Punishment Nine thumps. Matrimony Into my arm. Revolution To love ruin. Sweetheart There we sat. Telegraphs Great helps. Parishioners I hire parsons. Radical reform Rare mad frolic. Presbyterian Best in prayer. Misanthrope Spare him not. Catalogue Got as a clue. Elegant Neat leg. Ni.. 58r. What Is My Name? Come, guess n i name, I ask you all ! I'm sometime! Jarge and sometimes small. Three inches q jw is all my size; Again, to man;' feet I rise. Sailmakers u.ii me, and, though It seems queer, I'm part of tl /> horns of a full grown deer; With an and IT far down in the ocean I go, Yet triumph jnd victory often I show. And every po rson in the land Holds me alw j.ys in his hand. No. 580. A Pretty Tangle. Thraigst si eht nile fo tudy, Vurced si eht nile fo teauby; No. BOO. A Tale of the Lights. The answer to this rebus is a little story about the object which is pictured seventeen times in the illustration. St. Nicholas. No. 591. Cross Word Enigma. In stable, not in house ; In rat, not in mouse; In grass, not in hay ; In June, not in May; In zebra, not in horse; In gain, not in loss; In flour, not in grain; In hail, not in rain. My whole is a game better liked by most boys Than all the mechanical wonders and toys. No. 592. Beheadings In Rhyme. The ship rode in an ******* bay; Asleep **** the master lay ; A ***** and rugged man was he, And like * * * * at home at sea; He like the * * * swooped on his prey, Whene'er the- * * came- his way. But now while * the needle kept, Forgetting all he lay and slept. Behead the first word indicated by stars to make the second, the second to make the third, and so on. No. 593. A Transformed fttonster. Oh, how many tales of me could be told By the poor and the rich, the young and old; For I never do good wherever I am, Although I have been from creation of man. No legs have I got, yet how swift do I go, And often I cause the blackest of woe; But if yo" transpose mo a man's name I show, A scriptural one I would have yoi* * '--TR Book of Puzzles. 75 No. 604. A Presidential Puzzle. One-eighth of the name of the bachelor president; one-fifth of the name of the hero of the civil war; one-eighth of the president who was assassinated in ths Baltimore depot at Washington ; one-sixth of a vice president who became a president; one-seventh of a president who had been a rail splitter; one- fifth of a president whose election was dis- puted; one-seventh of a president who was impeached ; one-ninth of the president during whose term two great commanders of the late war died. The fractions combined give the name of another president. 'agrl- No. 595. Syncopation*. 1. Syncopate "residence" and have cultural implement." 2. Syncopate "frolic" and have "to re- quite." 8. Syncopate "a hoop of iron to save wheels from wearing" and have "a bond." A Mean Insinuation. Wife (at Niagara Falls) How grand and awe inspiring it all is, John. Husband (drawing a long breath) Yes, but don't talk, my dear; I want to listen to the roaring of the waters. Good Mottoes. For retired authors Above proof. For carpenters Cut your stick. For cobblers Stick to your last. For shepherds By hook or by crook. For glaziers Diamond cut diamond. For cooks Onion is strength. For auctioneers Sold again. For undertakers Always say die. For tailors True as the needle. For thieves True as steel. For water carters Down with the dust. For opticians Mind your eye. For old maids Marry come up. For hair dressers Two heads are better than one. No. 596. Unfinished Verses. One day in sunny June I sailed upon the , My heart was full of sadness, there was no song for . But when my boat approached the * I saw anotber on the . Another b?at which came from > Its figurehead was one "lone ** A stranger asked me of my , He proved himself my long lost . Bo now I sail my bonny boat upon the self same But my heart is full of gladness, my song Is full From what state of our Union did the figurehead show the boat had sailed? No. 597. A Slippery Sprit*. In the center of fashion, I am ever at home, Though nsver in Paris, ti London or Rome. I shun every city, every village and town, But reign in a hamlet like a queen oa her throne. I lead every herald, but ne'er trump my own fame, For I am so lisping I am always In shame. And I speak but in whispers of gentlest breath; And when honor is uttered I am silent as death. I am heard in the mansion, and seen In the hall. And often am heard when ne'er seen at all. I have one seat at home and two in tho church, And here I'll bo found at tho end of your search. No. 593. An Hour Glass. 1. Tedious. 2. A very light fluid. 3. A kind of grain. 4. A consonant. 5. A small drinking cup. 6. A large, showy bird, native of the warmer parts of America. 7. A privy council room at Westminster. Centrals read down A prominent charai>- ter in one of Shakespeare's plays. No. 599. Arithmetical Problem. John, James and Harry have $4.80 which they wish to divide equally among them. To do this, John, who has the most, gives to James and Harry as much as they already have. Then James divides by giving John and Harry as much as they have after John's division. Harry then divides with John and James in the same way, and it is found that they have equal sums. How much had each at first! No. 600. Rebus for Little Folk. No. 601. A Wonderful Animal. There escaped from a menagerie a fierce animal which was caught and dissected. Within him were found a tile, a rail, a rat, a nail, a grate, a pig, a gilt bar, a leg, a rib and an entire girl. What was he I No. 602. Charade. My "first" ascends on soaring wing To "heaven's gate," And hails the coming of the spring, lp notes etet* Everybody's My "second" shines on knightly heel, In battle won, A token that its wearer's steel Has prowess done. My "whole," beside his lady's bower, In varied hue, In stately pride, unfolds Its flower, Pink, white or blue. No. 6O3. Hidden Nets. What net's a bird with sweet toned voice! What net our tuneful grandma's choice? What net is found a kind of goose? And what a Spanish beast of use? What net holds many a lovely face! What net a fowl of song and grace? What net an ornamental stone? What net must by the mouth be blown! What net is that of fourteen lines? And what a poisoning spear confines? No. 604. A Riddle. A sailor launched a ship of force, A cargo put therein, of course; No goods had he he wished to sell; Each wind did serve his turn as well; No pirate dreaded; to no harbor bound; His strongest wish that he might run agroundt No. 605. Two Wise Little Maids. Two little girls were on their way to school together. Remembering the arithmetic les- son she had just learned, one of them said to the other: "If you will give me one of your nuts I shall have as many as you." But the second wise little maiden, grasping her trea- sure closer, said: "Oh, no I give me one of yours, and I can then divide equally with brother Bill and will still have as many aj you." How many nuts had each? No. 606. Ten Tribei of Indians. 1 2 of as many different tribes of American In- dians. No. 607. Hour Glass. Central letters read down, a queen of Egypt, famed for beauty. 1. Needlework. 2. A circular motion. 8. A metal. 4. An act of respect. 5. A letter. 6. A bank to confine water. 7. The adver- sary of man. 8. An American general. 9. An escape from danger. No. 608. Poetical Tang.e. Otdn eb ni oto chum fo a ryhur Ot direct thaw hoter sofkl sya; Ti kates tub a lights tillet ruflyr Ot bowl allnfe sleave arf wyaa. No, 609. Numerical Enigma. My whole of 15 letters is the name of an authoress beloved by young people, who died not long ago. 1, 2 is an exclamation. 4, 5 Is a verb. 12, 10, 14 a domestic animal. 8, 7, 9 a character in one of the best works of my whole. 6, 11, 15, 8 a popular edition of books. 11, 13, 3 a girl's nickname, probably some- times applied to the whole. No. 610. The Puzzle Board. a the in round of iy days bound era me other oft chain brings mem me night slum light still ber'8 the fond ory has The ten small pictures represent the names These disjointed syllables can be converted Into a familiar stanza of poetry. The player may move in any direction over the board and pass over as many squares at a time a he likes. No. 611. Enigmatical Bird*. To peddle; a color; a linen ornament; a toy; a kind of type; to defraud; a fruit j peaceful. No. G12. Uebua. A simple word, "to Join" it means; Of this there is no doubt. Book of Puzzles. 77 Why use five letters In spelling it! The above just makes it out No. 013. Word Changes. Behead a fruit, and have a seed fed to birds; behead again, and have an animal; transpose, and have a vegetable. No. 014. Conundrums. Why is there no such thing as a whole day? What kind of cloth was most abundant during an earthquake? Why is a mirror like a great thinker? To what business man should you never confide a secret? No. 015. A Clover Puzzle. One of the cleverest puzzles that has been Invented in a long time is the 1888 1889 puz- cle: 1. "Why was 1888 so short?" 2. "Why is 1889 shorter?" This is a good one to pose your sharp witted friends with. No. 010. Double Acrostic. My first, a blossom white as snow With pistil all of gold; My next an overcoat will show. For keeping out the cold ; My third, if you are in a fright, Will overspread your cheek ; The laundress keeps my fourth in sight, The first of every week ; My last a bird you surely know A near relation to the crow. My initials, unless I'm mistaken, Will show you a tricksy wight Who always is plotting some mischief; My finals, his weapon of might. No. 017. Remarkable Rivers. What's the river that's verdant; the river that'* fine; The river that's juicy and round; The river that swindles; the river that chokes; And the one that is tracked by the hound t What's the one that's a schoolboy; one a wild beast; The one that joins while it divides; What's the one that is stony; the one that is subtle, And silently through the grass glides? All these rivers are found in the United States. No. 018. A Problem to Solve. Place a hundred at each end, with a five in the middle, And a one on each side of the five; then will the riddle Solved be. when you flnd at leas$ BO says the ditty) 'Tertalnlng to a citizen," and also "to a city." No. 010. Easy Word Squares. 1. A journey; seldom seen; a metal; con- fined. 3. An animal; among; mature; a garden. 8. A fowl; thought; natural; a valley. No. 020. The Parallelogram Puzzle. A parallelogram, as in the first figure, is to be cut into two pieces, so that by shifting the position of the two pieces they will form the other two figures shown in the cut. No. 021. Letter Rebus. Er Bl I am a careless, stupid fellow, Always mixed in grievous error. No. 022. Numerical Enigma. "A precious stone" the total is, And any 4 to 1 1 wis Would 7, 5, 6 one, if it Would her engagement finger fit No. 023. Concealed Cities. L Bring us a lemon or two, Carrie! 2. Is that silk handkerchief orange or yel- low, Ellen? 3. I am afraid you will rub a thin place through that paper. 4. The best way to stop a rising quarrel is to show your enemy a kindness. 5. Please examine that barometer, Fanny. 6. Would you prefer a vanilla cream, or a lemon ice? 7. Years sit lightly on some, but not on me. 8. When is Mr. Jones going to send thai rent on to New York? No. 024. Riddle. I seldom speak but in my sleep; I never cry, but sometimes weep Chameleon like, I live on air, And dust to me is dainty fare. No. 025. Anagrams. Transpose the letters of the following words, to form the names of well known novels: 1. Nod quiet ox. 2. Visiting near II. 8. Earning my gun. 4. Lord Poicy is south. 5. But no nice clams, Q. I hem where I wank Everybody s to. 7. It is of papa's homeay Ted. 8. It we have Lined a cork. No. 626. Bebu* A YFonder of the Skle*. The pbflosophical plant (7), the Kb rinklng plant (5), The sleepiest plant of the lot (9) ; The alphabetical plant (10), the oldest plant C11X And the plant that is always hot (12). No. 627. A Den of \Vlld Animals, o o o o o o o ooooooooo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o The row of large rings represents the name of an animal "furnished with spines or quills upon the body, covered with sharp prickles, a native of Africa, Asia and Italy. The left vertical row of seven rings, a species of deer of elegant shape, though one of the smallest kind. The next row of seven, the plural of an nnimil allied to the weasel, inhabiting the northern portions of Europe and America. In winter the fur is white, but the tip of ths toil is intensely black throughout the year. Third row, the plural of an animal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. Fourth row, a large animal found on our western prairies. It has been BO much hunted and killed that it is feared it will become extinct Fifth row. an anim* 1 of several species found in North and South America. An artifice it employs in elf preservation is to feign itself dead. Sixth row, a strong, fierce animal of the cat fam- ily, destructive to lambs, poultry and the like. Seventh row, an *n'"i>0 of tropical America, living on ant*. No. 028. Knlgmntlcal Tree* and Plant*. The respectable tree (1). and the hero's tree (2), And the tree that hake* your hand (3); The coldest tree (4). and the ugliest tree (5), And the tree that givee word of comman No. 629. Biddies. Why is the root of the tongue like a de- jected man? Why are fowls the most economical thing a farmer can keep? What is the keynote to good manners? Who had the first free entrance into a theatre? What trees has fire no effect uoonl AVho \Veara the Ring? A neat trick, requiring no apparatus be- yond a piece of paper and a pencil, is the fol- lowing: The number of persons participating in the game should not exceed nine. Some one of the company is selected unknown to you to put a ring on one of his fingers. You now say you will tell (1) who wears the ring, (3) the hand it is on, (3) the finger of the hand, and (4) the joint of the finger. The company being seated in regular order, the persons must be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. The thumb must be termed the first finger, the forefinger being the second. The joint nearest the extremity must be called the first joint; the right hand is one and the left hand two. These preliminaries arranged, leave the room in order that the ring may be placed unobserved by you. Suppose that the third person has the ring on the right hand, third finger and fi rst joint. Your object is to dis- cover the figures 3,131. Returning to the room, ask one of the company to perform se- cretly the following arithmetical operations: 1. Double the number of the person who has the ring; in the case supposed this will produce I 8. Add5 11 a. Multiply by 5 63 4. AddlO 03 5. And the number denoting the hand. G8 0. Multiply by 10 COO 7. Add the number of the finger CCS a Multiply by 10 6,030 9. Add the number of the joint 0,031 10. Add35 C,CCfl Lie must apprise you of the figures pro- duced, 6,000. You will then, in all cases, sub- tract from it 3,535. In the present instance there will remain 3,lol, denoting the person No. 8, the hand No. 1, the finger No. 3, and the joint No. 1. No. G3O. Charade. If my first is my second, 'tis sure to be fleet, If my second's my first, It is not fit to eat; And what Ls my whole will depend upon whether My second and first you fit rightly together. Book of PuZzles. If my second cornea flrst, tla an animal; but If my second cornea second, why then It Is nut So If it's an animal, then you may back It; But supposing it isn't, I leave you to crack It. No. C31. Numerical Enigma. I listened 1 , 2, 3 a very long time, but heard nothing to lead me to believe the 4, 5, C was being drawn down to the street, and as I 7, 8, 9 my lunch I thought myself 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9 for not having depended upon its ar- rival No. 032. Can You Name Him? A certain man should happy be, Though hungry, cold and wet, For untold wealth his may be, And profits all are net. No. 633. Drop Letter Quotation. To supply every alternate letter and find a Bible verse: W a s e e t y a d i d t t d , d i w t^t-y i h . No. 634. Diamonds. A consonant; an accompaniment to a fire- place; a gentleman who carries arms; "just from China;" a consonant. A letter; a part of the mouth ; an animal; vessel ; a letter. No. 633. Rebus Wise Words. OOOOTTTT >\NDBI ANDBI The author's name Is in the lower right hand corner of the rebus. No. 636. Selections. From a word of six letters, the name of common article of domestic use, select 1, 2, 3 and 4, a small luminary. 2, 3, 4, a resinous substance. 8, 4, 5, 6 an architectural form. 8, 4, 5, part of a circle. 5, 6, 3, 4, 2, a sort of map. 6, 3, 4, 2, a kind of vehicle. 6, 3, 4, 2, an animal. 5, 6, 3, 2, small talk. 6, 3, 2, apparel for the head. 0, 3, 8, a domestic animal. 4, 3, 2, a rodent. No. C37. A Poetical Maz. A C L E E U L B 8 D E N W O B T A B O V E V N o W E H Y E 8 E II IJ T K R 8 O V A E W D E L D U I E T T O E H T R E P P L I N P L A C I D I R E n T 31 N A E C O N F A N 8 E R R I L Y O I T O M D I L a E W 8 a T L T E Z E p n Y R E N E 8 A sentence in poetry is here written, the letters forming which are in close order. You may go up or go down ; you may move backward or forward, but you must never go in a slanting or diagonal direction that LJ, you are not allowed to pass from letter to let- ter through the corner of a square, but al- ways through one of the sides. The object is to find the first letter and then unravel the whole. The last word, denoted by the star, must be supplied. How to Tell a Tcrsou's Ape. Among many ingenious schemes for telling a person's age this is one of the easiest and best. Let the person whose age is to be dis- covered do the figuring. Suppose, for ex- ample, if it is a girl, that her age is 15 and that she was born in August. Let her put do\vu the number of the month In which she was born and proceed as follows: Number of month. 8 Multiply by 2 10 Add 5 Cl Multiply by 50 1,000 Then add her a;*e, 15 1.00") Then subtract 305, leaving 700 Thenaddll5 810 She then announces the result, 815, where- upon she may be informed that her age is 15 and August, or the eighth month, is the month of her birth. The two figures to the right in the result will always indicate the age and the remain- ing figure or figures the month the birthday comes in. This rule never fails for all ages up to 100. For ages under 10 a cipher will appear pre- fixed in the result, but no account is taken of this. Evervbodys No. 640. ninatrmted Proverb. The familiar advice here illustrated Is often given to procrastinating people. No. 641. Cross Word Enigma. My first is in tart but not in cheese, My second is in butter but not in peas, My third is in gravy but not in lamb, My fourth is in buckwheat but not in ham, My fifth is in coffee but not in tomato, My sixth is In honey but vot in potato, My whole is a thing that little boys eat, It is always a bird and has lots of good meat. No. 642. PL Cotrebo gornnim ! woh het uns Sligertt no noglwig kosch dan feash{ NO pelap scrip tiwh lemowl dogL No nodrew-dinteap'fleal Tercobo geevnin ! kolo, eth nomo, Keil noe ni yarfildan neighdebtl Tou-rodos kajc trofs sibet parsh; nlwthl Dogol rou trifs reif si dilgethl Nn. 643. A Word Puzzle. ooooooooo I was a president of the United States. In my name find a river of Asia, the names of five girls, the nicknames of five boys and the name of one boy, the name of a kind of drink, "to fasten," "a low place between hills," "the home of wild beasts," "to give up," "a narrow passage," "to loan," "to raise and make light," "a young boy," "to go be- fore," "a kind of fish," "to bathe," "a meas- ure of different lengths" not much in use now, "to be clad," "a kind of meat," "to go on shore," "a tribe," "to dig," "then-," "to part," a conjunction, "a reed," "to purify," "a weathercock," "a native of Denmark," M to adhere," "a valley," "to distribute," "a word sometimes used for 'one 1 ," "an Imagi- nary being," "a brief visit," "an Instrument by which to find a horizontal line," "a ravine," "to finish" and other words. No. 644. Flowers and Frnlt. Here's the sweetest flower (1), the joyous flower (2), The flower that blooms In May (3), The hollowest flower (4), the trickiest flower (5), One that tells the time of day (6). The wealthiest fruit 03), the treacherous fruit (14), The fruit that is slow or spry (15), The sprightliest fruit (16), and the married fruit (17), One that bids you never die (18). No. 645. Delect Ions, 1. Take a verb from a small can and leave a moderate gallop. 2. Take a verb from a voucher and leave a hardened protuberance on plants. i 3. Take a prong from a kind of cloth and leave perched. 4. Take an animal from a thick mat and leave a part of an animal. 5. Take a couple from mended and leave a rustic pipe. Sage Reflections. Who Is the owner of the cow, where Is the cow put out to grass, that provides the milk of human kindness; and does the calf get the best part of the milk, judging by the amount of kindness one receives? i Did the horseman who "scoured the plain" use soap? What does this "continual feast" that a contented mind is said to enjoy consist of? When a man, through being pressed, eats more dinner than he wants, may he not be said to be stuffed with forced meat? j i If it takes nine tailors to make a man, how many sailors does it take to make a buoy? Do the "roots of words" produce "flowers of speech f i Who can "smell a rat" the quickest, the man who knows the most, or the man who has the most nosef No. 646. Charade. I went to the barn this morning, And what do you think I found? A poor little first with a broken leg, A cross old hen and a broken egg. And Neighbor Nesbit's bound. I went to the garden this morning, And what do you think I found? A bold little second yes, one, two, three. Just where I wanted them not to be. With their heads well up from the ground, I looked about in the garden, And what do you think I found? Borne whole and 'twas spreading here and there, Book or Puzzles. 81 For It wouldn't grow straight into the air, liut crept along on the ground. No. 647. A Hollow Square. * * * * * * * * The upper horizontal of four stars repre- sents the plural of a vessel used for drinking. The left vertical, reading downward, a fa- vorite domestic compound. The right verti- cal, reading upward, the fruit of certain trees. The lower horizontal, reading from right to left, an adjective applicable to any of the other three. No. 648. An Anagram. Why it is so I do not know, Tell me the reason if you can ; But when "a shrew" I have in view I think about a TARGET MAN! No. 649. A Poser. I am with the farmer in his barn, cattle, garden, wheat, oats, barley, hay and wagon, but not In his horse or buggy. I am with the mechanic and the laborer. I am with the dead, not the living. I am with the saints and the angels, and Satan also has a claim on ma No. 650. Illustrated Rebus. ooo No. 651. Doable Acrostic. 1. An herb. 2, The cutting off of a vowel at the end of a word. 8. One who denies the existence of God. 4. Prosperity. Primals: Certain plants and their fruit. Finals: Certain insects. Combined: A class of people. Rhymed Comparisons. As slow as the tortoise as swift as the wind; As true as the Gospel as false as mankind; As thin as a herring as fat as a pig; As proud as a peacock as blithe as a grig; As savage as tigers as mild as a dove; As stiff as a poker as limp as a glove; As blind as a bat as deaf as a post; As 'cool as a cucumber as warm as toast; As flat as a flounder as round as a ball ; As blunt as a hammer as sharp as an awl; As red as a ferret as safe as the stocks; As bold as a thief as sly as a fox; As straight as an arrow as crook'd as a bow; As yellow as saffron as black as a sloe; As brittle as glass as tough as is gristle; As neat as my nail as clean as a whistle; As good as a feast as bad as a witch; As light as is day as dark as U pitch; As brisk as a bee as dull as an ass; As full as a tick as solid as brass. >o. 062. The Legacy. Au Arab sheik about to die called his sons to him and bequeathed to them his herd of camels in the following fashion: To his eldest eon, one-half the herd; to his second son, one- fourth, and to the youngest son, one-fifth. As soon as the last honors had been paid to the old chief the sons hurried to share the legacy; but as there were 19 animals in the herd (a number not divisible by 2, 4 and 5), they were unable to agree, and finally re- ferred the matter to the cadi or judge, who Immediately made the division to the satis- faction of the three, each of whom went away driving with him his camels. How did the cadi do it? No. 653. Beheadings. 1. Behead a Latin word of three letters often used by English speakers, and have "to depart." 2. Behead "to raise, to exalt," and have "tardy." 8. Behead a "property which a person pos- sesses," and have "condition." No. 654. Enigmatical Rivers. What's the river that's a jolly boy; one that is good; What one's a jewel that is worn by the fair; What's that one that's somber and dark ; and that one That seme drink when they get on a tear? No. 655. Rhyming Square. Showers and early flowers on the river's brink; Cessation proceeding from doubt, I think; A silver coin of Russia is here seen; An island, large or small, I ween; To lose, an obsolete word, I confess; These make a word square. Can you guess f No. 656. Riddles. Name me and you destroy me. Why is it absurd to ask a pretty girl to b candid? What weed la most like a rent In a gar- ment f What is that, although black itself, yet en- lightens the whole world? At what time of life may a man be prop- erly said to bo a vegetable f No. C57. Cross Word Enigma, Jn dive, not in swim, In branch, not in limb, In safe, not in lock, In fowl, not in hawk, In low, not in high, In glad, not in cry, In rain, not in snow/ In lark, not in crow. A flower. No. C58. Missing Letters. What two letters, prefixed to each of these words, will make other words) Aught, one, edge, own, awl, ought, No. 659. Quartered Circles. From 1 to 4, a narrow way ; from 5 to 8, harness; from 9 to 12, one of the constella- tions; from 13 to 10, quickly; from 1 to 5, dilatory; from 5 to 9, to defraud; from 9 to 13, a town founded by Pizarro in 1535; from 13 to 1, the victim of the first murder on record; from 2 to 6, dwelt; from 6 to 10, in- gress; from 10 to 14, to long; from 14 to 2, a famous opra; from 3 to 7, a state; from 7 to 11, one who dwells; from 11 to 15, a famous bridge in Venice; from 15 to 8, the king of fairies; from 4 to 8, one who has the right of choice; from 8 to 12, to retain; from 12 to fl, oriental; from 16 to 4, ingenuousness. St. Nicholas. No. GCO. The Philosopher's Puzzle. A philosopher had a window a yard square. It let in too much light. He blocked up half of it, leaving a square hole a yard long and a yard wide. How did he do it! No. 661. Charade. My first, when we travel, as useful we deem: Though drawn, as times alter with lif a 'i changing scheme, By man, electricity, horses or steam. My second's a parrot, a dog, or a cat; But never a hornet, hyena, or bat, And seldom a mouse, or a fox, or a rat. My whole, a convenience and comfort we call] A luxury surely, except spring and fall, When the housekeepers make it a trial to all. No. 66. A Star. 1 * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 1 to 2, one who does things clumsily ; 1 to 3, combats; 2 to 3, dried grapes; 4 to 0, morose- ly; 5 to 6, garden plant; 4 to 5, musical com- positions. No. C63. Transposition. If an island's end You'll place before, You'll get "a young bear," And nothing more, No. CC4. Word Squares. 1. A heathen. 2. Unextinguished. 8. Scoffs. 4. To turn away. 5. Abodes. 1. To tinge. 2. A fruit 3. A kind of cloth. 4. Public. 5. Leases. No. OG5. Numerical Enigma. My 1, 2, 7 means through. My 3, 4, 5, 7 gives a favorable expression In the face. My 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 is In heaven. My 4, 5, C, 7 is the earth. My whole is a country in Europe. No. CCO. Decapitations. 1. Behead "to wander from a direct course" and have "a flat, broad vessel upon which articles are carried;" again, and have "one of a number of lines diverging from a com- mon point;" again, and have "yes." 2. Behead "a long, narrow division of any- thing different from the ground work" and have a kind of food; again, and have "ready for reaping." 8. Behead "a long, narrow strip of leather" and have "to ensnare;" again, and have " harp, quick blow." 4. Behead "inordinate self esteem" and have "to be carried on the back of an ani- mal" Book or Puzzles. No. 607. A Wonderful Puzzle. I have no feet, and yet with hands, I never cease my tireless run; I work in all the climes and lands, In Arctic zoae and tropic sun. Pinions I have, yet cannot fly, Altho' "good time" I always makes I wear a cap, but wear it sly, And wear it sleeping or a \vaka. No coffin Ud shall hide my form- And yet beneath a lid I live, Defying dust, and rain, and storm Prepared the best of work to giva. I never had a case at law And yet without a case, I fear I should possess a monstrous flaw And life would be a thing most drear. Of Jewels, I have ample store Fine jewels, too, that please the eye? I would not, could not wish for more, Tho' I possessed the means to buy. I have no head, but have a face A face that's looked ateverywhere No woman, with her charms and grace. Receives a greater meed of care. No. 668. Numerical Enigma. My 11, 6, 1, 14, 10 are winter garments. My 14, 3, 4 is part of a church. My 9, 12, 19, 15, 17, 13, 10 is a disease. My 16, 7, 8 and 20 is an animal My 5, 18, 2 is a boy's nickname. My whole is a housekeeper's proverb. No. 669. A Half Square. O O O o o O o o o O o o o o The single ring represents a consonant. The row of twoYings, "mother." The row of three, "an individual of the human race." The row of four, "the long and heavy hair flowing from tho upper side of the neck of some quadrupedal animals." The row of five, "a Hebrew weight used in estimating the quantity of gold and silver, being 100 shekels of gold and 60 shekels of silver. " No. 670. Easy Rebus for Little People. No. 671. Anagrams. A "lonely man" who lives in quiet Would never lead in A SLY RIOT In a LAWN PIJ>, ye solvers, find A wading bird of plover kind. In a SORB TIME the word we see Exhausting to the strength may ba. No. 673. Letter Rebus. This my rebus solved Will bring to mind What delights the heart Of human kind. No. 673. Conundrum*. Why Is B like a hot fire? Why is D like a squalling child? Why is L like giving a sweetheart away? Why is Q rather impertinent? Why is S like a smart repartee? Why is T like an amphibious animal? No. 674. Enigmatical Trees. What's the Tree that with Death would unit* you, (1) The Tree that your wants would supply. (2) The Tree that to travel invites you, (3) And the Tree that forbids you to die? (4) No. 675. A Seasonable Acrostic. All of the words described contain the same number of letters. When rightly guessed and placed one below the other, in the order here given, the third row (reading downward) will spell what we all should give at the time named in the sixth row of letters. Crosswords 1. Vigorous. 2. Entwined. 3. An ensign of war. 4, Filtered. 5. Assault- ed. 6. Disperses. 7. Forebodes. 8. Any system of faith and worship. 9. Survives. 10. Providing food. 1L A two masted ves- BeL 12. A word corresponding with another. 13. To reflect. 14. A vessel for holding ink. 15. Not retarded. o. 676. A Word Square. O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o The first row of four rings represents the name of a city famous for its art. The sec- ond row, a precious stone regarded as un- lucky. The third row, "to beat." The fourth row, a girl's name. 8 4 Everybody's No. 677. Hidden Word*. Timid ana tremoung, gentle ana ruae, Hallowed, dewy, loathsome and good, Just the oddest of compounds, ever the Earn* Since the dawn of creation. What is my namf Find the names of these objects, write them down in the order in which they come, and then find hidden words to supply those miss- ing in the following sentences: The should give to the poor. What color did he itf How that twinkles 1 John can a boat. Boaz let Ruth in his field. Go to the pasture, Charles, and get tha > This is a good of water. The guest was grateful to his the door. No. 678. Beheadments. As a whole, I am single, 'tis true; Behead me, I am single, too; Behead again, the same is true. Behead again, a direction get; Behead again, a direction yet; Away with this and nothing is met. No. 670. Charade. When the sunshine and the shadows, In the prime time of the year, Are flitting o'er the meadows, My first you always hear. When man is softly sleeping, And every care seems sped, My second, darkly creeping, Oft fills his soul with dread. My whole's what we despise or shun, Or a delusion sprung from hate or fun. No. 680. TVhat I My Name? Of nothing I'm made, but when complete. Too' oot to bo eaten, I taste very sweet; None erer beheld me, yet often I'm sought, But never yet bandied after I'm caught. I'm affectionate, balmy, lingering and long, Proud rind haughty, tender and strong, Forced and unwilling, frigid and cold, Treacherous and false, yet pure aa gold, Tempting and fragrant, sacred, divine, Soothing and rapturous, delicious as wins. No. 681. Numerical Enigma. I am composed of seven letters and my whole is a plant My 1, 2 is a preposition. My 4, 5, 8 is a kind of carriage. My 3, 2, 7, 1 is to wear. My 6, 7 means partnership. No. 682. An Easy Riddle. I am a little word composed of five letters. My 1, 2, 3 make about half of the human race; my 4, 2, 3 make so small a number that it can be represented by a single letter; my 8, 2, 4 make an article very useful to many persons; my 1, 2, 4 means encountered, and my 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 names a city noted for it* fortress and as being the place where print' ing was invented. No. 683. Conundrum*. Why are cashmere shawls like deaf per- sons f Why is a nail, fast in the wall, like an old man? Why are washerwomen the most inconsist- ent of persons? When a boy falls into the water what U the first thing he does? What is the difference between killed sol- diers and repaired garments? No. 684. A Word Puzzle. 1. A measure, area of land. 2, An Irl defr cent lihing of a certain shell 3. Transpose, a wading bird. 4. Behead and transpose, and get "that which is adjacent" 5. Behead and transpose again and obtain a division of time. 6. Curtail and find in error. 7. Curtail one* more and "a direction" remains. No. 685. Acrostic. The father of the Grecian Jove, A little boy that's blind; A mighty land in all the world, The mother of mankind; A poet whose love sonnets Are still very much admired; The initial letters will declare A blessing to the tired. No. 686. A Diamond and a Half bqnar*. 1. A letter; to drink; to hold back; a num- ber; set free; displayed; estimated; guided; a letter. 2. Not having wings, as insects; those who smooth with a plane; idle talk; a passage; to depend upon; unrefined metal; a pronoun; a letter from Washington. Book of Puzzles. No. 687. Geographical Enigmas. Example: A month and a vowel. Answer, Augusta, 1. An animal and dexterity. 3. Yeast and value. 8. A master and a weight, 4. Fresh and an old boat. 5. Base and a measure. 6. Swarthy and a church. 7. To hold fast and to disembark. 8. A jump and a meadow. 9. Fresh, a conjunction, and inclines. 10. An animal and a crossing. 1L. A feminine name, a garment and bounds. 13. A human being, a box, and to sin. 13. A toy, to knot, and a statesman. 14. A feminine name and a Bphera 15. A masculine nickname, a vowel, a person, and to strike gently. No. 688. Arithmetical. Put down 101, divide by 50, and add a ci- pher. Result, 1 taken from 9. No. 689. Crossword Enigma. My first is in nun and not in some. My second is in nap and not in fun. My third is in pay and not in debt. My fourth is in bone and not in bet. My fifth is in love and not in hatred. My sixth is in blue and also in red. My seventh is in boat and not in ship. My eighth is in hand and not in whip. My whole is the name of a great conqueror. No. 690. A Poetical Quotation. No. 691. What Is It? My head and tail both equal are. My middle slender as a bee; Whether I stand on head or heel, 'Tis all the same to you or me; But if my head should be cut off, The matter's true although 'tis strange, My head and body severed thus, Immediately to nothing change. No. 692. Curtailments. Complete, I am a useful grain ; One letter off, there will remain An agent in producing growth; Once more behead, what few are loth To do, is seen; curtail again A preposition will remain. No. 693. Easy Word Square*. 1. A place of sale; to assert; a town of Ne- Tada; stepped. 2. Departed; a large lake; bites; a trial. No. 694. Central Acrostic. Centrals, a large city of the United States. 1. Running matches. 3. Made of ash wood. 8. During. 4. Walks slowly. 5. A movable seat. 6. To cause to be produced. 7. Re- duced to pieces. No. 695. Beheadings. Behead solitary and leave a single thing. Behead to abbreviate and leave a structure over a river. Behead to apprehend evil and leave a part of the body. No. 696. Geographical Biddies. 1. What mountain is a. covering for the nead? 3. What river in Africa Is a juicy fruit? 8. What river in the western part of the United States is a serpent? 4. What one near it is a fish? 5. What cape of Florida is an animal? 6. What cape in North America breathes a parting benediction? Appropriate Mottoes. For gunners Off like a shot I For violin players Feedle-de-dee. For pork butchers The whole hog or none. For betting men Where's the odds? For unsuccessful poets Hard lines. For bakers Early to bread and early to rise. No. 697. Numerical Enigma. I am composed of 19 letters. My 13, 6, 3 is a personal pronoun. My 8, 19, 3, 4 is a wild animal. My 15, 5, 16 is an active verb. My 16, 18, 17 is a numeral. My 15, 7, 14, 13, 16, 11, 1 is to expand. My 8, 19, 6, 16 is a vegetable. My 15, 9, 3 is a body of water. My 15, 6, 11, 4, 10, 7 is something unknown tr hidden. My whole is a well known American au- thoress, whose most celebrated story has been translated into many languages, and as a play is received with unfailing popularity. 86 Everybody's No. 60S. Hidden Word*. In the name of one of the plants proposed for a national flower may be found a range of mountains sloping toward both Europe and Asia, a meadow, a verb, "an epoch," "a snare," a king whose name is the title of one of Shakespeare's plays, a girl's name, a cloth measure, "true," a part of the head, every- thing. No. 609. Illustrated Proverb. *ae curtailed letters form a word meaning "liability," "obligation," "dua" No. 7OO. A Charade. Little Tom and his sister went fishing, Their ages were seven and five; They returned all elated and smiling, Declaring they'd caught some alive, Triumphant they opened their basket, To let mamma see their grand prize, "Why, these are not fish, they are one twos, You silly young ones, see their eyes?" The children looked sore, disappointed, And Tom laid bis two on the floor. Deciding he didn't like fishing, And was sure he'd not go any more. No. 701. Croas Word Enigma. My first is in water, but not in land; My second in foot, but not in hand; My third is in lark, but not in wren; My fourth is in five, but not in ten; My fifth and last in eagle you'll see My whole a general brave was he, Who died in the moment of victory. No. 702. Drop Letter Proverb. -E-L -I-H-U- -N-W-E-G- I- -H- -I-T-B -F No. 703. Curtailment*. Curtail "old," and have "generation." Curtail "mature," and have "to tear a earn." Curtail "a line used for measuring," and have a kind of fruit Curtail " number of ships together," and hy "to run *waj." No. 7O4. Charade. Here's a man eager for my first ; Strange what a most decided thirst Some men have for what is found In this, my whola The crackling sound Of second being folded, greets The ear at home and on the streets. No. 705. A Concealed Quotation. In the following paragraph the curious and diligent seeker may find a familiar quotation from "Romeo and Juliet:" "What sin have I committed?" said an American girl to her lover, when she sat on his best hat which he had left on the sofa, He handed her a wet calla and arose to take his leave. His hobby was botany, but not hers, for she was an American schoolgirl. "I would prefer as mellow a pear as you can give me, Leonidas," she said, "to this wee thing you call a flower." No. 706. Easy Riddle. I am a little word composed of only five letters, yet so great is my weight that strong men have been crushed by me, and I have been known to destroy life by pressing too heaviiy upon those with whom I came in con- tact I am of the plural number, yet by add- ing the letter S I become singular. If, before adding the letter S, you cut off my head and tail, what remains is a verb implying exist- ence; if, instead of thus mutilating me, you place my second letter before my first, I am changed into what will make a poor man rich. My 3 2 1 4 is that in which many strive, but only one wins; iny 51234 means to alarm ; my 5 4 2 3 is to burn ; my 1 2 3 is very necessary in large cities; my 5 4 2 is enticing to many; my 2 I 4 u oue; my 23 1 is not complete; my 4 2 3 is of wonderful and deli- cate construction ; my 1254 is visited very frequently by a physician, who frequently has more 12345 than a follower of any other profession. No. 707. A Wise Saying. I am composed of 30 letters. My 27, 13, 24, 9, 4 are invariably quacks. My 18, 25, 1, 17, 3, 14, 26 are dear to me. My 2, 16, 2, 7, 2, 20 is in your eye. My 15, 29, 19, 8, 18 is what we all high for. My 30, 10, 5, 24 are used in games of chance. My 11, 28. 12, 3 is a small boy. My 5, 19, 30, 13, 14 goes through the press. My 15, 7, 11, 20 is frequently presented, My 25, 22, 5, C is part of a foot. My wb,ole is a wise saying. Book of Pussies. Ko. 708. A Stitch Puixl*. Our girl readers will be the first to solve this rebus, which recently appeared in St. Nicholas. In the picture are suggested the names of fourteen different stitches used by needlewomen. What are they? No. 709. An Hour Glass. OOOoOoooo o o o O o o o o o O o o o o O o O o o o O o o o o o o o o ooooOoooo The central letters, reading downward, name one of the United States. The cross- words: 1 "One who throws, twists or winds Bilk." 2. "Educated," "directed." 3. "Ce- lerity of motion," "speed," "dispatch." 4. "Concreted sugar," "water in a solid state." 5. In "Ohio." G. "Termination." 7. "An adhesive combination of flour and water," or "earth and water as prepared by the potter," etc. 8. "Dexterity," "an artful trick per- formed by jugglers." 9. "Severity, harsh- ness." No. 710. A Pleasure Excursion. My (island near Maine) (city in North Carolina) : I have been (city in Pennsylvania), but now will tell you about our trip. Wo went to see (city in Switzerland). There was (city in New Jersey), (city in Arkansas), (moun- tain in California), (city in Pennsylvania) and myself. (City in New Jersey), wore a (river in Utah), (animal in South America), (city in Arkansas) wore (city in China) flan- nel I had to (point in Alaska) a (mountain in Oregon) and wore a (hills in Dakota) dress. We got an early (point in England). We went over a very (mountains in United States) fetatein United Statesi. (City in Switzer- land) had been on the (cape near North Caro- lina) for us. As you must know (city in Switzerland) Is very (mountains in West Vir- ginia), and her floors were covered with (city in Europe) carpet She showed us a (cape in South America) basket she made, also her lovely (river in Switzerland) pet cow. We staid over (strait in East Indies) and then came home. My (city of Nabraska), 1 must close. 1 (cape in North Carolina) wo will get a (town of Wisconsin). (Cape of Green- land.) City of Kansas. No. 711. Palindromes. A palindrome is a word which reads the game backward and forward, as for example, "madam." Here are some easy ones: 1. Part of a ves- sel. 2. An infant's garment. 3. A devout woman. 4. Treated like a God. 5. Certain songs. 6. A traveling conveyance. 7. A small animal 8. Doctrine. 9. A legal docu- ment. No. 712. A Question of Slaking Change. A man purchased groceries to the amount of 34 ceuts. When he came to pay for the goods he found that he had only a one dollar bill, a three cent piece, and a two cent piece. Th3 grocer, on his side, had only a fifty cent piece and a quarter. They appealed to a by- stander for change; but he, although willing to oblige them, had only two dimes, a five cent piece, a two cent piece and a one cent piece. After some perplexity, however, change was made to the satisfaction of every one concerned. What was the simplest way of accomplishing this? No. 713. A Pictorial Rebus. No. 714. Double Central Acrostic. To arrange; a woman lacking in neatness; certain kinds of puzzles; a figure of three angles; a wooden plate; neglected; taken what is offered ; obtained the use of for a time; certain vegetables. The fourth row of letters, read down, de- fines unknown persons. 88 Everybody's The fifth row of letters, read down, define* a small post. No. 715. Coins to Market. One day I went into a store To buy some groceries, But when I reached my home I found The p r was half peas; The g r, too, was strong of gin, And the r e was filled with ice; The s p contained the blood of a sire, And the ice was in the sp ; A sod was discerned in the s a And the c s looked queer, for per- chance The blood of a cur was spilt therein, And the food was tilled with ants; The o o was well seasoned with sage, And the canned s h was half tar ; And strange to say, the s r contained The stump of a nasty cigar. I was well worked up, and felt rather sore, But I never again returned to that store. No. 710. What la It? A friend to all the human race, From emperor to peasant; There's none more missed when not in place, Or of more use when present. Obedient to my patron's will, I yield to their control; Yet every one is trying still To "put me in a hole." No. 717. Anagram* These anagrams represent the names of three noted historians and three favorite American authors: Ward De Thaeta Revel Bertha C. DeCarl-ScoA Jan Dry. the famous one. It is Carl P. Wheltom. Roger L. Wainn goes. kerg. Tom Sejia. No. 718. A Drop Letter Saying. -*-e -h- g-e-t-s- s-u-d. No. 710. PI of the Season. Bredmece clesos no eth ceena Dan hwta prapea bet mothsn nogo stapf Btagmerfn fo meti wichh cone heav benel Desucingce lowlys, Ifed oto fats! Thire mienuts, shour, dan sayd pareap Livewea ni halt malls tinop, a ryea. No. 720. A Charade. Lord Ronald burned the famed Yule log With wassail in his hall, And first was wreathed in many a fold Where the Christmas moonbeams fall. He poured the second in a glass, And pledged the Christmas glow; Vnd the whole in the garden lay dead Under the gleaming snow. No. 721. Cross Word Enigma. My first is in March but not in Spring, My second in Eaglo but not in Wing ; My third is in Power but not in Strong, My fourth in Warble but not in Song; My fifth is in Rose and also in Leaf, My sixth in Summary, not in Brief; My seventh is in Summer but not in Joy, My eighth in Golden but not in Toy; My ninth is in Apple but not in King, My tenth in Whisper but not in Sing. I come from the woods, if there you espy A flower or a bird that is sweeter than I, I give you permission in April weather To serve me on snow and eat me together. No. 722. Easy Transpositions. Transpose a part of a musical instrument into a stain; also into cooking utensils; also into the highest parts; also into a place. No. 723. Mental Arithmetic. No. 724. A Riddle. I sing in the woods a gentle song; I lurk in the glens, or the brook along. I give to the sparkling stream a hue That artists would love to paint so true. And in the student's den I dwell, While o'er the boy I cast my spelL The scholar loves my soberest face; The artist paints my prettiest grace. Tm black and white yellow and gold Maybe red or green, maybe gray and old. No. 725. How Is This? In a stage coach on the way to a Christmai gathering at the old homestead were 1 grand- mother, 3 mothers, 2 aunts, 4 sisters, 2 broth- ers, 4 daughters, two sons, 5 cousins, 3 nieces, 2 nephews, 3 grand-daughters and 2 grand- tons. How many persons were there! Book of Puzzles. 89 No. 726. Numerical Enigma. My whole, containing 22 letters, is an old Baying often heard by girls. My 16, 15, 2, 10 is huge. My 3, 4, 9, 13 is a prong. My 18, 6, 22, 21, 3 is odor. My 17, 1, 2, 5 is one of the points of th compass. My 14, 7, 13, 12 is one of Noah's sons. My 6, 8, 16, 11, 6 is relating to a city. My 20, 19 denotes position. No. 727. Reverse*. 1. Reverse a luminous body, and have the plural of an animal. 2. Reverse "a conflict," and have "un- cooked." 3. Reverse a boy's name, and have the home of a wild beast. 4. Reverse a vegetable which grows within the earth, and have a month. 5. Reverse the plural of a kitchen utensil, and have "to break with a quick sound." 6. Reverse a kind of weed, growing near the water, and have an animal. No. 728. Enigma: A Little Fairy. Within my walls of silver A little fairy lives, Whose presence in a household Great joy and comfort gives. She sows no tares of anger, And ugly weeds that spoil, But to sew tears in garments She willingly will toil. Now, name this useful fairy. Her shining palace, too, Her clever, nimblo sisters, Who all her bidding do. No. 729. A Cat Up Puzzle. First cut out, with a penknife, In pasteboard or card, The designs numbered one, two and three- Four of each after which, as the puzzle is bard. You had better be guided by me To a certain extent; for in fixins take care That each portion is fitted hi tight, Or they will not produce such a neat little square Aa they otherwise would if done right. No. 730. Beheadings Transposed. Each word contains five letters. The be- headed letters form the name of a famous naturalist Behead an extensive mountain range, and transpose the remaining letters to make a word meaning the objects aimed at. Behead imposing; transpose to make to mend. Behead to diminish; transpose to make a stroke. Behead to strike down; transpose to make opportunity. Behead possessing flavor; transpose to make settled. Behead a reflection ; transpose to make a contest. Behead an animal; transpose to make an animal. No. 731. A Charade. My first, like a laggard, Is always behind. In the form of one thousand my second you'll find. And yet, for my whole should you search the world round. In the morning or evening, 'twill never be found. No. 732. A Rhyming Numerical Enigma 1. A word in much demand, tis true, Is this little word, 5, 1, 2. 2. A well known foreign plant youTI see, Is spelled by using 5, 2, 3. 8. This very morn I found alive In my new trap a 4, 3, 5. 4. If you would hoar a little more. You must lend your 2, 3, 4. 6. "There is nothing new under the sun," Is said on 2, 3, 4, 5, I. 6. Because my boy fell on the floor, Fell many a 5, 2, 3, 4. 7. A statement 'gainst which none will strive, All have a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. No. 733. A Riddle. Back and down trodden is my line, Yet you may not despise, For surely I was made to shine Before admiring eyes. Of all my wanderings o'er the earth, Though lightly you may talk, Your understanding owns my worth And blameless daily walk. No. 731. An Animal in Anagram. I saw on the street a descendant of Ham, Not ill o' disease, but "ill o' a dram," This anagram straightened you've seen, I suppose, In pictures, and, mayhap, in animal shows; And if you have seen it you're noticed the lack Of even & semblance of fur on its K nflr Everybody s Jfo. 735. A Palindrome. Long years ago, the Portuguese In me rode over stormy seas, Held on my course 'inid pirates bold, Who sought to seize my freight of gold, Sailed on until I reached the shore Of India, famed in ancient lore. Then back I sailed, and in the hold Were richest spices wealth untold Which netted to the captain brave All riches that his heart could crave. Now this I'll tell : Scan well my name, Backward and forward I'm the same A palindrome, no more or less, So use your wits my name to guess. > ... 730. A Word Square. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o The first row of five represents a word meaning "empty,"' "void of intelligence." The second row, the post at the foot of the stairca-e. The third row, " to adjudge," " to determine." The fourth, ''to give vigor," "a sinew." The fifth, an American shrub having broad umbels of white flowers and dark red berries. The blossoms and berries are n^ed in medicine. It grows wild usually, but is sometimes seen in gardens. Wo. 737 Charade. " Mother dear, please say I may Go down and skate upon the buy." " My little son, you cannot go Upon the ice in the bay below. This very morn did your father say, Ere to his whole he went away. John must keep first the second to-day.' " Jlo. 73S. Xnmerlral Kiilgina. My 4, 1, 9 is small in number. My 3, 2, 7 is appropriate. My 6, 5, 10 is a sheltered place. My 1 1, 8, 9 is a riotous n<> My whole is a renowned structure of recent date. Th- Magic Dance. An entertaining electrical experiment can be performed by the young folks on clear, o-l,l winter evenings, as it succeeds best when the atmosphere is very dry. The apparatus in simple. Two large books and a pane of gla*n, ay 10 by 12 inches ii. come firdt. The ends of the glass an pit. between the leaves of the books, so as to the gliM Aboot i; inch above the Ml.!.-. Then take tissue paper and cut u.a uny figure thut fancy prompt, not to be over 1 inch or 1| inch in length. The^e figures are to be laid upon the table under the glass, and the experiment is ready to be put into practical operation. The next ftep is to take a silk handkerchief and rub the top of the glass with a quick circular motion. The result is to bring the figures into active life, their antics being amusing beyond description. Be oaref ul not to touch the glass with the hand or finger during the movement of the figures, for it will stop them at once. in. 739. A Zoological Acrostic. O oooooooo O O oooooooo o o o O O O O o o o o o o o The inner vertical represents the name of an animal. It is of a yellow or fawn colour, with rose-like clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Africa and India. The row of three, a quadruped of the stag kind, with wide, spreading horns. It is found in Europe and North America. The row of eight, a quadruped intermediate be- tween the deer and goat. Its horns are al- most always round and ringed. It is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and in the Easfern continent. The row of three, an animal that burrows in the earth ami is remarkable for its cunning. The row of eight, a quadruped of the tribe of pachy- derms of two living species. It is found in Africa and India. It is vei y intelligent, but sometimes exceedingly ferocious. The row of three, a small rodent mammal. The row of seven, a little well-known hound, remark- able for going into the ground after animals that burrow. The row of seven, an animal of the cat family, fierce and strong. Wo. 74O > ii in. -i i- .1 i Enigma. A Spanish soldier, having straggled from the main body of troops, was overtaken by a shower of rain. As protection from the storm, he donned a large 1. 2. :*. 4, whileover his arm hung a 1. '2. :<. 4 in which he expected shortly to 1. !'.:>. I quantities of 1. '2. :<. 4, when he and his comi>anions should 1 . the town they were approaching. Coming unexpectedly upon a 3, 2, 1,4 of 1. 2. :<. 1. he greedily imbibed a large draught, at'tt-r which he thus paradoxically apo>tn>- phised it : " You are wet, you are dry. So likewise was I. I drank of you. and you qu'ii"heil my thirr-t. You would greatly aid my e<>mpanions and me in the work be- fore us. but the 1. '_'. .'?. I in which you are is too unwieldy for ine to carry, and being Book of Puzzles. wet you cannot be transferred to the 1,2,3.4 on my arm ; therefore, most reluctantly I leave you. with the assurance that your in- fluence will go with me." JTo. 741. Charade. They say my first is very bright, And what they say is true ; But only in my second can My first be seen by you. My second would without my first Be far from being bright ; My whole is what the working man Welcomes with great delight. Xo. 742. Word Sqnarea. 1. To delight ; a room where meat is kept; mistakes ; accommodate s ; a long seat ; re- moves. 2. Cleanses ; a bloodvessel ; tempests ; a recluse ; an animal ; method. >O. 743. rni^iii.i , With thieves I consort. With the vilest, in short, I'm quite at my ease in depravity ; Yet all divines use me, And savants can't lose me. For I am the centre of gravity. No. 744. Letter Reunaea. Rosam G C D nor E D Problem*. Make V (five) less by adding to it. IV (four). From a number that's odd cut off the head, it then will even be ; its tail, I pray, next take away, your mother then you'll see. Seven even Eve. What must you add to nine to make it six .' S. for IX with S is six. Which is the greatest number, six dozen dozen or half a dozen dozen .' Why six dozen dozen, of course. What is the difference between twice twenty-two and twice two and twenty .' One is 44 and the other 24. When do two and two not make four ? When they stand for 22. A Puzzle of tlie Antipodes. You don't know what the exact antipodes to Ireland is .' You mean to say you don't .' Nonsense ! Why. suppose we were to bore a hole exactly through the earth, starting from Dublin, and you went in at this end, where would you come out ? Why, out of the other end of the hole, to be ><. 745. Easy Beheadings. 1. Behead dingles, and leave beverages. 2. Behead to expect, and leave to attend. 3. Behead a useful instrument, and leave a tuft of hair. 4. Behead informed, and leave merchandise. f>. Behead a retinue, and leave to fall in drop?. G. Behead fanciful, and leave to distribute. 7. Behead to suppose, and leave to languish. 8. Behead at no time, and leave always. The beheaded letters will name what chil- dren most enjoy. > . 746. A Pyramid. o o O o O o o o O o o o ooooQoooo The solitary ring represents a consonant. The row of three, ' the home of wild beasts." The row of five, " a noisy collision of two or more bodies." The row of seven, " to eluci- date." The row of nine, " to wrongly em- ploy." The vertical of five. " kingdom." Xo 7i7. A Riddle. You may find me there before you at any- body's door, In the palace of the rich or the cottage of the poor ; You may find me in the earth and air, but in the mighty sea, Would surely be a place, my friends, you need not look for me. I've lived out in the country, and I've lived within the town, And moved so oft from house to house I long to settle down. Both men and women shun me, the youthful and the old, (But oh ! how glad to grasp me when I am made of gold). How often on the doorstep, I fain would enter in. when Betty spied my presence and sent me off again. Men hate me and they scorn me, and they throw me here and there ; You may see me lying helpless in the gutter -on the stair. You may see me where they throw me, so if you'll look again, Can't you see me in the eyes of some simple guileless men ? I hate the winter's ice and snow and hate to have it rain ; I'm very fond of travelling and always on train. ffo. 74S. An Anagram. (' nne tell me, soldier, old and gray, What is this curious riddle, pray ' Everybody s The bravest army in the field Without me to the foe must yield. F..r man .-ind horse I food provide Ami see th.-ir daily wants supplied ; Yet while I'm cursed by rank and file They love me, though they call me vile. The soldier heived a gentle sigh And said : " Oh, miss, a cart am I." J(o. 749. Double Acrostic. My primals and finals each name a famous geologist. Cross words (of equal length) : 1. An iron block upon which metals are hammered. 2. A short prayer. 3. An Athenian. 4. A Tolley. 5. Slaughtered. 6. A mass of un- wrought metaL 7. A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Ho. 75O. Cross Word. My first is in cat, but not in kitten. My second is in glove, but not in mitten. My third is in rat, but not in mouse. My fourth is in cottage, but not in house. My fifth is in draught, but not in drink. My whole is a conveyance, I think. Ho. 751. A Xoted Bntllc. Behead the words defined in the firsfr column to get those in the second. The de- capitated letters in order will spell a decisive battle. 1. To vacillate, 1. To assert. 2. Foreign, 2. A legal claim, 8. Vestige, 3. Lineage, 4. Conclusion, 4. A small aperture, 6. To send back, 5. To eject, 6. A mechanical power, fi. Always, 7. Public, 7. A green colour, 8. To suppose. 8. A tree. Ho. 75*. Arithmetical. Place four nine* BO as to equal one hund iv:l. A duck before two ducks, a duck behind two duck* and a duck lie' ween two ducks how many ducks were there in all .' Ho. 723. Enigma. The whole, composed of 4 1 letters, is. an old axiom. The ! is to defraud. The :.. '*. 7. -.".I. It, 10 is to obstruct. The 8, 11, 17, 41. IT,, 2:1, is a covering for the head. The U. U. 16, 1... II, 1- is changeable. The :v -Jl. BO, n. -'1. in is a theme. The 20. L'7. H7, :tr,. :t:,. :u is pushed. Th. . t tin for bone. The :.';. :ii>. :<'., 33 is a hood. No. 754. Historical Anagram*. " TELL ON WING" his fame and glory, Hero great of English story. For himself "NUIIUM; WAS." For '. land all in all. It he saved from oppression, from bondage and thrall. " A SCARE'' he would give us if living to day, For he conquered all nations that came in his way. ' GREET THE PATER" of his country, who for it was not afraid To lay aside his rank and title and incog, to learn a trade. "GREAT THE RADIUS" that he conquered, stretching out from sea t< Kind his heart, though strong his hand was for he set God's people free. Ho. 755. Enigma. Alone, no life can be without me ; With C. I hold the widest beast ; With G. I measure land and sea : With P. I serve the nobleman ; With R, I rave with passion dread ; With S. I know the depths of wisdom ; With W, I earn my daily bread. JSo. 7.1O. Hour <41a*ses. I. The central letters reading downwards will spell the surname of a very famous American. Cross Words: 1. Vexing. 2. To dress for show. 3. Single. 4. A letter in Publi- cola. 5. To bend. 6. A Hungarian dance. 7. Part of the day. II. Centrals downwards, the name of a famous Italian poet. Cross Words: 1. A company of pilgrims travelling together. '2. Worth. 3. Energy. 4. In Publicola. 5. A small serpent. 6. An aquatic animal. 7. A bigot. Jfo. 757. Charade. A messenger, my whole, who carries grief and joy. My whole is second, too ; but not a frolic- some liuy. Of stone or wood my first ; and yet it spans the globe. With messages untold, for palace and adobe. N... :.-,s. \ Faithful Guide. A pleasure party roaming Now hither and now there Found, when came on the gloaming, They were, they knew not where. Then some began a-wailing, They were so sore affright, But tears were not availing, And on apace came night. Book of Puzzles. 93 Then one produced a finger, That anyone might own, Aiid bade them not to linger While pointing to their home. This faithful little trembler, That tells the truth alway, Shames any false dissembler Who leads the lost astray. ><>. 759. --Comparisons. 1. Positive, an insect ; comparative, a beverage ; superlative, an animal. 2. Posi- tive, a coxcomb ; comparative, an annoy- ance ; superlative, to vaunt. 3. Positive, a reward ; comparative, awe ; superlative, a banquet. 4. Positive, to travel ; compara- tive, to stab ; superlative, a spectre. 5. Positive, a deer ; comparative, to bellow ; superlative, to parch. Wo. 70O. A Queer Conceit. Two patient creatures and a preposition, Produce a monster worthy of perdition. Wo. 761. Geographical Anagrams. 1. I Begin R-A-T rat. 2. Date it sunset. 8. A rails at U. 4. Scold Nat. 5. ! nine mate. 6. Philip had ale. Wo. 768. Conundrums. Why have domestic fowls no future state of existence 1 What is the difference between a baby and a pair of boots .' Why is a plum cake like the ocean ? In what colour should a secret be kept ? Appropriate Epitaphs. A good epitaph for a cricketer " Over." For an auctioneer " Gone." For a billiard-marker " The long rest." For a drowned boat's crew " Easy all." Wo. 763. Belieadiiign. Behead an animal and leave to follow closely ; a bird and leave twice ; the channel for a rapid current of water and leave a par- ticle ; a name sometimes given to plumbago and leave to increase ; to connive at and leave a wager ; to disembark and leave a con- junction : nice perception and leave to feign ; a delightful region and leave a haunt ; a float and leave astern ; a Scandinavian legend and leave a Turkish title ; to confine and leave to grow old ; to comply with and leave a Turkish governor ; a crutch and leave a unit ; a company of attendants and leave to be in trouble. The beheaded letters form the name of a famous writer. Wo, 964 Charade. You'll find my first a wild, shrill cry ; My whole is often called a hue. My hist is never loud nor high, And yet it is to bellow, too. Do my whole you never could ; Be my whole you never should ; Wear my whole you often would. Wo. 765. An Enigmatical Quartet. A thousand one gentle name needs for a start, Just a unit of that I can count. The next neighbour claims but a twentieth part, And the next one has half the amount. We are gentle folk all, by the spell of the whole, Be our wealth in a mint or a dime. Its charm is kind manners and calmness of And these will most truly refine. [soul, Wo. 766. A Pretty Puzzle. Insert a vowel wherever there is an X in the ten sentences which follow. When they are complete, select a word of five letters from each sentence. When these ten words are rightly selected and placed one below the other, the central row of letters, reading downward, will spell the names of certain missives, very pleasant to receive : 1. XLL CXVXT, XLL LXSX. 2. YXX DXG YXXR GEXVX WXTH YXXB TXXTH. 3. WX HXTX DXLXY.YXT XT MXKXS XS WXSX. 4. BXTTXR HXLP X LXXP THXN NX BKXXI). 5. PXNNY WXSX. PXXKD FXXLXSH. 6. X DRXWNXN'G MXN WXLL CXTCH XT'X STBXW. 7. TWX XLL MXXLS MXKX THX THXRD X GLXTTXX. 8. HXNXYXN THX MXXTH SXVXSTHX PXR3X. 19. SPXRX TX SPXXK, SPXRX TX SPXXD. 10. HXSTX MXKXS WXSTX. Wo. 707 Word Sqnarcs. Not rough, a rainbow, a number, a Scripture name. Not dim, to depart, edges of a roof to ward off, pauses. like Wo. 70S Conundrum*. Why are horses in cold weather meddle ome gossips .' Why is a specimen of handwriting like a dead pig ? Why is a ten cent piece like a cow 1 When is water like fat? A Few Conundrums Answered. Can you till why the giant Goliath was very much a-stone-ished when David hit 94 Everybody him with a stone ? Why, because such a thing had never entered his head before. A prize toy should be given to the child who guesses the following : What kin is that child to its own father, who is not his own father's son .' His daughter. W hen does a son not take after his father .' When his father leaves him nothing to take. Why is it easy to break into an old man'? house .' Because his gait is broken and his locks are few. What Egyptian official would a little boy mention if he were to cill his mother to the window to see something wonderful .' Mammy look ! mameluke. ;>eg leave to ax you which of a car- penter's tools is coffee like .' An ax with a dull edge, because it must be ground before it can be used. 769.-A Checkered Square. O o O o o O o O o o O o o O o O O O o O o o O o O O o o O O The upper horizontal of seven and the left vertical, reading downward, a word of seven letters, f-ignifying "a large ship with three or four decks, formerly used by the Span- iards as a man-of-war, as in the Armada, and also in commerce, as between Spain and her colonies in America." The lower horizontal and right verticil, another word of seven K-tu-rs, "beginning to exist or grow" : in chemistry, " in the act of being produced or evolved, as a gas." The second horizontal and second vertical. " spirits or ghosts of the departed," ' hobgoblins." The third, "an ornament of ribbons," " a tuft of feathers, diamonds, etc., in the form of a heron's crest" Ho. 770. Acroftfir Riddle. O o o o O o o o O o o o o o O o o o I watched my first in lofty flight. With sweetest >ng till out of fight. My peoond, flying low, I found With wings that did not leave the ground. My third. \vho*e win^s we cannot see, t t ik- flight fiom you or me. h destitute of wings, Flies high aloft but never sings. if my first you rightly name. You'll fin 1 my initial^ H|x-ll the same N... 771. letter F.nlgnta. In grape but not in plum. In gross but not in sum. In baize but not in wool. In calf but not in bull. In meat but not in chop. In break but not in lop. In mute but not in loud. In laugh but not in cloud. In Xacre, also in relation. My whole is a constellation. JTo. 77. Hidden Reptile*. Of a good little boy who aspires to the name Of Roger Newton, I now write : His kinky- haired pate is quite unknown to fame. But his friends think him clever and bright. His naked feet dance to a dear little song, As he jumped every morn from his bed ; He can make a salmon, and ere very long He thinks he can stand on his head. The years drag on slowly with him, for he talks Every day of " when he is a man," And regrets that his mother his progress e'er balks, And keeps him a child while she can. >"> 773. A Tramp's SI rntagrm. Four tramps applied at a farm house for alms. ' Well," said the farmer, " I have a piece of work that will require 200 hours' labor. If you want to do it, I will pay you $20, and you can divide the work and the money among yourselves as you see fit." The tramps agreed to do the work on these conditions : " HOW, l>oys," gaid one of the tramps, who was at the same time the laziest and the most intelligent of the four, "there is no use of all four of us doing the same amount of work. Let's draw lots to gee who fhall work the most hours a day and who the fewest. Then let each man work as many days as he does hours a day.'' The plan being agreed to, the lazy tramp took good care that chance should designate him to do the least number of hours of work. Now how were the 200 hours of work allotted so tluit each tramp should work as many hours a day as he did days, and yet so that no two tramps should work the same number of hours .' Tfo. 771.- In my Garden. I planted me a garden ; Like Hetty Prince's pig, It was not very little. Nor was it very big ; Book of Puzzles. 95 But' 'twas the funniest planting ; I'll tell the story, mind, But what I planted brought to me I'll leave for you to find. Wall Street I scattered duly ; A mourning Cupid's dart ; The mouths of Xed and Flora ; Good deeds heralded not ; An ancient pair of bellows ; A secret hid from view ; The filmy web of spiders ; A cough that's bad for you. What Adam lost in Eden ; A patient man's grief sign ; The headgear of a friar. And a regret of mine ; An uncanny woman's colour ; A certain shade of blue ; A wish to aid a venture, And surgeon's business too. Ho. 775. An Enigma. An article which a drummer must use is formed by adding nothing to a treasury of knowledge. It is a source of profit to pub- lishers, indispensable to bankers, contains officers of courts and legislative assemblies, and brings to mind forests in summer. Jlo. 77O. Phonetic Charade. FIRST. He is smart, he is fine, and oh, what a shine ! In cities he's quite often seen, And I very well know, though you did not say so, You have noticed the fellow I mean. SECOND. In the dusky shade of the forest glade I lie in wait for food : I watch and spring, and the murdered thing Never dares to call me rude. WHOLE. In the meadow land 'mid the grass I stand, My bonny bright mates and I ; Then s^me day, little maid,I growhalf afraid, And far, far away I fly. Tto. 777. ?fu:iierical Enigma. I am composed of nine letters. My 3, 4, 7, 8 is to jump. My 6, 7, 3, 8, 9 is a proper name. My 5. 7. :<, 4 is what sailors dread. My 1,2, 7 is a beverage. My whole is a rapid transmitter of news. Jfo. 779. DeJphlnlsed Poetry. The following may be turned into a familiar rhyme for young folks: I cherish much affection for diminutive grimalkin ; her external covering is well adapted to check radiation of heat ; and provided I refrain from inflicting pain on her, she will commit no act injurious to myself. I will neither protract forcibly her caudal appendage, nor inimically banish her from my presence ; but my feline friend and I, mutually will indulge in recreation. As she takes sedentary repose in proximity to the ignited carbon, I desire vehemently to present her with a modicum of aliment ; and the subject of my lines shall have no option but to entertain tender regard for me, on account of my admirable behaviour. >>. 7SO -Enigmatical Birds. Part of a fence. A distant country. A seventy gun ship. Spoil at core. A colour (firit syllable) and a beginning (second syll- able). To lay partly over and a part of a bird. A small block put on the end of a screw to hold it in place and a small fire- work. fio. 781. Geographical Conundrums. 1. What country expresses sorrow 1 2. What land expresses keen resentment 1 3. What land does a small child of five wish to be in ] 4. What country would a hungry man relish 1 .". What country would a miser like as a present I fi. What land is travelled over most in winter .' Sfo. 7S. Who am I t I am seen in the west and felt in the east ; You'll find me wherever there's pleasure or feast ; In the evening I'm present and ready for tea ; With dinner or breakfast I always make free. I am constant at chess, piquet, or ecarte, Tho' you never will meet me at ball or at party. A gentleman cannot be seen without me ; A sailor will find me whene'er he's at sea. A schoolboy will catch me at cricket or race, And at Epsom, or Derby, or Leger I've place. Now, surely by this my name you can tell, Unless that, like truth, I am hid in a well. Jfo. 778. Pled quotation*. 1. "Sword thouwit ghoutsth renev ot vhenea og." 2. " Owlkneedg dan sodwim raf morf gineb eon evah tafnietis on cootinceun.' 1 Xo 783. Phonetic Charade. Tinkling softly down the lane, Brindle's coming home again ; Stretched before the firelight's glow Tabby's ringing soft and low ; The poet rests, his task is o'er Who can tell ti*. name he bore ' 9 6 Everybody's 5fo. 784.- Floral Anagram. Untouched by art, no grace we crave, Save what the soil and nature gave ; Empiric skill would dim the fair Pure colour pained of Nature's care ; Ambitious human creatures try, Illusively, with Nature vie ; Not we with artful daub attaint, To nature true, we ne'er use paint. !fo. 7*5. -TTnmerloal F.iiigiiia. 3, 11,7, 9, 2, 6, is the name of a man re- nowned for his strength. 12, 8, 13, 5, 1, is an evergreen tree, produc- ing long, flat, brown-coloured pods, filled with a mealy, succulent pulp, which in times of scarcity have been used for food, and called " St. John's bread." It is a native of Spain. Italy and the Levant. 1<>. H, 4, is ' fixed," to " appoint," " to as- sign." "a number of things of the same kind, onlinarily used together." The whole, of 14 letters, is a leading event in American his- tory, ab mt the time of the Revolution. JSo. 7S. < i I.--. \\ ord. My first is in snow seen, but never in rain, While lake, but not pond, doth my second contain. My third is in pitcher ; in bowl it is not ; My fourth is in kettle, though absent from pot ; My fifth is in straight, but is no part of sound. In all of these places my whole may be found. Xo. 7*7. Beheading*. 1. Behead " beyond the bounds of a conn- try" and have " wide"; again, and have "an open way or public passage." _'. I'.ehead 'a small shcot or branch," and have ' to petition"; again, and have ' a line of light" ; again, and have " yea," " yes." 3. Behead " worthless matter," and have "precipitate" ; again, and have the name of a genus of trees common in our latitude. There is a mountain species. > .. 7SS A Riddle. A cavern dark ard long, \Vhrmv is-ue wail and song; A red bridge moist and strong, Where white-robed millers throng Wo. T A Poellral KfTu-i,.,, Dols. 20 Shirt* ......... Handkerchiefs 40 Jfo. 79O. Decapitation. In the skies, a bird, I soar High above the ocean's roar. If my head you heartless take, As on the crags the billows break, I rise again above the rock That stands unshaken by the shock. Again beheaded, and I moan The words breathed out with many a groan Of shipwrecked souls, fcehead once-more, I am a fish that shuns the shore. Apply the guillotine again, And loud assent I give : Amen I Total dm- .................. DolB. 1 13 >' 791. Diagonal*. The diagonals, from the upper left hand corner to the lower right hand corner, will spell the name of a little cripple figuring in one of Dickens' stories. Cross Word- 1. Affliction. 2. The small- est kind of type used in English printing. 3. The owner of a famous box which is fabled to have been bestowed l>y Jupiter. 4. A man who attends to a dray. 5. A large artery. 6. Conciliatory. 7. A reward or recompense. Ho. ->: \ Puzzling Problem. A sailor had on board thirty men, fifteen white and fifteen black. It becoming neces- sary to lighten the vessel, he wished to throw overboard the black ones. It was agreed that he should count out fifteen men by tens every tenth man to be thrown over. How must he have placed the men so that the lot would not fall on any white man .' Tfo. 793. A Diamond. 1. A letter. 2. A film. 3. Decreased. 4. One who is unsteady. 5. A producer. 6. Chided. 7. To retard. 8. A twig. 9. A letter. Xo. 701. One of \atui-f'- IVonder*. 'Neath ocean's foam I make my home ; About me much is said. Sometimes I'm white or very light, And sometimes I am red. Thro' many years, as it appears, Millions of insects small Their lives laid down my fame to crown, All glory to them all. But greedy man my form will scan, And tear me from my home. Thro' stranger lauds in golden bands I'm sometimes forced to roam. The ladies fair. neck, arms and hair Witli me will oi't adorn, Nur think tint \vue my heart would know Had 1 a heart to mourn. By nature's Innd I'm rough as sand, I'.ut man will interfere. An 1 change me so I scarcely kuow Myself, I feel Book of Puzzles. 97 KEY TO L Picture puzzle Why is a conundrum like a monkey? Answer: It is farfetched and troublesome. 2. Enigma A leaf. 3. Arithmetical tangle It would seem at flrgt view that this is impossible, for how can half an egg be sold without breaking any of the eggs? The possibility of this seeming im- possibility will be evident, when it is con- sidered, that by taking the greater half of an odd number, we take the exact half plus % When the countrywomen passed the first guard, she had 29o eggs; by selling to that guard 148, which is tho half plus } ._,', she had 147 remaining ; to the second guard she disposed of 74, which is the major half of 147; and, of course, after selling 37 out of 73 to the last guard, she had still three dozen remaining. 4. A Star C M A RELATED ELUDED LUNAR MADAME CATERER E D D 5. Conundrums (a) Because he speaks of his corsair, (b) Because it has veins in it. (c) The elder tree, (d) Because they are leg- ends (e) Because he drops a line at every post, (f) Because he ''who steals his purse, steals trash." (g) Your voice is lost on him. (h) Because they are all numbered, (i) Two; tho inside and the outside, (j) Because it is flesh and blood, (k) Yesterday. No. 6. Anagrams: Caleb Plummcr; Bet- sey Trot wood; David Copperfield; Sairey Gamp; Nicholas Nickleby; Tilly Slowboy; Nancy Sykes; Sam Weller; Florence Dom- bey; Dick Bwiveller; Oliver Twist; Baruaby Rudge. No. 7. Enigma: Hood. No. 8. Riddle: Bark. No. 9. Pictorial rebus: When a man eats honey with a knife he cuts his tongue. No. 10. Syncopations: St(r)ay; ch(a)in; mo(r)at; co(a)st; pe(a)rt; se(v)er; no(i)se; ;>a(s)te Rara Avis. No. 11. Poetical charade: Birch broom. No. 12. Conundrums: (a) With a will (b) Down Easter, (c) One goes to sea the other ceases to go. (d) Don't pay your wat r rates, (e) Because he looks down on the valley (valet). (OSandY. (g) The letter M. (h) Dickens Howitt Burns, (i) When it's in a garden (Enoch Garden). No. 13. Charade: Book- worm. No. 14. A Letter Puzzle: "Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just." King Henry VI. Part 2; Act 3; Scene 2. No. 15. Enigmatical List of Trees: a, pear tree; b, caper tree; c, beech tree; d, cedar (ceder) ; e, medlar (meddler) ; f , bay ; g, pine; h, service tree; i, juniper tree; j, date: k, box; 1, honeysuckle; m, peach tree; n, codling; o, fir tree; p, birch; q, broom; r, bleeding heart cherry. No. 10. A Puzzler for Old and Young: a, Alice all ice; b, Violet violent; c, Rose proser; d, Ellen belle; e, Rachel ache; f, Gertrude rude; g, Bertha earth ; h, Ara- bellaAbelArab; i, Emma Euunaus; j, Caroline carol. No. 17. The Two Travelers. 69-37 miles from Wolverhampton. No. 18. Enigma in Prose. Note. No. 19. Conundrums: a, Adriatic; b, When it is a tea-thing (teething); c, Into his eleventh year; d, Because all the rest are in audible; e. Because it must be ground before it is used; f, Because they are regular, irreg- ular and defBctive; g, When it is due (dew) in the moruii ;j and missed (mist) at night; h, Metaphysi ian; i, Because it is listed and trained and has ten drills and shoots. 20. Double Word Enigma Highway Rob- bery. 21. Rebus Spear: Pears; Rape; Reap; Pare; Apes; Peas; Ears; Rase; Sear; Rasp; Asp; Par; Rap; Rep; Sap; Arc; Parse. 2L'. Word Puzzles a, Incomprehensi- bility; b, Invisibility; c, Revolutionary; Elo- cutionary, Unquestionably. 23. The number of letters contained in each numeral. 24. Word Square 9 8 Everybody's BRACES REGENT AGENDA CENTER ENDEAR 8 TARRY 25. Charade No-thing. M. Pictorial Proverb A bird in the bond is worth two in the bush. Knigma A kiiJ. 28. Conundrums , a Seven; b, Nothing; c, Conundrum; d, Dotage; e, Stocks. 29. Decapitation: Grant, (a) G-oat. (b) R-eeL (c) A-den. (d) N-ape. (e) T-ray. 80. The number forty-five: The first is 8, to which 2 being added makes 10; the second from which 2 being subtracted leaves 10; tho third is 3, which being multiplied by 2 produces 10; the fourth is 20, which being divided by 2, the quotient is 10. ::i. Enigma in rhyme: Cricket 82L-Riddle: COXCOMB. S3. Card board puzzle: A simple ;<>n of the annexed figure will show bow the pieces must be ar- ranged to form the IT' '^. 34. Geographical Enigma: Adelaide and IIT friend Helena went shopping. Adelaide wore an ulster and a crescent pin. Helena wore a Thibet cloth suit and a black hat, They bought some green dress goods, a pearl ring, St. John's pirturo and some mull for a drees for Christiana. "St. Charade: Stone. Conundrums: (a) Because there are always a great many deals in it. (b) IV. (c) Because- she tries to get rid of her weeds, (d) Because it produces a corn (acorn), (e) Be- cause every year its doubling (Dublin), (f) Because it has no points, (g) Bolt it. (h) Be- ause they are put off the next day. (j) Because words are con- i th.-m. (k) When it Ixjar you. (1) A wheelwright (in) A ditHi. No. 87. Rebus : Shy lock; Ilamlot; Au- .;!'."; lYr- <l-ti. ; ! -niiia; SHAKE- IS PK . : lustratod Proverb: "When th OfttS away the mice will play." No. 80. Anagram: Light of a lantern. No. 40. Diac-oii-so-late (disconsolate). No. 41. A prose enigma: A leaf. No. 42. Numerical puzzle: The youngest sold first 7 for a penny, and the other two sisters sold at the same rate, when the eldest sister had 1 odd apple left, and the second sister 2, and the youngest 3 apples. Now, these apples the buyer liked so well that h camo again to the youngest sister, and boughl of her 3 apples at 3 pence apiece, when she had 10 pence ; and the second sister thought she would get the same price, and sold her 2 apples for 3 pence apiece, when she had 10 pence; and the eldest sister sold her 1 ap- ple for 3 pence, when slie had 10 penoe. Thus they all sold the same number of apples for a penny, and brought home the same money. No. 43. Conundrums: a, Because every watch has a spring in it; b, Because the spring brings out the blades; c, A pieeemaker; d, They both wear white ties aiid take orders. No. 4-i. A n E xt raordiuary Dinner : Soupi a, mock turtle; b, tomato. Fish: a, sole; b, flounder. Entree: Quail with bacon, on toast. Roasts: a, turkey; b, lamb; c, goose. Vegetables: a, potato; b, peas; c, beets; d, cabbage. Dessert: a, rhubarb pio; b, float- ing island. Nuts: a, chestnut; b, ground- nut; c, butternut. Fruits: a, orange; b, peaches; c, pears; d, bananas. No. 45. Hollow Square: Spade, easel, level, spool. No. 46. Enigma in Rhyme: Highlow. No. 47. Robinson Crusoe: a, grape gape b, po; c, cabin Cain; d, ideal deal; e, nun f, snow no\v; g, boat bat; h, throne- throe; i, dark lark; j, crab cab; k, mouth moth; 1, spit pit; in, coat cat; n, beacon- bacon. No. 48. Conundrums: a, when there's t loiik in it ; b, because her nobles are, tremen df'tis swells and her people, only serfs; c, out - tin* train and tho other trains Mil misses: d, would rather the elephant killed tho gorilla; e. '-tho judicious Hooker." No. 49. Riddle in Verse: Carnation. No. 50. S w K n T'U P'TO' T H E'T E RH i N u s'U N r. n a S'W I T H'A C n E 8'A N D'P A I N-QllI E VOU 8 L Y'S A D'H E'l F'W E A K'H A 8'H I S'B O N N Y'D A U O n T E R'A N D'll I S'U n A V K'S O N'T G'C A R E'P O ITII I M'S O H n O WD O E S'N O T' SEC ITS O'll E A V Y'l N H I S'F E E B L E R' s T A T E'u r/n A s-i. n A n N r. I>-T o - n E'g u i K T'A N D'R E 8 I li X E l)'A X D'T O'D E'P E A C E F U L No. .11. Enigma: TonnvMin. No. 52. Arithmetical Puzzle: The num. ber of dinners is 5,040, and thirteen years anc more than nine months would be tho space OJ time in which tho club would cat tho din, oers. Book of Puzzles. 99 53. Connected Diamonds: S P BUN ALE SUGAR PLUMS N A a EMU R S No. 54. Illustrated Conundrum: "Now for a good lick." No. 55. (a) Smart, (b) Churchill, (c) Cow per. (d) Keats, (e) Mason, (f) Parnell. (g Pindar, (h) Pope. No. 56. Conundrums: (a) One Is blacl with soot and the other suited with black (b) Because you can't have beauty withoul them, (c) Because it once had a Soloi (sole on), (d) Whisky, (e) R U C D (areyo seedy) ? Epigram. A little child observed the other day Some youthful porkers frisking at their play; And thus she thought: Since men on these do dine, Surely some solemn thoughts befit these swine 5 ' Her confidence in grunters greatly shaken, Said she "I wonder if pigs know they're Bacon T No. 57. A Monument: A M D o a AND D o u B T HOMES M O D K L E R TRANS IT PROS TRATE No. 58. Cardboard Puzzle: Divide the piece of card into five steps, and by shifting the pieces the desired figures may be obtained. No. 59. Historical Enigma: Arthur, Duke of Wellington. Douro, Salamanca, Water- loo. (1.) Add. (8.) Uriel. (16.) La. (2.) Rollo (!).) Kappa. (17.) It. (o.) Tu. (10.) Elm. (18.) Name. (4.) Hair. (11.) Opera. (19.) Guitar. (5.) U o (i:J.) Frown. (20.) Tall. (6.) Ross. (13.) Wic k. (21.) Ohio. (7.) Diana. (14.) Ezra. (22.) No. (15.) Law. No. CO. Charade: Paper Cutter. No. 01. Biblical conundrums: (a) A little before Eve. (b) Preserved pears. (c) When a little mustard seed sprang up and iraxed a great tree, (d} When sha pulled h,'s ears and trod on his corns, (e) Joshua '.he son of Nun. (f) Ho had three miserable comforters and they were all \\orsh\l. (<r) The elephant, for he c:irri-d his trunk with him. (h) When K\v pn-.-rnt d Adam with a little Cain (cane), (i ) Early in the Fall. Appropriate Mottoes. Here are a few appropriate mottoes it will be well for you never to overlook, and you can quote them in a Solomonesque manner to your friends: For opticians Mind your eye. For old maids Marry come up. For hairdressers Two heads are better than one. For cooks Onion is strength. For auctioneers Sold again. For thieves True as steel. For retired authors Above proof. For cobblers Never too late to mend. For surgeons Go it, you cripples. For cabmen Hire and hire. For milkmen Chalk it up. For postmen True to the letter. For ugly people The plain truth. For editors Follow my leader. For jewelers All is not gold that glitters. And, lastly, for everybody Mind your own business. Happygram. Whoever wrote this will kindly accept our congratulations on hishappygram: "The bells are all ringing for parsons to preach How delightful to Christians the fact is! Oh I when will the peals my sad tympanum reach, Of bells for the parsons to practice?" Key to th Puzzler. No. 62. Half Square: PORTMANTE A U OPERATIONS. RESETTLED T RENTALS MA T T E R S ATTAR S N I L L S TOES END A S U No. 63. Poetical Charade: Tea cup. No. 64. A Spring Time Pyramid: Septua- gesima Sunday. No. 65. Anagrams: (a) Congregationalist. (h) Scythe. (b) Pachydermatous. (i) Yachts. (c) Radical reform. (j) Beyond. (d) Fashionable. (k) Apostles. (e) Masquerade. (1) Enough. (f) Diplomacy. (m) Ancestor. (g) Maidenly. (n) Felicity. E 2 TOO Everybody s ito. CO. Arithmetical Puzzle: Jane earns 3s. 3d. per week. Ann earns 2s. 7d, per week. Joe earns Is. lid. per week. Bet earns Is. 5d. per week- Rose earns Is. Id. per week. Jim earns 8d. per week. No. 67. Pictorial Puzzle: Why is a man running in debt like a clock? Answer Bo- cause he goes on tick. No. 68. Conundrums: (a) A needle and thread, (b) Not-ioe. (c) Coals. No. CO. Decapitation: Cod. No. 70. Word Progression: Pen, Pence, Pension, Penury. No. 71. Pictorial Proverb: "Care killed oat" Ko. 72. Acrostic: A r E na P a L sy b E ; LoEss OsMic OlOat E n S ue T i- Y st 1 n N er C li A nt Aril u\v LoYal Apologctical. Eleemosynary. No. 73 Enigma ii. Prose: Dog. No. 74. Conundrums: (a) Because it Is between two eyes. (l>) Because it is an in- ward check on tlie outward man. ((.) The tSnufTer. (d) Chaucer, (e) What does y-o-s (poll? (f) Because a toil (tale) comes out of bis head. Na 75. For Wise Heads: Guelphs and Qulbelines. Greenwich Observatory. (1.) Grog. (8.) Arc(h). (15.) Ev(e) (.'.) Ur. (9.) Noah. (16.) Laura. V.) Eye, 00.) Do. (17.) It. (t.) Lie, (11.) Grub. (18.) No. (5.) Pain. (12.) Us. (19.) Ever. |8.) Haw. (13.) Ire, (20.) Surly. (7) 8i(x). (14.) Boer. Na .7(1 Word Syncopations: A-era-to. Co-log-ne. Col-la ps-e. Co-ai-d. No. *7. The Hidden Poet Wordsworth, Na 78. Enigmatical Animal: Aye-aye, rabbit, wild cat, roe buck. No. 79. Pictorial Ilebus As busy as a hen with one chick. No.80. Conundrums: (a)GorG. (b) Because It makes even cream cream, (c) Because it's n eternal transport (d) Because it is at the J^glnnlna ol sneezing, (e) The letter r. <f) ifec&iis* he always looks down In the mouth. No. bl. Who or what was it aud whora No. 83. Illustrated Conundrum: When may the farmer and his hens rejoice to- gether? Answer: When their crops are full No. 83. Riddle in Prose: The letter V. No. 84. Enigma by Cowper: A kiss. No. 85. Arithmetical Puzzle: The four figures are 8888, which being divided by a line drawn through the middle become eight O's, or nothing. No. 86. Enigma: Napoleon. No. 87. Conundrums: a, Eye; b, United- untied; c, he gets wet; d, a pack of cards; e, upon his wedding eve; f, one is 44 and tbe other is 24; g, eight cats; h, a hole. No. 88. Charade Letter, by Charles Fox: Footman. No. 89. Syncopations Monkey. No. 90. Hour Glass: TRADERS RAISE ICE K EEL RANGE SLASHED Na 91. Mathematical Puzzle: This Is the Bamo as to find a number, which being di- vided by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, there shall remain 1, but i eing divided by 7, thero shall remain nothing; aud the least number, which will answer the conditions of the questions, is found to be 301, which was therefore the number of eggs the old woman had in her basket. Na 90. Word Building: Too wise you are, too wise you be, I see you aro too wise for r.ie. No. 93. The Grasping Landlord: No. 94. -Pi: First the blue and then the shower; Bursting bud, and smiling flower; Brooks set free with tinkling ring; Birds too full of song to sing; Crisp old leaves astir with pride. Where the timid violets bide All things ready with a will- April's coming up the hill! Na W. -Riddle In Kbyme: Noon, Bovk of Puzzles. tot No. 06. Combination Star: From 1 to 3, boaster; 1 to 3, blesses; 2 to 3, reasons; 4 to 5, Btaters; 4 to G, satiate; 5 to 6, systole. En- closed D'i -nond: 1. T. 2. Mad. 3. Tares. 4. Den. 5. S. No. 97. Words within Words: a, T-ape-r; b, p-lane-t; c, p-run-e;cl, p-arson-s; e, s-hoofc-s; f, 1-amen-t; g, b-oar-d. No. 93. Charade: Philadelphia. No. 99. Entangled Scissors. The scissors may be released by drawing the noose up- ward through the eye of the scissors and passing it completely over them. No. 100. Beheadings: Lafayette; a, 1-arch; b, a-loft; c, f-lung; d, a-bout; e, 7-ours; f, e-rase; g, t aunt; h, t-ease; i, e-vent. No. 101. The Gentlemen and Their Serv- ants: Two servants go over first, one takes back the boat; two servants go over again, and one returns with the boat; two gentle- men go over, a gentleman and a servant take back the boat ; then two gentlemen go over, and a servant iakes back the boat, brings over one of bis dishonest friends, and then returns for tha c^her. No. 102. Hidden Authors: a, Butler; b, Temple; c, Hunt; d, Spencer; e, Grey; f, Lamb; g, Boyle; h, Bacon; i, Swift; j, Shel- ley; k, Pope. No. 103. Transposition: Pots tops; stop post. No. 104. Double Acrostic: Primals and finals Weather prophet. (a) W arhoop P. (b) E xplore R. (c) A riost O. (d) T urni P, (e) II anna H. (f) E yri E. (g) R es T. No. 105. The Carpenter's Puzzle: Magic Figures. Put down iu. figures the year in which you were born; to this add 4; then add your ago at next birthday, providing it comes before Jan. 1, otherwise your age at last birthday; multiply result by 1,000; from this deduct G77,42i>; substitute for the figures corres- ponding letters of the alphabet, as A for 1, B for U, C for 3, D for 4, etc. The result will give the name by which you are popularl7 known. Trv it and you will be surprised. No. 106. Charades: (a) Footstool. (b) Lovely, (c) Peerless, (d) Restore. ie) Book- casa (f) Waistcoat (g) Heartsease, (b) Verbal Jugglery. Ho took C from chair, and made ic hair, Ho put this C on ape, and it became cbpc; He took cur, and by adding E ir>ado it euro; From Norfolk he took II, and made it No-folk; Ho transposed Cork, and made it rock; He emitted E from plume, and made it plum. No. 107. Enigma: Ear then ware. No. 108,-Half Square: PRESAGED REMOVED EMBLEM 8 O L A R AVER GEM E D D No. 109. A Riddle in Rbyme: Vowels. No. 110. A Remarkable Monogram: Al- phabet. No. 111. Two Diamond*: N T HOE TEA NOONS TENTS END ATE S 8 No. 112. Conundrums: a, Dutch S: b, Herein he her - bere ere rein in ; p. Yes, unquestionably; d, It is deriding (D riding), o, Hannah. No. 113. Enigma: Horn. No. 114. Transformations: (a) White, while, whale, shale, stale, stalk, stack, slack, black; (b) neat, seat, slat, slam, slum, glum, grum, grim, prim; (c) hate, have, lave, love; (d) saxe, sale, hale, hole, pole, pope; (e) hand, hard, lard, lord, ford, fort, foot; (f) blue, gluo, glnm, slum, slam, slat, seat, peat, pent, pint, pink; (g) hard, card, cart, cast, east, easy ; (h) sin, son, won, woe. No. 115. Anagrams: (a) Misanthrope; (b) monarch; (c) Old England; (d) punishment; (e) Presbyterian; (f) penitentiary; (g) radical reform; (h) revolution; (i) telegraphs. No. 116. Transposition: Stripes Persist. No. 117. Easy Word Squares: (a) L A N E (b) N N B AREA OVER NEAR NEAR BARS SUBS 102 Everybody s Ho. lia Floral Puzzle: 18, 26, 82, 24, 25, 53, 84, 28, 35, 23, 27, 21, 31, 82, 25, 24, 18, 16, 10, 13, 17, 24, 80, 81, 82, 31, 23, 16, 15, 22, 15, 16, 9, 23, 15, 8, 1, 9. 8, 15, 23, 22, 29, 4, 10, 11, 13, 28, 25, 18, 12, 5, 6, 7, 6, 13, 14, 8, 10, 2, I, Rose. Tulip. Pink. Aster. V&tleaa. SsJvIa. Ivy. Lilly. Lilac. Heliotrope. rein. BeiL No. 110. Word Building: Cur. Cure. CurL Curfew. Curate. Cur>L Curt Curb. No. 120. Box Puzzle: Chest-nut, Wal(l)- nut, ground-nut, beech-nut, Brazil-nut, hazel- nut, butter-nut, pea-nut, cocoa-nut, gall-nut. No. 121. Illustrated Rebus: W-hat IS auee for the goose IS sauce for the gander. No. 122. A Transposition: Mental lament mantle. No. 123. Dropped Syllables: (a) Em-broid- ery, (b) Low-er-ing. (c) Dc-sert-er. (d) A-sy-lum. (e) En-coun-ter. lv>. 124. Riddle: Four merry fiddlers played all night To many a dancing ninny, And the next morning went away, And each received a guinea. No, 125. Tho Bishop of Oxford's puzzle: Eye. Drums. Feet. Nails. Soles. Muscles. Palms. Talips. Calves. Hares. Heart (Hart). Lashes. Anns. Vanes. Instep. Chest. Ayes & Noes. Pupils. Tendons. Temples. Crown. Gums. Eyes. Pallett-e, Skull Bridge. Shoulder-s. L. Bows. Cords. No. U!G. An Ocean Wonder: Submarine * cable. No. 127. Square and Circle Puzzle: 9 o o O o o o o ' o ) No. 128. Anagram: (a) Masticate, (b) At- nxwpbere. If) Otherwise, (d) Violently, (e) Anagrams, (f) Springfield. No. 1 i Kni^Mia: The boys that robbed Dame Partlett's nest Had only seven eggs at best The greatest wag of all took four; The second two in order bore; The la*t with one away was packed And so your good egg-nigma's cracked. No. 130. Authors' Enigma: a, Dryden; b, Prior; c, Shelley; d, Young; e, Coleridge; f, Campbell; g, Whittier; h, Reade; i, Bryant; J, Stowe; k, Moore; 1, Hale; m, Dickens. No, 131. Beheadmcnt and Curtailment: Cod. No. 182. A Square: 8 L E N T I E L E E T S 8 T E A D S T E R M R M E E A D No. 133. A Pictorial Charade: Ear-wig. No. 134. An Old Proverb: Too many cooks spoil the broth. 1.) Thirteenth. (5.) Adverb. (2.) Overcoat (G.) Nectarine. (3.) Octavo. (7.) Youth. (4.) Masquerader. (8.) Cinque Port No. 135. Word Progression: Dog, don, dan, man. Ape, map, man. Skate, slate, slant, sloat, gloat, goats, coats, coast Bay, boa, ban, man. Book, rook, rood, road, read. No. 136. Poetical Charade: Ann-ounce, No. 137. An Enigma in Prose: Mouth. No. 138. Divided words: Candlemas, Valentine. 1. Con-vent 2. Adam-ant 3. Neck-lace. 4. Dog's-car. 5. Luck-now. G. Even-tide. 7. Made-ira. 8. Alter-nation. 9. Sharp-ens. No. 139. Beheadment and Curtailment: Glimpse limps imp. No. 140. Cardboard Puzzle: Double the cardboard or leather length- ways down the middle, and then cut first to tho right, nearly to the end (the narrow way), and then to the left, and so on to the end of tho card ; then open it, and cut down tho middle, except the two cuds. Tho dia- gram shows'tho proper cuttings. By open- ing tho card or leather, a person may pass through it A laural leaf may bo treated in tho samo manner. No. 14l.-Anthm3tical Puzzle: 19^. No. 143. Conundrums: (a) His danshter. (b) When ho blept with his forefathers. (c) One, after whijh his stomach w-s not mpty. Book of Puzzles. 103 No. 143. Quaint and Curious: a, Powell; b, Hood; c, Wordsworth; d, Eastman; e, Cole- ridge; f, Longfellow; g, Stoddard; h, Tenny- son; i, Tennyson; j, Alico Gary; k, Coleridge; 1, Alico Cary; m, Campbell; n, Bayard Tay- lor: o, Osgoocl; p, T. S. Perry- No. 144. Double Acrostic: L ime S I mmi T V irg O E lie N R ass E No. 145. An Easy Charade: Sparrow- hawk. No. 146. A Diamond: M COB MONEY COLORED MONO GA MIA BERATED YEMEN D I D A No. 147. Pictiire Puzzle: Old King Cole Was a merry old soul, And a merry old roul was he; He called for his pipe, And he called for his bowl, And he call&d for his fiddlers three. No. 14d The Famous Forty-five: Ths Jst is 8; to which add 2, the sum is M The '.'d is 12; subtract 2, the remainder Is.10 The 8d is 5; multiplied by 2, the product is. ,.U The 4th b 20; divided by 2, tha quotient ia. . . 10 a No. 149. Enigma: Africa. No. 150. Tangles for Sharp Wits: Sarda- BApalus Septuagesima. ScissorS A x 1 E R a P v D e b T A m II sed N o v A A 1 m u G .Pa ti o ncE ArquebuS \L o I re tU 1 M ' SarsaparillA No. 151. The Three Jealous Husbands: This may bo effected in two or three waj-s; the following may bo as good as any: Let A and wife go over let A return let B's and C's wives go over A's wifo returns B and C go over B and \vifo return, A and B go over C's wife returns, and A's and B's wives go over then C comes back for his jBimjple as this Question may appear, it Is found In the works of Alcnln, who flourished a thousand years ago, hundreds of years before the art of printing was invented. No. 152. A Plebeian Waltzer: A Broom. No. 15o. A Diamond: H E E O ARROW H E R R I C K ONION ACE K No. 154. Anagrams: Benignant, Sub- verted, Calumniated, Impeachments. No. 155. Enigma: Friendship. No. 156. Illustrated Rebus: T read O Na worm 'Andy T Will T urn. Tread on a worm and it will turn. No. 157; Political Cor.undrum: Imagina- tion. No. 158. Literary Anagrams: (a) Les Miserables. (a) Victor Hugo. (b) Our Mutual Friend, (b) Dickens. (c) The Newcomes. (c) Thackeray. (d) Madcap Violet (d) William Black, (c) Caxtons. (e) Bulwer Lytton. (f) Ivanhoo. (f) Sir Walter Scott. (g) Hyperion. (g) Longfellow. (h) The Alhambra, (h) Washington Ir- ving. (i) The Scarlet Letter, (i) Hawthorne, (j) Oliver Twist. (j) Dickens. No. 159. Pictorial Proverb: Badd Wo'erK men COM plane of T-hair Two Ls. Bad workmen complain of their tools. No. ICO. Double Acrostics: GiG; Al; LeaR; LA; IF; OF; TreE. Initial Letters: Galliot; finals, Giraffo. No. 1C1. An Enigma: Bill Nye. No. 1G2. Riddles: (a) Joseph, when ha was taken from the family circle and put into the pit. (b) The tongue, (c). fee cause they are men of size (sighs), (d) Be- cause it contains a merry thought, (c) Be- cause no one has f urnishcJ as many stock quotations, (f) When on a lark, (g) Stop a minute, (h) For fear of falling out. (i) When it is all oa one side, (j) When ha folds it. (k) Because it goes from mouth to mouth. (1) Preserved pears (pairs), (m) A caudle, (n) Because ho makes both ends meet. No. 163. A Showman's Cemetery: Toad, ram, mare, ermine, fos, es, ferret, deer, rat, donkey, ounce, horse, mouse, tiger, bear, bull, zebu, zebra, elk, cow, calf, cat, buck, stag, llama, sable, roe, seal, doe, hart, yak, emu, gnu, eland, ass, swine, sloth, ewe, weasel, hare. No. 164. Charade for Young Folks: Sand 104 Everybody's , 163. A Diamond i F FOR CORES FORCEPS PORCELAIN R E E L E C T SPACE S I T N No. 1G8. A Riddle in Rhyme: A blush. No. 167. Problem of Money: I, 2, 3, 4, 5, fl, 7, S, 9, 10 half dimes. Placo 4 upon 1, 7 upon 9, 5 upon 0, 2 upon C, and 8 upon 10. No. 1GS. Beheadings: A-scribo. B-onus, D-ada No. 169. Pictorial Decapitations: Wheel, heel, e*l; brace, race, ace: scowl, cowl, owl; tone, *x>n, one. No. 170. Enigmatical Writer: Helen Hunt Jackson. No. 171. Anagram of Authors: (a) Will- lam Cullen Bryant (b) Robert H. NowelL (c) Albion W. Tourgee. (d) Henry Ward Beecher. (e) Helen ilathcr. (0 Charles Lever, (g) Washington Irving, (h) Cath- arine Owen, (i) May Agnes Fleming, (j) Will Carleton. (k) Horatio Alger, Jr. (1) John Qrecnleaf Whittier. (m) F. Bret Harte. (n) Horace E. Scudder. (o) Doug- las JerroliL (p) Henry Wadsworth Lous- fellow. No. 172. Word Rebus: A wl-man-ai al- manacs. No. 173. A Figurative Epitaph: 4128 Nought for one to ate: 04120 Nought for one to sigh for (cipher) ; 02 80 4128 Nought too weighty for one to ato; 2 45 4 Nought to fortify for. No. 174. Beheadings: Charleston, (a) C- rusli. (b) H-asp. (c) A-gato. (d) R-ieo. (c) L-ono. (0 E-bony. (g) i>-wing. (h) T-raco. (i) O-bey. [j] N-uiaber. No. 173. Octagr>?i No. 178. Numerical Enigma: "It is not all of life to lire nor all of dea:h to die." Quibbles: (a) Placo the coin on a table, then, turning round, take it up with tLo other bond, (b) Place the candle on hi* bead, taking caro there la no mirror in the room. Magical Increase. Tak9 a large drinking glass of conical form, that is small at the- bottom and larg at tho top, and, having put into it a quarter, fiii it about half way up with water; then place a plate upon tho top of tho glass and turn it quickly over, that the water may not escape. A piece of silver as largo as a half a dollar will immediately appear on the plato and, somewhat higher up, another piece the size of a quarter. No. ITS. Enigma: A name. No. 170. Dlustrated Puzzle: Gettysburg. 1, faGot; 2, spEar; 3, alTar; 4, otTcr; 5, drYad; 6, buSts; 7, EaBot; 8, frUit, 'J, cuRvo; 10, paGes. No. ISO. Tho Landlord Tricked : Begin to count with the sixth from the landlord. No 1S1. Double Acrostic: L IBP. KIT O E B R O R V A B H T I A PPL E N u H T n o u o H T No. 182. Geographical Puzzle: Ham (Hamburg); Turkey; Leg (Leghorn); So- ciety; Lookout; Friendly; Race; Long; Farewell No. 183. The Two Drovers: A had seven beep and B had five. No. 184. Enigma: Roses. No. ISo. Acrostic: Marlborough. No. 186. Word Dissection: Penmanship. No. 187. Familiar Quotations: (a) Hood, (b) Iloyt. r) Edwards, (d) Cornwall (e) Patmoro. (f) Bayard Taylor, (g) Tennyson, (h) Read, (i) Browning, (j) Smith, (k) Coleridge. (1) Wordsworth, (m) Coleridge, (n) Uervey. (o) Wordsworth, (p) Os^ood. No. 188. Pictorial Puzzle: Awl IS knot G-old THAT G-litt. rs. No. ISO. Word Building: Pardon. No. 1DD. Conundrum in Rhyme: An ap- ple. No. 191. Word Puzzb: Chart; hart; art; rat; tar. No. l'J2. -Concealed Animals: (a)Lion,camel, rat. panther, (b) Bear, larub, horse, ounce. No. li)3. Enigma: DAVID. No. 194, A Hidden Adage: On ST is the best Poll I see. Honesty is the best policy No. 105. Half Square: NOCTURNAL o c ii i: u o u 8 C H A N E B T E N U E S U R E 8 E O B 8 N U U A B L No. li)C. Cliflrade: Helpmate. Book of Puzzles. 105 Ko. 197. Arithmetical Nut I BIX IX IX X 8 I . X No. 193. Conundrum: Cares caress. No. 190. Riddles: (a) Their pair o' dice (paradise) was taken away, (b) Because vre cannot get them for nothing, (c) Decause be is a Jew-ill (J ewe1 )- W) Castanet, (c) Eo- cause he Is no better, (f) Because it ahvays runs over sleepers, (g) A pillow, (a) It is immaterial, (i) Because it is infirm, (j) Be- cause it makes him hold his jaw. No. 200. Double Acrostic: Trade wind sword knot. Cthline. Wick. 7th " Inflammation, 8th " Negro. 8th " Debt. 1st lino. Toss. 2d " Rainbow. 8d " Armadillo. 4th " Drummer. 6th " Errand. No. 20L Buried Cities: a, Mobile; b, Olean; c, Utica; d, Madras; e, Naples; f, Catskill; g, London; h, Hanover; i, Macon; j, Vandalia; k, Austin. No. 203. A Trick Puzzle: No. 203. Word Building: Tar tar rat rat. Tartar. No. 204. Mutation: Courtesy, No. 205. Enigmas: (a) Hay; (b) Eye; (c) Almanac. No. 200. Illustrated Central Acrostic: Cle- opatra L danCers; 2. vioLets; 8. pigEons; 4. corOnet; 5. sliPper; 0. pyrAmid; 7. hunTers; 8. actRess; 9. cavAlry. No. 207. A Wild Flower of Autumn j Golden Rod. No. 20S. A Dissected Word: O-pin-. No. 209. Anagrams: (a) Ramona, (a) Helen Jackson. (b) Old Town Folks, (b) Hrs. Stowo. (c) Vicar of Wakefield. (c) Goldsmith, (d) Vanity Fair. (d) Thackeray. (e) Lothair. (e) D'Lsroelt CQ Robert Falconer, (f) Q. Macdcnald. Ko. 210. Compound A'cfostlc: ALLUV I A X, XJ R C L I RESTRAIN A O U 8 T I O HEREUN I I TO ARTER I AX. UERID I AN No. 211. Quibbles: (a) Twenty-nine days; (b) The last person's left elbow; (c) The first person setts himself iu tL e other's lap. No. 212. Word Syncopations: (a) S(hill)- ing. (b) Lav (end) er. (c) M(ass)eter. (d) Op (era) tic, No. 213. Proverbs Within a Maze: Com- mence at A, the central letter. These pro- verbs are here contained. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Too many cooks spoil the broth. A live dog is more to be feared than a dead lion. You cannot cat your cake and have it. Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war. No. 21-1. A Bill cf Fare: (a) Bouillon, (b) Black bass, (c) Woodcock, (d) Beefsteak. (e) Graham bread. (0 Parsnips, (g) Mac- aroni and cheese, (h) Potatoes, (i) Succo- tash. (j) Lemon pie. (!:) Cranberries. (1) Tapicca pudding, (in) Orange ice. (i.) Rai- sins. (o) Almonds. No. 215. Poetical Enigma: A needle. Ko. 210. Pictorial Conundrum: "Why i3 a barber goina from his own shop to that cf another barber like cno who sails around the wcrldP Because he goes from pole to pole. No. 217. Vagaries: (a) IX; cross the I, it makes XX; (b) G G-G; (c) 79.2, six dozen dozen being CG4, and half a dozen dozen being 7~; (d) Eight cats; (e) Place tho Roman flgurca on a piece of paper and draw a line through the middle of them and the upper half will beVIL No. 218. Charade: Earth worm. No. 219. Runaway letters: Try, try c^ain. No. 2:^0. Omissions: Learned earned, Ravine a vino. Cargo Argo. Discov- ered is covered. No. 221. Magic squares: 5 80 E'J 73 Cl 3 C3 U 13 1 53 cr 28 71 20 1 4 11 Q 50 CO CO 3 C8 78 70 CB 40 38 45 f 40 SO *^4 G 7 C5 88 ,3 | 40 17 75 74 e-i 4S 42 44 3} 18 8 C7 10 47 2 M 22 61 72 13 CG 50 27 52 25 64 11 C2 1C C9 2 23 21 79 19 70 77 Sums: 123, 205. 287, 8C9. Ceqter. 41. io6 Everybody's No. 222. Geographical Beheadings: (a) K-opaL (b)P-rone. (c) K-raw. (d) H-owe. (e) B-wan. (0 J-ava. (g) T-anna, (h) P-alma. (i) R-hono. No. 223. Enigma In Rhyme: A d<->~. No. 224. Riddles: (a). Because neither of them can climb a treeey (b) Because it is cm ottic story, (c) Because they are tired, (a) A lyre, (o) Because it must be dork when they shine, (f) Because having eyes they see not, r ad ears they hear not (g) Absence of body, (h) A tanner, (i) The rose of the watering pot, because it rains over them all. (j) The goat turned to butter and the woman into a "scarlet runner." (k) Because he wants repairing. (1) Because they die kite (dilate), (in) When they make 23. No. 225. The Unlucky Hatter: In almost every case the first impression In regard to this question is that the hatter lost $50 be- side tho hat, but it is evident he was paid for the hat, and had ho kept tho $8 dollars he needed only to borrow $43 additional to re- deem the note. No. 230. Prefixes: (a) S-mew; (b) S-Kate; (c) B-ounce; (d) B-ore; (e) T-one. No. 227. Hour Glasses: HALIFAX POTHERB DINGY READE AGE ONE E C SLY HOT BLOWS ENCUE PROWESS ROCKBAR No. 22a A Riddle: A pair of spurs. No. 229. The Square Puzzle: No, 230. A Problem of Numbers: Prom the remaining 12 deduct 1, and 11 is the num- ber the told the last boy, which was half of what the had; her number at that time, therefore, wat 23t From 23 deduct 2, and tho remaining 20 was two-thirds of her prior stock, which was, therefore, [SO. From SO deduct 10, and tho remaining 20 is half her original stock. Sho had, therefore, at first 40 apples. No. 231. Numerical Enigma: Garden of the world. No. 232. For Sharp Wits: (a) Lark-spur; (b) Car-nation; (c) Miss-count; (d) Foot- stool; (e) Rain-bow; (f) Cat-a-comb; (g) Sword-fish; (h) Cab-in; (i) Mar-i-gold; (j) Man-go. No. 233. A Charade: Pearl-ash or pear- lash. No. 234. Word Squares: PEARL SCOTT ELSIE CELI A ASIDE OLDEN RI DER TIERS LEERS TANSY No. 235. Hidden Birds: Spoonbill lark, linnet, sparrow, nut cracker, kite, cockatoo, kingfisher, bobolink. No. 236. Geographical Conceits: Seine, Bologna, Lisle, Reims, Neagh, Toulon, Tou- lonse, Joliet, Disappointment, Conception Natal, Wheeling. No. 237. Compound Acrostic: DAMPENED OVERTURE UMBRELLA BANKBILI, LACERATE ENDANGEB No. 238. A Riddle: A blush. No. 239. Cross Word Enigma: Edwin Booth. No. 240. A Dinner in Anagrams: Oyster soup, boiled salmon, Spanish mackerel, roast chickens, roast turkey, boiled rice, sweet potatoes, water cresses, dressed tomatoes, lemon pie, cream cakes, Charlotte Russe, pineapples. No. 241. Charade: Pirogue. No. 242. Ribbon Rebus: Gape-gap, race- ace, meat-tea, bears-ear, gate; spears. No. 243. Word Squares: (a) ACRES (b) U L E M A CRAPE LADEN RAISE EDITS EPSOM METRE SEEMS ANSER No. 244. Mathematical Nut: Tho weight* aro 1, 8, and 27 pounds. No. 245. Conundrums: When ho is a rover. Because it is the grub that makes the butter fly. Because wo must all give it up. For divers reasons. It is tho fruit of good living. A door bell. No. 246. Charades: (a) Gas-pipe, (b) Fire- Book of Puzzles. 107 wo. 247. A Picture Puzzle: Black, white and red (read) all over a newspaper. No. 248. Numerical Enigma: H. Rider Haggard. No. 249. Articles of Furniture: (a) Book- case, (b) Wardrobe, (c) Washstand. (d) Bofa. No. 250. Geographical Acrostic: (a) Ben- gal (b) Ebro. (c) Rubicon, (d) Lapland, (e) Idaho, (f) Nankin. Initials, Berlin; fi- nals, London. No. 251. The Knight's Puzzle: Better to die with harness on In smoke and heat of battle Than wander and browse and fall anon In quiet of meadow land cattle. Better to gain by arm or brain Chaplet of laurel or myrtle Than bask in sun With work undone And live one's Ufa Like a turtle. No. 252. Proverbial "Pi": "Procrastina- tion is the thief of time." No. 253. Reversible Words: (a) Reel-leer. (b) Dial-laid, (c) Ten-net, (d) Tar-rat. No. 254. Quibbles: (a) Draw it round hia body, (b) 8%. (c) Twice twenty-five is fifty; twice five, and twenty, is thirty. No. 255. Enigmatical Birds: (a) Frigate, (b) Partridge, (c) Quail, (d) Adjutant. No. 256. Cross Word: Cocoa-nut. No. 257. Beheadings: D-ale. 0-range. N-ear. A-base. T-old. E-bouy. L-aver. L-ark. 0-pen. D-onatello. No. 258. A Rhomboid: FASTEN FALLEN MATTED PELTED LEASER GADDED No. 259. -The Divided Garden: No. 260. Hidden Animals; Bison; gazelle; mouse; horse. No. 261. Word Dissection: Stripe-strip- trip ; stripe-tripe-ripe-rip-I. No. 262. Literary Riddles: (a) Mr. Mi- cawber. (b) Jerry Cruncher, (c) Diogenes, (d) The Marchioness, (e) Mrs. Chick, (f) Miss Sally Brass, (g) Nancy Sykes. (h) Capt. Cuttle, (i) Quilp. (j) Dick Swiveller. (k) Maj. Bagstock. (1) Mr. Carker. (m) Mr. and Mrs. Boffin, (n) Mrs. Bagnet. No. 263. Curtailments: Brandy; Frances; Hearth; Early; Taper. No. 264. Numerical Enigma: Queen of the West. No. 265. Illustrated Central Acrostic: L steAmer; 2. spaRrow; 3. masKers; 4. car A van; 5. spiNner; 6. whiStle; 7. speAker; 8. parSnip. No. 266. Concealed Poets: Saxo, Cowper, Gary, Read, Stedmaii, Hemans, Corbett, Willis, Browning, Goodale. No. 267. A Combination Puzzle: 1. Saved. * 1. Sated. 2. Otter. 2. Other. 8. Scold. 3. Scald. 4. Tomes. 4. Tones. 5. Races. 5. Rafres. 6. Party. 6. Pastry 7. Enter. 7. Eager. 8. Track. 8. Trick. 9. Rider. 9. Rirer. 10. Spare. 10. Spire. 1L Vests. 11. Vents. 13. Tiber. 13. Tiger. No. 268. Riddle: P.iins. No. 269. Enigma: Blue-bottle. No. 270. Poetical Enigma: Flag. No. 271. Changingthe Middle Letter: Spy sly. Ale ace. Whale whole. Ape- awe. Dam dim. No. 273. An Easy One: Pi-an-o. No. 273. Adirondacks; Potomac; Kandy; Kiel ; Coast ; Fox ; Van ; Lucca ; Alton ; Angra ; Forth; Owl. No. 274. Hidden Proverb: Spare the rod and spoil the child. No. 275. The Puzzle of Fourteen: icS Everybody's No. 27C. Enigmatical Cities: W neeung, Buffalo, Savannah, Havana. No. 277. Anagram: Pride goeth before a fall No. 278. Word Squares: IMPART DORSAL MEANER OLEATE 1' ADDLE RECITE ANDEAN BAILOR R ELAND ATTONE T R E N D B LEERED No. 279. The Calculating Teacher: STX. I KOJC. I TUES. I WED. I THU&.I FEL I BIT. b c' d e a k n a e 1 a h o a f p a i m d o f,b o L b I o b f m b i p b d ii b g k h Ic m re f i'c p n c d K c h Iceo I ro;f k od hmd i oe m ne i k d 1 p a o i i I t.o g i> h k i.f g l\g m o,h t o No. 280. Au Oddity: LOVE. No. 281. Concealed Birds: Owl, lark, plover, swan, pewitt, raven, starling, epar- row, robin, wren. No. 82. Pictorial Diamond: C CAP CAMEL PEN L Na WS. Double Word Enigma: Snow- drop. I'o. 54. Ar.agrams: (a) Ancestors, (b) Diplomacy, (r) Cliristianity. (d) Punish- ment. (;) Burg con. (f) Sweetheart, (g) Matri- mony, (ii) Faasrul. (i) Pern tent i:iry. (j) Sir Bobert Pool No. 2S5. Btbc3ilingsi Cliarm, barm, arm. Ko. 2?G. Cross Word: Sheridan. No. 237. Con^n-lrmns: P - g a pi.~ with- out an L (b)NilE. (c)KN. (]) Bcjauso it makes ii], will (ili will), (e) Because they make beer better, (f) TL 2 letter S. (g) Tbo cr:r.o. (h) Dittribute u-acL-3 (ti-acts) all over tlw couatry. A A tormcr'o p. ctCj- daughter. No. 288. Tangled Verso: Thou crt the star that guides m* Along lifc'a troubled sea; Whatever fato betides mo, This heart ntiil turns to theo. Yet, do uot think I doubt thec; I know thy truth remains; I will not livo without theo For all tho world contains. No. 289. Basket of Flowers: (a) Daffodil; (b) snow ball; (c) prim-rose; (d) car-nation; (c) rockets; (if) verbena; (g) call-io-p-sis; (h) catrh-f]y; (i) ivy; (j) prince'-s-feather; (k) Canterbury bell; (1) sun-flower; (m) lark- spur; (n) cock's-comb. No. 290. Motogram: Ilarc, care, fare, rare, pore, dare, bare. i'.-al Enigma: Button. .-.".. Ili.Mlu: Tlio squirrel takes out each day ono ear of corn and uia own two No. 293. "Words Within Words: Dechirar tlon, Clara; Ti'ifles, rifle; Cashier, ash; Cas- ters, aster; Capei', ape; Snipe, nip; Lottery, otter; Twenty, wen; Gauntlet, aunt. No. 294. An Arithmetical Mystery: The man whom the landlady put into Room No. 13 was traveler No. ii, and No. 13 remained still unprovided for. No. 2i)5. Diamonds and Word Square: Q L BRAVE PUT LIP RADIX QUIET LIMIT ADAPT TEA PIT VIPER T T EXTRA No. 290. A Fish Puzzle: 1. Sword fish, a Horn fish, 3. Star fish. 4. Bill fish. 5. Cat-fish. G. Frog fish, 7. King fish, & Rudder fish. 9. Log-fish. 10. Drum fish. 11. Dog fish. 13. Saw fish. 13. Roso fish. 14, Parrot fish. 15. Pipo fish. No. 297. A Journey: Sound, lookout, rain, thunder, don pine, bluo, cork, big horn, cham- pagne, foul weather, Chili, bay, salt, licking, barn-stable, bath, stillwater, horn, Albert, negro, inn, No. 298. Picture Puzzle: GiiafTo. Lion. Camel. Elephant. Hog. Horse-. Bear. Hound. No. L99. An octagon: SIP METAL S E V E R A L I T E R A T K PARADED LATER LED No. 300. Easy Rebuses: (a) Leonora, (b) D. T. Ro o'er 8 (Deteriorate). No. 801. Missing Vowels. Ilcro rests his head upon tho lap of earth, A youth to fortune and to fame unknown; Pair Science frowned not on his humblo birth, ^nd Melancholy marked him for her owu. Ko. 302. A Charade: Skin-flint. No. 303. Decapitations: C-r-ash. No. 804. Familiar Flowers Described: (a) Snap dragon ; (b) Bachelor's button ; (c) Four o'clock; (d) Snow ball; (e) Candy tuft; (f) Lady slipper; (g) Buttercup; (h) Tulips. No. 805. Geographical Hourglass: ED INBURGII B A V A R I A MALTA A T L I AMY LYONS P L O R IDA OALVESTON No. 306. Anagrams of Notable Woment (a) Charlotte Cushman. (b) U. rri- ( I'.ixxher Book oj Puzzies. Btowe. (c) Belva A. Lockwood. (d) Flor- ence Nightingale, (e) Amelia B. Edwards, (f) Lucretia P. Hale, (g) Adeline D. T. Whit- ney, (h) Susan B. Anthony, (i) Louise Chandler Moulton. No. 807. A Curious Menagerie: (a) Goose. (b) Spiders. (c) Sheep. (d) Horse, (e) Tiger, (f) Cow. (g) Rats, (h) Dogs, (i) Elephant. 0') Eagle, (k) Kite. (1) Wolf, (m) Bear, (n) Cock. No. SOa Drop Letter Puzzle: A stitch in time saves nine. No. 809. Riddles: (a) Chanting her little lay. (b) Short-er. (c) O I C U Oh, I see you! (d) Because they "feel" for others, (e) A joke. No. 810. Illustrated Conundrum: Why is waiter like a race horse? Answer Because he runs for cups and plates. No. Sit A bottle: ATE CROAK U T E HAT OLD RAT TUBES ROUSING HOSTLER BRAIDED RUNNING GREATER PRANCE 8 BRACING STREETS No. 812. Charade: Wakefield. No. 813. Rebus: A-pct-he-carries (apothe- caries) weight. No. 814: Tangle: Around me shall hover, In sadness or glee, Till life's dreams be over, Sweet memories of thec. No. 315. Letter Enigma: Jerboa. No. 816. Acrostic: Magellan, Osccola, Na- tional, Tempest, Ethelred, Zenobia, Universe, Mercury, Albanian. Initials Montezuma. No. 817. Mutation: Newspaper editors. No. 318. Decapitation: Slaughter Laugh- ter. No. 819. Numerical Enigma : Worth make* the man. No. 820. Charade for Little Folk: Snow- ball No. 821. Hidden Birds: (a) Kite, (b) Kes- trel, (c) Redstart, (d) OwL (e) Emu. (f) Ostrich, (g) Wren, (h) Loon, (i) Dotterel, (j) Starling. No. 322. Mutation: Transposition. No. 323. Anagrams from Scott: (a) Dan- die Dinmont. (b) Flora'MacIvor. 'c) Brian de Bois Guilbert. (d) Edward Waverly. (e) Diana Vernon. (f) Sir Piercio Shaf ton. (g) Magnus Troll, (b) MaryAvenel. (1) Waiae- mar Fitzurse. (g) Mysio Happer. No. 824. Double Acrostic: (a) LimpeT. (b). OatH. (c) NubiA. (d). DruM. (e) OrE. (0 NarcissuS. Initials London. Fin- alsThames. < No. 325 A Problem for Sharp Wits: Four-- teen eggs. No. 820. Tho Yankee Square: 3V.2 No. 327. Conundrums: (a) He has a bead and comes to tho'point. (b) Because it fur- nishes dates, (c) Becausa it stirs up a smol- dering fire, (d) Because it owes its motion to a current, (e) Because it baa a flae tem- per. No. 323. Tho Graces and the Muses: The least number that will answer this question is twelve; for if wo suppose that each Grace gave one to each Muse, the latter would each have three, and there would re- main three for each Grace. (Any multiple of twelve will answer the conditions of the question.) No. 329. A Square and a Diamond: HORSE A O C E AN APE REBUT APPLB SAUCE ELM Z N T E R E, No. 330. A Love Affair: I saw Esau kissing Kate. The fact is all three saw 5 I saw Esau, he saw me, And she saw I saw Esau. *-Na 831. Transposition: Now-won-snow* bank Snowbank. No. 832. Acrostic: J ulius Caesar. L Istz. E laine. I sabella. N apoleon. N athan Hale. N ewton. D emeter. Young. No. 333. An Easy Anagram: Train. I IO Everybody's Every Day Puzzlet. One man escapes all tho diseases that flesh la heir to and is killed on the railroad ; an- other man goes through half a dozen wars without a scratch and then dies of whooping cough. Good people die and bad people live. The man who is fat with health can't get employ- ment, and the man who is making money hand over hand has to give up his business on account of ill health. You will sometimes see a man planting trees around his place for shade ; and, at the game time, you will see another cutting down all tho trees around his house because they produce too much moisture. No. 834. Hidden Proverb: All is not gold that glitters. No. 835. Cross "Word Enigma: A plant. No. 830. Pictorial Enigma for Young Folks: Candy, nuts and oranges. No. 837. A Curious Menagerie: (a) Lion, (b) Buffalo, (c) Nightingale, (d) Kids, (e) Hen. () Frogs, (g) Camel (h) Rooks, (i) Beaver. No, 838. Behead and Curtail: (a) Hearth heart hear ear. (b) Loathe loath oath oat at No. 839. Original Arithmetic: (a) T-one. (b) L-ona (c) F-l-our. (d) T-h-ree, (e) T-w-o. (f) Fi-v-e. No. 840. A Charade: Nipper-kin. No. 841. Conundrums: (a) Troublesome. (b) Tfco letter L. (c) When it begins to pat her (patter) on the back, (d) Because they never saw it. No. 843. Riddle: Pa-ti(e)nt No. 843. A Few Birds: (a) The mocking bird; (b) The jay; (c) The crow; (d) The robin; (e) The lyre bird; (f) Tho secretary bird; (g) The quail; (h) Tho gull; (I) The blue bird. No. 844. Poetical Pi: " Tis an old maxim of the schools That flattery's tho food of fools; Yet now and then your men of wit Will condescend to take a bit" No. 845. An Inverted Pyramid: ILLUSTRATED DISPROVED PERUSED DETER E II 8 B No. 840. -Letter Rebuses: Contrary (C-on- trary) ; (b) Condone (C-on-d-on-e) ; (c) Hand- bag (H and bag). No. 847. Word Making: Sin Sinew. Sing. Singe. Sine. Single. Sink. Since. Sincere. No. 848. Anogram: Insurance, No. 849. A Rhomboid: SAPOR MOVED DELAY RENEW T E W E L No. 850. One Line One .Counter Puzzle; Place the counters at E 1, C 2, A 3, F 4, D 5 and B a A B C Q E F No. 851. The Knowing Shepherd: Ho had 7 sheep; as many more, 7; half as many more, m\ and 2%; making in all 20 sheep. Professional Advice. "Where would you advise mo to go, doo- tor? I suffer so from insomnia," "You'd better go to sleep." No. 853. Cross Word Enigma: Lawn ten- nis. No. 853. A Zigzag: Battle of- ^BuU Run. Cross Words: (a) Bar. (b) fAn. (c) beT. (d) aTe. (e) Lag. (f) dEn. (g) loO. (h) oFt (i) Beg. (j) pUt (k) elL. 0) eLk. (m) Rug. (n) hUm. (o) UN. No. 854. American Pi: Tell mo not in mournful numbers Life is but an empty dream, For tho soul is dead that slumbers, And things aro not what they seem. No. C55. An Old Saying: A crooked stick casts no straight shadow. (A crooked stick caste nose T R 8 shadow). Book of Puzzles. in No. 336. A Double Diagonal Square: FURLONG GLITTER ECONOMY Q H E B K I N BEGUILE Li Z A R D S A U R E L I A No. 357. A Defective Proverb: That load becomes light that is cheerfully borne. No. 858. A Charade: Glow-worm. No. 859. Riddles: (a) When it comes to on engagement, (b) A ditch, (c) The letter I. (d) When it rides at anchor, (e) Because you put your foot in it No. 860. A Problem of Numbers: The ge era! had an army of 24,000 men. No. 86L Double Central Acrostic: r e P I n e h o R N e t B h I V e r t e N E t B c a T N i p s m I T h y h o N E s t b a G D a d No. 362. Noted Women: (a) Florenc* Nightingale, (b) lime. Recamier. (c) Jose- phine, (d) Mme. De StaeL (e) Lady Jane Grey, (f) Zenobia. (g) Jenny Lind. (h) Catharine de Medici, (i) Bloody Mary, (j) Cleopatra, (k) Elizabeth. (1) Cornelia. No. 363. Diamonds: J M SUN SET SAPID MELON JUPITER TOO NITRE N DEE R No. 864. Illustrated Zigzag: Washington Allston. Cross words.!. Wheel. 2. bAton. 3. baSin. 4. nicHe. 5. alibi. 6. proNg. 7. waGon. & aTlas. 9. Olive. 10. aNgle. 1L plAte. 12. sheLL 13. coraL. 14 flaSk. 15. m'Tre. 16. mOuse. 17. Notes. No. 865. A Mathematical Nut: XIII VIIL No. 860. An Enigmatical Insect: Gad fly. No. 867. Charade: A dictionary. No. 868. Easy Word Squares: (a) OATS (b)DOLL (c)LOAD AGUE OHIO OUS E TUFT LI ON ASKS SETS LONE DESK No. 869. The Maltose Cross Squared: Make the cuts as shown in tho diagram. Join to form a square as below. No. 870. A Curious Collection of Keys: 1. Flunk 2. Hunk 3. Monk 4. Crank 5. Risk 6. Whisk key key 7. Balk a Dark 9. Frisk 10. Dusk 11. Musk 12. Jerk No. 371. Charade: Nightingale. No. 372. A Tangle: May there be just enough clouds in your life to form a beautiful sunset. No. 373. A Mystic Cross: M MAS MADAM B AD T M W NUT A HAP TULIPARAWATER TIN A DEN T HIT T IGHT THE T R I 12 Everybody s Na 874. Enigma: Bark. Na 875. Riddles: (a) Alphabet (b) Coffin. Na 87ft. Quizzes: L Life. 2. Strong drink. 8. A bad tooth extracted. 4 A lad- der. 6. A wheel Ot A match, 7. A secret. a A falsehood. 9. Ad-vice. 10. The book of natural 1 L The- winds. JIo. 877. A Simple Charade: Cof-fee. N<x 8?a Beheadings: Crash rash ash Ik, >Na 879. -Pled Cities: Liverpool Balti- more Dresden. Marseilles, Athens. Al- giers. Havana. Savannah. Ma 880. Anagrams of Popular Authors: James De Mille, Rhoda Brougbton, Marion Harland, Wilkio Collins, Louisa M. Alcott, Mary Cecil Hay, "Will Carleton, Edward Everett Hale, Win. Dean Hovrells, Hesba Stretton, Charles Dickens, Capt Mayno Reid. Na SSL A Word Puzzle: One word. No. 8ta -Pictorial Proverb: Old birds are not to be caught with chaff. Na 88a Concealed Birds: Ibis, Bustard. Rail Emu. Egret. Teal Missel Na 884. Decapitations: Glass lass ass ts. Na 885. A Tangle of Wise Words: Who undertakes many things at once seldom does anything well No. 880. Illustrated Numerical Enigma: "The nighty purpose never b o'ertook, unlesi the deed go with it." Na 387. A Marine Square: MIDSHIP HARP o o N HARBORS ARRIVED GRAPNEL 8 T E A 11 K R VOYAGER Vo. SSS. Easy Rebus: Car-pet Na 889. Buried Birds: (a) Touraco. swan. (b> Tinamou, pintail (O Gannet, daw. (d) Harpy, mania, tei Mavis, hawk, if) Swal- low, teal Na 880. PI: Robinson Crusoe. Na SOL Odd Enigmas: CIVIL. MILD. Na 893. Riddle: A shadow. Na 81O. Single Acrostic: L Jamaica, a Unst 8. Australia. 4. Nlcobar. 6. Falk- land. 6. Elba. 7 Rhodes, a Nova Zem- bls, 9. Antigua. 10. Newfoundland. 1L Dominica. 14 Enderly Island, la Zanzi- bar. Initials Juan Fernandez. Na KM. Transpositions: Teal tale late tacl Na 80S. A Reversion: Noon. Na 80a-Pictorlal Proverb: Tune works era (w under s). 897. Charade : Semi Clrcje, 808. -f IV 6 Hidden AnimalB: A C L R L O 1 O O A D T 1 O L R B No. 899. Bcheadments and Curtailments: (a) P-ape-r. (b) 8-tea-k. (c\ S-tree-t No. 400. An Easter Egg to Crack: A long and fortunate career to him who in loving deeds on_this Easter excels. Na 401. Anagrams Men of the Day: (a) Benjamin Harrison, (b) Levi P. Morton. (c) Thomas A. Edison, (d) James O. Blaine. (e) William K. Vanderbilt (f) Russell A. Alger. (g) Grover Cleveland, (h) William P. Cody, (i) Andrew Caruegia (j) Leon Abbett (k) Col Daniel Iwunont. (1) Henry Wattersoa (m) William C. \\Tiitney. (n) William M, Evarts. (o) Phlneas T. Barnum, (p) Edwin Booth, (q) John Shernv Na 40a Central Acrostic: CHARTER RENEWED FEASTED ABOUNDS CHARITY HEARTHS [A N G E L I O TEACHER FEATHER VANILLA COCOONS CHANNEL Kb. 403. Cross Word-Enigma: Potomac. Na 404. Decapitations: (a) 'Jrow row. (b) Crude rude. Na 405. A Square and a Diamond: MAPLE P APRON OIL PRODD PINES LOUSE LEA ENDED S Na 406. Metagram: Brook rook cook- look. Na 407. An Hourglass: MANIFESTO BENEFIT ASSAY ATE 1 EVA T K I A L A U C T ION MARTYRDOM KA. 4C8 Conundrums: (a) Because it is In the center of Bliss, whQe e Is In Hell and all the rest are In Purgatory; (b) in hash; (c) a hen, a duck, a goose and a turkey. Book of Piizzles. No. 409. Charade :"; Court-ship. No. 410. Proverb in Numbers: "Where It rains porridge the beggar has no spoon." No. 41 L Letter Rebuses: (a) Extenuate, (b) Over act (over ACT), (c) Thundering. No. 412. Four Flowers: (a) Mar-i-gold, (b) Snap-dragon, (c) Lark-spur, (d) Morn- ing-glory. No. 413. Geometrical Puzzle: No. 414. Syllabic Decapitations: (a) Log- wood, (b) Pro-found, (c) Waist-coat. No. 415. Numerical Enigma: Harriet Beecher Stowe. No. 416. Beheadings: (a) Wheat; (b) heat; (c) eat; (d) at; (e) t No. 417. Pictorial Conundrum: Why is an angry man like a loaf? Answer Because he is crusty. No. 418. Historic Men: (a) King Alfred, (b) Peter the Great (c) Michael Angelo. (d) Fremont, (e) Benjamin Franklin, if) Chesterfield, (g) Irving. No. 419. Curtailment: Marsh; Mars; Marj Ma. No. 430. Easy Squares: (a) LAME (b) S U P ARID OGLE MINE ULAN EDEN PENS No. 421. A Diamond: S GE M PERIL GENERAL SERENADES Ml R A C L E LADLE LEE R No. 423. Geographical Charade: Frank- fort. No. 423. A Quaint Puzzle: Enigma. No. 424. Hidden Animals: (a) Sable, (bt Gorilla, (c) Jackal (dj Ape. M Dingo. A FCTV Tilings to Think Of. If a pair of glasses are spectacles, is one a spectacle? And if not, why not? Can a glazier give a window a glass too much? When a Daniel comes to Judgment, Is the latter glad to see him ? Is "stealing a march" worse than taking a walk? If "to be or not to bef 1 fa the question, what is the answer? When wo say "It's as broad as it is long," may we safely conclude that it is all square? Whether a good view Is to be had from the top of the morning. No. 425. The Unfair Division: The land- lord would lose 71-5 bushels by such an ar- rangement, as the rent would entitle him to 2-5 of the 1 The tenant should give him 18 bushels from his own share after the division Is completed, otherwise the landlord would re- ceive but 2-7 of the first 63 bushels. No. 426. A Concealed Proverb: As mer- ry as the day is long. No. 427. Letter Rebuses: (a) Bl(under)- Ing; (b) C(over)t; (c) C(on) junction. No. 428. Small Diamonds: taj C (b) H BAA HAM CANDY HARRY ADA MRS Y Y No. 429. An Oddity: Mill No. 430. A Man of Letters: AlHhe letter* of the alphabet. No. 431. Central Deletions: BASIL PECAN STOOP PETAL METAL No. 432. Double Acrostic: Fa 1 o r u M Orinoco RabbitS E a r n e s T No. 433. Conundrums: (a) Because ne is used to the "grip." (b) Because he is let out at night and taken in in the morning, (c) A step father (farther). (Oj Invisible green, (f) Because it is insane (in seine), (g) "After youl" No. 434. Charade: Moonbeam. No. 435. Pictorial Conundrum: Because ha sees it wade (weighed). No. 430. The Unlucky Turks: The arrange- ment was this: 4 Christians, 5 Turks, 2 C., 1 T., 8 C., 1 T., 1 C., 2 T., 2 C., 8 T., 1 C., 2 T., C,, 1 T. Everybody's iio. 137. An Hour Glass: CAPITOL LANCE OFT I ODE QUEST GALLANT Na 4.1& Enigma: Bar bard bare bark barn barm baron barter barge. No. 439. Geographical Pyramid. 8 A M M Y PA N T O TTAN M TA T R O ANHA No. 440. Historic Americans: (a) Penn. (b) James Madison, (c) Jefferson Davis, (d) "Washington, (e) James Polk, (f) Fillmoro. (g) Thomas Jefferson, fli) Nathaniel Greene, No. 441. Enigma: Box. Na 443 Anagrams (a) Senator, (b) Usur- per. (c) Antagonist (d) Gnashing. (e) Spermaceti, (f) Platitudes. No. 443. Egg Problem: 80 goose eggs, 50 duck's eggs, and 70 hen's eggs. No. 444. A Unique Window: In the first instance it is shaped like a diamond; then it is changed to a square. Na 445. Easy Hour Glass: Centrals, Con- sent Cross words: 1. disCern. 2. prOud. 3. oNe. 4. 8. 6. nEw. 0. caNon. 7. Con- Tent No. 44& The Puzzle Wall. No. 447. Decapitations: M-adamo;a-dame; a-dum ; d-am ; a-m. No. 448. A Numerical Puzzle: Seven, even; One, on; Six, is; Three, tree; Five, fle; Two, tow; Four, our; Nine, nein; Ten.net: Eight, ti*. No. 449. A Puzzle of Sevenths:' C U R U A R H U B A APRICOT nit. ; N T R B No. 450. Crossing the River: An English- man and a servant go over, the Englishman comes back with the canoe. Two servants go over, ono servant comes back. Two Eng- lishmen go over, an Englishman and a ser- vant come back. Two Englishmen go over and a servant comes back. Two servants go over and a servant returns. Two servants then go over together, Other solutions are possible. No. 451. A Bird Puzzle: L Frigate bird. 2. Butcher bird. 3. Weaver bird. 4. Snake bird. 5. King bird. 6. Bell bird. 7. Cedar bird, a Catbird. 9. Tailor bird. No. 452. Easy Charade: Dayton. No. 453. letter Rebuses: (a) An M on E Anemone, (b) I understand, (c) C on figure 8 Configurate. Na 454. Enigmatical Trees: Box, Dog- wood, Aspen, Rose, Sloe, Plane, Tulip, Spruce, Elm, Sycamore, Poplar, Southern- \rood. No. 455. Anagram: Termination, Ka 450. Double Acrostic: V a r 1 e T A L r m a d A i n n e T L o o a B T E v o 1 v E Y o n d e B SwearS No. 457. Beheadings Smash mash ash. Nu. 453. Conundrums: Lyre. Try to bor- row five dollars of him. Because he makes both ends meet He has been to sea (see). It always has its back up. In the dictionary. Your nama No. 459 Mathematically Described: AC- TIVITY. No. 460. Anagram: A Mystic Bird: Snipe. No. 461. Letter Enigma: Legerdemain. No. 463. Drop Letter Puzzle: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. No. 463. Charade: Benjamin Harrison. No. 464. Crosctte: P E A C H E 8 Q U I N E 8 ORANGE B Book of Puzzles. Having crossed out one circle, miss the next three, and begin counting again from the fourth, and so on round and round. Missed circles are to include those already crossed out. Thus, if the circle marked 1 is started from, scratch out the unnumbered circle. Miss three circles, and begin counting again from 3. This count will bring the player to the circle numbered 1, which is to be crossed out. Missing three again (including the cir- cle already crossed out) begin counting from 8, and cross out 2; and so on, until all the circles except tbe one numbered 9 have been crossed out. The general rule for any number of circles, counting any number each tune, is always to miss the number that will bring the next count to the circle previously started from. Thus, if there are eleven circles, and the count is five, miss two each time; if there are eleven circles, and the count is four, miss four. This will solve all the possible cases, but some numbers do not admit of a solution, such as ten circles counting five. The reason for this is that the number of circles, and the number of the count minus one, have a com- mon factor. No. 4G5. Transformations: Hard, card, cart, cast east, easy. Sin, son, won, woe. Neat, seat, slat, slam, slum, glum, grum, grim, prim. Saxe, sale, hale, hole, pole, pope. Hand, hard, lard, lord, ford, fort, foot. Blue, glue, glum, slum, slam, slat, seat, peat, pent, pint, pink. No. 466. Riddles: Because it makes ma, mad. Hold your jaw. When she shows her slight of hand by refusing you. Because he's 11 o better. No. 467. What is It? The Letter V. No. 4CS. A Cfcver Puzzle: CI, CLI, CLIO (one of the nine Muses). No. 469. The Ingenious Servant. o: - o ' po . oo ss 4 A A ** g> w e 6 o oo, ,o' oo Off oo eo oo No. 470. Enigma: Glass, lass, ass. No. 471. Charades: (a) End-less. (b> OX. (c) Heartsease. No. 472. Single Acrostic: Turkey. Cross- words L daTes; 2. vaUlts; 8. daRts; 4. iraKes; 5. paEan; 6. maYor. No. 473. Beheadings: L Tin In; 2. Hash ash. 8. Easter aster. 4. Bear ear. 5 filand land. 6. Reel eel 7. Kill ilL & Bcent cent. 9. Hart art. 10. Ideal deal. No. 474. Beheaded Rhymes: (a) Chimes lines, (b) Scorn corn, (c) Block lock. No. 475. Numerical Enigma: First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. No. 47(5. Hidden Motto: I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none. No. 477. A Date Puzzle: 1493. No. 478. A Pyramid: Y GEM MEDAL T A R D I E R CORMORANT No. 479. A Double Diamond: T P ART ALB FLOAT TROUT BUR TAR. T T No. 480. Easy Word Squares: (a) CARE (b)PLEA ACID LEAP RICE EASE EDEN APES No. 481. Enigma: Pea, peace, pear, peach, peal, peat, pearl. No. 482. A Pleasing Puzzle: The month of roses. No. 483. Maltese Cross Puzzle: At one o'clock, P. M. No. 4S4. Transpositions: Rail, rial, lira, lair, liar. No. 485. The Legacies: Valet, 84; Maid, 4:2; Boy, 14. No. 480. A Hollow Square: MINUTES I E A V L E C R E A D E E S N I L No. 487. Hidden Fruits: Orange, pear, date, banana, peach, plum, lime, lemon, man- go, apple. No. 488. A Geographical Puzzle: Missis- sippi, Do Soto, Lafayette, Carroll, Jefferson, Lawrence, Wayne, Monroe, Calhoun, Madi- son, Washington, Newton, Franklin, Scott, Choctaw, Sunflower, Pike, Warren, Jasper, Bolivar, Smith, Leake, Amity, Holmes. No. 489. The Crown Problem: Place the 4th on the 1st, the 6th on the 9th, the 8th upon the 3d, the 2d on the 5th and the 7th on the 10th. No. 490. Beheadings: Bare are; maim aim; four our; lon$ one. Everybody's No. 401. Transpositions: Nest ent; slat* teal; table bleat; steps pests; bowl- blow; ihoe hoee; leaf flea; pears spare. No. 482. Proverb Making: A bird in the haad w irorth two in the bush. AH8UBKHT BENIGN I I B O T C N D O D W INSUFFICIENT V O B T H THUNDERBOLT HOUSEBREAKER HANDISWO No. 493. Enigma: Clark; C-lark. No. 494. Riddles: Because it's a notion (an ocean). When it turns to bay. Because it is the end of pork. When it is ground. Bo- cause he is faithful to the last. Because the cafll (cattle) eat it No. 495. A Recent Novel Craze: Robert Elsmere. No. 496. Illustrated Rebus: A chain's no stronger than its weakest link. No. 497. The Prisoners in the Tower: The chain was sent down, bringing up the empty basket Tho page went down, bringing up the chain. The chain was removed, and the princess went down, bringing up tho page. The chain was sent down alone. Tho king went down, bringing up the chain and the princess. The chain was sent down alone. The page went down, bringing up the chain. The princess removed the chain, and went down, bringing up the page. The chain was eut down alone. The page went down, with the chain as counter weight The chain came down of its own weight No. 498.- A Perfect Diamond: D TIP TIARA DIAMOND PROUD AND D No. 499. -Charade: Curfew. No. 500. Btneaded Animals: Panther, an- ther ; bear, oar > boar, oar; weasel, eesel; mink, Ink; mule, ule. No. 501. Enigma A Rural Preacher: Jack in tho Pulpit No. 503. Historical Puzzle: L M L, Martin Luther. 5. V, Victoria. *. C D, Charles Dickens. 6. I, Isaiah 8. X, Xanthippe. 7. C, Charlemagne 4. A, X.-rxea, MDCCLXXVI-lTTfc No. 503. Letter Rebuses: (a) Dishonesty, (b) Converse. No. 5(M. Motto Enigma: The pen is might- ier than the sword. No. 505. A Transposition: Peach cheap. No. 500. A Trick for Clever Pencils: No. 507. A Scottish Tangle: Oh wad some power the gif tie gie us To see oursels as ithers see us. No. 508. An Oddity: A clock. No. 509. Word Transformations: Regi- ment; regimen; regime; grime; rime; emir; mire; run- No. 510. Arithmttical Nut: SIX IX XL IX X L 8 IX No. 511. Hidden Authors: Longfellow; Whittier; Harte; Goldsmith; Saxe; Bacon Coleridge; Lowell; Campbell; Akenside; Wordsworth. No. 512. Riddle: The English alphabet No. 513. The Card Square: No. 514. Pi: Put money in thy purse. No. 515. Cross Word Enigma: Vulture. No. 516. Numerical Enigma: Ponderous. No. 517. Tempting Fruits: 1. Oranges. 3. Watermelon. 3. Nectarine. 4. Pomegran- ate. 5. Apricots. 6. Pineapple. 7. Cherriea. 8. Peaches. 9. Strawberries. 10. Cran- berries. No. 518. Drop Letter Proverb: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Book of Puzzles. 117 Wo. 519. Conundrums: Because it come* In the middle of night. When it is a good mouser (mow, sir). Young Hyson. Puniaua. Motto of ragpickers "By hook or by crook." How to raise the wind Use a fan. Hump themselves over the desert Camels. An ale-ing nation The English. An old, well known club man Hercules. Boards of charity Station house bunks. A wedding present The clergyman's fee. A "private" residence Military barracks. Key to the Puzzler. No. 520. Metagram: Hearth, earth, heart, hear, ear, art. No. 521. Double Acrostic: ALHAMBRA LADLEFUL HICC OUGH ALHA MBRA MAINBOOM BALLCLUB RECORDER ALHAMB R A No. 523. Curtailment: Planet plane plan. No. 523. Numerical Enigma: New York. No. 524. Rebus for Boys and Girls: Boy and girl readers of the puzzle column should strive to do what they can't understand. No. 525. Tangled Wisdom: This world is not so bad a world As some would like to make it, But whether good or whether bad Depends on how wo take it. No. 526. Charade: Sparrow hawk. No. 527. Nuts to Crack: 301 nuts. The least commou multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5 and being 60, it is evident that if Gl were divisible by 7 it would answer the conditions of the ques- tion. But this not being the case, let CO mul- tiplied by 2 and increased by 1 be tried ; also 60 multiplied by 3 and 1 added, and so on, when it will be found that 5 times GO, plus 1, or 301, is divisible by 7. If to 801 we add 420 (the least common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) the sum 721 will be another answer, and by successive additions of 420 we may obtain as many answers as we like. No. 528. Letter Rebus: Contention is con- troversy. No. 529. An Enigmatical Feast: 1. Steak. ft Ham. 3. Green Corn (wallis). 4. Apple. 5. T(ea). 6. Perch. 7. Madeira. 8. Claret. 9. Lamb. 10. Champagne. IL Goose. 13. Turkey. o. 9. Enlemjaln Rhymo: Musio. No. 531. Word Square: (a) ANGORA (b) PASTOR NERVES ATTIRE GREENS STUPID OVERDO TIPTOE RENDER ORIOLE ASSORT REDEEM No. 532. Magic Octagon: No. 533. A Remarkable Journey: Tombig- bee, Defiance, The Wash,Worms, Man, Bald- head, Table, Oranges, Candy, Charles and Henry, Powder, Surgeon, Yell, Indian, Guns, Scilly. No. 534. Double Acrostic: Primals, Cha- rade; finals, Enigmas. Crosswords: 1. Charge. 2. Hidden. 3. Alumni 4. Rising. 5. Asy- lum. 6. Dahlia. 7. Easels. No. 535. The jeweler arranged the pearls thus: 9 8 98789 6 5 4 3 2 1 No. 536. Decapitations: C-ode; m-ore; c-one; s-elect; w-edge; t-reason. No. 537. A Curious Conversation : Reuben- stein, Blind Tom, Tony Pastor, Forepaugh, Barnum, Ar buckle, Talmage, Burdette, Livermore, Patti, Mark Twain. No. 538. Transformations: Draw; ward; war; raw; awl. No. 539. Riddle: A lady's lips. No. 540. Illustrated Rebus: Sin has many tools, but a lie is a handle that fits them all. No. 541. Cross Word Enigma: Cowslips. No. 542. The Nine Digits: 16 7 3 10 19 19 n8 Everybody's No. 543. Geographical Skeletons: 1. Lima. 2l Nile. 8. Canada. 4 Geneva, 5. Helena. & Lebanon. No. 544. Letter Rebuses: (a) Anaconda; (b) Thunderbolt. No. 645. Charade: Night-in-gala No. 546. Weatherwise: H-ail; S-now; Storm-most; S(h)ower. No. 547. What Are They! Spurs. No. 648. The Three Travelers: A, 7 pieces; B, 1 piece. At first sight it would seem that A should have 5 and B 3 pieces; but as the three persons ate 8 loaves, each one ate 2% loaves of the bread he furnished. This from 5 would leave 2^ loaves furnished the stran- ger by A, and 3 2%^% of a loaf furnished by B; hence 2> to }, or 7 to 1, is the ratio in which to divide the money. No. 649. An American Author: Bayard Taylor. No. 550. Charade: Wil-low. No. 551. Changes: 1. Saline, aliens. 2. Rugose, grouse. 3. Thread, deaf th. 4. Cut- lets, scuttle. 5. Piston, points. C. Damson, nomads, monads. No. 553. Word Squares: PRESS FRAMED RURAL REMOVE ERASE AM U L E T BASSE MO LINE SLEEP EVENTS DETEST No. 553. A Quaint Puzzle: LOVE. No. 554. Double Acrostic: Q r a n d e E E s p a d o N Room i n G Mart i a L A r a g o n A N e- w b o r N Y c 1 e p e D No. 555. Enigma: Words. No. 650. Octagons.: L 1 . Bed. 2. Tunes. 3. Jungler. 4. Engrave. 6. Delayed. 0. Sever. T. Red. IL 1. Did. 2. Wanted. 3. Dangler. 4. Ingrate. 5. Delayed. 0. Deter. 7 Red. No. 657. Historical Characters : 1. Clay. 2. Franklin. 8. Guy Fawkes. 4. Burr. 6. Marshall Saze. No. 659. Riddles: Sense; Because he is ac- customed to make elegant extracts; Because a woman can make a fool of him; Invisible green; To kaep a check upon his stomach; In the days of 20 A (Noah) ; An L (ell). No. 559. Broken Words: 1. Lap-wing. 2. Over-act. 8. Name-sake. 4. Green-horn. 5 Fin-U. 6. Ear-nest (this was a little "off") T. Looking-glass, a Loads-tar. 9. Ode-on! 10, Win-now. Longfellow, Washington. No. 560. Character Puzzle: Ex-ten-d a kin-d-ly h-and and g-iv-e Goo-d wor-d-s to he-lp the sa-d and poor to 1-ive. No. 561. A Diamond: S PEA CANTS P A R O T ID SE NOCULAR AT TUNED S I L E X DAD R No. 562. A Double Acrostic: CAITIFF R o T u N D O ON T A B i O W I T H O U T No. 563. Transformation Puzzle: Plant the pieces as shown in our picture. You get "Pea," a vegetable. Transpose and you get "Ape," an animal. No. 564. An Eggs-act Answer Wanted: One had 14 eggs, the other 10. No. 565. Anagrams: 1. Tournament. 4. Starlight. 2. Melodrama. 5. Novelties. 3. Unrighteousness. 6. Patience. No. 666. Word Changes: 1. Cedar, raced, cared, scared, sacred, acre. 2. Primero, primer, prime, prim, rip, pi. No. 567. Enigma: A Name. . No. 568. Rose Puzzle: 1. Musk. 2. Tea. 3. China. 4. Dog. 5. Field. G. Moss. 7. Indian. 8. Cabbage. 9. Dwarf. No. 569. Half Square and Diamond: K BIGGIN SAS INLET STONE GLUT KAOLINB GET SNIPE IT E N E N B No. 570. Voltaire's Riddle: Time. No. 571. Charade: Mendicant mend-l- eant. No. 572. A Poet Transformed: Keats steak stake skate Elate take teak tea eat ate at. No. 678. jThe Row of Figure; The Book of Puzzles. 119 and last or these numbers, 1 find 50, make 51; and the second and last but one of these numbers, 2 and 49, make 51, and so on through the whole row of figures. Alto- gether, therefore, there aro 25 times 51, which makes 1,275. | No. 574. Conundrum: Why, on the other ride of him, of course 1 I No. 575. Hidden Authors: 1. Chaucer. 9. Dryden. '6. Pope. 4. Taylor. 5. Holmes. fl. Holland. 7. Hood. 8. Burns. 9. AbbUt ; Fu ni an a. The proper costume for an elopement A cutaway jacket. A timely warning Cucumbers. A heap of trouble A siugle hair. In high spirits Alcohol. Hard to beat A boiled egg. Forced politeness Bowing to necessity. Key to the Puzzler. No. 576. How is your head? Level. No. 577. The Riddle of Riddles: The heart No. 578. Enigma: Flowers. No. 579. Rebus: Laconic. No. 580. Rhomboid: HUNTED SAILED PRIMED EDI L E S E S T E E M E A R W A X No. 581. Rebus for Little Folks: Years fly on tho wings of time. No. 588. Word Squares: WASTE CHAMP ACTOR HUMOR STONE AMUSE TONIC MOSES ERECT PRESS No. 583. Hidden Flowers: 1. Rose. a. Verbena. 3. Pink. 4. Peony. No. 584. Cross Word Enigma: Thibet. No. 585. A Knotty Problem: NINE. No. 586. Charade: Wei-come. No. 587. Curtailment: Alien a lie AIL No. 588. What is My Name) Palm. No. 589. A Pretty Tangle: Straight is the line of duty, Curved is the line of beauty ; Walk in the first and thou shalt see The other ever follow theo. No. 590. A Tale of the Lights: A polite acolyte with a slight blight to his eyesight, Bang in tho twilight, "Let there be light." In this plight, he saw with delight the flight of an aerolite enlighten the starlight like the daylight and, alighting on an electric light, put out the light quick as lightning:. JNo. 591. Cross Word Enigma: Baseball. No. 593. Beheadings in Rhyme: The ship rode in an eastern bay; Asleep astern tho master lay; A stern and rugged man was he, And, like the tern, at homo at sea; He, like the ern, swooped on his prey, Whene'er the R. N. came his way. But now, while N. the needle kept, Forgetting all, he lay and slept. No. 5'J3. A Transformed Monster: Lie- Eli No. 594. A Presidential Puzzle: 1. Bu- c(h)anan. 2. Gr(a)nt. 3. Ga(r)field. 4. A(r)- thur. 5. L(i)ncoln. 0. Hayc(s). 7. John- s(o)n. 8. Clevela(n)d. Harrison. No. 595. Syncopations: Ho(us)e. P(l)ay. THrte. No. 596. Unfinished Verses: Sea, me. Land, sand. Far, star. Mother, brother. Sea, glee. Texas. No. 597. A Slippery Sprite: The letter H. No. 598. An Hour Glass: IRKSOME ETHER B Y E L TOT MACAW O C K P I T N). 599. Arithmetical Problem: John, $2.ft); James, $1.40; Harry, 80 cents. No. 600. Rebus for Little Folk: Japan produces good tea. No. 601. A Wonderful Animal: A Bengal tiger. No. 602. Charade: Larkspur. No. 603. Hidden Nets: Lin-net. Spi-net. Gan-net. Jen-net. Bon-net. Cyg-net. Gar- net. Cor-net. Son-net. Hor-net. No. 604. A Riddle: Noah. No. 605. Two Wise Little Maids: One had 5 nuts; the other, 7 nuts. No. 600. Ten Tribes of Indians: 1. Sacs and Foxes. 2. Arapahoes. 3. Chickasaws. 4. Pawnees. 5. Mandans. 6. Seminoles. 7. Diggers. 8. Cherokees. 9. Tuscaroras. 10. Blackfeet. No. 607. An Hour Glass. STITCHERT R O L L I NO STEEL BOW P DAM SATAN SHERMAN BALVA TI ON T2O Evervbodys The Clever Plf. "Haf" said the pig to the boy who cut off It* tail, "You can't do that again. 1 ' No. 008. Poetical Taiigle: Don't be In too much of a hurry To credit what other folks say: It takes but a alight little flurry To blow fallen leaves far away. No. 609. Numerical Enigmas: Louisa May Alcott No. 610. The Puzzle Board: Oft, In the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me, Fond memory brings the light Of other days around ma No. Gil. Enigmatical Birds: Hawk ca- nary ruff kite pica rook penguin halcyon. No. 612Rebus: Annex (an X). No. 613. Word Changes: Grape rape pe,pear. No. 614, Conundrums: Because each day begins by breaking. Crash. Because it U a reflector. A Teller. No. 615. A Clever Puzzle: 1. Because it began on Sunday and ended en Holiday. 2. Because it begins and ends on Tuesday. No. CIO. Double Acrostic: Primala Cu- pid. Final* Arrow. Cross words: CallA UlsteR PalloR-IndigO-DaW. No. 617. Remarkable Ilivers: Green, Grand, Orange, Cheat, Neuse, For, Tombig- bee, Bear, Connecticut, Rocky, Snake. No. CIS. A Problem tD Solve: CIVIC. No. C19. Easy Word Squares: TRIP HARE BIRD RARE AMID I DBA IRON RIPE REAL PENT EDEN DALE No. C20. The Parallelogram Puzzle: In what vehicle did the man ride who was "driven frantic?" When a man revolves much in his mind, does it make him dizzy! If all things are for the best, where do tha rations for the second beet come from? Divide the piece of card into five steps aa shown in tho cut, and shift the two pieces to form tho required figures. No. 621. Letter Rebus: Blunderer. No. 622. Numerical Enigma: Diamond. No. 623. Concealed Cities: Salem, Lowell, B*th, Paris, Rome, Nice, Lyons, Trenton. No. GH. Riddle: Tho nose. i'^. Anagrams: 1. Don Quixote. 2. The Virginians. 3. Guy Manuering. 4. Old Curtly Eh., p. 5. Uncle Tom's Cabin The Woman iu White. 7. The Last Days of FompeiL a Tho Vicar of Wakefleld. No, 620. Rebus: Bonn- times a shooting comet flaming goes around the sun. No. C27. A Den of Wild Animals: R E O B O W A POBCUr I N B E M E P O L T B I L F S D B U N O A S C E C E T L U A A K S S O M T R No. 628. Enigmatical Trees and Plants: The elder tree; O, Leauder; palm; Chili tree; plane; mango. Sage; sensitive plant; lettuce; tea; thyme; peppergross. No. 629. Riddles: Because it is down In the mouth. Because for every grain they give a peck. B natural. Joseph, when he got into the pit for nothing. Ashes, because whfn hnrned they are ashes still. No. 630. Charade: Horse-chestnut. No. 631. Numerical Enigma: Fortunate. No. 632. Can you Name Him: Fisherman, No. 633. Drop Letter Quotation: "What- soever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might." No. 634. Diamonds: C B CAT LIP CADET BISON TEA POT T N No. 635. Rebus Wise Words: "Civility costs nothing and buys every thing. "Mary Wortley Montague. No. 63<x Selections: Starch. Star, tar, arch, arc, chart, cart, hart, chat, hat, cat, rat. No. C37. A Poetical Maze: O'er the placid ocean, Merrily vrt> glide; Zephyrs' gentlest motion Fans the rippling tide; Blue the sky above us, Blue the wave below, Borrow cannot move us. " Na 640. Illustrated Rebus: Take time by the forelock. No. 641. Cross Word Enigma: Turkey. No. G42. Pi: October morning! how the sun Glitters on glowing shock and sheaf : On apple crisp with mellow gold, On wonder painted leaf 1 October evening! look, the moon, Like on* in fair viand benighted! Book of Puzzles. 121 Out doors Jack Frost bites sharp; within- Good! our first fire is lighted. No. 643. Word PuzjJe: Cleveland. No. 644 Flowers aai Fruit: Candytuft, gladiolus, trailing arbutus, tuberose, Venus' fly trap, four o'clock, plum, peach, currant, caper, pear, olive. No. 645. Deletions: Can(is)ter; war(ran)t; a(tine)t; H(ass)ock; re(pair)ed. No. 646. Charade: Chick weed. No. 647. A Hollow Square: CUPS E c I N No. 648. An Anagram: Termagant No. 649. A Poser: The Letter A. No. 650. Illustrated Rebus: If a man does his best, what more can wo expect from him I No. 651. Double Acrostic: PANACEA ELISION ATHEIST S U C E 8 8 No. 652. The Legacy: The cadi loaned a camel to the brothers, making 20 camels, which he bade them divide. The eldest son took one-half, or 10 camels; the second, one- fourth, 5; the third, one-fifth, 4, making 19 camels among the three brothers and one left to be returned to the cadi. No. 653. Beheadings: E-go; e-lato; e-state. No. 654. Enigmatical Rivers: Merriinac, St. John, Pearl, Black, Brandywine. No. 655. Rbvming Square: APRIL PAUSE RUBLE ISLES L E E S E No. 666. Riddles: Silrnce. Because, how- ever frank, she cannot ba plain. A tare. Ink, At seventy, because long experience makes him sage. No. 657. Crossword Enigma: DaffodQ. No. 658. Missing Letters: Dr. No. 659. Quartered Circles: From 1 to 4, lane; 5 to 8, gear; 9 to 12, lyre; 13 to 1C, anon; 1 to 5, long; 5 to 9, gull; 9 to 13, Luna; 13 to 1, Abel; 2 to 6, abode; 6 to 10, entry; 10 to 14, yearn; 14 to 2, Norma; 3 to 7, Nevada; 7 toll.abider; 11 to 15, Rial to; 15 too, Oberon; 4 to 8, elector; 8 to 12, reserve; 12 to 1(3, east- ern; 16 to 4, naivete. No. 660. The Philosopher's Puzzle: The philosopher blocked up each corner of his window in such a way as to leave a diamond shaped opening of the same width and length as the original window. no. 661. --Charade: Carpet. No. 663,- -A star: B U A SONATAS U Q T A L L E K BE RAISINS L F y No. 663. Transposition: Cuba a cub. No. 604. Word Squares: PAGAN COLOR ALIVE OLIVE GIBES LINEN AVERT OVERT NESTS RENTS No. 665. Numerical Enigma: England. No. 666. Decapitations: Stray, tray, ray, ay. 2. Stripe, tripe, rije. 3. Strap, trap, rap. 4. Pride, ride. No. 667. A Wonderful Puzzle: A watch. No. 668. Numerical Enigma: A new broom sweeps clean. No. 669. A Half Square: M M A MAN MANE M A N E H No. 670. Easy Rebus for Little People: Stop not to idle. No. 671. Anagram: Solitary. Lapwing. Tiresome. No. 672. Letter R2bus: Largess (large S). No. 673. Conundrums: Because it makes oil boil. Because it makes ma mad. Because it makes over a lover. Because it is always in inquisitive. Because it begins and ends in sauciness. Because it is found in both earth and water. No. 674. Enigmatical Trees: ?.. Ash tree. 2. Bread fruit. 3. 0-raga . O-live. No. 675. A Seasonable Acrostic: Third row, Heartfelt Thanks; sixth row, Thanks- giving Day. Cross Words: L Athletic, 2. Wreathed. 8. Standard. 4. Strained. 5. Attacked. 6. Diffuses. 7. Presages. 8. Re- ligion. 9. Outlives. 10. Catering. 11. Schoo- ner. 12. Analogue. 13. Consider. 14. Ink- stand. 15. Unstayed. No. 676. A Word Square: ROME OPAL MAUL ELLA No. 677. Hidden Words: Names of Object* Trowel, lady, eagle, antelope, nest, arch, ostrich, box, engine. Hidden Words: Rich, dye, star, row, glean, oxen, well, host, open. No. 678. Beheadments: Lone one N. E. 122 Everybody's No. 879. Charade: Hum bug. No. 680. What is My Name! A kiss. No. 68L Numerical Enigma: Tobacco. No. 683. An Easy Riddle: Mentz. No. 683. Conundrums: Because we cannot make them here (hear). Because it is in firm (infirm). Because they put out tubs to catch oft water when it rains hard. He gets wet The former are dead men and the latter mended (men dead). No. 684. A Word Puzzle: L An acre. 2. Nacre, a Crane. 4. Near. 5. Era, 6. Er in error. 7. R (east). No. 685. Acrostic: Saturn. Love. Eng- land. Eve. Petrarch. Initials: Sleep. No. 6S6. Diamond and Half Square: L APTEROUS SIP PLANERS DEBAR TATTLE SEVERAL ENTRY LIBER A TED RELY PARADED ORE RATED US LED 8 D No. 687. Geographical Enigmas: 1. Cats- kill 2. Leavenworth. 3. Boston. 4. New- ark. 5. LowelL 6. Dunkirk. 7. Cleveland. 8. Springfield, 9. New Orleans. 10. Hart- ford. 11. Saratoga Springs. 12. Manches- ter. 13. Baltimore. 14. Hannibal 15. Wil- limautic. No. 688. Arithmetical: C, I, one hundred and one; L, fifty, dividing it gives C LI; cipht/r, 0, added gives CLIO, one of the nine '- No. 6S9. Crossword Enigma: Napoleon. No. GOO. A Poetical Quotation: Oh, what a tangled web we weave When first wo practice to deceive! No. C91. What Is It The figure 8. No. 092. Curtailments: Wheat heat eat No. 033, Easy Word Squares: MART WENT AVER ERIE RENO NIPS TROD TEST No. CM. Central Acrostic: B A C K 8 A 8 H E N W Q I L E PAGES O B A I 11 BEGET B O K E 3<x <& Hfthax-linga; L-oue. A-bridge, Not 06. -Gee-graphical Riddle*: Hood. Snake. Salmon. Sable, Farewell. A Riddle in Rhyme. Two brothers we are; great burdens we bear; By some we are heavily pressed. We are full all the day, but in truth I may say We are empty when we go to rest A pair of shoes. No. 697. Numerical Enigma: Harriet Beecher Stowe. No. 698. Hidden Words: Laurel; Ural, lea, are, era, lure, Lear, Ella, ell, real, ear, all. No. 699. Illustrated Proverb: Never look a gift horse in the mouth. No. 700. A Charade: Tad-pole. No. 701. Cross Word Enigma: Wolfe. No. 702. Drop Letter Proverb: Zeal with- out knowledge is the sister of folly. No. 703. Curtailments: Age-d; rip-e; plum-b; flee-t Debt No. 704. Charade: Newspaper. No. 705. A Concealed Quotation: "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." No. 706. An Easy Riddle: Cares. No. 707. A Wise Saying: Speech is silver, but silence is gold. No. 70S. A Stitch Puzzle: 1. Arrow stitch. 2. Hem stitch. 3. Running stitch. 4. But- tonhole stitch. 5. Feather stitch. 6. Lock stitch. 7. Star stitch. 8. Cat stitch. 9. Cross stitch. 10. Back stitch. 11. Briar rtitch. 12. Chain stitch. 13. Outline stitch. 14. Rope stitch. No. 709. An Hour Glass: THROWSTBB T U A I H K D H A 8 T K I C E O END PASTE B L E I O H T STERNNESS No. 710. A Pleasure Trip: MY DEAB CHARLOTTE I have been read- ing, but now will tell you about our pleasant trip. Wo went to see Geneva. There were Elizabeth, Helena, Whitney, Chester and my- self. Elizabeth wore a green merino, Helena wore Canton flannel 1 had to borrow a hoo*d, and wore a black dress. We got an early start We went over a very rocky road. Geneva had been on the lookout for us. As you must know, Geneva is very rich, and her floors were covered with Brussels carpet. She showed us a horn basket she made; also her lovely roan pet cow. We stayed over Sun- day, and then came home. My friend, I must close. I fear we shall get a hurricane. Farewell FLOBBBCE, Book of Puzzles. 123 An Alphabetical Wooing. Let others talk of L N"s eyes, And K Ts figure, light and free, Bay L R, too, is beautiful I heed them not while U I O. U need not N V them, for U X L them all, my M L E. I have no words when I would tell How much in love with U I B. So sweet U R, my D R E, I love your very F E G; And when you speak or sing, your voice Is like a winsome L O D. When U R I-C, hope D KX I am a mere non-N T T. Such F E K C has your smile, It shields from N E N M E. For love so deep as mine, I fear, There is no other M E D, But that you love mo back again O, thought of heavenly X T Cl So, lest my M T heart and I Should sing for love an L E O, T's me no more B Y's, B kind, O, M L E, U R, I 01 St Nicholas. No. 711. Palindromes: Poop, bib, nun, deified, solos, gig, pup, tenet, deed. No. 712. A question of making change: The grocer gave his quarter to the by- stander, and his fifty cent piece to the pur- chaser. The bystander gave his two dimes and his one cent piece to the purchaser, and his five cent piece and his two cent piece to the grocer. The purchaser gave his one dollar bill and his two cent piece to the grocer, and his three cent piece to the bystander. Thus, with the fewest possible changes, each man received the exact amount he was entitled to. No. 713. A Pictorial Rebus: One day in paradise is worth a thousand years on earth. No. 714. Double Central Acrostic: CLASSIFY BLATTERS CHARADES T R I A N Q L E TRENCHER 8L I O H T E D REOE IVED BO R ROW ED PARSNl PS No. 715. Going to Market: Pepper, gin- ger, rico, syrup, spice, soda, currants, sau- sage, starc-h, sugar. No. 716. What Is It: A button. No. 71 7. Anagrams. Historians: James Anthony Fronde, William H. Prescott, George Rawlinson. Authors: Edward Ever- ett Hale, Charles Egbert Craddock, Jamea Otis. No. 718. Empty vessels make the greatest sound. JTo. 719. Pi of the season: December closes on the scene, And what appear the months gone past 1 Fragments of time which once have been I Succeeding slowly, fled too fast! Their minutes, hours, and days appear Viewless in that small point, a year. No. 720. -A Charade: Hollyhock. No. 721. Crossword Enigma: Maple Sugar. No. 722. Easy Transpositions: Stop spot pots tops post. No. 723. Mental Arithmetic: Three In 9, three times. No. 724. Riddle: A leaf. No. 725. How Is This? There were in the coach an old lady, one of her daughters with two daughters, another daughter with two sons, and the daughter of an absent daughter. Total, eight persons. No. 726. Numerical Enigma: A stitch In timo saves nine. No. 727. Reverses: 1. Star, rats. 2. War, raw. 8. Ned, den. 4. Yam, may. 5. Pans, enap. 6. Reed, deer. r No. 728. Enigma A Little Fairy: The road up to the palace Toward a thimble wends; The fairy and her sisters You've at your fingers' ends. No. 729. -A Cut Up Puzzle: No. 730. Beheadings Transposed: A ndes-ends rand -darn A bate- beat 8 mite-time S apid-paid 1 mage-game Z ebra-bear No. 731. A Charade: Afternoon. No. 732. Rhyming Numerical Enigma! Heart. No. 733. A Riddle: A shoe. No. 734. An Animal in Anagram: Arma- dillo, Everybody's 7.T">. A Palindrome : Carac. No. 736. A Word Square : INANE N I] W K L AWARD N E R V i: ELDER No. 737. Charade : Off-ice. 738. Numerical enigma : , Eiffel Tower. ::$9. Zoological Acrostic : ELK T E L O P O X P E ELK B P H A A T K R I E R WILDCAT 1". -N americal Enigma : Sack. . 1 1. Charade : Sun-day. No. 742. Word Squares : P L E A s I. L A R D K li ERRATA A D A 11 T S - i. i T i; i: i: K A a i: - W ASHES A R T E li V S T OHMS |[ K U M I T E R M I X i; SYSTEM N>. 743. Enigmi : The letter V. No. 74 1. Letter Rebuses : Rosamund, Governor Covered. rr.. -Easy Beheadings : Vacation. 1. Vale*. 2. Await. 8. Cl->ck. 4. Aware. i>. Train. 0. Ideal. 7. Opine. 8. Never. No. 740. -A Pyramid : R D E N CRASH EXPLAIN MISEMPLOY No. 747. A Riddle : Dust. No. 748. An Anagram : Commissariat. 7i'.i. Double Acrostic: Primal*, Agasnz ; finals, Le Conte. Cross Woru I . Anvil. 2. GracK. X. AttiC. 4. SalvO. 5. SlaiN. 6. IngoT. 7. ZoclE. No. 750. Cross Word : Coach. No. 7.M. A Noted Battle: Waver-aver, Alien-lien, Trace-race, Event-vent, Remit- tmit, Ltver-cvrr, Over-vert, Opine-pine ; Waterloo. No. 752. Arithmetical : 99 9-9. 3 ducks. \niii. nral Enigma: The cham- ber of sickness is the chapel of devotion. No. 764. Historic*] Anagrams: Welling- ton, Washington, Cajsar, Peter the Great, Darius the < . No. 756. Hour Glasses G A L L I N ( i PRINK ONE C NOD POLKA EVENING C AR AVAN MERIT V IM ASP OTTER DEVOTEE No. 7,") 7. Charade : Post-man. No. 758. A Faithful Guide : The Needle of the Compass. No. 7 .v.i. Comparisons! 1. Bee, boor, beast. 2. Beau, bore, boast. 3. Fee, fear, feast. 4. Go, gore, ghost. 5. Roe, roar, roast. No. 760. A Queer Conceit : Assassin. No. 761. Geographical Anagrams : 1. Great Britain. 2. United states. 3. Australia. 4. Scotland. 5. Minnesota. 6. Philadelphia. No. 762. Conundrums : Because they have their next world (necks twirled) in this. Oiic is what I was, the other what I wear. Because it contains many currants (currents). Inviolate (in violet). No. 763. Beheadings : S-tag, I-bis, R-ace, W add, A-bct, L-and, T-act, E-den, R-aft, S-aga, C-age, 0-bey, T-ace, T ail ; Sir Wal- ter Scott. No. 764. Charade : Yel-low. No. 765. An Enigmatical Quartet: MILD. No. 7C6. A Pretty Puzzle: 1. All covet, all lose. 2. You dig your grave with your teeth. 3. We hate delay, yet it makes us wise. 4. Better half a loaf than no bread. 5. Penny wise, pound foolish. 6. A drown- ing man will catch at a straw. 7. Two ill meals make the third a glutton. 8. Honey in the mouth saves the purse. 9. Spare to speak, spare to speed. Id. Haste makes waste. Valentines : coVet, grAve, deLay, brEad, peNny, caTch, third, hoXcy, spEak, haSte. No. 767. Word Squares : FINK CLEAR IRIS LEAVE NINE EAVES ESEK AVERT I: E S T S No. 768. Conundrums : Because they are the bearers of idle tails. Bc;:au.*e it is done with the pen. 1 1 has a head and a tail and two sides. When it's dripping. No. 769. A Checkered Square : A I. L K O H A E Q A 1. E M U E L U E K O R E T T K O E T N W A 8 C K N T Book of Puzzles. 125 No. 770. Acrostic Riddle: Lark. Army. Riches. Kite. No. 771. Letter Enigma : Great Bear. No. 772. Hidden Reptiles : Asp, frog, newt, skink, snake, toad, salamander, dragon. No. 773. A Tramp's Stratagem : The lazy tramp worked 2 days, at 2 hours per day ; the second tramp, 4 days at 4 hours ; the third, 6 days at G hours ; and the fourth, 12 days at 12 hours ; total, 200 hours. No. 774. In my Garden : Stock, Love lies bleeding, Tulips and Orchis, Heartsease, Wind-flower, Mist- tree (mystery), Catch- fly, Hardback. Inn-cence, Job's Tear, Monks- hood, Rue, Witch Hazel, Violet, Speedwell, Boneset. No. 775. An Enigma : Blank-book. No. 776. Phonetic Charade : Dandelion. No. 777. Numerical Enigma : Telegraph. No. 778. Pied Quotations : 1. - Words without thoughts never to heaven go." 2. " Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one, have of ttimes no connection." No. 779. Delphinised Poetry: I love little pussy, Her coat is so warm ; And if I don't hurt her She'll do me no harm. I will not pull her tail, Nor drive her away ; But pussy and I Together will play. As she sits by the fire I will give her some food, And pussy will love me, Because I'm LO gocd. No. 780. Enigmatic*] Birds : Rail. Tur- key. Man-of-war. Mar-ten. Red-start. Lap-wing. Nut-cracker. No. 781. Geographical Conundrums : 1. Wales. 2. Ireland. :?. Lapland. 4. Tur- key. 5. Guinea. 6. Iceland. No. 782. Who am I ? The letter K. No. 783. Phonetic Charade : Cowper. No. 784. Floral Anagram : Petunia. No. 785. Numerical Enigma : Boston Massacre. No. 781). Cross Word : Water. No. 787. Beheadings : 1. A B road. 2. S P R ay. 3. T R ash. No. 788. A Riddle : The mouth, with tongue and teeth. N<-. 78'J. A Poetical Effusion : Ode (owed) to a washerwoman. No. 790. Decapitations : 0-S-P-R-ay. N<>. 791. Diagonals: Tiny Tim. Cross Words: 1. Trouble. 2. Diamond. S.Pan- dora. 4. Drayman. 5. Carotid. 6. Pacific. 7. Premium. -N'<>. 792. A Puzzling Problem : Fifteen white and fifteen black. OO OOO OO OOOO O O OO No. 793. A Diamond : G W I. j: W A X H D W A V E R E R GENERATOR BERATED DETER ROD R No. 794. One of Nature's Wonders : Coral. VOL. II OF SAXON & CO.'S " EVERYBODY'S BOOKS." 120th THOUSAND. 32 pp, added. - y,,/,/rx; uniform inth "Everybody's Pocket Cyclop&dia." Olotlo., Gel. I^oatlior-, Is. EVERYBODY'S BOOK OF JOKES. " In so large a collection there is, of course, much that is ancient, but, as the Editor remarks in his preface, your old joke is often the best ; whether or n<\ there is a large amount of laughter for the money in the little volume." Glasgmr Kirning Times. "This is the best sixpenny book of fun that has yet been published. It contains more than 3,000 comicalities, both in prose and verse, the freshest bits of Yankee humour, as well as the many quips of antique times." -Jhuid/'f dm ri> ,-. . the very thing for the professional wit. . . ." Glasgow "If a merry mood contributes to health, the sixpence which this little hand-book costs will be well invested. It will prove an unfailing stimulant of mirth and laughter whenever consulted." Western Daily Mercury, " A mirth-provoking book such as this may be a better tonic than any drug. . . ." Stourbridge Express. "All the humour of an ordinary lifetime is apparently compressed within the limits of a sixpenny volume." Admiralty (!((.:> iff. " There is plenty of laughter in this little book. . . "Pictorial World. " . . .is surely the cheapest sixpennyworth of wit and humour ever issued." Weekly Times and Echo. " . . .a potentiality of humour beyond the dreams even of a comic editor." Brighton Herald. "Beaming over with fun and frolic. . . ." Pe/'/r/r/^Jdrr A>/rx. " . . . much amusement is in store for those who will pay attention to what is here accumulated, whether old or new, in prose o'r rhyme. They may learn some good lessons into the bargain." Tlir 'Jitm*. " The selections are remarkably free from anything which may be construed into coarseness." Cornish Telegraph. Of all Booksellers all over the world, or post-free on receipt of price from SAXON & Co., Publishers, 23, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON. Large 8vo, Paper, 160 pp., Is. BILL NYE, BOB BURDETTE, AND OTHER AMERICAN HUMOURISTS. 250 ILLTJSTIR^TIOItTS. "Bill Nye is a familiar name now, and his coadjutors in this amusing little -work have done their best to make themselves worthy of the association in which they find themselves." Glasgow Evening News. " The illustrations are in the broadest style of grotesque humour, and have the double merit of being abundant and to a degree artistic." Weekly Herald. " If Artemus Ward's mantle fell upon anyone it was certainly the gentleman who writes himself ' Bill Nye,' and many of whose funniest Hi'orts are collected in this book." W/u'te/tftren " Here is a large and closely packed shilling's worth that, open it where you like, will drive off dull care and brighten the spirits when weary and tired." JJj-cc/ii/t " American humourists have hard and incisive points in their jokes. They are original, often highly intellectual, and not unfrequently vulgar. There are none of the latter class in the selections before us, and we find not one which can be fai I to be objectionable." The Ulster Gazette. " The most extraordinary collection of stories of the true American type, and the fun is heightened by upwards of 250 illustrations." Inverness Chronicle. SAXON & CO., $ubiil)er3 3 23, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.G. -sYo, Paper, 160 pp., Is. JENNIE, THE CIRCUS RIDER, AND 50 OTHER SHORT STORIES. A CHOICE SELECTION OF AMERICAN SHORT STORIES "This is a book of wonderfully good reading. The storios are exceedingly it -1, as ;i rule, freshly written ; in fact, the :;f should have many attractions for English readers. The first and longf.-t tale (they are none of them very long) is ' Jennie, the i thy and characteristic product of the pen of that rful and dramatic \vritt-r, M. French-Sheldon." WcxttTn Tim>\*. Th'- "i Miing story is one of tragical interest." lirynofrls's News- The volume is quite a im-side eova^KDion. n Staffordshire Times. "ii 8vo t HERBERT SEVERANCE. ^ iUto Mobrl bn JH. .frtnth-^hclbon. :-h will take high rank ann.nirst those Avorl n which are designated as hooks \\oi'ih n -ad in-:. "/;//, - IK. i larkinir. and nothing more htrikimr in its nan ill,- scene pirnnvd in the 1-i-t ' will h.,: D withBoineof th- i-.-st in the book *.*. SAXON & CO., publi5l)tr0, 23, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.<3. A 000 092 939 LOU sands of Saxon and - ries of Everybody's Books are sold yearly. This due to their excellence and cheapness. Hack >k contains from 192 to 320 pages, and is sold at 6//. (leather binding. i,v.). The first volume. I \ rvbody's Pocket Cyclopaedia/' has reached t 4OOth thousand. The second volume, "Every- /> Book of Jokes/*' Las reached the laoth isand. The third volume, "Everybody's Scrai>- oi Curious J^cts/" is in its /$th thousand. four;;; \ ; hinit, " Everybody *s Boojc of Short v in great demand. All Saxon a? ;J bear on the title-page their regisu Univ e r* ' Mir old Saxon gem known as I April SAXON cS: CO., Publishers, LONDON, H.C
Gamp
Which four letter word beginning with H is a Romanian or Israeli dance in which the performers form a ring?
Full text of "Everybody's Illustrated book of puzzles" See other formats THE ILLUSTRATED Hundred and Ninety-four Rebuses, Enigmts, Etc., with Answers. SAXON & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOUTERIE STREET, LONDON, RC 9F C*MF. LIBRJMT, Iff Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN EVERYBODY'S ILLUSTRATED Book of Puzzles LONDUN : \.\ON & O BOUYERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C 1890. LOSOOH : VE1X1JQ *SC CO., SO it 32, SAKUIhli BISECT, UJtCOLM 8 IXK Everybody's Puzzle Book, SELECTED BY Fabled History of the First Riddle. The ancients believed that the monster Sphynx was the inventor of riddles. Tho one she proposed for solution is this: "What animal is that which goes upon four legs in the morning, upon two at noon and upon three at night?" Many persons strove to ex- plain it, but failed and were torn to pieces by her. At length CEdipus solved it by say- ing that the animal was a man, who, in in- fancy, or in the morning of his life, creeps upon his hands and feet and so goes upon all fours; in the noon of his life walks on two feet, and in the night of old age requires a Stick and so totters upon three legs No. 1. Picture Puzzle. .LLKEL No. 2. Enigma In Rhyme. Green am I in spring, Late iu summer yellow; In the autumn red, When the days grow mellow. You may on me read; You may on me write; Green, red, yellow, though I am, I am always white. Wrinkle not my face; Let me live in clover; Look, but handle not; Yes, you may turn me over. No. 3. Arithmetic Tangle* A countrywoman carrying eggs to a garri- son, where she had three guards to pass, sold to the first guard half the number she had and half an egg more ; to the second, the half of what remained and half an egg beside, and to the third guard, she sold the half of the remainder and half another egg. When She arrived at the market place she had three dozen still to sell; how was this possible with- out breaking any of the eggs? No. 4. A Star. 1. A letter. 2. Mamma. 3. Recited. 4. Escaped by stratagem. 5. Relating to the moon. 6. Title of address to a lady. 7. A provider of provisions. 8. A male nickname. 9. A letter. No. 5. Conundrums. (a) How do we know that Byron never wore a wig? (b) "Why is the leaf of a tree like the human body? (c) Which is the oldest tree in England? (d) Why are feet like olden tales? (e) Why is a spider a good correspondent? (f) Why is a thief, picking a coiner's pocket, reminded of a line in Othello? (g) Why is an undutiful son like one born deaf? 1C8C?; Everybody s (h) Why are the pages of a book like the days of a man! (i) How many sides arc there to a tree! (j Why is your nose like St. Paul's? (k) What's that which every living man hath seen, but nevermore wit see again, I ween? A Metamorphosis. What a wonderful letter is N. Beside making a window of widow, it metamor- phoses a leviathan into two well known Jews, Levi N-athan ; makes a bungle of a bugle ; Norma, a Norman, and even causes a modest violet to be violent. One of the nicest uses to put an N to is to change an eclipse into necklips, which charms, on a pretty woman, eclipse many others. A Riddle Answered. "What is the difference between a widow and a window.'"' You give it up. I knew you would 1 Well, there is little if any, for the transparent griefs like the transparent panes of the other are Removed in course of repair- ing, and the latter is for mankind to look out of, while the former looks out for mankind. Pnnlana. Some one says that laundresses, like rail- roads, have their irons all over the country, and occasionally do a little mangling; but this, you know, is speaking ironically. Is anything worse than the Englishman in Paris, who said he guessed a certain French lady to be mad, as her husband continually addressed her as March hare (Ma chere). Theodore Rook was once asked to review a book called "Three Words to a Drunkard." "That I will do in three words," he said. "Pass the bottle!" Motto for grocers: "Honest tea is the best policy." Where is the ruffian who said, "My no- tion of a wife at forty is that one should be able to change her, like a bank note, for two twenties." Talking of a woman at forty, makes us think how funny it is that a woman who never knows her own age, can tell you in a minute the age of all her female acquaint- ances. It was the original learned pig who made this observation, when running away from the pork butcher, "Prevention is better than cure." Learn in your youth to beehive through life, with the regularity and industry of the bee; and then, as you kettle little holder, you will not get into hot water through bad habit*, and burn your flngera. Dream Interpretations. One or two dream interpretations that may be useful some day : To dream of a police- man is a sure sign of the "blues." To dream you are a monkey is to say the least sug- gestive. To dream your head is being punched, and, on waking, to discover that Buch is not the case, is lucky for you. To dream you have eloped with a wicked female ghost is a sure sign you have taken bad spir- its (over night). If a "gentleman of the press" dreams of donkeys, it is called a "ned- dy-torial" vision. To dream of suet shows a fat-uous mind (don't do it again). Double L amps in millions, O n the earth N ever conquered, D ayvlish pleasant, O nly shame 'tis, N oses smell such Acrostic. L ights on billions, O mnipotent; N ever failing, D em magnificent. O 'er Thames sailing, N asty stiff scent. No. C. Anagrams. For the benefit of very j-oung readers we will explain that making an anagram con- sists in forming a new word or words from the letters of other words. An illustration is: Cheer sick lands the anagram for Charles Dickens. We now invite you, with the per- mission of Good Housekeeping, to an ana- gramatical Dickens party, the guests of which nre prominent characters in Dickens* writings: Blame Crumple; We debtor to toys; Clev-sr fop I did pad; Pair my ages; His by a linen clock; Toy lily blows; Canny Skyes; Mere Walls ; O, feel my corn bed ; We kill red vies; Over it wilts; Bug ran by dear. No. 7 Enigma. I am a word of four letters, two of which are of no importance, signifying nought. For myself, I am an article of extended use, and worn by a lady, a friar, a snake, a clergyman, a flower and a bird. I gave a surname to a famous archer who lived about the time of Richard I, and to a poet of the reign of Victoria. My family is large, though I am an orphan, for when I go among them, I can count sisters and brothel's, maid- ens and mothers. I am somewhat addicted to single life, for I dwell with spinsters; yet I am fond of society, for where a great many neighbors dwell together j-ou will always find me. 1 am rather of a monastic turn, too, and have patronized Bo^nines, and Sceurs de Charite, Capuchins and 1'r.nu-iscans. Kings and querns t:ivor n p > when I as- sume knightly orders, and I flourish highest under their protection. Wherever I am I am at least sure of subsistence. In all prob- ability you have seen my like, but even when you find mo you may be puzzled, fox I of tun show two fact* Book of Puzzles* Xo. 8. A Riddle in Rhyme. I am borne on the pale in the stillness of night, A sentinel's signal that all is not ri.uht. I am not a swallow, yet skim o'er the wave ; I am not a doctor, yet patients I save ; When the sapling has trrmvn to a flourishing live Jt limls a protector henceforward in me? Xo. 9. Pictorial Reims. 5fo. 1O. Syncopation*. Syncopate (by omitting one letter in the middle of the word) to wander, and leave 1o stand still ; to enslave, and leave part of the far : a drink, and leave a ditch ; t > sail near the shore, and leave detriment : livelv, and leave fancy ; to divide and leave a prophet ; lnmul r , and leave part of the face ; to cue 1 gel, ami leave to lessen. 1 he syncopated words are all of equal length, and thy litters tak-u f om them, j.lar-tl in order, name s >:r.cth:ng seldom met with. Wide Awake. No. 11. Poetical Charade. My second sweepeth clean, 'tis said, When new ; but housewives say That 'tis no good when constant use Hath worn its strength away. Ah, lazy son, your algebra You've very badly reckoned: My first shall point my whole for you In likeness of my second. No. 12. Connntlrums. (a) If you had a strong desire to leave some property to the man in the moon, how would you go about it? (b) If you tumbled to the bottom of the first week in April, what sort of a Yankee would you suggest? {c) What is the difference between a sailor on duty and a sailor discharged? (d) What is the best way to prevent water coming into your house? (e) Why is a butler like a mountain? (f) Spell auburn locks in two letters. (g) What is it which occurs twice in a mo- ment, once in a minute and not once in 1,000 years? (h) If you suddenly saw a house on fire what three celebrated authors would you feel at onco disposed to name? (i) Whcu is a slug liko a poem of Tennyson's! No. 13. Charade. The student o'er my first doth pore From early morn till night; My next is buried 'neath the earth, And seldom sees the light. ' , My whole a fancy has for books, Devouring many a line; And now I think you ought to guess This short charade of mine. T>y starting at the right letter in one of the above words, and then taking every third letter, a quotation from Shakespeare's plays may be formed. St. Nicholas. No. 15. An Enigmatical List of Trees. What is the sociable tree (a), and the dancing tree (b), And the tree that is nearest the sea (c)? 1 The most yielding tree (d), and the busiest tree (e;, And the tree where ships may be (f) ? The Umg Khing tree (g), the least selfish tree (hX tree that bears a curse (i); Everybody The chr- .nologlst's trre (j), and the fisherman's t- (k), And the tree like an Irish nurse (1)? What s the telltale tree (m), the fisherman's tree And the tree that is wannest clad (o)? Tu* laymuu's restraint (p), and the housewife's live i.jl, And the tree that makes us sad (r)f No. 10. A Puzzler for Old and Young; (a) Add an ell to a lady's name, and ye teeth will chatter as you sit beside h^ What is her name? (b) What letter will moke a lady fit for re- straint? (c) Which two will make a chatting lady very dull? (d) Add one letter and remove another, and who becomes a beauty? (e) Take two letters away, and what lady becomes very painful? (f) Who shows bad behavior when half of her name is lost? (g) Take away her first letter, and place her last elsewhere, and she remains what she was before. What is her name? (h) Take away two letters from both ends of a lady's name, and you make a martyr of her. Who is she? Halve the lady mentioned, and she bo- comes an inhabitant of the desert. Her name, please? (i) Add ourselves to the end of a lady's name, and she becomes a village famous in Bible story. What is her name? (j) Take away the three last letters from a lady's name, and you make her a sacred song. What can it be? No. 17. The Two Traveler*. Two poor boys, Tom and Ned, walk be- tween London and Wolverhampton; Tom leaves the latter at 8 o'clock 10 the morning and walks at the rate of thnx; miles an hour without intermission, and Ned sets out at 4 o'clock the same evening and walks for \Vol- verhampton at the rate of four miles an hour constantly. Now supposing the distance be- tween the two places to bj loO miles, and suj)- pose the boys capable of continuing their Journeys, whereabouts on the rood will they in. t. ' No. 18. An 1 nltrma In irose. I am a newsvendor. I tell of births, mar- riages, and deaths. I invite people to din- ner, and carry their refusals. I send people abroad, and order their return. Through me, buying, selling and bartering are fre- quently accomplished. I speak the most poliftbed language and tho roughest tongue, wuitc, of Lou blue, aud times of the most delicate tints. I am some- times used with care, but more frequently receive little or none, and am often destroyed. I am also heard in the son r of the nightingale and the melody of the blackbird. Musical in- struments are"uelc<:s without me. and I am the foundation <<f the musician's art. NO. I '.. iiiiiiitli-lim-. (a) \V!,at sea would a man most like to be in on u \\t't day 'f (b) \\ hcii i< a Iml.y like a breaHnst cu{> ? ;c) Pray state where that celebrated actor Henry Irving \\ent on liis teuth hiithday. (d) Why is o the noisiest of the \ u\v els ? (e) Why is cufft-e like an axe with a dull edge ? (f) Why are teeth like verbs? (g) When is money dump ? (h) How would you express, in one word, having met a doctor of medicine? (i) Why is a vine like a soldier ? Xo. 2O. DoiiMe iVord Knlgiua. In l.<m rary ; ' In irony ;" In ra-' t>;iL' : -> In linn! 1 i In uiMrir.tr :" In tearmi.' :" In sailoi-'.- ili:ty " or "Enip're City.' In al;no-t eve.-y country, lit al.iio-t every to'.vii, YII I've he.inl of tin- effn i.tory, Ami <>:' it- i. r iv:it ivuo-.vii : Y..n know tliat T.ITAI. i- a crime. \\ it!i a <i>ntciii':' the criminal fear* Am 1 . \\ hen convii t>'.i. ->. \> * a term In jiil oi twenty years. (folilen Day*. No. 21. Reims. I am a word of five letters only; but if yon take a lesson from boll ringers and play the changes upon me, my combinations are infi- nite. My original word as it stands, silled with three i-o.. sonants at 1 .. I two vowols, signi- fies a veajion fomuTly in great repute, .-mil still of much use with s;iva;v nations. Trans- pose me, and I give you some fruit of a w holt-some and delicious nature, chiefly im- {M.rt.'il fnun < luornsey and Jersey. Cut off one letter, and 1 give you a seed; transpose me, and I cut your corn; again, and I j>eol your fruit. Alter the letter, and I present a large form of the monkey tnl>,' to you, which, if you transpose again, you will convert into a very largely usod leguminous food. Alter the letter again, and you will have the or- gans of a sense ; transpose, and you level me to the ground again, and you mark me with scars. AlU-r my letters again, and I grate for you, when, if you behead me, I become a poisonous reptile. Alter the letters again, and I go upon " 'Change;" transpose me, and Book of Puzzles. \ speak to a "medium." Alter me three times more and I become successively the materials for a dress, the blood of a plant, and what you must be. Finally, use my whole five letters once more, and if you are accustomed to the very useful grammatical exercise they show you, I think you ought to be able to make out all my meanings. No. 22. Wor.l Puzzles. (a) Name an English word containing eight syllables. (b) Name an English word in which the letter "i" occurs five times. (c) Name at least three English words, each of which contains all the vowels, in- cluding the "y." No. 23. Who Can Tflll? Twice ten are six of us, Six are but three of us, Nine are but four of us. What can we possibly be? Would you know more of us? I'll tell you more of us; Twelve are but six of us, Five are but four, do you see ? No. 24. Word Square. 1. Strengthens. 3. A ruler. 3. Memor- andum books. 4. The middle. 5. To make dear. 6. Adorned with stars. No. 25. Charade. I'll tell you no, it cannot be That you should guess my first so pat; I've said it, tho', and so will you. When you have puzzled long that's flat. My second is a thing like a hat : Like anything you please depend on it. I've said it twice, so, in a thrice. Resolve my whole and make an end on it. No. 20. J'ictorial Proverb. No. 27. Enigma. There Is a certain natural production which exists from two to six feet above the surface of the earth. It is neither animal, vegetable nor mineral ; neither male nor female, but something between both. It has neither length, breadth nor substance; is recorded in the Old Testament, and often mentioned in the New, and it serves the purpose of both treachery and fidelity. No. 28. Conundrums. Ca) From a number that's odd, cut oft the head, It then will even be; It's tail, I pray, take next away, Your mother then you'll see. Cb) What does man love more than life? Hate more than death or mortal strife? That which contented men desire? The poor have, the rich require? The miser spends, the spendthrift saves? And all meu carry to their graves. (c) My first makes company; My second shuns company; My third assembles company; My whole puzzles company. (d) My first is a point, my second a span; In my whole often ends the greatness of man. (e) The public credit and the public shame, Though widely different, differ not in name. No. 29. Decapitations. fa) Behead an animal, and leave a grain. CD) Behead a dance, and leave a fish, (o) Behead a gulf, and leave a cave, (d) Be- head part of the neck, and leave an animal, (e) Behead a useful article and leave a beam. The beheaded letters will spell the a famous American general. No. 30. The Number Forty-five. How can the number forty five be divided into four such parts that if you add two to the first part, subtract two from the second part, multiply the third part by two and divide the fourth part by two, the total of the addition, the remainder of the sub- traction, the product of the multiplication and the quotient of the division are all equal No. 31. Enigma in Kliyrae. I am a cheerful little thing, Rejoicing in the heat ; Whether it come from sea coal fire. Or log of wood, or peat. Again, I love a sunny day In park or grassy field, Whom 'neath my banner man and youtb Their utmost prowess wield. And there they stand with ready arm. Unflinching every one; v Everybody's Their only aim to prove themselYW "A Briton to the bonel" That I abound in man and beast, And also in mankind. No. 32. Biddla. Add 100 and nothing to 10, and 100 and othing to 1,000, then catch a B and put him at the end of it all, and the whole will pro- duce what you don't want one bit, so perhaps you had better save yourself the trouble of guessing this riddle. Ns, 23. A Card Board Puzzle. 2. Cut out of a piece of card, five piece> similar in shape and size to the annexed figures, viz., one piece of Fig. 1, three pieces of Fig. 2 and one like Fig. 3. These five pieces an- then to be so joined as to form a cross, like that represented by Fig. 4; but, of course, larger in size. No. 34. Geographical Emp/ma. (A city in Australia) and her friend (a city In Montana) went shopping. (A city in Australia) wore an (a county in Ireland) and a (city in the northern part of California) pin. (A city in .Montana) wore a (plateau in Asia) cloth suit and a (bills in Dakota) hat They bought some (mountains in Vermont) dress goods, a (river in Mississippi) ring, a m Florida) picture and some (an island of Scotland) for a dress for (a city in Swe- don). They then went home. Harper's Young People. No. 35. Charade. My whole's a word of letters five, I'm found both far and near; Behead me, and I am a Bound That strike* upon the ear. My tail cut off, a weight now comes, Most useful to mankind; Behead again, my tall replace, A unit you will find. Curtail once more, and I am left A >.!-> little word; A prvpuoition sometimes foi t . 1, An adverb often bear d. Behead me now, my tail clap on, And then I think you'll lind No. 36. -Conundrums. (a) "Why is a game of cards like a timber yard? (b) Make V less by adding to it. (c) Why is a widow like a gardener? (d) W by is a tight boot like an acorn tree! (e) Why is the largest city in Ireland likely to be the largest city in the world? (f) Why is a bad epigram like a poor pen- cil? (g) How do you swallow a door? - - (h) Why is a thump like a hat? (i) When you go to bed why are your slip- pers like an unsuccessful man? (j) Why are your nose and chin always at variance? (k) When may a chair be said to dislike you? (1) What man never turns to the left? (in) What is that which is lengthened by being cut at both ends? No. 37. Rebut. A churlish Jew, whose bags were mad* to bleed; A noble mind set to ungenial deed ; A knavish peddler, thievish as a pie} A shrew, made gentle by authority; A judge, with a false angel for his mate* A foolish justice, full of idle prate; A shepherd maid, for a great throne more fit ; A chattering constable, of empty wit; A dainty spirit of the air set free; A youthful lover full of phantasy ; One who a mistress wept more sweet than she. These lifelike forms the wondrous master wrought, With subtle skill and deeply searching thought; These few just gathered from his bounteous store Will spell his name, if right thou read them o'er. No. 38. Illustrated Proverb. Book of Puzzles. No. 39. Anagram. It LONG LIT THEN AFAB, Like a bright star, 6uidlng Its owner through darkness and llgm% Saving him from the terrible plight Of being left to his doom Lost in the gloom. No. 40. Charade. O'er distant hills the rising moon The evening mist dispersed; And, beaming radiant from her throne, She plainly showed my first. A horseman, now seen by her light, Approached with headlong speed; And, as he passed, my second said, To urge his foaming steed. For his lady love still waited, Though the trysting hour was pasft. My whole she was, in truth, because He was my third and last. No. 41. An Enigma. I am spelled in four letters, a very small word, In which only three letters of them seem to be heard. I dwell on the tree, on the bush, on the flower, On the top of the cedar, the midst of tbe bower, I am gold, I am silver, I am black and I'm white, I am tinged with all colors you see 'neath the light. I am thick, I am thin, I am narrow or broaa, I am met on the river, the meadow, the road. No. 42. Numerical Puzzle. A man had three daughters of three ages, to whom he gave certain apples to sell. To the eldest daughter, fifty apples ; to the sec- ond, thirty apples, and to the youngest, ten apples, and they all sold the same number for a penny and brought home the same money. How many did each sell for a penny' No. 43. Conundrums. (a) Why should a man always wear a watch when he travels in a waterless desert? (b) Why is the early grass like a penknife? (c) What is a bull in a china shop? (d) Why are clergymen like waiters? What Is Faith. A teacher in a school that stood on the banks of a river once wished to communi- cate to his pupils an idea of faith. While he was trying to explain the meaning of the word, a small covered boat hove in sight. Seizing upon the incident for illustration, he exclaimed: "If I were to tell you that there was a leg of mutton in that boat, you would believe me, would you not, without even see- ing it for yourselves? "Yes, sir," replied the scholars. "Well, that is faith," said the teacher. The next day, in order to test their recollection of the lesson, he inquired: "What is faith?" "A leg of mutton in a boat," was the answer, shouted from all parts of the school. Good boysl No. 44. An Extraordinary Dinner. Soups. (a) To jeer and a kind of clovo. (b) The name of "the piper's son," a letter and part of tho foot. Fish. (a) Only, (b) To roll, toss cz tumble. Entree. (a) To cower, served with a phil- osopher, on a sentiment. Roasts. (a) A country, (b) An essayist. (c) A tailor's implement. Vegetables. (a) A letter, an article and part of the foot, (b) Letters of the alphabet, (c) A watchman's course, (d) A coupe and a generation. Dessert. (a) To regret, part of an arrow and a mass of unsorted type, (b) Swimming and what Australia is. Nuts. (a) A wooden trunk. (b) Terra firma. (c) On every breakfast table. Fruits. (a) The fruit that urges you to travel, (b) The fruit that tells tales, (c) Unites in couples, (d) An anathema, an article and a conjunction. No. 45. Hollow Square. When the jiames of the four central ob- jects have been rightly guessed, and arranged like tho black dots on tho edge of the picture (the first and last letters of each word being used twice), a hollow square will be formedL_ Ifo. 46. Enigma ID Rbym* I'm high and I'm low, Pm up and I'm down{ I'm uaed by the boy* In country and town, I mostly em thick; Very rarely am thlflf Pometim-3 F rralk out; Sometimes I walk in. Pm often put on, And often put off; But hold ! I have done* I've told you enough. No. 47. Puzzler* for Wife Heads. There arc fourteen letters in a very famous book, the name of which you havo to guess by paying duo attention to the following re- marks: (a) When the first letter goes, a fruit which has it straightway becomes a wide mouth. (b) By adding tho second to another letter, you get a famous river. (c) The loss of the third turns, alas! an honest tar's room Into a murderer I (d) While tho loss of the fourth makes what fa fanciful a bit of wood. (e) Add my fifth letter twice to a vowel and straightway you havo a lady. (0 At any time of tho year by adding the sixth to the present moment you get some- thing cold and white. (g) Take away ray next, and what was made to swim can fly. (h) The removal of my eighth turns a king's seat into agony. (i) By the loss of my ninth the name of a person becomes a bird. (j) The addition to my tenth turns a car- riage into a shell fish. (k) Take away my nost from an important feature and you get an insect fond of a candle. (I) Add my twelfth to a coal mine and you get a kitchen utensil. (m) Add my thirteenth to a domestic ani- mal and you find something to wear. (n) And fur the want of my last letter a mariner's guide becomes good to eat. N'<>. 48. Conundrum*. (a) When is the soup likely to run out of the saucepan f (b) How does tho Russian nation resemble the tea? (c) What Is the di (Terence between a pcr- ton late for the train and a school mistress > (d) Would you rather an elephant killed you, or a gorilla! (c) What writer would havo been tho best angler? Some Good Simile*. AM wet u flmh a> dry aa a bone: Aa live u a blrd-oi dead as a rtonej Aa plump aa a partridge aa poor as a rat) Aa strong aa a horse as weak as a cat; As hard aa a fllnt^-aa eoft aa a mole; Aa white aa a lily as black as a coal ; As plain as a pike sufl as rough as a bear; As tight as a drum as free as the air; A3 heavy 03 lead as light as a feather; As steady as time uncertain as weather; As hot us an oven as cold as a frog; As gay as a lark as sick as a dog. "Your horse has a tremendous long bit," said a friend to Theodore Hook. "Yes," aid he, "it is a bit too long." No. 40. Riddle In Terse. If you would travel o'er our land, To Vermont's hills or Georgia's strand. Or where Maine's breezes blow, Get ia my flrst and you will speed Fur Ja-ster than the swiftest steed, Where 'cr you wish to go. Upon my second patriots turn, For it their he::rto with ardor burn, For It they live and die, For it in toil they spend their years, For it they give their prayers and tears, For it as captives sijh. My whole 13 In the pardon found, When tho cweet summer months come rouarl, Ai d flowers wake at their call. Yell )w sometime:* and sometimes rose, Snow white, deep red its color glows, Its perfume pleases all. No. 50. Word Pyramid. Arrange the word septuagenarian in a col- nmu of letters thus: And then tell a story of old age, or make some remarks on old age, 8 BO that tho whole will form a pyra- E raid, with twice as many letters P but ono at the bottom as there are T in tho word itself, namely, twice U fourteen wanting ono, that is, A twenty-coven. Tho letter S must re- O main alone, boiug tho apex ; tho next E letter, E, must have ono letter on N each side of it; P must have two on A each side; T three on each side, and R so on, until you arrive at N, tho last I letter, which must have thirteen A letters on each side of it. The N whole must form a connected sen- tence, having reference, as wo said before, to the condition of old age. No, 51. Enlsma. My flrst Is in tadpole, but not in a worm ; My next'a in the tempest, but not in the storm; My third's in a tunic, yet not in a coat; My fourth's in a bison, but not in a goat; My fifth is in yeliow, but never in blue; Book of Puzzles. n My sixth is in cinders, yet not in the flue, My seventh's in the tailor, but not in hit man; My last's not in kettle, but always in pan. If you put these together, a bard ycu will eee, And most people think him the top of the tree. No. 52. Arithmetical Puzzle. How many dinners would be necessary for a club of seven persons who had agreed to dine with each other as long as they could be differently arranged whca they sat down at table? No. 53. Connected Diamonds. 1. A crooked letter. 2. A sweet bread. 8. A sweet substance. 4. Is an animaL 5. The last of a chair. 1. The last of help. 2. A beverage. 3. A kind of fruit 4. A kind of ostrich. 5. The first in sickness. The centrals read down form the centrals across, which ia turn form a candy. No. 54. Illustrated Conundrum. These two peop.e are making the same re- mark. What is it? No. 55. Hidden Poets. Find the name of a poet in each of the fol- lowing sentences: (a) Is martyrdom a thing to desire or notl (b) Is it better to go to church ill, or stay (c) Does ever a cow perplex her mind with politics? (d) "What other animal can kick, eat, strike with her horns, and low? (e) When a man looks grim, a song will often cheer him up will it not? (f) How do you like such names as Robert, Philip, Arne, Llewellyn? (g) Who was best up in daring deeds in the Crimea? (h) What is the complexion of the Ningpc people? No. 66. Conundrums. (a) What is the difference between a chim- ney sweep and a gentleman who finds that the mourning he has purchased to wear at a friend's funeral fits him exactly? (b) Why are A, E and U the handsomest ol the vowels? (c) Why is a worn out shoe like ancienl Greece? (d) What key is best for unlocking thi tongue? (c) How can you ask a man if he is ill ir four letters? No. 57. A Monument. O O X O X X O X X X O X X X X O X X X X X O X X X X X X O X X X xxxxoxxxx (a) A vowel appearing but thrice in thil line; (b) A letter used as a numerical sign; (c) A quadruped faithful and true untt man; (d) A conjunction in use since our languag* began. (e) A certain uncertainty next is expressed (f) Then follow the places we all should love best ; (g) Then comes one who works at an arl that is plastic, (h) And next, passing over, though not a. "gymnastic," (i) The base is seen lying at length on th ground: This done, and the thing you hav builded is found. The central letters read downward give th inswer. No. 58. Card Board Puzzle. Everybody's A parallellogram, as in the illustration Fig. 1, may be cut into two pieces so that by shifting the position of the pieces two other figures may be formed, as shown bj Figs. 2 and i No. 50. Historical Knlgma. My first is what you first Jearn to do ir arithmetic. My second was the founder of the Norman duchy. My third is Latin for thou. My fourth is a great personal ornament. My fifth is two vowels. My sixth is a county in Scotland. My seventh was a heathen goddess named in the Bible. My eighth is an archangel mentioned bj Milton. My ninth is tho Greek K. My t-nth i< a beautiful forest tree. My eleventh a musical drama. My twelfth is no ornament to any one'i face. My thirteenth is two-thirds of a Scotch whaling port. My fourteenth is the name of a book in thi Bible. My fifteenth we must all obey, or we shal] catch it. My sixteenth is a sound in the singing scale. My seventeenth is anything and every- thing. My eighteenth is what everything has. My nineteenth is a favorite musical hano instrument. My twentieth is what every rnnn would like to be. My twenty-first is a famous North Ameri- can river. My hist is often hard to say. Arrange these words, and tho first letten read downward will describe a great soldier; the last, similarly read, will decribo three of his victories. No. GO. Ch:irao>. No book without my first is made, However small or large; A boat my next, which swiftly sails. And outstrips many a barge. My whole Is used to cut my first However thick it may be A very useful thing am I, As quickly you will see. No. 01. A Few Biblical Conundrum*. (n) At what time of the day was Adam born? '!) U"l: it kind of sweetmeats did the? have in tho arkf (c) What is the moat unequal contest men- tioned in the Bible I (d) When did Ruth treat Boaz badly! (e) Who can be said to be nobody's child? (f) How many neckties had Job? (g) Which of the animals took the most into the ark? (h) Where were walking sticks first intro duced? (i) At what season did Eve eat tho apple? No. 62. Half Squar*. (a) A leather bag. (b) Methods of working. (c) Settled again. (d) Elegies. (e) Things of importance. (f) Essential oils obtained from roses. (g) Nails. (h) Parts of the feet. (i) Finish. (j) Of the same kind. (k) A letter. No. 63. Poctlc:il Charade. My lady Jane had called for my first, And the curtains, cozy and warm, Glowed red in the twilight, shutting out The sight of the thick snow storm. Two little boys with my second played, With the help of my lady Jane And an ivory ball ; and they missed and laughed, Then tried the trick over again. But my first is ready, my second waits. On the ground all the playthings roll, And the children, tired out with their game, Are taking my first from my whole. No. 04. A Spring Time Pyratald. Arrange as a pyramid tho sentence below, and find out tho word which reaches from the point to the foundation stone. It will be found to be a spring tide festival, suitable more or less to the subject of the sentence: "Sweet spring at last is bursting tho Arctic chains. Genial breezes refresh us sometimes. Tho snow drop is gone. It has given place to the many later favorites, as daffodils and primroses. Birds, such as wo all do love, provide music rare, and we should bo joyful indeed were it not that we know winter de- parts not with the daffodils. Rude blasts have yet to roar around the garden. Fly away, winter! fly away I" N. B. Great care must be taken to arrange all tho letters in strictly level lines, and the letters of each line must be exactJy below those of the lino above, and exactly above those in the lines below, or confusion will l>e the result. Tho letter S will, of course, be the highest point of tho pyramid. No. ;.">. Anagram*. (a) Got a scant religion. (b) Shame proud Caty. Book of Puzzles. (c) Rare mad frolio. (d) One-half bias. (e) Queer as mad, (f) Mad policy. (g) Lady mine, (b) Cnesty. (i) Chasty. (j) Boy Ned. (k) Tea slops. (1) One hug. (m) Norse cat. (n) City life. No 66. Arithmetical Fuzzle. There was a poor man called Johannes Bull, Who children did possess, a quiver full; And who yet managed somehow to scratch on, By the true help of daughter and of son. Six little workers had he, each of whom Earned something for the household at the loom. I will not tell you how much each did gain, For I'm a puzzler, and I don't speak plain; But, as I would you should possess a clew, Home tell tale facts I'll now disclose to you. Week after week, Jane, Ann, Joe, Bet, Rose, Jim, Earn ten and tenpeace, father says, for him, And in this way: The eldest daughter, Jane, Gains seven pcuce more than sister Ann can gain; Ann eiglitpence morn than Joe; while .Too can get By his endeavor.; .- i ','(lian !!>!; Bet, not so old, earns not so much as thu.se, But by her hands gets fourpeuce more than Rose; Rose, though not up to Jane, yet means to thrive, And every week beats Jim by pennies five. Now, say what each child worker should receive When father draws the cash on pay day eve? No. 67. Pictorial Puzzle. No. 68. Conundrums. (a) Old Mother Twitchett she had but one eye, And a very long tail which she always let fly; And every time she went over a gap, She left a great piece of her tail in a trap. (b) What ice becomes in the heat of the sun, Is given the soldier by beat of drum. (c) Black we are, but much admired ; Men seek us out till they get tired; We tire the horse, but comfort man. Tell us this riddle if you can. No. 6D. Dcoupitntion. Cut off my head, and singular I am ; Cut off my tail, and plural I appear; Cut off both head and tail, and, wondrous f.-icf , Although my middle's left, there's nothing there. What is my head? a sounding sea; What Is my tail? -a flowing rivor; In ocean's greatest depths I fearless play, Parent of sweet ast sounds, though mute for- ever. No. 70. Word Progressions. I am a thing, which once was borne aloft, Over the hill, the woodland, and the croft; Yet I, who thus could rise like any lark. Am now the servant of a banker's clerk. Add but a litter, or, it may be, twain, And changes yet more strange shall I sustain, As thus: ajieap of copper I become, If c and e are added to my sum; And if a sacred mount you give to me. Cash am I still, and mount to s. d. But pounds and shillings, yea, and pennies fall, If u r y are tacked upon my taiL No. 71. Pictorial Proverb. No. 73. Acrostic. (5 letters.) Anyplace of public contest; to paralyze; fleshy ; a tertiary deposit on the banks of the Rhine; pertaining to a brittle, gray colored metal; to look steadfastly; to follow; tryst; obscure; to sing; an appointed place of meet- ing ; a weapon ; true. Primals: Excusing. Third letters dowii: a dependent. No. 73. Kiiigma In Prose.. I am a word of three letters, an animal's name. Add a planet to me, and you will dis- cover Sirius. Take it away, and replace it with a flower, and you will discover the ex- quisite piak tinted wild rose of the hedges. Change it once more and link mo to another order and you will perceive a purple scent- less blossom. Substitute a fish, and you will find in me one of the lesser shark tribe. Add me. to the 4th of July and llth of August inclu- sive, and I shall represent the hottest season. Add four letters to me, and I will recite the worst of bad verse to you ; replace these by three other letters, and I will show you a stubborn disposition ; alter these to two others, and I represent a tenet. Set mo on fire and I give you an ancient form of grate. In my crude form J ain the recognised emblem of Everybody's fidelity, and am monumentally represented so. I am the guardian of your flocks and herds, and of your threshold, under which guise I am represented at Pompeii. I follow your steps with pertinacity, am ofttimes slain in your service, and sometimes by your own hand. I rescue you from fire, water and snow. I get to the lowest depth of weariness in your behalf, and yet your gratitude is evinced by making my name a mere byword of reproach. No. 74. Conundrum*. (a) Why is the nose on your face like v in civility? ' (b) Why is conscience like the check string of a stage? (c) What snuff taker is that whose box gets fuller the more pinches he takes? Mi If a tough beefsteak could speak, what English poet would it mention? (e) What question is that to which you must positively answer "yes?" (0 Why is an author the most wonderful man in the world? No. 75. for WlMt Hearts. Take twenty lines, and put in the first Fomething hot and comfortable, though dan- gerous. , In the second write down Abram's home of ol.L In the third we will have the light of the body. In the fourth set down a very base word. In the fifth put what no one likes, or ever will Jot down for jour sixth word what is on every thorn. And for your seventh lay down two-thirds of half a dozen. While three-fourths of an arch shall be your eighth word. The ninth is the earliest navigator we know of. The tenth is how best to prosper. The eleventh is a clang word for something to eat And the twelfth is our own noble selves. We ought to eschew the thirteenth. While the fourteenth wo need not eschew If we are temperate, but it is of ten dangerout like number one. The fifteenth word is two-thirds of our mother. The sixteenth is a girl's name. And the seventeenth a thing's designation, The -i^l,t.'.-nth is half a nose. The nineteenth no man ever saw the end of. In tho twentieth and last place, or line, write down what you ought never to be qerer, never, never I When these are set down one beneath an- other, read the first letters, and you will find tho two great factions, or parties, who di- vided Italy and Germany so much in the Middle Ages ; and by reading the last letters you will find a most useful building, erected by Charles II, where better work is done than slitting throats for barren glory. No. 76. Word Syncopations. Take an age from to supply with air, and leave a goddess; take a Hebrew measure from a perfumed liquid, and leave a kind of shell ; take edges from to shrink, and leave a plant of the cabbage family ; take an pninml from an assistant and leave a fish. No. 77. The Hidden Poet. My first is in willow, and never in ash; My next is in wound, but not in a gash; My third is in wormwood, yet never in pall : My fourth's in the landlord, but not in his hall; My next's in the throstle, but not in her mate, My sixth's in all women, yet never in Kate ; My seventh's in tho tongue, but it's not in tho head; My eighth is in slumbers, but not in one's bed; My ninth is in scarlet, but not in red cl-ak ; My last's in a hammer, but not in its stroke. Together, my letters a poet declare, Who once wore the laurel about his white hair. No. 78. Enigmatical Animal*. An affirmative and continually. A ma- son's implement an! a morsel. Uninhabited and an old game at ball. A mottled appear- ance in wood and to steep in lye. No. 79. Pictorial Rebus. No. 80. Riddle*. (a) How can you spell George with one letter? (b) Why is S a noisy lettter? Why is love, like a canal boat? !!> Why is snuff Uke the letter ? Book of Puzzles. (6) What Is the center of gravity I (f) Why la n dentist likely to be a melan- choly manf Thonghts Wise and Otherwise. What a distressing thing it is, as soffls ona has said, that there are men who positively can't, any one of them, open their mouths without putting their foot in it. Some one asks: What is the difference be- tween a coat and a baby? To which the answer has been given : The one I wear, the other I was, A punster adds: That, ah] must be the reason why, ah! ladies like them both, as they are all given to, ah! pet a baby, also, to a(h) ! pet-a-coat. An Old Proverb Kevisccl. "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise!" That's what you say really; well, we're not quite so sura of this, but there is one thing we are quite decided about, namely : Go to bod late, and get up again early, Makes a man stupid, seedy and surly. It's all right; we've tried it. Do Yon See ItT A lady who was often visited by a gentle- man, sometimes at rather unseemly hours even, was asked if ho were ahem! any re- lation. She replied: "That gentleman's mother is my mother's only child." Do you eee it? He was her son her male child her offspring. A Specimen of Ciphering. You my 0, I thee; Oh, no 0, but me, And let your my be, ThengiveOOIOthee. A Cute Customer. Justice Do you know that yon an charged with the theft of a poor laborer's dinner? Tramp Yes, sirl J. And did you know that yon violated the law? T. No, sir! It was a case of necessity, and necessity knows no law. Boston Bud- get, I Answered. "Have you any data on which to base fl prognostication of the duration of the pres- ent period of excessive caloric in the circum- ambient atmosphere?" asked a young woman with spectacles of a man at the Union station yesterday. "Yes'ra," was tho reply, "the next train for Boston leaves in half an hour * Pittsburg Chronicle Telegraph. Ho Temptation. "And BO you have brought my beautiful Alphonso home, have you, like an honest man, instead of keeping him yourself, as you might easily have done!" said the delighted lady as she fondled the poodle. "Were you not strongly tempted fro keep the darling creature?" "No, mum," replied the incorruptible man, as he pocketed the $5 reward. "It weren't no temptation. I couldn't have sold his hido for two bits at this season of the year, mmm" Chicago Tribune. No. 81. Who or "What Was It and WlicreT God mado Adam out of dust, But thought best to make ino first, Bo I was mode before tho man, To answer God's most holy plan. My body he did make complete, But without Legs or Arms or Feet* I did my Maker's laws obey; From them I never went astray, But God did something in me see. And put a living soul in me, That soul of me my God di J claim, And when from mo that soul had fled, I was the same as when first made, And without hands or feet or soul, I travel now from pole to pole. To fallen man I give great light. Thousands of people, young and old, Jlay, by my death, great light behold; To heaven I can never go, Nor to the grave or hell below. No. 82. Illustrated Conundrum. No. 83. Riddle In Prose. I am the center of gravity, hold a capital situation in Vienna, and as I am foremost in every victory, am allowed by all to bo In- valuable. Always out of tune, yet ever in voice; invisible, though clearly seen in the midst of a river. I have threo associates in vice, and could name three who are In love with me. Still it is in vain you seek me, for I have long been in heaven, and even now lie embalmed in the grave. i6 Everybody* No. 84. Enigma by Cowper. I am Just two and two, I am warm, I am cold, And the parent of numbers thct cannot be told. I'm lawfully unlawful, a duty, a fault. Exceeding dear, good for nothing when bought, A - extraordinary boon, and a matter of course, A .J yielded with pleasure when taken by force. No. 85. Arithmetical Puzzle. Tho sum of four figures in value will be, Above seven thousand nine hundred aud three; But when they are halved, you'll find very fair The su. i will be nothing, in truth I declare. No. 86. Enigma. My first is in nun and not in some. My second la in nap and not in fun. . My third is in pay and not in debt. My fourth is in bone and not in bet. My fifth is in love and not in hatred. My sixth is in blue and also in red. My seventh is in boat and not in ship. My eighth is in hand and not in whip. My whole la the name of a great conqueror. No. 87. Conundrums. (a) There's a word composed of three letters alon Which reads backwards and forwards the MB*. It expresses the sentiments warm from th heart, And to beauty lays principal claim ! (b) What word is it which by changing a ingle letter becomes its own opposite? (c) When a boy falls into the water what in the first thing be does! (d) What is that which la pat on the tabl* and cut, but never eaten! (e) At what time was Adam married? (0 What is the difference between twic twenty -two and twice two and twenty? (g) A room with eight corners had a cat in each corner, seven cats before each cat and a cat on ev, f \ it's tail What was the total Dumber c'. ; ? (h) Wh:. 1 i '. at which the more you take from It the i.r v it growil Figures. Astrono i derful, And lull . ..ting, 2; The eart volves around the RUB Which makes a year 4 you, Tho moon Is dead and calm. By law of phys 6 great; It's 7 where the stars alive Do nightly scintU 8. If watchful Providence be 9 With good in 10 lions fraught, Di 1 not kwsp up IU grand design, We soon would come to 0. Astronomy H 1 derful. But It's 8 80 4 1 man 2 group, and that is wh/ I'd better say no more No. 88. A Charade Letter by Charles Fox. Permit mo, madam, with tho profoundest respect, for once to come uncalled into your presence, and, by dividing myself, add greatly to my consequence. So exalted am I in tho character of my" first that I have trampled upon the prido of kings, and the greatest potentates up .n earth have bowed doTvn to embrace mo, yet the dirtiest kennel, in tho dirtiest street, is not too foul to have me for its inmato. In my second, what infinite variety? I am rich as tho eastern nabob, yet poor as the weeping object of your benevolence; I am mild and gentle as the spring, yet savage as tho wintry blast ; I am young, beautiful and blooming, yet deformed and wretched. From tho highest authority, madam, I daro prove I am your superior, though few aro tho in- stances that prove it, and tea thousand the proofs against it. I am ; but you ore tired, and wish my reunion; it is done, and my consequence is lost, and I have no other merit than remaining, as at first, your most obedient servant, THE WHOLE. No. 89. Syncopations. I am composed of six letters: Without my 1, 2, 3, I am part of a lock. Without my 4, I am tho miser's god. Without my 5, 6, I am a member of th Roman Catholic church. Without my 1, 4, 5, 6, I am a preposition. Without my 2, 3, 4, 5, I am a pronoun. Without my 3, 4, 5, 0, I am tho initials of one of tho United States. My whole is an animal of South America. No. 00. Hour Glass, (a) Merchants. (b) To lift. (c) Frozen water. (d) A consonant. (c) A fish. (f) A stoves (g) Cut. Centrals read down A celebrated English novelist. Left diagonals Fell in drops. Right diagonals Searchers. No. 01. Mathematical Puzzle. An old woman, carrying eggs to market In a basket, met an unruly fellow, who broke them. Being taken before a magistrate, ho was ordered to pay for them, provided the woman could tell how many she had; but he could only remember that in counting them into tho basket by twos, by threes, by fours, by fives and by sixes there always re- mained one, but by counting them in by evens there were none remaining. Now, in this caae, how was th number to be ascer- tained! Book of Puzzles. Wo. 02. Word Building. Two lines containing a total of sixteen words can be made from the following: Y y uryyubicuryy for me. Ko. 03. The Grasping landlord. Suppose a certain landlord had eight ap- ple trees around his mansion, around these eight houses of his tenants, around these ten pear trees-phe wants to have the whole of the pear trees to himself, and allot to each of his tenants one of his apple trees in their place. How must ho construct a fence or kedge to accomplish it? No. 94. PI. Stlrf eth lube dan tehn eth rowshej Stingrub dub, dan slingmi lerwof ; Bkorob tes efre hwit kinglint rign; Drisb oto lufl fo gons ot gins; Bcrip dol seveal tiras hiwt dripe, Weerh eht dirnit stoveli heid Lai hingst darey hwit a ilwl Palir's mognic pu eht lihll No. 05. Riddle in Rhyme. Ever running on my race, Never staying at one place, Through the world I make my tour, Everywhere at the same hour. If you please to spell my name, Reversed or forward 'tis the same? No. 06. Combination Star. 1 4 . . Y. . 5 . . * > $ . . ***** *** 6 Prom 1 to 2, a braggart; from 1 to 3, mates happy; from 2 to 3, argues rationally; from 4 to 5, the principal gold coins of ancient Greece; from 4 to 6, to satisfy; from 5 to 6, the shortening of a long syllable. No. 07. Words Within Words. (a) An animal in a candle. (b) A path in a star. (c) A stream of water in fruit. (d) A crime in clergymen. (e) An owl's cry in tree branches. (f) A sign in a cosmetic. (g) A propeller in what it was made from. No. 08. Charade. My first from the Greek meaning "love, 1 My second's one vowel alone. My third was an oracle famous, My fourth like my second, I own. My whole is a friendly old city, That quite prides itself on its -'tone." No. 00. Entangled Scissors This is an old but a capital puzzle. A piece of double twine is fastened to a pair of scis- sors (as shown in the cut), and both the ends aro held with the hand, while some person extricates the scissors from the twine. No. 100. Beheadings. (a) Behead a tree, and leave roguish, (b) Behead on high, and leave a gallery in a church, (c) Behead thrown violently, and leave an organ of the body, (d) Behead a preposition, and leave a contest, (e) Behead a pronoun, and leave belonging to us. (f) Behead to efface, and leave to destroy, (g) Behead to reproach, and leave a relative, (h) Behead to annoy, and leave comfort, (i) Behead an occurrence, and leave to give utterance to. The beheaded letters will spell the name of a famous general, beloved by all Americans. No. 101. Gentlemen and Their Servants. Three gentlemen are going over a ferry with their three servants, who conspire to rob them, if they can get one gentleman to two of them, or two to three, on either side of the ferry. They have a boat that will only carry two at once; and either a gentle- i8 Everybody manor ft WfVt&tAUtt bring back the boat each time a cargo of them goes over. How can th gentlemen get orcr with all their errant) so as to avoid an attack! Ko. 1O2. Hidden Author** I was sitting Idly in my study, WfoTD A blazing fire, about en Hour before dinner, when, according to my physician's directions, I rang the bell and ordered my tonic, "Yes, sir," answered my old and very valued serv- ant, who had been my cellarmen (a) for years; "how do y>u find yourself, sir?" 'Very well, I thank you, John," replied I; "except for a slight pain in my brow (b), I was never better." "I'm glad of it, sir," he answered, "for Dick is very anxious to know when you intend to resume the chose "Ni-xt week, I IJOJK?," saiil I, "and I hope my old fashioned body dl) is ready for me to wear." "Ay, ay, sir," replied John, "but 'tis looking terribly whitish black (e) at the seams." "Never mind, John," said I, "'tis an old friend. And what's Hannah got for my dinnerP "She has got a leg of young mutton (0, sir," he replied. "Then tell her to cook it in hot water (g)," said I; "and beg her not to forget that I like a slice of dried salt pork (h) afterward, and above all things let lier be quick (i) about it. Just mention to her, by the way, that the shrimp sauce yesterday was rather husky (j)." "Yes, sir," answered faithful John, closing the door. "And now," said 1, poking the cheery flre, "I don't envy even Pio Mono (k) himself, with such a dinner awaiting me, a cozy chair, a good fire and twelve good authors whom 1 have already mentioned tt keep me company.* No. 103. Transposition. Read me aright, I'm useful to cooks; But by transposition, draw boys from their bookH: A rain transposed, then me you would shout Most lustily after a thief, I've DO doubt; Transpose but once more, and I may be found la each street of the cily. both steadfast and MM No. 1O4. A Doable Arroctio. mniAUB *5D rtxAi.8. Tbese two disclose an order new Lately of science born. WnoM eUicU, whether false or true, Beach us. each ui^ht and morn. ACBOM. (a) la forest dim. If one this sound should hear, He might in terror fly or crouch In abject fear. (b) lie bids adieu to comforts, friends and home, Through arctic saows and deserts drear to (d) A homely crop, though vef? good, And used by man and beast for food. (e) Behold my fifth's a woman's name, Which, back and forth, Is spelled the same. (f) Aloft on craga Trhlch join the skies, This home may greet your searching eyes, (f) What we all seek and pray that Heaven may eend, Alas! we rarely find It till the end. No. 105. The Carpenter's Puztle. (c) A poet of Italy 1 1 hero, WbuM name ut uuaic to the ar. A ship having sprung a leak at sea, and be- ing in great danger, tho carpenter could find nothing to mend it with except a piece of wood of which the accompanying cut is a correct representation. The black dots in it represent holes in the wood, thus apparently preventing him from cutting out of it the sized piece he wanted, which was exactly one- fourth of its own size, having no holes in it Can you tell how the square piece was cut from the board* No. IOC. Charades. (a) My first's a prop, my second's a prop and my whole is a prop. (L) What 1 do, what I do not and what yon are. (c) My first Is equality, my second inferi- ority, my whole superiority. (d) He can, seldom obtain my first, who labors for my second, and few like to do my whole, (e) My first Is wise and foolish, my second the physician's study, my whole the pleasant- est ornament of a house. (f) My whole is under my second and sur- rounds my first. (g) When you stole my first, I lost my second, and 1 wish you may ever possess my whole. (h) My first dreads my second, for my second destroys my first, while many delight In my wuol*. Book or Puzzles. No. 107. Enlgraa. Things In my first ore always told. My second smacks of matters old. My third is ever bought and sold In shops or in the market cold. Or, If you like it, on a stalk, When in the summer fields you vralk. My first you'll notice, ripening fast; My next's an adverb of the past: My third in mart or ware house sfanda, And is forever changing hands; My whole it has a luckless lot, It almost always goes to pot. No. 108. Half Square. Foreshown; displaced; a symbol; pertain* Ing to the sun; to declare; a jewel; a nick- name; a consonant. No. 109. A Riddle iii Rhyme. We are little airy creatures. Each have different forms and features; One of us in glass is set. Another you will find hi Jet; A third, less bright, is set in tin, A fourth a shining box within; And the fifth, if you pursue, It will never fly from you. No. 110. A Remarkable Monogram. You are requested to state what word It Is, of only three syllables, which combines in it twenty-six letters. While you are consid- ering an answer to this conundrum, your at- tention is called to the picture above, of the gentleman with the parasol and hand port- manteau. It presents a monogram of the twenty-sir letters of the alphabet, none of which are turned backward. To a quick mind it also suggests a reply to the opening query. No. 111. Two Diamonds 1. A consonant. 2. A garden tool 3. Parts of speech. 4. The terminus. 5. A con- sonant. 1. In chest. 2. A beverage. 3. Shelters. 4. Consumed. 5. In chest. No. 112. Conundrums. (a) What letter in the Dutch alphabet will name an English lady of title? (b) What word of six letters contains six words beside itself, without transporting a letter? (c) Is there a word in the English language that contains all the vowels? (d) Why is quizzing like the letter D on horseback? (e) What Christian name, besides Anna, reads the same both ways? No. 113. Enigma. I may be either alive, dead, or inanimate. In the first case I can be either curved, straight, or crumpled; in the second 1 may bo of any form, but especially hollow; in my last my appearance is rather circumscribed, but it is the most pleasing of my forms I wear no coat, yet sometimes 1 have a but- ton, and a cape is named after me. I have no head, but am possessed of a mouth, and sometimes of a tongue, and can give utter- ance to sounds without the latter; and, truly, I must bo a poor one of my kind if I cannot speak. In one sense I am generally in pairs, and in another never can appear in more than twenty-six weeks of the year. I can, when alive, inflict severe wounds, and when inanimate, in bad hands, can cause pain (to the ear). In one sense I give light, in an- other I protect it I am not averse to gayety, for I used of ten to appear at festive boards; no band is complete without me, and I am often mentioned in connection with plenty. But for all this, in my natural state 1 am sometimes rough, always sharp, and have been the death of several people, and a place merely bearing my name seemed to have such terrors as to cause a gallant captain to desist from his voyage. No. 114. Transformations. [Change one letter each move, the substi- tute retaining the same relation to the other letters in the word, and giving a legitimate word still Example Change Wood to Coal in three moves. Answer Wood, Wool, Cool, Coal] (aj Change White to Blck In eight isaTgS, 20 Everybody's (b) Chang* 5eat to Prim In eight moves. (c) Change Hat* to Ix>ve in three moves. (d) Change Saxe to I'ope in live moves. (e) Change Hand to Foot in six moves. (f) Change Blue to Pink in ten moves. (g) Change Hard to Cosy in five moves. (h) Change Sin to Woe in three moves. No. 115 Anagram*. () Spare him not (b) March on. (O Golden land. (d) Nine thumps, (e) Best in prayer. (f) Nay, 1 repent it (g) Rare mad frolic, (h) To love ruin. (i) Great helps. No. 110. A Transposition, A gentleman who was paying his addresses to a lady, at length summoned up sufficient courage to ask if they were agreeable to her, and whether he might flatter himself with a chance of ultimate success. The lady replied, "Stripes!" telling the gentleman to transpose the letters so as to form out of them another word, which word was her answer. The reader who can find out the word needs never fear being nonplused by a lady; those who cannot must either persist till they overcome the difficulty or may give up all thoughts of wooing. No. 117. Ea/iy Word Squares. (a) A narrow road; a plane surface; close to; pans of the body. (b) Not any; across; not far away; strayi from the right. Ko. 118. Floral Puzzle*. y w.rd. iie of twelve flowers or plant* uiy direction one square at a 1 same square only once In each No. 11D. TTord Building. I am a dog, a dog of lowr degree; There is, I'm told, no noble blood in me; Bo, settle that much in your mind, my boy, Then puzzle out the name that I enjoy. To aid you in your labors, let me say, Add e, and every sickness flies away; Turn e to I, aud then at once you'll see What the waves do when winds blow fresh and free. If you remove them both, and add a few, It brings a bell of eventide to view; Or if, instead, you do append an ate, A clergyman appears as sure as fate. If you would turn me into cheese, add d, If you would shorten me, 'tis done with t. If you're a horseman, 6 will help you guide The gallant quadruped which you bestride. More I could say, no doubt, but I refrain; I've said enough to make my secret plain. No. 120. A Box Puzzle. A boy made a box and divided it into sev- eral compartments. The sides and partitions were alike, the floor was different. The cover was decorat/'il with a pii-turo repre- smting the shore of a certain tropical onni- try. The boy painted the box the color of his own eyes. He put in it a common table luxury, a summer garden vegetable, fruit of a foreign tree, and a very bitter substance. What nuts are represented by the box, ita aides, picture, color and contents? No. 121. Illustrated Rebus. No. 122. A Transposition. I am a word of letters six, "Pertaining to tho mind;" Turn me around, and I will "grieve," Because you are- unkind; Turn just once more, and you have mad* "A cloak" of mo, you'll find. No. 123. Dropped Syllables. Example: Drop a syllable from an event, tod leave to mark, Answer, Book of Puzzles. 21 (a) Drop a syllable from a kind of needle- work, and leave a mineral (b) Drop a syllable from threatening, and leave the cry of an animal. (c) Drop a syllable from an absconder, and leave an animal. (d) Drop a syllable from a place of refuge, and leave a salt. (e) Drop a syllable from a meeting, and leave to come in. No. 124. Kiddle. Pour people sat down in one evening to play; They played all that eve and parted next day. Could you think when you're told, as thus they all sat, No other played with them nor was ther one bet; Yet when they rose up each gained a guinea, Though none of them lost to the amount of a penny. Puniana. Great K, little K and K in a merry mood will show you two islands and a continent: Major-ca, Minor-ca and Ameri-ca. What a pity it is when lovers fall out, isn't It? To think that hot words should produce a coolness! But, you know, everybody ia liable to the unpleasant vicissitudes of life. Even an oyster, which is one of the most placid of creatures, is liable to get into a Btew. Ah I it's stew terrible to even think of. We remember once meeting a man who had just escaped by a miracle from being run over; he couldn't speak; his heart was . . in his mouth, and he didn't appear to like it. We met him again a week after, and he told us that for the future he intended, when he got to a crossing, to ... run over himself. Poor fellowl we trust it is still well with him. Like which four letters of the alphabet is a honey producing insect when in small health? Like A B C D (a bee seedy). [Therefore, not so much of A B C B (a busy bee) as usual. Poor little insect, what N-R-G it has in working; what X-L-N-C has not its hom y ; and as for its N-M-E's, they ought never to be X-Q-Z, but to find out the P-I-K-C of its sting.] No. 125. The Bishop of Oxford's Puzzle. All of the following are in the human body. Tell us what these may be: I have a trunk with two lids. Two musical instruments. Two established measures. A great number of things a carpenter can- not dispense with. Have always a couple of good fish and a number of small ones. Two lofty trees. Two fine flowers. Two playful With a number of smaller less tame breeds. A fine stag. A great number of whips without handles. Some weapons of warfare. A number of weathercocks. The steps of a hotel. A wooden box. The house of commons on the eve of divis- ion. Two students. A number of grandees to wait upon them. Two fine buildings. A piece of money. The product of a caoutchquer (camphor) tree. Two beautiful phenomena. An article used by Titian. A boat in which balls are held. An article used for crossing rivers. A pair of blades without handles. A letter finished off with bows. Secure fastenings for the whole. No. 126. An Ocean Wonder. In the ocean's depths profound, Where is heard not human sound, Where the briuy monsters play, I am buried night and day. Like a master working soul, Who can myriad minds control, Like the planets in their course, I contain a hidden force. 'Tis the modern men of thought That the fleeting secret caught; When a captive it *vas made, For its guidance I was laid. Swifter than the flight of time Flashes it from clime to clime; Quick the distant nations hear What you whisper in my ear. No. 127. The Square and Circle Puzzle. Get a piece of cardboard, the size and shape of the dia- gram, and punch in it twelve circles, or holes, in the po- sition shown. The puzzle is to cut the cardboard into four pieces of equal size, each piece to be of the same shape, and to con- tain three circles, without getting into any of them. o O o o No. 128. Anagram. Each anagram contains but a single word, (a) Tame cats, (b) Master hope, (c) Rosa white, (d) Lovely tin, (e) As rag man. CO Lisping Fred. 22 Everybody s No. 129. ESS Enigma. Three boys, all prone to roguish jest, Drove a hen from off her nest; The eggs they stole, and home they hied, Resolved the plunder to divide. First, half of all and half an egg Was "portioned to the greatest wag; The next got half of what remained, And half an egg he, too, obtained ; The third got half of what was left And half an egg; yet none was cleft, And now to tell the poet begs, I pray you divide poor Partlett's eggs. One Way to Light a Candle. To light a candle without touching the wick, let the candle burn uutil it has a good long snuff, then blow it out with a sudden puff, a bright wreath of white smoke will curl up from the hot wick. Now if a flame be applied to this smoke, even at a distance of two or three inches from the candle, the flame will run down the smoke and rekindle the wick in a very fantastic manner. To perform this experiment nicely, there must be no draught or "banging" doors while the mystic spell is rising. No. 13O. Author'* Enigma. (a) A lion's house dug in the side of the hill where there is no water. (b) Belongs to a monastery. (<) What nn oyster heap is apt to b* (d) Always youthful you see; lint between you and me Ho never was much of a chicken. (e) Is any range of hills containing a cer- tain dark treasure. (0 Humpbacked, but not deformed. U) Brighter and smarter than the other*. (h) I do for information, I do for recreation, It can music awaken, But is easily shaken. (i) Put an edible grain 'twixt an ant and a bee, And a much loved poet you'll speedily SCO. (j) Pack very closely, never scatter, And doing so you'll soon get at her. (k) Oliver Twist's importunate demand. (1) The witches' salutation to Macbeth. Cm) A slang exclamation. No. 131. Heheiulmcnt ami < urtailiuenU Cut off my hcud, and singular I am; Cutoff my tail, mid plural 1 u|,| Cut off both head and tail, and, wondrous fact. Although my middle's left there's nothing there, ^fbat is my hea/1 f-a ioiyidlnf M^ What is my tail ? a flowing river; In ocean's greatest depths I fearless play, Parent of sweetest sounds, though mute for ever. No. 132. A Square. Snows or hails with a mixture of rain. A small European singing bird. Complete. A puzzle. Named. Bedsteads. No. 133. A Pictorial Charade. My first if 'tis lost music's not worth a straw ; My second's most graceful (?) in old age or law, Not to mention di- vines; but my whole cares for neither, Eats fruit and scares ladies in fine summer weather. No. 134. Au Old Proverb. A well known and very true proverb is contained in these stars. You will observe it has twenty-five letters. Two letters are given twice over in the lowest line to assist the sorely puzzled wise heads. OOK***OIL Now fill up the top line with the guest whom some superstitious people don't like to have at dinner. Put in the second line what all like on a winter day. In the third line set down what a book is called when the sheets on which it is printed are folded into eight leaves apiece. In the fourth what a person is who wean a mask at a ball In the fifth a part of speech. In the sixth a delicious wall fruit. In the seventh what you have who ar guessing my riddle. In the eighth what Dover is. If you rightly guess these eight, Ii00 will be (IJled up at a of Pushes, Jfo. 135. -Word Progression, By substituting new letter for one already In the word, make a newword t and thus pro- graa from word to word until the desired answer ts fOtind. Examples: Progress from Dcg to Foi in two moves; dog, fog, fox. Progress from Dog to Man in threo moves. Progress from Ape to Man in two moves. Progress from Skate to Coast in seven moves. Progress from Boy to Man in thfee moves. Progress from Bock to Read in four moves. No. 130. Poetical Charade. My first she was a serving maid She went to fetch some tea; How much she brought my second tells As plainly as can be. Now when the answer you have found, Name it to others too; My whole is just the very thing, In telling them, you'll do. No. 137. An Enigma In Prose. I am such an indispensable part of your being that a mortal creature cannot exist without me. Yet I am not exclusively of an animal nature, for the earth owns me as well. I am to be met with at Vesuvius and Etna, only yon would never be able to ap- proach near enough to see me. So you must look for me in rivers, where you will always discover me (just where you will not find me in the animal kingdom), the farthest from the head. I dwell in all caves of the earth, and in all pits, whether of coal or ore. Not even a cannon is made without me, for I am where men seek the "bubble reputation." I am large and long in the shark and alligator, small in the crab and caterpillar, deep and wide in jar and jug, long and elliptic in the human race, round in the ray and the skate, and triangular in the leech. With all the animal race I am movable, generally noisy, and can open or close at will, but in inani- mate nature I am generally noiseless and perpetually open. I dwelt in Venice, and through my means the secret messages to the Inquisition passed! I was in Egypt with Memnon, making musio when the sun touched me. In short, if the eyes are called the windows of the soul, I may be very justly considered as its portal. No. 138. Divided Words. EXAMPLE: Separate a certain kind of cloth, and make a humble dwelling and a measure. Answer, cot-ton. 1. Separate a cloister and make to study and a small aperture. 2. Separate a very hard ubstance, and make a masculine name and an insect. 3. Separate an ornament, and make part of a bottle find a delicate fabric. 1 Separate the corner of a leaf in a book, turned down, and make certain animals and epikes of cofn. 5, Separate a city in British India, and make fortune and at this time. 0. Separate a certain part Of tile day, and male? tmooth and current. 7. Separate ftii island in the North Atlantic, and mako fashioned and a masculine name. 8. Separate reci- procal succession, and make to change and a people. 9. Separate renders keen, and mako acid and entity. The initials of the first words will spell the name of a religious festival celebrated on Feb. 2. The initials of the second words will spell the name of a saint whose festival oo curs on Feb. 14. No. 139. Bcheadment and Curtailment. There is a little third, his name is discontent. Who second through the world, On mischief ever bent. Few totals of trne pleasure, In busy hours or leisure, But troubles without measure Have we when by him rent. 140. Cardboard Puzzle. Take a p<ece 01 cardboard or leather of the shape and measurement indicated by the diagram. Cut it in such a manner that you yourself may pass through it, still keening it in one piece. No. 141. An Arithmetical Problem. Add the figure 2 to 191 and make the an- swer less than 20. No. 142. Conundrums, (a) What kin is that child to his own father, who is not his own father's son? (b) When did Moses sleep five in a bed? (c) How many Bof t boiled eggs could the giant Goliath eat upon an empty stomach? No. 143. Quaint and Curious. (a) I only knew she came and went, (b) Like troutlets in a pdol ; (c) She was a phantom of delight, (d) And I was like a fool. (e) One kiss, dear maid, I said, and sighed, If) Out of those lips Everybody s (g) She shook her ringlets round her head (h) And laughed in merry scorn. (i) Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky; (j) You heard them, O my heart ; (k) Tis twelve at night by the castle clock, (1) Beloved, we must part. (m) "Come back, come back P she cried In grief, fn) My eyes are dim with tears H Row shall I live through all the days! (p) All through a hundred years? No. 144. Double Acrostic Tropical fruits; to infuse; a sirn of the Zodiac; a feminine name; a carnivorous ani- mal found in Java. Primals, a part of the body. Finals, a weight. Connected, a brown stone. No. 145. An Easy Charade My first is a little bird. My second is a large bird. My whole combines the two. No. 140. A Diamond. A letter; a Spanish coin formerly current In Ireland; currency; dyed; an order of plants; scolded; a part of Arabia; performed; a letter. No. 147. A Picture Puzzle. No. 14. The Famous Forty-fire. How can number 45 be divided Into four och part* that if to the first part you odd a, from tlio second part you subtract 2, the thir'l |>art you multiply by 2 and the fourth part you divide by 2, the sum of the addi- tion, the remainder of the subtraction, the product of the multiplication and the quo- tient of the division be all equal? No. 149. Enigma. In carpet, not in rug; In fish, not in bug; In fry, not in bake; In itch, not in ache; In come, not in sent; In take, not in lent: My whole is a continent. No. 150. Tangle for Sharp Wit*. My first is a thing that a tailor oft uses; A cart cannot go when my second it loses; The pauper complains that he has not my next, And is deep In my fourth, and so sorely perplext; Jly fifth's half amused, and that's better tbao weeping: My sixth throuen a great Russian city goes creeping; My next is a tree by King Solomon prized; My eighth a grand virtue to which we're advised; My ninth's an old weapon not sword, shield or lance; My tenth is three-fifths of the first stream In France; My next brings a Mush to an Austrian's face, And my last's a Spring dose, very good In iU place. Arrange all these doze^as well as you can, And the first letters show an effeminate man; The last gives the name of a Sunday that's dear To every good child in the spring of the year. No. 151. The Three Jealous Husbands. Three jealous husbands, A, B and C, with their wives, being ready to pass by night over a river, find at the water side a boat which can carry but two at a time, and for want of a waterman they are compelled to row themselves over the river at several times. The question is, how those six per- sons shall pass, two at a time, so that none of the three wives may be found in the com- pany of one or two men, unless her husband be present? No. 152. A Plebeian Waltzer. I gayly danco with my thousand feet. Making the home a place more neat; When my partner sings 'tis a waltz complete. Sometimes I suddenly stand on my head; The spider beholds this caper with drra.l, For destruction upon his work 'twill shed. When the dance is done and the fun fs o'er, My partner leads me behind the door, Where I wait till called again on the floor. No. 153. A Diamond. 1. A consonant 2. A constellation. 3. A weapon. 4. Her pile of hay. 5. A vegeta- ble. 0. A,unit 7. A consonant Read up and down and across through thf Book of Puzzles. center of the diamond and find the name of an English poet. No. 154. Anagram. N. B. Gain ten. Steve Burd. Can I let Maud? Chain me pets. M. No. 155. An Enigma. My first upon my second's deck "Departing, waved his hand. Ijcried, "My first, if 'scaping wreck, My second reach the land, Wherein your future lot is cast, Know that till death my whole shall last!" No. 156. Illustrated Rebus. Anecdote of a Bishop's Wife. Have you heard the tale of the bishop's wife, who, when she had been shopping, had her purchases put into her carriage, and was going away without paying until stopped by the counter gentleman. "Do you know who I am?" indignantly asked she; "I am the bishop's lady." "Can't help that mum," re- plied the counter gent, "you couldn't have 'em without paying for 'era if you was hia wife!" Small but Troublesome. My first is a bit of butter. My next a bit of mutton, My whole a little shutter, Put on to pinch a glutton. A but-ton. Now, what is a button? A small event that is always coming off. Acrostic. A monitor which most folk prize, W hoso precepts all too much despise; A racer set 'gainst time to run, T hat beating is itself outdone; C hained or tied, yet night and day H astening wherejlt should not stay No. 157. Poetical Conundrum. I paint with colors, I fly without wings, I people the air with most fanciful things; I hear sweetest musio where no sound ia heard, And eloquence moves me, nor utters a word. The past and the present together I bring, The distant and near gather under my wing. Far swifter than lightning my wonderful flight, Through the sunshine of day, or the dark- ness of night; And those who would find me, must find me, indeed, As this picture they scan, and this poesy read. No. 158. Literary Anagrams. In the first column are found the names of ten books; in the second column the namea of their authors: (a) Serablis Meles, (b) Four drum,unite al, (c) Nee them cows, (d) Povit L'academ, (e) Nox's cat, (f) Hove in a (g) Pery in hoi (h) be halt, (i) Let retta rhelect's, (j) Vest wil riot, (a) Touch Vigor, (b) Nickdes, (c) Harat Cyke, (d) Lambwck, (e) T. Welly Rubton, (f) Wits rest car lot, (g) Go fowl, Nell, (h) Grown vin hit in gas, (i) Hot war hen, (j) Di-Necks. No, 159. Pictorial Proverb. No. ICO. Double Acrostic. My first is a very common two wheeled ve- hicle. My second is an ancient city, captured "by Joshua. My third is a king, rather mad, but made worse by the unkindness of his children, My fourth is a sound in the singer's scale. My fifth enters into every agreement that if made. My sixth is the sign of the genitive case. My last is found plentifully in the woods. Take the first letters, and they form thj 26 Everybody s name of a flat bottomed vessel, generally used as a bomb ship against forts or bat- teries erected on the coast Take tho lost Mini, and they form the name of a singular quadruped. No. 101. An Enigma. My first in bill, but not in check. My second in build, but not in wreck. My third in love, but not in hate. My fourth in line, but not in bate. My fifth in sandal, but not in shoe. My sixth in yellow, but not in bluo. My seventh in tiger, but not in bunny. My whole is a writer, baldheaded and funny. No. 162. Kiddle*. (a) Who had the first entrance into a the- atre? (b) What is that which denotes the state of tho mind and the body? (c) Why are stout gentlemen prone to melancholy? (d) Why is a joke like a chicken? (c) Why is it almost certain that Shake- speare was a broker? (f) When is a fast young man nearest heaven? (3) What is it wa all of ten say we will do and nobody has ever yet done? (u) Why do little birds in their nests agree? (i) When is love deformed 1 (j) When does a fanner double up a sheep without hurting it? (k) Why is a kiss like a rumor? (1) What confection did they have in tho ark? (m) I live upon my own substance and die when I have devoured myself. (n) Why is a dog biting bis tail like a good manager? To Stand an Egg Upright. Tho unceremonious manner in which the great navigator performed this feat by breaking one end of the egg, is familiar to all who have read the anecdote of Columbus and the egg. Evidently at that time it was considered impossible to stand an egg on its point But a modern genius declares it may may bo done thus: Take an egg (a long one IB best), shake it well so as to break tho yolk and mix it with tho white; then with a "steady band'' balance it on its broad end upon a smooth, even surface, glass or slate being best. No. 163. A Showman'* Cemetery. (Many animals collected from all parts of the globe are buried here. Find them.) To a drama reader, Mine Heir; You being A bachelor of Oxford, I Infer, retarded "E'er True," or attempted, on Keystone's denounce ment of it, to squelch or secrete a famous effort But I, German that 1 am, cannot be arbitrarily crushed by your bulldoze, but will seize bravely my opportunity, and Abel Kasson & Co. will produce my musical farce, with sceuio attractions, on the Buck- ingham stage. All amateurs, able critics, here or o'er the sea, love to applaud my In- do-English artistic effects. My partner, Lovejoy a kinsman of mine emulating Nueland, has sold, in the boxes, his wines, lo 1 these many years, and each eve, we, as elder brothers, share the spoils. O. 164. A Charade for Young Folks. The roseate clouds drift through the sky* The sun goes down; And soft tho total's gentle cry Sounds through the town A second is he, wise and old, So people say; Who carries with him, I've been told. First, white and gray, To sprinkle on all wakeful eyes Black, bluo or brown ; As on his busy round ho hies Straight through the town. ."so. 165. A Diamond () ,A letter, (b) A preposition, (c) Inner parts of things, (d) An instrument used by dentists, (e) A fine kind of chinaware. (f) To choose again, (g) Interval (h) To rest (i) A letter. No. 166. A Rlddlo In Rhyme. I'm the offspring of shame, by modesty bred, I'm the symbol of virtue and vice; Neither written nor printed, yet constantly red; A critic discerning and nice. I'm a marplot, and terribly self willed withal, I'm not to be argued or tasked; And although I obey not a positive call, I. come when not wanted or asked. xso. 167. Problem of Money. Place ten half dimes in a row upon a table. Then taking up any ono of the series place it upon some other, with this proviso, that you pass over just one dime. Repeat this till thcro is no single half dimo left No. 168. Beheadings. (a) Behead to impute, and leave a Jewish r of the law. (b) A premium given for a privilege, and leave tho burden. Book of Puzzles. (B) An arch on a beam, and leave a car- bonaceous mineral, highly electrical and gen- erally transparent. (d) The plain part of a column, and leav trouble. No. 169. Pictorial Decapitation* Behead the first word in each lino to find the second ; then behead the second to find the third. Several Swallows. The proverb says ''One swallow does not make spring," but the proverb is certainly wrong when the swallow is one gulp at a big boiling hot cup of tea in a railway station, as, if that one swallow docs not make one spring, wo should bo glad to hear what does. A traveler writes from Naples: "Standing on Castle Elrno, I drank in the whole sweep of the bay." What a swallow the writer must have. But perhaps tho queerest feat In the eating and drinking line ever recorded is that of a man who commenced by boltiug a door, after which he threw up a window, aiid then sat down and swallowed a whole story I Varieties in Prose. A cannibal's favorite soup is a "broth of a boy." A pretty, well made, fashionable girl and a thrifty housekeeper are alike; for each makes a great bustle about a small waist. When a man attempts to jump a ditch and falls, he is likely to miss the beauties of sum- mer. Because the fall follows right after the spring, unless he makes a summer set be- tv. it'll them. No. 170. Enigmatical Writeiw My first was famed for beauty; My second bids you seek ; My third, a brave old soldier, For tariff bold did speak. My whole, a noble woman With earnest mind, essayed To ask for justice to a race Whom man for greed betrayed. No. 171. Anasram of Authors, (a) Tell Mary Bill can win.U. (b) Reient her blow, (c) We rule a tobogin. (d) Ben, M'O cry hard here, (e) Then lames her. (f) Call her verse, (g) Vowing I shant grin, (h) Trace one whine, (i) See my nag fling Ma, (j) Clare L. Wilton, (k) Hear Jo roar gilt. (1) Join the left rear wing, eh? (in) Father Bert (n) So dace cured her. (o) Old Jay Gould rares. (p) W. D. Howells, Lawn Forge, Troy, N. H. No. 172. Word Rebus. Not long ago I saw a man Who looked to me peculiar; His left hand held a cobbler's tool With which we are all familiar. And a cutting tool was in his right Well known to many nations; But all at once the scene was changed To useful publications. No. 173. A Figurative Epitaph. 04128 04120 2 80 4 1 2 8 2 45 4 The above verse, said to have been trans- scribed from the grave of a soldier during the lato war, expresses in tho alternate lines, in poetical antithesis, tho hardships endure. 1 by tho campaigner during life, contrasted with the peacefulness of his state in death. The -nt indicates Hibernian origin. No. 174. Beheadings. (a) Behead to bruise, and leave to hurry, (b) Behead a fastening, and leave a poison- ous serpent (c) Behead a stone, and leave an entrance, (d) Behead a grain, and leave a summer luxury, (e) Behead solitary, and leave a numeral. (0 Behead a kind of wood, and leave lean, (g) Behead to vibrate, and leave part of a fowl (h) Behead a track, and leave a generation, (i) Behead to com- ply, and leave a personage in high authority. (j) Behead to reckon, and leave a paint. The beheaded letters will spe.l the name of a well known city. Everybody 's No. 173. Octagon Puzzle. I have a piece of ground which is neither square nor round, But an octagon; and this I Lave laid out In a novel way, though plain in appearance, aim retain Three posts Jn each compartment; but I doubt Whether you discover how I apportioned it, e'en tho' I inform you 'tis divided Into four. But If you solve It right, 'twill afford you much delight And repay you for tho trouble, I am sure. No. 170. Numerical Enigma. The 5, C, 2, 1, 37, 23, is an idea. The 21, !3, 1>, 2D, 12, 14, SJ, 31 is defamed, The 4, 28, 29, 33, 35 is an animal The 8, 7, 22, is a heathen goddess. The S3, 13, 10, 11, 17 is to portion. The 25, 39, 15, 10, 40 is to steal The 27, CO, 34, 10 is recent The 30, 18, 24, 38 is a necessity. Tho answer, composed of 40 letters, Is a beautiful and well known quotation. It matters not if he has twelve OT one; But has he daughters? then 'tis plainly shown That I to them am seldom but a loan. No. 177.-Qnlbblcs. (a) I can stretch my hands apart, having a coin in each band, and, without bringing my hands together, I can cause both coins to come into the same hand. How is this to be done! (b) Place a candle in such a manner that every person shall seo it, except one, although be shall not bo blindfolded or prevented from examining any part of tho room, and the candle shall not bo hidden. No. 178. Enigma. Enigma guessers, tell me what I am. I've been a drako, a fox, a hare, a lamb. Yon all possess mo, and in every street In varied shape and form with me you'll meet; With Christians I am never singly known, Am green, or scarlet, brown, white, gray or ' : . I dwelt in Paradise with Mother Eve, And went with her, when she, alas! did ] To Britain with Caractacns I cam<, And made Augustus Caesar known to fame, The lover gives me on bis wedding day, The poet writes me in bis natal lay; {fa* f*Lher aiwajs gives me to each son. No. 179. Illustrated Puzzle. All of the ten objects may be described by words of equal length. When these have been rightly guessed and placed one below tho other, one of the perpendicular rows of letters will spell tho name of a famous battle fought in July. No. 180. Tho Landlord Tricked. Twenty-one persons sat down to dinner at an inn, with the landlord at the head of the table. When dinner was finished it was re- solved that one of the number should pay the whole score, to bo decided as follows: A per- son should commence counting tho company, and every seventh man was to rise from his seat, until all were counted out but one, who was to lx* tho individual who should pay tho whole bill One of tho waiters was fixed upon to count tho company out, who, owing his master a grudge, resolved to make him the person who should have to pay. How must he proceed to accomplish this! No. 181. Double Acrostic. My initials a term for tho east will name, My finals a word expressing tho same. CROsswonos. (a) At operas 'tis often found. (b) It has a certain lawlike sound. (c) A beauteous queen of ancient clime. (d) A fruit abundant in our clime. (e) A woman who tho world would shun, (f) Life of tho world since time begun. No. IS*. Geographical Pnzzlc. An old man gave a dinner, which was not rery elaborate, for he only had (first half of a city in Germany), (a country in Europe), fid a [first half of a city in lUJj) Book of Puzzles. Sis wi?e belonged to a sewing (islands In the Pacific ocean). The old man was on the (cape off North Carolina) for the (other islands in the Pacific ocean) members of his wife's club. In the evening they had a foot (cape off Newfoundland) on a (island on the eastern coast of the United States) course. Then they said (cape of Greenland), and went home. No. 183. The Two Drovers. Two drovers, A and B, meeting on the road, began discoursing about the number of sheep each had. Says A to B: "Pray give me one of your sheep and I will have as many as you." "Nay," replied A, "but givo me one of your sheep and I will have as many again as you." How many sheep had each? No. 184. Enigma. In rat, but not in kitten; In oar, but not in sail ; In gloves, but not in mitten ; In pitcher, but not in pail; In trumpets, but not in tune; The whole appears in June. No. 185 Acrostic. In the lamp globe my first is, but never In heat; In the anchor my second, yet not in the fleet; My third's in all ropes, yet it's not in a ship; In no faces my fourth, still 'tis ever in lip; My next's in all bakers, yet not in one man, And my sixth's in the pot, but it's not in the pan; My seventh's in the thoroughfare, not in the way, My eighth's in the mower, but not in the hay; My ninth's in the jury, but not in their box; My tenth's in my stockings, but not in your socks, And my last's in the harbor, but not in the docks. An English soldier in this puzzle lies, A general famous for his victories ; Some judges think all other captains yield To this man's prowess in the battle field. No. 18G. Word Dissection. Take away my last seven letters, and I am a useful article. Without my first three and last four, I am the noblest animal. Take away my first six letters, and I am an ar- ticle of commerce. Minus my last four I am a desirable thing. Without my first seven, I am a portion of the body. My whole is an Important branch of education. No. 187. Familiar Quotations. (a) Twas in the prime of summer time, (b) She blessed me with her hand; (c) We strayed together, deeply biest^ 4dJ Into thff dreaming 1n i"j_ (e) The laughing bridal roses blow, (f) To dress her dark brown hair; (g) My heart is breaking with my woe. (h) Most beautiful 1 most rare I (I) I clasped it on her sweet, cold hand, (j) The precious golden link I (k) I calmed her fears and she was calm (1) "Drink, pretty creature, drink 1" (m) And so I won my Genevieve, (n) And walked in Paradise; (o) Tho fairest thing that over grew (p) Atween mo and the skies I Each line of the above is a poetical quota- tion. Can you name the authors? No. 188. Pictorial Proverb. No. 189. Word Building. My first syllable implies equality; my sec- ond is tho title of a foreign nobleman; my wholo is asked and given many times a day with equal indifference, and yet it is of so much importance that it has saved the lives of many. No. 190. Conundrum in Rhyme. I'm strangely capricious, I'm sour and I'm sweet; To housewives I'm useful, to children a treat; I freely confess 1 more mischief have done Than anything else that is under the sun. No. 191. Word Puzzle. A whole is in all vessels found, That captains may not run aground. Cut off ray hoad, and you will see That I am where the roe rnns free. Behead again, and I am still What Webster will define as skill. Transpose, and In a vessal's hold. I ofttimes mak* myself quite bold. \i}''s Again transpose, and in the cracks And Hams of ships I stick like was. Except when suns of warmth profuse Come out and make me run Like juice. Ko. 199. Concealed Animal*, Four animals are to be found in each sen- (a) 1 saw Eli on the sofa when I came later In the evening; be seemed to suffer at times from a severe cat and the doctor thought he would have to trepan the right sido of tho boys' bead, (b) Do not disturb earnest scholars or repel ambitious ones; do not be harsh or severe with dullards or pronounce them beyond help. No. 103. Five hundred begins it, five hundred ends it, in the middle is seen; The first of all letters, the first of all figures, Take op their stations between. My whole was a king of very great fame; If you wish to know who, you hero have his Wo. 104. A Hidden Adae Ko. 10X-nair Rqnare. II'- Mght a Containing ochre. R. One who changes. 1 Too variations which verbs undergo for the indication of time, 5. Priism . Spawn of fishes. 7. A knot in wood. & A Iloman coin. 0. A letter. No. I o. A Charad*. A plunge Is beard. b will drown, b* will fak Ho calls for my first Oh. haste to the brink. ut this moment appear* in . Mjr ronod U tb-ri. arooag the craw. The man is saved, and at once doth exclaim l "Ah, my whole will rejoice to embrace me again, For she's a companion whom ever I find, In joy or iu sorrow, most loving and kind, No. 197. Arithmetical Nut. From six take niiie; from nine take ten; from forty take fifty, and have six left. No. 108. Conundrum. Thero is a noun of plural number, Foe to peace and tranquil slumber; But add to it tho letter s, And wondrous metamorphosis- Plural is plural now no more, And sweet what bitter was before. No. 199. Riddles. (a) How wcro Adam and Eve prevented from gambling! (b) Why do wo buy shoes? (c) Why is a Jew in a fever like a diamond? (d) What musical instrument invites you to fish? (e) Why is a person who never lays wagers as bad as a regular gambler? (f) Why is it dangerous to take a nap on a train? (g) What thing is that that is lower with a head than without one? (b) Why is the soul like a thing of no con* sequence? (i) Why is a nail fast in the wall like an old man? (j) Why does an aching tooth impose si- lence on tho sufferer? Thoughts \VU and Otherwise. When one receives a letter which is dull he should file it A man with a cork leg ought to have a springy step. "Most people neglect the eyes," says a mod- ical paper; but very few neglect the I. Driving a street car is not a very high call- Ing, but it can scanx-ly bo classed as among tho lower walks of life. A man is said to be personally involved when ho is wrapped up in himself. A hungry sailor should wish for a wind that blows fowl and chops about A five dollar note is more valuable than five gold dollars, because when you put it in your jKK-ket you double it, and when you toko il out again you see it increases. Puniana. The real "home rul" Curtain lectures. The best early closing movement Shutting your eyes when you go to bed early. Book of Puzzles. The sort of paper to write love letters on Foolscap. Kitchen dressers Swell cooks. A simple fraction Breaking a plate Better than a "promising" young man A paying one. Book markers Dirty thumbs. Forced politeness Bowing to circum- stances. Quick consumption Bolting one's food. The greatest curiosity in the world A woman's. No. 2OO. Double Acrostic. Two words are here to be found out, Both you have heard of, I've no doubt; One is a thing that gives its aid To ships engaged in peaceful trade. The other thing is often found To war's chief weapon closely bound. These stars replace with letters true, And both the things will look at you. In the first letters, downwards read, Is that by which the vessel's sped ; And in the last, if downwards spelt, That which adorns the soldier's belt * * * * *** * * ***** * * ***** * * * * 1st line What a bull does, if he can. 2d line What is the most beauteous span. 8d line Hog in armor is my third. 4th line Boy in barracks often heard. 5th line What the street boys often run. 6th line What gives light, not like the sun. 7th line What makes doctors oft despair. 8th line What is black, with curly hair. 9th line What is very hard to bear. No. 201. Burled Citlea. (a) To baffie the mob, I let him out by a secret door. (b) They built a mole, and thus made the harbor safe. (c) They say I cannot do it; but I can and I will succeed. (d) The Gauls said that Ariovistus was mad, rash and cruel. (e) I made the child take a nap, lest she should fall asleep during the service. (f) What, for three thousand ducats kill a manl (g) When the sense demands a colon, do not use a period. (h) { consider the pasha no very great sight (I) I can see the red berries of the sumac on the hills. (j) Where are the barbarian tribes of yoref The Goth, the Hun, the VaudaL I ask in vain. (k) They offered up a horrible holocaust in that hotel. No. 202. A Trick Puzzle. Golden Days, which is responsible for the puzzle here illustrated, gives the following directions: Copy this diagram, and, after cutting it into the fifteen small squares which we have marked out, lay the pieces back in the position they occupy in the en- graving. Now move them, cue piece nt a time, like the movements in the famous fif- teen puzzle, and when you get them in a cer- tain succession, you will find a representation of a president with only one ejje. No. 203. Word Building. My first is a sailor; my second is used by sailors; reversed, I am a uozious animal twice over ; and my whole is looked upon aa an ugly party to meet No. 204. Mutation. Two women meet, they nod and smile; They stop, shake hands and chat awhile; They treat each other with complete, And outwardly seem glad to meet. YET SCOUR from off them the false coat Which all demands, and you will note That other thoughts are cherished there, And for each other naught they care. No. 205. rnljpnas. (a) I'm slain to be saved, with much ado and pain, Scattered, dispersed, and gathered up again, Withered, though young; sweet, yet un- perfumed, And carefully laid up to be consumed. A word of one syllabi*, easy and short, ' Which read* backwards and forwards the same; It expresses the sentiment* warm from ., And to beauty lays principal claim, Soon as I'm made I'm sought with care; one whole year consulted; time elapsed, I'm thrown aside, Neglected and insulted. No. tOO. Illustrated Central Acrostic. The nine words of this acrostic are pictured Instead of described. When the words are rightly goessed and placed one below the other in the order in which they are num- bered, the central letters will spell the name of a famous sorereign of ancient history. 81 Nicholas. Xo. 107.- A Wild Flower of Autumn. My 1, 3, 3, 4 many seek until th.-yYe 2, 3,9, Aw.l i.,, 1, a, 8, 4, if so they do m- ..:. . A color bright is 7, 5, 4-1 cannot tell you If yon can rucss my mnanlng just please to 0,8,4 Ho. 0. A Disserted Word. ..uk beur.. , tree) eurUil me, and I am small but useful ; behead me again, and you will find me at hornet again curtail me, and you will find myself. No. 209. Anagram*. (a) Arma on, (a) Laiik hec Jones, (b) Kos fownd toll, (b) Mows rest, (c) Ao vow if fried kale, (c) D'log miths, (d) Tiny Faviar, (d) Kacho tray, (e) Holrait, (o) Earl Siid, (f) Col rate Frebrn. (f) D Carnal gond. In the first column are tho names of books, and opposite each, in the second coluiuu, the name of i; .. author. No. 210. Compound Acrostic. Words of eight letters: (a) Deposited by water, (b) A variety of cauliflower, (c) To curb, (d) Pertaining to the sense of hearing, (c) Unto this, (f) Be- longing to au artery, (g) Tho highest point. Whole was a president Of these United States; Ho ruled in troubled times, 60 history relates. No. 211. Quibbles. (a) If you cut thirty yards of cloth into one yard pieces, and cut one yard every day, how long will it take! (b) A person tells another that he can put something in his right hand which the other cannot put into his left. (c) A person may, without stirring from tho room, seat himself in a place where it will be impossible for another person to do so. Explain this. Oddities. Broken bones begin to make thentselvei useful wheu they begin to knit. Two people may be said to be half witted when they have an understanding between them. Many people in China must be obliged to travel on foot because there is but one Cochin-China (coach in China). Common pins undergo a strange trans- formation when they fall to the earth and be- come terra-pins. The last day of February would hardly be thought to resemble one of Shakespeare's plays, yet it i* winter's tail (Winter's Tale). People traveling in tho Sahara should never bo hungry, because of tLo sandwiches -and which is there). There is a simple thing which is above all human ini]>erfections, und yet shelters the t as well as the wisest of mankind. It is a hat. Ho. 81V.'. Word Syncopations. (a) Takean Hi-vnti.in ,>f land from a coin, and leuve u utter musical bound*. Book of Puzzles. 33 flb) Take the conclusion rrom an aromatic plant, and leave a washing utensil. (c) Take an animal from a muscle of the lower jaw that assists in chewing, and leave a measurer. (d) Take a period of time from relating to an opera, and leave relating to sight. No. 213. Proverbs AVithin a Maze. R E N W N E D T II A H W 8 Y O u R C A K E A N D A 8 T E T O B E F E A R n R E A R K S 8 P O I L E A F L E O n E R 8 N T D V O T M T L I N n T E U N O 8 C A L A G M E n I R 8 N I Y R S O B A T 8 E N a N E N O T S R N P A I A A 31 O O T S A E W R C D E V I L A n T D A 8 O U o Y N I L D A E C A T C i V R E n II T A n E Z This is a sort of maze. You should find the first letter of the first word, and then follow on till you have solved the secret. You may read from one letter to the next, north, south, east or west, but never in a northeasterly, northwesterly southeasterly or southwesterly direction. You will find here a small bundle of proverbs which, if attended to, will be as useful to you as they have been to others. No. 214. A Bill of Fare. (a) Take u one, I two, n one, o two, i one 6 one; (b) Of I one, a two, s two, c one, b two, to one; (c) Of o three, c two, w one, fc one, d one; (d) Of e three, / one, t one, fc one, b one, * one, a one; (e) Of h one, b one, d one, a three, g one, r two, m one, e one ; (f) Of r one, s two, a one, p two, n one, e or t one; (g) Of c two, o one, m one, r one, a three, n two, s one, e three, d ono, 7i one, i one; (h) Of o two, t two, p one, c one, e one, a one; (i) Of u one, c two, s two, o one, h one, ona, a one; (j) Of i one, e two, I one, m one, p ona, o ona, n one; (k) Of r three, a one, c one, s one, 6 one, * one, i one, e two; Q) Of a two, p two, d two, g one, u one, o Qua, o one, t one, i two, n oca; (m) Of r one, a one, i one, n one, c one, two, g one, o one; (n) Of a one, r one, n one, f two, s two; (o) Of 7<i one, d one, s one, I one, o one, a one, n one. Good Ilouselieeping provides the above bill of faro. These dishes are represented by one, two and three words. No. 215. Poetical Enigma. I have but one eye, and that without sight, Yet it helps me whatever I do; I am sharp without wits, without senses Tm bright, The fortune of some and of some the delight, And I doubt not I'm useful to you. No. 21G. Pictorial Conundrum. No. 217. Yagarie*. (a) Add one to nine acd make it twenty. (b) Place three sixes together so as to make even. (c) What Is the difference between six dozen dozen and half a dozen dozen? (d) A room wit'.i eight corners had a cat in each corner, seven cats before each cat and a cat on every ca'-'s tail What was the total number of cats? (e) Prove that seven Is the half of twelve. No. 218. Charade. My first is a revolver, though Others with it roundly go, Circles making one by one, Ending where it first begun; Ever turning, never changing, Steadiest when widest ranging; Recipient of mighty shocks, Secret home of cunning fox. My second makes the spirits flow Through its lengthy windings slow; Like a serpent twisting round Circled cylinders 'tis found; Creeping up at eventides, My whole in silence slowly glides. 1'iuzlo.s .c rybodys No. tlftX Bonawmy Letter*. This little girl cannot learn her lesson in time and is crying about it The letters fly- in; around her bead are telling her what to da What do they say f No. 220. OmlMlons. Fill the second blank with the same word ax the first, omitting the first letter. that wealth must be bydili- He found growing In the , of rare beauty. I should like to hare seen the on board the . He a mountain whose top with mam throughout the year. No. ttl.-Macte Sqnarrm. :mbcrsfrom ItoSl so that the whole will make a magic square having the sum of iu lines, flies and diagonals tho some. Rcmorethe marginal numbers and till bar* a magic square, and repeat the same proem with like results until but one bomber remain*, which will be tho greatest common dirlsor of the sums of tho several Ha, (a) Behead a town of Russian Toorkistan, *t a Jewel (b) Behead a t< h Burmah. and leave a city of I r> DebMd an isUmnu near the Malay , ' -"' l- ! f Australia, abd leave to be In debt. (, j Behead a river of West Australia, and leave pale. (0 Behead an Island in the Malay archipelago, and leave a city of T ndia. (g) Behead a town of British India, and leave a girl's name, (h) Behead a fortified town of Spain, and leave a girl's name, (i) Be- head a large river of Europe, and leave a tone used for sharpening instruments. No. 223. Enigma In Rhyme. Places of trust I oft obtain, And protect the house from vermin; I act as shepherd on the plain, And at fairs I'm shown for learning; In northern climes a horse I'm seen, And a roasting jack I, too, have been; Strange as it seems, it's no less true, That I eat on four legs and beg on two, No. 224. Riddles. (a) Why is an elephant like a brick? (b) "Why is the death of Socrates like a garret? (c) Why are weary people like carriage wheels! (d) What musical instrument should we always distrust? (e; Why are some great men like glow worms? (f) Why are potatoes and corn like certain sinners of old? (g) In case of an accident what is better than pres- ence of mind? (h) Of what trade is the sun? (i) What is queen of the rose, and why? (j) An old woman in a red cloak was crossing a field in which a goat was feeding; what strange transformation suddenly took place? (k) Why is a widower like a house in a state of dilapidation? 0) If tue gd all die early, why are the bad like tho pupil of the eye? (n) When do two and two make rnoro than four? No. 223. The Unlucky Hat tor. A traveler passing through a town bought a hat for $8 and gave in payment a $50 bill. The Latter called on a merchant nearjby, who changed the bill for him, and the traveler having received his $42 change went his way. Next day the merchant discovered the note to lie counterfeit, and called upon tho hatter, who was compelled to borrow $50 from an- other friend to redeem it with. On turning to search for the .traveler he had left town, so that the note was useless on the hatter's bands. What did tho hatter lose by the transaction? No. 220. Prefixes. Trrflx a letter to a word, And make a common cry a bird, A maid a fish, a beast a bound; A stone a pest, a count a sound. No. 217. Hour Glasses. 1. A city, 12. Dun. 3. Duration. 4. A ft. Crafty. 0. Turns. 7. Bravery. i a !.-> read down a poetess. Book of Puzzles. 35 1. A vessel and a plant. 2. An author. 8. Single. 4. A letter. 5. Biting. 6. A prefix and a hint. 7. An obstruction of stones. Diagonals read down from left to right a poetess; from right to left a preacher; cen- trals a general. No. 228. A Riddle. "We travel much, yet prisoners are, And close confined to boot; We with the swiftest horse keep pace, Yet always go on foot. No. 229. The Square Puzzle. Cut out pieces of card board In the shape here indicated and arran ;e these pieces so that when set close together they shall form a perfect square, No. 230. A Problem of Numbers. A poor woman, carrying a basket of apples, was met by three boys, the first of whom bought half of what she had and gave her back 10; the second boy bought a third of what remained and gave her back 2; the third bought half of what she now had left and returned her 1, after which she found that she had 12 apples remaining. IIow many had she at first? No. 231. Numerical Enigma. My 10, 11, 8, 9 is a handle. My 7, 1, 15, 5 is a side glance. My 4, 2, 3, 6 is to mend. My 12, 13, 14, 16 is the Scriptures. My whole of 16 letters is a name given to part of the United States. No. 232. For Sharp Wits. (a) What pleases in the air, and what a horse docs not like, gives tho name of a flower. (b) Half a carman, and a whole country, will form the name of a beautiful flower. (c) My first is a lady, uiy second a noble- man and my whole a blunder. (d) My first is a prop, my second is a prop, my whole is a prop. (e) My first is useful to the earth, my sec- ond is worn by ladies and my whole is seen In the sky. (f) My first is an animal, my second an article, my third should be used every day and my whole is a place for the dead. (g) My first is a weapon used in war, my second lives in the sea, my whole is a species of fish found in warm climates. (h) My first is a vehicle, my second a prep- osition, my whole is a part of a ship. (i) My first is to spoil, my second is a vowel, my third is a precious metal, my whole is a flower. (j) My first is a human being, my second is to walk, my whole is an Indian fruit. No. 233. A Charade. My first's a precious stone, My next a well known tree; Or call my first a fruit, The next a thong will be. Whichever way you choose This puzzle to divide, You still will find my whole A powder will abide. No. 234. Word Squares. 1. A gem. 2. A girl's name. 3. A part. 4. Borne aloft. 5. Affected smiles. 1. A poet 2. A lady's name. 3. Ancient. 4. Rows. 5. An herb. No. 235. Hidden Birds. No. 236. Geographical Conceits. What river is able to catch its own fish? What city to eke out your lunch do you wish? What city will never be apt to rebel? What city could printers work through very mill C 2 Everybody s What lake most enticing to your thirsty steeds? What city rnfvt surely a curtailing needs? What city sin >ui<l quickly be put into stays? What city still bankers for sports and for plays? What cape do all people frequently meet? What city should be of deep thinkers the seat? In what place should all people feel somewhat at home? What city is far the most likely to roam? No. 237. Compound Acrostic. Words of eight letters : (1) Made moist. (2) An offer. (3) A screen from the boat or rain. (4) A note payable at a bank, (5) To tear in pieces. (C) To expose to injury or loss. Primals: Twofold. Finals: Oue who deals. Combined: A tricky person. Ko. 238. Kiddle. No rose can boast a livelier hue Than I can when my birth is now; Of shorter life than that sweet flower, I bloom and fade within an hour; Like Marplot, eager to reveal The secret I would fain conceal I Mysterious Substructure. Forty-flve is subtracted from forty-five, and leaves forty -five as a remainder, thus: 9, 8, 7, 0, 5, 4, 8, 2, 1-45. 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-45. 8, 0, 4, 1, 9, 7, 6, 8, 2-45. No. 239. Crosa Word Enigma. My first is in lame, but not in pain, My second is in mind, but not in brain, My third is in twice, but not in one, My fourth is in wit, but not in fun, My flfth is in string, but not in cord, My sixth is in tribe, but not in horde, My seventh is in strong, but not in weak, My eighth is in look, but not in seek, My ninth is in light, but not in dork, My tenth is in hawk, but not in lark, In my whole you'll find a great man'a name. One who by playing has gained his fame. No. 24O.-A Dinner In Anagrams. TOUB POSSET. One solid lamb; Ripe clams shaken. Thin crow cake; Try our steak. Paste too sweet; Iced boiler. Racers sweet; Steamed or tossed. Open lime; Mucer's cake. Toe sure salt roc; Naples pip*. No, 241. Charade. A printer'* term you'll find my flnt| Of mixed up things it is the worrtt Second a fellow of low degree; Or, on mischief bent, a child may be. My whole, a thing of novel make By Indians used on stream or lake. No. 242. Kibbon Rebus. Each of the pictures on the spiral ribbon represents a word which contains within it another word represented by the picture im- mediately below, on the upright ribbon. The initials of the four inside words on the upright ribbon arts found half hidden in the landscape below. The Duals of the four in- side words are hidden in the name 01 the two weapons at the bottom. Each word on the spiral contains five let- tors. Each word on the upright ribbon con- tains three letters. No. 243. Word Squares. (a) Tracts of land. An emblem of mourn- ing. To elevate. A famous racing ground in England. Appears to be. (b) The college of the Turkish hierarchy, composed of three classes. Loaded. Pre- pares for publication. Measure. A poose. No. 244. A Mathematical Nat. A piece of marble, weighing 40 pounds, falling upon the j'.-iwnieut was, by a most incular accident, broken into four pioccs of Book of Puzzles. inch varying weights that by means of them neighboring groceryman was able to weigh Rrticles of any integral weight from 1 to 40 pounds. Required, the weights of the four pieces. No. 245. Conundrums. When is a dog like a wandering minstrel! Why is a buckwheat cake like a cater- pillar? Why is human life the riddle of all riddles? Why does a duck go into the water? Why is a quiet conscience like a fit of in- digestion? What is that which never asks questions yet requires many answers? No. 240. Charades. (a) My first I may in truth declare Its name and nature both is air; My second is a perfect bore, Yet makes sweet music evermore; My whole in many a crowded street Lies in its bed beneath your feet. (b) At evening by my whole you'll think Of days gone by, and never reckon That by my second my Grst is made, And by my first my second. No. 247. A Picture Puzzle. The> above cat describes in KC'vi'ii v.orcis a very familiar object. Wliat is the description and what is the object? No. 248. Numerical Enijpna. I am composed of 13 letters, aud am a popular novelist of the day. My 10, 3, 9 is a conveyance. My 12, 3, 1.1, 5 is to bo convcj-ed. My 1, 11, 'J is uu old woman. My 7, 5, 12, 5 is at this place. My 1, 5, 11, 4 is an important part of a man. My 6, 8, 2, 5 is precious. My 7, 11, 2, 13 is diCa- cult to penetrate. No. 240. Articles of Furniture, (a) A treatise and a box. (b) To watch over, and a gown. (c) A marsh and not to yield. (d) Very, and a musical syllable. No. 25O. A Geographical Acrostic- (a) An Asiatic country. (b) A Spanish river. (c) An Italian river. (d) A Russian province. (c) An American territory. (0 A Chinese city. Initials and finals name two cities of Eu- rope. No. 251. The Knight's Puzzle. tlo to a cat- life and live In By tlo ow- bro wso of non tlo fall tor tur- gain like land one's quiet And of ar 111 Do tr Det- mo od- and Than a- ba.tr bask luu- or tie ness done wan- rel let Taan die \Vith der of smo Lo ter In brain myr- on and hor- un- Ch ap- or to sun with work la hcat A knight (chess man), in moving from square to square over the board, converts these dis- jointed syllables into a verso of poetry. What is the verse ? No. 25!?. Proverbial "Pi." Aa c oeeff hh iiii i mnnoooprr B s 1 1 1. Out of these letters form a truthful proverb* No. 253. Reversible Words. (a) Read forward, I arn to wind ; road back- ward, I am to look obliquely, (b) Read for- ward, I am the faco of a time piece; rcit.l backward, I am set down, (c) Head for- ward, I am a number; read backward, I am a snare, (d) Read forward, I am a rosinous substance; read backward, I am a small ani- mal. No. 254. Quibbles. (a) IIow must I draw a circle around a person placed in the center of a room so that he will not bs able to jump out of it though his legs should bo free? (b) If five times four are thirty -three, what will the fourth of twenty be? v (c) What is the difference between twict twenty -five and twice flve and twenty! Everybody s No. 255.-nlgmaticAl Birds, (a) A Teasel (b) Separate a bill (c) To brink, (d) An officer. No. 25G. Crow Word. First in coast, second in j: Third you will find in execute; Fourth in boat, fifth in i\ And sixth is ever in constitute; Seventh in blue, eighth in true, And whole, my friends, is a fruit No. 257. Rclu-adins*. L Behead a valley, ami leave a beverage. 1 Behead a fruit, and leave to roam. 8. Be- head close, and leave part of the head. 4. Behead to degrade, and leave the lower part of a column. 5. Behead said, and leave ven- erable. 0. Behead a kind of wood, and leave emaciated. 7. Behead a largo basin, and leave to assert. 8. Behead a frolic, and leave an ancient ship. P. BcLcad public, and leave an iuolosuro. The beheaded letters will spell the name of g^cat Italian sculptor. No. 258. A Rhomboid. Across: 1. To fix firmly. 2. Descended. S. Entangled. 4. Struck with something thrown. 5. A gleaner. 6. Walked about Down: 1. A letter. 2. A musical syllable. 8. A basket 4. A tract of low land 5. Not well founded. 0. Made fleshy with food. 7. To make different in sumo particular. 8. A carriage or vehicle moved on runners. 0. To spread (local). 10. A printer's meas- ure. 1 1. A letter. No. 250. Tho Divided Garden. f A person lit Ln li.m. to several inmates od, having a cordon attached to the 1 be wished to divide it among them. There were ten trees in the garden and he desired to divide it so that each of the five inmates boold hare an equal share of garden %n^ two trees. How did b do ill Echoes. What must be done to conduct a newspaper right? Write. "What is necessary to a farmer to assist him? System. What would give a blind man the greatest delight? Light What is the best advice to give a justice of tho peace? 1'cace. Who commit tho greatest abominations! Nations. Who is the greatest terrifier! Fire. An Easy Translation. Yyuryyubicuryy for me? This look meaningless; but in fact it is a pointed little couplet: Too wise your are, too wise you be, I eso you are too wise for me. No. 2GO. Hidden Animals. Tho rabbi's only chauco for escape lay in flight As down the street I gaze Llewellyn ap- pears. I saw "Xeino" uso his pen writing puzzles. Tho anchor securely held us fast No. 2G1. Word Dissection. Complete you'll own I commonly am seen On garments new and old, the rich, the mean; On ribbons gay I court your admiration, But yet I'm oft a cause of much vexation To those on whom 1 make a strong impres- sion; The meed full oft of folly and trangression. Curtail me, I become a slender shred, And 'tis what I do before I go to bed ; But on excursion am without my head. Again complete me, next take off my head, Then will be se^n a savory dish instead; Again behead me, and, without dissection, I'm what your fruit is when in full perfection. Curtailed, tho verb to tear appears quite plain; Take head and tail off I alone remain. No. 202. Literary Riddles. Answers to the following questions are notable characters in Dickens' novels: (a) Who was always waiting for something to turn up? (b) Who threw his boots at his wife because ho caught her "flopping again f" (c) Who was always looking for an enemy rouii:! the corner? (il) Who lost a shoo while on on errand of mercy ? (e) Who was always exhorting people to make an effort? (0 With whose head dress did DickSwivel- ler have a friendly custom of wiping off the wluUgw panel - - Book of Puzzles. 39 (g) WEo was nearly betrayed by her ihadow? (h) Who used to say: ''When found make a note off (i) Who used to eat his boiled eggs shell and all? (j) Who maddened every one around him by playing on the flute, in bed, cue tune, "Away with melancholy," all night after bearing of his sweetheart's marriage? (k) Who was the master of the unfortunate "native?" (1) Who was "the man of teeth?" (m) Who were hidden in the orgau loft at Bella Wilfer's wedding? (n) Who was called "the old soldier?" No. 263. Curtailments. Curtail a liquor and leave a stigma; again and leave the husk. Curtail a girl's name and leave a country; again and leave a foreign coin. Curtail a fireplace and leavo the inner part: again and leave to understand. Curtail a good time and leave a title of no- bility; again and leave the organ of hearing. Curtail a small candle and leave a narrow strip; again and leave to touch lightly. No. 264. Numerical Enigma. The popular name of a city of Ohio. 7, 3, 14, 10 is a festival. 5, 4, 11, 8 is a water lizard. 13, 2, 13, 14 is fat of a beast. 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 is to say. No. 265. Illustrated Central Acrostic. The eight words of this acrostic are pic- tured instead of described. When the words are rightly guessed and placed in the order in which they are numbered, one below the other, the central letters will spell the name of one of the United States. St. Nicholas. No. 266. Concealed Poets. Ho broke his ax easily. They followed the scow persistently. We may reach the car yet. Are advertisements in order? I saw Ilusted Manning today. The man said he should go. Do not show rancor; better for- give at once. I wonder where Will is going. Messrs. Brown, lugersoll and others were there. He has good ales and wines. No. 267. A Combination Puzzle. The words whose definitions are given in the first column are to bo altered to .those given in the second by changing the central letters: 1. Rescued. 1. Satisfied. 2. An animaL 2. Different. 3. To berate. 3. To burn. 4. Volumes. 4. Tunes. 5. Breeds. 5. Farmer's tools. 6. A select assembly. 0. Pies or tarts. 7. A consumer. 7. Anxious. 8. To trace. 8. To deceive?. 9. A horseman. 9. A body of water. 10. Meager. 10. Part of a church. 11. Waistcoats. 11. Passages. 13. A river in Italy. 13. An animaL The central letters in the second column of words, read down, will give the name of a festival in which Good Housekeeping playa an important part. No. 268. Riddle, Those who take me improve, be their task what it ma}*; Those who have me are sorrowful through tho long day; I am hated aliko by the foolish and wise, Yet without me none ever to eminence rise. No. 269. Enigma. My first is a dye, my next you drink dry, and my whole is a fly. Varieties In Prose. The oldest lunatic on record Time out of mind. A man who is more than one man One beside himself. The superlative of temper Tempest. The best prescription for a poet A com- posing draught. The difference between a spendthrift and a Everybody's pillow One is bard up, the other soft down. The imallest bridge in the world The bridge of your nose. The herb most injurious to a lady's beauty Thyme. The best day for making pancake Fry- day. The best tind of agricultural f*ir A farav er's pretty daughter. N->. 270. Poetical Enijjma. I wave o'er mast, end fort, and tower, O'er royal home, from island bower ; Pm known and feared o'er land and wave. The hope of*freedo:n to the slave! Yet changed to stone b?hold me I Oft 'neath your foot am made to lie. Sometimes iny home is in the stream, Where my gay yellow blossoms gleam. When dried, my withered form they take, And into mats and baskets make. Four letters mine; cut off my head, Loitering and slow becomes my tread. No. 271. -Chan S ln;; the Middle Letter. A change of the middle letter Makes a detective subtlo. Makes a beverage high. Makes a fish complete. Makes a mimic reverence. Make* a parent obscure. No. 272. An Easy One. A thing which printers hate to sea, Although they all good livers bo, Add then an article quite small An interjection ends it alL No. 273. Round the World Riddle*. Name me the mountains that are nearly half metal, Name me the river that reminds of a kettle; What town do you t'aiak is sweetest of all? What city will to the most likely to fall? Tell me what mountains are likely to slide, Tell me the river most likely to hide, Mention the lake that should take the ad- vance, Mention the city that owes most to chance; Tell mo what city is foremost in fashion, Mention a town always In a passion ; Tell us what river ranks next after third, Tell us what river is named for a bird. No. S74. A Hidden Proverb. His parents were a worthy pair, II" honored them as well he should, LI'- li^btly trod UJK):I the stair; Bo understand that ho was good. Upon the gate hasp oil he'd IHJUI-, That QO!M mizbt not awaken them. Could other children well do more! In each line is one word of a common proverb. No. 275. Th Puzzle of Fourteen. Cut out of cardboard fourteen pieces of the samo shape and relative sizo as those shown in the design, and then form an oblong with them. No. 270. Enigmatical Cities. Hastily turning round. Dwells on the western prairiet. An open plain. Highly prized by tbo smoker. No. 277. Anagram. OHE, BAD PET 'FORE ALL GRIEF! Ye, who aro haughty and are proud, Aud boast of ancestry aloud, Should bear in mind the saying old, This anagram will now unfold. No. 278. Word Square* 1. To divulge, 2. Baser. 8. An oar. 4. Pertaining to the Andes. 5. To laud again. 6. Stretches. 1. Pertaining to the back. 2. A compound of oleic acid with a salifiable base. 3. To narrate. 4. A mariner. 5. To expiate. G. Looked obliquely. The Dice Guessed Unseen. A pair of dice being thrown, to find the rumber of points on each die without seeing them: Tell tho person who cast the dice to double tho number of points on one of them and add 5 to it; then to multiply tbo sura pro- duced by 5, and to add to the product the number of points upon tho other die. This being done, desiro him to tell you the amount, an 1, having thrown out 25, tho remainder will be a number consisting of two figures, tho first of which, to tbo left, is tbo iiumlxrr of points on tho first die, r.iul tbo second figure, to tho right, tbo number on tbo otber. Thus: Suppose tho number of points of tho first dio which comes up to bo 2 uud that of tho other 3. Then if to 4, tho doubl* of the points of the first, there be added Q Book of Puzzles. ana tue sum produced, 9, be multiplied by 5, the product will be 45; to which if 3, the number of points ou the other die, bo added 48 will bo produced, from which, if 23 bo substracted, 23 will remain, the first figuro of which is 2, the number of points on the first die, and the second figure 3, the number on the second die. No. 279. The Calculating Teacher. A teacher having fifteen young ladies under her charge, wished them to take a walk each day of the week. They were to walk iu five divisions of three ladies each, but no two ladies were to be allowed to walk together twice during the week. How could they be arranged to suit the above conditions? No. 280. An Oditty. Fifty is my first, nothing is my second, Five just makes my third, my fourth's a vowel reckoned ; Now, to fill my whole, put all my parts to- gether; I die if I get cold, but never mind cold weather. No. 281. Concealed Birds. How loiig is that small ark? Can deep love receive this wan face? I hope wit will be re- warded. Bravo not the storm, for not a star lingers in the sky. Does Parr owe Rob in- stead of Joe? Oh, pshaw! rent or sell at once. No. 282. Pictorial Diamond. No. 283. Double Word Enigma. In "winds" that whistle round my door; In "rose and rue" that grow together; In "boom" of breakers of the shore; In "whisperings" of summer weather. The one that lay upon tho ground, Ono sunny day has wholly banished, And totals in its place aro fountl, All two'd by April ere she vanished. No. 284. Anagrams. (a) Norse cata, (f) There we sat. (g) Into my arm. (h) Real fun. (i) Nay, I repent it. (b) Mad policy. (c) 'Tis in charity. (d) Nino thumps. (e) Go aurse. (j) Terrible pose. No. 285. Beheading*, Find first a fairy's magic spell, Behead it, and 'twill not work well, Again there Vulcan's strength did dwell No. 286. Cross Words. My first is in shark, but not in whale. My second is in head, but not in tail. My third in even and not in odd. My fourth is in river and not in sod. My fifth is in isle and also in mountain. My sixth is in dale though not in fountain. My seventh is in army uud also in camp. While my eighth is in candle, but not in lamp. My whole is a soldier, brave and bold, Whose laurels of fame will never grow old. No. 287. Conundrums. (a) Spell "blind pig" in two letters. (b) Spell "evening" in three letters. (c) Which are tho two most disagreeable letters, if you get too much of them? (d) Why is the letter W like scandal? (e) Why are two T's like hops? (f) What is that which is always invisible yet never out of sight? (g) Which of the feathered tribe can lift the heaviest weights? (h) What pious work do railroads do? (i) What is the best kind of agricultural fail-? Arrange tho words in their order. The names will form a diamond. Read either down or across. A Simple Elision. The following letters were written over the Ten Commandments in a Welsh church: PRSVRYPRFCTMN VRKPTHSPRCPTSTN This looks as if it might be Welsh or any other strange language. But if you will put in the vowel "e" as many times as is neces- sary, you will find you have a couplet con- taining advice appropriate to the place in which the inscription was written. Everybody's Comparisons In Rhyme. As slow as the tortoise as swift as the wind; As true as the Gospel as false as mankind; As thin as a herring as f:it as a pig; As proud as a peacock as blithe as a grig; As savage as tigers as mild as a dove; As stiff as a poker as limp as a glove; As cool as a cucumber as warm as a toast; As flat as a flounder as round as a ball ; As blunt as a hammer as sharp as an awl. No. 288. Tangled Verse. Ohtu tar bet rats atht usgedi em Lagno e ill's odbetlur ase; Heanvevt tfea tbdeeis em Hsti rctha iltls stnru to hete; Ety od ton nhkti I otbdu ehet, I okwn j-th tturh iaersnm, I lilw otn eliv ttwhuoi teen Rf o lal bet dwlor scntnoio. No. 289. A Basket of Flowers. (a) "The fateful flower besido the rilL" (b) This will bring to mind "Thoughts of Heaven." Tis also a gomo of this season. (c) Precise, and "tho queen of flowers." (d) A vehicle, a people, and tho whole is a color. (e) Artificial fireworks. (f) A part of speech, a vowel and a nega- tive. (g) A summons, a goddess, a consonant and a little girl. (h) A verb in tho present tense and an in- sect (i) "Oh, a rare old plant is tho green." 0") One of a royal house, a letter and an ornament. (k) A town in England and a hollow me- tallic vessel. (1) First, a sphere, and, second, "tho fair- est, freshest and choicest part of anything. " (m) A sport and an incentive. (n) A bird (in tho possessive) and a part of tho same. No. 20O. Hetagram. Whole, I am a small nnimnl, Change my bead, and I become in succession, regard, food, excellent, to cut, venture, naked. No 301. Numerical Enigma. My whole consists of letters six, Without me you aro In a fix ; My 1, 2 and 3 a conjunction shows, Reversed, 'tis used for washing clothes. My" 4, 5 and C la a weight you'll see, Reversed, a negative it will bo; Atui lastly, to conclude, I'll add My whole has eras, but Its sight la bad. No. 202. A Riddle Old but Good. A box has nine oars of corn in it A squir- rel carries out three ears a day, and It takes him nine days to carry the corn all out How k this explained t. No. 203. Word. Wlthta Words. Affirmation A girl's name. Things of little value A kind of firearm. A bank officer A tree. Small wheels A handsome flower. A frolicsome leap An animal. A game bird To pinch. A gambling scheme A carnivorous otjoatic tat- moL A number An excrescence. An article of def ensivo armor A female relative. No. 204. An Arithmetical Mystery. Thirteen commercial travelers arrived at an inn and each desired a separate room. The landlady had but twelve vacant rooms, which may bo represented thus: 1 2 3 4 51 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 But sho promised to accommodate all ac- cording to their wishes. So sho showed two of the travelers into room No. 1, asking them to remain a few minutes together. Traveler Jib. 3 sho showed into room No. 2, traveler No. 4 sho showed into room No. 3; traveler No. 5 into room No. 4; traveler No. G into room No. 5, and so on until she had put the twelfth traveler into room No. 11. Sho then went back to where sho had left tho two travelers together, and asking the thirteenth traveler to follow her led him to No. 12, the remaining room. Thus all were accommo- dated. Explain tho mystery. No. 295. Two Diamonds and a Word Square. First diamond A consonant; to place; without noise; a beverage; a letter. Second diamond A letter; part of the face; a boundary; a hole; a letter. Word square Fearless; a root; to fit; a \ind of snake; over and above. No. 290. A Fish Puzzle. Each of the little pictures in tho above rep- resents the name of a flsh. Book of Puzzles. 43 No. 297. A Journey. I was awakened this morning by a roaring water south of Conn. Running to the win- dow to capo of the U. S. I saw it was a lake In N. A. and the roaring a bay in Mich. I hastened to river in Europe, my clothing, and then built a fire of an island in the Gulf of Mexico. Feeling mountains in N. J. I found a bottle, drew a city of the British empire and swallowed a river of the U. S. of a department of France. Going outside I found it was not only a cape of the U. S. , but also a country of S. A. On looking round I saw the large body of water in British A. had broken loose, was circling and rushing around and likely to do damage. It occurred to me that I could stop the trouble with a lake of the U. S., and Euro enough I soon had him a river in Ken- tucky and led him to a town in Mass. I then had a large city of England in a town of Minnesota, and just as I emerged from the latter heard the blowing of a South Ameri- can cape. Knowing it to bo a lako of Africa our South American river of all work, calling to breakfast, I hurried a river in Germany. No. 298. Puzzle Picture. Find the animals that are concealed in the wood. Golden Days. No. 299. An Octagon. (a) A very small draft. (b) A firm, heavy and hard substance, shin- ing, opaque and f usiblo by heat. (c) Many, (d) To repeat, (c) Assembled, (f) More recent. () Conducted. No. 300. Easy Rebuses, (a) LE (b) DTRD ora 8 No. 301. Mlssins Vowels. Hxrx rxsts hxs hxxd rpxn thx Ixp xf rxrth. X xiilh tx fxrtxne md tx fxmx un- known. Fxxr scxxncx frxwnrd nit xn his hxmblx brrth. Xnd Mxlxnchxlx mxrkxd hxm fir hxr zwn. No. 302. A Charade. It seems to be In nature's plan The first should cover every man; Last is a common stono Found anywhere, and whole is ons On money making so intent, He'd first my last to make a cent. No. 303. Decapitations. Whole. I am a thunderous noise; Beheaced, more like headstrong boys; Beheaded again, I'm sure you'll agree That now I'm a useful forest tree. No. 304. Familiar Flowers Described. (a) A cross monster, (b) A great pi ague to unmarried men. (c) An hour of tho day. (d) A missile in which boys delight, (e) A kind of confectionery and a protuberance of some soft material, (f) A woman and an article of her attire, (g) An edible substance and something to put it in. (h) Important organs of speech. The name of a flower will answer (in sound) each of the descriptions given. No. 305. Geographical Hourglass. 1, a city in Scotland; 2, a state of Ger- many; 3, an island in the Mediterranean sea; 4, three-fifths of atlas; 5, a letter in Paris; 6, a capo on the coast of New Jersey trans- posed; 7, a gulf south of France; 8, a south- ern state; 9, a city in Texas. Centrals spell the name of a city in Maryland. No. 30G. Anagrams of Notable Women. (a) Races halt not much. (b) Write each bee shorter. (c) A black wool dove. (d) Get a chin lino for Glen. (e) Damo Sara be wild. (f) Clip a later hue. (g) They need a wild tin, (h) Us both as nanny. (i) Let Clius land on our home. No. 307. A Curious Menagerie. (a) When Snip, the younger tailor, set up for him- self. An Unanswerable Conundrum. There is no answer to the following conun- drum. No one has ever been ablo to find one. Perhaps you may be more lucky. It ought to bo good: A Landless man had a letter to write, 'Twos read by one who had no sight; Dumb was be who spoke tho word, And deaf was he who listened and heard. Pity there's no answer. Ask it to people and pretend there is an answer make 'em miserable. Everybody's He found his way smoothed by this comical elf. CD) In the kitchen these live with Biddy the cook, CO And this with his eyes his lady love took. (d) This In the laundry you surely will find, (e) And thi on a turn out Is mounted behind. CO This in a baby's robe, daintily dressed. Stands a fair flower of beauty confessed. Cg) These once were in fashion to dress ladies' hair, 00 And these on her hearthstone were always a pair. CD What a great sheet of paper that artist requires, This answers his purpose and this bo admires. CD Chink 1 chink! tho' not silver, 'tis certainly r : !, Triumphantly leading the Romans of old. Ck) If Franklin were hero with aerial sail ! my to his grandson, "Thereby ban js a taiL" CD Did this ono "die happy," when he saw tha French runT Cm) They coll this a dipper or heavenly spoon. Cn) Hero It a fellow who never leaves home Without toi-ing with him a fashionable comb. Ni>. 30S. Drop Letter Puzzle. A-t-t-h-n-i-c-a-c-n-n-o. Supply missing letters and find a common No. 3OO. niddles. (a) What may a hen bo said to bo doing when sho cackles after producing an egg? (b) What word becomes shorter by adding a syllable) (c) What four letters would frighten a thief? (d) Why aro the bund the most compas- sionate of people? (c) What is it that a dumb man can't crack* No. "10. illustrated Conundrum. Ono man b ordered to eat eggs because they aro nutritious, and another is cautioned toleavo thorn alone because they produce "This is a sort of topsy-turvy world. No one seems to be satisfied. Ono man is strug- gling to gee justice and another is flying fronzit Robinson takes a glass of sherry to give him an appetite, while Brown, who has a wino cellar, can't touch a drop jpn account of his apoplectic tendencies. Ono man keeps a pistol to protect himself against burglars, while his neighbor doesnt keep ono for fear of shooting some member of his family by mistake, Ono rich roan wears poor clothes because ho is rich and can do anything, while a poor man wears fine clothes because ho is poor and wants to create tho impression that ho is not No. 311. A Bottle. A verb; noise of a frog; a tribe of Indians; a covering for tho hea<l ; not now ; a small animal; hollow cylinders; awakening from sleep; ono who tends horses; woven together; moving with rapidity; larger; a girl's name; making firm ; thoroughfares. Tho words placed in tho order suggested above give tho form of a bottle. No 313. Charade. My first is what all do after sleeping, my second is a plot of ground, my whole is a town in Massachusetts. No. 313. n<-:>ns. The picture represents two word 1 from Uje What aro iUey j Book cj Puzzles. 45 No. 314. A Tangle. Daruno em hslal verho, Ni dasesns ro lege, Lilt silfe' rdaems eb vero, Wseet memrieso f o ethe. No. 315. Letter Enigma. My first is in jackal, not in ox. My second is in bear, not in fox. My tliird is in deer, not in gnu. My fourth is in ibcz, and in zebu." My fifth is in dormouse, also in hog. My sixth is in jaguar, not in dog. My whole is a quadruped. No. 310. Acrostic. The initials compose tho namo of the last Aztec emperor of Mexico. 1. A famous Portuguese navigator. 2. A famous Seminolo chief. 3. Pertaining to a nation, 4. A playvrritten by Shakespeare. 6. A king who was called the "Unready." G. A queen of Palmyra. 7. All tho heavenly bodies. 8. The messenger of tho gods. 9. A native of a certain province north of Greece. No. 317. Mutation. An energetic band are we, To publish is our theme, And we'll always delighted be To hear of some new scheme. Like unto tho cruel spider, We spare not great or small, Whether roguo or peace abider, Who in our clutches fall. Although some people like us not, A deal of good we do, By giving hero and there a dot Of something that is new. No. 318. Decapitation. A massacre or a loss of life Attending war or deadly strife, Is first, and, if beheaded be, Result of mirth we quickly see. No. 319. Numerical Enigma. My 8 and my 9, 13 and 16, defineth exceed- ingly bright; My 10 and my 4, and my 15 and 8, is seen in tho still summer night; My 1, 7, 4, and my 9 and my 3, may always bo found in tho depths of tho sea ; While my 3, 2 and 14, and likewise my 9, Is where "all roads lead" you'll doubt- less agree. My 11, 12, 9, is an article small ; its import- ance you surely have guessed ! While my 5 is a letter the English misuse, and my 6, by an hundred tunes ten, is expressed. My whole is a part of a proverb most true ; It's meaning self evident must be to yon.. A Hibernian Epitaph. She gently strode into the dark cave of eternal night at six and a half o'clock in the morning. A Puzzler. A man has advertised for "A boy to open oysters with a reference." We don't believe it can bo done. No. 320. A Charade for Little Folk. In winter's time my FIRST is seen, When the weather is very cold; And is formed into my SECOND By children young and old. And if my WHOLE you wish to find. My FIRST and SECOND must be combined! And then by looking you will see, A winter favorite in me. No. 321. Hidden Birds. (a) Mark 1 It excites the baby to make that noise, (b) The vine on Clarke's trellis was broken down, (c) Alfred started to go home, (d) Sorrow leaves us sad. (e) The mud was deep, (f) The host, richly dressed, did ap- pear, (g) How rents have gone up. (h) They played polo on the ball ground, (i) Tho scared otter elevated itself on its hind legs, (j) In tho heavens a bright star lin- gered. No. 323. Mutation. You'll have ne'er a tussle In solving this puzzle When you bear it in mind that IT STOOPS so RUjrl For e'er IT TRAINS ON SOP, With a twist and a flop, It turns and reverses, and changes again. No. 323. Anagrams from Scott. In each of tho following may be found the namo of a character prominent in one of the "Waver ley novels: (a) Mind and not die. (b) Oval from Rica. (c) In a big bursted boiler, 'd) Lady Drew, we rave, (e) Nan drove In a. (f) His is a perfect iron. (g) Mr. T. oils a gun. (h) A very lame it. (i) Wo first razed Ulam. (j) Say ripe hemp. No. 324. Doable Acrostic. (a) A conical shellfish. (b) An affirmation, with an appeal to God as witness of its truth. (c) A fascinator. (d) A military instrument. (e) A product of the earth. (f) A genus of flowering plants. Initials form the name of a large cityi finals the river on which it is. 4 6 7f ; wy body's No. 323. A Problem for Sharp YTiU. A former having a certain number of eggs, gave them away in this wise: To A he gave half the eggs ho had and an additional egg; to B, half bo had remaining and an additional egg; to C, hah! the eggs he had remaining and an additional ogg. This closed out his stock. How many had he to commence with) No. 320. The Yankee Square. No. 330. A lor* AfflOr. Cut as many pieces of each figure in card- board as they have numbers marked on them, then form these pieces into a square, No. 327. Conundrums. (a) Why is a wise man like a pin? (b) Why is a palm tree like a chronologerf (c) Why is a poker like an angry word! (d) Why is a telegram like a river? (e) Why is a. Damascus blado like a good natural man? Fnnlana. A pig was never known to wash, but a great many people have seen the pig iron. Pipes aro all humbugs the best of them are but mecr-shams! Books aro your best friends; for when they bore you you can shut them up without of- f | \ When a man goes out of the poultry bus- iness he "tears tho tattered hen sign down." Curiously enough, after the purchaser had paid for his gun, ho said he would like to nave it charged. No. 328. The Graces and the Mtuec. The three Graces carrying each an equal number of oranges were met by tho nine Moses, who asked for some of them. Each Grace having given to each Muso tho same number, it was then found that they had all equal shares. How many had tho Graces at first? No. 320. A Square and a Diamond. 1, an animal; 2, avast body of w:ii< r oppose by argument; 4, to treat wit i- ' .'. in. > animal ; 3, a fruit ; 4, a tree ; 6, a letter. No. 331. Transposition. Behead my first and find at sight The time at which these lines I write; Transpose me, and I am not lost While, whole, I follow autumn's frost. My second is where wealth is found. Though in no mine within tho ground. My first last comes on wintry days, And far into the spring it stays. No. 332.. Acrostic. Tho initials compose the name of a cele- brated prima donna. 1. A Roman general of renown. 2. A character in "Idyls of tho King," noted for beauty and a sad fato. 3. A modern con- queror. 4. A natural philosopher. 5. A poet whoso works few young people read. 6. A great pianist and composer. 7. A Spanish queen. 8. An American patriot of revolu- tionary famo (initial of his Christian name). 0. An interesting personage in mythology. No. 333. An Easy Anagram. Ah mo 1 A horrid shriek I heard Within tho dark and dismal night; A wholo flew by mo like a bird A ghoul IT RAN and vanished quite. No. 334. A Hi. Men Proverb. Select rightly one word from each of the following quotations and the whole will form a very common proverb: Book of Puzzles. 47 "Prove all things; hold fast that which is pod." "Oh, a dainty plant Is the ivy green 1" *Be wisely worldly; be not worldly wise." "For me the gold of France did not seduce." "Iwill know your business that 1 will." "Tie field yet glitters with the pomp of No. 335. A Cross Word Enigma. My first is in hamper, but not in basket; My second is in battle, but not in fight; My third is in piano, but not in music; My fourth is in muffin, but not in crumpet; My fifth is in tarragon, but not in chervil; My whole is a thing you will find in every greenhouse. No. 336. Pictorial Enigma for Little Folk. Arrange the letters that form the names of the small pictures in the order shown by the figures and you will find three things that every boy and girl likes. No. 337. A Curious Menagerie. Take t.hia menagerie for what it is worth; I am sure you will find it "the greatest on earth:" (a) When coid springs are over and season* are fine, This of real summer is always a sign. (b) And this is as certain the winter to show, When cutters with merry bells glide o'er the snow. (c) Here's a kind nurse, our hospital queen! (d) And here are some gloves, for a dude it would seem. (B) A wife, it is said, put this In a peck Whenever her husband she wanted to check. (f) These on his cloak a soldier should wear; (g) This carries a vessel right over the bar. (h) Here are four castles, each ready to fight To preserve for their king his legitimate right. (0 With this the Black Prince' <used ,to cover his face; Beau Brummel touched his with most exquisite grace. No. 338. Behead and Curtail. (a) I am a fireplace curtail me, and I am the fireplace of the body; curtail me again, and I am to distinguish sounds; behead me, and I am that which distinguishes sound. (b) 1 am to detest curtail me, and I am unwilling ; behead me, and I am a vow ; cur- tail me, and I am a grain; behead, and I am a preposition. No. 339. Original Arithmetic. Example. What number becomes even by subtracting one? Answer. S-evetu (a) What number, by adding one, becomes sound? (b) \Vhat number, by adding one, becomes isolated? (c) What number, by in- serting one, becomes finely ground meal? (d) What number, by subtracting one, be- comes a vegetable growth? (e) What num- ber, by subtracting one, becomes a preposi- tion? If) What number, by subtracting one, becomes an exclamation? No. 340. A Charade. Tis as a name for a thief that our first will occur, Or a pickpocket sly, if you should prefer; Next's congenial, of the same nature or kind, While the whole's a small cup f or _you to find. No. 341. Conundrums. (a) What is that condition of life from which if you take all trouble there will yet remain some? (b) What was it that Livingston had once, Lincoln twice and Longfellow three times, and yet each had about him all his lifetime? (c) When does the rain become too familiar to a lady? (d) Why may carpenters reasonably believe there is no such thing as stone? The """i who said he was down on geese must have a very small opinion of himself. Everybody's No. 34.-Alddle, I went Into a tent, And father staid outside, When suddenly the whole thing changed, And a sfcfc person I espied. No. 843. A Few Birds. 00 A rude bird, (b) A "tough" bird. J) A boasting bird, (d) A dishonest bird, (e) An untruthful bird, (f) A "cabinet" bird, (g) A cowering bird, (h) A cheating bird, ft A low spirited bird. No. 344. Poetical PL '1st' na lod zamim ni bet cboloss, Ahtt y'aflettr's eht of do fo lofos; Ety won nad neth rouy enm fo twi Liwl acendoccnd ot kate a tib." No. 345. An Inverted Pyramid. Across L Exemplified. 2. Confuted. 8. Read. 4. To prevent. 5. Expressions of in- quiries or slight surprise. G. A letter. Down L A letter, 2. An abbr. & Part of the face. 4. Employed. 5. A merry frolic. 6. Verified facts. 7. Rosettes, a To declare. 9. To spread. 10. A boy's nick 1L A letter. Wo. 340. Letter 1 C (a) trary (b) (c) Hbag. Ho. 347. Word Making. I am an evil thin?. Impure, untrue, But if to me you add what sounds like you, I bring much strength. If only g you add, I am what, well done, makes a bearer glad; And If an o you tack on after g, Why, then, 1 scorch, so much it alters me. With g I sweetly sound, with o Fm dumb, A geometric line I then become; Ole makes mo lonesome, widower or unwed, X sends me down just like a lump of lead. With c e Joined on 1 go into the post, And with on added r e I honest am at last No. 348. Anagram. When hungry flames your homes will devour, Why Dot take that which "Cures in an 1 ' hour? No. 340. A Rhomboid. ACBOSa 1. Flavor. 2. Actuated, a To hinder. 4 To make new. & An iron pipe in a forgo. DOWTf. L A consonant 2. A verb. ft, A cap- sule of legumes. 4. Above. 6. Let again. & A native of Denmark, 7. A tree. 8. A pfO- noun. 9. A Roman numeral Ho. 350. One Line One Counter Puzzle. A JB CO r . Place six counters on the dotted angles of any of the squares in the diagram so that no two counters shall be in the some line, either straight or diagonal Unless the counters ore very small, it will be advisable to rule a larger diagram before placing them. No. 351. The Knowing Shepherd. A shepherd was going to market with some sheep when he met a man who said to him, "Good morning, friend, with your score." "No," said the shepherd, "I have not a score; but if I had as many more, half as many more, and two sheep and a half, I should have just a score." How many sheep had hef Tfo. 352. Cross Word Enigma. My first is In bottle,but not in cork. My second in polka, but not in York. My third is in watch, but not in clock. My fourth is in schooner, but not in dock, My afth is in tree, but not in bush. My sixth is in wren, but not in thrush. My seventh is in navy, but not in ship. . My eighth is in tongue, but not in lip. My ninth is in river, but not in lake. My tenth is in biscuit, but not in cake. My whole is a favorite out door game, The winners of which procure great fame. No. 353. A Zigzag. Each of the words described contains the Huno number of letters. When thece have been rightly guessed and placed one below the other, the zigzags (beginning at the upper left hand corner) will spell a famous battle that took place about twenty -eight years ago. Book of Puzzles. 49 Crosswords; (a) An obstruction, (b) Much tued in hot weather, (c) A wager, (d) The goddess of revenge, (e) To saunter, (f) A retreat, (g) The fifth sign of the zodiac, (h) Frequent. tf) To request, (j) To placa (k) Forty-five inches. (1) A quadruped with palmate horns, (m) A covering for the floor, (nj To drone, (o) Part of a fish. No. 354. American Fl. These lines are from a famous American poet: Ltel em ont ni rufmloun bunresm File si ubt na pymet edmar; Rof eth usol si ddae taht sublemsr, Nad gshnit ear ton thaw eyht ernes. No. 355. An Old Saying Illustrated. No. 356. A Double Diagonal Square. An eighth of a mile; to shine brightly; management of any undertaking; a small pickled cucumber; to impose upon; certain kind of reptiles; the nymph or chrysalis of aa Insect. My diagonals, read downward from right to left and from left to right, name two states. No. 357. A Defective Proverb. Th.tL.db.c.m.s l.ght th.t .s ch..rf.Uy b.rn. . No. 358. A Charade. When o'er the western hills at close of day The sun is shedding a departing ray. He paints my first in glory on the skies In all the splendor of celestial dyes. My second, fitting emblem of the tomb, Pursues his sinuous way through paths of gloom Clothed hi sad colors, yet at man's behest He causes man to be more richly drest. My whole, soft beacon of the summer night. Through darkness sends a beam of purest light! Be who would find It Deed not gate Ob high, Or search with curious eyes the starlit sky. No. 330. Riddles. (a) When does love become a pitched battle! (b) What is that which the more it is cut the longer It grows? (c) What is that which though always in- visible is never out of sight? (d) When does a ship become a horseman? (e) When you put on your slipper why do you always make a mistake? No. SCO. A Problem of Number*. Old General Host A battle lost, And reckoned on a hissing, When he saw plain What men were slain, And prisoners and missing. To his dismay He learned next day What havoc war had wrought; He had, at most, But half his host Plus ten times three, six, ought. One-eighth were lain On beds of pain, With hundreds six beside; One-fifth were dead, Captives, or fled. Lost in grim warfare's tide. Now, If you can. Tell me, my man. What troops the general numbered, When on that night Before the fight The deadly cannon slumber'df No. 361. Double Central Acrostic. All of the words described contain the same number of letters, when these words are rightly guessed, and placed one below another in the order here given, one row, reading downward, will spell typography and another row will spell devised. Cross words: L To murmur. 2. A large strong wasp. 3. To quaka 4. Dogmas. 5. A common plant somewhat like mint 6. The shop of a smith. 7. Upright 8. A city, famous in ancient times, founded by Alman- zor. No. 363. Noted Women. (a) She whose shadow the soldiers kiss. (b) She who first realized her beauty was fading when the street sweepers no longer turned to look at her. (c) The beautiful empress who was an ex- ample of woman's devotion, (d) The distinguished lady who would glad- ly have exchanged her talents for beauty. (e) She who wept to wear a crown. (f) The captive queen of the City of the (g) The Scandinavian songstress. (h) The originator of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. (i) She who lighted the fires of Smithfield. (j) The queen who won a greater victory by her charms than by her armies. (k) The queen whose wisdom was seen in her counselors. (1) She whose children were her jewels. Good Housekeeping. No. 363. Diamonds. (a) A consonant; a verb; a fruit; an ad- verb; a consonant. Whole spells the name of a f nut. (b) A letter ; a luminary ; tasteful ; a planet ; medicine; three-fourths of deep; a letter. Whole spells the name of the largest planet No. 364. Illustrated Zigzag. In the accompanying illustration each of the numbered object* may be described by a word of flvo letter* When these are rightly guessed and placed one below the other, the rigzag, beginning at the upper left hand cor- ner, will ipell the name of a famous American artist of the early part of this century, some- time* called the "American Titian. " No. 365. A Mathematical Nat. Four things there are, all of a height, One of them crooked, the rest upright; Take away three and you will find Exactly ten remains behind. But if you cut the four in twain, You'll find one-half doth eight retain. No, 366. An Enigmatical Insect. My first is to ramble; my next to retreat; My whole oft enrages in summer's fierce heat. A Pastime for Winter Evenings. The "Flour Merchant" is the name of one of the many conversational games that are so convenient for whiling away an evening by the fireside, because they are not noisy and require no special appliances. One who personates the flour merchant will try in every way to dispose of his stock by asking questions of the others, who must in their answers be careful not to use the words "flour," "I," "yes" or "no." For instance, the merchant says: "Any flour to-day P "There is none required." "Let me persuade you to take some." "That is impossible." "Why so? It is excellent flour." "You have my answer." "Havel? Will you please repeat itP "My answer was 'Not any.' " "But the price is reasonable." "1 will not take any." The flour merchant, having succeeded In making her say "I," proceeds on his way. No. 367. Charade. In every gift of fortune I abound, In me is every vice and virtue found ; With block and blue and green myself I paint, With me an atheist stands before a saint. Far before nature I make art precede. And before sovereigns give the poor the lead; Many who bear the name of learned and wise, Did I not help them, you would oft despise. Nay, more; within my grasp, together bound. The king, tho beggar and the noble's found. In one thing I excel the proudest lord You always may depend upon my word. No. 368. Easy Word Squares. (a) L A grain, 2. A chill 8. A cluster. 4. Collections. (b) L A puppet 2. A river In North America. 3, An animal 4. Forsaken. (c) L A burden. 2. A river in England. 8. Beg& 4. A piece of furniture. Book of Puzzles. No. 369. The Maltese Cross Squared. Divide a Maltese cross, by two straight cuts, Into four pieces so that the pieces when put together will form a square. No. 370. A Curious Collection of Keys. Example A Spanish grandee. Answer Don-key. (Partly by sound.) 1. A failure, 7. To frustrate. 2. A hunch. 8. Obscurity. 8. A celibate. 9. A frolic. 4. Liable to careen, 10. Tending to darkness. 6. Hazard. 11. A plant. & To sweep. 12. Unsteady motion. No. 371. Charade, My first is darkness. My second is a proposition. My third is a plant growing in bogs. Whole is the name of a bird. No. 373. A Tangle. Yam ehret eb stju guehno cludos ni ruyo elfi ot rofm a blufetaiu ntuesa. No. 373. A Mystic Cross. This consists of four diamonds of five words each, so placed that when joined by central letters they form a cross. Top Diamond, A letter; queen of the fairies; a title applied to women; wicked; a letter. Right Hand Diamond. A letter; past tense of a verb meaning to possess; a transparent fluid; a cave; a letter. Bot- tom Diamond. A letter; to strike; close; an article; a letter. Left Hand Diamond. A letter; a fruit; a flower; a metal; a letter. Centrals, from center to top, a male sheep; from center to right, crude; from center to bottom, a small animal ; from center to left, a quick blow; from top to center, to deface; from right to center, open hostility; from bottom to center, a resinous substance; from left to center, equal value. No. 374. Enljrma. I am quite a useful article, And found in many a form; I am seen upon the ocean, In sunshine and in storm; The doctor prescribes me When your stomach isn't right; When the settler builds his cabin I help to make it tight; Tm scarce upon the prairie, But in the forest found, And I am quite abundant, too, Where little dogs abound. No. 375. Riddles. (a) A word of three syllables seek till you find That has in it the twenty -six letters combined. Cb) There was a man who bought a thing; The thing he bought he did not want; The man who sold it could not use it; The man who used it did not know it No. 370. Quizzes. What is short when it is long? What gives weakness when 'tis strongT What painful loss can make us glad? What risks more heights than any lad? What is it that is always tired When there is strength for work required? What thing to live must lose its head? And what from too much breath lies dead? What while running always lies? What is a disregarded vice? What book still lives when robbed of leaves? And can you name the unseen thieves? No. 377. A Simple Charade. Take half of what is needful for the dead, What helps physicians to their daily bread; Join these together, bright and clear, And drink for breakfast without fear. No. 378. Beheadings. A Bound in kitchens often heard; Behead, a foolish act inspired ; Behead again, its leaves are stirred Once more and silence is required. No. 379. Pied Cities. 1. Plevoliro. 2. Mr. Latiboe. a Dr Seend. 4. Las Mesrile. 5. Tanhes. G. Glareis. 7. Vanaha. 8. Vanhsana, No. 380. Anagrams Lame Jim Deels. Ah, Normal Drain. It's to maul coaL Clare L. Wilton. Who will see mad Allin Liar, send checks. of Popular Authors. Nab through door. Will likes coin. Ah, Cyril Macey. Leave tho trader wed, Tarent, tho boss. A deep city main ran. No. 381. A Word Puzzle. From these letters form one word: D O N W O E R. Everybody's No. 382. rictorliU Proverb. No. 383. Concealed Birds. LevI bisected the obtuse angle. Why Is the omnibus tardy today? Ezra ill treats his little brother. Jane must return home at once. This place must be Oretna Green. Kate always has fashionable company. Miss KMriilgo nines very sweetly No. 384. Decapitations. First. It Is very easy to see through me. Because I think you do It every day; Decapitate me and I will be A pretty little girl at play. Behead again, and It appears to your ey What a strikingly queer quadruped am L What's left of me It's for you to know, I'm nothing but two consonants though. No. 885. A Tangle of Wise Words. How setakdenur nyara nitsgh ta noco dem- ol sedo hantgyni lewL >o, 88O. Illustrated Numerical Enigma. Every word that is represented by figure* Is a noun, and all are pictured in the accom- panying illustration. Though your ambition soar like a 81 -6-1-40, unless you climb the 50-23-84-5, or take the 8U-29-5-44, or man the 20-17-3IV24-42-34, or wield the 16^7-30- 13-41, or seize the 11-3-33, or guide the 14-34-25- 13-15-8, or work the 14- 27-19-87-24, or handle the 22-51 -4-5-21, or try ttwtt-8MMMS-4a,or string the 34-32-52-43, or strike the 31-26-10, or ply the 28-46-15-5, or win the honor of a 8MS-4S-7-2-3S, you will prove the truth of the whole quotation, which IB from Shakespeare. St. Nicholas. 3Iodern Proverbs. Decorations of the golden grain Are set to allure the aged fowl in vain. Cryptogamous concretlon'never grows On mineral fragments that decline reposft. It is permitted to the feline race To contemplate even a regal face. Observe yon plumed biped flnel To effect bla captivation. Deposit particles saline Upon his termination. Teach not a parent's grandmother to extract The embryo juices of an egg by suction; That good old lady can the feat enact, Quite irrespective of your kind instruction. Pecuniary agencies have force To stimulate to speed the female horse. The earliest winged songster soonest sees And first appropriates the annelides. No. 387. A Marine Square. This is composed of words of seven letters each. The first word represents tho name of the beam or timber upon which tho broadest part of a vessel is formed. The second, a spear used in capturing largo fish. The third, "havens." The fourth, "the act of reaching a place from a distance." The fifth, "a small anchor with four or live flukes." The sixth, "a steamship." The seventh, "a traveler." The diagonal from upper left to lower right corner represents "a seaman." No. 388. Easy Rebus. My 1, 2, 3 across tho Innd My 4, ft, 6 doth carry. On 1 to 6 we both will stand The day we both shall marry. No. 389. Rarled Birds. (Two birds are concealed in each sentence.) ta) Wo saw, on our tour, a company of gyp- sies wandering about. (b) Ned caught a rat In a mouse trap in UuJ first it was, tool Book of Puzzles. 53 to) She began nettling me, else we wo _-^ have had a word. (d) Yes, he is a very sharp young fellow, and very smart in his way. (e) It is seldom a visitor uses such awkward expressions. (f) Mr. Jones will not rebuild his wall, owing to the high rate allowed masons. No. 390. Pie. ONUBRSCOSRNEIO. Arrange the above letters aright, and the name of a tale well known to children will appear. No. 391. Odd Enigmas. Write one hundred and add one, And then with five unite; When one and fifty you have joined. You'll have what is polite. If. to one thousand you add one. Then fifty and five hundred. You'll have what's gentle, good and kind. Or else 1 must have blundered. No. 393. Riddle. I've hands and feet and features flue, To you 1 often tell the time; I'm sometimes seen upon the moon. The cattle seek me oft at noon. Around each house 1 creep at night, From me the guilty hastes his flight; I help to prove the earth is round; I swiftly move without a sound. I walk with you each pleasant day; I chase the children when at play They cannot catch me if they try, Yet they are as fleet of foot as L I am not light, I'm sure you'd say, And yet 'tis true I nothing weigh. Whene'er the morn is clear and bright, My form towers to a wondrous height; But when the dinner hour is nigh. More broad and short and thick am L If before you I proceed, And if you wish to take the lead. Then turn and go an opposite way, Or wait till a different time of day. No. 393. Single Acrostic. 1. One of the Great Antilles. 2. One of the Shetland islands. 3. The largest island in the world. 4. A group of islands in the In- dian ocean. 5. An island group in the South Atlantic ocean. 6. The island prison of a great general 7. The sight of the fifth won- der of the world. 8. Two islands in the Arctic ocean which are separated by a very narrow strait 9. One of the British West Indiea 10. A large island in the Atlantic ocean. 11. A British West Indian island. 12. One of the Aukland islands. 13. An isl- and on tho east coast of Africa, The initial letters of each of the islands de- tcribsd wtlj spell the tuyne of an island which Is supposed to be the scene of a very famous story. No. 394. Transpositions. The first I will tell you Is a kind of waterfowl. Transposed now, I'm a story That will often raise a howL Again, now, I'm behind time, Like many a belated train. A foreign coin you now will get, If I am transposed again. No. 395. A Reversion. If a time of day you will turn around The time will just remain the same. No. 39G. A Pictorial Proverb. No. 397. A Charade. My first of anything is half, My second is complete; And so remains until once more My first and second meet. No. 398. Two Hidden Animals. A 1 C 10 14 * 5 * 23 * 2 * 23 13 * 19 * 23 11 * 7 * 19 14 * a * 18 4 * 14 * 20 2 * 25 * 2 IS R 13 E The stars aro letters, and the figures mean The alphabetic gaps that are between; Betwixt that A aud R, that C and E, Two horrid monsters very huge there bo. Reader, 'tis mine to hide, 'tis thine to find, go set about it with au active mind. 54 Everybody's Chinese Tea Sons. If the reader studios this attentively, he will gee how easy it is to read Chinese : Ohc ometo th ete asho pwit fame, Andb uya po undo f thebo st. T willpr oveara ostex cellentt ea, Itsq ua lit yal Iwl lla at to st, Tiso nlyf oursb 1111 nps apo und, Soc omet othe teama rtan dtry, Nob etterc anel sewh erebefou nd, Ort hata nyoth er needb uy No. 300. Meheadmento and Curtailments. (a) Behead and curtail a substance made from cloth or rice or straw, and have an ani- mal of the genus Quadrumana, (b) Behead and curtail a cut of meat and have a beverage. (c) Behead and curtail "an avenue through a town," and have the largest division of the vegetable kingdom. No. 4OO. An Eater Ej<j to Crack. This rebus, when deciphered, will give a sentence appropriate to the season. No. 401. Anagrams Men of the Day. (a) N. B. Jane rain or shine, (b) No limp voter, (c) The moon's a dias. (d) Big Jane's lama (e) Kill a brave, mild twin, (f) Sear real gulls, (g) Never clod gravel (h) If my A. C. will da (i) We care in danger, (j) Bone battle, (k) Lone Tom and I call. (1) Why more at rent (m) I will whine "my cat" (n) W. R. M. lives at Lima, (o) Ma, tune m B sharp, (p) Note who bid. (q) James II. Hornn, No. 403. Central Acrostic. 1. A privilege or grant 2. Restored, 8. Luxuriously fed. 4. Is very plentiful 5. Benevolence. 6. Pavements on which fires are built 7. Heavenly. 8. An instructor. 9. A plume. 10. A tropical plant whose oil is much used for perfumery and flavoring. 11. Cases of larvae. 12. A passage. Centrals, downward, the future state which Easter celebrates. No. 403. Cross Word Enigma, In happy, not in sad. In hopeful, not in mad. In earth, not in space. In tooth, not in face. In coming, not in gone. In chant, not in song. In chin, not in liver. The whole is a historic river of the United States. No. 4O4. Decapitations. (a) First, the voice of a fowl; Behead and have a riot. (b) Something in a raw state is my flrst; Behead, and to be very coarse. No. 405. A Square and a Diamond. Square A forest tree; part of a woman's apparel, haughty; a small insect; finished. Diamond A letter; to anoint; languishes; a field; a letter. No. 400. Metasram. fa) I run, but without any exertion on my part (b) Behead me, I am a bird, (c) Change my head, I am a servant (d) Change my bead again, behold. No. 407. An Hour Glass. 1, A public declaration; 2, advantage; 8, to examine; 4, consumed; 5, a vowel; 6, a girl's name; 7, an attempt; 8, a public sale; 9, suffering for truth. Centrals spell gayety. No. 408. Conundrums. (a) Why is i the happiest vowel! (b) Where are the vegetable and animal kingdoms united! (c) Passing a farm house I saw in the yard four domestic fowls; they were neither hens, ducks, geese nor turkeys. What were they! No. 400. Charade. My first denotes a brilliant place, Where belles and jewels shine; My next transports the merchant's stores, Or produce of the mine; Sweet pleasures in my whole abound, Apart from worldly strife; By nymphs and swains it's always found The happiest part of life. Book of Puzzles. 55 No. 410. A Proverb In Numbers. I am composed of 38 letters, and am a Dan- ish proverb, signifying there is no contenting discontented-people. 29, 8, 20 is an eel like fish. 7, 13, 23, 5, 10 is nn American singing bird. 17, 28, 8, 18, 37, :, 38 is a Brazilian bird, having an umbrella like crest of feathers above the bill 25, 30, 4, 32, 19, 6 is the Solan goose. 26, 15, 3, 23, 22 is a marine bird expert at diving. 35, 2, 24, 27, 31, 8, 4, 20 is a gallinaceous bird found wild in Europe. 34, 12, 27, 14, 15, 36, 1 is a small passerine. 11, 21, 3, 8, 7, 1, 27, 20, 22, 15 is a web footed marine bird, allied to the gulls. 9, 23, 16, 11 is a gen us of grallatory birds. No. 411. Letter Rebuses. X 8 C T ing (a) (b) (c) IT 10 A Th No. 412. Flower Enigmas. The names of flowers are here enigmatical- ly expressed. The first is of three syllables; the others of two each. (a) To spoil ; a pronoun ; a precious metaL (b) To break ; a fabulous monster. (c) A small singing bird ; a snag. (dj The first part of the day; high honor. No. 4J3. Geometrical Puzzle. A man has a square of land, out of which he reserves one-fourth, as shown in the cut, for himself. The remainder he wishes to di- vide among his four sons so that each will have an equal share and in similar shape with his brother. How can he divide it? No. 414. Syllabic Decapitations. (a) I am a kind of wood ; deprived of my first syllable, I am wood still. (b) I am intellectually deep; deprived of my first syllable, I am discovered. (c) I am an undergarment without sleeves; deprived of my first syllable, I am an outer garment with sleeves. No. 415. Numerical Enigmas. lly whole, consisting of nineteen letters, is the name of a great American authoress; My 8, 19, 9, 11, 1 is an American forest tree. My 12, 17, 4, 15, 13 once in the west roamed wild and free. My 18, 3, 5, 16, 10 when I went to school I had to do. My 7, 2, 14, 6 is a weed that must be known to you. No. 41 C. TJeheadings. (a) I am a grain, (b) Behead me, I am a force or principle in nature, (c) Behead me again, I devour, (d) Behead me once more, I am now but a preposition, (e) Behead me yet once more, I am at the end of feet. No. 417. Pictorial Conundrum, No. 4J8. Historic Men. (a) The royal cake baker. (b) He who left a throne for a foreign workshop. (c) The great genius in architecture, paint- Ing, sculpture and poetry. (d) The Guide of the Rocky mountains. (e) "Poor Richard." (f) The first gentleman of his age and the meanest man. (g) The "Addisou" of American literature. No. 419. Curtailment. Complete can be found along the great sea, Near rivers and brooks it also may be; Curtail, then a planet comes to your sight That's seen from above on a clear, starry night; Again curtail, a word you will see Which means to impair; you'll agree with me That another curtailment shows you a word That's a nickname for mamma, in fond homes 'tis heard. No. 420. Easy Squares. (a) L A crippled. 2. Hot and dry. 3. A deposit of mineral 4. Paradise. (b) L An article of food that appears early on the bill of fare. 2. To glance sideways. 8. A Turkish soldier. 4. The plural of an article used in writing. Everybody No. 491. A Diamond. 1. A letter In "Methuselah." & A precious atone possessed by few. 8. Danger, hazard an-l risk. 4. A title Kentuckians adcra 6. He nocturnal music doth contrive. & "An act beyond the human power.' 7. A largo spoon. 81 A general born in Virginia state. & A letter in "Southern," No. 483. Geographical Charade. My first is candid, also a boy's name. My second is a fortified place. My whole is the name of the capital of one of the United States. No. 423. A Quaint Puzzle. I am composed of six letters, Now you must break my fetters. My 4, 8, 2, you must not drink ; My ft, 1, 2, you won't have to think. Our president is of them one; My 4, 0, ft, 1, we'll have for fun. This enigma is wholly 5, 3, 2, 1, You will solve it in a short time. No. 424. Hidden Animals. (a) The flowers are called "Love-liea-a- bleeding." (b) She is either pretending or ill and indif- ferent. (c) She brought Jack a linen ulster. (d) The mosquito is a pest that is hard to endure. (e) The man was paid in gold for his goods. No. 425. The Unfair LMvinlon. A gentleman rented a farm and contracted to give to his landlord two-fifths of the prod- uce, but prior to the time of dividing the corn the tenant used forty-five bushels. When the general division was made, it was proposed to give to the landlord eighteen bushels from the heap, in lieu of his share of the forty-five bushels which the tenant had used, and then to begin and divide the re- mainder as though none had been used. Would this method have been correct! No. 430. A Concealed Proverb. Take one word from each of the following proverbs and form another proverb of the eliminated words: 1. Three removes are as bad as a fire. 21 De that is of a merry heart hath a con- tinual feast. 8, When in Rome you should do as the Romans da 4 Make hay while the sun shines. & Every dog must have his day. ft. Least said is soonest mended. 7. It's a long lane that has no turning. No. 427. Letter (&) Ing (bi C bl T No. 428. Small Diamonds. (R) A letter; the cry of a sheep; a sweet- meat; a girl's name; a letter. (b) A letter; cured meat; a boy's name; an abbreviation, a letter. No. 480. An Oddity. Take a thousand and one, add flfty twice Tio where things coarse are made flue In & triCa. No. 430. A Man of Letters. A quaint alphabetical tnonojjrammarlan hi this illustration you see, A sort of a letter press ty|x> of barbarian Whose parts are from A unto Z. (All the letters of the alphabet are to be found in this figure.) No. 431. Central Deletions. 1. The slope of a tool, and leave to free from water. 2. A fruit, and leave a triumphal song. 3. To condescend, and leave to obstruct 4. Part of a flower, and leave a loud sound. & An opaque substance, and leave food taken at once. The deleted letters name a poet No. 432. A Double Acrostic. 1. A resting point for a lever. 2. A river in South America. 8. The plural of a small quadruped. 4. Sincere or ardent* Book of Puzzles. 57 Primals, In advance; finals, in tho greatest quantity; primals and finals connected, in the first rank. No. 433. Conundrums. (a) Why would a drummer make a good cable car conductor? (b) Why is a watch dog larger at night than he is in the morning? (c) What relation is a door mat to a door! (d) What color is a field of grass when cov- ered with snow? (e) Why does a fish caught in a net act wildly? (f) What did the teakettle say when tied to the little dog's tail? No. 434. A Charade. Sflenoe Is golden, yet I am not gold, But rather a silvery hue have, I'm told; 1 live but a month, yet I rapidly grow, And reflect in a manner that often I throw Upon subjects beneath mo a beautiful light, And am steady, although often out late at night. As of all the things said of me, that u the worst, You surely can guess what 1 mean by my first. My second Is used In all buildings, I ween, And likewise ou steamboats, in action, I'm seen. The yachtsmen discourse of my breadth in a way That is apt to lead dwellers on land quite astray. I'm found in the forest, I'm seen on the seas, And likewise am sought for inside of tall trees. My whole Is a something transcendently light; 1 hide from the sun to appear in the night, No chemist can weigh me, I scoff at his scales. Mow all try and guess me, and notice who fails No. 435. Pictorial Conundrum. Why should this man be able to tell just how heavy the ox is? were to be thrown overboard during a gale. They consented to being placed in a row, and that every ninth person should bo sacrificed, the count to begin with the first and con- tinue round and round again. The captain desired to so place them that the unlucky vic- tims should all be Turks. How was this ac- complished? No. 437. An Hour Glass. 1, a large temple or edifice; 2, to cut; 3, frequently; 4, a letter; 5, a lyric poem, 6, visitant; 7, brava Centrals, an unbeliever. No. 438. Enigma. Fm more than one thing, that Is very certain ; Sometimes I'm chafed at by the rising tide, Then I'm a cozy room from behind a curtain. And then a place where criminals are tried ; Then, on an oaken door, or garden gats, Planted, I give intruding rogues checkmate. Such am I add but d to my short name. Then starts a poet up, his eyes aflame; Or, if a simple e to me you add, I'm what you'd be if you'd lost all you had. Give me but k, and I will cross the sea, Or n, and I a place of store will be; With m I help the brewer of the beer. 1 pick up on, and find myself a peer. Would you know more? With ter I sell and b'iy, With ge I carry coals ; then who am I ? No. 439. GeojjrapWcal Pyramid. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O poooooopp The single ring represents the initial letter of a sea port in Georgia. The ro'v of three, a cape at the southern extremity of New Jer- sey. The row of five, a bay in Florida. The row of seven, the capital city of Ontario. The row of nine, the Dutch name of the island on which New York city is located. The central vertical of five, a geographical name which is just now figuring extensively in the newspapers. No. 436. The Unlucky Turks. Half a ship's crew, consisting of thirty per- loua Christians and Turks in equal numbers No. 440. Historic Americans. (a) A small inclosuro for animals. (b) A king of England in whose reign the Bible was translated, and a capital city of the United States. (c) The author of tho Declaration of Inde- pendence and a strait of North America. (d) A laborious occupation and a hpavy weight. (e) To the name of the king who died on Flodden Field add a kind of bonnet. (f) What a toper said when a half glass was given Lim. (til The saceof Moiiticello, Everybody's (E) The CEHstlan name of the author of the Marble Faun, and the imperial color of the ancient Mexicans. A Catch for the Unwary. "Why does a pail of water with a live fish in it weigh no more than the same pail of water without the flshT This perplexing problem is said to have puzzled that august body, the Roman senate, long years ago, and many were the ways in which its members accounted, each to his perfect satisfaction, for the singular circumstance, until one, wiser than the rest, weighed a pail of water with and without the fish, and it is needless to mention the result. No. 441. Enigma. It's round and square, it's short and long, Of many shapes and sizes, In it you'll sit to bear a song, It guards the richest prizes. It makes your garden trim and neat, No house can be without it, On railway journeys you'll it meet, And porters never scout it. I gave it to a man one day, He thanked me fair and roundly; Then gave it to a friend in play, \Vho forthwith thrashed him soundly. It screens the soldier in a storm, It holds the sailor's kit; Behind four horses when 'tis warm 1 like on it to sit No. 442. Anagrams. (a) Treason. (d) Hangings. (b) Pursuer. (e) Imprecates. (c) Stagnation. (f) Stipulated. No. 443. An Egg Problem. A woman has a basket containing 150 eggs. For every 1% goose eggs in her basket she has 2>< duck's eggs and 3} ben's eggs. How many of each kind has she? No. 444. A Unlqne Window. The following has puzzlrvl many wise heads In it* time and doubtless will do tho same for many more: How can n window, having a h. i-!it equal to its width, bo made twice as large without increasing its height or width! Impomihle? Oh. no! No. 445. Eiwy Hoar Glaus. The control letters, reading downward, ]K-11 a word moaning to concede. Cms Words 1. To penetrate, 2. Buper- ciliou*. 3. A unit 4. In hour glass. 6. lie- & A law 7. No. 440. The Puzzle Wall* o o o O o o O Suppose that four poor men build their houses around a pond, and that afterward four evil disposed rich men build houses around the poor people, as shown in tho cut, and wish to have all the water of the pond to themselves. How can they build a wall so as to shut the poor people off from the condl No. 447. Decapitations. I am a title of courtesy applied to a French lady. Behead me and I am a lady of any nation. Remove my final, and I am the father of the human race. Behead me, and I am an obstructioa Behead mo again, and I am a part of a verb. Beheaded again, I am a consonant. No. 448. A Numerlc.-v Puzzle. 1. Behead a number, and have "smooth," "equal." 2. Curtail a number, and have "forward." 8. Curtail a number, and transpose, and have a verb. 4. Syncopate a number, and have a very large plant. 5. Syncopate a number, and have an excla- mation of contempt. fl. Transpose a number, and have a mater- ial for bags. 7. Behead a number, and have a possessive pronoun. 8. Transpose a number, and have a German word of negation. 9. Spell a number backward, and have "a snare." 10. Syncopate a number twice, spell back- ward, nnd have "to fasten." A Clever Calculation. One person tells another, older than him- self, that ho can discover the difference in tli. ir nges. It can bo done by the following ingenious rule: Let the younger take as many nines as there are figures in the num- ber representing his age and, from the num- ber thus formed, subtract his aca, U# Book of Puzzles. 59 Should then ask the older 'person to add this difference to his own age, then to take away the first figure of the amount and add It to the last figure. The result will be the difference in their ages. Suppose Harry, 12 years old, tries it with his Uncle John. There being two figures in 12, Harry starts with Oy, from which 12 being taken there re- mains 87. Supposing that Uncle John Is 40, and fig- ures honestly, he will calculate as follows: 40 added to 87 equals 127. Removing the left hand figure, 1, and adding it to the last fig- ure, 7, the result is 28 tho difference in their ages. If to 28 is added 12, Harry's age, we have 40, the age of the older person. No. 440. A Puzzle of Sevenths. One-seventh of currant, one-seventh of rhubarb, one-seventh of apricot, one-seventh of peaches, one-seventh of quinces, one- eevciith of oranges, one-seventh of bananas, combined, will yield tho plural of a dried fruit which is a general favorite, and adapted to a variety of purposes. No. 450. Crossing the Klver. Three Englishmen traveling in Africa with three native servants come to a river which must bo crossed in a canoe that will hold but two persons. Tho travelers suspect tho fidel- ity of their servants, who have secretly agreed to kill them whenever there should happen to be three natives alone with two Englishmen, or two natives to one English- man. How do they manage to cross without giving the desired opportunity to the treacherous servants? No. 451. A Bird Puzzle. No. 453. Easy Charade. My first is the opposite of night. My second is a weight. My whole is a city in Ohio. No. 453. Letter Rebuses. M STAND c No. 454. Enigmatical Trees. Tell the tree that will fight, The tree that obeys you, And tho tree that never stands still; The tree that got up, The tree that was lazy, And the tree neither up nor down hill; The tree to be kissed, Tho dandiest tree, And what guides tho ship to go forth; Tho unhealthiest tree, Tho tree of the people, And the tree whose wood faces the north. No. 455. Anagram. If you wish to go by rail, Hasten to the station, With "Train on Time" you will not fail To reach your destination. No farther clew than this I lend ; You'll find the answer in the "end." No. 456. Double Acrostic. Words of six letters: 1. A rascal. 2. An armed fleet. 8. A small bird. 4. A voracious jumping insect. 5. To emit. 6. At a distance within view. 7. Uses profane language. Priinals, low places; finals, rags. Each little picture in the above represents a kind of bird. The BlagJc of Figures. Ask a friend to open a book at random and select and mark any word within the first ten lines and within tho tenth word from tho end of tho line. Now, letting your companion do tho figuring, proceed to discover tho word through "the magic of numbers." Ask him to double the number of the page and multi- ply the sum by 5, and then add 20. Then to add the number of the line. Then to add 5. To multiply this sum by ten. To add the number of the word in tho line. To subtract from this sum 250, and tell you the result. The remainder will Indicate in tho unit column the number of the word; in the 10 column the number of tho line, and tho re- maining figures tho number of page. Though you may not bo able to explain this curious calculation it will always come out correctlY. 6o Everybody s No. 457. Beheadinc*. An English word, 1 mean to crush| My bead cut off, I am to bruise; Cut off again, and then I'll be A wood that carpenters much UML No. 468. Conundrum*. "What musical instrument should always be dih trusted I How can a tall man bo made short! Why is a dog biting his own tail like a good manager! Why does a sailor know there is a man in tbemoonf Why ia a camel the most irascible animal in tho world) Where can happiness always bo found! What belongs to yourself, but is used more by your friends than by yourself! 1*0. 459. Mathematically Described. A triangle having three acute angles sup- ported by elongated sides; a circle minus a slight arc; two right angles formed by a per- pendicular and a horizontal; a line; an acute angle; a plumb; a horizontal bisected by a perpendicular, forming two rectangles, and an acute angle supported by an upright. The whole will represent a word applicable to the mental state of the solver of this problem. No. 4CO. Anagram A Mystic Rird. Many men of many minds. Many birds of many kinds; Borne are dun and some are gay Which is this one! tell me, pray. He is often seen where tho river winds, But seldom found among the "pines." No. 4C1. Enigma. My first is in a can of "ale," My second is in every "dale," My t third's in "egg," My* fourth in "beg," And like an earwig iu a "rail" My Gfth. My next is in the "mud," My seventh is found in King "Ehud," My eighth's in "ram," My ninth in "Cam," My tenth in sweet Miss "Maidenhood," My last In neither "bod" nor "good," ^ow for my whole. Conceive a crowded room, Lit op with candles to expel the gloom A stage, on which our dazzled eyes we fix, A clever man who shows diverting tricks And you will hare a very curious skill, That has been used for cuds both good and ill No. 463. Drop Letter Puzzle, A-l-d-n-h-h-n-t-w-r-h-w-t-t-e-u-h. Supply rniHsing letters and find a very coo>- provorb. No, 463. Charada. As I went out among the men, I saw a boy whose name was : And while I stood and watched them hay, I saw a bird, it was a ^; I also saw a pretty wren Come out and linger with tho : I turned my steps to the forest, where AmonK the hazel I saw a ; And close to the border I did espy A larReand beautiful field of ; But night was coming, I had to run To reach my home ere the setting Now put together all these tilings, And a noted man before you spring*. No. 4G4. Crossette. O o O Start frcm any circle, and, counting that circle "1," count the next "3," the next in the same direction "3," and tho next "4." Cross out the circle counted "4." Start again from any circle not crossed out. Count QS before either in the same or in the reverse direction, and cross out the circle counted "4." Crossed circles, though not to be started from, aro to be included in tho count of four, and are not to bo passed over because crossed out. Continue to count four from any circle not crossed out, and to cross out the fourth, until all tho circles but one are crossed out. No. 4G5. Transformations. Change one letter at a move so that there will still remain a legitimate word. FIT ex- ample, hato may bo changed to love in three moves: Hato have lave love. Change Hard to Rosy in five moves. Change Sin to Woo in three moves. Change Neat to Prim in eight moves Change Saxe to Pope in five moves. Change Hand to Ftxit in six moves. Change Blue to Pink iu ten moves. No. 400. Kiddles. Why is the letter D like a squalling child? What is tho best plan to prevent crying when your tooth u extracted! Book of Puzzles. Or Wtoen to a young lady like an acrobat! Why Is a man who never lays a wager as bad as u regular gam bier f No. 467. What Is It? I am the center of gravity, hold a capital position in Vienna, and as I am foremost in every victory, am allowed by all to be inval- uable. Always out of tune, yet ever in voice. Invisible, though clearly seen in the midst of a river. I have three associates in vice, and could name three who are in love with me. Still, it Is in vain you seek me, for I have long been in heaven and even now lie em- balmed in the grave. No. 4C8. A Clever Puzzle. A hundred and one by fifty divide, And next let a cipher be duly applied ; And if the result you should rightly divine, You'll find that the whole makes but one out of nine. No. 469. The Ingenious Servant. A gentlemnu having bought twenty -eight bottles of wine and suspecting his servant of OO O OO tampering with the contents of the wine cellar, caused these bottles to be , arranged in a bin in such a way as to count nine bottles on each side of the o o O O O O OO bin. Notwithstand- ing this precaution, the servant in two successive visits stole eight bottles, four each time, rearranging the bottles each time so that they still counted nine on a side. Ilow did he do it? No. 470. Enigma. I am neither fish, Uesh nor Cowl, yet 1 fre- quently stand upon one leg; and if you be- head mo, 1 stand upon two; what is more strange, if you again decapitate mo I stand upon four, and I shall think you aro related to me if you do not now recognize me, No. 471. Chanules. (a) My love for you will never know My first, nor get my second ; Tis like your wit and beauty, so My whole 'twill aye bo reckoned, (b) My first is a circle, my second a cross, If you meet with my whole, look out for a toss. (c) My first we all possess; My second we all should gain; My whole you'll surely guess: Tis one of Flora's train, No. 472. Single Acrostic*. Cross words: 1. Epochs. 2. A cellar. 8. Javelins. 4. Farming utensils. 5. A song of triumph. 6. The chief officer of a municipal corporation. When these words have been rightly guessed, and placed one below the other, one row of letters will all bo the same, and the row next to it will form the name of an ex- tensive country. rno. 473. Beheadings. L Behead a metal, and leave not out. 2. Behead a breakfast dish, and leave a tree. 3. Behead a holy day, and leave a flower. 4. Behead a quadraped, and leave a part of the body. 5. Behead a species of antelope, and leave to disembark, 6. Behead to stagger, and leave a fish. 7. Behead to slay, and leave unfortunate. 8. Behead an odor, and leave a coin. 9. Behead a stag, and leave dexterity. 10. Behead a model of perfection, and leave to distribute. No. 474. Beheaded Rhymes. (ai Wb.cn sailing long in many Wise shipmen use the juice of (b She glared on him in feeble For he had stepped upon her (a) The barber took his painted And struck thereon one raven No. 475. Numerical Enigma. My 45, 31, 16, 2 are all the same vowel My 8, 3ti, , 51, 22 is a color. My 34, 4'.), 54 is the sound made by a cannon ball passing through the air. My 43, 89, 20, 53 is a fight. My 47, 4S, 24, 20, 19, 25, 37, 13, 9, 15, 55 is an ally. My 18, 27, 35, 52, 21, 37, is the surname of a presi- dent of the United States. My 40, 8, 19, 50, 83, 42, 5(1 was the scene of a battle Deo. 2H, 1777. My 14, 30, 23, 32, 5 48, 7 is the name of the secretary of war during Lincoln's admin- istration. My 11, 42, 2S, 5, 1, 12, 41, 41, H5, 10 is the name of a place near Wilmington that was raptured on Jan. 15, 18<>5. My 54, 33, 17, v, 4<5, 4, 20, 29 is the name by which the first battle of Bull Run is sometimes called. My whole, of 5(5 letters, forms a sentence from a famous eulogy. No. 476. Hidden Motto. DRDLLTHTMYBCMMN WHDRSDMRSNN. Insert in their proper places seven "a's, n six "e's," two "iV and six "o's," and you will have a couplet from Shakespeare which no coward would adopt as a motto. 62 Everybody s No. 477. A Dat Puzzle. X X X X The first Is one-half of the fourth. The fourth is one-half of the second. The first, second and fourth lack two of equaling the third. The second and fourth lack three of equaling tho third. The fourth is the square root of the second. The third minus the first gives the cube of the fourth. The whole is an important date in Ameri- can history. No. 478. A Pyramid. Across L A letter. 2. A bud (hot.). A reward. 4. Later. 5. A seabird. Down L A letter. 2. A preposition. 3. To injure. 4. A bud. 5. A city of Japan. 6. A Scotch word, meaning in greater quan- tity. 7. A meadow. 8. An abbreviation. 9. A letter. No. 470. Double Diamond. 3. From the ten objects here shown, construct a "double diamond;' which is one that will read differently across and up and down. The two central words ore shown by the two largest object*, tit Nicholas. No. 480. Two Easy Word Squares. (a) Anxiety ; sour ; a kind of groin ; the first home of Adam. (b) An apology , to jump, in a state of rest; the plural of an animal No. 481. Kiiigma. When green, I'm good to eat That is, if cooked with skill; When blue and pink, I'm very sweet, And nosegays help to fill ; But sweeter far it is to view me "When c and e ore added to me. Yes, though I'm good to eat, With r I'm sweeter still, With c and h am yet more sweet. With k I top the hill Add to mo but a single 1, Then rolls tho thunder, sounds the bell. Yes, though I'm food, you see, Changes soon come across A little edible like me, For t makes me a moss; And if r 1 to me draw near, I am a gem, fit for my lady's ear. Flower Lore. What plant is always a secret? A woman's sage. What is the flower for the poor! Any- money. What is the flower for a Chinese woman? Pick-her-tea. What flower is the emblem of truth? The lie-lack. On what plant does a whole garden depend for cultivation? Thyme. What is the flower for a teacher? The verb- ena. What vegetable induces asphyxia? The artichoke. No. 482. A Pleaaiug FUK/I. - 1. X drxwnxng mxn wxll cxtch xt x strxw, 2. Thx xthxr pxrtx xs xlwxys xt fxxlt. 8. X grxxt cxty xs x grxxt sxlxtxdx. 4. Ilxmxn blxxd xs xll xf xnx cxlxr. 5. Hx thxt cxnvxrsxs uxt knxws nxthxng. 0. Ilxnxy xn thx mxxth sxvxs thx pxrsx. 7. \Vxtxr rxu by wxll nxt txrn thx rnxlL 8. Drxnk xs thx xshxr xf dxxth. 9. Thx prxxf xf thx pxddxng xs xn thx xxtxng. 10. Gxvx thxt whxch yxx xffxr. 11. Gxxd wxrds cxst nxthxng bxt xrx wxrth mxch. 12. Fxncy mxy bxlt brxn xnd thxnk xt flxxr. 18. X kxnd wxrd cxsts nx mxrx thxii a crxss xnx J4. Lxng xs thx xrm xf thx nxxdy. Book of Puzzles. 15. Mxrx hxstx Ixss spxxd. Insert a vowel wherever there is an x in the fifteen sentences above. When they are complete select a word of five letters from each sentence. When these fifteen words are rightly selected and placed one below the other, the central row of letters, reading downward, will spell what June is often called. No. 483. The Maltese Cross. The walks in a certain garden were laid out in the form of a Maltese cross. Four per- sons started at noon for a walk from the house which stood at the center. Each per- son walked around a different triangle, the mother at the rate of two miles an hour, the daughter at the rate of three miles an hour, the father at the rate of four miles an hour, and the son at the rate of five miles an hour. It was agreed that they should go in to dinner whenever all four should meet for the third time at the house. The distance around each triangle was one-third of a mile. At what time did they go into dinner? No. 484. Transpositions. My first's a simple piece of wood, Which hath the farmer's herd withstood. Transposed a little coin of Spain, Which would add little to your gain. My third's a coin of Italy, Which little more in value see. My fourth, for fear of being caught. The tiger in the jungle sought. If you were called fifth to your face You would esteem it a disgrace. No. 485. The legacies. Near to my house there lived a bachelor, Ueputed rich, and servants three ho had: A valet trim to shave his lather 'd jaw, A buxom maid and a mlschlevouslad. Now, on a day, my friend was taken ill, And sent for me; said he, "I'm going to die, Bring pen and paper here and make my will." I did as I was bid, then, by and by, He whispered, "I must add a codicil." This, too, was done, and fourteen ten pound notes Were left, and justly, to the servants three. He who had folded up his master's coats, And brushed his hat, had twice as much as she Who buttered muffins for his worship's tea: And she had thrice as much, had buxom Ann, As the young scapegrace who errands ran. And now 'tis plain to every thinking head What legacy each servant pocketed. No. 486. A Hollow Square. O o o O O o O The upper horizontal, "notes taken at a meeting." The right vertical, "a few." The lower horizontal, "the seed of the flax plant." The left vertical, "to speak oratorically." Some Ages of Man. The infant's age Cribbage. The collector's age Dunnage. The minister's age Parsonage. The cabman's age Cabbage. The broker's age Bondage. The lawyer's age Damage. The lover's age Marriage. The cashier's age Shortage. The deadhead's age Passage. The plumber's age Leakage. The coal dealer's age Tonnage. The doctor's age Pillage. The butcher's age Sausage. No. 487. Hidden Fruits. Go range through every clime, where'er The patriot muse appears ; He deeds of valor antedates, His ban an army fears. By midnight lamp each poet soul Is plumed for flight sublime; Pale Monarch Moon and shilling stars Witness his glowing rhymel Incited by the muse, man goes To j;i'apple with his Everybody's The poet cares not who makes laws, If ho may make the songs. No. 488. A Geographical Puzzle. In a state bordering on the Mississippi may bo found, among the names of counties, one i.f the early explorers of this country; an ally of the colonists; one of the bravest sign- ers of the Declaration of Independence; one of the framers of that paper; a naval hero; the hero of Stony Point; a president of th United States; a statesman; a capital city; the capital of a country; a celebrated philos- opher ; the author of a famous almanac ; a novelist and poet; an Indian; a flower; a fish; a home for rabbits; a precious stone; a kind of molasses cake; an artisan; an un- comfortable thing in a house or an umbrella; "friendship;" and places dear to almost every heart. No. 480. The Crown Problem. First place ten checker men in a row, thu 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10. Now, the problem Is to lift a man up and passing over two men at a time, neither more nor less, to crown the next man, continuing in this fashion till all are kings. lu passing over a man already crowned, it is to be reckoned as two men. No. :><>. Beheading*. Behead "to carry" and have a verb. Behead "to cripple" and have "a high stan- dard." Behead a number and have a possessive pronoun. Behead "single" and have a number. No. 491. Transposition*. Trawpow the letters in tho names of these object*, taken at random, and supply the mixing words in tin- f >11( . wing sentences: J'.hll M.'IS to ROt it. The bridge rests on four . . Uuw Uio laiuba 1 Mosquitoes are great . Hear the wind . (Jet the and put out the fire. The is a very small insect. They are scarce, and he has none to No. 493. Proverb Making. A*8UBE** A pretty word for kind. A pair of eyes. A round building, as the Pantheon. Always in drops. Not enough. One of the four cardinal points. The arrows of heaven. A burglar. ***NDIS** Fill up the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth lines. Take care that the first letters of each jvord lie exactly between the letter A in the top line and the first star in tho bottom line. Take care also that the last letters of each word lie exactly between the last stars in the top and bottom lines, and then, if you get the words rip;ht, you cau easily insert letters in place of stara and read a well known proverb around the edge of the figure. The words are of un- equal length. No. 493. Enigma. A hundred and fifty, if rightly applied, To a place where the living did once all reside; Or a consonan* joined to a sweet singing bird, Will give you a name that you've oftentimea heard, Which, 'niong your friends, at least one person owns; It's the rival of Smith, and as common as Jones. No. 494. Riddles. Why is a thought like the seal When does a black and tan dog change color? Why is the letter K like a pig's tail? When is coffee like the soil? Why is a shoemaker like a true lover? Why is green grass like a mouse? Progressive Memory. In this simple parlor amusement sharp eyee and a good memory are needed. A tray is brought in containing about twenty articles, such as a ring, fork, bit of ribbon, an apple, etc. Tho tray is placed on the center of the table for fifteen seconds, and then removed out of sight. Each one must now give a list of tho articles on tho tray, and tho one giving tha longest list scores one point. This is re- peated six times (the articles being changed each time) ami th highest number of points wins. Any article named which is not on the, tray takes two off tho score. Book of Puzzles. have A Coming Congressman. Omaha Youth Pa, do you know I made a discovery? Pa No, my son; what have you found! O. Y. Well, I have discovered that an gg is in one respect like the Englishman's country. Pa Well, really, my boy, how is that? O. Y. The sun never sets on it. No. 495. A Recent Novel Craze. In earnest, not In Jest. In worst, not in best. In black, not in wulto. In loose, not in tight. In short, not in long. In right, not in wrong. In loose, not in taut. In cold, not in hot. In this, not in that. In slim, not in fat. In crooked, not in straight. In early, not iu late. IB ten and in one. Whole Is a late and noted work of fiction. Ko. 406. Illustrated Rebus. The answer to the accompanying rebus is a proverb referring to the possible weakness of that which seems strong. St. Nicholas. No. 497. The Prisoners in the Tower. An old king, a beautiful princess and a page were imprisoned in a high tower to which there was but one opening, a window 150 feet above the ground. The only means of escape was afforded by a rope which passed over a pulley fijed to the outside of _the tower^ jmd on eacn ena or wnicn nung a basket. W hen- ever one basket was at the window the other was on the ground below the tower. The rope itself was inclosed in such a way that a person iu one of the baskets could neither help himself by means of it nor receive help from the other prisoners. In short, the only way the baskets could be used was by placing a heavier weight in the one than in the other. Now, the old king weighed 195 pounds, the princess 105 pounds, the page 90 pounds, and they found in the tower an iron chain weigh- ing 75 pounds. The weight in the descending basket could not exceed that in the ascending basket by more than 15 pounds without caus- ing a descent so rapid as to be dangerous to a human being, although such a speed would of course not injure the chain. Further- more, only two persons, or one person and the chain, could be placed in the same basket at the same tune. How did the party manage to escape and take the chain with them? No. 498. A Perfect Diamond. ***** \ V "if W :'* ***** * * * The single stars represent the same conso- nant. The row of three, "the topmost point." The row of five, an ornament of precious stones worn upon the head. The row of seven, a precious stone noted for its brilliancy. The row of five, that which people often are who possess the row of seven. The row of three, a conjunction. The vertical row of seven, a precious stone noted for its hardness. No. 499. Charade. A worthless first I do despise, And ev'ry one I would advise To make them last. The whole was heard in olden time, As it pealed forth the evening chime, That day is past. No. 50O. Beheaded Animals. Behead an animal and leave part of a flower. Behead an animal and leave part of your- self. Behead an animal and leave a propeller. Behead an animal and leave a parlor orna- ment. Behead an animal and leave a fluid. Behead an quiin.il aud leave a Mexican tree, Puzzles D 66 Everybody's Varieties. It Ls the late cat that catches the early boot- jack. It was too many Roman punches that did the business for Julius Caesar. When trains are telescoped the poor passen- gers see stars. A little enlightenment is more to be desired than a big gas bill The best way to make the hours go fast is to use the spur of the moment Ko. .-.01. Enigma A Rural Preacher. My Chrisian name is very plain, And not at all befitting A. position which but few obtain, And none would think of quitting. I am a minister of fame, My sermons are quite racy, And though you may not like my name, You'll feel their efficacy. If you should to the bottom go, And taste their pungent flavor, You'll then admit their strength, I know, And say there's no palaver. No other pulpit in the land Can be of mine equal Within I stand, both tall and grand, And care not for the sequel No. 603. Historical Puzzle. I am composed of nine letters. 1. My first and fifth are the initials of a noted reformer. 2. My fourth and second the initials of a favorite story teller. 8. My seventh the initial of a famous scold. 4. My sixth the initial of a courageous and strategic king of an eastern country who lived many years ago. 5. My eighth tha initial of a living mon- arch. 6. My ninth the initial of a Hebrew pro- phet 7. My third the initial of a renowned em- peror. My whole is a famous date in American history. No. 503. Letter Rebuses, (a) D I 8 (b) O 8 T Va. S04. Motto Enigma. My 3, 88. 15, 20 is paradise. My 18, 19, 8, 1, 23, 8 la to hurry. My 2, 5, 10, 0, 10. 21 is oue who lives se- 35, 27, 13, 12 is value. 14, 4 is a large vessel My 11, 10,7, 17 i sand. No. 505. A Transposition. A rich fruit and how we would like to buy it, are expressed by the same letters. No. 6O6. A Trick for Clever Pencils. Starting at A, make this figure with one continuous line, without taking the pencil from the paper or going over any line twice, finishing at B. No. 507. A Scottish Tan B le. Ho! awd meos worpe het fitgie ge su Ot ese relssou sa theirs ees us. No. 508. An Oddity. I have no tongue, and yet I talk, Though first my words are few; I have no feet, I cannot walk, Yet run I can and do. In figures I am posted well; I'll point them out, their names I'll telL My face you often on it gaze ; My hands I often upward raise In truth I never lifted one But what I told you when twas dona. No. 509. Word Transformation. Find a body of men commanded by a colonel; curtail, and leave orderly govern- ment; curtail again, and leave administra- tion; curtail and transpose, and make to sully deeply; behead, and leave frost; re- verse, and make a military commander; transpose, and make deep mud ; curtail and reverse, aud leave a margin. No. 51O. Arithmetical Nut. From take 9, from 9 take 10, from 40 take 60, and have C left. No. 511. Hidden Authors. A ten footer whose name begins with fifty. A brighter and a wiser than the other. A very vital part of the bcniy. Worker in precious metal*. Ladies' garments. Comes from a \>i^. Is a chain of hills containing a dark treas- ure Book oj Puzzles. An American manufacturing town. Humpbacked, but not deformed. An internal pain. Value of word. No. 512. Riddle. I am a creature of creation, Used by the English speaking nation; And nearly every one in the land Has me at his own command. I am like a long and jointed worm With six-and-twenty parts, And permeate our literature, Our sciences and arts. As strange a creature as I am, One eye alone have I ; And yet I see from another place Which is as good as an eye. My different parts can be transposed, And an infinite number of forms disclosed; Or you some parts can disconnect, Yet over me it shows no effect. Guess me now, whoever can, For I am used by every man. No. 513. The Card Square. With eight pieces of card or paper of the shape of Fig. a, four of Fig. b, and four of Fig. c, and of proportionate sizes, form a per- fect square. No. 514. PL Eehimnnopprsttuuyy. Out of these letters form a sentence con- taining some financial advice given in Shake- speare's "Othello." No. 515. Cross Word Enigma. In even, not in odd. In husk, but not in pod. In willow, not in yew. In plenty, not in few. In soul, but not in mind. In angry, not in kind. In loosen, not in bind. My whole, I need not say, You'll find a bird of prey. No. 51G. Numerical Enigma. My 1, 2, 3, 4 is a small body of water. My 4, 7, 3, 5 is a perfect tense of a verb. My 6, 2, 9, 5 is a beautiful flower having a polypetalous corolla. My 4, 7, 2, 6 is an opening into a house. My 4, 2, 9, 5 is a portion of medicine taken at once. My 6, 7, 1, 5 is a large cord. My 6, 7, 2, 4 is a crucifix. My 9, 7, 8, 6 is to become acid. My 1, 2, 9, 5, C is that which puzzles. My 6, 7, 8, 9, 5 is to stir up. My 6, 7, 8, 3, 4 is to make circular. My whole is heavy. No. 517. Tempting Fruits. The letters in each of the following sen- tences may be transposed so as to spell the name of a fruit. 1. Song era. 2. One law term. 3. In a center. 4. Mop, eager ant. 5. 'T is a crop. 6. Plain peep. 7. Rich seer. 8. A speech. 9. Ere brass writ. 10. Brier scaner. No. 518. Drop Letter Proverb. A-L-O-K-N-N-P-A-M-K-S-A-K-D-L-B-Y. Supply missing letters and find a wel] known proverb. No. 519. Conundrums. Why Is the letter Q like 12 o'clock p. m,! When is hay like a good cat ? When you toss your baby boy above your head what foreign drink does he represent? A Few Riddles Solved. Feet have they, but they walk not stoves. Eyes have they, but they see not potatoes. Teeth have they, but they chew not saws. Noses have they, but they smell not tea- pots. Mouths have they, but they taste not rivers. Hands have they, but they handle not clocks. Ears have they, but they hear not corn- stalks. Tongues have they, but they talk not wagons. No. 62O. Metagram. Six letters constitute the whole; Draw hither, welcome friend ; Here cluster all our househeld joys, And pleasures have no end. Remove one letter, head or foot, In either case the same; If head, it leaves you all the world, If foot, the sacred flame Of life is kept aglow, by this, Its courage, purpose, love; And listen, for I bid you to When the next foot you remove. You 're deaf? Would'st have me lend an ear? D 2 68 Everybody's I will, behead again; Replace a foot, behead once more, And "science" will remain. No. 521. Double Acrostic. My primals and finals are the same as the first cross word. CrossWords: 1. A castle In Spain. 2. The quantity contained in a ladle. 3. A convul- sive sound which comes from the throat. 4. The same as the first cross word. 5. A spar by means of which the mainsail of a small vessel is extended. 6. An organization for playing the national game. 7. One who en- rolls or records. 8. The same as the first cross word. No. 622. Curtailment. Astronomers can clearly prove My whole is ever on the move. The word curtailed, beyond dispute A joiner's tool will constitute. Curtailed again, and then, I ween, A form or model will be seen. No. 523. Numerical Enigma. My 4, 2 is a personal pronoun. My 3, 5, C, 7 is a verb meaning to labor. My 1, 2, 3 is an adjective meaning not old. My 4, 5, C, 7 is a county in England. Whole is the name of a large city in the United States. No. 524. Rebus for Boys and Girl*. No. 625. Tangled \VUdom. Ihts drowl si ont os adb a lordw Sa mosc doulw kilo ot kame ti, Tub threwhe ogdo ro hethrew dbs Spended no who ew kate ti. No. 526. Charade. My first Is oft a kind of exercise, From which a serious second may arise. My third, to hunt, the prey is in the air. My first again, a mineral, far from rare; My second also means a sort of series; My third sometimes a busy mason wearies. My first is found on every ship that floats; My second, sailors do, in smaller boats. My third is done by peddlers to sell goods. My first-second flees unto the woods, When chased by its enemy, my third, Which the whole names in full ; it's a bird. No. 527. Nuts to Crack. When asked how many nuts he had in hla basket, a boy replied that when he counted them over 2 by 2, 3 by 3, 4 by 4, 5 by 5, or 6 by 6, there was 1 remaining; when he counted them by 7s there was no remainder. How many had he? No. 528. Letter Rebus. C C tenti tr No. 529. An Enigmatical Feast. Each of the following phrases represent something to eat or drink. 1. What a gambler risks. 2. The cursed son. 3. An American general's and four- tenths of a British general's name. 4. The destroyer of our race. 5. A letter of the al- phabet. 6. Resting place for a bird. 7. An island. 8. A color. 9. An emblem of inno- cence. 10. What a French town is noted for. 11. A tailor's implement. 12. A country. Punlana. Unseemly conduct That of a wife who will not sew. Cut glass Glaziers. A stern command "Port your helm." A spirit painting A red nose. No quarter Twenty cents. A backward spring A somersault Moral furniture Upright colonial chairs. Usually make a good impression Molders. Regulated by the weather Thermometer* A brilliant subject The electric light. Overdoing the thing Roofing the house. A staple article The hook on a gate. No. 630. Enigma In Rhyme, rm heard In halls of festivity. I'm heard In the house of prayer; and so on the fluid of battle. You will also find me there; I've charms to soothe; I'm called divine; I'm the deepest utterance of feeling sublime; fho sweetest sound to mortal ears, Ind the silver key to the fountain of tears. Book of Puzzles. 69 No. 531. Word Square. 1 A city of Anatoli, Asia Minor. 8. Gives rigor to. 3. Young plants. 4. To do too much. 5. To give up. 6. To range in classes. 1. A shepherd. 2. Habit. 8. Sluggish. 4. The tip or end of the toe. 6. A bird allied to thrush. 6. To ransom. No. 632 The Magic Octagon. Upon a piece of cardboard draw The three designs below; I should have said of each shape four, Which when cut out will show, If joined correctly, that which you Are striving to unfold An octagon, familiar to My friends both young and old. No. 533. A Remarkable Journey. In a journey around the world I saw and heard many strange things. I saw a moun- tain of Massachusetts followed by a large in- ect run across two of the southern states. I saw two nations hurling an Ohio town at each other. I saw a bay of England hung up to dry. I saw a city of Germany crawl- ing along the ground. I saw one of the Brit- ish isles, with a cape of North America, sit- ting by a bay of Africa eating towns of New Jersey and a city of Asia. I saw two capes of the Atlantic coast so badly injured while playing with a river of North America that it was necessary to send for a lake of the came region to attend them. I heard the savage Shetland island of the North Ameri- can river and the roar of an Austrian town. But when I returned to my home and told my friends of these things, they said my tory was a group of islands off the coast of Great Britain. Can you show that it was not? No. 534. Double Acrostic. My primals name a certain kind of puzzle ; my finals name riddles. Cross words: 1. An impressive command. 2. Concealed. 3. Graduates of a college. 4. Mounting. 5. A place of refuge. C. A large and beautiful flower. 7. Frames for holding pictures. No. 535. The Puzzling Pearls. A lady sent a cross of pearls to be repaired by a jeweler. To provide against any of |he pearls} being stolen, she observed that, counting rrom rne Dotcom ol tne crow up- ward, in any direction, the number of pearl* was nine, as follows, each figure representing a pearl: 9 8 7 9870789 5 4 8 2 1 But the jeweler cleverly abstracted two of the pearls and rearranged the remainder so that they still retained the original form and counted nine as before. How did be do itf No. C38. Decapitations. 1. Decapitate a digest of laws and leave a lyric poem. 2. Decapitate a greater quantity and leave a metal. i 8. Decapitate the fruit of the cedar and leave unity. 4. Decapitate to choose and leave the same meaning. 5. Decapitate a tool used for splitting and leave a rim. 6. Decapitate the act of betraying and leave to discuss. No. 537. A Curious Conversation. (Read by sound and find the names of eleven public speakers, showmen and musi- cians.) Tom and I went to the menagerie last Sat- urday, and on the way home we had a miser- able time. Reuben's tiny little dog followed us. We had just started for homo when a hard shower came up, and the lightning al- most made us blind. Tom and I ran for a street car. We overtook Madge, and just as Tony passed her she stepped on his fore paw and hurt him so that Tom had to carry him. It was horrid in the car, cold as a barn, um- brellas dripping all over us, and then the harness broke. The driver had to slop the car, buckle up the harness :is \vi-ll us In- muld and drive on. 1 thought we would .not get home at all. Madge got on board, too, and the lovely bird Etta gave her for her hat \v;i.s all soaked with the rain. I never saw the clouds deliver more rain in half an hour than they did that afternoon. Grandpa Paulson is old weather authority, and ho never su\v n. harder storm. Isn't this street marked Wayne street? It is, and I must get out. Good by. No. 538. Transformations. I am a word and mean to shrink ; To watch, read backward I will be; Curtail me and hostility Will mrely be the word you'll sea. Everybody s Read backward once again and find Unfinished, then behead and pluc One little letter to my tail ; A sharp tool stares you in the face. No. 539. Riddle. Two sisters on one day were born, Rosy and dewy as the morn, True as a sailor to his lass, Yet words between them often pass; At morn they part, but then at night They meet again and all is right ; What seldom you in nymphs discover, They're both contented with one lover. No. 540. Illustrated Rebus. No, 541. Cross Word Enigma. My first is in cotton, but not in silk ; My second in coffee, but not in milk ; My third, is in wet, but 04 iu dry; My fourth is in scream, but not in cry; My fifth is in lark, but not in sparrow ; My sixth is in wide, but not in narrow; My seventh in pain, but not in sting; My whole is a flower that blooms in spring. No. 542. The Nine Digits. Place the nine digits (that is the figures un- der 10) in three rows in such a way that, add- ing them together either up, down, across or from corner to corner, they shall always make 15. No. 043. Geographical Skeleton*. 1. i a; a city in Peru. 2. i e; a river in Africa. 3. a a a; a country in North America. a; a city in Switzerland. a; a capital city in the United 4. 5. (rates. 6. a o; a mountain in Syria. No. 544. Letter Rebuses. Ac Bolt (a) (b) DA TH No. 545. Charade. My first is dark. My second is a preposition. My third is a storm. My whole la a bird famous for its vocal fewer. No. 646. Weather Wise. 1. Behead "frozen rain" and have "to affect with pain or uneasiness either physical or mental." 2. Behead "watery particles congealed into white crystals'" and have "the present time." 3. Syncopate "a violent disturbance of the atmosphere," transpose, and ha^e "great- est." 4. Syncopate "a fall of rain of short du- ration," and have "one who scatters." A Pleasing Kind of Subtraction. How can you take 45 from 45, and let the remainder be 45? Thus: 98765432 1=45. 12345078 9=45. 86419753 2=45. No. 647. What Are They? We travel much, yet pris'uers are, And close confined to boot; We with the swiftest horse keep pace, Yet always go on foot. No. 648. The Three Travelers. Three men met at a caravansary or inn in Persia. Two of them had brought their pro- visions with them, according to the custom of the country, A having five loaves and B having three. C had not provided anything, but all three ate together, and when the loaves were gone C paid A and B eight piece* of money as the value of his share. How many pieces were A and B each entitled tot No 549. An American Author. No. 550. Charade. My first, how many hopes attend The breaking of its seal 1 What more can test a seeming friend Than what it will reveal! My aecond soon we all shall be, Though lofty bo our grade i Book of Puzzles. And those who live shall surely see My whole above us cast Its shad*. No. 551. Changes. 1. Change salty into foreigners. 2. Change wrinkled into a bird. 3. Change a filament Into scarcity. 4. Change pieces of meat into a vessel for holding coal. 5. Change a kind of plunger into sharp ends. 6. Change a kind of plum into wanderers; again, into atoms. No. 552. Word Squares. 1, an instrument for printing; 2, belonging to the country ; 3, to rub out ; 4, a sluice or sieve ; 5, to take rest. 1. Formed. 3. To change places. 3. A charm worn to prevent evil. 4. A city in Illinois. 5. Happenings. 6. To hate ex- tremely. No. 553. A Quaint Puzzl*. Write a cipher, Prefix fifty, To the right place five; Then add one fifth of eight. The whole will be the sum of human happi- ness No. 554. Double Acrostic. Words of seven letters: 1. A man of high rank. 2. A long heavy sword. 8. Lodgings. 4. Bold. 5. A town of Sicily. 6. An infant. 7. Called, named. Primals and finals, two foreign countries. No. 655. Enigma. From rosy gates we issue forth, From east to west, from south to north, Unseen, unfelt, by night, by day, Abroad we take our airy way. We foster love and kindly strife, The bitter and the sweet of life; Piercing and sharp we wound like steel, Now, smooth as oil, those wounds we heal Not strings of pearl are valued more, Nor gems encased in golden ore; Yet thousands of us every day Worthless and vile are cast away. Ye wise, secure with bars of brass The double gates through which we pass; For, once escaped, back to our cell, Nor art, nor man, can us compel. No 550. Octagons. I. 1. A couch. 2. Harmonics. 3. A clum- sy workman. 4. To form by means of in- cisions upon wood. 5. Detained. 0. To sep- arate. 7. A color. II. 1. Performed. 2. Decreased in size. 8 One who hangs about others. 4. An un- grateful person. 5. Tarried. 6. To hinder. 7. A color. No. 557. Historical Character*. Example: Who asks for admittance? An- swer, John Knox. 1. Used by potters. 2. A kind of stove. 8, One who dresses queerly, and a fur bear- ing animal. 4. A kind of nut Is inclosed in it. 5. A military title, and the plural of a lady's garment. No. 558. Riddle*. What is that of which the common sort U the best? Why should a parfumer be a good editor? Why is a man like a green goosebarry? What is the color of a grass plot covered with snow? Why ought a greedy man to wear a plaid waistcoat? When was B the first letter in the alphabet? Which is the longest letter in the alphabet? No. 539. Ilroken Word*. Example: Break a pardon and make a preposition and to bestow ; answer, for-give. 1. Break a bird, and make to fold over and part of an army. 2. Break to perform to ex- cess, and make above and a division in a drama. 8. Break one of the same name, and make to nominate and purpose. 4. Break a name sometimes given to an emigrant, and make a color and a musical instrument. 5. Break the end, and make part of a fish and a verb. 6. Break delight, and make part of the head and a case of boxes. 7. Break a fa- miliar piece of furniture, and make observing and a brittle substance. 8. Break the pole star, and make burdens and a sailor. 9. Break a Grecian theatre, and uvike a short poem and upon. 10. Break to separate chaff with wind, and make to gain and the present time. When these words have been rightly guess- ed and written one below the other, the in- itials of the first column of words will spell the name of a famqus post born in February, and the initials of the second the nam3 of a famous statesman and soldier born in Febru- ary- No. 500. Character 1'uza.le. X-X-D A K-*-*-500-50-Y II-& & G-l-E O- O-0-500 \V-O-R-.WS 'J H-*-30-P T-*- 3-*- 600 & P-O-O-R 2 50-1- V-E. No. 501. A Diamond. 1. A letter. 2. A common garden plant 8. Leans. 4. Noting glands near thu ears. 5. Having six eyes. 6. Harmonized. 7. Quartz. 8. A vulgar name for a parent. 9. A letter. Everybody's No. 562. A Doable Acrostic. Words of seven letters 1. Base. 2. A round building. 8. A province of Canada. 4. Beyond. Primals, a bird. Finals, to kip. Connected, a wild flower. No. 663. Transformation Puzzle. But Las he daughtersT then His plainly sho? That I to them am seldom but a loan. J5 Plant these six bits of paper three at depth A and three at depth B and you will get a vegetable. Plant them a second time and get an animal. 564. An Eggs-act Answer Wanted. "Twice as many eggs as you I'll eat, If of yours you will give me two." "An equal number we will get If two eggs I may have from you." Twas thus two hungry men conversed; How many eggs had each at first? IS'o. 503. Anagrams. Each anagram represents one word a com- mon noun. 1. To run at men. 4. Gilt trash. 2. Made moral. 5. I sent love, 8. Guess then our line. G. A nice pet. No. 606. Word Changes. (1.) Find a certain tree, transpose and make ran ; again, and make was inclined ; add a letter and make frightened ; transpose and make holy ; behead and curtail and make a portion of laud. (2.) Find an old game at cards, curtail and leave a kind of type; again, and leave to charge with powder; again, and leave precise; curtail once more, transpose, and make to cut off; behead and reverse, and make what printers make only accidentally. No. 667. Enigma. Enigma guessers, tell me what I am. Pve been a drake, a fox, a hare, a lamb- Ton all possess me, and in every strtt-t In varied shape and form with me you'll meet; With Christians I am never single known, Am given, or scarlet, brown, white, gray or stout. I dwelt in I'ani'Jiso with Mother Eve, And went witli her, when she, alas! did leave. To Britain with Caractacus I came, And made Augustus drear known to fame. The lover gives me on his wedding day, The poet writes me In his natal lay; The father always gives me to each BOO, qpt tf_hj. fagi ^rjly jor ooj^ No. 568. Rose Puzzle. Each of the nine small pictures suggests th name of a rose. St. Nicholas. No. 669. Half Square and Diamond. Half Square : 1 , a dipper ; 2, a passage into a bay; 3, to cloy; 4, to learn; 5, a pronoun; 6, a letter. Diamond: 1, a consonant; 2, three-sevenths of sassafras; 3, a rock; 4, a kind of clay; 5, a email bird; 0, three-fifths of enemy; 7, a voweL No. 570. Voltaire's Riddle. What is the longest and yet the shortest thing in the world; the swiftest and the most slow; the most divisible and the most extended; the least valued and the most re- gretted; without which nothing can be done; which devours everything, however small, and yet gives life and spirit to all things, how- ever great! No. 571. Charade. Industrious's my first I ween, In households where 'tis often seen; And when the wrong you may pursue, My first you then should quickly do; Second ami third no'er brings success, Nor power does it e'er possess; Homeless and friendless in the street, My total you often chance to meet. Good Housekeeping. No. 579. A Poet Transformed. First, a veritable poet; transpose, and JKW may fry him for breakfast] tr Book of Puzzles. 73 ana He is a wager ; again, ana ne Deomes a winter pleasure; behead him next and he is a girl's name; transpose, and be is to assume; again, he is a tree; curtail, and he is a decoc- tion; transpose, he is to consume; again, and he is consumed; curtail once more, and he ia near, to. No. 573. The Row of Figures. In what manner can a person reckon up how much the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, G, etc., up to 60 amount to, without adding them up, either in your head or upon paper? No. 574. Conundrum. John Smith, Esq., went out shooting, and took his interestingly sagacious pointer with him. This noble quadrupedal and, occasional- ly, graminivorous specimen went not before, went not behind nor on one side of him. Then where did the horrid brute go? No. 575. Hidden Authors. 1. What a rough mannered man said to his son when he wished him to eat properly. 2. Is a lion's house dug in the side of a hill where there is no water. 3. Pilgrims and flatterers knelt low to kiss him. 4. Makes and mends for first class customers. 5. Represents the dwellings of civilized man. 6. Is a kind of linen. 7. Is worn on the head. 8. A name that means such fiery things w can't describe their pains and stings. 9. belonging to a monastery. No. 576. How la Your Head? A common English word of five letters, de- noting the condition in which the sea is, and the heads of everybody ought to be, may b* written in this form: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * So that forward, backward, downward, upward or diagonally the orthography is the tame. You whose heads are in that condition can readily demonstrate the proposition. No. 577. The Riddle of Riddles. The riddle of riddles It leaps and it skips: Tis seen in the eyes, and it cheats on the lipa; It seldom ia found, though oftentimes read; Tis sometimes a feather, and now and then lead If it meets with its match, 'tis happily caught; If money can buy it, 'tis not worth a groat. No. 678. Knlgma. We are of many shapes and shades, We've a language all our own ; We flourish 'round the humble cot As well as the palace home. We are used to deck the happy bride When to Hymen's shrine she's led; We're placed upon the lowly grave As tribute to the dead. No. 579. Rebus. Lao. 10. Dear solvers, your thoughts turn to me, A synonym for brevity. No. 580. Rhomboid. Across 1. Searched. 2. Set sail 8. Charged with powder. 4. Roman magis- trates (Rom. ant.). 5. To appreciate the worth of. 6. The cerumen. Down 1. A letter. 2. A personal pronoun. 8. Woolly or villous surface, as of cloth. 4. To weary. 6. To cut off, as a syllable. 6. Death. 7. A tract of land in the form of the Greek letter A. 8. A ruminant quadruped. 9. To fasten together with thread. 10. A relative. 1L A letter. No. 581. Rebus for Little Folk. No. 583. Wood Squares. 1. To devastate. 2. A stage player. 8. A gem. 4. A medicine. 5. Upright. L To bite into small pieces. 2. Caprice. 8. To entertain. 4. A famous law giver. &. To urge. No. 583. Hidden Flowers. 1. It is more difficult to read poetry than prose. 2. Mr. Jarousky declares that he will never be naturalized. 8. I found a broken cup in Kate's cup- board. 4. That is a lovely blue crape on your bon- net. No. 684. Crossword Enigma. In oats, no^ ip corn; 74 Everybody^ In hoof, notlnhorti; In waiter, not In cook 5 In button, not in book; In crescent, not in moon ; In rabbit, not iu coon, My tfhole is an eastern country. Klaw ni eth rttrf dan outh lasht < Het herot erev lowlof eeth. No. 583. A Knotty Problem. Place six straight lines in a row, thus: I I I I I. Now add to them five straight liues and have only nine. No. 586. Charade. My first I hope you are, My second I see you are, My whole I know you are. No. 587. Curtailment. A stranger comes from foreign shores, Perchance to seek relief; Curtail him, and you find his tale Unworthy of belief; Curtailed again, you recognize An old Egyptian chief. Some Good Anagrams. The pith of a good anagram is that it should In some way relate to the meaning of the original word. Here are some excellent speci- mens: | Astronomers No more stars or moon starers. Impatient Tim in a pet. Punishment Nine thumps. Matrimony Into my arm. Revolution To love ruin. Sweetheart There we sat. Telegraphs Great helps. Parishioners I hire parsons. Radical reform Rare mad frolic. Presbyterian Best in prayer. Misanthrope Spare him not. Catalogue Got as a clue. Elegant Neat leg. Ni.. 58r. What Is My Name? Come, guess n i name, I ask you all ! I'm sometime! Jarge and sometimes small. Three inches q jw is all my size; Again, to man;' feet I rise. Sailmakers u.ii me, and, though It seems queer, I'm part of tl /> horns of a full grown deer; With an and IT far down in the ocean I go, Yet triumph jnd victory often I show. And every po rson in the land Holds me alw j.ys in his hand. No. 580. A Pretty Tangle. Thraigst si eht nile fo tudy, Vurced si eht nile fo teauby; No. BOO. A Tale of the Lights. The answer to this rebus is a little story about the object which is pictured seventeen times in the illustration. St. Nicholas. No. 591. Cross Word Enigma. In stable, not in house ; In rat, not in mouse; In grass, not in hay ; In June, not in May; In zebra, not in horse; In gain, not in loss; In flour, not in grain; In hail, not in rain. My whole is a game better liked by most boys Than all the mechanical wonders and toys. No. 592. Beheadings In Rhyme. The ship rode in an ******* bay; Asleep **** the master lay ; A ***** and rugged man was he, And like * * * * at home at sea; He like the * * * swooped on his prey, Whene'er the- * * came- his way. But now while * the needle kept, Forgetting all he lay and slept. Behead the first word indicated by stars to make the second, the second to make the third, and so on. No. 593. A Transformed fttonster. Oh, how many tales of me could be told By the poor and the rich, the young and old; For I never do good wherever I am, Although I have been from creation of man. No legs have I got, yet how swift do I go, And often I cause the blackest of woe; But if yo" transpose mo a man's name I show, A scriptural one I would have yoi* * '--TR Book of Puzzles. 75 No. 604. A Presidential Puzzle. One-eighth of the name of the bachelor president; one-fifth of the name of the hero of the civil war; one-eighth of the president who was assassinated in ths Baltimore depot at Washington ; one-sixth of a vice president who became a president; one-seventh of a president who had been a rail splitter; one- fifth of a president whose election was dis- puted; one-seventh of a president who was impeached ; one-ninth of the president during whose term two great commanders of the late war died. The fractions combined give the name of another president. 'agrl- No. 595. Syncopation*. 1. Syncopate "residence" and have cultural implement." 2. Syncopate "frolic" and have "to re- quite." 8. Syncopate "a hoop of iron to save wheels from wearing" and have "a bond." A Mean Insinuation. Wife (at Niagara Falls) How grand and awe inspiring it all is, John. Husband (drawing a long breath) Yes, but don't talk, my dear; I want to listen to the roaring of the waters. Good Mottoes. For retired authors Above proof. For carpenters Cut your stick. For cobblers Stick to your last. For shepherds By hook or by crook. For glaziers Diamond cut diamond. For cooks Onion is strength. For auctioneers Sold again. For undertakers Always say die. For tailors True as the needle. For thieves True as steel. For water carters Down with the dust. For opticians Mind your eye. For old maids Marry come up. For hair dressers Two heads are better than one. No. 596. Unfinished Verses. One day in sunny June I sailed upon the , My heart was full of sadness, there was no song for . But when my boat approached the * I saw anotber on the . Another b?at which came from > Its figurehead was one "lone ** A stranger asked me of my , He proved himself my long lost . Bo now I sail my bonny boat upon the self same But my heart is full of gladness, my song Is full From what state of our Union did the figurehead show the boat had sailed? No. 597. A Slippery Sprit*. In the center of fashion, I am ever at home, Though nsver in Paris, ti London or Rome. I shun every city, every village and town, But reign in a hamlet like a queen oa her throne. I lead every herald, but ne'er trump my own fame, For I am so lisping I am always In shame. And I speak but in whispers of gentlest breath; And when honor is uttered I am silent as death. I am heard in the mansion, and seen In the hall. And often am heard when ne'er seen at all. I have one seat at home and two in tho church, And here I'll bo found at tho end of your search. No. 593. An Hour Glass. 1. Tedious. 2. A very light fluid. 3. A kind of grain. 4. A consonant. 5. A small drinking cup. 6. A large, showy bird, native of the warmer parts of America. 7. A privy council room at Westminster. Centrals read down A prominent charai>- ter in one of Shakespeare's plays. No. 599. Arithmetical Problem. John, James and Harry have $4.80 which they wish to divide equally among them. To do this, John, who has the most, gives to James and Harry as much as they already have. Then James divides by giving John and Harry as much as they have after John's division. Harry then divides with John and James in the same way, and it is found that they have equal sums. How much had each at first! No. 600. Rebus for Little Folk. No. 601. A Wonderful Animal. There escaped from a menagerie a fierce animal which was caught and dissected. Within him were found a tile, a rail, a rat, a nail, a grate, a pig, a gilt bar, a leg, a rib and an entire girl. What was he I No. 602. Charade. My "first" ascends on soaring wing To "heaven's gate," And hails the coming of the spring, lp notes etet* Everybody's My "second" shines on knightly heel, In battle won, A token that its wearer's steel Has prowess done. My "whole," beside his lady's bower, In varied hue, In stately pride, unfolds Its flower, Pink, white or blue. No. 6O3. Hidden Nets. What net's a bird with sweet toned voice! What net our tuneful grandma's choice? What net is found a kind of goose? And what a Spanish beast of use? What net holds many a lovely face! What net a fowl of song and grace? What net an ornamental stone? What net must by the mouth be blown! What net is that of fourteen lines? And what a poisoning spear confines? No. 604. A Riddle. A sailor launched a ship of force, A cargo put therein, of course; No goods had he he wished to sell; Each wind did serve his turn as well; No pirate dreaded; to no harbor bound; His strongest wish that he might run agroundt No. 605. Two Wise Little Maids. Two little girls were on their way to school together. Remembering the arithmetic les- son she had just learned, one of them said to the other: "If you will give me one of your nuts I shall have as many as you." But the second wise little maiden, grasping her trea- sure closer, said: "Oh, no I give me one of yours, and I can then divide equally with brother Bill and will still have as many aj you." How many nuts had each? No. 606. Ten Tribei of Indians. 1 2 of as many different tribes of American In- dians. No. 607. Hour Glass. Central letters read down, a queen of Egypt, famed for beauty. 1. Needlework. 2. A circular motion. 8. A metal. 4. An act of respect. 5. A letter. 6. A bank to confine water. 7. The adver- sary of man. 8. An American general. 9. An escape from danger. No. 608. Poetical Tang.e. Otdn eb ni oto chum fo a ryhur Ot direct thaw hoter sofkl sya; Ti kates tub a lights tillet ruflyr Ot bowl allnfe sleave arf wyaa. No, 609. Numerical Enigma. My whole of 15 letters is the name of an authoress beloved by young people, who died not long ago. 1, 2 is an exclamation. 4, 5 Is a verb. 12, 10, 14 a domestic animal. 8, 7, 9 a character in one of the best works of my whole. 6, 11, 15, 8 a popular edition of books. 11, 13, 3 a girl's nickname, probably some- times applied to the whole. No. 610. The Puzzle Board. a the in round of iy days bound era me other oft chain brings mem me night slum light still ber'8 the fond ory has The ten small pictures represent the names These disjointed syllables can be converted Into a familiar stanza of poetry. The player may move in any direction over the board and pass over as many squares at a time a he likes. No. 611. Enigmatical Bird*. To peddle; a color; a linen ornament; a toy; a kind of type; to defraud; a fruit j peaceful. No. G12. Uebua. A simple word, "to Join" it means; Of this there is no doubt. Book of Puzzles. 77 Why use five letters In spelling it! The above just makes it out No. 013. Word Changes. Behead a fruit, and have a seed fed to birds; behead again, and have an animal; transpose, and have a vegetable. No. 014. Conundrums. Why is there no such thing as a whole day? What kind of cloth was most abundant during an earthquake? Why is a mirror like a great thinker? To what business man should you never confide a secret? No. 015. A Clover Puzzle. One of the cleverest puzzles that has been Invented in a long time is the 1888 1889 puz- cle: 1. "Why was 1888 so short?" 2. "Why is 1889 shorter?" This is a good one to pose your sharp witted friends with. No. 010. Double Acrostic. My first, a blossom white as snow With pistil all of gold; My next an overcoat will show. For keeping out the cold ; My third, if you are in a fright, Will overspread your cheek ; The laundress keeps my fourth in sight, The first of every week ; My last a bird you surely know A near relation to the crow. My initials, unless I'm mistaken, Will show you a tricksy wight Who always is plotting some mischief; My finals, his weapon of might. No. 017. Remarkable Rivers. What's the river that's verdant; the river that'* fine; The river that's juicy and round; The river that swindles; the river that chokes; And the one that is tracked by the hound t What's the one that's a schoolboy; one a wild beast; The one that joins while it divides; What's the one that is stony; the one that is subtle, And silently through the grass glides? All these rivers are found in the United States. No. 018. A Problem to Solve. Place a hundred at each end, with a five in the middle, And a one on each side of the five; then will the riddle Solved be. when you flnd at leas$ BO says the ditty) 'Tertalnlng to a citizen," and also "to a city." No. 010. Easy Word Squares. 1. A journey; seldom seen; a metal; con- fined. 3. An animal; among; mature; a garden. 8. A fowl; thought; natural; a valley. No. 020. The Parallelogram Puzzle. A parallelogram, as in the first figure, is to be cut into two pieces, so that by shifting the position of the two pieces they will form the other two figures shown in the cut. No. 021. Letter Rebus. Er Bl I am a careless, stupid fellow, Always mixed in grievous error. No. 022. Numerical Enigma. "A precious stone" the total is, And any 4 to 1 1 wis Would 7, 5, 6 one, if it Would her engagement finger fit No. 023. Concealed Cities. L Bring us a lemon or two, Carrie! 2. Is that silk handkerchief orange or yel- low, Ellen? 3. I am afraid you will rub a thin place through that paper. 4. The best way to stop a rising quarrel is to show your enemy a kindness. 5. Please examine that barometer, Fanny. 6. Would you prefer a vanilla cream, or a lemon ice? 7. Years sit lightly on some, but not on me. 8. When is Mr. Jones going to send thai rent on to New York? No. 024. Riddle. I seldom speak but in my sleep; I never cry, but sometimes weep Chameleon like, I live on air, And dust to me is dainty fare. No. 025. Anagrams. Transpose the letters of the following words, to form the names of well known novels: 1. Nod quiet ox. 2. Visiting near II. 8. Earning my gun. 4. Lord Poicy is south. 5. But no nice clams, Q. I hem where I wank Everybody s to. 7. It is of papa's homeay Ted. 8. It we have Lined a cork. No. 626. Bebu* A YFonder of the Skle*. The pbflosophical plant (7), the Kb rinklng plant (5), The sleepiest plant of the lot (9) ; The alphabetical plant (10), the oldest plant C11X And the plant that is always hot (12). No. 627. A Den of \Vlld Animals, o o o o o o o ooooooooo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o The row of large rings represents the name of an animal "furnished with spines or quills upon the body, covered with sharp prickles, a native of Africa, Asia and Italy. The left vertical row of seven rings, a species of deer of elegant shape, though one of the smallest kind. The next row of seven, the plural of an nnimil allied to the weasel, inhabiting the northern portions of Europe and America. In winter the fur is white, but the tip of ths toil is intensely black throughout the year. Third row, the plural of an animal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. Fourth row, a large animal found on our western prairies. It has been BO much hunted and killed that it is feared it will become extinct Fifth row. an anim* 1 of several species found in North and South America. An artifice it employs in elf preservation is to feign itself dead. Sixth row, a strong, fierce animal of the cat fam- ily, destructive to lambs, poultry and the like. Seventh row, an *n'"i>0 of tropical America, living on ant*. No. 028. Knlgmntlcal Tree* and Plant*. The respectable tree (1). and the hero's tree (2), And the tree that hake* your hand (3); The coldest tree (4). and the ugliest tree (5), And the tree that givee word of comman No. 629. Biddies. Why is the root of the tongue like a de- jected man? Why are fowls the most economical thing a farmer can keep? What is the keynote to good manners? Who had the first free entrance into a theatre? What trees has fire no effect uoonl AVho \Veara the Ring? A neat trick, requiring no apparatus be- yond a piece of paper and a pencil, is the fol- lowing: The number of persons participating in the game should not exceed nine. Some one of the company is selected unknown to you to put a ring on one of his fingers. You now say you will tell (1) who wears the ring, (3) the hand it is on, (3) the finger of the hand, and (4) the joint of the finger. The company being seated in regular order, the persons must be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. The thumb must be termed the first finger, the forefinger being the second. The joint nearest the extremity must be called the first joint; the right hand is one and the left hand two. These preliminaries arranged, leave the room in order that the ring may be placed unobserved by you. Suppose that the third person has the ring on the right hand, third finger and fi rst joint. Your object is to dis- cover the figures 3,131. Returning to the room, ask one of the company to perform se- cretly the following arithmetical operations: 1. Double the number of the person who has the ring; in the case supposed this will produce I 8. Add5 11 a. Multiply by 5 63 4. AddlO 03 5. And the number denoting the hand. G8 0. Multiply by 10 COO 7. Add the number of the finger CCS a Multiply by 10 6,030 9. Add the number of the joint 0,031 10. Add35 C,CCfl Lie must apprise you of the figures pro- duced, 6,000. You will then, in all cases, sub- tract from it 3,535. In the present instance there will remain 3,lol, denoting the person No. 8, the hand No. 1, the finger No. 3, and the joint No. 1. No. G3O. Charade. If my first is my second, 'tis sure to be fleet, If my second's my first, It is not fit to eat; And what Ls my whole will depend upon whether My second and first you fit rightly together. Book of PuZzles. If my second cornea flrst, tla an animal; but If my second cornea second, why then It Is nut So If it's an animal, then you may back It; But supposing it isn't, I leave you to crack It. No. C31. Numerical Enigma. I listened 1 , 2, 3 a very long time, but heard nothing to lead me to believe the 4, 5, C was being drawn down to the street, and as I 7, 8, 9 my lunch I thought myself 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9 for not having depended upon its ar- rival No. 032. Can You Name Him? A certain man should happy be, Though hungry, cold and wet, For untold wealth his may be, And profits all are net. No. 633. Drop Letter Quotation. To supply every alternate letter and find a Bible verse: W a s e e t y a d i d t t d , d i w t^t-y i h . No. 634. Diamonds. A consonant; an accompaniment to a fire- place; a gentleman who carries arms; "just from China;" a consonant. A letter; a part of the mouth ; an animal; vessel ; a letter. No. 633. Rebus Wise Words. OOOOTTTT >\NDBI ANDBI The author's name Is in the lower right hand corner of the rebus. No. 636. Selections. From a word of six letters, the name of common article of domestic use, select 1, 2, 3 and 4, a small luminary. 2, 3, 4, a resinous substance. 8, 4, 5, 6 an architectural form. 8, 4, 5, part of a circle. 5, 6, 3, 4, 2, a sort of map. 6, 3, 4, 2, a kind of vehicle. 6, 3, 4, 2, an animal. 5, 6, 3, 2, small talk. 6, 3, 2, apparel for the head. 0, 3, 8, a domestic animal. 4, 3, 2, a rodent. No. C37. A Poetical Maz. A C L E E U L B 8 D E N W O B T A B O V E V N o W E H Y E 8 E II IJ T K R 8 O V A E W D E L D U I E T T O E H T R E P P L I N P L A C I D I R E n T 31 N A E C O N F A N 8 E R R I L Y O I T O M D I L a E W 8 a T L T E Z E p n Y R E N E 8 A sentence in poetry is here written, the letters forming which are in close order. You may go up or go down ; you may move backward or forward, but you must never go in a slanting or diagonal direction that LJ, you are not allowed to pass from letter to let- ter through the corner of a square, but al- ways through one of the sides. The object is to find the first letter and then unravel the whole. The last word, denoted by the star, must be supplied. How to Tell a Tcrsou's Ape. Among many ingenious schemes for telling a person's age this is one of the easiest and best. Let the person whose age is to be dis- covered do the figuring. Suppose, for ex- ample, if it is a girl, that her age is 15 and that she was born in August. Let her put do\vu the number of the month In which she was born and proceed as follows: Number of month. 8 Multiply by 2 10 Add 5 Cl Multiply by 50 1,000 Then add her a;*e, 15 1.00") Then subtract 305, leaving 700 Thenaddll5 810 She then announces the result, 815, where- upon she may be informed that her age is 15 and August, or the eighth month, is the month of her birth. The two figures to the right in the result will always indicate the age and the remain- ing figure or figures the month the birthday comes in. This rule never fails for all ages up to 100. For ages under 10 a cipher will appear pre- fixed in the result, but no account is taken of this. Evervbodys No. 640. ninatrmted Proverb. The familiar advice here illustrated Is often given to procrastinating people. No. 641. Cross Word Enigma. My first is in tart but not in cheese, My second is in butter but not in peas, My third is in gravy but not in lamb, My fourth is in buckwheat but not in ham, My fifth is in coffee but not in tomato, My sixth is In honey but vot in potato, My whole is a thing that little boys eat, It is always a bird and has lots of good meat. No. 642. PL Cotrebo gornnim ! woh het uns Sligertt no noglwig kosch dan feash{ NO pelap scrip tiwh lemowl dogL No nodrew-dinteap'fleal Tercobo geevnin ! kolo, eth nomo, Keil noe ni yarfildan neighdebtl Tou-rodos kajc trofs sibet parsh; nlwthl Dogol rou trifs reif si dilgethl Nn. 643. A Word Puzzle. ooooooooo I was a president of the United States. In my name find a river of Asia, the names of five girls, the nicknames of five boys and the name of one boy, the name of a kind of drink, "to fasten," "a low place between hills," "the home of wild beasts," "to give up," "a narrow passage," "to loan," "to raise and make light," "a young boy," "to go be- fore," "a kind of fish," "to bathe," "a meas- ure of different lengths" not much in use now, "to be clad," "a kind of meat," "to go on shore," "a tribe," "to dig," "then-," "to part," a conjunction, "a reed," "to purify," "a weathercock," "a native of Denmark," M to adhere," "a valley," "to distribute," "a word sometimes used for 'one 1 ," "an Imagi- nary being," "a brief visit," "an Instrument by which to find a horizontal line," "a ravine," "to finish" and other words. No. 644. Flowers and Frnlt. Here's the sweetest flower (1), the joyous flower (2), The flower that blooms In May (3), The hollowest flower (4), the trickiest flower (5), One that tells the time of day (6). The wealthiest fruit 03), the treacherous fruit (14), The fruit that is slow or spry (15), The sprightliest fruit (16), and the married fruit (17), One that bids you never die (18). No. 645. Delect Ions, 1. Take a verb from a small can and leave a moderate gallop. 2. Take a verb from a voucher and leave a hardened protuberance on plants. i 3. Take a prong from a kind of cloth and leave perched. 4. Take an animal from a thick mat and leave a part of an animal. 5. Take a couple from mended and leave a rustic pipe. Sage Reflections. Who Is the owner of the cow, where Is the cow put out to grass, that provides the milk of human kindness; and does the calf get the best part of the milk, judging by the amount of kindness one receives? i Did the horseman who "scoured the plain" use soap? What does this "continual feast" that a contented mind is said to enjoy consist of? When a man, through being pressed, eats more dinner than he wants, may he not be said to be stuffed with forced meat? j i If it takes nine tailors to make a man, how many sailors does it take to make a buoy? Do the "roots of words" produce "flowers of speech f i Who can "smell a rat" the quickest, the man who knows the most, or the man who has the most nosef No. 646. Charade. I went to the barn this morning, And what do you think I found? A poor little first with a broken leg, A cross old hen and a broken egg. And Neighbor Nesbit's bound. I went to the garden this morning, And what do you think I found? A bold little second yes, one, two, three. Just where I wanted them not to be. With their heads well up from the ground, I looked about in the garden, And what do you think I found? Borne whole and 'twas spreading here and there, Book or Puzzles. 81 For It wouldn't grow straight into the air, liut crept along on the ground. No. 647. A Hollow Square. * * * * * * * * The upper horizontal of four stars repre- sents the plural of a vessel used for drinking. The left vertical, reading downward, a fa- vorite domestic compound. The right verti- cal, reading upward, the fruit of certain trees. The lower horizontal, reading from right to left, an adjective applicable to any of the other three. No. 648. An Anagram. Why it is so I do not know, Tell me the reason if you can ; But when "a shrew" I have in view I think about a TARGET MAN! No. 649. A Poser. I am with the farmer in his barn, cattle, garden, wheat, oats, barley, hay and wagon, but not In his horse or buggy. I am with the mechanic and the laborer. I am with the dead, not the living. I am with the saints and the angels, and Satan also has a claim on ma No. 650. Illustrated Rebus. ooo No. 651. Doable Acrostic. 1. An herb. 2, The cutting off of a vowel at the end of a word. 8. One who denies the existence of God. 4. Prosperity. Primals: Certain plants and their fruit. Finals: Certain insects. Combined: A class of people. Rhymed Comparisons. As slow as the tortoise as swift as the wind; As true as the Gospel as false as mankind; As thin as a herring as fat as a pig; As proud as a peacock as blithe as a grig; As savage as tigers as mild as a dove; As stiff as a poker as limp as a glove; As blind as a bat as deaf as a post; As 'cool as a cucumber as warm as toast; As flat as a flounder as round as a ball ; As blunt as a hammer as sharp as an awl; As red as a ferret as safe as the stocks; As bold as a thief as sly as a fox; As straight as an arrow as crook'd as a bow; As yellow as saffron as black as a sloe; As brittle as glass as tough as is gristle; As neat as my nail as clean as a whistle; As good as a feast as bad as a witch; As light as is day as dark as U pitch; As brisk as a bee as dull as an ass; As full as a tick as solid as brass. >o. 062. The Legacy. Au Arab sheik about to die called his sons to him and bequeathed to them his herd of camels in the following fashion: To his eldest eon, one-half the herd; to his second son, one- fourth, and to the youngest son, one-fifth. As soon as the last honors had been paid to the old chief the sons hurried to share the legacy; but as there were 19 animals in the herd (a number not divisible by 2, 4 and 5), they were unable to agree, and finally re- ferred the matter to the cadi or judge, who Immediately made the division to the satis- faction of the three, each of whom went away driving with him his camels. How did the cadi do it? No. 653. Beheadings. 1. Behead a Latin word of three letters often used by English speakers, and have "to depart." 2. Behead "to raise, to exalt," and have "tardy." 8. Behead a "property which a person pos- sesses," and have "condition." No. 654. Enigmatical Rivers. What's the river that's a jolly boy; one that is good; What one's a jewel that is worn by the fair; What's that one that's somber and dark ; and that one That seme drink when they get on a tear? No. 655. Rhyming Square. Showers and early flowers on the river's brink; Cessation proceeding from doubt, I think; A silver coin of Russia is here seen; An island, large or small, I ween; To lose, an obsolete word, I confess; These make a word square. Can you guess f No. 656. Riddles. Name me and you destroy me. Why is it absurd to ask a pretty girl to b candid? What weed la most like a rent In a gar- ment f What is that, although black itself, yet en- lightens the whole world? At what time of life may a man be prop- erly said to bo a vegetable f No. C57. Cross Word Enigma, Jn dive, not in swim, In branch, not in limb, In safe, not in lock, In fowl, not in hawk, In low, not in high, In glad, not in cry, In rain, not in snow/ In lark, not in crow. A flower. No. C58. Missing Letters. What two letters, prefixed to each of these words, will make other words) Aught, one, edge, own, awl, ought, No. 659. Quartered Circles. From 1 to 4, a narrow way ; from 5 to 8, harness; from 9 to 12, one of the constella- tions; from 13 to 10, quickly; from 1 to 5, dilatory; from 5 to 9, to defraud; from 9 to 13, a town founded by Pizarro in 1535; from 13 to 1, the victim of the first murder on record; from 2 to 6, dwelt; from 6 to 10, in- gress; from 10 to 14, to long; from 14 to 2, a famous opra; from 3 to 7, a state; from 7 to 11, one who dwells; from 11 to 15, a famous bridge in Venice; from 15 to 8, the king of fairies; from 4 to 8, one who has the right of choice; from 8 to 12, to retain; from 12 to fl, oriental; from 16 to 4, ingenuousness. St. Nicholas. No. GCO. The Philosopher's Puzzle. A philosopher had a window a yard square. It let in too much light. He blocked up half of it, leaving a square hole a yard long and a yard wide. How did he do it! No. 661. Charade. My first, when we travel, as useful we deem: Though drawn, as times alter with lif a 'i changing scheme, By man, electricity, horses or steam. My second's a parrot, a dog, or a cat; But never a hornet, hyena, or bat, And seldom a mouse, or a fox, or a rat. My whole, a convenience and comfort we call] A luxury surely, except spring and fall, When the housekeepers make it a trial to all. No. 66. A Star. 1 * 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 1 to 2, one who does things clumsily ; 1 to 3, combats; 2 to 3, dried grapes; 4 to 0, morose- ly; 5 to 6, garden plant; 4 to 5, musical com- positions. No. C63. Transposition. If an island's end You'll place before, You'll get "a young bear," And nothing more, No. CC4. Word Squares. 1. A heathen. 2. Unextinguished. 8. Scoffs. 4. To turn away. 5. Abodes. 1. To tinge. 2. A fruit 3. A kind of cloth. 4. Public. 5. Leases. No. OG5. Numerical Enigma. My 1, 2, 7 means through. My 3, 4, 5, 7 gives a favorable expression In the face. My 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 is In heaven. My 4, 5, C, 7 is the earth. My whole is a country in Europe. No. CCO. Decapitations. 1. Behead "to wander from a direct course" and have "a flat, broad vessel upon which articles are carried;" again, and have "one of a number of lines diverging from a com- mon point;" again, and have "yes." 2. Behead "a long, narrow division of any- thing different from the ground work" and have a kind of food; again, and have "ready for reaping." 8. Behead "a long, narrow strip of leather" and have "to ensnare;" again, and have " harp, quick blow." 4. Behead "inordinate self esteem" and have "to be carried on the back of an ani- mal" Book or Puzzles. No. 607. A Wonderful Puzzle. I have no feet, and yet with hands, I never cease my tireless run; I work in all the climes and lands, In Arctic zoae and tropic sun. Pinions I have, yet cannot fly, Altho' "good time" I always makes I wear a cap, but wear it sly, And wear it sleeping or a \vaka. No coffin Ud shall hide my form- And yet beneath a lid I live, Defying dust, and rain, and storm Prepared the best of work to giva. I never had a case at law And yet without a case, I fear I should possess a monstrous flaw And life would be a thing most drear. Of Jewels, I have ample store Fine jewels, too, that please the eye? I would not, could not wish for more, Tho' I possessed the means to buy. I have no head, but have a face A face that's looked ateverywhere No woman, with her charms and grace. Receives a greater meed of care. No. 668. Numerical Enigma. My 11, 6, 1, 14, 10 are winter garments. My 14, 3, 4 is part of a church. My 9, 12, 19, 15, 17, 13, 10 is a disease. My 16, 7, 8 and 20 is an animal My 5, 18, 2 is a boy's nickname. My whole is a housekeeper's proverb. No. 669. A Half Square. O O O o o O o o o O o o o o The single ring represents a consonant. The row of twoYings, "mother." The row of three, "an individual of the human race." The row of four, "the long and heavy hair flowing from tho upper side of the neck of some quadrupedal animals." The row of five, "a Hebrew weight used in estimating the quantity of gold and silver, being 100 shekels of gold and 60 shekels of silver. " No. 670. Easy Rebus for Little People. No. 671. Anagrams. A "lonely man" who lives in quiet Would never lead in A SLY RIOT In a LAWN PIJ>, ye solvers, find A wading bird of plover kind. In a SORB TIME the word we see Exhausting to the strength may ba. No. 673. Letter Rebus. This my rebus solved Will bring to mind What delights the heart Of human kind. No. 673. Conundrum*. Why Is B like a hot fire? Why is D like a squalling child? Why is L like giving a sweetheart away? Why is Q rather impertinent? Why is S like a smart repartee? Why is T like an amphibious animal? No. 674. Enigmatical Trees. What's the Tree that with Death would unit* you, (1) The Tree that your wants would supply. (2) The Tree that to travel invites you, (3) And the Tree that forbids you to die? (4) No. 675. A Seasonable Acrostic. All of the words described contain the same number of letters. When rightly guessed and placed one below the other, in the order here given, the third row (reading downward) will spell what we all should give at the time named in the sixth row of letters. Crosswords 1. Vigorous. 2. Entwined. 3. An ensign of war. 4, Filtered. 5. Assault- ed. 6. Disperses. 7. Forebodes. 8. Any system of faith and worship. 9. Survives. 10. Providing food. 1L A two masted ves- BeL 12. A word corresponding with another. 13. To reflect. 14. A vessel for holding ink. 15. Not retarded. o. 676. A Word Square. O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o The first row of four rings represents the name of a city famous for its art. The sec- ond row, a precious stone regarded as un- lucky. The third row, "to beat." The fourth row, a girl's name. 8 4 Everybody's No. 677. Hidden Word*. Timid ana tremoung, gentle ana ruae, Hallowed, dewy, loathsome and good, Just the oddest of compounds, ever the Earn* Since the dawn of creation. What is my namf Find the names of these objects, write them down in the order in which they come, and then find hidden words to supply those miss- ing in the following sentences: The should give to the poor. What color did he itf How that twinkles 1 John can a boat. Boaz let Ruth in his field. Go to the pasture, Charles, and get tha > This is a good of water. The guest was grateful to his the door. No. 678. Beheadments. As a whole, I am single, 'tis true; Behead me, I am single, too; Behead again, the same is true. Behead again, a direction get; Behead again, a direction yet; Away with this and nothing is met. No. 670. Charade. When the sunshine and the shadows, In the prime time of the year, Are flitting o'er the meadows, My first you always hear. When man is softly sleeping, And every care seems sped, My second, darkly creeping, Oft fills his soul with dread. My whole's what we despise or shun, Or a delusion sprung from hate or fun. No. 680. TVhat I My Name? Of nothing I'm made, but when complete. Too' oot to bo eaten, I taste very sweet; None erer beheld me, yet often I'm sought, But never yet bandied after I'm caught. I'm affectionate, balmy, lingering and long, Proud rind haughty, tender and strong, Forced and unwilling, frigid and cold, Treacherous and false, yet pure aa gold, Tempting and fragrant, sacred, divine, Soothing and rapturous, delicious as wins. No. 681. Numerical Enigma. I am composed of seven letters and my whole is a plant My 1, 2 is a preposition. My 4, 5, 8 is a kind of carriage. My 3, 2, 7, 1 is to wear. My 6, 7 means partnership. No. 682. An Easy Riddle. I am a little word composed of five letters. My 1, 2, 3 make about half of the human race; my 4, 2, 3 make so small a number that it can be represented by a single letter; my 8, 2, 4 make an article very useful to many persons; my 1, 2, 4 means encountered, and my 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 names a city noted for it* fortress and as being the place where print' ing was invented. No. 683. Conundrum*. Why are cashmere shawls like deaf per- sons f Why is a nail, fast in the wall, like an old man? Why are washerwomen the most inconsist- ent of persons? When a boy falls into the water what U the first thing he does? What is the difference between killed sol- diers and repaired garments? No. 684. A Word Puzzle. 1. A measure, area of land. 2, An Irl defr cent lihing of a certain shell 3. Transpose, a wading bird. 4. Behead and transpose, and get "that which is adjacent" 5. Behead and transpose again and obtain a division of time. 6. Curtail and find in error. 7. Curtail one* more and "a direction" remains. No. 685. Acrostic. The father of the Grecian Jove, A little boy that's blind; A mighty land in all the world, The mother of mankind; A poet whose love sonnets Are still very much admired; The initial letters will declare A blessing to the tired. No. 686. A Diamond and a Half bqnar*. 1. A letter; to drink; to hold back; a num- ber; set free; displayed; estimated; guided; a letter. 2. Not having wings, as insects; those who smooth with a plane; idle talk; a passage; to depend upon; unrefined metal; a pronoun; a letter from Washington. Book of Puzzles. No. 687. Geographical Enigmas. Example: A month and a vowel. Answer, Augusta, 1. An animal and dexterity. 3. Yeast and value. 8. A master and a weight, 4. Fresh and an old boat. 5. Base and a measure. 6. Swarthy and a church. 7. To hold fast and to disembark. 8. A jump and a meadow. 9. Fresh, a conjunction, and inclines. 10. An animal and a crossing. 1L. A feminine name, a garment and bounds. 13. A human being, a box, and to sin. 13. A toy, to knot, and a statesman. 14. A feminine name and a Bphera 15. A masculine nickname, a vowel, a person, and to strike gently. No. 688. Arithmetical. Put down 101, divide by 50, and add a ci- pher. Result, 1 taken from 9. No. 689. Crossword Enigma. My first is in nun and not in some. My second is in nap and not in fun. My third is in pay and not in debt. My fourth is in bone and not in bet. My fifth is in love and not in hatred. My sixth is in blue and also in red. My seventh is in boat and not in ship. My eighth is in hand and not in whip. My whole is the name of a great conqueror. No. 690. A Poetical Quotation. No. 691. What Is It? My head and tail both equal are. My middle slender as a bee; Whether I stand on head or heel, 'Tis all the same to you or me; But if my head should be cut off, The matter's true although 'tis strange, My head and body severed thus, Immediately to nothing change. No. 692. Curtailments. Complete, I am a useful grain ; One letter off, there will remain An agent in producing growth; Once more behead, what few are loth To do, is seen; curtail again A preposition will remain. No. 693. Easy Word Square*. 1. A place of sale; to assert; a town of Ne- Tada; stepped. 2. Departed; a large lake; bites; a trial. No. 694. Central Acrostic. Centrals, a large city of the United States. 1. Running matches. 3. Made of ash wood. 8. During. 4. Walks slowly. 5. A movable seat. 6. To cause to be produced. 7. Re- duced to pieces. No. 695. Beheadings. Behead solitary and leave a single thing. Behead to abbreviate and leave a structure over a river. Behead to apprehend evil and leave a part of the body. No. 696. Geographical Biddies. 1. What mountain is a. covering for the nead? 3. What river in Africa Is a juicy fruit? 8. What river in the western part of the United States is a serpent? 4. What one near it is a fish? 5. What cape of Florida is an animal? 6. What cape in North America breathes a parting benediction? Appropriate Mottoes. For gunners Off like a shot I For violin players Feedle-de-dee. For pork butchers The whole hog or none. For betting men Where's the odds? For unsuccessful poets Hard lines. For bakers Early to bread and early to rise. No. 697. Numerical Enigma. I am composed of 19 letters. My 13, 6, 3 is a personal pronoun. My 8, 19, 3, 4 is a wild animal. My 15, 5, 16 is an active verb. My 16, 18, 17 is a numeral. My 15, 7, 14, 13, 16, 11, 1 is to expand. My 8, 19, 6, 16 is a vegetable. My 15, 9, 3 is a body of water. My 15, 6, 11, 4, 10, 7 is something unknown tr hidden. My whole is a well known American au- thoress, whose most celebrated story has been translated into many languages, and as a play is received with unfailing popularity. 86 Everybody's No. 60S. Hidden Word*. In the name of one of the plants proposed for a national flower may be found a range of mountains sloping toward both Europe and Asia, a meadow, a verb, "an epoch," "a snare," a king whose name is the title of one of Shakespeare's plays, a girl's name, a cloth measure, "true," a part of the head, every- thing. No. 609. Illustrated Proverb. *ae curtailed letters form a word meaning "liability," "obligation," "dua" No. 7OO. A Charade. Little Tom and his sister went fishing, Their ages were seven and five; They returned all elated and smiling, Declaring they'd caught some alive, Triumphant they opened their basket, To let mamma see their grand prize, "Why, these are not fish, they are one twos, You silly young ones, see their eyes?" The children looked sore, disappointed, And Tom laid bis two on the floor. Deciding he didn't like fishing, And was sure he'd not go any more. No. 701. Croas Word Enigma. My first is in water, but not in land; My second in foot, but not in hand; My third is in lark, but not in wren; My fourth is in five, but not in ten; My fifth and last in eagle you'll see My whole a general brave was he, Who died in the moment of victory. No. 702. Drop Letter Proverb. -E-L -I-H-U- -N-W-E-G- I- -H- -I-T-B -F No. 703. Curtailment*. Curtail "old," and have "generation." Curtail "mature," and have "to tear a earn." Curtail "a line used for measuring," and have a kind of fruit Curtail " number of ships together," and hy "to run *waj." No. 7O4. Charade. Here's a man eager for my first ; Strange what a most decided thirst Some men have for what is found In this, my whola The crackling sound Of second being folded, greets The ear at home and on the streets. No. 705. A Concealed Quotation. In the following paragraph the curious and diligent seeker may find a familiar quotation from "Romeo and Juliet:" "What sin have I committed?" said an American girl to her lover, when she sat on his best hat which he had left on the sofa, He handed her a wet calla and arose to take his leave. His hobby was botany, but not hers, for she was an American schoolgirl. "I would prefer as mellow a pear as you can give me, Leonidas," she said, "to this wee thing you call a flower." No. 706. Easy Riddle. I am a little word composed of only five letters, yet so great is my weight that strong men have been crushed by me, and I have been known to destroy life by pressing too heaviiy upon those with whom I came in con- tact I am of the plural number, yet by add- ing the letter S I become singular. If, before adding the letter S, you cut off my head and tail, what remains is a verb implying exist- ence; if, instead of thus mutilating me, you place my second letter before my first, I am changed into what will make a poor man rich. My 3 2 1 4 is that in which many strive, but only one wins; iny 51234 means to alarm ; my 5 4 2 3 is to burn ; my 1 2 3 is very necessary in large cities; my 5 4 2 is enticing to many; my 2 I 4 u oue; my 23 1 is not complete; my 4 2 3 is of wonderful and deli- cate construction ; my 1254 is visited very frequently by a physician, who frequently has more 12345 than a follower of any other profession. No. 707. A Wise Saying. I am composed of 30 letters. My 27, 13, 24, 9, 4 are invariably quacks. My 18, 25, 1, 17, 3, 14, 26 are dear to me. My 2, 16, 2, 7, 2, 20 is in your eye. My 15, 29, 19, 8, 18 is what we all high for. My 30, 10, 5, 24 are used in games of chance. My 11, 28. 12, 3 is a small boy. My 5, 19, 30, 13, 14 goes through the press. My 15, 7, 11, 20 is frequently presented, My 25, 22, 5, C is part of a foot. My wb,ole is a wise saying. Book of Pussies. Ko. 708. A Stitch Puixl*. Our girl readers will be the first to solve this rebus, which recently appeared in St. Nicholas. In the picture are suggested the names of fourteen different stitches used by needlewomen. What are they? No. 709. An Hour Glass. OOOoOoooo o o o O o o o o o O o o o o O o O o o o O o o o o o o o o ooooOoooo The central letters, reading downward, name one of the United States. The cross- words: 1 "One who throws, twists or winds Bilk." 2. "Educated," "directed." 3. "Ce- lerity of motion," "speed," "dispatch." 4. "Concreted sugar," "water in a solid state." 5. In "Ohio." G. "Termination." 7. "An adhesive combination of flour and water," or "earth and water as prepared by the potter," etc. 8. "Dexterity," "an artful trick per- formed by jugglers." 9. "Severity, harsh- ness." No. 710. A Pleasure Excursion. My (island near Maine) (city in North Carolina) : I have been (city in Pennsylvania), but now will tell you about our trip. Wo went to see (city in Switzerland). There was (city in New Jersey), (city in Arkansas), (moun- tain in California), (city in Pennsylvania) and myself. (City in New Jersey), wore a (river in Utah), (animal in South America), (city in Arkansas) wore (city in China) flan- nel I had to (point in Alaska) a (mountain in Oregon) and wore a (hills in Dakota) dress. We got an early (point in England). We went over a very (mountains in United States) fetatein United Statesi. (City in Switzer- land) had been on the (cape near North Caro- lina) for us. As you must know (city in Switzerland) Is very (mountains in West Vir- ginia), and her floors were covered with (city in Europe) carpet She showed us a (cape in South America) basket she made, also her lovely (river in Switzerland) pet cow. We staid over (strait in East Indies) and then came home. My (city of Nabraska), 1 must close. 1 (cape in North Carolina) wo will get a (town of Wisconsin). (Cape of Green- land.) City of Kansas. No. 711. Palindromes. A palindrome is a word which reads the game backward and forward, as for example, "madam." Here are some easy ones: 1. Part of a ves- sel. 2. An infant's garment. 3. A devout woman. 4. Treated like a God. 5. Certain songs. 6. A traveling conveyance. 7. A small animal 8. Doctrine. 9. A legal docu- ment. No. 712. A Question of Slaking Change. A man purchased groceries to the amount of 34 ceuts. When he came to pay for the goods he found that he had only a one dollar bill, a three cent piece, and a two cent piece. Th3 grocer, on his side, had only a fifty cent piece and a quarter. They appealed to a by- stander for change; but he, although willing to oblige them, had only two dimes, a five cent piece, a two cent piece and a one cent piece. After some perplexity, however, change was made to the satisfaction of every one concerned. What was the simplest way of accomplishing this? No. 713. A Pictorial Rebus. No. 714. Double Central Acrostic. To arrange; a woman lacking in neatness; certain kinds of puzzles; a figure of three angles; a wooden plate; neglected; taken what is offered ; obtained the use of for a time; certain vegetables. The fourth row of letters, read down, de- fines unknown persons. 88 Everybody's The fifth row of letters, read down, define* a small post. No. 715. Coins to Market. One day I went into a store To buy some groceries, But when I reached my home I found The p r was half peas; The g r, too, was strong of gin, And the r e was filled with ice; The s p contained the blood of a sire, And the ice was in the sp ; A sod was discerned in the s a And the c s looked queer, for per- chance The blood of a cur was spilt therein, And the food was tilled with ants; The o o was well seasoned with sage, And the canned s h was half tar ; And strange to say, the s r contained The stump of a nasty cigar. I was well worked up, and felt rather sore, But I never again returned to that store. No. 710. What la It? A friend to all the human race, From emperor to peasant; There's none more missed when not in place, Or of more use when present. Obedient to my patron's will, I yield to their control; Yet every one is trying still To "put me in a hole." No. 717. Anagram* These anagrams represent the names of three noted historians and three favorite American authors: Ward De Thaeta Revel Bertha C. DeCarl-ScoA Jan Dry. the famous one. It is Carl P. Wheltom. Roger L. Wainn goes. kerg. Tom Sejia. No. 718. A Drop Letter Saying. -*-e -h- g-e-t-s- s-u-d. No. 710. PI of the Season. Bredmece clesos no eth ceena Dan hwta prapea bet mothsn nogo stapf Btagmerfn fo meti wichh cone heav benel Desucingce lowlys, Ifed oto fats! Thire mienuts, shour, dan sayd pareap Livewea ni halt malls tinop, a ryea. No. 720. A Charade. Lord Ronald burned the famed Yule log With wassail in his hall, And first was wreathed in many a fold Where the Christmas moonbeams fall. He poured the second in a glass, And pledged the Christmas glow; Vnd the whole in the garden lay dead Under the gleaming snow. No. 721. Cross Word Enigma. My first is in March but not in Spring, My second in Eaglo but not in Wing ; My third is in Power but not in Strong, My fourth in Warble but not in Song; My fifth is in Rose and also in Leaf, My sixth in Summary, not in Brief; My seventh is in Summer but not in Joy, My eighth in Golden but not in Toy; My ninth is in Apple but not in King, My tenth in Whisper but not in Sing. I come from the woods, if there you espy A flower or a bird that is sweeter than I, I give you permission in April weather To serve me on snow and eat me together. No. 722. Easy Transpositions. Transpose a part of a musical instrument into a stain; also into cooking utensils; also into the highest parts; also into a place. No. 723. Mental Arithmetic. No. 724. A Riddle. I sing in the woods a gentle song; I lurk in the glens, or the brook along. I give to the sparkling stream a hue That artists would love to paint so true. And in the student's den I dwell, While o'er the boy I cast my spelL The scholar loves my soberest face; The artist paints my prettiest grace. Tm black and white yellow and gold Maybe red or green, maybe gray and old. No. 725. How Is This? In a stage coach on the way to a Christmai gathering at the old homestead were 1 grand- mother, 3 mothers, 2 aunts, 4 sisters, 2 broth- ers, 4 daughters, two sons, 5 cousins, 3 nieces, 2 nephews, 3 grand-daughters and 2 grand- tons. How many persons were there! Book of Puzzles. 89 No. 726. Numerical Enigma. My whole, containing 22 letters, is an old Baying often heard by girls. My 16, 15, 2, 10 is huge. My 3, 4, 9, 13 is a prong. My 18, 6, 22, 21, 3 is odor. My 17, 1, 2, 5 is one of the points of th compass. My 14, 7, 13, 12 is one of Noah's sons. My 6, 8, 16, 11, 6 is relating to a city. My 20, 19 denotes position. No. 727. Reverse*. 1. Reverse a luminous body, and have the plural of an animal. 2. Reverse "a conflict," and have "un- cooked." 3. Reverse a boy's name, and have the home of a wild beast. 4. Reverse a vegetable which grows within the earth, and have a month. 5. Reverse the plural of a kitchen utensil, and have "to break with a quick sound." 6. Reverse a kind of weed, growing near the water, and have an animal. No. 728. Enigma: A Little Fairy. Within my walls of silver A little fairy lives, Whose presence in a household Great joy and comfort gives. She sows no tares of anger, And ugly weeds that spoil, But to sew tears in garments She willingly will toil. Now, name this useful fairy. Her shining palace, too, Her clever, nimblo sisters, Who all her bidding do. No. 729. A Cat Up Puzzle. First cut out, with a penknife, In pasteboard or card, The designs numbered one, two and three- Four of each after which, as the puzzle is bard. You had better be guided by me To a certain extent; for in fixins take care That each portion is fitted hi tight, Or they will not produce such a neat little square Aa they otherwise would if done right. No. 730. Beheadings Transposed. Each word contains five letters. The be- headed letters form the name of a famous naturalist Behead an extensive mountain range, and transpose the remaining letters to make a word meaning the objects aimed at. Behead imposing; transpose to make to mend. Behead to diminish; transpose to make a stroke. Behead to strike down; transpose to make opportunity. Behead possessing flavor; transpose to make settled. Behead a reflection ; transpose to make a contest. Behead an animal; transpose to make an animal. No. 731. A Charade. My first, like a laggard, Is always behind. In the form of one thousand my second you'll find. And yet, for my whole should you search the world round. In the morning or evening, 'twill never be found. No. 732. A Rhyming Numerical Enigma 1. A word in much demand, tis true, Is this little word, 5, 1, 2. 2. A well known foreign plant youTI see, Is spelled by using 5, 2, 3. 8. This very morn I found alive In my new trap a 4, 3, 5. 4. If you would hoar a little more. You must lend your 2, 3, 4. 6. "There is nothing new under the sun," Is said on 2, 3, 4, 5, I. 6. Because my boy fell on the floor, Fell many a 5, 2, 3, 4. 7. A statement 'gainst which none will strive, All have a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. No. 733. A Riddle. Back and down trodden is my line, Yet you may not despise, For surely I was made to shine Before admiring eyes. Of all my wanderings o'er the earth, Though lightly you may talk, Your understanding owns my worth And blameless daily walk. No. 731. An Animal in Anagram. I saw on the street a descendant of Ham, Not ill o' disease, but "ill o' a dram," This anagram straightened you've seen, I suppose, In pictures, and, mayhap, in animal shows; And if you have seen it you're noticed the lack Of even & semblance of fur on its K nflr Everybody s Jfo. 735. A Palindrome. Long years ago, the Portuguese In me rode over stormy seas, Held on my course 'inid pirates bold, Who sought to seize my freight of gold, Sailed on until I reached the shore Of India, famed in ancient lore. Then back I sailed, and in the hold Were richest spices wealth untold Which netted to the captain brave All riches that his heart could crave. Now this I'll tell : Scan well my name, Backward and forward I'm the same A palindrome, no more or less, So use your wits my name to guess. > ... 730. A Word Square. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o The first row of five represents a word meaning "empty,"' "void of intelligence." The second row, the post at the foot of the stairca-e. The third row, " to adjudge," " to determine." The fourth, ''to give vigor," "a sinew." The fifth, an American shrub having broad umbels of white flowers and dark red berries. The blossoms and berries are n^ed in medicine. It grows wild usually, but is sometimes seen in gardens. Wo. 737 Charade. " Mother dear, please say I may Go down and skate upon the buy." " My little son, you cannot go Upon the ice in the bay below. This very morn did your father say, Ere to his whole he went away. John must keep first the second to-day.' " Jlo. 73S. Xnmerlral Kiilgina. My 4, 1, 9 is small in number. My 3, 2, 7 is appropriate. My 6, 5, 10 is a sheltered place. My 1 1, 8, 9 is a riotous n<> My whole is a renowned structure of recent date. Th- Magic Dance. An entertaining electrical experiment can be performed by the young folks on clear, o-l,l winter evenings, as it succeeds best when the atmosphere is very dry. The apparatus in simple. Two large books and a pane of gla*n, ay 10 by 12 inches ii. come firdt. The ends of the glass an pit. between the leaves of the books, so as to the gliM Aboot i; inch above the Ml.!.-. Then take tissue paper and cut u.a uny figure thut fancy prompt, not to be over 1 inch or 1| inch in length. The^e figures are to be laid upon the table under the glass, and the experiment is ready to be put into practical operation. The next ftep is to take a silk handkerchief and rub the top of the glass with a quick circular motion. The result is to bring the figures into active life, their antics being amusing beyond description. Be oaref ul not to touch the glass with the hand or finger during the movement of the figures, for it will stop them at once. in. 739. A Zoological Acrostic. O oooooooo O O oooooooo o o o O O O O o o o o o o o The inner vertical represents the name of an animal. It is of a yellow or fawn colour, with rose-like clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Africa and India. The row of three, a quadruped of the stag kind, with wide, spreading horns. It is found in Europe and North America. The row of eight, a quadruped intermediate be- tween the deer and goat. Its horns are al- most always round and ringed. It is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and in the Easfern continent. The row of three, an animal that burrows in the earth ami is remarkable for its cunning. The row of eight, a quadruped of the tribe of pachy- derms of two living species. It is found in Africa and India. It is vei y intelligent, but sometimes exceedingly ferocious. The row of three, a small rodent mammal. The row of seven, a little well-known hound, remark- able for going into the ground after animals that burrow. The row of seven, an animal of the cat family, fierce and strong. Wo. 74O > ii in. -i i- .1 i Enigma. A Spanish soldier, having straggled from the main body of troops, was overtaken by a shower of rain. As protection from the storm, he donned a large 1. 2. :*. 4, whileover his arm hung a 1. '2. :<. 4 in which he expected shortly to 1. !'.:>. I quantities of 1. '2. :<. 4, when he and his comi>anions should 1 . the town they were approaching. Coming unexpectedly upon a 3, 2, 1,4 of 1. 2. :<. 1. he greedily imbibed a large draught, at'tt-r which he thus paradoxically apo>tn>- phised it : " You are wet, you are dry. So likewise was I. I drank of you. and you qu'ii"heil my thirr-t. You would greatly aid my e<>mpanions and me in the work be- fore us. but the 1. '_'. .'?. I in which you are is too unwieldy for ine to carry, and being Book of Puzzles. wet you cannot be transferred to the 1,2,3.4 on my arm ; therefore, most reluctantly I leave you. with the assurance that your in- fluence will go with me." JTo. 741. Charade. They say my first is very bright, And what they say is true ; But only in my second can My first be seen by you. My second would without my first Be far from being bright ; My whole is what the working man Welcomes with great delight. Xo. 742. Word Sqnarea. 1. To delight ; a room where meat is kept; mistakes ; accommodate s ; a long seat ; re- moves. 2. Cleanses ; a bloodvessel ; tempests ; a recluse ; an animal ; method. >O. 743. rni^iii.i , With thieves I consort. With the vilest, in short, I'm quite at my ease in depravity ; Yet all divines use me, And savants can't lose me. For I am the centre of gravity. No. 744. Letter Reunaea. Rosam G C D nor E D Problem*. Make V (five) less by adding to it. IV (four). From a number that's odd cut off the head, it then will even be ; its tail, I pray, next take away, your mother then you'll see. Seven even Eve. What must you add to nine to make it six .' S. for IX with S is six. Which is the greatest number, six dozen dozen or half a dozen dozen .' Why six dozen dozen, of course. What is the difference between twice twenty-two and twice two and twenty .' One is 44 and the other 24. When do two and two not make four ? When they stand for 22. A Puzzle of tlie Antipodes. You don't know what the exact antipodes to Ireland is .' You mean to say you don't .' Nonsense ! Why. suppose we were to bore a hole exactly through the earth, starting from Dublin, and you went in at this end, where would you come out ? Why, out of the other end of the hole, to be ><. 745. Easy Beheadings. 1. Behead dingles, and leave beverages. 2. Behead to expect, and leave to attend. 3. Behead a useful instrument, and leave a tuft of hair. 4. Behead informed, and leave merchandise. f>. Behead a retinue, and leave to fall in drop?. G. Behead fanciful, and leave to distribute. 7. Behead to suppose, and leave to languish. 8. Behead at no time, and leave always. The beheaded letters will name what chil- dren most enjoy. > . 746. A Pyramid. o o O o O o o o O o o o ooooQoooo The solitary ring represents a consonant. The row of three, ' the home of wild beasts." The row of five, " a noisy collision of two or more bodies." The row of seven, " to eluci- date." The row of nine, " to wrongly em- ploy." The vertical of five. " kingdom." Xo 7i7. A Riddle. You may find me there before you at any- body's door, In the palace of the rich or the cottage of the poor ; You may find me in the earth and air, but in the mighty sea, Would surely be a place, my friends, you need not look for me. I've lived out in the country, and I've lived within the town, And moved so oft from house to house I long to settle down. Both men and women shun me, the youthful and the old, (But oh ! how glad to grasp me when I am made of gold). How often on the doorstep, I fain would enter in. when Betty spied my presence and sent me off again. Men hate me and they scorn me, and they throw me here and there ; You may see me lying helpless in the gutter -on the stair. You may see me where they throw me, so if you'll look again, Can't you see me in the eyes of some simple guileless men ? I hate the winter's ice and snow and hate to have it rain ; I'm very fond of travelling and always on train. ffo. 74S. An Anagram. (' nne tell me, soldier, old and gray, What is this curious riddle, pray ' Everybody s The bravest army in the field Without me to the foe must yield. F..r man .-ind horse I food provide Ami see th.-ir daily wants supplied ; Yet while I'm cursed by rank and file They love me, though they call me vile. The soldier heived a gentle sigh And said : " Oh, miss, a cart am I." J(o. 749. Double Acrostic. My primals and finals each name a famous geologist. Cross words (of equal length) : 1. An iron block upon which metals are hammered. 2. A short prayer. 3. An Athenian. 4. A Tolley. 5. Slaughtered. 6. A mass of un- wrought metaL 7. A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Ho. 75O. Cross Word. My first is in cat, but not in kitten. My second is in glove, but not in mitten. My third is in rat, but not in mouse. My fourth is in cottage, but not in house. My fifth is in draught, but not in drink. My whole is a conveyance, I think. Ho. 751. A Xoted Bntllc. Behead the words defined in the firsfr column to get those in the second. The de- capitated letters in order will spell a decisive battle. 1. To vacillate, 1. To assert. 2. Foreign, 2. A legal claim, 8. Vestige, 3. Lineage, 4. Conclusion, 4. A small aperture, 6. To send back, 5. To eject, 6. A mechanical power, fi. Always, 7. Public, 7. A green colour, 8. To suppose. 8. A tree. Ho. 75*. Arithmetical. Place four nine* BO as to equal one hund iv:l. A duck before two ducks, a duck behind two duck* and a duck lie' ween two ducks how many ducks were there in all .' Ho. 723. Enigma. The whole, composed of 4 1 letters, is. an old axiom. The ! is to defraud. The :.. '*. 7. -.".I. It, 10 is to obstruct. The 8, 11, 17, 41. IT,, 2:1, is a covering for the head. The U. U. 16, 1... II, 1- is changeable. The :v -Jl. BO, n. -'1. in is a theme. The 20. L'7. H7, :tr,. :t:,. :u is pushed. Th. . t tin for bone. The :.';. :ii>. :<'., 33 is a hood. No. 754. Historical Anagram*. " TELL ON WING" his fame and glory, Hero great of English story. For himself "NUIIUM; WAS." For '. land all in all. It he saved from oppression, from bondage and thrall. " A SCARE'' he would give us if living to day, For he conquered all nations that came in his way. ' GREET THE PATER" of his country, who for it was not afraid To lay aside his rank and title and incog, to learn a trade. "GREAT THE RADIUS" that he conquered, stretching out from sea t< Kind his heart, though strong his hand was for he set God's people free. Ho. 755. Enigma. Alone, no life can be without me ; With C. I hold the widest beast ; With G. I measure land and sea : With P. I serve the nobleman ; With R, I rave with passion dread ; With S. I know the depths of wisdom ; With W, I earn my daily bread. JSo. 7.1O. Hour <41a*ses. I. The central letters reading downwards will spell the surname of a very famous American. Cross Words: 1. Vexing. 2. To dress for show. 3. Single. 4. A letter in Publi- cola. 5. To bend. 6. A Hungarian dance. 7. Part of the day. II. Centrals downwards, the name of a famous Italian poet. Cross Words: 1. A company of pilgrims travelling together. '2. Worth. 3. Energy. 4. In Publicola. 5. A small serpent. 6. An aquatic animal. 7. A bigot. Jfo. 757. Charade. A messenger, my whole, who carries grief and joy. My whole is second, too ; but not a frolic- some liuy. Of stone or wood my first ; and yet it spans the globe. With messages untold, for palace and adobe. N... :.-,s. \ Faithful Guide. A pleasure party roaming Now hither and now there Found, when came on the gloaming, They were, they knew not where. Then some began a-wailing, They were so sore affright, But tears were not availing, And on apace came night. Book of Puzzles. 93 Then one produced a finger, That anyone might own, Aiid bade them not to linger While pointing to their home. This faithful little trembler, That tells the truth alway, Shames any false dissembler Who leads the lost astray. ><>. 759. --Comparisons. 1. Positive, an insect ; comparative, a beverage ; superlative, an animal. 2. Posi- tive, a coxcomb ; comparative, an annoy- ance ; superlative, to vaunt. 3. Positive, a reward ; comparative, awe ; superlative, a banquet. 4. Positive, to travel ; compara- tive, to stab ; superlative, a spectre. 5. Positive, a deer ; comparative, to bellow ; superlative, to parch. Wo. 70O. A Queer Conceit. Two patient creatures and a preposition, Produce a monster worthy of perdition. Wo. 761. Geographical Anagrams. 1. I Begin R-A-T rat. 2. Date it sunset. 8. A rails at U. 4. Scold Nat. 5. ! nine mate. 6. Philip had ale. Wo. 768. Conundrums. Why have domestic fowls no future state of existence 1 What is the difference between a baby and a pair of boots .' Why is a plum cake like the ocean ? In what colour should a secret be kept ? Appropriate Epitaphs. A good epitaph for a cricketer " Over." For an auctioneer " Gone." For a billiard-marker " The long rest." For a drowned boat's crew " Easy all." Wo. 763. Belieadiiign. Behead an animal and leave to follow closely ; a bird and leave twice ; the channel for a rapid current of water and leave a par- ticle ; a name sometimes given to plumbago and leave to increase ; to connive at and leave a wager ; to disembark and leave a con- junction : nice perception and leave to feign ; a delightful region and leave a haunt ; a float and leave astern ; a Scandinavian legend and leave a Turkish title ; to confine and leave to grow old ; to comply with and leave a Turkish governor ; a crutch and leave a unit ; a company of attendants and leave to be in trouble. The beheaded letters form the name of a famous writer. Wo, 964 Charade. You'll find my first a wild, shrill cry ; My whole is often called a hue. My hist is never loud nor high, And yet it is to bellow, too. Do my whole you never could ; Be my whole you never should ; Wear my whole you often would. Wo. 765. An Enigmatical Quartet. A thousand one gentle name needs for a start, Just a unit of that I can count. The next neighbour claims but a twentieth part, And the next one has half the amount. We are gentle folk all, by the spell of the whole, Be our wealth in a mint or a dime. Its charm is kind manners and calmness of And these will most truly refine. [soul, Wo. 766. A Pretty Puzzle. Insert a vowel wherever there is an X in the ten sentences which follow. When they are complete, select a word of five letters from each sentence. When these ten words are rightly selected and placed one below the other, the central row of letters, reading downward, will spell the names of certain missives, very pleasant to receive : 1. XLL CXVXT, XLL LXSX. 2. YXX DXG YXXR GEXVX WXTH YXXB TXXTH. 3. WX HXTX DXLXY.YXT XT MXKXS XS WXSX. 4. BXTTXR HXLP X LXXP THXN NX BKXXI). 5. PXNNY WXSX. PXXKD FXXLXSH. 6. X DRXWNXN'G MXN WXLL CXTCH XT'X STBXW. 7. TWX XLL MXXLS MXKX THX THXRD X GLXTTXX. 8. HXNXYXN THX MXXTH SXVXSTHX PXR3X. 19. SPXRX TX SPXXK, SPXRX TX SPXXD. 10. HXSTX MXKXS WXSTX. Wo. 707 Word Sqnarcs. Not rough, a rainbow, a number, a Scripture name. Not dim, to depart, edges of a roof to ward off, pauses. like Wo. 70S Conundrum*. Why are horses in cold weather meddle ome gossips .' Why is a specimen of handwriting like a dead pig ? Why is a ten cent piece like a cow 1 When is water like fat? A Few Conundrums Answered. Can you till why the giant Goliath was very much a-stone-ished when David hit 94 Everybody him with a stone ? Why, because such a thing had never entered his head before. A prize toy should be given to the child who guesses the following : What kin is that child to its own father, who is not his own father's son .' His daughter. W hen does a son not take after his father .' When his father leaves him nothing to take. Why is it easy to break into an old man'? house .' Because his gait is broken and his locks are few. What Egyptian official would a little boy mention if he were to cill his mother to the window to see something wonderful .' Mammy look ! mameluke. ;>eg leave to ax you which of a car- penter's tools is coffee like .' An ax with a dull edge, because it must be ground before it can be used. 769.-A Checkered Square. O o O o o O o O o o O o o O o O O O o O o o O o O O o o O O The upper horizontal of seven and the left vertical, reading downward, a word of seven letters, f-ignifying "a large ship with three or four decks, formerly used by the Span- iards as a man-of-war, as in the Armada, and also in commerce, as between Spain and her colonies in America." The lower horizontal and right verticil, another word of seven K-tu-rs, "beginning to exist or grow" : in chemistry, " in the act of being produced or evolved, as a gas." The second horizontal and second vertical. " spirits or ghosts of the departed," ' hobgoblins." The third, "an ornament of ribbons," " a tuft of feathers, diamonds, etc., in the form of a heron's crest" Ho. 770. Acroftfir Riddle. O o o o O o o o O o o o o o O o o o I watched my first in lofty flight. With sweetest >ng till out of fight. My peoond, flying low, I found With wings that did not leave the ground. My third. \vho*e win^s we cannot see, t t ik- flight fiom you or me. h destitute of wings, Flies high aloft but never sings. if my first you rightly name. You'll fin 1 my initial^ H|x-ll the same N... 771. letter F.nlgnta. In grape but not in plum. In gross but not in sum. In baize but not in wool. In calf but not in bull. In meat but not in chop. In break but not in lop. In mute but not in loud. In laugh but not in cloud. In Xacre, also in relation. My whole is a constellation. JTo. 77. Hidden Reptile*. Of a good little boy who aspires to the name Of Roger Newton, I now write : His kinky- haired pate is quite unknown to fame. But his friends think him clever and bright. His naked feet dance to a dear little song, As he jumped every morn from his bed ; He can make a salmon, and ere very long He thinks he can stand on his head. The years drag on slowly with him, for he talks Every day of " when he is a man," And regrets that his mother his progress e'er balks, And keeps him a child while she can. >"> 773. A Tramp's SI rntagrm. Four tramps applied at a farm house for alms. ' Well," said the farmer, " I have a piece of work that will require 200 hours' labor. If you want to do it, I will pay you $20, and you can divide the work and the money among yourselves as you see fit." The tramps agreed to do the work on these conditions : " HOW, l>oys," gaid one of the tramps, who was at the same time the laziest and the most intelligent of the four, "there is no use of all four of us doing the same amount of work. Let's draw lots to gee who fhall work the most hours a day and who the fewest. Then let each man work as many days as he does hours a day.'' The plan being agreed to, the lazy tramp took good care that chance should designate him to do the least number of hours of work. Now how were the 200 hours of work allotted so tluit each tramp should work as many hours a day as he did days, and yet so that no two tramps should work the same number of hours .' Tfo. 771.- In my Garden. I planted me a garden ; Like Hetty Prince's pig, It was not very little. Nor was it very big ; Book of Puzzles. 95 But' 'twas the funniest planting ; I'll tell the story, mind, But what I planted brought to me I'll leave for you to find. Wall Street I scattered duly ; A mourning Cupid's dart ; The mouths of Xed and Flora ; Good deeds heralded not ; An ancient pair of bellows ; A secret hid from view ; The filmy web of spiders ; A cough that's bad for you. What Adam lost in Eden ; A patient man's grief sign ; The headgear of a friar. And a regret of mine ; An uncanny woman's colour ; A certain shade of blue ; A wish to aid a venture, And surgeon's business too. Ho. 775. An Enigma. An article which a drummer must use is formed by adding nothing to a treasury of knowledge. It is a source of profit to pub- lishers, indispensable to bankers, contains officers of courts and legislative assemblies, and brings to mind forests in summer. Jlo. 77O. Phonetic Charade. FIRST. He is smart, he is fine, and oh, what a shine ! In cities he's quite often seen, And I very well know, though you did not say so, You have noticed the fellow I mean. SECOND. In the dusky shade of the forest glade I lie in wait for food : I watch and spring, and the murdered thing Never dares to call me rude. WHOLE. In the meadow land 'mid the grass I stand, My bonny bright mates and I ; Then s^me day, little maid,I growhalf afraid, And far, far away I fly. Tto. 777. ?fu:iierical Enigma. I am composed of nine letters. My 3, 4, 7, 8 is to jump. My 6, 7, 3, 8, 9 is a proper name. My 5. 7. :<, 4 is what sailors dread. My 1,2, 7 is a beverage. My whole is a rapid transmitter of news. Jfo. 779. DeJphlnlsed Poetry. The following may be turned into a familiar rhyme for young folks: I cherish much affection for diminutive grimalkin ; her external covering is well adapted to check radiation of heat ; and provided I refrain from inflicting pain on her, she will commit no act injurious to myself. I will neither protract forcibly her caudal appendage, nor inimically banish her from my presence ; but my feline friend and I, mutually will indulge in recreation. As she takes sedentary repose in proximity to the ignited carbon, I desire vehemently to present her with a modicum of aliment ; and the subject of my lines shall have no option but to entertain tender regard for me, on account of my admirable behaviour. >>. 7SO -Enigmatical Birds. Part of a fence. A distant country. A seventy gun ship. Spoil at core. A colour (firit syllable) and a beginning (second syll- able). To lay partly over and a part of a bird. A small block put on the end of a screw to hold it in place and a small fire- work. fio. 781. Geographical Conundrums. 1. What country expresses sorrow 1 2. What land expresses keen resentment 1 3. What land does a small child of five wish to be in ] 4. What country would a hungry man relish 1 .". What country would a miser like as a present I fi. What land is travelled over most in winter .' Sfo. 7S. Who am I t I am seen in the west and felt in the east ; You'll find me wherever there's pleasure or feast ; In the evening I'm present and ready for tea ; With dinner or breakfast I always make free. I am constant at chess, piquet, or ecarte, Tho' you never will meet me at ball or at party. A gentleman cannot be seen without me ; A sailor will find me whene'er he's at sea. A schoolboy will catch me at cricket or race, And at Epsom, or Derby, or Leger I've place. Now, surely by this my name you can tell, Unless that, like truth, I am hid in a well. Jfo. 778. Pled quotation*. 1. "Sword thouwit ghoutsth renev ot vhenea og." 2. " Owlkneedg dan sodwim raf morf gineb eon evah tafnietis on cootinceun.' 1 Xo 783. Phonetic Charade. Tinkling softly down the lane, Brindle's coming home again ; Stretched before the firelight's glow Tabby's ringing soft and low ; The poet rests, his task is o'er Who can tell ti*. name he bore ' 9 6 Everybody's 5fo. 784.- Floral Anagram. Untouched by art, no grace we crave, Save what the soil and nature gave ; Empiric skill would dim the fair Pure colour pained of Nature's care ; Ambitious human creatures try, Illusively, with Nature vie ; Not we with artful daub attaint, To nature true, we ne'er use paint. !fo. 7*5. -TTnmerloal F.iiigiiia. 3, 11,7, 9, 2, 6, is the name of a man re- nowned for his strength. 12, 8, 13, 5, 1, is an evergreen tree, produc- ing long, flat, brown-coloured pods, filled with a mealy, succulent pulp, which in times of scarcity have been used for food, and called " St. John's bread." It is a native of Spain. Italy and the Levant. 1<>. H, 4, is ' fixed," to " appoint," " to as- sign." "a number of things of the same kind, onlinarily used together." The whole, of 14 letters, is a leading event in American his- tory, ab mt the time of the Revolution. JSo. 7S. < i I.--. \\ ord. My first is in snow seen, but never in rain, While lake, but not pond, doth my second contain. My third is in pitcher ; in bowl it is not ; My fourth is in kettle, though absent from pot ; My fifth is in straight, but is no part of sound. In all of these places my whole may be found. Xo. 7*7. Beheading*. 1. Behead " beyond the bounds of a conn- try" and have " wide"; again, and have "an open way or public passage." _'. I'.ehead 'a small shcot or branch," and have ' to petition"; again, and have ' a line of light" ; again, and have " yea," " yes." 3. Behead " worthless matter," and have "precipitate" ; again, and have the name of a genus of trees common in our latitude. There is a mountain species. > .. 7SS A Riddle. A cavern dark ard long, \Vhrmv is-ue wail and song; A red bridge moist and strong, Where white-robed millers throng Wo. T A Poellral KfTu-i,.,, Dols. 20 Shirt* ......... Handkerchiefs 40 Jfo. 79O. Decapitation. In the skies, a bird, I soar High above the ocean's roar. If my head you heartless take, As on the crags the billows break, I rise again above the rock That stands unshaken by the shock. Again beheaded, and I moan The words breathed out with many a groan Of shipwrecked souls, fcehead once-more, I am a fish that shuns the shore. Apply the guillotine again, And loud assent I give : Amen I Total dm- .................. DolB. 1 13 >' 791. Diagonal*. The diagonals, from the upper left hand corner to the lower right hand corner, will spell the name of a little cripple figuring in one of Dickens' stories. Cross Word- 1. Affliction. 2. The small- est kind of type used in English printing. 3. The owner of a famous box which is fabled to have been bestowed l>y Jupiter. 4. A man who attends to a dray. 5. A large artery. 6. Conciliatory. 7. A reward or recompense. Ho. ->: \ Puzzling Problem. A sailor had on board thirty men, fifteen white and fifteen black. It becoming neces- sary to lighten the vessel, he wished to throw overboard the black ones. It was agreed that he should count out fifteen men by tens every tenth man to be thrown over. How must he have placed the men so that the lot would not fall on any white man .' Tfo. 793. A Diamond. 1. A letter. 2. A film. 3. Decreased. 4. One who is unsteady. 5. A producer. 6. Chided. 7. To retard. 8. A twig. 9. A letter. Xo. 701. One of \atui-f'- IVonder*. 'Neath ocean's foam I make my home ; About me much is said. Sometimes I'm white or very light, And sometimes I am red. Thro' many years, as it appears, Millions of insects small Their lives laid down my fame to crown, All glory to them all. But greedy man my form will scan, And tear me from my home. Thro' stranger lauds in golden bands I'm sometimes forced to roam. The ladies fair. neck, arms and hair Witli me will oi't adorn, Nur think tint \vue my heart would know Had 1 a heart to mourn. By nature's Innd I'm rough as sand, I'.ut man will interfere. An 1 change me so I scarcely kuow Myself, I feel Book of Puzzles. 97 KEY TO L Picture puzzle Why is a conundrum like a monkey? Answer: It is farfetched and troublesome. 2. Enigma A leaf. 3. Arithmetical tangle It would seem at flrgt view that this is impossible, for how can half an egg be sold without breaking any of the eggs? The possibility of this seeming im- possibility will be evident, when it is con- sidered, that by taking the greater half of an odd number, we take the exact half plus % When the countrywomen passed the first guard, she had 29o eggs; by selling to that guard 148, which is tho half plus } ._,', she had 147 remaining ; to the second guard she disposed of 74, which is the major half of 147; and, of course, after selling 37 out of 73 to the last guard, she had still three dozen remaining. 4. A Star C M A RELATED ELUDED LUNAR MADAME CATERER E D D 5. Conundrums (a) Because he speaks of his corsair, (b) Because it has veins in it. (c) The elder tree, (d) Because they are leg- ends (e) Because he drops a line at every post, (f) Because he ''who steals his purse, steals trash." (g) Your voice is lost on him. (h) Because they are all numbered, (i) Two; tho inside and the outside, (j) Because it is flesh and blood, (k) Yesterday. No. 6. Anagrams: Caleb Plummcr; Bet- sey Trot wood; David Copperfield; Sairey Gamp; Nicholas Nickleby; Tilly Slowboy; Nancy Sykes; Sam Weller; Florence Dom- bey; Dick Bwiveller; Oliver Twist; Baruaby Rudge. No. 7. Enigma: Hood. No. 8. Riddle: Bark. No. 9. Pictorial rebus: When a man eats honey with a knife he cuts his tongue. No. 10. Syncopations: St(r)ay; ch(a)in; mo(r)at; co(a)st; pe(a)rt; se(v)er; no(i)se; ;>a(s)te Rara Avis. No. 11. Poetical charade: Birch broom. No. 12. Conundrums: (a) With a will (b) Down Easter, (c) One goes to sea the other ceases to go. (d) Don't pay your wat r rates, (e) Because he looks down on the valley (valet). (OSandY. (g) The letter M. (h) Dickens Howitt Burns, (i) When it's in a garden (Enoch Garden). No. 13. Charade: Book- worm. No. 14. A Letter Puzzle: "Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just." King Henry VI. Part 2; Act 3; Scene 2. No. 15. Enigmatical List of Trees: a, pear tree; b, caper tree; c, beech tree; d, cedar (ceder) ; e, medlar (meddler) ; f , bay ; g, pine; h, service tree; i, juniper tree; j, date: k, box; 1, honeysuckle; m, peach tree; n, codling; o, fir tree; p, birch; q, broom; r, bleeding heart cherry. No. 10. A Puzzler for Old and Young: a, Alice all ice; b, Violet violent; c, Rose proser; d, Ellen belle; e, Rachel ache; f, Gertrude rude; g, Bertha earth ; h, Ara- bellaAbelArab; i, Emma Euunaus; j, Caroline carol. No. 17. The Two Travelers. 69-37 miles from Wolverhampton. No. 18. Enigma in Prose. Note. No. 19. Conundrums: a, Adriatic; b, When it is a tea-thing (teething); c, Into his eleventh year; d, Because all the rest are in audible; e. Because it must be ground before it is used; f, Because they are regular, irreg- ular and defBctive; g, When it is due (dew) in the moruii ;j and missed (mist) at night; h, Metaphysi ian; i, Because it is listed and trained and has ten drills and shoots. 20. Double Word Enigma Highway Rob- bery. 21. Rebus Spear: Pears; Rape; Reap; Pare; Apes; Peas; Ears; Rase; Sear; Rasp; Asp; Par; Rap; Rep; Sap; Arc; Parse. 2L'. Word Puzzles a, Incomprehensi- bility; b, Invisibility; c, Revolutionary; Elo- cutionary, Unquestionably. 23. The number of letters contained in each numeral. 24. Word Square 9 8 Everybody's BRACES REGENT AGENDA CENTER ENDEAR 8 TARRY 25. Charade No-thing. M. Pictorial Proverb A bird in the bond is worth two in the bush. Knigma A kiiJ. 28. Conundrums , a Seven; b, Nothing; c, Conundrum; d, Dotage; e, Stocks. 29. Decapitation: Grant, (a) G-oat. (b) R-eeL (c) A-den. (d) N-ape. (e) T-ray. 80. The number forty-five: The first is 8, to which 2 being added makes 10; the second from which 2 being subtracted leaves 10; tho third is 3, which being multiplied by 2 produces 10; the fourth is 20, which being divided by 2, the quotient is 10. ::i. Enigma in rhyme: Cricket 82L-Riddle: COXCOMB. S3. Card board puzzle: A simple ;<>n of the annexed figure will show bow the pieces must be ar- ranged to form the IT' '^. 34. Geographical Enigma: Adelaide and IIT friend Helena went shopping. Adelaide wore an ulster and a crescent pin. Helena wore a Thibet cloth suit and a black hat, They bought some green dress goods, a pearl ring, St. John's pirturo and some mull for a drees for Christiana. "St. Charade: Stone. Conundrums: (a) Because there are always a great many deals in it. (b) IV. (c) Because- she tries to get rid of her weeds, (d) Because it produces a corn (acorn), (e) Be- cause every year its doubling (Dublin), (f) Because it has no points, (g) Bolt it. (h) Be- ause they are put off the next day. (j) Because words are con- i th.-m. (k) When it Ixjar you. (1) A wheelwright (in) A ditHi. No. 87. Rebus : Shy lock; Ilamlot; Au- .;!'."; lYr- <l-ti. ; ! -niiia; SHAKE- IS PK . : lustratod Proverb: "When th OfttS away the mice will play." No. 80. Anagram: Light of a lantern. No. 40. Diac-oii-so-late (disconsolate). No. 41. A prose enigma: A leaf. No. 42. Numerical puzzle: The youngest sold first 7 for a penny, and the other two sisters sold at the same rate, when the eldest sister had 1 odd apple left, and the second sister 2, and the youngest 3 apples. Now, these apples the buyer liked so well that h camo again to the youngest sister, and boughl of her 3 apples at 3 pence apiece, when she had 10 pence ; and the second sister thought she would get the same price, and sold her 2 apples for 3 pence apiece, when she had 10 pence; and the eldest sister sold her 1 ap- ple for 3 pence, when slie had 10 penoe. Thus they all sold the same number of apples for a penny, and brought home the same money. No. 43. Conundrums: a, Because every watch has a spring in it; b, Because the spring brings out the blades; c, A pieeemaker; d, They both wear white ties aiid take orders. No. 4-i. A n E xt raordiuary Dinner : Soupi a, mock turtle; b, tomato. Fish: a, sole; b, flounder. Entree: Quail with bacon, on toast. Roasts: a, turkey; b, lamb; c, goose. Vegetables: a, potato; b, peas; c, beets; d, cabbage. Dessert: a, rhubarb pio; b, float- ing island. Nuts: a, chestnut; b, ground- nut; c, butternut. Fruits: a, orange; b, peaches; c, pears; d, bananas. No. 45. Hollow Square: Spade, easel, level, spool. No. 46. Enigma in Rhyme: Highlow. No. 47. Robinson Crusoe: a, grape gape b, po; c, cabin Cain; d, ideal deal; e, nun f, snow no\v; g, boat bat; h, throne- throe; i, dark lark; j, crab cab; k, mouth moth; 1, spit pit; in, coat cat; n, beacon- bacon. No. 48. Conundrums: a, when there's t loiik in it ; b, because her nobles are, tremen df'tis swells and her people, only serfs; c, out - tin* train and tho other trains Mil misses: d, would rather the elephant killed tho gorilla; e. '-tho judicious Hooker." No. 49. Riddle in Verse: Carnation. No. 50. S w K n T'U P'TO' T H E'T E RH i N u s'U N r. n a S'W I T H'A C n E 8'A N D'P A I N-QllI E VOU 8 L Y'S A D'H E'l F'W E A K'H A 8'H I S'B O N N Y'D A U O n T E R'A N D'll I S'U n A V K'S O N'T G'C A R E'P O ITII I M'S O H n O WD O E S'N O T' SEC ITS O'll E A V Y'l N H I S'F E E B L E R' s T A T E'u r/n A s-i. n A n N r. I>-T o - n E'g u i K T'A N D'R E 8 I li X E l)'A X D'T O'D E'P E A C E F U L No. .11. Enigma: TonnvMin. No. 52. Arithmetical Puzzle: The num. ber of dinners is 5,040, and thirteen years anc more than nine months would be tho space OJ time in which tho club would cat tho din, oers. Book of Puzzles. 99 53. Connected Diamonds: S P BUN ALE SUGAR PLUMS N A a EMU R S No. 54. Illustrated Conundrum: "Now for a good lick." No. 55. (a) Smart, (b) Churchill, (c) Cow per. (d) Keats, (e) Mason, (f) Parnell. (g Pindar, (h) Pope. No. 56. Conundrums: (a) One Is blacl with soot and the other suited with black (b) Because you can't have beauty withoul them, (c) Because it once had a Soloi (sole on), (d) Whisky, (e) R U C D (areyo seedy) ? Epigram. A little child observed the other day Some youthful porkers frisking at their play; And thus she thought: Since men on these do dine, Surely some solemn thoughts befit these swine 5 ' Her confidence in grunters greatly shaken, Said she "I wonder if pigs know they're Bacon T No. 57. A Monument: A M D o a AND D o u B T HOMES M O D K L E R TRANS IT PROS TRATE No. 58. Cardboard Puzzle: Divide the piece of card into five steps, and by shifting the pieces the desired figures may be obtained. No. 59. Historical Enigma: Arthur, Duke of Wellington. Douro, Salamanca, Water- loo. (1.) Add. (8.) Uriel. (16.) La. (2.) Rollo (!).) Kappa. (17.) It. (o.) Tu. (10.) Elm. (18.) Name. (4.) Hair. (11.) Opera. (19.) Guitar. (5.) U o (i:J.) Frown. (20.) Tall. (6.) Ross. (13.) Wic k. (21.) Ohio. (7.) Diana. (14.) Ezra. (22.) No. (15.) Law. No. CO. Charade: Paper Cutter. No. 01. Biblical conundrums: (a) A little before Eve. (b) Preserved pears. (c) When a little mustard seed sprang up and iraxed a great tree, (d} When sha pulled h,'s ears and trod on his corns, (e) Joshua '.he son of Nun. (f) Ho had three miserable comforters and they were all \\orsh\l. (<r) The elephant, for he c:irri-d his trunk with him. (h) When K\v pn-.-rnt d Adam with a little Cain (cane), (i ) Early in the Fall. Appropriate Mottoes. Here are a few appropriate mottoes it will be well for you never to overlook, and you can quote them in a Solomonesque manner to your friends: For opticians Mind your eye. For old maids Marry come up. For hairdressers Two heads are better than one. For cooks Onion is strength. For auctioneers Sold again. For thieves True as steel. For retired authors Above proof. For cobblers Never too late to mend. For surgeons Go it, you cripples. For cabmen Hire and hire. For milkmen Chalk it up. For postmen True to the letter. For ugly people The plain truth. For editors Follow my leader. For jewelers All is not gold that glitters. And, lastly, for everybody Mind your own business. Happygram. Whoever wrote this will kindly accept our congratulations on hishappygram: "The bells are all ringing for parsons to preach How delightful to Christians the fact is! Oh I when will the peals my sad tympanum reach, Of bells for the parsons to practice?" Key to th Puzzler. No. 62. Half Square: PORTMANTE A U OPERATIONS. RESETTLED T RENTALS MA T T E R S ATTAR S N I L L S TOES END A S U No. 63. Poetical Charade: Tea cup. No. 64. A Spring Time Pyramid: Septua- gesima Sunday. No. 65. Anagrams: (a) Congregationalist. (h) Scythe. (b) Pachydermatous. (i) Yachts. (c) Radical reform. (j) Beyond. (d) Fashionable. (k) Apostles. (e) Masquerade. (1) Enough. (f) Diplomacy. (m) Ancestor. (g) Maidenly. (n) Felicity. E 2 TOO Everybody s ito. CO. Arithmetical Puzzle: Jane earns 3s. 3d. per week. Ann earns 2s. 7d, per week. Joe earns Is. lid. per week. Bet earns Is. 5d. per week- Rose earns Is. Id. per week. Jim earns 8d. per week. No. 67. Pictorial Puzzle: Why is a man running in debt like a clock? Answer Bo- cause he goes on tick. No. 68. Conundrums: (a) A needle and thread, (b) Not-ioe. (c) Coals. No. CO. Decapitation: Cod. No. 70. Word Progression: Pen, Pence, Pension, Penury. No. 71. Pictorial Proverb: "Care killed oat" Ko. 72. Acrostic: A r E na P a L sy b E ; LoEss OsMic OlOat E n S ue T i- Y st 1 n N er C li A nt Aril u\v LoYal Apologctical. Eleemosynary. No. 73 Enigma ii. Prose: Dog. No. 74. Conundrums: (a) Because it Is between two eyes. (l>) Because it is an in- ward check on tlie outward man. ((.) The tSnufTer. (d) Chaucer, (e) What does y-o-s (poll? (f) Because a toil (tale) comes out of bis head. Na 75. For Wise Heads: Guelphs and Qulbelines. Greenwich Observatory. (1.) Grog. (8.) Arc(h). (15.) Ev(e) (.'.) Ur. (9.) Noah. (16.) Laura. V.) Eye, 00.) Do. (17.) It. (t.) Lie, (11.) Grub. (18.) No. (5.) Pain. (12.) Us. (19.) Ever. |8.) Haw. (13.) Ire, (20.) Surly. (7) 8i(x). (14.) Boer. Na .7(1 Word Syncopations: A-era-to. Co-log-ne. Col-la ps-e. Co-ai-d. No. *7. The Hidden Poet Wordsworth, Na 78. Enigmatical Animal: Aye-aye, rabbit, wild cat, roe buck. No. 79. Pictorial Ilebus As busy as a hen with one chick. No.80. Conundrums: (a)GorG. (b) Because It makes even cream cream, (c) Because it's n eternal transport (d) Because it is at the J^glnnlna ol sneezing, (e) The letter r. <f) ifec&iis* he always looks down In the mouth. No. bl. Who or what was it aud whora No. 83. Illustrated Conundrum: When may the farmer and his hens rejoice to- gether? Answer: When their crops are full No. 83. Riddle in Prose: The letter V. No. 84. Enigma by Cowper: A kiss. No. 85. Arithmetical Puzzle: The four figures are 8888, which being divided by a line drawn through the middle become eight O's, or nothing. No. 86. Enigma: Napoleon. No. 87. Conundrums: a, Eye; b, United- untied; c, he gets wet; d, a pack of cards; e, upon his wedding eve; f, one is 44 and tbe other is 24; g, eight cats; h, a hole. No. 88. Charade Letter, by Charles Fox: Footman. No. 89. Syncopations Monkey. No. 90. Hour Glass: TRADERS RAISE ICE K EEL RANGE SLASHED Na 91. Mathematical Puzzle: This Is the Bamo as to find a number, which being di- vided by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, there shall remain 1, but i eing divided by 7, thero shall remain nothing; aud the least number, which will answer the conditions of the questions, is found to be 301, which was therefore the number of eggs the old woman had in her basket. Na 90. Word Building: Too wise you are, too wise you be, I see you aro too wise for r.ie. No. 93. The Grasping Landlord: No. 94. -Pi: First the blue and then the shower; Bursting bud, and smiling flower; Brooks set free with tinkling ring; Birds too full of song to sing; Crisp old leaves astir with pride. Where the timid violets bide All things ready with a will- April's coming up the hill! Na W. -Riddle In Kbyme: Noon, Bovk of Puzzles. tot No. 06. Combination Star: From 1 to 3, boaster; 1 to 3, blesses; 2 to 3, reasons; 4 to 5, Btaters; 4 to G, satiate; 5 to 6, systole. En- closed D'i -nond: 1. T. 2. Mad. 3. Tares. 4. Den. 5. S. No. 97. Words within Words: a, T-ape-r; b, p-lane-t; c, p-run-e;cl, p-arson-s; e, s-hoofc-s; f, 1-amen-t; g, b-oar-d. No. 93. Charade: Philadelphia. No. 99. Entangled Scissors. The scissors may be released by drawing the noose up- ward through the eye of the scissors and passing it completely over them. No. 100. Beheadings: Lafayette; a, 1-arch; b, a-loft; c, f-lung; d, a-bout; e, 7-ours; f, e-rase; g, t aunt; h, t-ease; i, e-vent. No. 101. The Gentlemen and Their Serv- ants: Two servants go over first, one takes back the boat; two servants go over again, and one returns with the boat; two gentle- men go over, a gentleman and a servant take back the boat ; then two gentlemen go over, and a servant iakes back the boat, brings over one of bis dishonest friends, and then returns for tha c^her. No. 102. Hidden Authors: a, Butler; b, Temple; c, Hunt; d, Spencer; e, Grey; f, Lamb; g, Boyle; h, Bacon; i, Swift; j, Shel- ley; k, Pope. No. 103. Transposition: Pots tops; stop post. No. 104. Double Acrostic: Primals and finals Weather prophet. (a) W arhoop P. (b) E xplore R. (c) A riost O. (d) T urni P, (e) II anna H. (f) E yri E. (g) R es T. No. 105. The Carpenter's Puzzle: Magic Figures. Put down iu. figures the year in which you were born; to this add 4; then add your ago at next birthday, providing it comes before Jan. 1, otherwise your age at last birthday; multiply result by 1,000; from this deduct G77,42i>; substitute for the figures corres- ponding letters of the alphabet, as A for 1, B for U, C for 3, D for 4, etc. The result will give the name by which you are popularl7 known. Trv it and you will be surprised. No. 106. Charades: (a) Footstool. (b) Lovely, (c) Peerless, (d) Restore. ie) Book- casa (f) Waistcoat (g) Heartsease, (b) Verbal Jugglery. Ho took C from chair, and made ic hair, Ho put this C on ape, and it became cbpc; He took cur, and by adding E ir>ado it euro; From Norfolk he took II, and made it No-folk; Ho transposed Cork, and made it rock; He emitted E from plume, and made it plum. No. 107. Enigma: Ear then ware. No. 108,-Half Square: PRESAGED REMOVED EMBLEM 8 O L A R AVER GEM E D D No. 109. A Riddle in Rbyme: Vowels. No. 110. A Remarkable Monogram: Al- phabet. No. 111. Two Diamond*: N T HOE TEA NOONS TENTS END ATE S 8 No. 112. Conundrums: a, Dutch S: b, Herein he her - bere ere rein in ; p. Yes, unquestionably; d, It is deriding (D riding), o, Hannah. No. 113. Enigma: Horn. No. 114. Transformations: (a) White, while, whale, shale, stale, stalk, stack, slack, black; (b) neat, seat, slat, slam, slum, glum, grum, grim, prim; (c) hate, have, lave, love; (d) saxe, sale, hale, hole, pole, pope; (e) hand, hard, lard, lord, ford, fort, foot; (f) blue, gluo, glnm, slum, slam, slat, seat, peat, pent, pint, pink; (g) hard, card, cart, cast, east, easy ; (h) sin, son, won, woe. No. 115. Anagrams: (a) Misanthrope; (b) monarch; (c) Old England; (d) punishment; (e) Presbyterian; (f) penitentiary; (g) radical reform; (h) revolution; (i) telegraphs. No. 116. Transposition: Stripes Persist. No. 117. Easy Word Squares: (a) L A N E (b) N N B AREA OVER NEAR NEAR BARS SUBS 102 Everybody s Ho. lia Floral Puzzle: 18, 26, 82, 24, 25, 53, 84, 28, 35, 23, 27, 21, 31, 82, 25, 24, 18, 16, 10, 13, 17, 24, 80, 81, 82, 31, 23, 16, 15, 22, 15, 16, 9, 23, 15, 8, 1, 9. 8, 15, 23, 22, 29, 4, 10, 11, 13, 28, 25, 18, 12, 5, 6, 7, 6, 13, 14, 8, 10, 2, I, Rose. Tulip. Pink. Aster. V&tleaa. SsJvIa. Ivy. Lilly. Lilac. Heliotrope. rein. BeiL No. 110. Word Building: Cur. Cure. CurL Curfew. Curate. Cur>L Curt Curb. No. 120. Box Puzzle: Chest-nut, Wal(l)- nut, ground-nut, beech-nut, Brazil-nut, hazel- nut, butter-nut, pea-nut, cocoa-nut, gall-nut. No. 121. Illustrated Rebus: W-hat IS auee for the goose IS sauce for the gander. No. 122. A Transposition: Mental lament mantle. No. 123. Dropped Syllables: (a) Em-broid- ery, (b) Low-er-ing. (c) Dc-sert-er. (d) A-sy-lum. (e) En-coun-ter. lv>. 124. Riddle: Four merry fiddlers played all night To many a dancing ninny, And the next morning went away, And each received a guinea. No, 125. Tho Bishop of Oxford's puzzle: Eye. Drums. Feet. Nails. Soles. Muscles. Palms. Talips. Calves. Hares. Heart (Hart). Lashes. Anns. Vanes. Instep. Chest. Ayes & Noes. Pupils. Tendons. Temples. Crown. Gums. Eyes. Pallett-e, Skull Bridge. Shoulder-s. L. Bows. Cords. No. U!G. An Ocean Wonder: Submarine * cable. No. 127. Square and Circle Puzzle: 9 o o O o o o o ' o ) No. 128. Anagram: (a) Masticate, (b) At- nxwpbere. If) Otherwise, (d) Violently, (e) Anagrams, (f) Springfield. No. 1 i Kni^Mia: The boys that robbed Dame Partlett's nest Had only seven eggs at best The greatest wag of all took four; The second two in order bore; The la*t with one away was packed And so your good egg-nigma's cracked. No. 130. Authors' Enigma: a, Dryden; b, Prior; c, Shelley; d, Young; e, Coleridge; f, Campbell; g, Whittier; h, Reade; i, Bryant; J, Stowe; k, Moore; 1, Hale; m, Dickens. No, 131. Beheadmcnt and Curtailment: Cod. No. 182. A Square: 8 L E N T I E L E E T S 8 T E A D S T E R M R M E E A D No. 133. A Pictorial Charade: Ear-wig. No. 134. An Old Proverb: Too many cooks spoil the broth. 1.) Thirteenth. (5.) Adverb. (2.) Overcoat (G.) Nectarine. (3.) Octavo. (7.) Youth. (4.) Masquerader. (8.) Cinque Port No. 135. Word Progression: Dog, don, dan, man. Ape, map, man. Skate, slate, slant, sloat, gloat, goats, coats, coast Bay, boa, ban, man. Book, rook, rood, road, read. No. 136. Poetical Charade: Ann-ounce, No. 137. An Enigma in Prose: Mouth. No. 138. Divided words: Candlemas, Valentine. 1. Con-vent 2. Adam-ant 3. Neck-lace. 4. Dog's-car. 5. Luck-now. G. Even-tide. 7. Made-ira. 8. Alter-nation. 9. Sharp-ens. No. 139. Beheadment and Curtailment: Glimpse limps imp. No. 140. Cardboard Puzzle: Double the cardboard or leather length- ways down the middle, and then cut first to tho right, nearly to the end (the narrow way), and then to the left, and so on to the end of tho card ; then open it, and cut down tho middle, except the two cuds. Tho dia- gram shows'tho proper cuttings. By open- ing tho card or leather, a person may pass through it A laural leaf may bo treated in tho samo manner. No. 14l.-Anthm3tical Puzzle: 19^. No. 143. Conundrums: (a) His danshter. (b) When ho blept with his forefathers. (c) One, after whijh his stomach w-s not mpty. Book of Puzzles. 103 No. 143. Quaint and Curious: a, Powell; b, Hood; c, Wordsworth; d, Eastman; e, Cole- ridge; f, Longfellow; g, Stoddard; h, Tenny- son; i, Tennyson; j, Alico Gary; k, Coleridge; 1, Alico Cary; m, Campbell; n, Bayard Tay- lor: o, Osgoocl; p, T. S. Perry- No. 144. Double Acrostic: L ime S I mmi T V irg O E lie N R ass E No. 145. An Easy Charade: Sparrow- hawk. No. 146. A Diamond: M COB MONEY COLORED MONO GA MIA BERATED YEMEN D I D A No. 147. Pictiire Puzzle: Old King Cole Was a merry old soul, And a merry old roul was he; He called for his pipe, And he called for his bowl, And he call&d for his fiddlers three. No. 14d The Famous Forty-five: Ths Jst is 8; to which add 2, the sum is M The '.'d is 12; subtract 2, the remainder Is.10 The 8d is 5; multiplied by 2, the product is. ,.U The 4th b 20; divided by 2, tha quotient ia. . . 10 a No. 149. Enigma: Africa. No. 150. Tangles for Sharp Wits: Sarda- BApalus Septuagesima. ScissorS A x 1 E R a P v D e b T A m II sed N o v A A 1 m u G .Pa ti o ncE ArquebuS \L o I re tU 1 M ' SarsaparillA No. 151. The Three Jealous Husbands: This may bo effected in two or three waj-s; the following may bo as good as any: Let A and wife go over let A return let B's and C's wives go over A's wifo returns B and C go over B and \vifo return, A and B go over C's wife returns, and A's and B's wives go over then C comes back for his jBimjple as this Question may appear, it Is found In the works of Alcnln, who flourished a thousand years ago, hundreds of years before the art of printing was invented. No. 152. A Plebeian Waltzer: A Broom. No. 15o. A Diamond: H E E O ARROW H E R R I C K ONION ACE K No. 154. Anagrams: Benignant, Sub- verted, Calumniated, Impeachments. No. 155. Enigma: Friendship. No. 156. Illustrated Rebus: T read O Na worm 'Andy T Will T urn. Tread on a worm and it will turn. No. 157; Political Cor.undrum: Imagina- tion. No. 158. Literary Anagrams: (a) Les Miserables. (a) Victor Hugo. (b) Our Mutual Friend, (b) Dickens. (c) The Newcomes. (c) Thackeray. (d) Madcap Violet (d) William Black, (c) Caxtons. (e) Bulwer Lytton. (f) Ivanhoo. (f) Sir Walter Scott. (g) Hyperion. (g) Longfellow. (h) The Alhambra, (h) Washington Ir- ving. (i) The Scarlet Letter, (i) Hawthorne, (j) Oliver Twist. (j) Dickens. No. 159. Pictorial Proverb: Badd Wo'erK men COM plane of T-hair Two Ls. Bad workmen complain of their tools. No. ICO. Double Acrostics: GiG; Al; LeaR; LA; IF; OF; TreE. Initial Letters: Galliot; finals, Giraffo. No. 1C1. An Enigma: Bill Nye. No. 1G2. Riddles: (a) Joseph, when ha was taken from the family circle and put into the pit. (b) The tongue, (c). fee cause they are men of size (sighs), (d) Be- cause it contains a merry thought, (c) Be- cause no one has f urnishcJ as many stock quotations, (f) When on a lark, (g) Stop a minute, (h) For fear of falling out. (i) When it is all oa one side, (j) When ha folds it. (k) Because it goes from mouth to mouth. (1) Preserved pears (pairs), (m) A caudle, (n) Because ho makes both ends meet. No. 163. A Showman's Cemetery: Toad, ram, mare, ermine, fos, es, ferret, deer, rat, donkey, ounce, horse, mouse, tiger, bear, bull, zebu, zebra, elk, cow, calf, cat, buck, stag, llama, sable, roe, seal, doe, hart, yak, emu, gnu, eland, ass, swine, sloth, ewe, weasel, hare. No. 164. Charade for Young Folks: Sand 104 Everybody's , 163. A Diamond i F FOR CORES FORCEPS PORCELAIN R E E L E C T SPACE S I T N No. 1G8. A Riddle in Rhyme: A blush. No. 167. Problem of Money: I, 2, 3, 4, 5, fl, 7, S, 9, 10 half dimes. Placo 4 upon 1, 7 upon 9, 5 upon 0, 2 upon C, and 8 upon 10. No. 1GS. Beheadings: A-scribo. B-onus, D-ada No. 169. Pictorial Decapitations: Wheel, heel, e*l; brace, race, ace: scowl, cowl, owl; tone, *x>n, one. No. 170. Enigmatical Writer: Helen Hunt Jackson. No. 171. Anagram of Authors: (a) Will- lam Cullen Bryant (b) Robert H. NowelL (c) Albion W. Tourgee. (d) Henry Ward Beecher. (e) Helen ilathcr. (0 Charles Lever, (g) Washington Irving, (h) Cath- arine Owen, (i) May Agnes Fleming, (j) Will Carleton. (k) Horatio Alger, Jr. (1) John Qrecnleaf Whittier. (m) F. Bret Harte. (n) Horace E. Scudder. (o) Doug- las JerroliL (p) Henry Wadsworth Lous- fellow. No. 172. Word Rebus: A wl-man-ai al- manacs. No. 173. A Figurative Epitaph: 4128 Nought for one to ate: 04120 Nought for one to sigh for (cipher) ; 02 80 4128 Nought too weighty for one to ato; 2 45 4 Nought to fortify for. No. 174. Beheadings: Charleston, (a) C- rusli. (b) H-asp. (c) A-gato. (d) R-ieo. (c) L-ono. (0 E-bony. (g) i>-wing. (h) T-raco. (i) O-bey. [j] N-uiaber. No. 173. Octagr>?i No. 178. Numerical Enigma: "It is not all of life to lire nor all of dea:h to die." Quibbles: (a) Placo the coin on a table, then, turning round, take it up with tLo other bond, (b) Place the candle on hi* bead, taking caro there la no mirror in the room. Magical Increase. Tak9 a large drinking glass of conical form, that is small at the- bottom and larg at tho top, and, having put into it a quarter, fiii it about half way up with water; then place a plate upon tho top of tho glass and turn it quickly over, that the water may not escape. A piece of silver as largo as a half a dollar will immediately appear on the plato and, somewhat higher up, another piece the size of a quarter. No. ITS. Enigma: A name. No. 170. Dlustrated Puzzle: Gettysburg. 1, faGot; 2, spEar; 3, alTar; 4, otTcr; 5, drYad; 6, buSts; 7, EaBot; 8, frUit, 'J, cuRvo; 10, paGes. No. ISO. Tho Landlord Tricked : Begin to count with the sixth from the landlord. No 1S1. Double Acrostic: L IBP. KIT O E B R O R V A B H T I A PPL E N u H T n o u o H T No. 182. Geographical Puzzle: Ham (Hamburg); Turkey; Leg (Leghorn); So- ciety; Lookout; Friendly; Race; Long; Farewell No. 183. The Two Drovers: A had seven beep and B had five. No. 184. Enigma: Roses. No. ISo. Acrostic: Marlborough. No. 186. Word Dissection: Penmanship. No. 187. Familiar Quotations: (a) Hood, (b) Iloyt. r) Edwards, (d) Cornwall (e) Patmoro. (f) Bayard Taylor, (g) Tennyson, (h) Read, (i) Browning, (j) Smith, (k) Coleridge. (1) Wordsworth, (m) Coleridge, (n) Uervey. (o) Wordsworth, (p) Os^ood. No. 188. Pictorial Puzzle: Awl IS knot G-old THAT G-litt. rs. No. ISO. Word Building: Pardon. No. 1DD. Conundrum in Rhyme: An ap- ple. No. 191. Word Puzzb: Chart; hart; art; rat; tar. No. l'J2. -Concealed Animals: (a)Lion,camel, rat. panther, (b) Bear, larub, horse, ounce. No. li)3. Enigma: DAVID. No. 194, A Hidden Adage: On ST is the best Poll I see. Honesty is the best policy No. 105. Half Square: NOCTURNAL o c ii i: u o u 8 C H A N E B T E N U E S U R E 8 E O B 8 N U U A B L No. li)C. Cliflrade: Helpmate. Book of Puzzles. 105 Ko. 197. Arithmetical Nut I BIX IX IX X 8 I . X No. 193. Conundrum: Cares caress. No. 190. Riddles: (a) Their pair o' dice (paradise) was taken away, (b) Because vre cannot get them for nothing, (c) Decause be is a Jew-ill (J ewe1 )- W) Castanet, (c) Eo- cause he Is no better, (f) Because it ahvays runs over sleepers, (g) A pillow, (a) It is immaterial, (i) Because it is infirm, (j) Be- cause it makes him hold his jaw. No. 200. Double Acrostic: Trade wind sword knot. Cthline. Wick. 7th " Inflammation, 8th " Negro. 8th " Debt. 1st lino. Toss. 2d " Rainbow. 8d " Armadillo. 4th " Drummer. 6th " Errand. No. 20L Buried Cities: a, Mobile; b, Olean; c, Utica; d, Madras; e, Naples; f, Catskill; g, London; h, Hanover; i, Macon; j, Vandalia; k, Austin. No. 203. A Trick Puzzle: No. 203. Word Building: Tar tar rat rat. Tartar. No. 204. Mutation: Courtesy, No. 205. Enigmas: (a) Hay; (b) Eye; (c) Almanac. No. 200. Illustrated Central Acrostic: Cle- opatra L danCers; 2. vioLets; 8. pigEons; 4. corOnet; 5. sliPper; 0. pyrAmid; 7. hunTers; 8. actRess; 9. cavAlry. No. 207. A Wild Flower of Autumn j Golden Rod. No. 20S. A Dissected Word: O-pin-. No. 209. Anagrams: (a) Ramona, (a) Helen Jackson. (b) Old Town Folks, (b) Hrs. Stowo. (c) Vicar of Wakefield. (c) Goldsmith, (d) Vanity Fair. (d) Thackeray. (e) Lothair. (e) D'Lsroelt CQ Robert Falconer, (f) Q. Macdcnald. Ko. 210. Compound A'cfostlc: ALLUV I A X, XJ R C L I RESTRAIN A O U 8 T I O HEREUN I I TO ARTER I AX. UERID I AN No. 211. Quibbles: (a) Twenty-nine days; (b) The last person's left elbow; (c) The first person setts himself iu tL e other's lap. No. 212. Word Syncopations: (a) S(hill)- ing. (b) Lav (end) er. (c) M(ass)eter. (d) Op (era) tic, No. 213. Proverbs Within a Maze: Com- mence at A, the central letter. These pro- verbs are here contained. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Too many cooks spoil the broth. A live dog is more to be feared than a dead lion. You cannot cat your cake and have it. Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war. No. 21-1. A Bill cf Fare: (a) Bouillon, (b) Black bass, (c) Woodcock, (d) Beefsteak. (e) Graham bread. (0 Parsnips, (g) Mac- aroni and cheese, (h) Potatoes, (i) Succo- tash. (j) Lemon pie. (!:) Cranberries. (1) Tapicca pudding, (in) Orange ice. (i.) Rai- sins. (o) Almonds. No. 215. Poetical Enigma: A needle. Ko. 210. Pictorial Conundrum: "Why i3 a barber goina from his own shop to that cf another barber like cno who sails around the wcrldP Because he goes from pole to pole. No. 217. Vagaries: (a) IX; cross the I, it makes XX; (b) G G-G; (c) 79.2, six dozen dozen being CG4, and half a dozen dozen being 7~; (d) Eight cats; (e) Place tho Roman flgurca on a piece of paper and draw a line through the middle of them and the upper half will beVIL No. 218. Charade: Earth worm. No. 219. Runaway letters: Try, try c^ain. No. 2:^0. Omissions: Learned earned, Ravine a vino. Cargo Argo. Discov- ered is covered. No. 221. Magic squares: 5 80 E'J 73 Cl 3 C3 U 13 1 53 cr 28 71 20 1 4 11 Q 50 CO CO 3 C8 78 70 CB 40 38 45 f 40 SO *^4 G 7 C5 88 ,3 | 40 17 75 74 e-i 4S 42 44 3} 18 8 C7 10 47 2 M 22 61 72 13 CG 50 27 52 25 64 11 C2 1C C9 2 23 21 79 19 70 77 Sums: 123, 205. 287, 8C9. Ceqter. 41. io6 Everybody's No. 222. Geographical Beheadings: (a) K-opaL (b)P-rone. (c) K-raw. (d) H-owe. (e) B-wan. (0 J-ava. (g) T-anna, (h) P-alma. (i) R-hono. No. 223. Enigma In Rhyme: A d<->~. No. 224. Riddles: (a). Because neither of them can climb a treeey (b) Because it is cm ottic story, (c) Because they are tired, (a) A lyre, (o) Because it must be dork when they shine, (f) Because having eyes they see not, r ad ears they hear not (g) Absence of body, (h) A tanner, (i) The rose of the watering pot, because it rains over them all. (j) The goat turned to butter and the woman into a "scarlet runner." (k) Because he wants repairing. (1) Because they die kite (dilate), (in) When they make 23. No. 225. The Unlucky Hatter: In almost every case the first impression In regard to this question is that the hatter lost $50 be- side tho hat, but it is evident he was paid for the hat, and had ho kept tho $8 dollars he needed only to borrow $43 additional to re- deem the note. No. 230. Prefixes: (a) S-mew; (b) S-Kate; (c) B-ounce; (d) B-ore; (e) T-one. No. 227. Hour Glasses: HALIFAX POTHERB DINGY READE AGE ONE E C SLY HOT BLOWS ENCUE PROWESS ROCKBAR No. 22a A Riddle: A pair of spurs. No. 229. The Square Puzzle: No, 230. A Problem of Numbers: Prom the remaining 12 deduct 1, and 11 is the num- ber the told the last boy, which was half of what the had; her number at that time, therefore, wat 23t From 23 deduct 2, and tho remaining 20 was two-thirds of her prior stock, which was, therefore, [SO. From SO deduct 10, and tho remaining 20 is half her original stock. Sho had, therefore, at first 40 apples. No. 231. Numerical Enigma: Garden of the world. No. 232. For Sharp Wits: (a) Lark-spur; (b) Car-nation; (c) Miss-count; (d) Foot- stool; (e) Rain-bow; (f) Cat-a-comb; (g) Sword-fish; (h) Cab-in; (i) Mar-i-gold; (j) Man-go. No. 233. A Charade: Pearl-ash or pear- lash. No. 234. Word Squares: PEARL SCOTT ELSIE CELI A ASIDE OLDEN RI DER TIERS LEERS TANSY No. 235. Hidden Birds: Spoonbill lark, linnet, sparrow, nut cracker, kite, cockatoo, kingfisher, bobolink. No. 236. Geographical Conceits: Seine, Bologna, Lisle, Reims, Neagh, Toulon, Tou- lonse, Joliet, Disappointment, Conception Natal, Wheeling. No. 237. Compound Acrostic: DAMPENED OVERTURE UMBRELLA BANKBILI, LACERATE ENDANGEB No. 238. A Riddle: A blush. No. 239. Cross Word Enigma: Edwin Booth. No. 240. A Dinner in Anagrams: Oyster soup, boiled salmon, Spanish mackerel, roast chickens, roast turkey, boiled rice, sweet potatoes, water cresses, dressed tomatoes, lemon pie, cream cakes, Charlotte Russe, pineapples. No. 241. Charade: Pirogue. No. 242. Ribbon Rebus: Gape-gap, race- ace, meat-tea, bears-ear, gate; spears. No. 243. Word Squares: (a) ACRES (b) U L E M A CRAPE LADEN RAISE EDITS EPSOM METRE SEEMS ANSER No. 244. Mathematical Nut: Tho weight* aro 1, 8, and 27 pounds. No. 245. Conundrums: When ho is a rover. Because it is the grub that makes the butter fly. Because wo must all give it up. For divers reasons. It is tho fruit of good living. A door bell. No. 246. Charades: (a) Gas-pipe, (b) Fire- Book of Puzzles. 107 wo. 247. A Picture Puzzle: Black, white and red (read) all over a newspaper. No. 248. Numerical Enigma: H. Rider Haggard. No. 249. Articles of Furniture: (a) Book- case, (b) Wardrobe, (c) Washstand. (d) Bofa. No. 250. Geographical Acrostic: (a) Ben- gal (b) Ebro. (c) Rubicon, (d) Lapland, (e) Idaho, (f) Nankin. Initials, Berlin; fi- nals, London. No. 251. The Knight's Puzzle: Better to die with harness on In smoke and heat of battle Than wander and browse and fall anon In quiet of meadow land cattle. Better to gain by arm or brain Chaplet of laurel or myrtle Than bask in sun With work undone And live one's Ufa Like a turtle. No. 252. Proverbial "Pi": "Procrastina- tion is the thief of time." No. 253. Reversible Words: (a) Reel-leer. (b) Dial-laid, (c) Ten-net, (d) Tar-rat. No. 254. Quibbles: (a) Draw it round hia body, (b) 8%. (c) Twice twenty-five is fifty; twice five, and twenty, is thirty. No. 255. Enigmatical Birds: (a) Frigate, (b) Partridge, (c) Quail, (d) Adjutant. No. 256. Cross Word: Cocoa-nut. No. 257. Beheadings: D-ale. 0-range. N-ear. A-base. T-old. E-bouy. L-aver. L-ark. 0-pen. D-onatello. No. 258. A Rhomboid: FASTEN FALLEN MATTED PELTED LEASER GADDED No. 259. -The Divided Garden: No. 260. Hidden Animals; Bison; gazelle; mouse; horse. No. 261. Word Dissection: Stripe-strip- trip ; stripe-tripe-ripe-rip-I. No. 262. Literary Riddles: (a) Mr. Mi- cawber. (b) Jerry Cruncher, (c) Diogenes, (d) The Marchioness, (e) Mrs. Chick, (f) Miss Sally Brass, (g) Nancy Sykes. (h) Capt. Cuttle, (i) Quilp. (j) Dick Swiveller. (k) Maj. Bagstock. (1) Mr. Carker. (m) Mr. and Mrs. Boffin, (n) Mrs. Bagnet. No. 263. Curtailments: Brandy; Frances; Hearth; Early; Taper. No. 264. Numerical Enigma: Queen of the West. No. 265. Illustrated Central Acrostic: L steAmer; 2. spaRrow; 3. masKers; 4. car A van; 5. spiNner; 6. whiStle; 7. speAker; 8. parSnip. No. 266. Concealed Poets: Saxo, Cowper, Gary, Read, Stedmaii, Hemans, Corbett, Willis, Browning, Goodale. No. 267. A Combination Puzzle: 1. Saved. * 1. Sated. 2. Otter. 2. Other. 8. Scold. 3. Scald. 4. Tomes. 4. Tones. 5. Races. 5. Rafres. 6. Party. 6. Pastry 7. Enter. 7. Eager. 8. Track. 8. Trick. 9. Rider. 9. Rirer. 10. Spare. 10. Spire. 1L Vests. 11. Vents. 13. Tiber. 13. Tiger. No. 268. Riddle: P.iins. No. 269. Enigma: Blue-bottle. No. 270. Poetical Enigma: Flag. No. 271. Changingthe Middle Letter: Spy sly. Ale ace. Whale whole. Ape- awe. Dam dim. No. 273. An Easy One: Pi-an-o. No. 273. Adirondacks; Potomac; Kandy; Kiel ; Coast ; Fox ; Van ; Lucca ; Alton ; Angra ; Forth; Owl. No. 274. Hidden Proverb: Spare the rod and spoil the child. No. 275. The Puzzle of Fourteen: icS Everybody's No. 27C. Enigmatical Cities: W neeung, Buffalo, Savannah, Havana. No. 277. Anagram: Pride goeth before a fall No. 278. Word Squares: IMPART DORSAL MEANER OLEATE 1' ADDLE RECITE ANDEAN BAILOR R ELAND ATTONE T R E N D B LEERED No. 279. The Calculating Teacher: STX. I KOJC. I TUES. I WED. I THU&.I FEL I BIT. b c' d e a k n a e 1 a h o a f p a i m d o f,b o L b I o b f m b i p b d ii b g k h Ic m re f i'c p n c d K c h Iceo I ro;f k od hmd i oe m ne i k d 1 p a o i i I t.o g i> h k i.f g l\g m o,h t o No. 280. Au Oddity: LOVE. No. 281. Concealed Birds: Owl, lark, plover, swan, pewitt, raven, starling, epar- row, robin, wren. No. 82. Pictorial Diamond: C CAP CAMEL PEN L Na WS. Double Word Enigma: Snow- drop. I'o. 54. Ar.agrams: (a) Ancestors, (b) Diplomacy, (r) Cliristianity. (d) Punish- ment. (;) Burg con. (f) Sweetheart, (g) Matri- mony, (ii) Faasrul. (i) Pern tent i:iry. (j) Sir Bobert Pool No. 2S5. Btbc3ilingsi Cliarm, barm, arm. Ko. 2?G. Cross Word: Sheridan. No. 237. Con^n-lrmns: P - g a pi.~ with- out an L (b)NilE. (c)KN. (]) Bcjauso it makes ii], will (ili will), (e) Because they make beer better, (f) TL 2 letter S. (g) Tbo cr:r.o. (h) Dittribute u-acL-3 (ti-acts) all over tlw couatry. A A tormcr'o p. ctCj- daughter. No. 288. Tangled Verso: Thou crt the star that guides m* Along lifc'a troubled sea; Whatever fato betides mo, This heart ntiil turns to theo. Yet, do uot think I doubt thec; I know thy truth remains; I will not livo without theo For all tho world contains. No. 289. Basket of Flowers: (a) Daffodil; (b) snow ball; (c) prim-rose; (d) car-nation; (c) rockets; (if) verbena; (g) call-io-p-sis; (h) catrh-f]y; (i) ivy; (j) prince'-s-feather; (k) Canterbury bell; (1) sun-flower; (m) lark- spur; (n) cock's-comb. No. 290. Motogram: Ilarc, care, fare, rare, pore, dare, bare. i'.-al Enigma: Button. .-.".. Ili.Mlu: Tlio squirrel takes out each day ono ear of corn and uia own two No. 293. "Words Within Words: Dechirar tlon, Clara; Ti'ifles, rifle; Cashier, ash; Cas- ters, aster; Capei', ape; Snipe, nip; Lottery, otter; Twenty, wen; Gauntlet, aunt. No. 294. An Arithmetical Mystery: The man whom the landlady put into Room No. 13 was traveler No. ii, and No. 13 remained still unprovided for. No. 2i)5. Diamonds and Word Square: Q L BRAVE PUT LIP RADIX QUIET LIMIT ADAPT TEA PIT VIPER T T EXTRA No. 290. A Fish Puzzle: 1. Sword fish, a Horn fish, 3. Star fish. 4. Bill fish. 5. Cat-fish. G. Frog fish, 7. King fish, & Rudder fish. 9. Log-fish. 10. Drum fish. 11. Dog fish. 13. Saw fish. 13. Roso fish. 14, Parrot fish. 15. Pipo fish. No. 297. A Journey: Sound, lookout, rain, thunder, don pine, bluo, cork, big horn, cham- pagne, foul weather, Chili, bay, salt, licking, barn-stable, bath, stillwater, horn, Albert, negro, inn, No. 298. Picture Puzzle: GiiafTo. Lion. Camel. Elephant. Hog. Horse-. Bear. Hound. No. L99. An octagon: SIP METAL S E V E R A L I T E R A T K PARADED LATER LED No. 300. Easy Rebuses: (a) Leonora, (b) D. T. Ro o'er 8 (Deteriorate). No. 801. Missing Vowels. Ilcro rests his head upon tho lap of earth, A youth to fortune and to fame unknown; Pair Science frowned not on his humblo birth, ^nd Melancholy marked him for her owu. Ko. 302. A Charade: Skin-flint. No. 303. Decapitations: C-r-ash. No. 804. Familiar Flowers Described: (a) Snap dragon ; (b) Bachelor's button ; (c) Four o'clock; (d) Snow ball; (e) Candy tuft; (f) Lady slipper; (g) Buttercup; (h) Tulips. No. 805. Geographical Hourglass: ED INBURGII B A V A R I A MALTA A T L I AMY LYONS P L O R IDA OALVESTON No. 306. Anagrams of Notable Woment (a) Charlotte Cushman. (b) U. rri- ( I'.ixxher Book oj Puzzies. Btowe. (c) Belva A. Lockwood. (d) Flor- ence Nightingale, (e) Amelia B. Edwards, (f) Lucretia P. Hale, (g) Adeline D. T. Whit- ney, (h) Susan B. Anthony, (i) Louise Chandler Moulton. No. 807. A Curious Menagerie: (a) Goose. (b) Spiders. (c) Sheep. (d) Horse, (e) Tiger, (f) Cow. (g) Rats, (h) Dogs, (i) Elephant. 0') Eagle, (k) Kite. (1) Wolf, (m) Bear, (n) Cock. No. SOa Drop Letter Puzzle: A stitch in time saves nine. No. 809. Riddles: (a) Chanting her little lay. (b) Short-er. (c) O I C U Oh, I see you! (d) Because they "feel" for others, (e) A joke. No. 810. Illustrated Conundrum: Why is waiter like a race horse? Answer Because he runs for cups and plates. No. Sit A bottle: ATE CROAK U T E HAT OLD RAT TUBES ROUSING HOSTLER BRAIDED RUNNING GREATER PRANCE 8 BRACING STREETS No. 812. Charade: Wakefield. No. 813. Rebus: A-pct-he-carries (apothe- caries) weight. No. 814: Tangle: Around me shall hover, In sadness or glee, Till life's dreams be over, Sweet memories of thec. No. 315. Letter Enigma: Jerboa. No. 816. Acrostic: Magellan, Osccola, Na- tional, Tempest, Ethelred, Zenobia, Universe, Mercury, Albanian. Initials Montezuma. No. 817. Mutation: Newspaper editors. No. 318. Decapitation: Slaughter Laugh- ter. No. 819. Numerical Enigma : Worth make* the man. No. 820. Charade for Little Folk: Snow- ball No. 821. Hidden Birds: (a) Kite, (b) Kes- trel, (c) Redstart, (d) OwL (e) Emu. (f) Ostrich, (g) Wren, (h) Loon, (i) Dotterel, (j) Starling. No. 322. Mutation: Transposition. No. 323. Anagrams from Scott: (a) Dan- die Dinmont. (b) Flora'MacIvor. 'c) Brian de Bois Guilbert. (d) Edward Waverly. (e) Diana Vernon. (f) Sir Piercio Shaf ton. (g) Magnus Troll, (b) MaryAvenel. (1) Waiae- mar Fitzurse. (g) Mysio Happer. No. 824. Double Acrostic: (a) LimpeT. (b). OatH. (c) NubiA. (d). DruM. (e) OrE. (0 NarcissuS. Initials London. Fin- alsThames. < No. 325 A Problem for Sharp Wits: Four-- teen eggs. No. 820. Tho Yankee Square: 3V.2 No. 327. Conundrums: (a) He has a bead and comes to tho'point. (b) Because it fur- nishes dates, (c) Becausa it stirs up a smol- dering fire, (d) Because it owes its motion to a current, (e) Because it baa a flae tem- per. No. 323. Tho Graces and the Muses: The least number that will answer this question is twelve; for if wo suppose that each Grace gave one to each Muse, the latter would each have three, and there would re- main three for each Grace. (Any multiple of twelve will answer the conditions of the question.) No. 329. A Square and a Diamond: HORSE A O C E AN APE REBUT APPLB SAUCE ELM Z N T E R E, No. 330. A Love Affair: I saw Esau kissing Kate. The fact is all three saw 5 I saw Esau, he saw me, And she saw I saw Esau. *-Na 831. Transposition: Now-won-snow* bank Snowbank. No. 832. Acrostic: J ulius Caesar. L Istz. E laine. I sabella. N apoleon. N athan Hale. N ewton. D emeter. Young. No. 333. An Easy Anagram: Train. I IO Everybody's Every Day Puzzlet. One man escapes all tho diseases that flesh la heir to and is killed on the railroad ; an- other man goes through half a dozen wars without a scratch and then dies of whooping cough. Good people die and bad people live. The man who is fat with health can't get employ- ment, and the man who is making money hand over hand has to give up his business on account of ill health. You will sometimes see a man planting trees around his place for shade ; and, at the game time, you will see another cutting down all tho trees around his house because they produce too much moisture. No. 834. Hidden Proverb: All is not gold that glitters. No. 835. Cross "Word Enigma: A plant. No. 830. Pictorial Enigma for Young Folks: Candy, nuts and oranges. No. 837. A Curious Menagerie: (a) Lion, (b) Buffalo, (c) Nightingale, (d) Kids, (e) Hen. () Frogs, (g) Camel (h) Rooks, (i) Beaver. No, 838. Behead and Curtail: (a) Hearth heart hear ear. (b) Loathe loath oath oat at No. 839. Original Arithmetic: (a) T-one. (b) L-ona (c) F-l-our. (d) T-h-ree, (e) T-w-o. (f) Fi-v-e. No. 840. A Charade: Nipper-kin. No. 841. Conundrums: (a) Troublesome. (b) Tfco letter L. (c) When it begins to pat her (patter) on the back, (d) Because they never saw it. No. 843. Riddle: Pa-ti(e)nt No. 843. A Few Birds: (a) The mocking bird; (b) The jay; (c) The crow; (d) The robin; (e) The lyre bird; (f) Tho secretary bird; (g) The quail; (h) Tho gull; (I) The blue bird. No. 844. Poetical Pi: " Tis an old maxim of the schools That flattery's tho food of fools; Yet now and then your men of wit Will condescend to take a bit" No. 845. An Inverted Pyramid: ILLUSTRATED DISPROVED PERUSED DETER E II 8 B No. 840. -Letter Rebuses: Contrary (C-on- trary) ; (b) Condone (C-on-d-on-e) ; (c) Hand- bag (H and bag). No. 847. Word Making: Sin Sinew. Sing. Singe. Sine. Single. Sink. Since. Sincere. No. 848. Anogram: Insurance, No. 849. A Rhomboid: SAPOR MOVED DELAY RENEW T E W E L No. 850. One Line One .Counter Puzzle; Place the counters at E 1, C 2, A 3, F 4, D 5 and B a A B C Q E F No. 851. The Knowing Shepherd: Ho had 7 sheep; as many more, 7; half as many more, m\ and 2%; making in all 20 sheep. Professional Advice. "Where would you advise mo to go, doo- tor? I suffer so from insomnia," "You'd better go to sleep." No. 853. Cross Word Enigma: Lawn ten- nis. No. 853. A Zigzag: Battle of- ^BuU Run. Cross Words: (a) Bar. (b) fAn. (c) beT. (d) aTe. (e) Lag. (f) dEn. (g) loO. (h) oFt (i) Beg. (j) pUt (k) elL. 0) eLk. (m) Rug. (n) hUm. (o) UN. No. 854. American Pi: Tell mo not in mournful numbers Life is but an empty dream, For tho soul is dead that slumbers, And things aro not what they seem. No. C55. An Old Saying: A crooked stick casts no straight shadow. (A crooked stick caste nose T R 8 shadow). Book of Puzzles. in No. 336. A Double Diagonal Square: FURLONG GLITTER ECONOMY Q H E B K I N BEGUILE Li Z A R D S A U R E L I A No. 357. A Defective Proverb: That load becomes light that is cheerfully borne. No. 858. A Charade: Glow-worm. No. 859. Riddles: (a) When it comes to on engagement, (b) A ditch, (c) The letter I. (d) When it rides at anchor, (e) Because you put your foot in it No. 860. A Problem of Numbers: The ge era! had an army of 24,000 men. No. 86L Double Central Acrostic: r e P I n e h o R N e t B h I V e r t e N E t B c a T N i p s m I T h y h o N E s t b a G D a d No. 362. Noted Women: (a) Florenc* Nightingale, (b) lime. Recamier. (c) Jose- phine, (d) Mme. De StaeL (e) Lady Jane Grey, (f) Zenobia. (g) Jenny Lind. (h) Catharine de Medici, (i) Bloody Mary, (j) Cleopatra, (k) Elizabeth. (1) Cornelia. No. 363. Diamonds: J M SUN SET SAPID MELON JUPITER TOO NITRE N DEE R No. 864. Illustrated Zigzag: Washington Allston. Cross words.!. Wheel. 2. bAton. 3. baSin. 4. nicHe. 5. alibi. 6. proNg. 7. waGon. & aTlas. 9. Olive. 10. aNgle. 1L plAte. 12. sheLL 13. coraL. 14 flaSk. 15. m'Tre. 16. mOuse. 17. Notes. No. 865. A Mathematical Nut: XIII VIIL No. 860. An Enigmatical Insect: Gad fly. No. 867. Charade: A dictionary. No. 868. Easy Word Squares: (a) OATS (b)DOLL (c)LOAD AGUE OHIO OUS E TUFT LI ON ASKS SETS LONE DESK No. 869. The Maltose Cross Squared: Make the cuts as shown in tho diagram. Join to form a square as below. No. 870. A Curious Collection of Keys: 1. Flunk 2. Hunk 3. Monk 4. Crank 5. Risk 6. Whisk key key 7. Balk a Dark 9. Frisk 10. Dusk 11. Musk 12. Jerk No. 371. Charade: Nightingale. No. 372. A Tangle: May there be just enough clouds in your life to form a beautiful sunset. No. 373. A Mystic Cross: M MAS MADAM B AD T M W NUT A HAP TULIPARAWATER TIN A DEN T HIT T IGHT THE T R I 12 Everybody s Na 874. Enigma: Bark. Na 875. Riddles: (a) Alphabet (b) Coffin. Na 87ft. Quizzes: L Life. 2. Strong drink. 8. A bad tooth extracted. 4 A lad- der. 6. A wheel Ot A match, 7. A secret. a A falsehood. 9. Ad-vice. 10. The book of natural 1 L The- winds. JIo. 877. A Simple Charade: Cof-fee. N<x 8?a Beheadings: Crash rash ash Ik, >Na 879. -Pled Cities: Liverpool Balti- more Dresden. Marseilles, Athens. Al- giers. Havana. Savannah. Ma 880. Anagrams of Popular Authors: James De Mille, Rhoda Brougbton, Marion Harland, Wilkio Collins, Louisa M. Alcott, Mary Cecil Hay, "Will Carleton, Edward Everett Hale, Win. Dean Hovrells, Hesba Stretton, Charles Dickens, Capt Mayno Reid. Na SSL A Word Puzzle: One word. No. 8ta -Pictorial Proverb: Old birds are not to be caught with chaff. Na 88a Concealed Birds: Ibis, Bustard. Rail Emu. Egret. Teal Missel Na 884. Decapitations: Glass lass ass ts. Na 885. A Tangle of Wise Words: Who undertakes many things at once seldom does anything well No. 880. Illustrated Numerical Enigma: "The nighty purpose never b o'ertook, unlesi the deed go with it." Na 387. A Marine Square: MIDSHIP HARP o o N HARBORS ARRIVED GRAPNEL 8 T E A 11 K R VOYAGER Vo. SSS. Easy Rebus: Car-pet Na 889. Buried Birds: (a) Touraco. swan. (b> Tinamou, pintail (O Gannet, daw. (d) Harpy, mania, tei Mavis, hawk, if) Swal- low, teal Na 880. PI: Robinson Crusoe. Na SOL Odd Enigmas: CIVIL. MILD. Na 893. Riddle: A shadow. Na 81O. Single Acrostic: L Jamaica, a Unst 8. Australia. 4. Nlcobar. 6. Falk- land. 6. Elba. 7 Rhodes, a Nova Zem- bls, 9. Antigua. 10. Newfoundland. 1L Dominica. 14 Enderly Island, la Zanzi- bar. Initials Juan Fernandez. Na KM. Transpositions: Teal tale late tacl Na 80S. A Reversion: Noon. Na 80a-Pictorlal Proverb: Tune works era (w under s). 897. Charade : Semi Clrcje, 808. -f IV 6 Hidden AnimalB: A C L R L O 1 O O A D T 1 O L R B No. 899. Bcheadments and Curtailments: (a) P-ape-r. (b) 8-tea-k. (c\ S-tree-t No. 400. An Easter Egg to Crack: A long and fortunate career to him who in loving deeds on_this Easter excels. Na 401. Anagrams Men of the Day: (a) Benjamin Harrison, (b) Levi P. Morton. (c) Thomas A. Edison, (d) James O. Blaine. (e) William K. Vanderbilt (f) Russell A. Alger. (g) Grover Cleveland, (h) William P. Cody, (i) Andrew Caruegia (j) Leon Abbett (k) Col Daniel Iwunont. (1) Henry Wattersoa (m) William C. \\Tiitney. (n) William M, Evarts. (o) Phlneas T. Barnum, (p) Edwin Booth, (q) John Shernv Na 40a Central Acrostic: CHARTER RENEWED FEASTED ABOUNDS CHARITY HEARTHS [A N G E L I O TEACHER FEATHER VANILLA COCOONS CHANNEL Kb. 403. Cross Word-Enigma: Potomac. Na 404. Decapitations: (a) 'Jrow row. (b) Crude rude. Na 405. A Square and a Diamond: MAPLE P APRON OIL PRODD PINES LOUSE LEA ENDED S Na 406. Metagram: Brook rook cook- look. Na 407. An Hourglass: MANIFESTO BENEFIT ASSAY ATE 1 EVA T K I A L A U C T ION MARTYRDOM KA. 4C8 Conundrums: (a) Because it is In the center of Bliss, whQe e Is In Hell and all the rest are In Purgatory; (b) in hash; (c) a hen, a duck, a goose and a turkey. Book of Piizzles. No. 409. Charade :"; Court-ship. No. 410. Proverb in Numbers: "Where It rains porridge the beggar has no spoon." No. 41 L Letter Rebuses: (a) Extenuate, (b) Over act (over ACT), (c) Thundering. No. 412. Four Flowers: (a) Mar-i-gold, (b) Snap-dragon, (c) Lark-spur, (d) Morn- ing-glory. No. 413. Geometrical Puzzle: No. 414. Syllabic Decapitations: (a) Log- wood, (b) Pro-found, (c) Waist-coat. No. 415. Numerical Enigma: Harriet Beecher Stowe. No. 416. Beheadings: (a) Wheat; (b) heat; (c) eat; (d) at; (e) t No. 417. Pictorial Conundrum: Why is an angry man like a loaf? Answer Because he is crusty. No. 418. Historic Men: (a) King Alfred, (b) Peter the Great (c) Michael Angelo. (d) Fremont, (e) Benjamin Franklin, if) Chesterfield, (g) Irving. No. 419. Curtailment: Marsh; Mars; Marj Ma. No. 430. Easy Squares: (a) LAME (b) S U P ARID OGLE MINE ULAN EDEN PENS No. 421. A Diamond: S GE M PERIL GENERAL SERENADES Ml R A C L E LADLE LEE R No. 423. Geographical Charade: Frank- fort. No. 423. A Quaint Puzzle: Enigma. No. 424. Hidden Animals: (a) Sable, (bt Gorilla, (c) Jackal (dj Ape. M Dingo. A FCTV Tilings to Think Of. If a pair of glasses are spectacles, is one a spectacle? And if not, why not? Can a glazier give a window a glass too much? When a Daniel comes to Judgment, Is the latter glad to see him ? Is "stealing a march" worse than taking a walk? If "to be or not to bef 1 fa the question, what is the answer? When wo say "It's as broad as it is long," may we safely conclude that it is all square? Whether a good view Is to be had from the top of the morning. No. 425. The Unfair Division: The land- lord would lose 71-5 bushels by such an ar- rangement, as the rent would entitle him to 2-5 of the 1 The tenant should give him 18 bushels from his own share after the division Is completed, otherwise the landlord would re- ceive but 2-7 of the first 63 bushels. No. 426. A Concealed Proverb: As mer- ry as the day is long. No. 427. Letter Rebuses: (a) Bl(under)- Ing; (b) C(over)t; (c) C(on) junction. No. 428. Small Diamonds: taj C (b) H BAA HAM CANDY HARRY ADA MRS Y Y No. 429. An Oddity: Mill No. 430. A Man of Letters: AlHhe letter* of the alphabet. No. 431. Central Deletions: BASIL PECAN STOOP PETAL METAL No. 432. Double Acrostic: Fa 1 o r u M Orinoco RabbitS E a r n e s T No. 433. Conundrums: (a) Because ne is used to the "grip." (b) Because he is let out at night and taken in in the morning, (c) A step father (farther). (Oj Invisible green, (f) Because it is insane (in seine), (g) "After youl" No. 434. Charade: Moonbeam. No. 435. Pictorial Conundrum: Because ha sees it wade (weighed). No. 430. The Unlucky Turks: The arrange- ment was this: 4 Christians, 5 Turks, 2 C., 1 T., 8 C., 1 T., 1 C., 2 T., 2 C., 8 T., 1 C., 2 T., C,, 1 T. Everybody's iio. 137. An Hour Glass: CAPITOL LANCE OFT I ODE QUEST GALLANT Na 4.1& Enigma: Bar bard bare bark barn barm baron barter barge. No. 439. Geographical Pyramid. 8 A M M Y PA N T O TTAN M TA T R O ANHA No. 440. Historic Americans: (a) Penn. (b) James Madison, (c) Jefferson Davis, (d) "Washington, (e) James Polk, (f) Fillmoro. (g) Thomas Jefferson, fli) Nathaniel Greene, No. 441. Enigma: Box. Na 443 Anagrams (a) Senator, (b) Usur- per. (c) Antagonist (d) Gnashing. (e) Spermaceti, (f) Platitudes. No. 443. Egg Problem: 80 goose eggs, 50 duck's eggs, and 70 hen's eggs. No. 444. A Unique Window: In the first instance it is shaped like a diamond; then it is changed to a square. Na 445. Easy Hour Glass: Centrals, Con- sent Cross words: 1. disCern. 2. prOud. 3. oNe. 4. 8. 6. nEw. 0. caNon. 7. Con- Tent No. 44& The Puzzle Wall. No. 447. Decapitations: M-adamo;a-dame; a-dum ; d-am ; a-m. No. 448. A Numerical Puzzle: Seven, even; One, on; Six, is; Three, tree; Five, fle; Two, tow; Four, our; Nine, nein; Ten.net: Eight, ti*. No. 449. A Puzzle of Sevenths:' C U R U A R H U B A APRICOT nit. ; N T R B No. 450. Crossing the River: An English- man and a servant go over, the Englishman comes back with the canoe. Two servants go over, ono servant comes back. Two Eng- lishmen go over, an Englishman and a ser- vant come back. Two Englishmen go over and a servant comes back. Two servants go over and a servant returns. Two servants then go over together, Other solutions are possible. No. 451. A Bird Puzzle: L Frigate bird. 2. Butcher bird. 3. Weaver bird. 4. Snake bird. 5. King bird. 6. Bell bird. 7. Cedar bird, a Catbird. 9. Tailor bird. No. 452. Easy Charade: Dayton. No. 453. letter Rebuses: (a) An M on E Anemone, (b) I understand, (c) C on figure 8 Configurate. Na 454. Enigmatical Trees: Box, Dog- wood, Aspen, Rose, Sloe, Plane, Tulip, Spruce, Elm, Sycamore, Poplar, Southern- \rood. No. 455. Anagram: Termination, Ka 450. Double Acrostic: V a r 1 e T A L r m a d A i n n e T L o o a B T E v o 1 v E Y o n d e B SwearS No. 457. Beheadings Smash mash ash. Nu. 453. Conundrums: Lyre. Try to bor- row five dollars of him. Because he makes both ends meet He has been to sea (see). It always has its back up. In the dictionary. Your nama No. 459 Mathematically Described: AC- TIVITY. No. 460. Anagram: A Mystic Bird: Snipe. No. 461. Letter Enigma: Legerdemain. No. 463. Drop Letter Puzzle: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. No. 463. Charade: Benjamin Harrison. No. 464. Crosctte: P E A C H E 8 Q U I N E 8 ORANGE B Book of Puzzles. Having crossed out one circle, miss the next three, and begin counting again from the fourth, and so on round and round. Missed circles are to include those already crossed out. Thus, if the circle marked 1 is started from, scratch out the unnumbered circle. Miss three circles, and begin counting again from 3. This count will bring the player to the circle numbered 1, which is to be crossed out. Missing three again (including the cir- cle already crossed out) begin counting from 8, and cross out 2; and so on, until all the circles except tbe one numbered 9 have been crossed out. The general rule for any number of circles, counting any number each tune, is always to miss the number that will bring the next count to the circle previously started from. Thus, if there are eleven circles, and the count is five, miss two each time; if there are eleven circles, and the count is four, miss four. This will solve all the possible cases, but some numbers do not admit of a solution, such as ten circles counting five. The reason for this is that the number of circles, and the number of the count minus one, have a com- mon factor. No. 4G5. Transformations: Hard, card, cart, cast east, easy. Sin, son, won, woe. Neat, seat, slat, slam, slum, glum, grum, grim, prim. Saxe, sale, hale, hole, pole, pope. Hand, hard, lard, lord, ford, fort, foot. Blue, glue, glum, slum, slam, slat, seat, peat, pent, pint, pink. No. 466. Riddles: Because it makes ma, mad. Hold your jaw. When she shows her slight of hand by refusing you. Because he's 11 o better. No. 467. What is It? The Letter V. No. 4CS. A Cfcver Puzzle: CI, CLI, CLIO (one of the nine Muses). No. 469. The Ingenious Servant. o: - o ' po . oo ss 4 A A ** g> w e 6 o oo, ,o' oo Off oo eo oo No. 470. Enigma: Glass, lass, ass. No. 471. Charades: (a) End-less. (b> OX. (c) Heartsease. No. 472. Single Acrostic: Turkey. Cross- words L daTes; 2. vaUlts; 8. daRts; 4. iraKes; 5. paEan; 6. maYor. No. 473. Beheadings: L Tin In; 2. Hash ash. 8. Easter aster. 4. Bear ear. 5 filand land. 6. Reel eel 7. Kill ilL & Bcent cent. 9. Hart art. 10. Ideal deal. No. 474. Beheaded Rhymes: (a) Chimes lines, (b) Scorn corn, (c) Block lock. No. 475. Numerical Enigma: First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. No. 47(5. Hidden Motto: I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none. No. 477. A Date Puzzle: 1493. No. 478. A Pyramid: Y GEM MEDAL T A R D I E R CORMORANT No. 479. A Double Diamond: T P ART ALB FLOAT TROUT BUR TAR. T T No. 480. Easy Word Squares: (a) CARE (b)PLEA ACID LEAP RICE EASE EDEN APES No. 481. Enigma: Pea, peace, pear, peach, peal, peat, pearl. No. 482. A Pleasing Puzzle: The month of roses. No. 483. Maltese Cross Puzzle: At one o'clock, P. M. No. 4S4. Transpositions: Rail, rial, lira, lair, liar. No. 485. The Legacies: Valet, 84; Maid, 4:2; Boy, 14. No. 480. A Hollow Square: MINUTES I E A V L E C R E A D E E S N I L No. 487. Hidden Fruits: Orange, pear, date, banana, peach, plum, lime, lemon, man- go, apple. No. 488. A Geographical Puzzle: Missis- sippi, Do Soto, Lafayette, Carroll, Jefferson, Lawrence, Wayne, Monroe, Calhoun, Madi- son, Washington, Newton, Franklin, Scott, Choctaw, Sunflower, Pike, Warren, Jasper, Bolivar, Smith, Leake, Amity, Holmes. No. 489. The Crown Problem: Place the 4th on the 1st, the 6th on the 9th, the 8th upon the 3d, the 2d on the 5th and the 7th on the 10th. No. 490. Beheadings: Bare are; maim aim; four our; lon$ one. Everybody's No. 401. Transpositions: Nest ent; slat* teal; table bleat; steps pests; bowl- blow; ihoe hoee; leaf flea; pears spare. No. 482. Proverb Making: A bird in the haad w irorth two in the bush. AH8UBKHT BENIGN I I B O T C N D O D W INSUFFICIENT V O B T H THUNDERBOLT HOUSEBREAKER HANDISWO No. 493. Enigma: Clark; C-lark. No. 494. Riddles: Because it's a notion (an ocean). When it turns to bay. Because it is the end of pork. When it is ground. Bo- cause he is faithful to the last. Because the cafll (cattle) eat it No. 495. A Recent Novel Craze: Robert Elsmere. No. 496. Illustrated Rebus: A chain's no stronger than its weakest link. No. 497. The Prisoners in the Tower: The chain was sent down, bringing up the empty basket Tho page went down, bringing up the chain. The chain was removed, and the princess went down, bringing up tho page. The chain was sent down alone. Tho king went down, bringing up the chain and the princess. The chain was sent down alone. The page went down, bringing up the chain. The princess removed the chain, and went down, bringing up the page. The chain was eut down alone. The page went down, with the chain as counter weight The chain came down of its own weight No. 498.- A Perfect Diamond: D TIP TIARA DIAMOND PROUD AND D No. 499. -Charade: Curfew. No. 500. Btneaded Animals: Panther, an- ther ; bear, oar > boar, oar; weasel, eesel; mink, Ink; mule, ule. No. 501. Enigma A Rural Preacher: Jack in tho Pulpit No. 503. Historical Puzzle: L M L, Martin Luther. 5. V, Victoria. *. C D, Charles Dickens. 6. I, Isaiah 8. X, Xanthippe. 7. C, Charlemagne 4. A, X.-rxea, MDCCLXXVI-lTTfc No. 503. Letter Rebuses: (a) Dishonesty, (b) Converse. No. 5(M. Motto Enigma: The pen is might- ier than the sword. No. 505. A Transposition: Peach cheap. No. 500. A Trick for Clever Pencils: No. 507. A Scottish Tangle: Oh wad some power the gif tie gie us To see oursels as ithers see us. No. 508. An Oddity: A clock. No. 509. Word Transformations: Regi- ment; regimen; regime; grime; rime; emir; mire; run- No. 510. Arithmttical Nut: SIX IX XL IX X L 8 IX No. 511. Hidden Authors: Longfellow; Whittier; Harte; Goldsmith; Saxe; Bacon Coleridge; Lowell; Campbell; Akenside; Wordsworth. No. 512. Riddle: The English alphabet No. 513. The Card Square: No. 514. Pi: Put money in thy purse. No. 515. Cross Word Enigma: Vulture. No. 516. Numerical Enigma: Ponderous. No. 517. Tempting Fruits: 1. Oranges. 3. Watermelon. 3. Nectarine. 4. Pomegran- ate. 5. Apricots. 6. Pineapple. 7. Cherriea. 8. Peaches. 9. Strawberries. 10. Cran- berries. No. 518. Drop Letter Proverb: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Book of Puzzles. 117 Wo. 519. Conundrums: Because it come* In the middle of night. When it is a good mouser (mow, sir). Young Hyson. Puniaua. Motto of ragpickers "By hook or by crook." How to raise the wind Use a fan. Hump themselves over the desert Camels. An ale-ing nation The English. An old, well known club man Hercules. Boards of charity Station house bunks. A wedding present The clergyman's fee. A "private" residence Military barracks. Key to the Puzzler. No. 520. Metagram: Hearth, earth, heart, hear, ear, art. No. 521. Double Acrostic: ALHAMBRA LADLEFUL HICC OUGH ALHA MBRA MAINBOOM BALLCLUB RECORDER ALHAMB R A No. 523. Curtailment: Planet plane plan. No. 523. Numerical Enigma: New York. No. 524. Rebus for Boys and Girls: Boy and girl readers of the puzzle column should strive to do what they can't understand. No. 525. Tangled Wisdom: This world is not so bad a world As some would like to make it, But whether good or whether bad Depends on how wo take it. No. 526. Charade: Sparrow hawk. No. 527. Nuts to Crack: 301 nuts. The least commou multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5 and being 60, it is evident that if Gl were divisible by 7 it would answer the conditions of the ques- tion. But this not being the case, let CO mul- tiplied by 2 and increased by 1 be tried ; also 60 multiplied by 3 and 1 added, and so on, when it will be found that 5 times GO, plus 1, or 301, is divisible by 7. If to 801 we add 420 (the least common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) the sum 721 will be another answer, and by successive additions of 420 we may obtain as many answers as we like. No. 528. Letter Rebus: Contention is con- troversy. No. 529. An Enigmatical Feast: 1. Steak. ft Ham. 3. Green Corn (wallis). 4. Apple. 5. T(ea). 6. Perch. 7. Madeira. 8. Claret. 9. Lamb. 10. Champagne. IL Goose. 13. Turkey. o. 9. Enlemjaln Rhymo: Musio. No. 531. Word Square: (a) ANGORA (b) PASTOR NERVES ATTIRE GREENS STUPID OVERDO TIPTOE RENDER ORIOLE ASSORT REDEEM No. 532. Magic Octagon: No. 533. A Remarkable Journey: Tombig- bee, Defiance, The Wash,Worms, Man, Bald- head, Table, Oranges, Candy, Charles and Henry, Powder, Surgeon, Yell, Indian, Guns, Scilly. No. 534. Double Acrostic: Primals, Cha- rade; finals, Enigmas. Crosswords: 1. Charge. 2. Hidden. 3. Alumni 4. Rising. 5. Asy- lum. 6. Dahlia. 7. Easels. No. 535. The jeweler arranged the pearls thus: 9 8 98789 6 5 4 3 2 1 No. 536. Decapitations: C-ode; m-ore; c-one; s-elect; w-edge; t-reason. No. 537. A Curious Conversation : Reuben- stein, Blind Tom, Tony Pastor, Forepaugh, Barnum, Ar buckle, Talmage, Burdette, Livermore, Patti, Mark Twain. No. 538. Transformations: Draw; ward; war; raw; awl. No. 539. Riddle: A lady's lips. No. 540. Illustrated Rebus: Sin has many tools, but a lie is a handle that fits them all. No. 541. Cross Word Enigma: Cowslips. No. 542. The Nine Digits: 16 7 3 10 19 19 n8 Everybody's No. 543. Geographical Skeletons: 1. Lima. 2l Nile. 8. Canada. 4 Geneva, 5. Helena. & Lebanon. No. 544. Letter Rebuses: (a) Anaconda; (b) Thunderbolt. No. 645. Charade: Night-in-gala No. 546. Weatherwise: H-ail; S-now; Storm-most; S(h)ower. No. 547. What Are They! Spurs. No. 648. The Three Travelers: A, 7 pieces; B, 1 piece. At first sight it would seem that A should have 5 and B 3 pieces; but as the three persons ate 8 loaves, each one ate 2% loaves of the bread he furnished. This from 5 would leave 2^ loaves furnished the stran- ger by A, and 3 2%^% of a loaf furnished by B; hence 2> to }, or 7 to 1, is the ratio in which to divide the money. No. 649. An American Author: Bayard Taylor. No. 550. Charade: Wil-low. No. 551. Changes: 1. Saline, aliens. 2. Rugose, grouse. 3. Thread, deaf th. 4. Cut- lets, scuttle. 5. Piston, points. C. Damson, nomads, monads. No. 553. Word Squares: PRESS FRAMED RURAL REMOVE ERASE AM U L E T BASSE MO LINE SLEEP EVENTS DETEST No. 553. A Quaint Puzzle: LOVE. No. 554. Double Acrostic: Q r a n d e E E s p a d o N Room i n G Mart i a L A r a g o n A N e- w b o r N Y c 1 e p e D No. 555. Enigma: Words. No. 650. Octagons.: L 1 . Bed. 2. Tunes. 3. Jungler. 4. Engrave. 6. Delayed. 0. Sever. T. Red. IL 1. Did. 2. Wanted. 3. Dangler. 4. Ingrate. 5. Delayed. 0. Deter. 7 Red. No. 657. Historical Characters : 1. Clay. 2. Franklin. 8. Guy Fawkes. 4. Burr. 6. Marshall Saze. No. 659. Riddles: Sense; Because he is ac- customed to make elegant extracts; Because a woman can make a fool of him; Invisible green; To kaep a check upon his stomach; In the days of 20 A (Noah) ; An L (ell). No. 559. Broken Words: 1. Lap-wing. 2. Over-act. 8. Name-sake. 4. Green-horn. 5 Fin-U. 6. Ear-nest (this was a little "off") T. Looking-glass, a Loads-tar. 9. Ode-on! 10, Win-now. Longfellow, Washington. No. 560. Character Puzzle: Ex-ten-d a kin-d-ly h-and and g-iv-e Goo-d wor-d-s to he-lp the sa-d and poor to 1-ive. No. 561. A Diamond: S PEA CANTS P A R O T ID SE NOCULAR AT TUNED S I L E X DAD R No. 562. A Double Acrostic: CAITIFF R o T u N D O ON T A B i O W I T H O U T No. 563. Transformation Puzzle: Plant the pieces as shown in our picture. You get "Pea," a vegetable. Transpose and you get "Ape," an animal. No. 564. An Eggs-act Answer Wanted: One had 14 eggs, the other 10. No. 565. Anagrams: 1. Tournament. 4. Starlight. 2. Melodrama. 5. Novelties. 3. Unrighteousness. 6. Patience. No. 666. Word Changes: 1. Cedar, raced, cared, scared, sacred, acre. 2. Primero, primer, prime, prim, rip, pi. No. 567. Enigma: A Name. . No. 568. Rose Puzzle: 1. Musk. 2. Tea. 3. China. 4. Dog. 5. Field. G. Moss. 7. Indian. 8. Cabbage. 9. Dwarf. No. 569. Half Square and Diamond: K BIGGIN SAS INLET STONE GLUT KAOLINB GET SNIPE IT E N E N B No. 570. Voltaire's Riddle: Time. No. 571. Charade: Mendicant mend-l- eant. No. 572. A Poet Transformed: Keats steak stake skate Elate take teak tea eat ate at. No. 678. jThe Row of Figure; The Book of Puzzles. 119 and last or these numbers, 1 find 50, make 51; and the second and last but one of these numbers, 2 and 49, make 51, and so on through the whole row of figures. Alto- gether, therefore, there aro 25 times 51, which makes 1,275. | No. 574. Conundrum: Why, on the other ride of him, of course 1 I No. 575. Hidden Authors: 1. Chaucer. 9. Dryden. '6. Pope. 4. Taylor. 5. Holmes. fl. Holland. 7. Hood. 8. Burns. 9. AbbUt ; Fu ni an a. The proper costume for an elopement A cutaway jacket. A timely warning Cucumbers. A heap of trouble A siugle hair. In high spirits Alcohol. Hard to beat A boiled egg. Forced politeness Bowing to necessity. Key to the Puzzler. No. 576. How is your head? Level. No. 577. The Riddle of Riddles: The heart No. 578. Enigma: Flowers. No. 579. Rebus: Laconic. No. 580. Rhomboid: HUNTED SAILED PRIMED EDI L E S E S T E E M E A R W A X No. 581. Rebus for Little Folks: Years fly on tho wings of time. No. 588. Word Squares: WASTE CHAMP ACTOR HUMOR STONE AMUSE TONIC MOSES ERECT PRESS No. 583. Hidden Flowers: 1. Rose. a. Verbena. 3. Pink. 4. Peony. No. 584. Cross Word Enigma: Thibet. No. 585. A Knotty Problem: NINE. No. 586. Charade: Wei-come. No. 587. Curtailment: Alien a lie AIL No. 588. What is My Name) Palm. No. 589. A Pretty Tangle: Straight is the line of duty, Curved is the line of beauty ; Walk in the first and thou shalt see The other ever follow theo. No. 590. A Tale of the Lights: A polite acolyte with a slight blight to his eyesight, Bang in tho twilight, "Let there be light." In this plight, he saw with delight the flight of an aerolite enlighten the starlight like the daylight and, alighting on an electric light, put out the light quick as lightning:. JNo. 591. Cross Word Enigma: Baseball. No. 593. Beheadings in Rhyme: The ship rode in an eastern bay; Asleep astern tho master lay; A stern and rugged man was he, And, like the tern, at homo at sea; He, like the ern, swooped on his prey, Whene'er the R. N. came his way. But now, while N. the needle kept, Forgetting all, he lay and slept. No. 5'J3. A Transformed Monster: Lie- Eli No. 594. A Presidential Puzzle: 1. Bu- c(h)anan. 2. Gr(a)nt. 3. Ga(r)field. 4. A(r)- thur. 5. L(i)ncoln. 0. Hayc(s). 7. John- s(o)n. 8. Clevela(n)d. Harrison. No. 595. Syncopations: Ho(us)e. P(l)ay. THrte. No. 596. Unfinished Verses: Sea, me. Land, sand. Far, star. Mother, brother. Sea, glee. Texas. No. 597. A Slippery Sprite: The letter H. No. 598. An Hour Glass: IRKSOME ETHER B Y E L TOT MACAW O C K P I T N). 599. Arithmetical Problem: John, $2.ft); James, $1.40; Harry, 80 cents. No. 600. Rebus for Little Folk: Japan produces good tea. No. 601. A Wonderful Animal: A Bengal tiger. No. 602. Charade: Larkspur. No. 603. Hidden Nets: Lin-net. Spi-net. Gan-net. Jen-net. Bon-net. Cyg-net. Gar- net. Cor-net. Son-net. Hor-net. No. 604. A Riddle: Noah. No. 605. Two Wise Little Maids: One had 5 nuts; the other, 7 nuts. No. 600. Ten Tribes of Indians: 1. Sacs and Foxes. 2. Arapahoes. 3. Chickasaws. 4. Pawnees. 5. Mandans. 6. Seminoles. 7. Diggers. 8. Cherokees. 9. Tuscaroras. 10. Blackfeet. No. 607. An Hour Glass. STITCHERT R O L L I NO STEEL BOW P DAM SATAN SHERMAN BALVA TI ON T2O Evervbodys The Clever Plf. "Haf" said the pig to the boy who cut off It* tail, "You can't do that again. 1 ' No. 008. Poetical Taiigle: Don't be In too much of a hurry To credit what other folks say: It takes but a alight little flurry To blow fallen leaves far away. No. 609. Numerical Enigmas: Louisa May Alcott No. 610. The Puzzle Board: Oft, In the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me, Fond memory brings the light Of other days around ma No. Gil. Enigmatical Birds: Hawk ca- nary ruff kite pica rook penguin halcyon. No. 612Rebus: Annex (an X). No. 613. Word Changes: Grape rape pe,pear. No. 614, Conundrums: Because each day begins by breaking. Crash. Because it U a reflector. A Teller. No. 615. A Clever Puzzle: 1. Because it began on Sunday and ended en Holiday. 2. Because it begins and ends on Tuesday. No. CIO. Double Acrostic: Primala Cu- pid. Final* Arrow. Cross words: CallA UlsteR PalloR-IndigO-DaW. No. 617. Remarkable Ilivers: Green, Grand, Orange, Cheat, Neuse, For, Tombig- bee, Bear, Connecticut, Rocky, Snake. No. CIS. A Problem tD Solve: CIVIC. No. C19. Easy Word Squares: TRIP HARE BIRD RARE AMID I DBA IRON RIPE REAL PENT EDEN DALE No. C20. The Parallelogram Puzzle: In what vehicle did the man ride who was "driven frantic?" When a man revolves much in his mind, does it make him dizzy! If all things are for the best, where do tha rations for the second beet come from? Divide the piece of card into five steps aa shown in tho cut, and shift the two pieces to form tho required figures. No. 621. Letter Rebus: Blunderer. No. 622. Numerical Enigma: Diamond. No. 623. Concealed Cities: Salem, Lowell, B*th, Paris, Rome, Nice, Lyons, Trenton. No. GH. Riddle: Tho nose. i'^. Anagrams: 1. Don Quixote. 2. The Virginians. 3. Guy Manuering. 4. Old Curtly Eh., p. 5. Uncle Tom's Cabin The Woman iu White. 7. The Last Days of FompeiL a Tho Vicar of Wakefleld. No, 620. Rebus: Bonn- times a shooting comet flaming goes around the sun. No. C27. A Den of Wild Animals: R E O B O W A POBCUr I N B E M E P O L T B I L F S D B U N O A S C E C E T L U A A K S S O M T R No. 628. Enigmatical Trees and Plants: The elder tree; O, Leauder; palm; Chili tree; plane; mango. Sage; sensitive plant; lettuce; tea; thyme; peppergross. No. 629. Riddles: Because it is down In the mouth. Because for every grain they give a peck. B natural. Joseph, when he got into the pit for nothing. Ashes, because whfn hnrned they are ashes still. No. 630. Charade: Horse-chestnut. No. 631. Numerical Enigma: Fortunate. No. 632. Can you Name Him: Fisherman, No. 633. Drop Letter Quotation: "What- soever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might." No. 634. Diamonds: C B CAT LIP CADET BISON TEA POT T N No. 635. Rebus Wise Words: "Civility costs nothing and buys every thing. "Mary Wortley Montague. No. 63<x Selections: Starch. Star, tar, arch, arc, chart, cart, hart, chat, hat, cat, rat. No. C37. A Poetical Maze: O'er the placid ocean, Merrily vrt> glide; Zephyrs' gentlest motion Fans the rippling tide; Blue the sky above us, Blue the wave below, Borrow cannot move us. " Na 640. Illustrated Rebus: Take time by the forelock. No. 641. Cross Word Enigma: Turkey. No. G42. Pi: October morning! how the sun Glitters on glowing shock and sheaf : On apple crisp with mellow gold, On wonder painted leaf 1 October evening! look, the moon, Like on* in fair viand benighted! Book of Puzzles. 121 Out doors Jack Frost bites sharp; within- Good! our first fire is lighted. No. 643. Word PuzjJe: Cleveland. No. 644 Flowers aai Fruit: Candytuft, gladiolus, trailing arbutus, tuberose, Venus' fly trap, four o'clock, plum, peach, currant, caper, pear, olive. No. 645. Deletions: Can(is)ter; war(ran)t; a(tine)t; H(ass)ock; re(pair)ed. No. 646. Charade: Chick weed. No. 647. A Hollow Square: CUPS E c I N No. 648. An Anagram: Termagant No. 649. A Poser: The Letter A. No. 650. Illustrated Rebus: If a man does his best, what more can wo expect from him I No. 651. Double Acrostic: PANACEA ELISION ATHEIST S U C E 8 8 No. 652. The Legacy: The cadi loaned a camel to the brothers, making 20 camels, which he bade them divide. The eldest son took one-half, or 10 camels; the second, one- fourth, 5; the third, one-fifth, 4, making 19 camels among the three brothers and one left to be returned to the cadi. No. 653. Beheadings: E-go; e-lato; e-state. No. 654. Enigmatical Rivers: Merriinac, St. John, Pearl, Black, Brandywine. No. 655. Rbvming Square: APRIL PAUSE RUBLE ISLES L E E S E No. 666. Riddles: Silrnce. Because, how- ever frank, she cannot ba plain. A tare. Ink, At seventy, because long experience makes him sage. No. 657. Crossword Enigma: DaffodQ. No. 658. Missing Letters: Dr. No. 659. Quartered Circles: From 1 to 4, lane; 5 to 8, gear; 9 to 12, lyre; 13 to 1C, anon; 1 to 5, long; 5 to 9, gull; 9 to 13, Luna; 13 to 1, Abel; 2 to 6, abode; 6 to 10, entry; 10 to 14, yearn; 14 to 2, Norma; 3 to 7, Nevada; 7 toll.abider; 11 to 15, Rial to; 15 too, Oberon; 4 to 8, elector; 8 to 12, reserve; 12 to 1(3, east- ern; 16 to 4, naivete. No. 660. The Philosopher's Puzzle: The philosopher blocked up each corner of his window in such a way as to leave a diamond shaped opening of the same width and length as the original window. no. 661. --Charade: Carpet. No. 663,- -A star: B U A SONATAS U Q T A L L E K BE RAISINS L F y No. 663. Transposition: Cuba a cub. No. 604. Word Squares: PAGAN COLOR ALIVE OLIVE GIBES LINEN AVERT OVERT NESTS RENTS No. 665. Numerical Enigma: England. No. 666. Decapitations: Stray, tray, ray, ay. 2. Stripe, tripe, rije. 3. Strap, trap, rap. 4. Pride, ride. No. 667. A Wonderful Puzzle: A watch. No. 668. Numerical Enigma: A new broom sweeps clean. No. 669. A Half Square: M M A MAN MANE M A N E H No. 670. Easy Rebus for Little People: Stop not to idle. No. 671. Anagram: Solitary. Lapwing. Tiresome. No. 672. Letter R2bus: Largess (large S). No. 673. Conundrums: Because it makes oil boil. Because it makes ma mad. Because it makes over a lover. Because it is always in inquisitive. Because it begins and ends in sauciness. Because it is found in both earth and water. No. 674. Enigmatical Trees: ?.. Ash tree. 2. Bread fruit. 3. 0-raga . O-live. No. 675. A Seasonable Acrostic: Third row, Heartfelt Thanks; sixth row, Thanks- giving Day. Cross Words: L Athletic, 2. Wreathed. 8. Standard. 4. Strained. 5. Attacked. 6. Diffuses. 7. Presages. 8. Re- ligion. 9. Outlives. 10. Catering. 11. Schoo- ner. 12. Analogue. 13. Consider. 14. Ink- stand. 15. Unstayed. No. 676. A Word Square: ROME OPAL MAUL ELLA No. 677. Hidden Words: Names of Object* Trowel, lady, eagle, antelope, nest, arch, ostrich, box, engine. Hidden Words: Rich, dye, star, row, glean, oxen, well, host, open. No. 678. Beheadments: Lone one N. E. 122 Everybody's No. 879. Charade: Hum bug. No. 680. What is My Name! A kiss. No. 68L Numerical Enigma: Tobacco. No. 683. An Easy Riddle: Mentz. No. 683. Conundrums: Because we cannot make them here (hear). Because it is in firm (infirm). Because they put out tubs to catch oft water when it rains hard. He gets wet The former are dead men and the latter mended (men dead). No. 684. A Word Puzzle: L An acre. 2. Nacre, a Crane. 4. Near. 5. Era, 6. Er in error. 7. R (east). No. 685. Acrostic: Saturn. Love. Eng- land. Eve. Petrarch. Initials: Sleep. No. 6S6. Diamond and Half Square: L APTEROUS SIP PLANERS DEBAR TATTLE SEVERAL ENTRY LIBER A TED RELY PARADED ORE RATED US LED 8 D No. 687. Geographical Enigmas: 1. Cats- kill 2. Leavenworth. 3. Boston. 4. New- ark. 5. LowelL 6. Dunkirk. 7. Cleveland. 8. Springfield, 9. New Orleans. 10. Hart- ford. 11. Saratoga Springs. 12. Manches- ter. 13. Baltimore. 14. Hannibal 15. Wil- limautic. No. 688. Arithmetical: C, I, one hundred and one; L, fifty, dividing it gives C LI; cipht/r, 0, added gives CLIO, one of the nine '- No. 6S9. Crossword Enigma: Napoleon. No. GOO. A Poetical Quotation: Oh, what a tangled web we weave When first wo practice to deceive! No. C91. What Is It The figure 8. No. 092. Curtailments: Wheat heat eat No. 033, Easy Word Squares: MART WENT AVER ERIE RENO NIPS TROD TEST No. CM. Central Acrostic: B A C K 8 A 8 H E N W Q I L E PAGES O B A I 11 BEGET B O K E 3<x <& Hfthax-linga; L-oue. A-bridge, Not 06. -Gee-graphical Riddle*: Hood. Snake. Salmon. Sable, Farewell. A Riddle in Rhyme. Two brothers we are; great burdens we bear; By some we are heavily pressed. We are full all the day, but in truth I may say We are empty when we go to rest A pair of shoes. No. 697. Numerical Enigma: Harriet Beecher Stowe. No. 698. Hidden Words: Laurel; Ural, lea, are, era, lure, Lear, Ella, ell, real, ear, all. No. 699. Illustrated Proverb: Never look a gift horse in the mouth. No. 700. A Charade: Tad-pole. No. 701. Cross Word Enigma: Wolfe. No. 702. Drop Letter Proverb: Zeal with- out knowledge is the sister of folly. No. 703. Curtailments: Age-d; rip-e; plum-b; flee-t Debt No. 704. Charade: Newspaper. No. 705. A Concealed Quotation: "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." No. 706. An Easy Riddle: Cares. No. 707. A Wise Saying: Speech is silver, but silence is gold. No. 70S. A Stitch Puzzle: 1. Arrow stitch. 2. Hem stitch. 3. Running stitch. 4. But- tonhole stitch. 5. Feather stitch. 6. Lock stitch. 7. Star stitch. 8. Cat stitch. 9. Cross stitch. 10. Back stitch. 11. Briar rtitch. 12. Chain stitch. 13. Outline stitch. 14. Rope stitch. No. 709. An Hour Glass: THROWSTBB T U A I H K D H A 8 T K I C E O END PASTE B L E I O H T STERNNESS No. 710. A Pleasure Trip: MY DEAB CHARLOTTE I have been read- ing, but now will tell you about our pleasant trip. Wo went to see Geneva. There were Elizabeth, Helena, Whitney, Chester and my- self. Elizabeth wore a green merino, Helena wore Canton flannel 1 had to borrow a hoo*d, and wore a black dress. We got an early start We went over a very rocky road. Geneva had been on the lookout for us. As you must know, Geneva is very rich, and her floors were covered with Brussels carpet. She showed us a horn basket she made; also her lovely roan pet cow. We stayed over Sun- day, and then came home. My friend, I must close. I fear we shall get a hurricane. Farewell FLOBBBCE, Book of Puzzles. 123 An Alphabetical Wooing. Let others talk of L N"s eyes, And K Ts figure, light and free, Bay L R, too, is beautiful I heed them not while U I O. U need not N V them, for U X L them all, my M L E. I have no words when I would tell How much in love with U I B. So sweet U R, my D R E, I love your very F E G; And when you speak or sing, your voice Is like a winsome L O D. When U R I-C, hope D KX I am a mere non-N T T. Such F E K C has your smile, It shields from N E N M E. For love so deep as mine, I fear, There is no other M E D, But that you love mo back again O, thought of heavenly X T Cl So, lest my M T heart and I Should sing for love an L E O, T's me no more B Y's, B kind, O, M L E, U R, I 01 St Nicholas. No. 711. Palindromes: Poop, bib, nun, deified, solos, gig, pup, tenet, deed. No. 712. A question of making change: The grocer gave his quarter to the by- stander, and his fifty cent piece to the pur- chaser. The bystander gave his two dimes and his one cent piece to the purchaser, and his five cent piece and his two cent piece to the grocer. The purchaser gave his one dollar bill and his two cent piece to the grocer, and his three cent piece to the bystander. Thus, with the fewest possible changes, each man received the exact amount he was entitled to. No. 713. A Pictorial Rebus: One day in paradise is worth a thousand years on earth. No. 714. Double Central Acrostic: CLASSIFY BLATTERS CHARADES T R I A N Q L E TRENCHER 8L I O H T E D REOE IVED BO R ROW ED PARSNl PS No. 715. Going to Market: Pepper, gin- ger, rico, syrup, spice, soda, currants, sau- sage, starc-h, sugar. No. 716. What Is It: A button. No. 71 7. Anagrams. Historians: James Anthony Fronde, William H. Prescott, George Rawlinson. Authors: Edward Ever- ett Hale, Charles Egbert Craddock, Jamea Otis. No. 718. Empty vessels make the greatest sound. JTo. 719. Pi of the season: December closes on the scene, And what appear the months gone past 1 Fragments of time which once have been I Succeeding slowly, fled too fast! Their minutes, hours, and days appear Viewless in that small point, a year. No. 720. -A Charade: Hollyhock. No. 721. Crossword Enigma: Maple Sugar. No. 722. Easy Transpositions: Stop spot pots tops post. No. 723. Mental Arithmetic: Three In 9, three times. No. 724. Riddle: A leaf. No. 725. How Is This? There were in the coach an old lady, one of her daughters with two daughters, another daughter with two sons, and the daughter of an absent daughter. Total, eight persons. No. 726. Numerical Enigma: A stitch In timo saves nine. No. 727. Reverses: 1. Star, rats. 2. War, raw. 8. Ned, den. 4. Yam, may. 5. Pans, enap. 6. Reed, deer. r No. 728. Enigma A Little Fairy: The road up to the palace Toward a thimble wends; The fairy and her sisters You've at your fingers' ends. No. 729. -A Cut Up Puzzle: No. 730. Beheadings Transposed: A ndes-ends rand -darn A bate- beat 8 mite-time S apid-paid 1 mage-game Z ebra-bear No. 731. A Charade: Afternoon. No. 732. Rhyming Numerical Enigma! Heart. No. 733. A Riddle: A shoe. No. 734. An Animal in Anagram: Arma- dillo, Everybody's 7.T">. A Palindrome : Carac. No. 736. A Word Square : INANE N I] W K L AWARD N E R V i: ELDER No. 737. Charade : Off-ice. 738. Numerical enigma : , Eiffel Tower. ::$9. Zoological Acrostic : ELK T E L O P O X P E ELK B P H A A T K R I E R WILDCAT 1". -N americal Enigma : Sack. . 1 1. Charade : Sun-day. No. 742. Word Squares : P L E A s I. L A R D K li ERRATA A D A 11 T S - i. i T i; i: i: K A a i: - W ASHES A R T E li V S T OHMS |[ K U M I T E R M I X i; SYSTEM N>. 743. Enigmi : The letter V. No. 74 1. Letter Rebuses : Rosamund, Governor Covered. rr.. -Easy Beheadings : Vacation. 1. Vale*. 2. Await. 8. Cl->ck. 4. Aware. i>. Train. 0. Ideal. 7. Opine. 8. Never. No. 740. -A Pyramid : R D E N CRASH EXPLAIN MISEMPLOY No. 747. A Riddle : Dust. No. 748. An Anagram : Commissariat. 7i'.i. Double Acrostic: Primal*, Agasnz ; finals, Le Conte. Cross Woru I . Anvil. 2. GracK. X. AttiC. 4. SalvO. 5. SlaiN. 6. IngoT. 7. ZoclE. No. 750. Cross Word : Coach. No. 7.M. A Noted Battle: Waver-aver, Alien-lien, Trace-race, Event-vent, Remit- tmit, Ltver-cvrr, Over-vert, Opine-pine ; Waterloo. No. 752. Arithmetical : 99 9-9. 3 ducks. \niii. nral Enigma: The cham- ber of sickness is the chapel of devotion. No. 764. Historic*] Anagrams: Welling- ton, Washington, Cajsar, Peter the Great, Darius the < . No. 756. Hour Glasses G A L L I N ( i PRINK ONE C NOD POLKA EVENING C AR AVAN MERIT V IM ASP OTTER DEVOTEE No. 7,") 7. Charade : Post-man. No. 758. A Faithful Guide : The Needle of the Compass. No. 7 .v.i. Comparisons! 1. Bee, boor, beast. 2. Beau, bore, boast. 3. Fee, fear, feast. 4. Go, gore, ghost. 5. Roe, roar, roast. No. 760. A Queer Conceit : Assassin. No. 761. Geographical Anagrams : 1. Great Britain. 2. United states. 3. Australia. 4. Scotland. 5. Minnesota. 6. Philadelphia. No. 762. Conundrums : Because they have their next world (necks twirled) in this. Oiic is what I was, the other what I wear. Because it contains many currants (currents). Inviolate (in violet). No. 763. Beheadings : S-tag, I-bis, R-ace, W add, A-bct, L-and, T-act, E-den, R-aft, S-aga, C-age, 0-bey, T-ace, T ail ; Sir Wal- ter Scott. No. 764. Charade : Yel-low. No. 765. An Enigmatical Quartet: MILD. No. 7C6. A Pretty Puzzle: 1. All covet, all lose. 2. You dig your grave with your teeth. 3. We hate delay, yet it makes us wise. 4. Better half a loaf than no bread. 5. Penny wise, pound foolish. 6. A drown- ing man will catch at a straw. 7. Two ill meals make the third a glutton. 8. Honey in the mouth saves the purse. 9. Spare to speak, spare to speed. Id. Haste makes waste. Valentines : coVet, grAve, deLay, brEad, peNny, caTch, third, hoXcy, spEak, haSte. No. 767. Word Squares : FINK CLEAR IRIS LEAVE NINE EAVES ESEK AVERT I: E S T S No. 768. Conundrums : Because they are the bearers of idle tails. Bc;:au.*e it is done with the pen. 1 1 has a head and a tail and two sides. When it's dripping. No. 769. A Checkered Square : A I. L K O H A E Q A 1. E M U E L U E K O R E T T K O E T N W A 8 C K N T Book of Puzzles. 125 No. 770. Acrostic Riddle: Lark. Army. Riches. Kite. No. 771. Letter Enigma : Great Bear. No. 772. Hidden Reptiles : Asp, frog, newt, skink, snake, toad, salamander, dragon. No. 773. A Tramp's Stratagem : The lazy tramp worked 2 days, at 2 hours per day ; the second tramp, 4 days at 4 hours ; the third, 6 days at G hours ; and the fourth, 12 days at 12 hours ; total, 200 hours. No. 774. In my Garden : Stock, Love lies bleeding, Tulips and Orchis, Heartsease, Wind-flower, Mist- tree (mystery), Catch- fly, Hardback. Inn-cence, Job's Tear, Monks- hood, Rue, Witch Hazel, Violet, Speedwell, Boneset. No. 775. An Enigma : Blank-book. No. 776. Phonetic Charade : Dandelion. No. 777. Numerical Enigma : Telegraph. No. 778. Pied Quotations : 1. - Words without thoughts never to heaven go." 2. " Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one, have of ttimes no connection." No. 779. Delphinised Poetry: I love little pussy, Her coat is so warm ; And if I don't hurt her She'll do me no harm. I will not pull her tail, Nor drive her away ; But pussy and I Together will play. As she sits by the fire I will give her some food, And pussy will love me, Because I'm LO gocd. No. 780. Enigmatic*] Birds : Rail. Tur- key. Man-of-war. Mar-ten. Red-start. Lap-wing. Nut-cracker. No. 781. Geographical Conundrums : 1. Wales. 2. Ireland. :?. Lapland. 4. Tur- key. 5. Guinea. 6. Iceland. No. 782. Who am I ? The letter K. No. 783. Phonetic Charade : Cowper. No. 784. Floral Anagram : Petunia. No. 785. Numerical Enigma : Boston Massacre. No. 781). Cross Word : Water. No. 787. Beheadings : 1. A B road. 2. S P R ay. 3. T R ash. No. 788. A Riddle : The mouth, with tongue and teeth. N<-. 78'J. A Poetical Effusion : Ode (owed) to a washerwoman. No. 790. Decapitations : 0-S-P-R-ay. N<>. 791. Diagonals: Tiny Tim. Cross Words: 1. Trouble. 2. Diamond. S.Pan- dora. 4. Drayman. 5. Carotid. 6. Pacific. 7. Premium. -N'<>. 792. A Puzzling Problem : Fifteen white and fifteen black. OO OOO OO OOOO O O OO No. 793. A Diamond : G W I. j: W A X H D W A V E R E R GENERATOR BERATED DETER ROD R No. 794. One of Nature's Wonders : Coral. VOL. II OF SAXON & CO.'S " EVERYBODY'S BOOKS." 120th THOUSAND. 32 pp, added. - y,,/,/rx; uniform inth "Everybody's Pocket Cyclop&dia." Olotlo., Gel. I^oatlior-, Is. EVERYBODY'S BOOK OF JOKES. " In so large a collection there is, of course, much that is ancient, but, as the Editor remarks in his preface, your old joke is often the best ; whether or n<\ there is a large amount of laughter for the money in the little volume." Glasgmr Kirning Times. "This is the best sixpenny book of fun that has yet been published. It contains more than 3,000 comicalities, both in prose and verse, the freshest bits of Yankee humour, as well as the many quips of antique times." -Jhuid/'f dm ri> ,-. . the very thing for the professional wit. . . ." Glasgow "If a merry mood contributes to health, the sixpence which this little hand-book costs will be well invested. It will prove an unfailing stimulant of mirth and laughter whenever consulted." Western Daily Mercury, " A mirth-provoking book such as this may be a better tonic than any drug. . . ." Stourbridge Express. "All the humour of an ordinary lifetime is apparently compressed within the limits of a sixpenny volume." Admiralty (!((.:> iff. " There is plenty of laughter in this little book. . . "Pictorial World. " . . .is surely the cheapest sixpennyworth of wit and humour ever issued." Weekly Times and Echo. " . . .a potentiality of humour beyond the dreams even of a comic editor." Brighton Herald. "Beaming over with fun and frolic. . . ." Pe/'/r/r/^Jdrr A>/rx. " . . . much amusement is in store for those who will pay attention to what is here accumulated, whether old or new, in prose o'r rhyme. They may learn some good lessons into the bargain." Tlir 'Jitm*. " The selections are remarkably free from anything which may be construed into coarseness." Cornish Telegraph. Of all Booksellers all over the world, or post-free on receipt of price from SAXON & Co., Publishers, 23, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON. Large 8vo, Paper, 160 pp., Is. BILL NYE, BOB BURDETTE, AND OTHER AMERICAN HUMOURISTS. 250 ILLTJSTIR^TIOItTS. "Bill Nye is a familiar name now, and his coadjutors in this amusing little -work have done their best to make themselves worthy of the association in which they find themselves." Glasgow Evening News. " The illustrations are in the broadest style of grotesque humour, and have the double merit of being abundant and to a degree artistic." Weekly Herald. " If Artemus Ward's mantle fell upon anyone it was certainly the gentleman who writes himself ' Bill Nye,' and many of whose funniest Hi'orts are collected in this book." W/u'te/tftren " Here is a large and closely packed shilling's worth that, open it where you like, will drive off dull care and brighten the spirits when weary and tired." JJj-cc/ii/t " American humourists have hard and incisive points in their jokes. They are original, often highly intellectual, and not unfrequently vulgar. There are none of the latter class in the selections before us, and we find not one which can be fai I to be objectionable." The Ulster Gazette. " The most extraordinary collection of stories of the true American type, and the fun is heightened by upwards of 250 illustrations." Inverness Chronicle. SAXON & CO., $ubiil)er3 3 23, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.G. -sYo, Paper, 160 pp., Is. JENNIE, THE CIRCUS RIDER, AND 50 OTHER SHORT STORIES. A CHOICE SELECTION OF AMERICAN SHORT STORIES "This is a book of wonderfully good reading. The storios are exceedingly it -1, as ;i rule, freshly written ; in fact, the :;f should have many attractions for English readers. The first and longf.-t tale (they are none of them very long) is ' Jennie, the i thy and characteristic product of the pen of that rful and dramatic \vritt-r, M. French-Sheldon." WcxttTn Tim>\*. Th'- "i Miing story is one of tragical interest." lirynofrls's News- The volume is quite a im-side eova^KDion. n Staffordshire Times. "ii 8vo t HERBERT SEVERANCE. ^ iUto Mobrl bn JH. .frtnth-^hclbon. :-h will take high rank ann.nirst those Avorl n which are designated as hooks \\oi'ih n -ad in-:. "/;//, - IK. i larkinir. and nothing more htrikimr in its nan ill,- scene pirnnvd in the 1-i-t ' will h.,: D withBoineof th- i-.-st in the book *.*. SAXON & CO., publi5l)tr0, 23, BOUVERIE STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.<3. A 000 092 939 LOU sands of Saxon and - ries of Everybody's Books are sold yearly. This due to their excellence and cheapness. Hack >k contains from 192 to 320 pages, and is sold at 6//. (leather binding. i,v.). The first volume. I \ rvbody's Pocket Cyclopaedia/' has reached t 4OOth thousand. The second volume, "Every- /> Book of Jokes/*' Las reached the laoth isand. The third volume, "Everybody's Scrai>- oi Curious J^cts/" is in its /$th thousand. four;;; \ ; hinit, " Everybody *s Boojc of Short v in great demand. All Saxon a? ;J bear on the title-page their regisu Univ e r* ' Mir old Saxon gem known as I April SAXON cS: CO., Publishers, LONDON, H.C
i don't know
Which four letter word beginning with I is the person who leads prayers in a Mosque?
Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani Prayer is one of the central elements of Islamic practice and worship. Indeed, it is the second of the Five Pillars of Islam and, along with the testimony of faith, the pilgrimage to Mecca, fasting the month of Ramadan and paying the poor tax, forms the essential framework of religious life for Muslims. More than that, the observance of the ritual prayer forms the framework of each Muslim’s day, from the pre-dawn morning prayer to the night prayer that precedes sleep. Prayer’s Importance in Islam Prayer, in the ritual sense, is an obligation of the faith, to be performed five times a day by adult Muslims. According to Islamic law, prayers have a variety of obligations and conditions of observance. However, beyond the level of practice, there are spiritual conditions and aspects of prayer which represent its essence. In the Holy Qur’ān, Allah says: وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالْإِنسَ إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُونِ I created the jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me. Thus, prayer first and foremost, is the response to this Divine directive to worship the Creator. Prayer represents the individual’s affirmation of servanthood before the Lord of Creation and submission to His Omnipotent Will. It also represents a willing acknowledgment of our weakness and neediness by seeking Divine Grace, Mercy, Abundance and Forgiveness. Prayer, then, is a willful, directed action by the believer, seeking direct, unmediated communication with Allah, for Muslims believe that every human being is of interest to the Divine. It also represents a concrete manifestation of the Islamic conception of freewill, in that the decision to pray is one that must be made by each individual. In this way, prayer is a uniquely “human” form of worship, for all other creatures submit without question to Allah’s Will and are engaged in His praise, glorification and remembrance, as the Holy Qur’ān asserts: تُسَبِّحُ لَهُ السَّمَاوَاتُ السَّبْعُ وَالأَرْضُ وَمَن فِيهِنَّ وَإِن مِّن شَيْءٍ إِلاَّ يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدَهِ وَلَـكِن لاَّ تَفْقَهُونَ تَسْبِيحَهُمْ إِنَّهُ كَانَ حَلِيمًا غَفُورًا and there is not a thing but hymneth His praise; but ye understand not their praise. Prayer, by its very nature, is a form of request or entreaty, and thus requires the full conscious participation of the one praying, with will, intellect, body and soul. The one engaged in prayer is in direct connection with the Creator Who hears everything the supplicant says and responds – though not necessarily in the affirmative – to each request. This is the concrete manifestation of Allah’s role as The Hearer, The Aware and The Responsive, which represent three of the ninety-nine Holy Names and Attributes of Allah that form the basis of the Islamic conception of the Divine. In Islam, there are two forms of prayer. One has ritual, formal requirements and manners, which are essential to its correct observance. This is called šalāt. The other form is supplicatory prayer, and in its more general sense, represents an open-ended conversation with Allah, which may occur at any time or place, with few restrictions or requirements. It is called du¿a. Supplication The term du¿a is derived from the Arabic verb meaning “to supplicate” or “to call upon.” Other similar terms for such prayer are munājah, nidā, and aļ-ļaru¿a. Munājah means “a secret conversation with Allah,” usually with the intention of seeking delivery and relief. Referring to this form of prayer, Allah says in the Holy Qur’ān: قُلْ مَن يُنَجِّيكُم مِّن ظُلُمَاتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ تَدْعُونَهُ تَضَرُّعاً وَخُفْيَةً لَّئِنْ أَنجَانَا مِنْ هَـذِهِ لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الشَّاكِرِينَ Say: Who delivereth you from the darkness of the land and the sea? Ye call upon Him humbly and in secret, (saying): If we are delivered from this (fear) we truly will be of the thankful. Nidā means “to call upon Allah while withdrawn from people.” The Holy Qur’ān relates the story of the prophet Zachariah who, having no son, beseeched Allah in his old age to give him a successor to inherit his prophetic knowledge and duties: ذِكْرُ رَحْمَةِ رَبِّكَ عَبْدَهُ زَكَرِيَّا إِذْ نَادَى رَبَّهُ نِدَاء خَفِيًّا قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ الْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَاشْتَعَلَ الرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا وَلَمْ أَكُن بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ شَقِيًّا وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِن وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا فَهَبْ لِي مِن لَّدُنكَ وَلِيًّا A mention of the mercy of thy Lord unto His servant Zachariah. When he cried unto his Lord a cry in secret, Saying: My Lord!... give me from Thy Presence a successor who shall inherit of me and inherit (also) of the house of Jacob… (It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose name is John; We have given the same name to none before (him). Aļ-ļaru¿a means “a loud entreaty to Allah for safety,” as mentioned in the Holy Qur’ān: وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلنَآ إِلَى أُمَمٍ مِّن قَبْلِكَ فَأَخَذْنَاهُمْ بِالْبَأْسَاء وَالضَّرَّاء لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَضَرَّعُونَ Before thee We sent (apostles) to many nations, and We afflicted the nations with suffering and adversity, that they might submissively entreat (Him)! Salat - Ritual Prayer The Linguistic Root of Prayer: Salat Ritual prayer in Islam, is called šalāt, a word whose full meaning is best understood by examining its linguistic roots. One of the origins of šalāt is the root word šilat which means “connection” or “contact.” One of Islam’s most renowned philosophers, Ibn Rushd, said: It derives from the word “connection” (šilat) in that it connects the servant with his Creator, meaning that the prayer brings him near His Mercy and connects him to His Generosity and His Heavenly Paradise. This word is also used in the context of close relations (šilat ar-raħim) whose connections with an individual are due to blood ties and are therefore imperishable in the eyes of the Divine. In this sense, prayer is seen as the unseverable bond between the individual and his or her Lord. Commenting on this, another renowned Qur’ānic exegete, Al-Qurtubī said: The word šalāt derives from the word šilat, one of the names of fire as when it is said, “The wood is burned by fire.” Al-Qurtubī attributed six different meanings to the word šalāt in his commentary of the Holy Qur’ān: Prayer is the invocation of Allah; it is mercy, as when one says, “O Allah, bestow prayers on Muhammad”; it is worship, as when Allah says, صَلاَتُهُمْ عِندَ الْبَيْتِ “And their worship at the (holy) House”; it is a supererogatory prayer, as when Allah says, وَأْمُرْ أَهْلَكَ بِالصَّلَاة “And enjoin upon thy people worship”; and it is Allah’s praise, as when He says, فَلَوْلَا أَنَّهُ كَان مِنْ الْمُسَبِّحِينَ “And had he not been one of those who glorify (Allah)...” Prayer is also recitation. Salat in Shari‘ah Ritual prayer is bound by detailed obligations and structure. It encompasses both obligatory (farļ) prayers, which are observed five times daily at specified intervals, as well as voluntary prayers, which are performed by the worshipper before or after the obligatory prayers as well as at other times. The Obligatory Aspect of Salat Prophet Muhammad (s) called prayer “the pillar of religion.” No fundamental element of Islam has been stressed as much as prayer in the Holy Qur’ān. Indeed, Allah mentions it in over 700 verses of the holy text. Among those that define its role in the religion of Islam are: إِنَّ الصَّلاَةَ كَانَتْ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ كِتَابًا مَّوْقُوتًا Worship at fixed hours hath been enjoined on the believers. حَافِظُواْ عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ والصَّلاَةِ الْوُسْطَى وَقُومُواْ لِلّهِ قَانِتِينَ Be guardians of your prayers, and of the midmost prayer. وَأْمُرْ أَهْلَكَ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَاصْطَبِرْ عَلَيْهَا لَا نَسْأَلُكَ رِزْقًا نَّحْنُ نَرْزُقُكَ وَالْعَاقِبَةُ لِلتَّقْوَى Enjoin prayer on thy people, and be constant therein. We ask thee not to provide sustenance: We provide it for thee. But the (fruit of) the Hereafter is for righteousness. اتْلُ مَا أُوحِيَ إِلَيْكَ مِنَ الْكِتَابِ وَأَقِمِ الصَّلَاةَ إِنَّ الصَّلَاةَ تَنْهَى عَنِ الْفَحْشَاء وَالْمُنكَرِ وَلَذِكْرُ اللَّهِ أَكْبَرُ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَصْنَعُونَ Recite that which has been revealed to thee of the Book, and observe Prayer. Surely, Prayer restrains one from indecency and manifest evil, and remembrance of Allah indeed is the greatest virtue. And Allah knows what you do. فِي جَنَّاتٍ يَتَسَاءلُونَ عَنِ الْمُجْرِمِينَ مَا سَلَكَكُمْ فِي سَقَرَ قَالُوا لَمْ نَكُ مِنَ الْمُصَلِّينَ (They will be) in Gardens (of Delight): they will question each other, and (ask) of the sinners: “What led you into Hell Fire?” They will say: “We were not of those who prayed” عن بن عمر رضي الله عنهما قال : قال رسول  : “ بني الإسلام على خمس : شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله وأن محمداً رسول الله ، وإقامة الصلاة ، وإيتاء الزكاة ، والحج ، وصوم رمضان The Messenger of Allah made ritual prayer the second of the five pillars of Islam: Islam is built on five: testifying that there is no god except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establishing ritual prayer, paying the poor-due, pilgrimage and fasting Ramadan. Thus, the ritual prayer is an obligation from Allah on every sane, adult Muslim. قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( أول ما يحاسب به العبد يوم القيامة عن الصلاة ، فإن صلحت ، صلح سائر عمله ، وإن فسدت ، فسد سائر عمله The Prophet said: The first thing about which a person will be questioned on the Day of Judgment is prayer. If it is found to be sound all his other actions will be sound as well. If his prayer is not sound all his remaining actions would be spoiled. قال رسول بين الرجل والكفر ترك الصلات The Prophet also said: Between a man and unbelief is giving up of ritual prayer. من فاتته صلاة العصر فكأنما وتر في أهله وماله He also said: The one who missed Šalāt al-¿Ašr, just one of the ritual prayers, is as if he has lost all his family and property. افضل الاعمال الصلاة لوقتها، And he said: Ritual prayer in its proper time is the best of deeds. وكان آخر وصايا النبي قبل انتقاله إلى الرفيق الأعلى: الصلاة الصلاة وما ملكت أيمانكم It is reported that the Prophet’s last words were: Prayer! Prayer! And fear Allah regarding those who you are in charge of. Abū Bakr bin al-Jazā’irī states: Among the wisdoms in the implementation of prayer is that it purifies and welcomes the worshipper to converse with  Allah and His Messenger, and, while he or she remains in the material world, brings him or her into proximity with the Divine in the next life and wards off indecency and manifest evil. مثل الصلوات الخمس كمثل نهر عذب غمر بباب أحدكم يقتحم فيه كل يوم خمس مرات فما ترون ذلك يبقي من درنه قالوا لاشيء قال صلى الله عليه وسلم فإن الصلوات الخمس تذهب الذنوب كما يذهب الماء الدرن Allah’s Messenger Muhammad (s) said: The simile of the five prayers is like a flowing river of sweet-water in front of the door of one of you, in which he plunges five times a day. What dirt will remain on him? They said, “None.” He said, “Surely the five prayers eliminate sins just as water eliminates dirt.” عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانَ يَقُولُ ‏"‏ الصَّلَوَاتُ الْخَمْسُ وَالْجُمُعَةُ إِلَى الْجُمُعَةِ وَرَمَضَانُ إِلَى رَمَضَانَ مُكَفِّرَاتٌ مَا بَيْنَهُنَّ إِذَا اجْتَنَبَ الْكَبَائِرَ Allah’s Messenger (s) also said: The five prayers and from one Friday prayer to the (next) Friday prayer are expiation [for what occurred between them] and Ramadan to Ramadan are expiations for the (sins) committed in between if one abstained from the major sins. One of the primary aims of prayer is to prevent iniquity and vice. من لم تنهه صلاته عن الفحشاء والمنكر لم يزدد من الله الا بعدا The Prophet of Allah (s) said: The one whose prayer does not prevent him from iniquity and vice, gains nothing from Allah except remoteness. While the five prayers are an obligation, Muslims are also enjoined to perform other prayers in accordance with the practices of the Prophet Muhammad (s). These include: Witr (The final prayer to end the day) The two festival (¿Eid) prayers The Eclipse Prayer The Prayer for Rain All the above are termed established traditions of the Prophet (s). Other than these are what are classified as voluntary (at-taţaww¿u) worship. In addition, there are a number of supererogatory prayers (sunan) which were part of the normative practice of the Prophet Muhammad (s), and which remain part of the everyday worship of many traditionalist Muslims. History of Salat After the Prophet Muhammad (s) was commissioned with prophethood in his fortieth year, the first order he was given by Allah was to pray. It is related that the archangel Jibrīl came to him, and a spring of water gushed out from the rocks in front of them. Jibrīl then showed the Prophet how to perform the ablution that is a prerequisite of the ritual prayer in Islam. Jibrīl then showed the Prophet how to offer the ritual prayer to Allah. The Prophet (s) then went home and showed his wife Khadījā ¯ what the archangel Jibrīl had taught him. After that, the Messenger of Allah began to pray two cycles (raka¿ts) of ritual prayer twice a day – once in the morning and once in the evening. From that time forward, the Prophet never went through a day without praying. In the ninth year of the Prophet’s mission, he was taken by the archangel Jibrīl on a miraculous journey by night to Jerusalem and, from there, ascended to the heavens and the Divine Presence. During this tremendous journey, Allah commanded the Prophet and his followers to observe the ritual-prayer fifty times a day. Returning from the Divine Presence, Prophet Muhammad (s) met the prophet Moses who said, “Seek a reduction for your people can not carry it.” The Prophet did so and it was granted. After many such dialogues the command was reduced to observe five prayers, which would be the equivalent of the original command to observe fifty.  For this reason, Muslims feel a great debt to the Prophet Moses for this intercession on their behalf. Conditions of Salat In Divine Law (Shari¿ah), there are a number of requirements for valid ritual prayer: Purification Attire Prayer is Based on the Sunnah The practice of the Prophet (s) is essential to understand the Holy Qur’ān. Allah said: وَأَقِيمُواْ الصَّلاَةَ وَآتُواْ الزَّكَاةَ Establish prayers (salat) and pay the poor-due (zakāt). From this, it is clear both prayer and the poor-due are obligations. However, to find the necessary details to complete the prayer, i.e. the manner and timing of the prayer and upon whom it is obligatory, etc., we must turn to the practice of Prophet Muhammad (s). Islamic doctrine states that for every single event in his lifetime Allah revealed to the Prophet’s heart what to say and what to do. The Qur’ān and the Prophetic Narrations (aħādīth) both derive from revelation and are thus inseparable sources for understanding and implementing Islam’s divine guidance. The Prophet (s) said, “Pray as you see me pray.” What is meant here is to follow the method of observing prayer, both in form and in its inward composure and states. The Prophet (s) used to practice the ritual prayer constantly, outside the obligatory times. In doing so he was observing Allah’s recommendation: وَاسْتَعِينُواْ بِالصَّبْرِ وَالصَّلاَةِ وَإِنَّهَا لَكَبِيرَةٌ إِلاَّ عَلَى الْخَاشِعِينَ Nay, seek (Allah’s) help with patient perseverance and prayer: It is indeed hard, except to those who bring a lowly spirit. According to the scholars of Divine Law recommended acts are divided into three categories: those acts whose demand is confirmed, known as the “confirmed normative practice of the Prophet” (sunan al-mu¿akkadah). According to Aħmad Ibn Naqib al-Masri, “Someone who neglects such an act ... deserves censure and blame.” Second are those acts that are rewardable in Divine Law, but the one who neglects them deserves no blame. These are called the extra sunnah (sunnah nāfilah). The third category is the superlatively recommended, “meaning those acts considered part of an individual’s perfections.” These are called the desirable acts (mustaħab) or decorum (adab). Taharah - Purification A precondition of ritual prayer in Islam is that the worshipper be in a ritually pure state and perform his or her prayer in a ritually pure location. There are two levels of ritual impurity, each with its own remedy: 1) Major impurity. This occurs as a result of menstruation, childbirth and sexual intercourse or emission. Its remedy is ritual-bathing, as prescribed in the Holy Qur’ān: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ لاَ تَقْرَبُواْ الصَّلاَةَ وَأَنتُمْ سُكَارَى حَتَّىَ تَعْلَمُواْ مَا تَقُولُونَ وَلاَ جُنُبًا إِلاَّ عَابِرِي سَبِيلٍ حَتَّىَ تَغْتَسِلُواْ O ye who believe! Approach not prayers with a mind befogged, until ye can understand all that ye say,- nor in a state of ceremonial impurity (Except when travelling on the road), until after washing your whole body. 2) Minor impurity. This occurs due to answering the call of nature, bleeding, vomiting and sleeping. Its remedy is ritual ablution. This, too, is mentioned in the Holy Qur’ān: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ إِذَا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى الصَّلاةِ فاغْسِلُواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى الْمَرَافِقِ وَامْسَحُواْ بِرُؤُوسِكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ إِلَى الْكَعْبَينِ O you who believe! When you get ready for ritual prayer [šalāt], wash your faces, and your hands up to the elbows, and lightly rub your heads and (wash) your feet up to the ankles. عن جابر قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم مفتاح الصلاة الوضوء ومفتاح الجنة الصلاة‏. The Holy Prophet said: Ablution is the key to prayer as prayer is the key to Paradise. The various schools of Islamic jurisprudence differ slightly in the precise details of ritual ablution and bathing. Emphasized in all, however, is the need to use pure water, free from all contamination, for pure water contains the secret of life and of revivifying what is dead. Allah says in the Holy Qur’ān: وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاء كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ We made from water every living thing, And: وَمَا أَنزَلَ اللّهُ مِنَ السَّمَاء مِن مَّاء فَأَحْيَا بِهِ الأرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَا In the rain which Allah Sends down from the skies, and the life which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead… If water is unavailable, extremely scarce or its use would harm the worshipper, it is permitted to perform substitute ablution using dry earth. The Holy Qur’ān says: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ إِذَا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى الصَّلاةِ فاغْسِلُواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى الْمَرَافِقِ وَامْسَحُواْ بِرُؤُوسِكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ إِلَى الْكَعْبَينِ وَإِن كُنتُمْ جُنُبًا فَاطَّهَّرُواْ وَإِن كُنتُم مَّرْضَى أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ أَوْ جَاء أَحَدٌ مَّنكُم مِّنَ الْغَائِطِ أَوْ لاَمَسْتُمُ النِّسَاء فَلَمْ تَجِدُواْ مَاء فَتَيَمَّمُواْ صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا فَامْسَحُواْ بِوُجُوهِكُمْ وَأَيْدِيكُم مِّنْهُ مَا يُرِيدُ اللّهُ لِيَجْعَلَ عَلَيْكُم مِّنْ حَرَجٍ وَلَـكِن يُرِيدُ لِيُطَهَّرَكُمْ وَلِيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ And if ye are sick or on a journey, or one of you cometh from the closet, or ye have had contact with women, and ye find not water, then go to clean, high ground and rub your faces and your hands with some of it. Allah would not place a burden on you, but He would purify you and would perfect His grace upon you, that ye may give thanks. Besides cleansing the body, the worshipper must also take care to ensure that his or her clothes are free from impurities that would nullify the prayer. Traditionally, shoes are removed before the prayer because of their tendency to retain impurities. The Spiritual Significance of Tahara Ibn Rushd states that the word for ablution, wuļū, derives from the word for light in Arabic, ļaw, signifying the resultant spiritual light that accrues to the one who performs it. عَنْ نُعَيْمٍ الْمُجْمِرِ، قَالَ رَقِيتُ مَعَ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ الْمَسْجِدِ، فَتَوَضَّأَ فَقَالَ إِنِّي سَمِعْتُ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ ‏"‏ إِنَّ أُمَّتِي يُدْعَوْنَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ غُرًّا مُحَجَّلِينَ مِنْ آثَارِ الْوُضُوءِ، فَمَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ مِنْكُمْ أَنْ يُطِيلَ غُرَّتَهُ فَلْيَفْعَلْ ‏"‏‏. The Messenger of Allah said: On the Day of Resurrection, my Community will be called “those with the radiant appendages” because of the traces of ablution. Therefore, whoever can increase the area of his radiance should do so. عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، قَالَ كُنْتُ خَلْفَ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ وَهُوَ يَتَوَضَّأُ لِلصَّلاَةِ فَكَانَ يَمُدُّ يَدَهُ حَتَّى تَبْلُغَ إِبْطَهُ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ يَا أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ مَا هَذَا الْوُضُوءُ فَقَالَ يَا بَنِي فَرُّوخَ أَنْتُمْ هَا هُنَا لَوْ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّكُمْ هَا هُنَا مَا تَوَضَّأْتُ هَذَا الْوُضُوءَ سَمِعْتُ خَلِيلِي صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ ‏"‏ تَبْلُغُ الْحِلْيَةُ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِ حَيْثُ يَبْلُغُ الْوَضُوءُ ‏"‏ ‏. Abū Hurayrah ¦ related: I heard my intimate friend (the Messenger of Allah) saying, “The radiance of the believer reaches the areas that the water of ablution reaches.” Ablution signifies spiritual purity, which the Prophet was granted when the angels washed his heart, both in his youth and again, later, when angels washed it with the water of the holy well Zamzam on the Night of Ascension. To gain the full benefit of ablution, the worshipper must perform it with the realization of its inner aspects, washing away the burdens and darkness of worldly life that distract him or her from Divine service. By removing both the physical and mental filth that accumulates through the day, one ignites and seals the latent spiritual energy of one’s being by means of the special attributes of water. The extremities washed during ablution are the primary means of interacting with the worldly life, and these must be cleansed of the taint left by that contact. Ablution begins with washing the hands, signifying that the first level of spiritual energy is in the hands. Human hands contain a Divine Secret, for they are a reflection of the Divine Attribute of Power, which Allah has bestowed in a limited degree on humankind. They provide the means for the outward manifestations of humankind’s will to change its circumstances. Thus, hands are a source of change, control and healing. No other creature has been endowed with so great an ability to manipulate its surroundings, and the hands are the main physical instrument of that ability. The hand can act as a receiver of positive energy. The circle of the body, so clearly illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, is reflected on a smaller scale in the circle of the hand. Energy can be drawn in through the hands and channeled throughout the body. When one rubs the hands together during ablution, one activates a spiritual code that Allah has given us within our hands: the power of the ninety-nine Beautiful Names and Attributes that Allah has inscribed on every person’s palms. The friction between the two hands creates energy in the form of heat and rubbing them together under water locks in that energy, preventing it from escaping. The water keeps the energy that is generated by rubbing the hands together within the body, where it can be released later. During the process of ablution the hands are used to convey the water to each other limb and organ, thereby functioning as a dispenser of that divine energy. As the limbs and organs are washed in ablution, each undergoes similar spiritual alterations based on the water, the hands and their energy, and the various movements and recitations that are part of the ablution. For the believer to benefit from the water, it must be pure and clean, otherwise its secret blessings do not reach the body. On an esoteric level, ablution becomes a metaphor for purifying the heart. Water is always clean in its essence, so the degree of spiritual reception is dependent on keeping the water free from external impurities. If we expand the spiritual metaphor, the water symbolizes the remembrance of Allah. That remembrance is pure, in and of itself, but can be tainted by the darkness of negativity which derives from wrong intent, wrong will and wrong action. The most powerful energy we carry as human beings is our spiritual energy. Second to that is the physical energy of creativity, which manifests during the act of procreation. In the course of physically expressing this creative energy Allah has placed within us, we enter into a state similar to the spiritual state of annihilation, but not related to the Divine Presence, on the contrary, it is related to the lower self. When this occurs, it is essential to wash the body completely, with the intention to restore the spiritual state of purity lost during the act. Purification of the heart blocks the influence of Satan on the believer. For this reason, the Prophet is reported to have said: Ablution is the weapon of the believer. Ablution protects the believer from four enemies of the soul: the lower self or ego (nafs), worldly desire (ħubb ad-dunyā), lust (hawā) and Satan. However, only through the remembrance of Allah can the believer maintain this defense throughout the day. When the heart begins to beat with Allah’s Holy Name, “Allah,” Satan is prevented from entering, and the gossips and insinuations of the lower self are gradually reduced until they are no more than a whisper. At an even higher level of understanding, ablution signifies the state of dissolving the self in the Divine Presence. According to the Sufi master Al-Jilī: … the requirement of using water signifies that purity is not achieved except by the emergence [in the worshipper] of the manifestations of the Divine Attributes, which is the water of life, for water is the secret of life. Dry ablution (tayammum) as a substitute [for ablution with water] is the station of purity by necessity, and is thus a symbol of purifying one’s self by opposing one’s lower-self, combating the tyrannical selfish ego and spiritual exercises. However, even after someone is purified, there is still a chance for him to exist. This is what the Prophet alluded to when he supplicated, “O my Lord give my self its piety and its purity, for You are the best one to purify it.” His saying “Give my self its piety,” is an indication of [the need for] combating the lower-self by means of spiritual exercises. His saying “ …and its purity, for You are the best one to purify it,” is an indication of  the heart’s attraction to the Divine, for this [attraction] is far more effective than purifying by means of action and opposing the lower-self. Timing The five times of obligatory ritual prayer are: Fajr: From dawn to sunrise; Dhuhr: From noon until mid-afternoon; ¿Ašr: From mid-afternoon to sunset; Maghrib: From sunset to early evening; ¿Ishā: From early evening to the middle of the night. These times coincide with the significant temporal changes that are part of each day’s cycle on earth as this planet moves through its various stations in relation to the Sun. The Sun, which is the focal point of the solar system, thus becomes a guiding light for the worshiper, indicating the beginning and ending of each prayer’s interval. In this way, Muslims are reminded of the story of Abraham, as mentioned in the Holy Qur’ān. In his yearning and seeking for Allah, Abraham holds a metaphorical debate within himself. His first inclination is to bow before a bright star that shines forth at night, taking it as his Lord. However, when that star sets, his intellect rejects it, seeking something greater as Lord. Seeing the Moon, he determines it to be his Lord until it too sets and he seeks something greater still. Seeing the Sun rise, he supposes it must be his Lord, but despite its blazing glory, it too sets. Finally, Abraham concludes that none of these heavenly bodies – and by inference, no created thing – could be his Lord, and thus sets himself firmly on worship of the Unseen Lord: فَلَمَّا أَفَلَتْ قَالَ يَا قَوْمِ إِنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِّمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ إِنِّي وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضَ حَنِيفًا وَمَا أَنَاْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ …when [the sun] set he exclaimed: O my people! Lo! I am free from all that ye associate (with Him). Lo! I have turned my face toward Him Who created the heavens and the earth, as one by nature upright, and I am not of the idolaters. Muslims consider the day to begin at sunset, with the evening (Maghrib) prayer. This holds tremendous significance on an esoteric, or spiritual, level. The masters of the science of Islamic spirituality, Sufism, see the cycles of prayer as symbolic of the cycles of creation itself. The sunset prayer represents the station of leaving existence. The night prayer, which follows it, represents the station of darkness and death, annihilation and nonexistence. In some Islamic traditions, funeral prayers for those who have passed away during the preceding day are read immediately after the sunset prayer, indicating this time’s correlation with death and the afterlife. The Holy Qur’ān says: اللَّهُ يَتَوَفَّى الْأَنفُسَ حِينَ مَوْتِهَا وَالَّتِي لَمْ تَمُتْ فِي مَنَامِهَا فَيُمْسِكُ الَّتِي قَضَى عَلَيْهَا الْمَوْتَ وَيُرْسِلُ الْأُخْرَى إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ It is Allah that takes the souls (of men) at death; and those that die not (He takes) during their sleep: Those on whom He has passed the decree of death, He keeps back (from returning to life), but the rest He sends (to their bodies) for a term appointed. Awakening to pray just before dawn represents the return to life, the descent through the darkness of the womb to emerge into the light. Metaphorically, the worshipper moves from the station of nonexistence and annihilation back to the station of existence and rebirth. A new day has come, and with it the worshipper is reborn. The apex of existence is marked by the noon prayer, which begins just as the Sun reaches the peak of brightness. At the zenith, two kingdoms are present and the prayer joins them: the kingdom of heaven, and the kingdom of earth. The afternoon prayer takes place in a time that signifies the approach of the end, autumn and the last era of worldly life. According to Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad (s) and the community of believers he raised appear at the end of humanity’s spiritual history, just prior to the Day of Judgment. The coming of the afternoon prayer thus represents the approach of Judgment Day and the Divine Reckoning that it brings. With the setting of the sun, life comes to an end. The worshipper returns to Allah, taking with him an account of his deeds. With the darkness comes annihilation in Allah’s Endless Mercy Oceans. It is for this reason that Islam places a strong emphasis on the afternoon prayer. Thus, each day is a full life cycle, from creation out of nonexistence to Judgment Day and annihilation. Each day has its birth, life and death. In similar fashion the prayer times reflect the five major stages of life: infancy, childhood, youth, maturity and old age. Facing Qiblah The worshipper faces the Ka¿bah, the holy shrine of Islam, as determined to the best of his or her ability by simple means. This directional focus is called the qiblah. The Ka¿bah is the House of Allah, located in the holy city of Mecca in present-day Arabia. It is the goal of the pilgrimage, which is the fifth pillar of Islam. In Islamic teachings, the Ka¿bah is said to mark the location where the Divine House in the Seventh Heaven, beyond which stands the Supreme Throne, which angels constantly circle in praise and worship of Allah, descended to Earth after the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, were cast out of Paradise for their mistake. In the time of Noah’s flood, this heavenly sanctuary was taken up to heaven again. Millennia later, Abraham and Ishmael built the Ka¿bah in the same location, where it stands until today, the first house of worship dedicated to Allah. By facing this location in prayer, each Muslim aims and hopes to reach that holy location at some point in her or his life. Initially, in the early days of Prophet Muhammad’s mission, the believers faced Jerusalem when they prayed, out of respect for the Temple there. This direction represented respect for the previous Divine dispensations brought by Moses and Jesus and the Israelite prophets. Later, Divine legislation altered the direction of prayer to face the Holy House in Mecca: قَدْ نَرَى تَقَلُّبَ وَجْهِكَ فِي السَّمَاء فَلَنُوَلِّيَنَّكَ قِبْلَةً تَرْضَاهَا فَوَلِّ وَجْهَكَ شَطْرَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ وَحَيْثُ مَا كُنتُمْ فَوَلُّواْ وُجُوِهَكُمْ شَطْرَهُ وَإِنَّ الَّذِينَ أُوْتُواْ الْكِتَابَ لَيَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّهِمْ وَمَا اللّهُ بِغَافِلٍ عَمَّا يَعْمَلُونَ We see thee (O Muhammad) turning of thy face for guidance to the heavens: now shall We turn thee to a prayer-direction that shall please thee. Turn then thy face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque [Ka¿ba]: Wherever ye are, turn your faces in that direction. Thus, wherever Muslims live, their prayers have a common focus: the Ka¿bah. Because of the presence of this blessed shrine, the area surrounding the Ka¿bah is holy. These environs are called the Ħarām, literally “prohibited,” meaning a place where sins are prohibited. The Ka¿bah itself is located within the “Prohibited Mosque,” Masjid al-Ħarām. The name Prohibited Mosque was given because no one may act on bad desires there. While it is called a mosque, Allah made it more than that. In reality, it is a place where sins are utterly rejected, not only in their outward forms but also in their inner realities. There, even negative thoughts and intentions are considered blameworthy. Only pure, positive desires and good thoughts are accepted. Indeed, within the confines of that holy sanctuary, no hunting is allowed; even the cutting of trees and vegetation is proscribed. Allah said in the Holy Qur’ān: سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلاً مِّنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الأَقْصَى الَّذِي بَارَكْنَا حَوْلَهُ لِنُرِيَهُ مِنْ آيَاتِنَا إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless, in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who Heareth and Seth (all things). This verse describes the important journey that Prophet Muhammad (s) made between the Prohibited Mosque in Mecca and the Temple in Jerusalem (referred to as the Farthest Mosque, Masjid al-Aqsā), a journey that in one moment bridged three divinely-revealed religions. Significance of the Ka¿bah One of the distinctive characteristics of Islamic ritual prayer is that the worshipper is obliged to keep his vision, both external and internal, concentrated upon the qiblah. The focus of every worshipper is, and must be, a holy place. People whose understanding is purely external believe facing the Ka¿bah is of intrinsic value. Those with a mystic understanding know that the Ka¿bah represents the spiritual pole of this world, around which all creation turns. Looking at photographs of the Ka¿bah taken from above, we see the worshippers moving around it in perfectly arranged concentric circles. This assembly gathers in imitation of the heavenly kingdom, for all these circles have one center regardless of their distance from it. At the spiritual level, that center is the Divine Presence. While each worshipper faces the Ka¿bah’s walls of stone and mortar, these are not the focus. If we remove the four walls, what do we find? Each person facing someone else. In this is a deep and subtle secret that we leave for the reader to ponder. When the spiritual seeker realizes his station on the circle of the People of the Qiblah, he enters what is known as the Circle of Unconditional Lovers (dā’irat al-muħibīn). That is the circle of Muslims at the first level in the way of Allah: the level of love. Such love is not related to any desire, but is a purely Platonic, spiritual love between the believer and his or her Lord. Allah is the center of the circle, and the believers are each a point on its circumference. Each has his or her own connection to the center. That means each has his own direction, qiblah, towards the Divine Presence. As that connection becomes apparent to the believer, that radius becomes like a tunnel into which the seeker begins to step from the circumference of the circle. Upon making his first steps into that tunnel, he begins to discover countless negative characteristics within himself. As he discovers one characteristic after another, he begins to eliminate them, progressing down the tunnel to become a “seeker in the circle of lovers on the spiritual journey,” progressing ever nearer to the qiblah at the center. In the metaphysics of Ibn ¿Arabi, the renowned mystic scholar speaks of a spiritual hierarchy in which the emanations from the Divine are received by a single human receptor who is the leader of all these circles of lovers and through him spreads to the rest of humanity, each according to his or her degree or station. This individual represents the Prophet in his time as the perfect servant of Allah. Thus, under one spiritual leader, all are moving constantly closer to the Divine Presence. In the Sufi understanding, which delves deeply into the mystic knowledge and symbolism of Islam’s outward forms, it is said the Prohibited Mosque represents the heart of the believer. Thus, the inner direction of prayer is towards the sanctified heart. What is the sanctified heart? At the first level of spirituality, the sanctified heart is the heart that is purified of all wrong thoughts, negativity and dark intent. This level is called the Level of the Secret (sirr). Once that secret is opened within the sanctified heart, the seeker moves to the heart of the heart, known as Secret of the Secret (sirr as-sirr). That is the level of purification from any attachment to worldly desires. Beyond these levels of the heart are “the Hidden” (khafā) and “the Innermost” (akhfā) levels, representing further stations of purity, in which the heart becomes ever more removed from attachments, turning away from all that is worldly to focus instead on the spiritual realm of the Hereafter. At the highest level, the heart turns away from even that and begins to focus solely on the Divine Presence. These are levels of achievement. On the spiritual dimension, the believer’s focus is to reach a perfected level of character, to learn from it and to be enlightened from it. In order to progress beyond our state of ignorance we must strive to learn and educate ourselves. This can only be accomplished by keeping the company of enlightened individuals who have successfully traversed the Path of Allah, to Allah, and who are granted the ability to guide others.  Allah says: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ اتَّقُواْ اللّهَ وَكُونُواْ مَعَ الصَّادِقِينَ O ye who believe! Fear Allah and be with those who are true (in word and deed). Allah is aware of every heart. The Holy Qur’ān states: وَالَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِينَا لَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْ سُبُلَنَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ Those who struggle for Us, We will guide them in the right ways, the ways that are suitable to them. The polished heart of the sincere and true believer (šādiq) is a receptacle for Allah’s Heavenly Lights and Divine Blessings. Such a person is like the sun. When the sun rises, the whole world shines from that source of energy and light, the light of mystical gnosis that makes all things visible. For that reason, the Prophet said, “The heart of the [true] believer is the House of the Lord.” Covering The Islamic schools of jurisprudence concur that it is essential (wājib) for both men and women to cover those parts of their bodies during prayer which should ordinarily be kept covered before strangers. For men, this includes what is between the navel and the knee. For women, it is the entire body, except the face and hands. As we have said, the purity of what covers the body is essential for the prayer to be acceptable. In one of the first revelations to the Prophet Muhammad (s), Allah says: وَرَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ وَثِيَابَكَ فَطَهِّرْ وَالرُّجْزَ فَاهْجُرْ And thy Lord do thou magnify! And thy garments keep free from stain! And all abomination shun! The body is not the only thing that must be covered in prayer. During šalāt, the worshipper is commanded to look only at the location where he or she will prostrate, not to the left or right. In this way, one covers one’s gaze and directs oneself to the Vision of Allah, for the Prophet said: The perfection of religion (al-Iħsān) is to worship Allah as if you are seeing Him and if you do not see Him, know that He sees you. Thus, the gaze of the believer must be veiled at the time of worship from everything other than Allah. This derives from a spiritual understanding of the Verse of the Veil in the Holy Qur’ān, in which Allah says: قُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنِينَ يَغُضُّوا مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِمْ وَيَحْفَظُوا فُرُوجَهُمْ ذَلِكَ أَزْكَى لَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ خَبِيرٌ بِمَا يَصْنَعُونَ وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ بِخُمُرِهِنَّ عَلَى جُيُوبِهِنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ Say to the believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty: that will make for greater purity for them: And Allah is well acquainted with all that they do. And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty … The emphasis in these verses on lowering the gaze, meaning to guard the eyes from looking at what is forbidden or impure. In the outer sense, this means to refrain from looking with lustful desire at other than one’s spouse, for the Prophet said, “The two eyes are two adulterers.” In this regard, a renowned contemporary Sufi saint, and my teacher and guide on the spiritual path, Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani, relates the story of a judge (qāļī), called by a woman to annul her husband’s marriage to a second wife. The judge asked the plaintiff, whose face was hidden by a face-veil (burqah), “Why are you asking me to prevent something permitted in Islamic Divine Law?” The first wife replied, “Your honor, were I to remove my face-veil you would wonder how someone married to so stunning a beauty could seek another woman’s companionship?” Upon hearing this the judge swooned. When he came to, his associates asked him what had happened. He replied, “On hearing this woman’s reply, I had an epiphany. How is it that our hearts turn to all manner of worldly interests, when Allah Himself is asking us to be with Him alone?” The next verse says: they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty … calling on women to veil their beauty from other than the men in their immediate family, to protect them from men who are all too easily overpowered by desire, and to protect men from their own weaknesses. Esoteric commentators state that “women” here symbolize attachments to the worldly life. The spiritual meaning of this prohibition then is that, when coming before the Lord of Creation, the seeker must veil himself from all distractions of the worldly life and focus on the One to Whom prayer is directed. At an even higher level of spiritual understanding, the word “women” refers to the Divine Attributes of Beauty. Thus, the worshipper, is advised to call to mind the Divine Attributes of Majesty, and not become lost in the Attributes of Beauty, which may lead the seeker to lose his or her balance in approaching the Divine Presence. In the Holy Qur’ān, Allah also said: يَا بَنِي آدَمَ خُذُواْ زِينَتَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer (masjid). Here, believers are called upon by Allah to wear their best and most attractive garments when going to pray. The call to manifest “beautiful apparel” at the “place of prayer” can be interpreted as well to be an instruction to adorn the mosques and beautify them, keeping in mind that: وَأَنَّ الْمَسَاجِدَ لِلَّهًِا The places of worship (masājid) are for Allah (alone). The three major holy mosques of Islam: the Ka¿bah in Mecca, the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina and Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, are all highly ornamented with gilding, decorative calligraphy, mosaic tiles, inlaid wood, brilliant lamps and other decorations. All other mosques are connected to these for, as we have said, when worshippers stand to pray in any mosque, they must face the Ka¿bah, Allah’s Holy House. ما وسعني سمائي ولا أرضي ولكن وسعني قلب عبدي المؤمن Allah said, “Neither My heavens contain Me nor My earth. But the heart of My Believing Servant contains Me.” The heart, too, then is a mosque, and for this reason it also must be decorated. The ornamentation of the heart involves removing everything that distracts one from the worship of Allah and replacing these impurities with love of the Divine, as we have described earlier. Anything that brings impurity to the heart extinguishes the light that Allah has placed there. This is a form of tyranny, for the Arabic word for tyranny (Ƹulm) also means darkness. Thus, any darkness which veils the heart from Allah’s Holy Light is a form of oppression. This darkness cannot be removed except through repentance and seeking the intercessory prayers of the Prophet. This is why the aforementioned verses about modesty are followed closely by: ‎اللَّهُ نُورُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ مَثَلُ نُورِهِ كَمِشْكَاةٍ فِيهَا مِصْبَاحٌ الْمِصْبَاحُ فِي زُجَاجَةٍ الزُّجَاجَةُ كَأَنَّهَا كَوْكَبٌ دُرِّيٌّ يُوقَدُ مِن شَجَرَةٍ مُّبَارَكَةٍ زَيْتُونِةٍ لَّا شَرْقِيَّةٍ وَلَا غَرْبِيَّةٍ يَكَادُ زَيْتُهَا يُضِيءُ وَلَوْ لَمْ تَمْسَسْهُ نَارٌ نُّورٌ عَلَى نُورٍ يَهْدِي اللَّهُ لِنُورِهِ مَن يَشَاء وَيَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْأَمْثَالَ لِلنَّاسِ وَاللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The parable of His Light is as if there were a niche and within it a lamp: the lamp enclosed in glass: the glass as it were a brilliant star: Lit from a blessed tree, an olive, neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil is well-nigh luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth guide whom He will to His Light: Allah doth set forth parables for men: and Allah doth know all things. “Allah is the Light” does not mean that Allah is light, rather The Light is His while Allah’s Essence is unknown. The created cannot know The Creator except by means of His Beautiful Names and Attributes, His Descriptions. Allah’s saying He is the Light of the heavens and earth means that whatever is found in the heavens and earth contains that light. Since we are from earth, that light is within each of us, for Allah, being the Just, bestows on all with Divine Fairness. Shaykh Ibrāhīm Hakkī (1703-1780), a renowned Ottoman scholar of Qur’ān, said: Without a doubt the complete potential for perfection is found within every human being, because Allah the Most High has placed His own Divine Secrets within the essence of man, in order to manifest from the Unseen His Beautiful Names and Attributes. قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏ كُلُّ مَوْلُودٍ يُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ، فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ أَوْ يُمَجِّسَانِهِ، كَمَثَلِ الْبَهِيمَةِ تُنْتَجُ الْبَهِيمَةَ، هَلْ تَرَى فِيهَا جَدْعَاءَ ‏"‏‏ Therefore, as the Prophet said, “Human beings are born on a natural disposition,” meaning each human being carries that light of primordial faith and predisposition to submission before Allah. Therefore in Prophet Muhammad (s), being the epitome of humankind and its highest standard bearer, is found the perfect manifestation of the human embodiment of Divine grace and the corporeal manifestation of Divine Attributes. It is due to the Prophet’s utter submission, in the state of perfect servanthood, that made him the perfect receptacle for Divine Appearances. That is, the Muhammadan Reality, (al-ħaqīqat ul-Muħammadīyya) reflects the Heart of the Divine Essence, since the Prophet’s heart moves without restriction in the orbit of the 99 Divine Names and Attributes. He has been blessed by being adorned by the 99 Names inside of which is a glowing pearl which has yet to appear. Thus many commentators assert that the “Light of the heavens and earth” referred to in the above verse, is the Light of Muhammad (s), whom Allah created from His own Divine Light, and it is this light which shines in the hearts of believers, for the Light of the Prophet is the source of the light of all believers. Adornment Allah says in the Holy Qur’ān: يَا بَنِي آدَمَ خُذُواْ زِينَتَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer… قُلْ مَنْ حَرَّمَ زِينَةَ اللّهِ الَّتِيَ أَخْرَجَ لِعِبَادِهِ وَالْطَّيِّبَاتِ مِنَ الرِّزْقِ Say (O Muhammad): “Who has forbidden the adoration with clothes given by Allah, which He has produced for His devotees?” Nafi¿ related: ¿Umar ¦ entered upon me one day as I was praying in a single garment and he said, “Don’t you have two garments in your possession?” I said, “Yes.” He said, “In your opinion, if I sent you to one of the people of Madina on an errand, would you go in a single garment?” I said, “No.” He said, “Then is Allah worthier of our self-beautification or people?” An adjunct to proper covering is proper physical appearance. The most direct method for establishing one’s identity as a traveler upon the path of self-purification is to adopt the correct outward appearance, abandoning the dress of the worldly life and putting on instead the apparel of the hereafter. This is an outward indication of rejecting servitude to the material world (¿abd ad-dunyā) and asserting one’s true identity as a servant of the Divine (¿abd Allah). The dress most conducive to spirituality is the garb of Prophet Muhammad (s), the traditional clothing worn by all the prophets and messengers of Allah. For men, this includes wearing the turban, the cloak (jubbah) and a ring, and using perfume and a tooth-stick (miswāk). For women, it involves wearing loose clothing, covering the hair, arms and legs, with white clothing being the most preferable. Such is the honored dress of the ascetics and lovers of Allah and His Prophet (s), those who reject the illusion of the material world and will settle for nothing less than the perfection and truth of reality. Fundaments of Prayer The first and foremost fundamental part of the ritual prayer is intention (niyyah). As in all Islamic worship, the worshipper intends the prayer as a fulfillment of Allah’s Order done purely for God’s sake. The Prophet Muhammad (s) established this as a paramount rule of worship when he said, “Verily all deeds are based on their intention.” The prayer is initiated by the consecratory magnification of Allah (takbīr), followed by multiple cycles, each of which follows the same series of postures and recitations: first standing, then bowing, brief standing, prostrating, a brief sitting, a second prostration, and in the even cycles, sitting after the second prostration. Each of these positions also involves specific recitations. While standing, the first chapter (Sūratu ’l-Fātiħa) and other portions of the Holy Qur’ān are recited, either silently or aloud, depending upon the time of prayer.  In bowing, the brief standing, prostration and the brief sitting, Allah is glorified and praised in short formulas. While sitting, the testimony of faith (tashahhud) is recited, along with greetings to and prayers for Prophet Muhammad (s), Prophet Abraham and their families. In addition, there are a variety of supplemental invocations and recitations that are traditionally part of the practice of most worshippers. The basic essentials of ritual-prayer number about fifteen, depending on the school of jurisprudence followed. Each obligatory prayer has a prescribed number of cycles to be observed. These are: Prayer 4 The Stations of Salat The movements of the prayer identify the one praying with all other forms of creation, for the prayer’s postures are designed to remind the worshipper of mortality and the traversal through the different stages of life. They also resemble the rising and setting of the celestial bodies, as well as the rotation of the planets upon their axes and the orbits of the moons, planets and suns. These are signs which demonstrate the hierarchical nature of creation and its submission to Divine regulation at every level, for as the Holy Qur’ān states: وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ اللَّيْلُ وَالنَّهَارُ وَالشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ لَا تَسْجُدُوا لِلشَّمْسِ وَلَا لِلْقَمَرِ وَاسْجُدُوا لِلَّهِ الَّذِي خَلَقَهُنَّ إِن كُنتُمْ إِيَّاهُ تَعْبُدُونَ Among His Signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, Who created them, if it is Him ye wish to serve. Allah further draws our attention to their submissive nature, saying: أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَسْجُدُ لَهُ مَن فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَن فِي الْأَرْضِ وَالشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ وَالنُّجُومُ وَالْجِبَالُ وَالشَّجَرُ وَالدَّوَابُّ وَكَثِيرٌ مِّنَ النَّاسِ Hast thou not seen that before Allah prostrate whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is on the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the hills, and the trees, and the beasts, and many of mankind...? The postures of prayer, then, are symbolic of humanity’s relationship to the Divine, moving as they do from standing in assertion of existence and strength, to the bowing of humility and servitude, to prostration in the face of Allah’s overwhelming Magnificence and Power and the corresponding realization of one’s own utter nonexistence. From this station of utter abasement, the worshipper returns to the intermediate position, between annihilation and independence, to sit between the hands of the Prophet Muhammad (s), greeting the one who is the intermediary between the Divinity and His creation. The Prophet stands at the Station of Perfect Servanthood and is the ultimate exemplar of the condition of servanthood to Allah. Unlike all other creations, Prophet Muhammad (s) was divested of all selfhood, dissolved in the Presence of Allah. وَلِلّهِ الْمَشْرِقُ وَالْمَغْرِبُ فَأَيْنَمَا تُوَلُّواْ فَثَمَّ وَجْهُ اللّهِ إِنَّ اللّهَ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ Whithersoever ye turn, there is the presence of Allah. For Allah is all-Pervading, all-Knowing. The Peak of Prayer is Sajdah ما تقرب العبد إلى الله بأفضل من سجود خفي The Prophet (s) said, “Nothing brings the servant of Allah nearer to the Divine Presence than through his prostrations in secret(al-khafī).” مَا مِنْ مُسْلِمٍ يَسْجُدُ لِلَّهِ سَجْدَةً اِلَّا رَفَعَهُ اللَّهُ بِهَا دَرَجَةً اَوْ حَطَّ عَنْهُ بِهَا خَطِيئَةً‏. The Prophet (s) said, “There is no Muslim who prostrates himself but he will be raised one degree by Allah or one sin is taken from him.” As for what that degree consists of, know that it is not something small, for each heaven might consist of one degree. For that, the Prophet (s) said about the Last Days: ‏...حتى تكون السجدة الواحدة خيرا من الدنيا وما فيها‏ One prostration will be better than the world and all that is in it. For these reasons, many among the pious observe extra voluntary prostrations to Allah after completing their obligatory prayers. Whenever they encounter a difficulty, whether spiritual or worldly, they seek refuge in their Lord through prostration to Him. One must cut down self-pride and make the inner-self prostrate, for one who truly submits to his Lord can no longer submit to his or her self. Once that state is reached, prayer is purely for Allah. That is why the Prophet (s) said: الا اخبركم بما هو اخوف عليكم عندي من المسيح الدجال‏؟‏ قال قلنا‏:‏ بلى، فقال‏:‏ الشرك الخفي ان يقوم الرجل يصلي فيزين صلاته لما يرى من نظر رجل‏. “Shall I inform you of what I fear for my Community even more than the Anti-Christ?” They said, “Surely!” He said, “Hidden polytheism.” He feared for his community not the outward polytheism of idol-worship, for he was informed by Allah that his community was protected from that forever, but the secret polytheism, which is to do something for the sake of showing-off. حَدَّثَنِي رَبِيعَةُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ الأَسْلَمِيُّ، قَالَ كُنْتُ أَبِيتُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَأَتَيْتُهُ بِوَضُوئِهِ وَحَاجَتِهِ فَقَالَ لِي ‏"‏ سَلْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَقُلْتُ أَسْأَلُكَ مُرَافَقَتَكَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ ‏.‏ قَالَ ‏"‏ أَوَغَيْرَ ذَلِكَ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ قُلْتُ هُوَ ذَاكَ ‏.‏ قَالَ ‏"‏ فَأَعِنِّي عَلَى نَفْسِكَ بِكَثْرَةِ السُّجُود A man came and asked the Prophet (s), “O Prophet of Allah, pray for me to be under your intercession on Judgment Day and grant me to be in your company in Paradise.” The Prophet replied, “I will do so, but assist me in that.” The man asked, “How so?” The Prophet said, “By frequent prostration [before God].” The Prophet (s) related that, on the Day of Judgment, as the believers emerge from their graves, angels will come to them to brush the dust from their foreheads. However, despite the best efforts of the angels, some of that dust will remain. Both the resurrected believers and their angelic helpers will be surprised that this dust cannot be removed. Then a voice will call out, “Leave that dust and do not try to remove it, for that is the dust of their prayer-niches, thus will it be known in Paradise that they are My [devout] servants.” This Prophetic Tradition indicates the spiritual value of the prostration of the believers, making as it does even the dust touched by their foreheads hallowed. The power of prayer has a similar effect on the place of prayer itself, as exemplified in the story of the Virgin Mary, as mentioned in the Holy Qur’ān: فَتَقَبَّلَهَا رَبُّهَا بِقَبُولٍ حَسَنٍ وَأَنبَتَهَا نَبَاتًا حَسَنًا وَكَفَّلَهَا زَكَرِيَّا كُلَّمَا دَخَلَ عَلَيْهَا زَكَرِيَّا الْمِحْرَابَ وَجَدَ عِندَهَا رِزْقاً قَالَ يَا مَرْيَمُ أَنَّى لَكِ هَـذَا قَالَتْ هُوَ مِنْ عِندِ اللّهِ إنَّ اللّهَ يَرْزُقُ مَن يَشَاء بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ Whenever Zachariah went into the prayer-niche where she was, he found that she had food. He said: O Mary! Whence cometh unto thee this (food)? She answered: It is from Allah. Allah giveth without stint to whom He will. It was there, in the Virgin Mary’s hallowed sanctuary, where she used to find her daily provision in the form of fruits out-of season, that the Prophet Zachariah went to prostrate himself before Allah and beseech Him for a child, and it was there that Allah granted his request. The places where a Muslim prostrates will bear witness to his or her devotion on the Day of Judgment. It is for this reason that one often sees Muslims changing the location of their prayers, praying the obligatory cycles in one spot and then moving to another area to observe the voluntary cycles (sunan). Ibn ¿Abbās ¦, a cousin of the Prophet (s) and the greatest early exegete of the Qur’ān, said: When Allah commanded Adam to descend to Earth, as soon as he arrived, he went into prostration, asking Allah’s forgiveness for the sin he had made. Allah sent the archangel Jibrīl to him after forty years had passed, and Jibrīl found Adam still in prostration. He had not raised his head for forty years in sincere and heartfelt repentance before Allah. The Holy Qur’ān tells us that, after Allah created Adam, He ordered the angels to prostrate before the first man. وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ اسْجُدُوا لِآدَمَ فَسَجَدُوا إِلَّا إِبْلِيسَ أَبَى When We said to the angels, “prostrate yourselves to Adam", they prostrated themselves, but not Iblis [Satan]: he refused. Imām al-Qurţubī, one of the great commentators on the Holy Qur’ān, writes in his exegesis, at-Tadhkira, that one of the four Archangels, Isrāfīl (Rafael), had the entire Qur’ān written on his forehead. Allah had given Isrāfīl knowledge of the Holy Qur’ān and wrote all of it between his eyes, and he is the angel who inscribed the destinies of all things in the Preserved Tablets before they were created. Rafael’s name in Arabic, which differs from his Assyrianic name Isrāfīl, is ¿Abd al-Raħmān, servant of The Merciful. This theme of mercy pervades Islamic thought, for it was through Allah’s Mercy that the Holy Qur’ān was sent down to the Prophet, about whom The Merciful said: وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِّلْعَالَمِينَ We sent thee not but as a Mercy for all creatures. When Allah ordered the angels to make prostration to Adam, Rafael was the first to obey, making prostration and placing his forehead, containing the entire Qur’ān, on the earth, out of respect and honor for Adam, for he perceived the whole of Qur’ān written on Adam’s forehead. Other commentators say the angels fell prostrate before Adam for they perceived the Light of Prophet Muhammad (s) shining from his form. There is in reality no discrepancy here, for Allah said in the Holy Qur’ān: يس وَالْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ Yasin, By the Qur’ān, full of Wisdom. The Prophet Muhammad (s) said that YāSīn, the thirty-sixth chapter of the Holy Qur’ān as well as one of his own blessed names, is the heart of the Holy Qur’ān, the very Qur’ān that the Prophet was carrying in his breast. Thus, the light that shone forth from Adam was the Light of the Prophet within him, who in turn was blazing with Allah’s Holy Words. The Hidden -Meanings of the Stations of Salat Shāh Walīullāh al-Dehlavī said: Know that one is sometimes transported, quick as lightning, to the Holy Precincts (of the Divine Presence), and finds one’s self attached, with the greatest possible adherence, to the Threshold of Allah. There descend on this person the Divine transfigurations (tajallī) which dominate his soul. He sees and feels things which the human tongue is incapable of describing. Once this state of light passes away, he returns to his previous condition, and finds himself tormented by the loss of such an ecstasy. Thereupon he tries to rejoin that which has escaped him, and adopts the condition of this lowly world which would be nearest to a state of absorption in the knowledge of the Creator. This is a posture of respect, of devotion, and of an almost direct conversation with Allah, which posture is accompanied by appropriate acts and words... Worship consists essentially of three elements: (1) humility of heart (spirit) consequent on a feeling of the Presence of the Majesty and Grandeur of Allah, (2) recognition of this superiority (of Allah) and humbleness (of man) by means of appropriate words, and (3) adoption by the organs of the body of postures of necessary reverence… Still greater respect is displayed by laying down the face, which reflects in the highest degree one’s ego and self-consciousness, so low that it touches the ground in front of the object of reverence. Al-Jīlī says: The secrets and inner-meanings of prayer are uncountable so what is mentioned here is limited for the sake of brevity. Prayer is a symbol of the uniqueness of the Divine Reality (al-Ħaqq), and the [position of] standing in it is a symbol of the establishment of the uniqueness of mankind in possessing something from the Divine Names and Attributes, for as the Prophet said, “Verily Allah created Adam in His Image.” Then the standing towards the Qiblah is an indication of the universal direction in the quest of the Divine Reality. The intention therein is an indication of the connection of the heart in this direction. The opening magnification of God’s Greatness (takbīr) is an indication that the Divine Proximity is larger and more expansive than what may manifest to him because nothing can limit its perspective. Even so, it is vaster still than every perspective or vision that manifests to the servant for it is without end. The recitation of the Opening Chapter, al-Fatihah, is an indication of the existence of His Perfection in man because man is the opening of creation, for Allah initiated creation by him when He brought from nothingness the first creation. What al-Jīlī is referring to here is the Light of Muhammad (s), known also as the First Mind, the Universal Man, and the Microcosm of the Macrocosm. He continues: Then there is bowing, which is an indication of acknowledging the nonexistence of all creation under the existence of divine emanations and power. Then standing in the prayer is an indication of the station of subsistence (al-baqā). Therefore, one says in his prayer, “Allah hears the one who praises Him,” … an indication of subsistence in that he is the Vicegerent of the Divine Reality. In this way, God relates about Himself by Himself by relating on hearing its truth through the praising of His creation. The prostration is an expression of pulverization of the traits of humanness and their extermination before the unending manifestation of the sanctifying essence. The sitting between the two prostrations is an indication of obtaining the realities of the Divine Names and Attributes. This is because the sitting is being firmly positioned in a place as indicated by the verse where Allah says: الرَّحْمَنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَى The Merciful was established on the Throne The second prostration is the indication of the station of servanthood and it is the returning from the Divine Reality to creation. The salutations [upon the Prophet] are an indication of the attainability of human perfection, for they are an expression of praising Allah, His Messenger and His righteous servants. This is the station of perfection, for the saint is not complete except by his attainment of the Divine realities, by his accord with the Messenger and accord with all of the servants of Allah. The two sections of the testimony of faith are Lā ilāha il-Llāh, “there is no diety except the one God” and Muħammadun rasūlullāh, “and Muhammad is the Prophet of God.” Scholars say that Lā ilāha il-Llāh represents the Creator and Muħammadun rasūlullāh symbolizes the entirety of creation.  The prayer is considered a dual communication: one is between worshipper and Allah, the second is between the worshipper and Allah’s perfect servant, Prophet Muhammad (s), the archetype of all the prophets and messengers. Thus one part of the prayer is a communication with the Divine, by means of Allah’s Holy Words revealed in the Qur’ān and through bowing and prostration, reciting Allah’s glorification, magnification and praise. The other part is the salutation on the Prophet, in which the worshipper addresses the Prophet personally and directly, as leader of the worshippers and the believers, followed by invoking the Lord’s blessings on him and on his family. These realities in fact reflect the doctrine of the Prophet’s having attained the zenith of servanthood (¿ubūdīyyah) to Allah, and thus the entirety of prayer in itself is built around his person. For the Words of Allah recited are the words revealed to the Prophet and the remainder of the prayer is acknowledging his leadership and spiritual primacy in both this life and the next. Thus scholars assert that even the positions of the prayer are an indication of the Muhammadan Station, for the physical positions reflect the shapes of the letters of the Prophet’s heavenly name, Aħmad, where the first letter Alif is represented by the standing position, Hā by the bowing stance, Mīm in the prostration and Dāl in sitting for salutation. Salat in Daily Life One may pray individually or communally, in the home, outside, at the mosque or in virtually any clean place. However, observing the prayers at the mosque and in congregation is strongly encouraged. In addition to the regular daily prayers, there is a special Friday noon prayer, called Jum¿ah. It, too, is obligatory, and must be performed in a mosque, in congregation. It is accompanied by a sermon (khutbah) and replaces the normal noon prayer. Since ritual prayers are performed throughout the waking cycle of the day, they influence the rhythm of the entire day in many Muslim nations. Although it is preferable to worship together in a mosque, a Muslim may pray almost anywhere, such as in fields, offices, factories and universities. Visitors to the Muslim world, where the call to prayer, adhān, is made publicly from every mosque at the onset of each prayer time, are often struck by the centrality of prayer in daily life. Traditionally, the call to prayer is the first thing a newborn baby hears after birth, as the father or a person of piety recites the prayer-call in the infant’s right ear and the call to start the prayer (iqāmah) in the left. Mosques Allah says in the Holy Qur’ān: قُلْ أَمَرَ رَبِّي بِالْقِسْطِ وَأَقِيمُواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ وَادْعُوهُ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ كَمَا بَدَأَكُمْ تَعُودُونَ Say: “My Lord hath commanded justice; and that ye set your whole selves (to Him) at every time and mosque, and call upon Him, making your devotion sincere as in His sight: such as He created you in the beginning, so shall ye return.” When performed in congregation, prayer provides a strong sense of community, equality and brotherhood. All Muslims are welcome in every mosque, regardless of their race, class or nationality. There is no minimum number of congregants required to hold communal prayers. Traditionally, mosques were the centers of their communities, where believers gathered five times daily or, at minimum, once a week. There, the poor found food and assistance; the homeless, shelter; the student of religion, learning. Because of the centrality of prayer in Muslim religious life, mosques are often the dominant structures in Muslim villages, towns and cities. Traditionally, great attention was paid to making these houses of worship more than just halls for prayer. Governments, individuals and communities invested huge sums to make their mosque the visual focus of its neighborhood. In particular, the great mosques, in which the Friday obligatory congregational prayer was held, often became magnificent examples of architecture and art. The faithful take off their shoes before entering the house of worship out of respect for its sanctity and in keeping with the commandment to the Prophet Moses, when he entered the hallowed ground around the burning bush: فَلَمَّا أَتَاهَا نُودِي يَا مُوسَى إِنِّي أَنَا رَبُّكَ فَاخْلَعْ نَعْلَيْكَ إِنَّكَ بِالْوَادِ الْمُقَدَّسِ طُوًى When he came to the Fire, a voice was uttered: O Moses! I am thy Lord, therefore put off thy shoes, for thou art in the sacred valley of Ţūwā. Sincere Salat Ibn ¿Ata Allāh, a renowned Egyptian Sufi scholar of the 14th century wrote: The ritual prayer is the focal point of heavenly discourse, the source of purity by which the avenues of secrets expand and the gleams of lights radiate. So, if you want to know yourself, it is all by the prayer how you would weigh it. If it causes you to desist from worldly influence, then you know you are one who is given happiness. Other than that, you should be aware of what your feet have dragged along to your prayer, and then you will know that you have not obtained the secrets of prayer. Have you ever seen a lover that does not desire whom he loves? This is what you take from the prayer of discourse with Allah: when you say: ‎إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ “You alone do we worship, and from You alone do we seek assistance” – and from the discourse with the Messenger, when you say in your prayers, “Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the Mercy of Allah and His Blessing.” You say this in every prayer, whereupon you are cleansed of your sins, only to return to them yet again after receiving the blessings with which the Lord has favored you, which is meeting with your Lord, the highest of blessings. If one wishes to know his reality and to see his state with his Lord, let him look at his prayer. Either it will produce humility and tranquility or heedlessness and hastiness. So, if your prayer is not of the first type, then seek to throw dirt on your head out of neglect and sorrow. The one who sits with a perfume maker is given the fragrance of his perfume. The prayer, therefore, is the association with Allah, so when you attend it and you do not obtain from it anything, it indicates a sickness that resides in you, which is either pride or the absence of proper manners. Allah says: سَأَصْرِفُ عَنْ آيَاتِيَ الَّذِينَ يَتَكَبَّرُونَ فِي الأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ I shall turn away from My revelations those who magnify themselves wrongfully in the earth. It is not desired that one rushes from the mosque after his prayer. Rather, he should remember Allah after it and seek His forgiveness from his shortcomings in doing so. For perhaps his prayer is not in a state for it to be accepted. But if you were to seek Allah’s forgiveness, thereafter it will be accepted. Ibn ¿Atā Allāh’s warning not leave the mosque too quickly after performing the ritual prayer also has an esoteric meaning. The mosque, in the symbolism of Sufism, signifies the heart, while prayers signify the connection between the worshipper and the Divine Presence. Thus, Ibn ¿Ata Allah here calls on the faithful to maintain that connection with the Divine Source in the heart and not be too quick to push it aside to return to worldly concerns. This means one should strive to keep that connection with the Divine Presence that has been built up through remembrance and prayer, and not fall into heedlessness. كان الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم اذا سلم من الصلاة قال: “استغفر الله ، استغفر الله ، استغفر الله ، اللهم انت السلام و منك السلام تباركت يا ذا الجلال و الاكرام “ After the Messenger of Allah (s) used to pray, he would seek Allah’s forgiveness three times. This was related by Thawban, who said: When he finished from prayer, he would seek Allah’s forgiveness three times and say, “O Allah, you are the peace and from you is peace. Blessed you are, O Owner of Greatness and Honor.” Ibn ¿Atā Allāh also wrote: The simile of some who had performed his prayer without tranquility and humility of heart or presence of contemplation is like the one who presents to the king one hundred empty boxes. Thereafter, he deserves the admonishment of the king because of his lack of intelligence and thought, which the king will utter about him when ever he is mentioned. But the one who prays with tranquility and presence of heart is like the one who presented the king with boxes of precious jewels, for surely the king will delight in that and will return the favor on him and he will always mention to others about the gifts he had received from him. This is because the one who gave has purity of heart, perfection of thought and high aspiration. I say to you, O servant of Allah, when you enter prayer you are conversing with your Lord and speaking with the Messenger of Allah in the Witnessing, because you are saying, “Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and Allah’s mercy and blessings.” It is not said, “O you,” or, “O so and so,” in the language of the Arabs, except to someone who is present in the assembly. So, in your prayers, you should summon in your mind his greatness. If you wish to know how you will traverse the Bridge on the Day of Judgment, then look at your state in proceeding to prayer in going to the mosque … for in this world, the prayer is the bridge of uprightness that is not seen by the eyes, but by the enlightened hearts and clear vision. Allah says: وَأَنَّ هَـذَا صِرَاطِي مُسْتَقِيمًا فَاتَّبِعُوهُ وَلاَ تَتَّبِعُواْ السُّبُلَ فَتَفَرَّقَ بِكُمْ عَن سَبِيلِهِ ذَلِكُمْ وَصَّاكُم بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ This is my straight way, therefore follow it. So, the one for whom the path is enlightened follows thereon, but the one for whom his path is darkened does not see where he is stepping and is not able to travel the way; therefore, he will remain in his place standing and bewildered. يدخل فقراء المسلمين الجنة قبل الأغنياء بنصف يوم، وهو خمسمائة عام Abū Hurayrah ¦ related that the Messenger of Allah (s) said: The poor of the Muslims will enter Paradise before the rich by half a day, and each day is five hundred years. This is because they were foremost in the world in worship and constant in the Friday prayer and the congregation. Nawafil - Voluntary Worship In addition to the fixed, obligatory ritual prayers (fara¿id as-šalāt), Muslims consider supererogatory prayers of great importance. Great emphasis is placed on observing the prayers that the Prophet, upon whom be peace and blessings, used to observe in addition to the five prescribed prayers. In addition to the obligatory prayers, the Prophet observed certain sets of supererogatory ritual-prayers just before and after them. These confirmed sunnahs are well-documented. In addition to these, the Prophet would add on additional prayer cycles known an-nawāfil. Each of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence classifies these cycles slightly differently, but all agree on the merit of performing these supplemental acts of devotion. Finally, the Prophet would pray additional ritual prayers independent of the obligatory ones. These include: Prayer just after sunrise (ishrāq) From four to twelve cycles in the forenoon (duħā) Six cycles after the evening prayer (awābīn) The night vigil (tahajjud or qīyām al-layl). أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى حتى انتفخت قدماه فقيل له أتكلف هذا وقد غفر الله لك ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تأخر فقال أفلا أكون عبدا شكورا When asked why he used to pray so much, to the point that his feet were swollen, the Prophet replied, “Should I not be a thankful servant of Allah?” In saying this, the Prophet expressed the essence of supererogatory worship, to show gratitude to the Lord and thus to draw nearer to the Divine Presence. The Prophet related regarding the words recited in every prayer from the Opening chapter of the Holy Qur’ān, الْحَمْدُ للّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ “Praise is to Allah, the Lord of the universe,” that Allah responds by saying, “My servant has praised Me.” Qiyam al-Layl - Night Vigil One of the most important supererogatory prayers is that of the Night Vigil (Qīyām al-layl). The ideal time for voluntary prayer, and indeed for spiritual endeavors in general, is at night—preferably after midnight. This is the time when the world is asleep, but the lovers and seekers of God (al-¿ibād) are awake and traveling towards reality and their divine destinations. It is under the veil of the night that the plane of consciousness is clear from the chaos of worldly affairs (dunyā), for it is a time when the mind and heart operate most effectively. Prayer before midnight, whether supplicatory or ritual, is very slow; after midnight, it is very fast. In one of the first revelations, Allah ordered His Messenger: قُمِ اللَّيْلَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا نِصْفَهُ أَوِ انقُصْ مِنْهُ قَلِيلًا أَوْ زِدْ عَلَيْهِ وَرَتِّلِ الْقُرْآنَ تَرْتِيلًا Stand (to prayer) by night, but not all night, half of it or a little less. Or a little more; and recite the Qur’ān in slow, measured rhythmic tones. وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم “ركعتان يركعهما العبد في جوف الليل خير له من الدنيا وما فيها ولولا أن أشق على أمتي لفرضتهما عليهم" The Messenger of Allah said: Two cycles of prayer in the late hours of the night are more valuable than all the riches of this world. But for fear of overburdening my followers, I would have made these obligatory. And: عليكم بصلاة الليل ولو ركعة واحدة The Prophet said:  Pray the night prayer, if only one rak¿ah.‏ Salman, a renowned Companion of the Prophet, in describing the observance of the night vigil said: The man who considered the darkness of night and people’s unmindfulness a boon, stood up and said the prayer till the morning, he is a man for whom there is all gain and no loss… adopt those medium-type of supererogatory prayers (nawāfil) which you may put up with perpetually. عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ، اَنَّهُ رَاَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يُصَلِّي مِنَ اللَّيْلِ ... ‏"‏ ‏.‏ فَصَلَّى اَرْبَعَ رَكَعَاتٍ فَقَرَاَ فِيهِنَّ الْبَقَرَةَ وَالَ عِمْرَانَ وَالنِّسَاءَ وَالْمَائِدَةَ اَوِ الاَنْعَامَ شَكَّ شُعْبَةُ ‏.‏ Hudhayfa related that he saw the Prophet’s pray the night vigil and I used to stand with Allah’s Messenger throughout the night... He prayed four cycles (raka¿ts) and he would recite Sūrat al-Baqara, Sūrat Āli ¿Imrān and Sūrat an-Nisā, Sūrat al-Mā’idat and Sūrat al-Ana¿m in them (i.e. the five longest chapters of the Qur’ān). It is related that the third caliph, ¿Uthmān ibn ¿Affān, would recite the entire Qu¿ran in one prayer during the night. So much stress did the Prophet put on the importance of the night vigil (šalāt al-layl) that if he missed it he would make it up. عن سعد بن هشام أن عائشة قالت كان رسول الله -صلى الله عليه وسلم- إذا صلى صلاة أحب أن يداوم عليها وكان إذا شغله عن قيام الليل نوم أو مرض أو وجع صلى من النهار اثنتي عشرة ركعة هذا The Prophet’s wife ‘Ā¿ishā said that the Prophet if he initiated any prayer he loved to be constant in it and if his something kept him from the night vigil, sleep or illness or pain, then he used to pray twelve cycles (raka¿ts) during the day. A renowned contemporary Sufi saint, and my teacher and guide on the spiritual path, Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani, says: The last third of the night is the best of times to pray at night because Allah the Most High is looking therein at His servant. Our master ¿Abd-Allāh ad-Dāghestānī, may Allah always elevate his stations, used to invite me to his association during the last third of the night because it is the time of heavenly manifestation. He would say that, in this time, there is no veil between Allah and His servant. So, each of you should awake in the third part of the night to pray and be present in the hour of heavenly manifestations. O Allah, make us among those who stand in prayer at night, seeking the vision of Your Face. There is no possibility to receive sainthood without the night vigil. The night vigil is ordained for the Prophet, also for the Friends of Allah it is considered obligatory and, as related to the community, it is a strong practice (sunnah). Without a doubt, the servant will not receive the station of sainthood if he is not connected to Allah. And a token of the one who is connected with the Lord Almighty is the night vigil. This is the greatest means of sainthood, by which Allah adorns His servant with the secret of sainthood during the last third of the night. Therefore, be awake at this time of the night, whether engaged in your prayer or in something else, so that nothing will obstruct you from being present in this time for which you will obtain this special mercy. The renowned Egyptian Sufi Ibn ¿Atā Allāh as-Sakandarī said: Two cycles of ritual prayer before Allah during the night is better than thousands of cycles of prayer during the day. عن أبي أمامة الباهلية عن رسول الله -صلى الله عليه وسلم- قال عليكم بقيام الليل فإنه دأب الصالحين قبلكم وهو قربة لكم إلى ربكم ومكفرة للسيئات ومنهاة عن الإثم The Messenger of Allah (s) says: Keep to observing the night prayer for it is the devotion of the righteous before you, it brings you closer to your Lord and it wipes away offenses, replaces sins and removes sin. Without a doubt you do not pray two cycles in the night except that you will find its rewards on your scales on the Day of Requital. Is a servant purchased for any reason other than to serve? Do you see a servant who is purchased merely to eat and sleep, who does not perform his duties? You are nothing more than a servant that Allah has brought into existence for His worship. He created you for His obedience; your purchase is for His service: إِنَّ اللّهَ اشْتَرَى مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنفُسَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُم بِأَنَّ لَهُمُ الجَنَّةَ Lo! Allah hath bought from the believers their lives and their wealth because for them is Paradise. We conclude this section with the words of Shaykh ¿Abd Allāh al-Fā¿iz ad-Dāghestānī, may God preserve his sanctity, who said about the night vigil: Even if a servant rises in the time of heavenly manifestations and he is a non-Muslim in faith, and he does something in that hour, because of that he too would obtain the level of belief before passing from this life. He will be guided and safe because he was awake during the hours of heavenly manifestations, and he would consequently receive that special mercy. It is not possible for anyone who receives even a drop from that mercy, to remain wretched or to remain in unbelief. He is safe even if a tyrant; in time he will turn back to Allah, and if he is a sinner, he will repent. There is no ambiguity that this mercy will change his state. The Perfection of Salat In reality, šalāt is a state of heedfulness that must be kept constantly and perpetually throughout the day. Those committed to this path seek to maintain a state of mindfulness in each breath, not forgetting their Lord for even a single moment. The perfection of prayer means to be aware of Allah’s Presence, “as if you see Him,” and to demonstrate one’s devotion and servitude to Him. Allah said: وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالْإِنسَ إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُونِ مَا أُرِيدُ مِنْهُم مِّن رِّزْقٍ وَمَا أُرِيدُ أَن يُطْعِمُونِ I created the jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me. No Sustenance do I require of them, nor do I require that they should feed Me. Allah initially commanded Prophet Muhammad’s follower to observe fifty prayers a day, but with His mercy this obligation was reduced to five.  In the Divine Balance, the five prayers are thus considered as fifty.  Calculating the time required to observe fifty prayers, it would require all of a worshipper’s waking hours, less time to eat and make ablution. Thus those who observe the five prayers perfectly, with complete submission to Allah and complete presence before Allah will be in fulfillment of the above verse. For those, Allah provide sustenance without their needing to work, for they are fulfilling the Divine Directive properly. The Pinnacle of Worship Ritual prayer is known as the “pinnacle of worship,” for it contains the essential aspects of all five pillars of Islamic worship: the testification of faith, prayer itself, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. The first pillar, the testification of faith is observed in each ritual prayer, when one bears witness to the Oneness of God and the Prophethood of Muhammad (s) during the sitting phase (at-tashahhud). Charity (zakāt), the third pillar consists of giving 21/2 percent of one’s wealth to the needy for the sake of Allah. Ritual prayer encompasses this pillar in the sense that the most important thing that one possesses is the body and spirit. In ritual prayer one give one’s whole person and time to Allah. The fourth pillar, fasting (šawm) is accomplished immediately on entering the prayer, for one must withhold from all worldly actions, including eating, drinking, relations with others, and, even more stringent than the ritual fast, one may not converse except with the Lord. The last pillar of Islam pilgrimage (hajj) is encompassed when the worshipper directs himself or herself to the Ka¿aba the focal point of the pilgrimage. Prayer is Ascension to the Divine الصلاة معراج المؤمن It is said: “Ritual prayer is the ascension (mi¿rāj) of the believer.” The Prophet therefore had, according to Islam’s Gnostic scholars, not just one, but 24,000 ascensions during his life. When the worshipper begins a sincere prayer, saying “Allah is Greatest,” the ascension begins. If one is truly observant of the rights and duties of the prayers with their perfection, this will be apparent for as soon as you enter the prayer inspiration of Divine knowledge will begin to enter you heart along with increased yearning for the Divine Presence. If these secrets are not coming to you, it signifies your prayers are not ascending to the Divine Presence, and that that you are falling into Satan’s traps. Sayyid Ħaydar ¿Amūlī writes: His [the Prophet’s] words, “I have been given coolness of the eye in prayer,” refer to nothing else but the contemplation of the Beloved by the eye of the lover, who draws near in the stillness of the prayer… On seeing the Beloved, the eye too becomes stilled and it ceases to look at anything other than Him in all things. Thus the worshipper attains the state, related in the Holy Tradition: عَنْ اَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏ اِنَّ اللَّهَ قَالَ مَنْ عَادَى لِي وَلِيًّا فَقَدْ اذَنْتُهُ بِالْحَرْبِ، وَمَا تَقَرَّبَ اِلَىَّ عَبْدِي بِشَىْءٍ اَحَبَّ اِلَىَّ مِمَّا افْتَرَضْتُ عَلَيْهِ، وَمَا يَزَالُ عَبْدِي يَتَقَرَّبُ اِلَىَّ بِالنَّوَافِلِ حَتَّى اُحِبَّهُ، فَاِذَا اَحْبَبْتُهُ كُنْتُ سَمْعَهُ الَّذِي يَسْمَعُ بِهِ، وَبَصَرَهُ الَّذِي يُبْصِرُ بِهِ، وَيَدَهُ الَّتِي يَبْطُشُ بِهَا وَرِجْلَهُ الَّتِي يَمْشِي بِهَا، وَاِنْ سَاَلَنِي لاُعْطِيَنَّهُ، وَلَئِنِ اسْتَعَاذَنِي لاُعِيذَنَّهُ، وَمَا تَرَدَّدْتُ عَنْ شَىْءٍ اَنَا فَاعِلُهُ تَرَدُّدِي عَنْ نَفْسِ الْمُؤْمِنِ، يَكْرَهُ الْمَوْتَ وَاَنَا اَكْرَهُ مَسَاءَتَهُ ‏"‏‏ …My servant shall continue to draw nearer to Me by performing the supererogatory acts of virtue until I love him; when I love him, I become his ears with which he hears, his eyes with which he sees, his hands with which he grasps, and his feet with which he walks; if he were to ask of Me, I will grant his request, if he were to seek refuge in Me, I will protect him… As to the Messenger’s state during prayer, his wife ‘Ā¿ishā reported: He would weep continuously until his lap became wet. He would be sitting and keep weeping until his auspicious beard became drenched. Then he would weep so much the ground became wet. Abū Bakr aš-Šiddīq, the first caliph of the Prophet, would stand in prayer as if he were a pillar. Commenting on this, one of the early transmitter of traditions, Mujahid, said, “this is the fearfulness (khushu¿) in prayer.” صلوا كما رأيتموني أصلي The Prophet said, “Pray as you see me pray.” He did not say, “Pray as you have heard I prayed,” nor “Pray as I taught my companions.” This hints at something very profound. The vision of the Prophet (s) is something that is true, and this is witnessed by countless Friends of Allah. قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏"‏من رآني فقد رأى الحق‏"‏‏ Thus, the Prophet’s saying, “Who saw me in a vision, in truth saw me,” to the Sufi commentators carries the meaning, “Whoever saw me in a vision will see me in reality.” For Sufis, the first level of witnessing (mushāhadah) is to sense the Prophet present before them. The final stage of witnessing, which is “to worship God as if you see Him,” was achieved by the Prophet during the Ascension when he was brought to the station of nearness (qurb), “two bow’s lengths or nearer,” to the Divine Presence. The Sufis affirm that true prayer brings the worshipper to the state of witnessing Allah and His Prophet, thereby attaining true unity with the Beloved. For this reason, prayer is compared to the union of marriage, wisal. Indeed, they explain the two salutations of peace, made to end the prayer, as a return from extinction, to greet the world as a new person. It is said of the Prophet’s fourth successor, his cousin ¿Alī  ibn Abī Ţālib ¦, that when he prayed, he was utterly oblivious to his surroundings. Once he was injured by an enemy arrow, which penetrated his foot. It could not be removed without causing immense pain. He said, “I will pray, at which time remove it.” They did as he directed. Upon completing the prayer he asked his companions, “When are you going to remove the arrow?” ¿Alī ibn Abī Ţālib ¦ used to say, “Even if the Veil were lifted, it would not increase my certainty,” referring to his state of Witnessing the Divine Presence. We conclude with a story, related about the great Sufi master Shaykh Abū ’l-Ħasan ash-Shādhilī. The scholars of Alexandria came to him to test him and he read what was in their hearts before they spoke and said, “O pious scholars, have you ever prayed?” They said, “Far be it from any of us to leave prayer.” He then recited the verse: إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ خُلِقَ هَلُوعًا إِذَا مَسَّهُ الشَّرُّ جَزُوعًا وَإِذَا مَسَّهُ الْخَيْرُ مَنُوعًا إِلَّا الْمُصَلِّينَ Lo! man was created anxious, Fretful when evil befalleth him, And, when good befalleth him, grudging, except those who (really) prays. “So,” he asked, “do any of you all pray like this?” They were silent. Then the shaykh said to them, “Then, none of you has ever prayed!” The real prayer is performed purely for the pleasure of Allah, conversing with Him in variations of delight, humbleness and awe which is void of hypocrisy and repute. No doubt it brings about the remembrance of Allah and the heart inherits awe of Him. Conclusion Salat as Divine Service While the ritual prayer we have just examined in detail is one of the five pillars of Islam, in reality all of Islam is essentially a form of prayer. For the meaning of prayer is worship and the essence of all worship is to seek Allah. Seeking the Face of Allah is the goal and the means are the Divinely-prescribed forms of action as well as voluntary forms of bringing the worshipper closer to the Divine Presence. Allah says: وَلِلّهِ يَسْجُدُ مَن فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ طَوْعًا وَكَرْهًا وَظِلالُهُم بِالْغُدُوِّ وَالآصَالِ And to Him prostrate all that is in the heavens and on earth; willingly or by compulsion. وَلِلّهِ يَسْجُدُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الأَرْضِ مِن دَآبَّةٍ وَالْمَلآئِكَةُ وَهُمْ لاَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ And He says: and to Allah prostrate all that is in the heavens and the earth. And He says: and there is not one thing except that it glorifies with Allah with His praise. These verses indicate that all of creation, regardless of form or substance, are in fact in a state of prayer, for prostration and glorification are the essence of prayer. They cannot be in other than that—even those who disobey, in their disobedience—are in fact submitting to the ultimate Holy Will of Allah and the Destiny prescribed for them. However the key to the Lord’s Bounty is to seek Him and submit willingly with one’s entire being. To become a Muslim means to accept saying, “O Allah! I admit that You are the Creator and I am your slave.” This is the first level of submission, slavery, but it is not servanthood.  Servanthood is higher. True servanthood of Allah means to become obedient. The servant has no will of his or her own, but is subject to the will of the master at all times. Islam does not ask human beings to serve a cruel and whimsical master, but rather the Creator of all things, Who is the Aware, the Subtle, in His all-encompassing knowledge of both the needs and desires of His servants. One who attains this level of submission in Islam becomes ¿abd, servant to the Lord. In Islam this is considered the highest achievement—the state of servanthood, known as ¿ubudīyyah. For that reason the Prophet said: عَنْ خَيْثَمَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ إِنَّ مِنْ خَيْرِ أَسْمَائِكُمْ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ وَعَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ‏. The names dearest to God are ¿Abd Allāh (servant of God) and ¿Abd al-Raħmān (servant of the Most Merciful). Allah says: سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلاً مِّنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الأَقْصَى الَّذِي بَارَكْنَا حَوْلَهُ لِنُرِيَهُ مِنْ آيَاتِنَا إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ Glory to (Allah) Who did take His Servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless, in order that We might show him some of Our Signs. Allah specified Prophet Muhammad (s) in this verse with the title “servant,” ¿abd, and again, relating to Prophet Muhammad’s ascension to the Divine Presence, when He says: فَأَوْحَى إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَى So did (Allah) convey the inspiration to His Servant- (conveyed) what He (meant) to convey. لَقَدْ رَأَى مِنْ آيَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَى … For truly did he see, of the Signs of his Lord, the Greatest!” Of the station Prophet Muhammad (s) attained in that rapture, Imām Nawawī, one of the great scholars of Islam, says, “Most of the scholars say that the Prophet saw his Lord with the eyes of his head.” The unique greatness of Allah’s Messenger, Muhammad (s), is that he saw the Lord of Creation, thus making him the perfected monotheist (muwaħħid). Prophet Muhammad’s grasp of Divine Unity, tawħīd, was perfected by ascension to the Divine Presence. Everyone else’s understanding of Divine Unity falls short of the Messenger’s. Despite this, the Prophet maintained absolute humility, never seeing himself as important, but rather as a servant, honored by the Master of masters. It is related that when the Prophet reached the highest levels and most distinguished stations Allah revealed to him, “With what shall I honor you?” The Prophet said, “By relating me to You through servanthood (¿ubūdīyya).” Thus true prayer is nothing less than Ascension to the Station of true Servanthood, which is the Station of Submission. In that station, Divine Unity becomes manifest, and there, the servant reaches the state where he hears what no ears have heard, sees what no eyes have seen and tastes the reality of Divine Oneness. In this state of witnessing, the servant perceives only the Lord. He sees all existence through His Existence and the realization that all proceeds from the One. That is known as the station of annihilation, in which the servant no longer sees herself or himself, no longer sees anything, but only sees, feels and is immersed in the Presence of the Lord without any partner and with no likeness.
Imam
Which four letter word beginning with M describes the Wise Men from the East who brought gifts to the infant Jesus?
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community   Transliteration: Alhamdu lillahi nahmaduhu wa nasta 'inuhu wa nastaghfiruhu wa nu' minu bihi wa natawakkalu 'alaih. Wa na 'uThu Billahi min shururi anfusina wamin sayy 'ati a 'malina. Man yahdihillahu fala mudhilla lahu wa man yudlilhu fala hadiya lah. Wa nash-hadu alla ilaha illallahu wahdahu la sharika lahu wa nash-hadu anna Muhmmadan 'abduhu wa Rasuluh. Ibadallah rahima-kumullah. Innallaha ya'muru bil 'adli wal-ihsani wa itai Thil-qurba. wa yanha 'anil fahshai wal- munkari wal-baghyi, Ya 'izhkum la 'allakum taThakkarun. UThkurrullah yaTh-kur-kum wad 'uhu yastajib lakum. Wala Thikrullahi akbar.   Translation: All praise is due to Allah. We laud Him, we beseech help from Him and ask His protection; we confide in Him, we trust Him alone and we seek protection against the evils and mischief of our souls and from the bad results of our deeds. Whomsoever He guides on the right path, none can misguide him; and whosoever He declares misled, none can guide him onto the right path. And we bear witness that none deserves to be worshipped except Allah. He is alone and has no partner. We bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger. O servants of Allah! May Allah be merciful to you. Verily, Allah commands you to act with justice, to confer benefits upon each other and to do good to others as one does to one 's kindred and forbids evil which pertain to your own selves and evils which affect others and prohibits revolts against a lawful authority. He warns you against being unmindful. You remember Allah; He too will remember you; call Him and He will make a response to your call. And verily divine remembrance is the highest virtue.   Muslims are required to listen to the sermon attentively. Any type of conversation during the sermon is prohibited. After the Imam has delivered the second part of the sermon, the Iqamah is recited and the Imam leads the congregational two Raka'at of Jummah Prayer. The Holy Prophet of Islam, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, did not approve of a person telling others to refrain from conversation while the Imam is delivering his Sermon. In unavoidable circumstances, a gesture by hand or with a finger can be made to draw the attention of someone to stop talking. In case the Imam asks something during the sermon, then he should be replied to. It is preferable that the person who delivered the sermon should lead the Prayer. The Imam should recite Sura Fatiha and some verses of the Holy Quran in a loud voice during the Jummah Prayer. One should offer four Raka'at of Sunnah Prayer before the Friday congregational Prayer and four Raka'at of Sunnah after the congregational Jummah Prayer, but two Raka'at of Sunnah after the congregational and Fardh Jummah Prayer are also allowed instead of four, as mentioned in the famous book of Traditions called Sunan Abu Daud (Kitab-us-Salaat bab Assalaat ba'ad al Jummah wa sharah AlSunnat, Vol.3 page 449). The two Raka'at of Sunnah Prayer to be offered before the Fardh are compulsory and are not dropped even during a journey. A person who comes to the mosque during the sermon should not steer his way to the front by jumping over the shoulders of the people already sitting. As the sermon has already begun, he can if he wishes, offer two Raka'at of Sunnah quickly during the sermon. If a person is late for Friday Prayer and joins the congregation in the final Qa'dah, he should complete his Prayer individually after the Imam has finished leading the Prayer. If, however, he misses the congregational Prayer completely, such a person should offer Zhuhr Prayer instead.
i don't know
Which four letter word beginning with N is a star showing a sudden large increase in brightness, then gradually returning to its original state over a period of weeks to years?
The "Face On Mars" - Google Groups The "Face On Mars" The Viking missions to Mars in the late 1970s produced more information about the Red Planet than had been gathered in all the previous centuries of study by Earth-bound astronomers and observers. The primary mission of the Viking program was to search for signs of life on the surface of Mars. Two landers containing sophisticated biological laboratories studied soil samples in a variety of tests which, it was hoped, would prove or disprove the existence of life. The results of these tests indicated that Mars contained no life, at least at these landing sites. However, Viking gathered volumes of data on the weather, soil chemistry and other surface properties and mapped the surface using low-to-moderate resolution cameras on the two orbiters. Shortly after mapping began in 1976 an interesting image taken by the Viking 1 Orbiter was received at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., which contained a surface feature resembling a human or ape-like face. The photo was immediately released to the public as an interesting geological feature and dubbed the "Face on Mars." Shortly afterwards other photos of the same area were taken, and some scientists believed that the formation appeared to be a face due to the lighting angles as seen from the Orbiter. Origin Of Features Examined Over the years, some people began to raise questions about the origins of the features. A few ideas and theories arose speculating that the features may have been built by aliens in the distant past. These theories are based largely on the results of computer photo enhancements and other analytical techniques performed on the Viking images beginning in the early 1980s. Most planetary geologists familiar with the set of photos, however, concluded that the natural processes known to occur on Mars -- such as wind erosion, Mars quakes, and erosion from running water in the distant past -- could account for the formation of the complicated fretted terrain of the Cydonia region, including the face. Because the entire data set includes only nine low-to-moderate resolution photos, scientists say that there just is not enough data available to justify what would be an extraordinary conclusion that the features are not natural in origin (many scientists question whether images alone would be enough to settle the matter). Such a proven discovery of extraterrestrial life or artifacts would be one of the greatest discoveries in human history, and, as such, demand the most rigorous scientific investigation. However, despite the phenomenal nature of such a potential discovery, no one in the scientific community -- either in the U.S. or worldwide -- has ever proposed an investigation for a mission to study these features. Until more data is gathered, many scientists consider the probability that the features are anything other than natural in origin are just too low to justify the major expenditure of public funds which such an investigation would entail (more on this below). What is agreed on is that a greater number of high resolution images of this area should be gathered. Following the failure of the Mars Observer mission in August, 1993, NASA proposed a decade-long program of Mars exploration, including orbiters and landers. The program, called Mars Surveyor, would take advantage of launch opportunities about every 2 years to launch an orbiter and a lander to the Red Planet. The first mission, consisting of an orbiter to be launched in 1996, will map the surface and take high- and medium-resolution images of particular features on the Martian surface that are of high interest. NASA intends to make observations of the Cydonia region making the best effort feasible, either with the first orbiter or on follow-on missions, to obtain images of the "face" and nearby landforms. Quite aside from the interest generated by these curious features, Cydonia has long been regarded as an area of high scientific importance, ever since the first detailed images were returned by NASA's Viking spacecraft in the late 1970s. The Cydonia region of Mars is part of the so-called fretted terrain, a belt of landforms that circles Mars at about 30-40 degrees North Latitude. In this region, the ancient crust of Mars has been intensely eroded by weathering processes, leaving high remnants of older crust surrounded by lower plains of eroded debris. The landforms of Cydonia resemble in some respects those of terrestrial deserts, but they probably have been shaped by a unique range of peculiarly martian agencies: wind, frost and possibly running water in ancient times. Deciphering the geological age and origin of this terrain will yield important insights into the evolution of the martian surface, into the role of ice and water in its development and into the nature of the martian climate in times past. The selection of goals and scientific priorities for NASA to undertake on future space science missions starts in the scientific and academic communities, as well as within NASA. Scientific associations, such as the National Academy of Science, determine the research priorities in any given field of science. For instance, the most important questions remaining about Mars include gaining an understanding of the amount of water on the planet; mapping the surface in detail to gain a complete understanding of the geological processes, history and composition; and gaining a global understanding of the atmosphere, including climate and weather. When NASA receives permission to proceed with a science mission, the Agency publishes an Announcement of Opportunity (AO). The AO solicits interest in providing high priority scientific investigations and instruments that will be part of the new mission. The AO receives the widest possible circulation throughout the university and research communities and industry. Proposals are submitted and reviewed through a competitive peer review process. In this process, scientists from various institutions and organizations evaluate each proposal's scientific and technical merit, and then rank the relative merit of each. NASA receives the reports of the review panels and makes a final selection as to which instruments will be built and actually flown. This rational selection process ensures that only the most useful research, with a high probability of returning good science, is done at taxpayer expense. After selection, each Mars Surveyor Principle Investigator (PI) team will develop its instrument, build it, test it and prepare it for launch and the 10-month journey to Mars. They are also charged with developing, testing, and using the software required to properly calibrate their instrument's data. Most of the scientists working on the various Mars Surveyor missions will have several years invested in their instrument before the spacecraft arrives at Mars and they can actually receive the bulk of the data they have been waiting for. Obtaining Images of the "Face" and Other Planetary Data Since the release and subsequent widespread circulation of the 'face' images, scientists and individual members of the public have freely drawn their own conclusions about the nature and origin of this feature. NASA encourages anyone seriously interested in this topic to obtain the photo(s) and decide for themselves, just as every day many hundreds of independent researchers and scientists make use of NASA-provided data on a variety of subjects. The most noteworthy image of the 'face' feature is available to the public, for a nominal fee, through Headquarters and JPL. A photo catalogue can be provided to select images. The phone numbers for ordering photos are: HQ: 202/358-1900 All imaging data obtained by the Mars Surveyor program, as well as other types of data, will be deposited in open data archives. Two such archives widely used are the Planetary Data System (PDS), an open archive accessible to thousands of scientists and other individuals, and the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) where images and other data will be readily available to the general public (generally on CD-ROMs or as hard copy, as appropriate), for a nominal charge that covers the materials and time needed to produce the copies. For information about ordering copies of NASA science mission images, including on CD-ROM format, contact the NSSDC at: National Space Science Data Center Request Coordination Center Listed below are the photo numbers of every image taken by Viking of the 'face' feature and the surrounding Cydonia terrain. When ordering from the data archive centers, refer to the Viking picno (photo number).                                                         Sun  Picno     Scale     Emission   Incidence   Phase    Elevation   Period of          (m/pixel)     (deg)      (deg)     (deg)                   Day                                                        (deg)  035A7247.13        10.53      79.89       86.26   10.11        morning  070A1343.42        12.36      62.61       71.77   27.39        morning  561A25162.7        32.83      76.59       45.63   13.41        morning  753A33232.82       10.25      35.3        25.12   54.7         afternoon  753A34232.51       10.13      35.15       25.14   54.85        afternoon  814A07848.86       38.15      65.93       103.25  24.07        too low  257S69821.24       42.06      43.83       8.66    46.17        cloudy  673B54226.02       23.22      64.94       77.76   25.06        morning  673B56225.7        21.33      67.77       76.7    22.23        morning ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- > This is the first time I've read anything coherent/complete about the > 'face' so my opinion on the matter is neutral (I always read Mr Baalke's > posts with interest); however, I was just curious to know why there is a > fee for _these_ photos while I constantly see new photos published with > URLs regarding Europa, Galaxies, etc... What makes a photo "fee-able" vs > readily and freely available. The images of Cydonia and the "face" are already avaliable online in a number of locations.  It appears that the fee is for prints, not electronic copies.  Since prints require paper, chemicals, postage, etc., it is not unreasonable that those who want them reimburse the government for the cost of doing this.  I have ordered stuff from the government before, and the charge is truly nominal (i.e. small). -- Bob Martino   ( [email protected] )     I look up to the heavens                                      but night has clouded over Perkins Observatory Web site:        no spark of constellation         http://www-astronomy.mps .            no Vela no Orion : Because (1) if there is even the remotest chance that there was once : intelligent life on Mars, we ought to investigate it; and (2), much : more importantly, perhaps when the `face' is shown to be a pile of : rocks the loonies will go away. (Actually, the more dedicated will : just claim there's a `government' coverup. NASA can't win.) I'm still with AndersonRM on this one.  There is the remotest chance that life was or is many places--we can't investigate them all.  Of course, in this case we're talking about human or near-human life; but in spite of Star Trek showing the whole universe is populated with funny-looking humans, it still makes the chances seem more remote to me.  And why do we want the loonies to go away?  Where would they go? Bart Mathias > Why not?  It's an interesting feature in an interesting region on an > interesting planet we'll be taking pictures of and exploring anyway. > > Plus, I think you could argue that space exploration is highly > dependent on public support, and therefore focussing on things > like this that have captured the public's attention is a good idea > in and of itself. > Besides, maybe it is a face. :-)       Yes, indeed, it is amagnificent, symmetric, FACE which will soon be better seen when solar angle is appropriate in new pictures. There some 15 human Faces at Cydonia and many other Artistic Monuments. About 60 of them. Who does not distinghish them is just a poor fellow totally negated in the field of fine-Art. On top of that there is math. in between the Monuments and only incompetent indioviduals in basic math  are not seing the 'conclusive' proof of existence of ETI in that most sacred area of Cydonia. -- Angel, secretary of Universitas Americae (UNIAM). His proof of ETI at Cydonia and complete Index of new "TETET-97: Creatoris Digitus.." by Prof. Dr. D.G. Lahoz (leader on ETI and Cosmogony) can be studied at URL: > > Does putting a "word" in quotations change the meaning? > It sometimes changes the meaning the author wishes to convey...it often > indicates that the author questions, challenges, or rejects the validity > of the word. This comes from a discussion far off-topic from the one here about "the face" but I found it relevant anyway. The scare quotes in this case definitely convey a sense of incredulity at best and lunacy at worst. It would be interesting if other scientific hypothesis were -- as a rule -- treated with the same disrespect as "the face". Then we could talk about "the flood plains", "the canals", or "the life" on Mars depending on how ardently you believe in them. >Okay, a face proves absolutely nothing, we see faces in clouds, wrinkles >in the sheets, unusual land formations...  But for all we know at the >moment there may be more there, probably not, but *if* there is even the >slight chances that mars was visited (as would probably be the case) by >some alien technological species at some time, surely it's worth looking >into? Sure, someday.  But it makes sense to give it low priority.  The "face" is not really a very strong hint of intelligent visitors. >After all, a face is something we're very good at spotting, and >would serve as a very good marker. Actually, a diagram of (say) the Pythagorean theorem would be far more definitive evidence of intelligence, and would make a much better marker. The "face" is too simple a shape to be an unambiguous marker; it's too easy for something like that to be natural.  These aliens must be pretty dumb -- doesn't sound like we're likely to learn much from them. :-) >And another point.  Most scientist now thinks it's almost a certainty that >there's going to be (intelligent) life in our galaxy, and that with >technology little better than our own, `they' may have passed thru our >solar system - albeit tens of thousands (millions?) of years ago. >However, the moment that you suggest that this *really* could have >happened, ie that there are definate artifacts suggesting this, it's >completely impossible.  This makes no sense to me. Nobody -- well, almost nobody -- is going to say that it's impossible. What they will say is that there's remarkably little *evidence* of it, and that the simplest explanation is that -- for some unknown reason -- there have been no recent visitors.  They'll also say that a facelike shape in a low-resolution image of an eroded surface is far from being a "definite artifact", and is not convincing evidence for anything.  (Is the Kermit face on Mars -- yes, there is one -- evidence for interstellar talking frogs?) >Just keep an open mind, I say, you just can't know what's round the >corner. "It is good to have an open mind, but not at both ends."  Most remarkable claims unaccompanied by solid evidence are false.  You can spend a lot of time and effort pursuing them; your supply of time and effort is finite. It is better to be skeptical and ask that their proponents produce clear evidence before you devote serious attention to them.  Otherwise there's no time or effort left to get anything done. -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] > I've been reading the E-Mails on this subject and have this point to add. > > What can be said for the "Pyramid-Like" structures photographed on Mars ? > Does this mean that an alien civilisation built the pyramids in Eygpt ? Right.  It takes space aliens with highly advanced technology to pile rocks one on top of the other.  Sheesh. Go find a copy of the NOVA episode "This Old Pyramid."  In the 1 and 1/2 hour show, they document a group of egyption guys who use nothing but wood, ropes, and copper (not even bronze!) tools to construct a small pyramid in about a month.  Hopefully this will dispell any silly notions that pyramid construction requires FTL drives, replicators, levitation beams, or any other hypothetical ET technology.  :) > Chrisp Simmons wrote in message ... > >Okay, a face proves absolutely nothing, we see faces in clouds, wrinkles > >in the sheets, unusual land formations...  But for all we know at the > >moment there may be more there, probably not, but *if* there is even the > >slight chances that mars was visited (as would probably be the case) by > >some alien technological species at some time, surely it's worth looking > >into?  After all, a face is something we're very good at spotting, and > >would serve as a very good marker. > > > >And another point.  Most scientist now thinks it's almost a certainty that > >there's going to be (intelligent) life in our galaxy, and that with > >technology little better than our own, `they' may have passed thru our > >solar system - albeit tens of thousands (millions?) of years ago. > >However, the moment that you suggest that this *really* could have > >happened, ie that there are definate artifacts suggesting this, it's > >completely impossible.  This makes no sense to me. > > > >Just keep an open mind, I say, you just can't know what's round the > >corner. : > I'm justwaiting until they find the "Shadow Ship" on Mars! : > : > The Year is 2260 ... The Place Babylon 5 : Come with me please. We have a nice facility for you on Isidis. You will first spend a lovely two weeks at our massive complex under what-used-to-be San Diego.   As you approach the area, note the surface crusting of what appears to be green glassy material. This is known as "Sandiegoite," and did not exist until a few years from now.  It is similar, though not identical, in composition to "Trinitite,"  a mineral found in very limited quantities in a selected New Mexico location. Do not be alarmed by the glow; our complex is far enough underground that any residual radiation will probably not affect your health. : The Corps is your Friend *Trust* the corps > Chrisp Simmons wrote in message ... > >Okay, a face proves absolutely nothing, we see faces in clouds, wrinkles > >in the sheets, unusual land formations...  But for all we know at the > >moment there may be more there, probably not, but *if* there is even the > >slight chances that mars was visited (as would probably be the case) by > >some alien technological species at some time, surely it's worth looking > >into?  After all, a face is something we're very good at spotting, and > >would serve as a very good marker. > > > >And another point.  Most scientist now thinks it's almost a certainty that > >there's going to be (intelligent) life in our galaxy, and that with > >technology little better than our own, `they' may have passed thru our > >solar system - albeit tens of thousands (millions?) of years ago. > >However, the moment that you suggest that this *really* could have > >happened, ie that there are definate artifacts suggesting this, it's > >completely impossible.  This makes no sense to me. > > > >Just keep an open mind, I say, you just can't know what's round the > >corner. >> Because the entire data set includes only nine low-to-moderate resolution >> photos, scientists say that there just is not enough data available to >> justify what would be an extraordinary conclusion that the features are not >> natural in origin (many scientists question whether images alone would be >> enough to settle the matter).    That is totally wrong: It is not 9 but 13 frames from Viking which touch the "Museum of Monuments", namely  5 around the central 35A72   and 8 around the central 70A12. Two set were taken in orbits 35 and 70 respectively. Only TWO (above mentioned) contain the 'Face' which is in central-north portion of the Museum. But the BEST Monuments have only recently discovered and are NDC and PANTOCRATON just at the boundary of the 106 km diameter circle which defines de Museum. Whoever in seing them does not agree that they are supreme works of Finest-Art is just an artistically handicaped person. See my URL. > Now that I don't understand. Personally I doubt whether there has ever > been intelligent life on Mars, let me make that clear, however it would > surely be very easy to imagine images which would prove that there had > been. Images of huge Nazca-type lines defining Egyptian-style     There are Mathematics embedded in between the 60 Monuments which prove conclusively ETI in that region. Many Doctors in various fields have studied it to saturation over 16 years and Dr. Lahoz, physicist with many papers and books published, has spent more than 6 years with such issue publishing 6 books about Cydonia; he is of course the leader in Cosmogony and in SETI around the globe. See my URL. -- Angel, secretary of Universitas Americae (UNIAM). His proof of ETI at Cydonia and complete Index of new "TETET-97: Creatoris Digitus.." by Prof. Dr. D.G. Lahoz (leader on ETI and Cosmogony) can be studied at URL: > I think, the so called "face on Mars" is a complete natural formation. Just > think about all the "faces" that apear in our mountains on earth. Here in > northern Germany one from the Harz mountains is very famous. It looks like a > big indian or, more likely, like our old chancellor Konrad Adenauer. I think > such features can be found everywhere. The state of New Hampshire in the United States has a natural rock formation plainly visible to anyone driving through Franconia Notch called "The Old Man Of The Mountain", which is used as a logo on many state documents and signs. The human nervous system is optimized for seeing faces.   > > I think, the so called "face on Mars" is a complete natural formation. > Just > > think about all the "faces" that apear in our mountains on earth. Here in > > northern Germany one from the Harz mountains is very famous. It looks > like a > > big indian or, more likely, like our old chancellor Konrad Adenauer. I > think > > such features can be found everywhere. > > The state of New Hampshire in the United States > has a natural rock formation plainly visible to anyone > driving through Franconia Notch called "The > Old Man Of The Mountain", which is used as a > logo on many state documents and signs. > > The human nervous system is optimized for seeing > faces.   > For one, some people with the "alien agenda" bias have taken the > raw data and done image processing of it which has caused spurious > features to appear, like nostrils and teeth.  These people enlarged the > original segment of the face image, using things like pixel doubling, > and then applied certain processing techniques to enhance the detail. > Unfortunatly, the pixels when enlarged tended to be square, and the > enhancement of these squares generated false detail. That's all well and good, but the details you refer to appear in both photographs.  That strongly suggests that they may be real details, not processing artifacts. Since I started looking at this stuff to point and giggle at the kooks, I can appreciate your poem.  However, it betrays an attitude that is all too prevalent on the subject:  that there is absolutely no evidence of anomaly at Cydonia.  For instance: >>        But those who wished for alien nations, >>        refused to consider this explanation. >>        With no hard facts to support their inklings, >>        they abandoned much of their critical thinking. "No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? And even after that, how likely is it that this particular piece of Mars would have evidence of life?  If exobiology were treated like planetary SETI, these arguments would have stifled most research on the subject.  Yet, I think the evidence shows we should pursue both avenues -- despite your assertions about "No hard facts." The strongest arguments for a closer look at Cydonia were published after 1990.  Judging by the attitudes displayed, I suspect most scientists made up their minds before then.  (I just posted another article to sci.astro comparing exobiology with planetary SETI, perhaps you'll take the time to read that.) But claiming there is _no_ evidence for anonaly at Cydonia is either lazy or credulous -- the kooks have influenced you.  -Scott > Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy > lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents? The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to deliberately start an argument, thus she simply isn't worth discussion or interaction (it only encourages her, and does not further astronomy).  However, many, if not most, of the people who are actually "discussing" the face on Mars are doing so from a somewhat logical perspective; ie: "it looks like a face, so is it really one?".  They aren't arguing just to argue; they are discussing, with an interest in the opinions of others.  At one point, there was a reasonable debate as to whether the face was a monument or an illusion.  Some of the pre-MGS factual evidence pointed to a natural explanation for the appearance of the "face", but to some, the look of the face was too much to ignore. The evidence of an artificial origin for the face was more speculation than fact (along with a little excessive image processing), however it was food for a debate.  There are, of course, the fringe element numerologists who tried to prove intelligence by looking for pyramids, measuring lines and arcs and such (along with the "government coverup" enthusiasts), but otherwise, the debate was fairly interesting.  Now that we have a really high resolution image, it becomes clear that the feature known as the face indeed appears to be very natural, rather than artificial.  As another poster put it "take away the lighting, and the face goes poof".  Maybe someday, we will find something somewhere which will indicate that we are not alone in the universe.  This is worth discussing.  The long illogical rantings and ravings of the N**** person are not, and those who insist on engaging her at length for whatever reason, are just wasting bandwidth.       -- Prairie Astronomy Club, Inc.   http://www.4w.com/pac Hyde Memorial Observatory: http://www.blackstarpress.com/arin/hyde *  Attend the 5th Annual NEBRASKA STAR PARTY  * *  July 18-25, 1998     http://www.4w.com/nsp  * >> Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy >> lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents? > The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to > deliberately start an argument, How would you know?  Are you now claiming to be clairvoyant? > thus she simply isn't worth discussion or interaction (it only > encourages her, and does not further astronomy). As if the Face on Mars discussion does further astronomy. > However, many, if not most, of the people who are actually > "discussing" the face on Mars are doing so from a somewhat logical > perspective; ie: "it looks like a face, so is it really one?". You find that perspective logical?  The Man in the Moon looks like a face.  Should we discuss it to find out if it really is one?  How about discussing the pictures of lenticular clouds that look like flying saucers?  Or the Pizza Hut spaghetti billboard that was supposed to contain the likeness of Christ? > They aren't arguing just to argue; You don't know that any more than you do so for Nancy. > they are discussing, with an interest in the opinions of others. Actually, several of the proponents of the Face on Mars do not seem to have an interest in the opinions of others at all. > At one point, there was a reasonable debate as to whether the face > was a monument or an illusion. There's also been plenty of unreasonable debate. > Some of the pre-MGS > factual evidence pointed to a natural explanation for the appearance of > the "face", but to some, the look of the face was too much to ignore. By the same token, the deflection of a comet away from Jupiter on the two-dimensional plane of the sky is too much to ignore, after being told how gravitational perturbations are supposed to attract an object. > The evidence of an artificial origin for the face was more speculation > than fact Like the alleged misidentification of a nova as comet Hale-Bopp. > (along with a little excessive image processing), however it > was food for a debate. Like the alleged misidentification of a nova as comet Hale-Bopp. > There are, of course, the fringe element numerologists who tried to > prove intelligence by looking for pyramids, measuring lines and arcs > and such (along with the "government coverup" enthusiasts), Sounds similar to Nancy, who also referred to "government coverup". > but otherwise, the debate was fairly interesting. That's subjective. > Now that we have a really high resolution image, it becomes clear that > the feature known as the face indeed appears to be very natural, rather > than artificial. Surprise, surprise.  And similarly, once we had a naked-eye comet, its reality became clear. > As another poster put it "take away the lighting, and the > face goes poof". Make the comet naked eye, and the identification as a nova goes poof. > Maybe someday, we will find something somewhere which > will indicate that we are not alone in the universe. Like the Zetas? Feel free to do so with Nancy. > The long illogical rantings and ravings of the N**** person > are not, How can you say that, given that she likes to discuss beings that show we are not alone in the universe? > and those who insist on engaging her at length for whatever > reason, are just wasting bandwidth.       And as the above reasoning shows, the same can be applied to your discussion of the Face on Mars.  You're being inconsistent. > >>        But those who wished for alien nations, > >>        refused to consider this explanation. > >>        With no hard facts to support their inklings, > >>        they abandoned much of their critical thinking. > > "No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you > were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims > that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, > you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely > it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? And naturally, the ancient and far researched field of interplanetary drift of asteroids, meteors and comets within a star system is something you're an expert on. I am critical of your rejection of the possibilities, hundreds of years before they can be checked out. What was the name of that probe again ? Some guy who went to jail or something. Yeah, a teacher, with a telescope I think. Let's see now, I have a hammer in one hand and a feather in the other - which one do you think will hit you on your closed mind first ? In article <6gaanu$ds0$ [email protected] >, Scott Doty < [email protected] > wrote: >"No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you >were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims >that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, >you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely >it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? It seems to me that, given other scales involved - especially geological time scales of millions or billions of years - it's pretty likely that *something* from Mars would be found *somewhere* on Earth. There have been a number of impacts on planetary surfaces throughout the history of the solar system, though much more so early on. These impacts have thrown chunks of rock from planets into space, and although the chances of any one rock actually making it to Earth are tiny, given lots of rocks and enough time, eventually the odds improve to realistic levels. >And even after that, how likely is it that this particular piece of >Mars would have evidence of life?  If exobiology were treated like >planetary SETI, these arguments would have stifled most research on >the subject.  Yet, I think the evidence shows we should pursue both >avenues -- despite your assertions about "No hard facts." Well, that brings up one of the nice things about science - the ability to self correct. The initial claims about the Martian rock have been disputed from the very beginning, and lately what I have heard seems to point to solid evidence that the rocks were indeed contaminated, apparently by water seepage over time. The credibility of the claims for the rock seems to be heading the same way as the claims about the Face. (This doesn't even address the credibility of the claim that the nanostructures observed were organic in nature, which is also highly disputed.) -- >"No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you >were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims >that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, >you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely >it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? Just how unlikely is that?  Explain, please, with numbers. Although the debate about the supposed chemical and physical microfossils continues -- and of late the trend is against them -- there has never been serious doubt that the meteorite is from Mars.  That is the *simplest* explanation of the isotope-ratio data; surprising though it sounds, the surprise would be even greater if the thing were from somewhere else. Note that a number of pieces of the Moon have been found in Antarctica, and one or two in Australia.  There is no doubt whatever about them; we have real Moon rocks -- which are quite unlike Earth rocks in some readily-measurable ways -- for comparison. Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] > "Lastly, if you're not a member of the > Mainstream Scientific Community, you > don't have the right to think out loud about > anything at all. We have your credit card > numbers, email addresses, and the implants > in your skull will inform us of your ongoing > perceptions and subtle realizations at all > times. Sleep tight, sweet little brother." Pure caca.  You have every right to think and speak out on these topics, but if your ideas are ridiculous they will be ridiculed.    A simple preventive to such ridicule is to make sure you have your ducks in a row, evidence-wise, before speaking up.   Many of us who do the ridiculing would love it if evidence were found of extraterrestrial life or civilization, and that's why we get especially pissed off at people who propose such ideas and fail to live up to them with decent evidence and thinking. A poor analogy, perhaps, but say you had a dread disease which had no effective treatment or cure. Wouldn't you be ESPECIALLY pissed off at anyone who said they had a good treatment when they didn't? > >> Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy > >> lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents? > > > The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to > > deliberately start an argument, > How would you know?  Are you now claiming to be clairvoyant? I agree with Knisely on this.  There's no apparent logic or sense to the N**** entity, so there's no point in discussing anything with her.   But most of the "face" buffs  proceed from at least some semblance of evidence and follow, perhaps torturously, some sort of logical path.    Indeed, on other BBS's and the like I've seen quite a few former face-buffs actually admit they were wrong (something unheard of among most True Believers)!    This holds out the possibility that the remainder might be appealed to with logic, reason and evidence. ---peter > The new face is different because IT IS MOVING! > ITS ALIVE! You know what I find interesting about all this "face on Mars" stuff and Atlantis and all that?  Its that the truely remarkable is being ignored for the fantasy and the legend.  On the front cover of Science is an image of Mars from Global Suveyor that shows dendritic drainage and sedimentary accumulations in the valleys.  This means that there was running water on the surface of Mars, probably for some number of millions of years.  It takes a lot of time for water to erode basalt.  That is worth more to me than some mythical trick of the light or a rehash of bug eyed monsters lurking in space to take us out.  Perhaps if the monsters were only going to take out the crazies and the politicians I would be more supportive.  Have a good Easter guys. >>>> Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy >>>> lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents?   >>> The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to >>> deliberately start an argument, >> How would you know?  Are you now claiming to be clairvoyant? > I agree with Knisely on this.  There's no apparent logic or > sense to the N**** entity, so there's no point in discussing anything > with her. Irrelevant.  The issue is Nancy's motives and how Knisely supposedly knows them, not the lack of logic in Nancy's postings. > But most of the "face" buffs  proceed from at least > some semblance of evidence and follow, perhaps torturously, > some sort of logical path. So has Nancy.  For example, she plotted comet Hale-Bopp's supposed path on the sky, noticed a deflection away from Jupiter, and questioned the reality of the orbit, given that gravitational perturbations are supposed to deflect an orbit toward a planet.  Of course, there's a flaw in her analysis, which I've pointed out. > Indeed, on other BBS's and the > like I've seen quite a few former face-buffs actually admit > they were wrong (something unheard of among most True > Believers)! Irrelevant.  Again, the issue is Nancy's motives and how Knisely supposedly knows them. > This holds out the possibility that the remainder > might be appealed to with logic, reason and evidence. And my corrections of Nancy's errors are for the benefit of such people.  Haven't I made that clear?  I've told Schlyter so many times it's ridiculous. : You know what I find interesting about all this "face on Mars" stuff and : Atlantis and all that?  Its that the truely remarkable is being ignored for : the fantasy and the legend.  On the front cover of Science is an image of Mars : from Global Suveyor that shows dendritic drainage and sedimentary : accumulations in the valleys.  This means that there was running water on the : surface of Mars, probably for some number of millions of years.  It takes a : lot of time for water to erode basalt.  That is worth more to me than some : mythical trick of the light or a rehash of bug eyed monsters lurking in space : to take us out.  Perhaps if the monsters were only going to take out the : crazies and the politicians I would be more supportive.  Have a good Easter : guys. > Yes, the Nanedi canyon image is much more interesting than Face Mesa, > which nonetheless has some interesting differential erosive features, and > nostrils!? I agree, especially, in the instance of the Face, the interesting tilted and eroded strata around the "forehead".  Looks like it was domed up by intrusion (igneous laccolith?, salt!?!?!) of the light colored material that makes up the complex terrain of the Face proper.  These lighter, thin beds show up as the highest strata in a lot of the MGS photos.  Makes me start to think carbonates (wish, maybe), but I've heard that carbonate minerals haven't been detected in abundance.  The large-scale layering in the canyon walls could be stacked basalt flows, but who knows?  Maybe volcanic ash for these higher, lighter layers?  Lighter windblown dust (related to a climatic epidode)? If all or some of this layering is do to water-based sedimentary processes, we have much, much more to learn about Martian geology than we would have ever thought! > > >The state of New Hampshire in the United States > > >has a natural rock formation plainly visible to anyone > > >driving through Franconia Notch called "The > > >Old Man Of The Mountain", which is used as a > > >logo on many state documents and signs. > > > > This goes to show that the Martians have been carving faces > > on Earth too! Read sci.archeaology for discussions on aliens > > building monuments on Earth. > > (About three days late posting :-) > > > So the aliens have nothing to do but just travelling around an carving faces > into the rocks of distant planets? > Oh, they must be even more crazy than the humans. It's their version of artistic vandalism.  I can see it now: they arrive on earth and go carve a face on a mountainside. When they return to their flying saucer they discover that it's covered with graffitti. On Tue, 07 Apr 1998 12:07:05 -0400, in sci.astro, Spotazhazer wrote: > >What was the name of that probe again ? >Some guy who went to jail or something. >Yeah, a teacher, with a telescope I think. >Let's see now, I have a hammer in one hand >and a feather in the other - which one do you >think will hit you on your closed mind first ? Galileo, the guy who was jailed by the closed minds of his time? We've had this guy on sci.archaeology.  When we started to use evidence to disagree with him, he replied with the best stuff in his armory -- ad hominems. Doug >"Lastly, if you're not a member of the >Mainstream Scientific Community, you >don't have the right to think out loud about >anything at all. The people who believe in the Mars face share a few common traits: -ill educated -like to believe we are being "looked upon by alien benevolence" -resort to fortune tellers to get answers they are too stupid or afraid to reason out on their own -cannot cope with drastic technological change -are incapable of understanding what scientific theory is composed of. -jump to conclusions with little or not facts -candidates for Scientology -believed in Santa until they were 18. -are scared of the boogeymen -tend to be "followers" -are generally paranoid by nature The people who "invented" the concept of the Mars face are brilliant marketers. Like Von Dainiken, L. Ron Hubbard, Rev. Moon.  They are people who know there are suckers born every minute and they are there to be conned, herded and fleeced. Now, imagine someone lays out a black, Mickey Mouse-shaped tarp over part of a pixel's area.  It seems to me that the average brightness for that area, influenced by the area of the tarp, would drop, and the same for the pixel value.    ** Therefore, it seems our 2x2 pixel image can detect the presence of an object, even though its details are "below the true resolution of the image."  However, nobody can tell its shape. I think the problem with this detection of this "fine detail" is distinguishing it from noise. > One image I saw did not take out the "salt-and-pepper" noise spikes > in the image, and again interpreted the images as having even more > non-existant detail.  I have the original images.  I got rid of the > noise spikes and did the "right" level of processing to get an > enlarged version without introducing artificial detail.  No teeth > appear. If I understand Carlotto's argument correctly, it appears he combined the images before removing noise.  I suspect that this combination would tend to re-enforce signal, and noise would remain random.  It seems to me that applying noise correction to both images and eyeballing the results would defeat the purpose of the experiment. Meanwhile, applying noise correction to a combination of the images might detect the presence of "finer detail," though its shape would still remain unknown.  In combining the images, one would have to correct for differences in lighting angle and camera location -- it's not as simple as mushing two images together.  I can't find a refereed paper on the method, so perhaps this is a Mickey Mouse argument. Nonetheless, I think it's interesting to look at NASA's original processed view of the new imagery in the region (the oblique view), and after doing so, compare it to the Mercator projection.  Is this method vindicated? I can't argue with any other (solid) points in your article, save one: > To quote Sagan (and others), extraordinary claims require > extraordinary proof. To quote Sagan:  "Some of them were fairly cautious and deserve to be commended for advancing the subject."  I think a scientific search for extraterrestrial life is fascinating -- if Carlotto hasn't "advanced the subject," then who was Sagan talking about?  -Scott >It seems to me that pixel values are a function of the average >brightness for the area they record. Approximately true.  (It is in fact a weighted average, and the weighting function fades out gradually at the edges rather than stopping at the official boundary of the pixel, but these are minor details.) >Now, imagine someone lays out a black, Mickey Mouse-shaped tarp over >part of a pixel's area.  It seems to me that the average brightness >for that area, influenced by the area of the tarp, would drop, and >the same for the pixel value. Correct.  This is why, for example, long thin bright/dark features across contrasting backgrounds are visible even when they are narrower than the nominal limiting resolution of the system. >Therefore, it seems our 2x2 pixel image can detect the presence of an >object, even though its details are "below the true resolution of the >image."  However, nobody can tell its shape. Correct.  Note, though, that when lots of fine contrasty detail is present, as opposed to one single spot of it, it's very difficult to sort out what is going on. -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] >>"No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you >>were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims >>that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, >>you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely >>it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? [Henry snipped the rest:  "And even after that, how likely is it that this particular piece of Mars would have evidence of life?" and "I just posted another to sci.astro comparing exobiology with planetary SETI, perhaps you'll take the time to read that."] Henry then asks: > Just how unlikely is that?  Explain, please, with numbers. I fear my attempt at irony may have been too subtle.  (Or even, too sloppy.)  I'll avoid that in the future.  The article I referred to is news:<6ga1ll$5il$ [email protected] > , which I've retreived from dejanews and put here: The point of my question:  Though scientifically feasible that we should find pieces of Mars on Earth, this doesn't seem intuitive -- yet it does appear to be the case.  (When I first heard of this claim, my BS detector shifted to "red alert" --I thought it was another bunch of kooks who would then try to sell these rocks, or something like that.)  ...which includes the following quote, regarding the collecting action of Antarctic glaciers:    Researchers were surprised to find a few samples of lunar    material among the meteorites -- until then it was thought    to be impossible to eject a rock from the surface of a body    as large as the Moon. Even more surprising was the    discovery of meteorites from Mars. And why is it surprising?  Because it's not intuitive. > Although the debate about the supposed chemical and physical > microfossils continues -- and of late the trend is against them -- > there has never been serious doubt that the meteorite is from Mars. > That is the *simplest* explanation of the isotope-ratio data; > surprising though it sounds, the surprise would be even greater if > the thing were from somewhere else. My argument is about the process of inquiry that yielded the simpler explanation (which I've posted separately).  -Scott >   Researchers were surprised to find a few samples of lunar >   material among the meteorites -- until then it was thought >   to be impossible to eject a rock from the surface of a body >   as large as the Moon. Even more surprising was the >   discovery of meteorites from Mars. > >And why is it surprising?  Because it's not intuitive. No, it was surprising -- to people who prefer numbers over intuition because intuition sometimes lies -- because at the time, it was thought that rocks could not be accelerated to the escape velocity of a substantial planet without being melted in the process.  It wasn't a question of intuition, but rather of oversimplified models of ejection during impacts.  Intuitively it *is* reasonable that ejection could happen, and intuition actually turns out to be correct here, but only when the question is examined in considerable detail. -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] In article < [email protected] > Chrisp Simmons < [email protected] > writes: >Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense in their >head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps too open?).  I was >wondering, what might the realistic chances be of there being some *real* >alien artifact or similar left in our solar system, perhaps as a marker to >any species which may evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some >other reason. For much of the Solar System's history, Mars could have been a more attractive place to be than Earth.  As little as 600 million years ago, or one eighth the age of the solar system, Earth was         - mostly covered with water         - had low O2 in atmosphere (compared to current, high UV radiation         - no interesting life beyond bacterial scum         - stronger gravity than Mars         - had frozen periods (ice ages) and sweltering periods (hotter than now) Perhaps two billion years ago Mars had more attractive temperature, land area, atmosphere, gravity and life than Earth for alien passerbys. As for any alien construction on Mars surviving for hundreds of millions of years- the sandstorms and temparature cycling would erode most anything sooner than that. > > Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense in their > head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps too open?).  I was > wondering, what might the realistic chances be of there being some *real* > alien artifact or similar left in our solar system, perhaps as a marker to > any species which may evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some > other reason. > I mean this as a genuine scientific question. One would think otherwise based on the assumptions in your first sentence, above.  Anyone who would answer the question in the positive must be lacking "any sense in their head," yes? Abell In article < [email protected] >, Chrisp Simmons < [email protected] > wrote: >Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense in their >head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps too open?).  I was >wondering, what might the realistic chances be of there being some *real* >alien artifact or similar left in our solar system, perhaps as a marker to >any species which may evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some >other reason. This is, quite literally, incalculable. What we have numbers for are the percentage of Sun-like stars in the galaxy. We don't yet have data for any of the following: - the percentage of Sun-like stars orbited by planets that can support life. Part of the complication here is that we don't know for sure what the limits of life zones are; consider the fringe cases like Mars, Europa, and so on. - the percentage of planets which can support life that do. Current thinking on this one seems to be that life will indeed spring up if given much of a chance. - the percentage of worlds with life that give rise to complex life forms. This one's tricky. Earth spent a looong time with just single-celled organisms, and there's no way to tell how much of the Precambrian explosion and subsequent events are just a rare fluke versus something one should expect to see elsewhere. We don't know about the balance of forces in mass extinctions, how much they help and how much they hurt. And so forth and so on. - the percentage of worlds with complex life forms that give rise to sentience. Another tricky one. Human-style sentience seems a recent development. On the other hand, we've got a bunch of neighbors in the sentience department. Is it just steam-engine time? ("We steam-engine when it's steam-engine time." - Charles Fort) Hard to say. - the percentage of sentient life forms that develop interstellar travel. Yet another tricky one. It seems quite possible to develop sentience without ever being in a position to get off-planet - look at dolphins, and for a still-open example at the primates other than us. There's also the cultural question; humanity's history includes many complex interesting societies which never developed systematic science and therefore would presumably never have developed space travel. It's an open question whether the attitudes necessary for it will survive (or indeed have survived) in this society. Then there's questions about travel time and the like. Realistic, justifiable answers cover the spectrum from "we are alone, the first sentient race to arise in this galaxy" to "we should have a lot of neighbors". Try hunting with Deja News for threads about the Fermi paradox for discussion of this. >system.  After all, you never know, we might strike it lucky one day. Basically everybody I know in astronomy, even those who strongly favor the "we're alone" view, has this as a semi-secret hope. -- Et in Tela Ego: http://brucebaugh.home.mindspring.com New science fiction by S.M. Stirling, rolegaming, writers' tools >I mean this as a genuine scientific question.  After all, we could just >about conceive that, extrapolating from our technology, it would be >possible to send humans to other star systems - although probably in an >undesirably large time scale. There is no question that clumsy, slow, expensive interstellar travel is possible; it will be within our capabilities within a century or so.  (A recent workshop/conference seriously examined the question of whether it would be realistic to start work now on launching the first starprobe. The answer was "not quite yet".) -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] > Realistic, justifiable answers cover the spectrum from "we are alone, > the first sentient race to arise in this galaxy" to "we should have a > lot of neighbors". Try hunting with Deja News for threads about the > Fermi paradox for discussion of this. > > >system.  After all, you never know, we might strike it lucky one day. > > Basically everybody I know in astronomy, even those who strongly favor > the "we're alone" view, has this as a semi-secret hope. I personally don't think we're alone in the universe -- the sheer number of other stars out there is staggering. But as far as I can guess, I can't think of one single thing that any planet could have that would make it more likely to develop intelligent life fast.  I would cheerfully place bets at even odds that we *are* alone in this galaxy. At least until we get around to seeding other planets....                                         Bear > there is every reason to expect that advanced starfaring races > should be common in the galaxy, yet there is no   Of course, it's quite possible for them to be common while still never (or very rarely) running into each other.  The galaxy is pretty big, including in the dimension most people forget about (time). There's lots of room for abundant intelligent life that never runs into any other intelligent life. Humans tend to think on small timescales anyway, with a few thousands of years of recorded history at our disposal.  Will humanity be around in 100 million years?  That's just an eyeblink, but it doesn't seem impossible that we'll have died out long, long before that. Although, interestingly, we do seem to be the first species on this planet able to make complex devices.  So it could also just take a really long time to involve intelligent life.  Maybe when you couple this with the timescales needed to produce cozy life-sustaining planets in the first place, the universe is just getting around to it in the last few billion years. Tom >         Though you state it as a genuine scientific question, I believe > that a quick review of "2001: A Space Odyssey" (the book, not the movie) > is in order.   >         Speaking of which, when are we going to do detailed magnetic > field mapping with a Lunar Prospector type mission...?   If not, how are we > supposed to find TMA-1? Believe it or not, such thoughts were nowhere near my mind.  Since everyone's going about 2001/europa though, I remember faintly reading an old Authur C Clarke short about life under Europa, which probably predates 2001, although I have no idea when it was written nor its name.  I think it had a blue cover though :), helpful egh?  Some creature broke through the ice crust attracted by warm or light or something... I'll shut up now. :) I want to believe there is sentient life elsewhere in the Universe. Having said that, I view the chances of finding it this way... Distance wise, you can view us finding them as worse than if you told a gnat, "there is one other gnat in the world.  Find it".  Space is VERY large and empty. Time wise, view it this way. The world is                            4,600,000,000 years old. Life in some form has existed for       3,800,000,000 years Multicellular life forms have existed for 700,000,000 years. Modern man has existed for                    100,000 years. Multicellular life, a prerequisite for complex, intelligent life forms like us, has existed for only 15 percent of the age of the Earth. Modern Man, capable of complex activity, tool building, written language, yadda yadda yadda, has existed for 0.002 percent of the age of the Earth. Looking at it that way, I find it more constructive and meaningful to forget about the possibilities of as-yet-to-be-detected alien sentience, thank our lucky stars that we're even here, and work towards making life better for us here, knowing that we're alone and cannot ask for anyone else's help, and knowing that if we drive ourselves towards extinction, no one will miss us. Chrisp Simmons wrote: > Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense > in their head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps > too open?).  I was wondering, what might the realistic chances > be of there being some *real* alien artifact or similar left in > our solar system, perhaps as a marker to any species which may > evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some other reason. > > I mean this as a genuine scientific question.  After all, we > could just about conceive that, extrapolating from our technology, > it would be possible to send humans to other star systems - > although probably in an undesirably large time scale. -- If it was so, it would be, and if it were so, it might be, but as it isn't, it ain't!  That's logic.           Lewis Carroll, from Through the Looking Glass >At least until we get around to seeding other planets.... Let's imagine one day we (human race) reach a stage where we can seed other planets... Assuming that, by then, we surely must be able to prolong our bodies lifes to several hundred years: will we be interested in preserving and artificially improving our own DNA or to "seed and forget" to allow for natural evolution ? Will we do it ? (or not out of fear of competition for resources) If distances are great (question/answer time more than average 1 generation life-span) will we actively intervene in the development of life on those planets or will we just observe ? I think the general question is: once a sentient race is capable of assuring its survival against cosmic cataclisms in its neighbourhoods:  will it be impeled to colonize and propagate as far as possible ? If yes will it impose itself to others ? Interact with others ? Or avoid others ? If no it seams to me it will avoid contact at all cost. Judging from the desastrous results of human imposition upon other species here on earth I supose races that impose themselves anihilate both them and the others involved. It is commonly accepted that, would time travel be possible, the main rule to observe would be that of not interveening with past events. Why should then contact be desirable if it most surely would afect decisevly future events especially for the contacted/retarded species ? I personally think that truly advanced sentient races treasure above all life diversity and seek contact only on SOS situations and that they might even choose to ignore/avoid/escape being contacted by other more naive civilizations. Appreciate your toughts on this comments Afonso > Appreciate your toughts on this comments > Afonso It seems a sad thought that there may be a universe filled with life that, out of fear, would avoid contact with all other intelligent life.  It is true that life on earth has been somewhat violent, however in the big picture, we are in our infancy.  I would hope that as we evolve, our tendencies toward violence would be replaced with tendencies, and actions, that are far more refined.  I, as an optimist, must believe that intelligent life in the universe can coexist, not only guardedly, but in a spirit of cooperation.   > Clarke wrote about life on Europa in _2010:  Odyssey Two_. Correct, and Clarke credited the to a paper Richard Hoagland wrote called "The Europa Enigma."  It's available on The Enterprise Mission website In the acknowledgments to "2010," Clark wrote: "The fascinating idea that there might be life on Europa, beneath ice-covered oceans kept liquid by the same Jovian tidal forces that heat Io, was first proposed by Richard C. Hoagland in the magazine Star & Sky ( The Europa Enigma,' January, 1980). This quite brilliant concept has been taken seriously by a number of astronomers (notably NASA's Institute of Space Studies, Dr. Robert Jastrow), and may provide one of the best motives for the projected GALILEO Mission..." You make a good point.  We do have a rather limited exposure to  actual alien characteristics don't we?  I accept that alien life could, and quite likely would, present views on life that are unimaginable to those of us who are here on earth.  Even the most fundamental elements of life, such as carbon based life forms, may be different.  Given this, I do accept the fact that it is realistic to assume that we would not encounter life that is warm and friendly in every case, however it also seems unlikely that every alien species would either hide in fear or approach contact with hostile intentions.  I think that the huge variations in the form that life could take also would create huge variations in the desire for contact and the intentions upon contact.  Ok, maybe I'm moving toward the realist camp.  :)     Dave
Nova
Which four letter word beginning with P is a beaver skin used as a standard unit of value in the fur trade?
The "Face On Mars" - Google Groups The "Face On Mars" The Viking missions to Mars in the late 1970s produced more information about the Red Planet than had been gathered in all the previous centuries of study by Earth-bound astronomers and observers. The primary mission of the Viking program was to search for signs of life on the surface of Mars. Two landers containing sophisticated biological laboratories studied soil samples in a variety of tests which, it was hoped, would prove or disprove the existence of life. The results of these tests indicated that Mars contained no life, at least at these landing sites. However, Viking gathered volumes of data on the weather, soil chemistry and other surface properties and mapped the surface using low-to-moderate resolution cameras on the two orbiters. Shortly after mapping began in 1976 an interesting image taken by the Viking 1 Orbiter was received at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., which contained a surface feature resembling a human or ape-like face. The photo was immediately released to the public as an interesting geological feature and dubbed the "Face on Mars." Shortly afterwards other photos of the same area were taken, and some scientists believed that the formation appeared to be a face due to the lighting angles as seen from the Orbiter. Origin Of Features Examined Over the years, some people began to raise questions about the origins of the features. A few ideas and theories arose speculating that the features may have been built by aliens in the distant past. These theories are based largely on the results of computer photo enhancements and other analytical techniques performed on the Viking images beginning in the early 1980s. Most planetary geologists familiar with the set of photos, however, concluded that the natural processes known to occur on Mars -- such as wind erosion, Mars quakes, and erosion from running water in the distant past -- could account for the formation of the complicated fretted terrain of the Cydonia region, including the face. Because the entire data set includes only nine low-to-moderate resolution photos, scientists say that there just is not enough data available to justify what would be an extraordinary conclusion that the features are not natural in origin (many scientists question whether images alone would be enough to settle the matter). Such a proven discovery of extraterrestrial life or artifacts would be one of the greatest discoveries in human history, and, as such, demand the most rigorous scientific investigation. However, despite the phenomenal nature of such a potential discovery, no one in the scientific community -- either in the U.S. or worldwide -- has ever proposed an investigation for a mission to study these features. Until more data is gathered, many scientists consider the probability that the features are anything other than natural in origin are just too low to justify the major expenditure of public funds which such an investigation would entail (more on this below). What is agreed on is that a greater number of high resolution images of this area should be gathered. Following the failure of the Mars Observer mission in August, 1993, NASA proposed a decade-long program of Mars exploration, including orbiters and landers. The program, called Mars Surveyor, would take advantage of launch opportunities about every 2 years to launch an orbiter and a lander to the Red Planet. The first mission, consisting of an orbiter to be launched in 1996, will map the surface and take high- and medium-resolution images of particular features on the Martian surface that are of high interest. NASA intends to make observations of the Cydonia region making the best effort feasible, either with the first orbiter or on follow-on missions, to obtain images of the "face" and nearby landforms. Quite aside from the interest generated by these curious features, Cydonia has long been regarded as an area of high scientific importance, ever since the first detailed images were returned by NASA's Viking spacecraft in the late 1970s. The Cydonia region of Mars is part of the so-called fretted terrain, a belt of landforms that circles Mars at about 30-40 degrees North Latitude. In this region, the ancient crust of Mars has been intensely eroded by weathering processes, leaving high remnants of older crust surrounded by lower plains of eroded debris. The landforms of Cydonia resemble in some respects those of terrestrial deserts, but they probably have been shaped by a unique range of peculiarly martian agencies: wind, frost and possibly running water in ancient times. Deciphering the geological age and origin of this terrain will yield important insights into the evolution of the martian surface, into the role of ice and water in its development and into the nature of the martian climate in times past. The selection of goals and scientific priorities for NASA to undertake on future space science missions starts in the scientific and academic communities, as well as within NASA. Scientific associations, such as the National Academy of Science, determine the research priorities in any given field of science. For instance, the most important questions remaining about Mars include gaining an understanding of the amount of water on the planet; mapping the surface in detail to gain a complete understanding of the geological processes, history and composition; and gaining a global understanding of the atmosphere, including climate and weather. When NASA receives permission to proceed with a science mission, the Agency publishes an Announcement of Opportunity (AO). The AO solicits interest in providing high priority scientific investigations and instruments that will be part of the new mission. The AO receives the widest possible circulation throughout the university and research communities and industry. Proposals are submitted and reviewed through a competitive peer review process. In this process, scientists from various institutions and organizations evaluate each proposal's scientific and technical merit, and then rank the relative merit of each. NASA receives the reports of the review panels and makes a final selection as to which instruments will be built and actually flown. This rational selection process ensures that only the most useful research, with a high probability of returning good science, is done at taxpayer expense. After selection, each Mars Surveyor Principle Investigator (PI) team will develop its instrument, build it, test it and prepare it for launch and the 10-month journey to Mars. They are also charged with developing, testing, and using the software required to properly calibrate their instrument's data. Most of the scientists working on the various Mars Surveyor missions will have several years invested in their instrument before the spacecraft arrives at Mars and they can actually receive the bulk of the data they have been waiting for. Obtaining Images of the "Face" and Other Planetary Data Since the release and subsequent widespread circulation of the 'face' images, scientists and individual members of the public have freely drawn their own conclusions about the nature and origin of this feature. NASA encourages anyone seriously interested in this topic to obtain the photo(s) and decide for themselves, just as every day many hundreds of independent researchers and scientists make use of NASA-provided data on a variety of subjects. The most noteworthy image of the 'face' feature is available to the public, for a nominal fee, through Headquarters and JPL. A photo catalogue can be provided to select images. The phone numbers for ordering photos are: HQ: 202/358-1900 All imaging data obtained by the Mars Surveyor program, as well as other types of data, will be deposited in open data archives. Two such archives widely used are the Planetary Data System (PDS), an open archive accessible to thousands of scientists and other individuals, and the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) where images and other data will be readily available to the general public (generally on CD-ROMs or as hard copy, as appropriate), for a nominal charge that covers the materials and time needed to produce the copies. For information about ordering copies of NASA science mission images, including on CD-ROM format, contact the NSSDC at: National Space Science Data Center Request Coordination Center Listed below are the photo numbers of every image taken by Viking of the 'face' feature and the surrounding Cydonia terrain. When ordering from the data archive centers, refer to the Viking picno (photo number).                                                         Sun  Picno     Scale     Emission   Incidence   Phase    Elevation   Period of          (m/pixel)     (deg)      (deg)     (deg)                   Day                                                        (deg)  035A7247.13        10.53      79.89       86.26   10.11        morning  070A1343.42        12.36      62.61       71.77   27.39        morning  561A25162.7        32.83      76.59       45.63   13.41        morning  753A33232.82       10.25      35.3        25.12   54.7         afternoon  753A34232.51       10.13      35.15       25.14   54.85        afternoon  814A07848.86       38.15      65.93       103.25  24.07        too low  257S69821.24       42.06      43.83       8.66    46.17        cloudy  673B54226.02       23.22      64.94       77.76   25.06        morning  673B56225.7        21.33      67.77       76.7    22.23        morning ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- > This is the first time I've read anything coherent/complete about the > 'face' so my opinion on the matter is neutral (I always read Mr Baalke's > posts with interest); however, I was just curious to know why there is a > fee for _these_ photos while I constantly see new photos published with > URLs regarding Europa, Galaxies, etc... What makes a photo "fee-able" vs > readily and freely available. The images of Cydonia and the "face" are already avaliable online in a number of locations.  It appears that the fee is for prints, not electronic copies.  Since prints require paper, chemicals, postage, etc., it is not unreasonable that those who want them reimburse the government for the cost of doing this.  I have ordered stuff from the government before, and the charge is truly nominal (i.e. small). -- Bob Martino   ( [email protected] )     I look up to the heavens                                      but night has clouded over Perkins Observatory Web site:        no spark of constellation         http://www-astronomy.mps .            no Vela no Orion : Because (1) if there is even the remotest chance that there was once : intelligent life on Mars, we ought to investigate it; and (2), much : more importantly, perhaps when the `face' is shown to be a pile of : rocks the loonies will go away. (Actually, the more dedicated will : just claim there's a `government' coverup. NASA can't win.) I'm still with AndersonRM on this one.  There is the remotest chance that life was or is many places--we can't investigate them all.  Of course, in this case we're talking about human or near-human life; but in spite of Star Trek showing the whole universe is populated with funny-looking humans, it still makes the chances seem more remote to me.  And why do we want the loonies to go away?  Where would they go? Bart Mathias > Why not?  It's an interesting feature in an interesting region on an > interesting planet we'll be taking pictures of and exploring anyway. > > Plus, I think you could argue that space exploration is highly > dependent on public support, and therefore focussing on things > like this that have captured the public's attention is a good idea > in and of itself. > Besides, maybe it is a face. :-)       Yes, indeed, it is amagnificent, symmetric, FACE which will soon be better seen when solar angle is appropriate in new pictures. There some 15 human Faces at Cydonia and many other Artistic Monuments. About 60 of them. Who does not distinghish them is just a poor fellow totally negated in the field of fine-Art. On top of that there is math. in between the Monuments and only incompetent indioviduals in basic math  are not seing the 'conclusive' proof of existence of ETI in that most sacred area of Cydonia. -- Angel, secretary of Universitas Americae (UNIAM). His proof of ETI at Cydonia and complete Index of new "TETET-97: Creatoris Digitus.." by Prof. Dr. D.G. Lahoz (leader on ETI and Cosmogony) can be studied at URL: > > Does putting a "word" in quotations change the meaning? > It sometimes changes the meaning the author wishes to convey...it often > indicates that the author questions, challenges, or rejects the validity > of the word. This comes from a discussion far off-topic from the one here about "the face" but I found it relevant anyway. The scare quotes in this case definitely convey a sense of incredulity at best and lunacy at worst. It would be interesting if other scientific hypothesis were -- as a rule -- treated with the same disrespect as "the face". Then we could talk about "the flood plains", "the canals", or "the life" on Mars depending on how ardently you believe in them. >Okay, a face proves absolutely nothing, we see faces in clouds, wrinkles >in the sheets, unusual land formations...  But for all we know at the >moment there may be more there, probably not, but *if* there is even the >slight chances that mars was visited (as would probably be the case) by >some alien technological species at some time, surely it's worth looking >into? Sure, someday.  But it makes sense to give it low priority.  The "face" is not really a very strong hint of intelligent visitors. >After all, a face is something we're very good at spotting, and >would serve as a very good marker. Actually, a diagram of (say) the Pythagorean theorem would be far more definitive evidence of intelligence, and would make a much better marker. The "face" is too simple a shape to be an unambiguous marker; it's too easy for something like that to be natural.  These aliens must be pretty dumb -- doesn't sound like we're likely to learn much from them. :-) >And another point.  Most scientist now thinks it's almost a certainty that >there's going to be (intelligent) life in our galaxy, and that with >technology little better than our own, `they' may have passed thru our >solar system - albeit tens of thousands (millions?) of years ago. >However, the moment that you suggest that this *really* could have >happened, ie that there are definate artifacts suggesting this, it's >completely impossible.  This makes no sense to me. Nobody -- well, almost nobody -- is going to say that it's impossible. What they will say is that there's remarkably little *evidence* of it, and that the simplest explanation is that -- for some unknown reason -- there have been no recent visitors.  They'll also say that a facelike shape in a low-resolution image of an eroded surface is far from being a "definite artifact", and is not convincing evidence for anything.  (Is the Kermit face on Mars -- yes, there is one -- evidence for interstellar talking frogs?) >Just keep an open mind, I say, you just can't know what's round the >corner. "It is good to have an open mind, but not at both ends."  Most remarkable claims unaccompanied by solid evidence are false.  You can spend a lot of time and effort pursuing them; your supply of time and effort is finite. It is better to be skeptical and ask that their proponents produce clear evidence before you devote serious attention to them.  Otherwise there's no time or effort left to get anything done. -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] > I've been reading the E-Mails on this subject and have this point to add. > > What can be said for the "Pyramid-Like" structures photographed on Mars ? > Does this mean that an alien civilisation built the pyramids in Eygpt ? Right.  It takes space aliens with highly advanced technology to pile rocks one on top of the other.  Sheesh. Go find a copy of the NOVA episode "This Old Pyramid."  In the 1 and 1/2 hour show, they document a group of egyption guys who use nothing but wood, ropes, and copper (not even bronze!) tools to construct a small pyramid in about a month.  Hopefully this will dispell any silly notions that pyramid construction requires FTL drives, replicators, levitation beams, or any other hypothetical ET technology.  :) > Chrisp Simmons wrote in message ... > >Okay, a face proves absolutely nothing, we see faces in clouds, wrinkles > >in the sheets, unusual land formations...  But for all we know at the > >moment there may be more there, probably not, but *if* there is even the > >slight chances that mars was visited (as would probably be the case) by > >some alien technological species at some time, surely it's worth looking > >into?  After all, a face is something we're very good at spotting, and > >would serve as a very good marker. > > > >And another point.  Most scientist now thinks it's almost a certainty that > >there's going to be (intelligent) life in our galaxy, and that with > >technology little better than our own, `they' may have passed thru our > >solar system - albeit tens of thousands (millions?) of years ago. > >However, the moment that you suggest that this *really* could have > >happened, ie that there are definate artifacts suggesting this, it's > >completely impossible.  This makes no sense to me. > > > >Just keep an open mind, I say, you just can't know what's round the > >corner. : > I'm justwaiting until they find the "Shadow Ship" on Mars! : > : > The Year is 2260 ... The Place Babylon 5 : Come with me please. We have a nice facility for you on Isidis. You will first spend a lovely two weeks at our massive complex under what-used-to-be San Diego.   As you approach the area, note the surface crusting of what appears to be green glassy material. This is known as "Sandiegoite," and did not exist until a few years from now.  It is similar, though not identical, in composition to "Trinitite,"  a mineral found in very limited quantities in a selected New Mexico location. Do not be alarmed by the glow; our complex is far enough underground that any residual radiation will probably not affect your health. : The Corps is your Friend *Trust* the corps > Chrisp Simmons wrote in message ... > >Okay, a face proves absolutely nothing, we see faces in clouds, wrinkles > >in the sheets, unusual land formations...  But for all we know at the > >moment there may be more there, probably not, but *if* there is even the > >slight chances that mars was visited (as would probably be the case) by > >some alien technological species at some time, surely it's worth looking > >into?  After all, a face is something we're very good at spotting, and > >would serve as a very good marker. > > > >And another point.  Most scientist now thinks it's almost a certainty that > >there's going to be (intelligent) life in our galaxy, and that with > >technology little better than our own, `they' may have passed thru our > >solar system - albeit tens of thousands (millions?) of years ago. > >However, the moment that you suggest that this *really* could have > >happened, ie that there are definate artifacts suggesting this, it's > >completely impossible.  This makes no sense to me. > > > >Just keep an open mind, I say, you just can't know what's round the > >corner. >> Because the entire data set includes only nine low-to-moderate resolution >> photos, scientists say that there just is not enough data available to >> justify what would be an extraordinary conclusion that the features are not >> natural in origin (many scientists question whether images alone would be >> enough to settle the matter).    That is totally wrong: It is not 9 but 13 frames from Viking which touch the "Museum of Monuments", namely  5 around the central 35A72   and 8 around the central 70A12. Two set were taken in orbits 35 and 70 respectively. Only TWO (above mentioned) contain the 'Face' which is in central-north portion of the Museum. But the BEST Monuments have only recently discovered and are NDC and PANTOCRATON just at the boundary of the 106 km diameter circle which defines de Museum. Whoever in seing them does not agree that they are supreme works of Finest-Art is just an artistically handicaped person. See my URL. > Now that I don't understand. Personally I doubt whether there has ever > been intelligent life on Mars, let me make that clear, however it would > surely be very easy to imagine images which would prove that there had > been. Images of huge Nazca-type lines defining Egyptian-style     There are Mathematics embedded in between the 60 Monuments which prove conclusively ETI in that region. Many Doctors in various fields have studied it to saturation over 16 years and Dr. Lahoz, physicist with many papers and books published, has spent more than 6 years with such issue publishing 6 books about Cydonia; he is of course the leader in Cosmogony and in SETI around the globe. See my URL. -- Angel, secretary of Universitas Americae (UNIAM). His proof of ETI at Cydonia and complete Index of new "TETET-97: Creatoris Digitus.." by Prof. Dr. D.G. Lahoz (leader on ETI and Cosmogony) can be studied at URL: > I think, the so called "face on Mars" is a complete natural formation. Just > think about all the "faces" that apear in our mountains on earth. Here in > northern Germany one from the Harz mountains is very famous. It looks like a > big indian or, more likely, like our old chancellor Konrad Adenauer. I think > such features can be found everywhere. The state of New Hampshire in the United States has a natural rock formation plainly visible to anyone driving through Franconia Notch called "The Old Man Of The Mountain", which is used as a logo on many state documents and signs. The human nervous system is optimized for seeing faces.   > > I think, the so called "face on Mars" is a complete natural formation. > Just > > think about all the "faces" that apear in our mountains on earth. Here in > > northern Germany one from the Harz mountains is very famous. It looks > like a > > big indian or, more likely, like our old chancellor Konrad Adenauer. I > think > > such features can be found everywhere. > > The state of New Hampshire in the United States > has a natural rock formation plainly visible to anyone > driving through Franconia Notch called "The > Old Man Of The Mountain", which is used as a > logo on many state documents and signs. > > The human nervous system is optimized for seeing > faces.   > For one, some people with the "alien agenda" bias have taken the > raw data and done image processing of it which has caused spurious > features to appear, like nostrils and teeth.  These people enlarged the > original segment of the face image, using things like pixel doubling, > and then applied certain processing techniques to enhance the detail. > Unfortunatly, the pixels when enlarged tended to be square, and the > enhancement of these squares generated false detail. That's all well and good, but the details you refer to appear in both photographs.  That strongly suggests that they may be real details, not processing artifacts. Since I started looking at this stuff to point and giggle at the kooks, I can appreciate your poem.  However, it betrays an attitude that is all too prevalent on the subject:  that there is absolutely no evidence of anomaly at Cydonia.  For instance: >>        But those who wished for alien nations, >>        refused to consider this explanation. >>        With no hard facts to support their inklings, >>        they abandoned much of their critical thinking. "No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? And even after that, how likely is it that this particular piece of Mars would have evidence of life?  If exobiology were treated like planetary SETI, these arguments would have stifled most research on the subject.  Yet, I think the evidence shows we should pursue both avenues -- despite your assertions about "No hard facts." The strongest arguments for a closer look at Cydonia were published after 1990.  Judging by the attitudes displayed, I suspect most scientists made up their minds before then.  (I just posted another article to sci.astro comparing exobiology with planetary SETI, perhaps you'll take the time to read that.) But claiming there is _no_ evidence for anonaly at Cydonia is either lazy or credulous -- the kooks have influenced you.  -Scott > Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy > lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents? The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to deliberately start an argument, thus she simply isn't worth discussion or interaction (it only encourages her, and does not further astronomy).  However, many, if not most, of the people who are actually "discussing" the face on Mars are doing so from a somewhat logical perspective; ie: "it looks like a face, so is it really one?".  They aren't arguing just to argue; they are discussing, with an interest in the opinions of others.  At one point, there was a reasonable debate as to whether the face was a monument or an illusion.  Some of the pre-MGS factual evidence pointed to a natural explanation for the appearance of the "face", but to some, the look of the face was too much to ignore. The evidence of an artificial origin for the face was more speculation than fact (along with a little excessive image processing), however it was food for a debate.  There are, of course, the fringe element numerologists who tried to prove intelligence by looking for pyramids, measuring lines and arcs and such (along with the "government coverup" enthusiasts), but otherwise, the debate was fairly interesting.  Now that we have a really high resolution image, it becomes clear that the feature known as the face indeed appears to be very natural, rather than artificial.  As another poster put it "take away the lighting, and the face goes poof".  Maybe someday, we will find something somewhere which will indicate that we are not alone in the universe.  This is worth discussing.  The long illogical rantings and ravings of the N**** person are not, and those who insist on engaging her at length for whatever reason, are just wasting bandwidth.       -- Prairie Astronomy Club, Inc.   http://www.4w.com/pac Hyde Memorial Observatory: http://www.blackstarpress.com/arin/hyde *  Attend the 5th Annual NEBRASKA STAR PARTY  * *  July 18-25, 1998     http://www.4w.com/nsp  * >> Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy >> lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents? > The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to > deliberately start an argument, How would you know?  Are you now claiming to be clairvoyant? > thus she simply isn't worth discussion or interaction (it only > encourages her, and does not further astronomy). As if the Face on Mars discussion does further astronomy. > However, many, if not most, of the people who are actually > "discussing" the face on Mars are doing so from a somewhat logical > perspective; ie: "it looks like a face, so is it really one?". You find that perspective logical?  The Man in the Moon looks like a face.  Should we discuss it to find out if it really is one?  How about discussing the pictures of lenticular clouds that look like flying saucers?  Or the Pizza Hut spaghetti billboard that was supposed to contain the likeness of Christ? > They aren't arguing just to argue; You don't know that any more than you do so for Nancy. > they are discussing, with an interest in the opinions of others. Actually, several of the proponents of the Face on Mars do not seem to have an interest in the opinions of others at all. > At one point, there was a reasonable debate as to whether the face > was a monument or an illusion. There's also been plenty of unreasonable debate. > Some of the pre-MGS > factual evidence pointed to a natural explanation for the appearance of > the "face", but to some, the look of the face was too much to ignore. By the same token, the deflection of a comet away from Jupiter on the two-dimensional plane of the sky is too much to ignore, after being told how gravitational perturbations are supposed to attract an object. > The evidence of an artificial origin for the face was more speculation > than fact Like the alleged misidentification of a nova as comet Hale-Bopp. > (along with a little excessive image processing), however it > was food for a debate. Like the alleged misidentification of a nova as comet Hale-Bopp. > There are, of course, the fringe element numerologists who tried to > prove intelligence by looking for pyramids, measuring lines and arcs > and such (along with the "government coverup" enthusiasts), Sounds similar to Nancy, who also referred to "government coverup". > but otherwise, the debate was fairly interesting. That's subjective. > Now that we have a really high resolution image, it becomes clear that > the feature known as the face indeed appears to be very natural, rather > than artificial. Surprise, surprise.  And similarly, once we had a naked-eye comet, its reality became clear. > As another poster put it "take away the lighting, and the > face goes poof". Make the comet naked eye, and the identification as a nova goes poof. > Maybe someday, we will find something somewhere which > will indicate that we are not alone in the universe. Like the Zetas? Feel free to do so with Nancy. > The long illogical rantings and ravings of the N**** person > are not, How can you say that, given that she likes to discuss beings that show we are not alone in the universe? > and those who insist on engaging her at length for whatever > reason, are just wasting bandwidth.       And as the above reasoning shows, the same can be applied to your discussion of the Face on Mars.  You're being inconsistent. > >>        But those who wished for alien nations, > >>        refused to consider this explanation. > >>        With no hard facts to support their inklings, > >>        they abandoned much of their critical thinking. > > "No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you > were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims > that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, > you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely > it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? And naturally, the ancient and far researched field of interplanetary drift of asteroids, meteors and comets within a star system is something you're an expert on. I am critical of your rejection of the possibilities, hundreds of years before they can be checked out. What was the name of that probe again ? Some guy who went to jail or something. Yeah, a teacher, with a telescope I think. Let's see now, I have a hammer in one hand and a feather in the other - which one do you think will hit you on your closed mind first ? In article <6gaanu$ds0$ [email protected] >, Scott Doty < [email protected] > wrote: >"No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you >were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims >that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, >you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely >it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? It seems to me that, given other scales involved - especially geological time scales of millions or billions of years - it's pretty likely that *something* from Mars would be found *somewhere* on Earth. There have been a number of impacts on planetary surfaces throughout the history of the solar system, though much more so early on. These impacts have thrown chunks of rock from planets into space, and although the chances of any one rock actually making it to Earth are tiny, given lots of rocks and enough time, eventually the odds improve to realistic levels. >And even after that, how likely is it that this particular piece of >Mars would have evidence of life?  If exobiology were treated like >planetary SETI, these arguments would have stifled most research on >the subject.  Yet, I think the evidence shows we should pursue both >avenues -- despite your assertions about "No hard facts." Well, that brings up one of the nice things about science - the ability to self correct. The initial claims about the Martian rock have been disputed from the very beginning, and lately what I have heard seems to point to solid evidence that the rocks were indeed contaminated, apparently by water seepage over time. The credibility of the claims for the rock seems to be heading the same way as the claims about the Face. (This doesn't even address the credibility of the claim that the nanostructures observed were organic in nature, which is also highly disputed.) -- >"No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you >were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims >that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, >you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely >it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? Just how unlikely is that?  Explain, please, with numbers. Although the debate about the supposed chemical and physical microfossils continues -- and of late the trend is against them -- there has never been serious doubt that the meteorite is from Mars.  That is the *simplest* explanation of the isotope-ratio data; surprising though it sounds, the surprise would be even greater if the thing were from somewhere else. Note that a number of pieces of the Moon have been found in Antarctica, and one or two in Australia.  There is no doubt whatever about them; we have real Moon rocks -- which are quite unlike Earth rocks in some readily-measurable ways -- for comparison. Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] > "Lastly, if you're not a member of the > Mainstream Scientific Community, you > don't have the right to think out loud about > anything at all. We have your credit card > numbers, email addresses, and the implants > in your skull will inform us of your ongoing > perceptions and subtle realizations at all > times. Sleep tight, sweet little brother." Pure caca.  You have every right to think and speak out on these topics, but if your ideas are ridiculous they will be ridiculed.    A simple preventive to such ridicule is to make sure you have your ducks in a row, evidence-wise, before speaking up.   Many of us who do the ridiculing would love it if evidence were found of extraterrestrial life or civilization, and that's why we get especially pissed off at people who propose such ideas and fail to live up to them with decent evidence and thinking. A poor analogy, perhaps, but say you had a dread disease which had no effective treatment or cure. Wouldn't you be ESPECIALLY pissed off at anyone who said they had a good treatment when they didn't? > >> Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy > >> lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents? > > > The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to > > deliberately start an argument, > How would you know?  Are you now claiming to be clairvoyant? I agree with Knisely on this.  There's no apparent logic or sense to the N**** entity, so there's no point in discussing anything with her.   But most of the "face" buffs  proceed from at least some semblance of evidence and follow, perhaps torturously, some sort of logical path.    Indeed, on other BBS's and the like I've seen quite a few former face-buffs actually admit they were wrong (something unheard of among most True Believers)!    This holds out the possibility that the remainder might be appealed to with logic, reason and evidence. ---peter > The new face is different because IT IS MOVING! > ITS ALIVE! You know what I find interesting about all this "face on Mars" stuff and Atlantis and all that?  Its that the truely remarkable is being ignored for the fantasy and the legend.  On the front cover of Science is an image of Mars from Global Suveyor that shows dendritic drainage and sedimentary accumulations in the valleys.  This means that there was running water on the surface of Mars, probably for some number of millions of years.  It takes a lot of time for water to erode basalt.  That is worth more to me than some mythical trick of the light or a rehash of bug eyed monsters lurking in space to take us out.  Perhaps if the monsters were only going to take out the crazies and the politicians I would be more supportive.  Have a good Easter guys. >>>> Just out of curiosity, why doesn't your recommendation to ignore Nancy >>>> lead to a similar recommendation to ignore Face on Mars proponents?   >>> The N**** person just posts to get attention for herself or to >>> deliberately start an argument, >> How would you know?  Are you now claiming to be clairvoyant? > I agree with Knisely on this.  There's no apparent logic or > sense to the N**** entity, so there's no point in discussing anything > with her. Irrelevant.  The issue is Nancy's motives and how Knisely supposedly knows them, not the lack of logic in Nancy's postings. > But most of the "face" buffs  proceed from at least > some semblance of evidence and follow, perhaps torturously, > some sort of logical path. So has Nancy.  For example, she plotted comet Hale-Bopp's supposed path on the sky, noticed a deflection away from Jupiter, and questioned the reality of the orbit, given that gravitational perturbations are supposed to deflect an orbit toward a planet.  Of course, there's a flaw in her analysis, which I've pointed out. > Indeed, on other BBS's and the > like I've seen quite a few former face-buffs actually admit > they were wrong (something unheard of among most True > Believers)! Irrelevant.  Again, the issue is Nancy's motives and how Knisely supposedly knows them. > This holds out the possibility that the remainder > might be appealed to with logic, reason and evidence. And my corrections of Nancy's errors are for the benefit of such people.  Haven't I made that clear?  I've told Schlyter so many times it's ridiculous. : You know what I find interesting about all this "face on Mars" stuff and : Atlantis and all that?  Its that the truely remarkable is being ignored for : the fantasy and the legend.  On the front cover of Science is an image of Mars : from Global Suveyor that shows dendritic drainage and sedimentary : accumulations in the valleys.  This means that there was running water on the : surface of Mars, probably for some number of millions of years.  It takes a : lot of time for water to erode basalt.  That is worth more to me than some : mythical trick of the light or a rehash of bug eyed monsters lurking in space : to take us out.  Perhaps if the monsters were only going to take out the : crazies and the politicians I would be more supportive.  Have a good Easter : guys. > Yes, the Nanedi canyon image is much more interesting than Face Mesa, > which nonetheless has some interesting differential erosive features, and > nostrils!? I agree, especially, in the instance of the Face, the interesting tilted and eroded strata around the "forehead".  Looks like it was domed up by intrusion (igneous laccolith?, salt!?!?!) of the light colored material that makes up the complex terrain of the Face proper.  These lighter, thin beds show up as the highest strata in a lot of the MGS photos.  Makes me start to think carbonates (wish, maybe), but I've heard that carbonate minerals haven't been detected in abundance.  The large-scale layering in the canyon walls could be stacked basalt flows, but who knows?  Maybe volcanic ash for these higher, lighter layers?  Lighter windblown dust (related to a climatic epidode)? If all or some of this layering is do to water-based sedimentary processes, we have much, much more to learn about Martian geology than we would have ever thought! > > >The state of New Hampshire in the United States > > >has a natural rock formation plainly visible to anyone > > >driving through Franconia Notch called "The > > >Old Man Of The Mountain", which is used as a > > >logo on many state documents and signs. > > > > This goes to show that the Martians have been carving faces > > on Earth too! Read sci.archeaology for discussions on aliens > > building monuments on Earth. > > (About three days late posting :-) > > > So the aliens have nothing to do but just travelling around an carving faces > into the rocks of distant planets? > Oh, they must be even more crazy than the humans. It's their version of artistic vandalism.  I can see it now: they arrive on earth and go carve a face on a mountainside. When they return to their flying saucer they discover that it's covered with graffitti. On Tue, 07 Apr 1998 12:07:05 -0400, in sci.astro, Spotazhazer wrote: > >What was the name of that probe again ? >Some guy who went to jail or something. >Yeah, a teacher, with a telescope I think. >Let's see now, I have a hammer in one hand >and a feather in the other - which one do you >think will hit you on your closed mind first ? Galileo, the guy who was jailed by the closed minds of his time? We've had this guy on sci.archaeology.  When we started to use evidence to disagree with him, he replied with the best stuff in his armory -- ad hominems. Doug >"Lastly, if you're not a member of the >Mainstream Scientific Community, you >don't have the right to think out loud about >anything at all. The people who believe in the Mars face share a few common traits: -ill educated -like to believe we are being "looked upon by alien benevolence" -resort to fortune tellers to get answers they are too stupid or afraid to reason out on their own -cannot cope with drastic technological change -are incapable of understanding what scientific theory is composed of. -jump to conclusions with little or not facts -candidates for Scientology -believed in Santa until they were 18. -are scared of the boogeymen -tend to be "followers" -are generally paranoid by nature The people who "invented" the concept of the Mars face are brilliant marketers. Like Von Dainiken, L. Ron Hubbard, Rev. Moon.  They are people who know there are suckers born every minute and they are there to be conned, herded and fleeced. Now, imagine someone lays out a black, Mickey Mouse-shaped tarp over part of a pixel's area.  It seems to me that the average brightness for that area, influenced by the area of the tarp, would drop, and the same for the pixel value.    ** Therefore, it seems our 2x2 pixel image can detect the presence of an object, even though its details are "below the true resolution of the image."  However, nobody can tell its shape. I think the problem with this detection of this "fine detail" is distinguishing it from noise. > One image I saw did not take out the "salt-and-pepper" noise spikes > in the image, and again interpreted the images as having even more > non-existant detail.  I have the original images.  I got rid of the > noise spikes and did the "right" level of processing to get an > enlarged version without introducing artificial detail.  No teeth > appear. If I understand Carlotto's argument correctly, it appears he combined the images before removing noise.  I suspect that this combination would tend to re-enforce signal, and noise would remain random.  It seems to me that applying noise correction to both images and eyeballing the results would defeat the purpose of the experiment. Meanwhile, applying noise correction to a combination of the images might detect the presence of "finer detail," though its shape would still remain unknown.  In combining the images, one would have to correct for differences in lighting angle and camera location -- it's not as simple as mushing two images together.  I can't find a refereed paper on the method, so perhaps this is a Mickey Mouse argument. Nonetheless, I think it's interesting to look at NASA's original processed view of the new imagery in the region (the oblique view), and after doing so, compare it to the Mercator projection.  Is this method vindicated? I can't argue with any other (solid) points in your article, save one: > To quote Sagan (and others), extraordinary claims require > extraordinary proof. To quote Sagan:  "Some of them were fairly cautious and deserve to be commended for advancing the subject."  I think a scientific search for extraterrestrial life is fascinating -- if Carlotto hasn't "advanced the subject," then who was Sagan talking about?  -Scott >It seems to me that pixel values are a function of the average >brightness for the area they record. Approximately true.  (It is in fact a weighted average, and the weighting function fades out gradually at the edges rather than stopping at the official boundary of the pixel, but these are minor details.) >Now, imagine someone lays out a black, Mickey Mouse-shaped tarp over >part of a pixel's area.  It seems to me that the average brightness >for that area, influenced by the area of the tarp, would drop, and >the same for the pixel value. Correct.  This is why, for example, long thin bright/dark features across contrasting backgrounds are visible even when they are narrower than the nominal limiting resolution of the system. >Therefore, it seems our 2x2 pixel image can detect the presence of an >object, even though its details are "below the true resolution of the >image."  However, nobody can tell its shape. Correct.  Note, though, that when lots of fine contrasty detail is present, as opposed to one single spot of it, it's very difficult to sort out what is going on. -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] >>"No hard facts."  If you weren't talking about Cydonia, I'd swear you >>were talking about the so-called "martian metorites," and the claims >>that evidence of life has been found in them.  Surely, >>you're aware of the scales involved, and how extremely unlikely >>it is that a piece of Mars would be found in Antarctica? [Henry snipped the rest:  "And even after that, how likely is it that this particular piece of Mars would have evidence of life?" and "I just posted another to sci.astro comparing exobiology with planetary SETI, perhaps you'll take the time to read that."] Henry then asks: > Just how unlikely is that?  Explain, please, with numbers. I fear my attempt at irony may have been too subtle.  (Or even, too sloppy.)  I'll avoid that in the future.  The article I referred to is news:<6ga1ll$5il$ [email protected] > , which I've retreived from dejanews and put here: The point of my question:  Though scientifically feasible that we should find pieces of Mars on Earth, this doesn't seem intuitive -- yet it does appear to be the case.  (When I first heard of this claim, my BS detector shifted to "red alert" --I thought it was another bunch of kooks who would then try to sell these rocks, or something like that.)  ...which includes the following quote, regarding the collecting action of Antarctic glaciers:    Researchers were surprised to find a few samples of lunar    material among the meteorites -- until then it was thought    to be impossible to eject a rock from the surface of a body    as large as the Moon. Even more surprising was the    discovery of meteorites from Mars. And why is it surprising?  Because it's not intuitive. > Although the debate about the supposed chemical and physical > microfossils continues -- and of late the trend is against them -- > there has never been serious doubt that the meteorite is from Mars. > That is the *simplest* explanation of the isotope-ratio data; > surprising though it sounds, the surprise would be even greater if > the thing were from somewhere else. My argument is about the process of inquiry that yielded the simpler explanation (which I've posted separately).  -Scott >   Researchers were surprised to find a few samples of lunar >   material among the meteorites -- until then it was thought >   to be impossible to eject a rock from the surface of a body >   as large as the Moon. Even more surprising was the >   discovery of meteorites from Mars. > >And why is it surprising?  Because it's not intuitive. No, it was surprising -- to people who prefer numbers over intuition because intuition sometimes lies -- because at the time, it was thought that rocks could not be accelerated to the escape velocity of a substantial planet without being melted in the process.  It wasn't a question of intuition, but rather of oversimplified models of ejection during impacts.  Intuitively it *is* reasonable that ejection could happen, and intuition actually turns out to be correct here, but only when the question is examined in considerable detail. -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] In article < [email protected] > Chrisp Simmons < [email protected] > writes: >Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense in their >head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps too open?).  I was >wondering, what might the realistic chances be of there being some *real* >alien artifact or similar left in our solar system, perhaps as a marker to >any species which may evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some >other reason. For much of the Solar System's history, Mars could have been a more attractive place to be than Earth.  As little as 600 million years ago, or one eighth the age of the solar system, Earth was         - mostly covered with water         - had low O2 in atmosphere (compared to current, high UV radiation         - no interesting life beyond bacterial scum         - stronger gravity than Mars         - had frozen periods (ice ages) and sweltering periods (hotter than now) Perhaps two billion years ago Mars had more attractive temperature, land area, atmosphere, gravity and life than Earth for alien passerbys. As for any alien construction on Mars surviving for hundreds of millions of years- the sandstorms and temparature cycling would erode most anything sooner than that. > > Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense in their > head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps too open?).  I was > wondering, what might the realistic chances be of there being some *real* > alien artifact or similar left in our solar system, perhaps as a marker to > any species which may evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some > other reason. > I mean this as a genuine scientific question. One would think otherwise based on the assumptions in your first sentence, above.  Anyone who would answer the question in the positive must be lacking "any sense in their head," yes? Abell In article < [email protected] >, Chrisp Simmons < [email protected] > wrote: >Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense in their >head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps too open?).  I was >wondering, what might the realistic chances be of there being some *real* >alien artifact or similar left in our solar system, perhaps as a marker to >any species which may evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some >other reason. This is, quite literally, incalculable. What we have numbers for are the percentage of Sun-like stars in the galaxy. We don't yet have data for any of the following: - the percentage of Sun-like stars orbited by planets that can support life. Part of the complication here is that we don't know for sure what the limits of life zones are; consider the fringe cases like Mars, Europa, and so on. - the percentage of planets which can support life that do. Current thinking on this one seems to be that life will indeed spring up if given much of a chance. - the percentage of worlds with life that give rise to complex life forms. This one's tricky. Earth spent a looong time with just single-celled organisms, and there's no way to tell how much of the Precambrian explosion and subsequent events are just a rare fluke versus something one should expect to see elsewhere. We don't know about the balance of forces in mass extinctions, how much they help and how much they hurt. And so forth and so on. - the percentage of worlds with complex life forms that give rise to sentience. Another tricky one. Human-style sentience seems a recent development. On the other hand, we've got a bunch of neighbors in the sentience department. Is it just steam-engine time? ("We steam-engine when it's steam-engine time." - Charles Fort) Hard to say. - the percentage of sentient life forms that develop interstellar travel. Yet another tricky one. It seems quite possible to develop sentience without ever being in a position to get off-planet - look at dolphins, and for a still-open example at the primates other than us. There's also the cultural question; humanity's history includes many complex interesting societies which never developed systematic science and therefore would presumably never have developed space travel. It's an open question whether the attitudes necessary for it will survive (or indeed have survived) in this society. Then there's questions about travel time and the like. Realistic, justifiable answers cover the spectrum from "we are alone, the first sentient race to arise in this galaxy" to "we should have a lot of neighbors". Try hunting with Deja News for threads about the Fermi paradox for discussion of this. >system.  After all, you never know, we might strike it lucky one day. Basically everybody I know in astronomy, even those who strongly favor the "we're alone" view, has this as a semi-secret hope. -- Et in Tela Ego: http://brucebaugh.home.mindspring.com New science fiction by S.M. Stirling, rolegaming, writers' tools >I mean this as a genuine scientific question.  After all, we could just >about conceive that, extrapolating from our technology, it would be >possible to send humans to other star systems - although probably in an >undesirably large time scale. There is no question that clumsy, slow, expensive interstellar travel is possible; it will be within our capabilities within a century or so.  (A recent workshop/conference seriously examined the question of whether it would be realistic to start work now on launching the first starprobe. The answer was "not quite yet".) -- Being the last man on the Moon                  |     Henry Spencer is a very dubious honor. -- Gene Cernan         | [email protected] > Realistic, justifiable answers cover the spectrum from "we are alone, > the first sentient race to arise in this galaxy" to "we should have a > lot of neighbors". Try hunting with Deja News for threads about the > Fermi paradox for discussion of this. > > >system.  After all, you never know, we might strike it lucky one day. > > Basically everybody I know in astronomy, even those who strongly favor > the "we're alone" view, has this as a semi-secret hope. I personally don't think we're alone in the universe -- the sheer number of other stars out there is staggering. But as far as I can guess, I can't think of one single thing that any planet could have that would make it more likely to develop intelligent life fast.  I would cheerfully place bets at even odds that we *are* alone in this galaxy. At least until we get around to seeding other planets....                                         Bear > there is every reason to expect that advanced starfaring races > should be common in the galaxy, yet there is no   Of course, it's quite possible for them to be common while still never (or very rarely) running into each other.  The galaxy is pretty big, including in the dimension most people forget about (time). There's lots of room for abundant intelligent life that never runs into any other intelligent life. Humans tend to think on small timescales anyway, with a few thousands of years of recorded history at our disposal.  Will humanity be around in 100 million years?  That's just an eyeblink, but it doesn't seem impossible that we'll have died out long, long before that. Although, interestingly, we do seem to be the first species on this planet able to make complex devices.  So it could also just take a really long time to involve intelligent life.  Maybe when you couple this with the timescales needed to produce cozy life-sustaining planets in the first place, the universe is just getting around to it in the last few billion years. Tom >         Though you state it as a genuine scientific question, I believe > that a quick review of "2001: A Space Odyssey" (the book, not the movie) > is in order.   >         Speaking of which, when are we going to do detailed magnetic > field mapping with a Lunar Prospector type mission...?   If not, how are we > supposed to find TMA-1? Believe it or not, such thoughts were nowhere near my mind.  Since everyone's going about 2001/europa though, I remember faintly reading an old Authur C Clarke short about life under Europa, which probably predates 2001, although I have no idea when it was written nor its name.  I think it had a blue cover though :), helpful egh?  Some creature broke through the ice crust attracted by warm or light or something... I'll shut up now. :) I want to believe there is sentient life elsewhere in the Universe. Having said that, I view the chances of finding it this way... Distance wise, you can view us finding them as worse than if you told a gnat, "there is one other gnat in the world.  Find it".  Space is VERY large and empty. Time wise, view it this way. The world is                            4,600,000,000 years old. Life in some form has existed for       3,800,000,000 years Multicellular life forms have existed for 700,000,000 years. Modern man has existed for                    100,000 years. Multicellular life, a prerequisite for complex, intelligent life forms like us, has existed for only 15 percent of the age of the Earth. Modern Man, capable of complex activity, tool building, written language, yadda yadda yadda, has existed for 0.002 percent of the age of the Earth. Looking at it that way, I find it more constructive and meaningful to forget about the possibilities of as-yet-to-be-detected alien sentience, thank our lucky stars that we're even here, and work towards making life better for us here, knowing that we're alone and cannot ask for anyone else's help, and knowing that if we drive ourselves towards extinction, no one will miss us. Chrisp Simmons wrote: > Okay, so the face clearly isn't a face to anyone with any sense > in their head (and I came to all this with an open mind, perhaps > too open?).  I was wondering, what might the realistic chances > be of there being some *real* alien artifact or similar left in > our solar system, perhaps as a marker to any species which may > evolve in the vicinity in the meantime, or some other reason. > > I mean this as a genuine scientific question.  After all, we > could just about conceive that, extrapolating from our technology, > it would be possible to send humans to other star systems - > although probably in an undesirably large time scale. -- If it was so, it would be, and if it were so, it might be, but as it isn't, it ain't!  That's logic.           Lewis Carroll, from Through the Looking Glass >At least until we get around to seeding other planets.... Let's imagine one day we (human race) reach a stage where we can seed other planets... Assuming that, by then, we surely must be able to prolong our bodies lifes to several hundred years: will we be interested in preserving and artificially improving our own DNA or to "seed and forget" to allow for natural evolution ? Will we do it ? (or not out of fear of competition for resources) If distances are great (question/answer time more than average 1 generation life-span) will we actively intervene in the development of life on those planets or will we just observe ? I think the general question is: once a sentient race is capable of assuring its survival against cosmic cataclisms in its neighbourhoods:  will it be impeled to colonize and propagate as far as possible ? If yes will it impose itself to others ? Interact with others ? Or avoid others ? If no it seams to me it will avoid contact at all cost. Judging from the desastrous results of human imposition upon other species here on earth I supose races that impose themselves anihilate both them and the others involved. It is commonly accepted that, would time travel be possible, the main rule to observe would be that of not interveening with past events. Why should then contact be desirable if it most surely would afect decisevly future events especially for the contacted/retarded species ? I personally think that truly advanced sentient races treasure above all life diversity and seek contact only on SOS situations and that they might even choose to ignore/avoid/escape being contacted by other more naive civilizations. Appreciate your toughts on this comments Afonso > Appreciate your toughts on this comments > Afonso It seems a sad thought that there may be a universe filled with life that, out of fear, would avoid contact with all other intelligent life.  It is true that life on earth has been somewhat violent, however in the big picture, we are in our infancy.  I would hope that as we evolve, our tendencies toward violence would be replaced with tendencies, and actions, that are far more refined.  I, as an optimist, must believe that intelligent life in the universe can coexist, not only guardedly, but in a spirit of cooperation.   > Clarke wrote about life on Europa in _2010:  Odyssey Two_. Correct, and Clarke credited the to a paper Richard Hoagland wrote called "The Europa Enigma."  It's available on The Enterprise Mission website In the acknowledgments to "2010," Clark wrote: "The fascinating idea that there might be life on Europa, beneath ice-covered oceans kept liquid by the same Jovian tidal forces that heat Io, was first proposed by Richard C. Hoagland in the magazine Star & Sky ( The Europa Enigma,' January, 1980). This quite brilliant concept has been taken seriously by a number of astronomers (notably NASA's Institute of Space Studies, Dr. Robert Jastrow), and may provide one of the best motives for the projected GALILEO Mission..." You make a good point.  We do have a rather limited exposure to  actual alien characteristics don't we?  I accept that alien life could, and quite likely would, present views on life that are unimaginable to those of us who are here on earth.  Even the most fundamental elements of life, such as carbon based life forms, may be different.  Given this, I do accept the fact that it is realistic to assume that we would not encounter life that is warm and friendly in every case, however it also seems unlikely that every alien species would either hide in fear or approach contact with hostile intentions.  I think that the huge variations in the form that life could take also would create huge variations in the desire for contact and the intentions upon contact.  Ok, maybe I'm moving toward the realist camp.  :)     Dave
i don't know
Which four letter word beginning withR is a large, flightless South American bird, resembling a small osrtich?
The Conundrum of English Words - Welcome and Thank You for Taking Time From Your Busy Schedule to Visit Welcome and Thank You for Taking Time From Your Busy Schedule to Visit 0 Comments   If you visited one of my other blogs, dmyatesmusings.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-conundrum-of-english-words.html or https://dmyatesjournalings.wordpress.com/2016/07/08/the-conundrum-of-english-words/ then you're ready for the answers, and here they are: lam - to hit someone hard; attack auk - a short-winged diving seabird found in northern oceans, typically with a black head and black and white underparts. rhea - a large flightless bird of South American grasslands, resembling a small ostrich, with grayish-brown plumage. elan - energy, style, and enthusiasm alee - on the side of a ship that is sheltered from the wind. lac - a resinous substance secreted as a protective covering by the lac insect, used to make varnish, shellac, sealing wax, dyes, etc. ess - a thing shaped like the letter S scrod - a young cod, haddock, or similar fish, especially one prepared for cooking And those more archaic words? staid - sedate, respectable, and unadventurous hymned (this is the past tense) - praise or celebrate (something) noes - plural of no; a negative answer or decision, as in voting akin - of similar character And what about the word game using NDDBEA 11 3-letter words: add, and, bad, bed, ban, dab, dad, deb, den, end, nab 9 4-letters: abed, band, bade, bead, bean, dean, dead, bane, bend 1 6-letter: banded (past tense of band) Wasn't this fun?
Rhea
Which four letter word beginning with S is an Arab marketplace or bazaar?
Birds of Australia Blog Birds of Australia Australia - land of parrots and honeyeaters, home to bowerbirds, megapodes and birds of paradise, and the possible birthplace of all the world's songbirds . Lyrebirds, emus and apostle birds are uniquely Australian Most of the world's cockatoos are Australian, and no continent other than South America has more parrots. Most of our songbirds belong to families not found on other continents - despite inappropriate names such as 'robin', 'magpie'  and 'wren' being bestowed upon them by homesick settlers in the early days of white colonisation. There are so many species in Australia we cannot do justice to them here, but here is  a sample, with links to further information General information on Australian birds Links to books and further information What is a bird? From ducks to eagles, from emus to finches, from frogmouths to penguins, birds comprise a marvellous assortment  of creatures, but they all  have some features in common. A bird is a vertebrate animal that shares the following features with other vertebrates: all vertebrates - nerve chord extending from the brain down the back, surrounded by segmented bone or cartilage (includes, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals), and relatively large brain compared to other animal groups similar to most vertebrates other than fish in having four limbs - but different from most in walking on the hind limbs, the forelimbs modified into wings similar to most fish, amphibians and reptiles in laying eggs - although some fish and some reptiles do not do so,  ALL species of birds reproduce by eggs similar to mammals, reptiles and adult amphibians in breathing with lungs similar to mammals in their ability to regulate body temperature (including brain temperature, which is a major reason birds and mammals tend to be the most 'intelligent' of animals - however 'intelligence' is defined) They differ from all other animals in having feathers. All walk on hind legs(although some, like swifts, do very little walking) No present day birds have teeth, but some prehistoric birds such as Archaeopteryx did back to top of page Birds that landscape our countryside Many birds eat native fruits. Some crunch and digest the seeds, others just digest the soft parts of the fruit and either cough/spit out the seed or pass it through their intestines unharmed. These birds can have a profound effect on what grows where. Some of the main dispersers in the rainforests are fruitdoves , bowerbirds , catbirds, lewin's honeyeaters , pied currawongs and cassowaries , also figbirds, which tend to visit edges of rainforests rather than penetrate deeply into them. Many others disperse seeds at least occasionally. In more open habitats, emus, mistletoebirds, crows  and many honeyeaters disperse seeds, with many  other species (cuckoos, cuckooshrikes, orioles, butcherbirds,  others) doing so at least occasionally. The yellow and red pigments of the fruit is often transferred to the feathers of the bird that eats it. Before a flowering plant (whether it's a tree, shrub, vine or herb) sets seeds, its flower must be pollinated. Many are pollinated by wind or by insects, but nectar-feeding birds such as honeyeaters and some parrots alps play an important roles. Bird-pollinated flowers tend to be fairly robust, to withstand vigorous feeding activities, and are often red, pink or creamy-white, with plenty of nectar and easily-dislodged pollen. Birds of bright colours or 'odd' appearance Bright colours: Fairy-wrens - beautiful little birds found only in Australia and New Guinea (mostly Australia) - blue, lilac, red and other colours, not related to wrens. Some are common in  bushland (open forest and woodland) areas where understorey shrubs have been retained. Chats - orange, yellow and crimson chats of the outback are brilliant Pittas - bright-coloured birds of the rainforest floor Parrots - rosellas, lorikeets, others - Fruitdoves - pinks, greens, yellows, maroon, purple and other colours adorn these beautiful birds, but they can still be very hard to spot amongst the foliage in a rainforest. Rainbow bee-eaters - all the colours of the rainbow, plus two long black tail feathers that stream behind as they fly Crested birds: Crested bellbird Other unusual appearance: Frogmouths - these have very wide gapes and are camouflaged to like like part of the branch they are sitting on. Lyrebirds - as well as being the world's most accomplished mimics, the males have beautifully decorated, long tails, which they bring forward and shimmer like a small fountain during the courtship dance Bush stone-curlew - the large yellow eye is its most striking feature, and it is quite a large bird, though often un-noticed because of its habit of sitting or standing very still amongst low vegetation Avocets, spoonbills and ibises  - like their relatives elsewhere, the long bill of the avocet curves upwards at its end, the spoonbill's bill splays out into a spoon shape, and the ibis has a long downwardly-curved bill. Emus and cassowaries - both are large flightless birds, and the cassowary also has a large casque on its head Channel-billed cuckoo - a large grey cuckoo with an oversize bill Pheasant coucal - a pheasant-like close relative of the cuckoos, which is often reluctant to fly and instead runs with head and long tail close to the ground, looking rather reptilian. Jacana - like the jacanas of other continents, our comb-crested jacana has extraordinarily long toes to enable it to walk on waterlily leaves Black swans - no longer surprising, but  as in "The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable ", "In Europe all anyone had ever seen were white swans; indeed, "all swans are white" had long been used as the standard example of a scientific truth. So what was the chance of seeing a black one? Impossible to calculate, or at least they were until 1697, when explorers found Cygnus atratus in Australia". back to top of page Threatened species Eastern bristebird. There was a very successful captive breeding program happening at the David Fleay WIldlife Park, starting from the only two they could find after extensive searching - a brother and sister pair. Unfortunately this breeding program has now been abandoned. Coxen's figparrot. This small parrot used to depend on the abundance of fruiting figs in lowland rainforests during the winter months.  Now most of the lowland rainforest has been cleared, and the Coxen's figparrot (a subspecies of the double-eyed parrot) is now rarely seen and probably only a few dozen individuals remain, if that. Cassowary . In patches of rainforest remnants that have lost the cassowary, there is a severe reduction in seed dispersal of  plants with large fruits, although fruitbats, rodents or the musky rat kangaroo may carry some of them a short distance . back to top of page The flightless ones - emus and cassowaries The rattites are a group of large flightless birds now found only in the southern hemisphere, including the rhea of South America, ostrich of Africa, emu of Australia and cassowaries of Australia and New Guinea. Emu Australia's largest bird. There used to be two other species on southern islands, but they were driven to extinction by hunting. Cassowary A very important seed disperser in northern rainforests, as there are many large fruits impossible for anything else to swallow. Cockatoos Cockatoos are essentially parrots with crests (and gall bladders) Most of the world's cockatoos are Australian, with a few species in New Guinea and southeast Asian islands. They all have crests, ranging from the small crests of cockateils, galahs and corellas to the spectacular ones of major mitchells and palm cockatoos. Wikipedia has a good cockatoo page Rosellas Rosellas are a purely Australian group of colourful parrots with long tails and a pattern of little black scallops on their backs. Lorikeets These bright green or multi-coloured little parrots feed mostly on nectar and pollen Budgerigars One of the world's most popular pet birds, they still live and breed in in large flocks in Australia's outback Other parrots There are many pother parrots in Australia, from the small and critically-endangered Coxen's figparrot to the large and colurful king parrots. back to top of page Cuckoos - none say 'cuckoo' but they do lay eggs in other birds' nest (except one) The exception to the rule of laying eggs in other birds' nests is not actually a cuckoo, it is a coucal, but very closely related. There are several coucal species in Southeast Asia, and we have one, the pheasant coucal, so-called because its shape resemble a pheasant.  It also looks rather reptilian as it runs along, head and long tail close to the ground, before taking off in a clumsy flight. None of our cuckoos say anything remotely resembling "cuckoo."  One gives a loud prolonged squawk (channel-billed cuckoo), one a kind of 'cooee' call (koel), one a downwards trill (fantailed cuckoo), another a series of rather frantic calls as though the bird is heading for a nervous breakdown (brush cuckoo), and others give various kinds of whistling calls.  The only bird that actually sounds like a European cuckoo is an owl , the boobook owl. Different sizes of cuckoo naturally choose nests of different sized birds to lay their eggs in.  The big channel-billed cuckoo for instance lays its eggs in the nests of crows and similar-sized birds, while small cuckoos lay in the nests of small birds: the young cuckoo may still be quite a lot larger than the nestlings of the host  bird. back to top of page Megapodes - males build large mounds in which the eggs are incubated This is a family of large-footed birds from Australia to Southeast Asia. The three Australian species, as do most megapodes, hatch their eggs by the heat of decaying vegetation (there is at least one species in Asia which instead uses the heat of active volcanoes). Probably the best-known megapode in Australia is the brush turkey, easily seen in rainforest areas and sometimes entering the suburbs of Brisbane (not always welcomed by home-owners, who may for instance find all the pine chips from their garden scratched into a mound against their garage door) Find information here on the malleefowl , of dry open country in southern Australia (the world's only megapode to NOT live in dense forest) The smallest species in Australia, the orange-footed scrubfowl, builds an impressive mound up to several metres in diameter. You can see a list of the world's megapodes , with links to photos, videos and calls, here. See also a  good book on the megapodes by Darryl Jones , who studied the brush turkeys some years ago for his PhD, and two co-authors. back to top of page Pigeons - bright-coloured fruit-eaters, many seed-eaters Fruitdoves and topknot  pigeons (not to be confused with crested pigeons) eat fruit, digesting the softer parts and either regurgitating the seeds or passing them through their intestines before discarding them, and thus are important seed dispersers for many rainforest trees.  They live in coastal regions of northern and eastern  Australia (south as far as  northern New South Wales) and also in New Guinea and Southeast Asia.  style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">Most pigeons, like pigeons the world over, digest the seeds they swallow.  One of the best--known is the crested pigeon, fund in most open habitats over much of Australia.  Pictured here are the wonga pigeon (left) and the wompoo fruitdove (right) Birds of prey - day and night Diurnal raptors (eagles, hawks, falcons etc.) There are 24 species in Australia Eagles include the wedge-tailed eagle (largest species), white-bellied sea-eagle and little eagle Kites include the brahminy (beautiful white and red-brown plumage, hunts fish along coasts), whistling (big enough and similar enough wing pattern to be mistaken for little eagle, but with distinctive call),  black (very common in outback),  black-winged (often seen hovering), letter-winged (often hunts at night, although technically one of the diurnal raptors), Others include black-breasted buzzard (which is not actually a buzzard), osprey (same species as in northern hemisphere), several goshawks, two harriers, a sparrowhawk, a baza, several falcons (including the Peregrine falcon found also in other continents) and a kestrel (essentially a small falcon, but kestrels hover more than other falcons). Owls There are 10 species in Australia Boobook - an owl whose call is often mistaken for something else. The boobook owl gives the ' mopoke' call, one of the most familiar sounds of the Australian bush at night (and the closest sound to a European cuckoo call that you will hear in Australia).  Many people are convinced it is the tawny frogmouth, but this is incorrect.  The boobook is often heard but not seen, while the frogmouth is often seen and not heard, in the same patch of forest.  Others in the past have insisted the 'mopoke' call comes from the echidna, the goanna, or even the carpet snake, presumably because they have gone outside to investigate the source of the call, found one of these creatures and not seen the mottled brown owl sitting quietly on a branch close to the trunk of a tree. Powerful owl - our largest owl, with a wingspan of about 1.3metres, and feeds mainly on arboreal mammals and roosting birds. Barking owl - it usually sounds like a small dog barking, but every now and then gives a blood-curdling scream which has earned it the nickname of 'mad woman owl.' I'm told that if you hear in in the middle of the night while camping it makes all the hairs on the back of your neck stand up. There are various other owls, including the barn owl (Tyto alba) which is found throughout Australia, and on all continents except Antarctica, and some rarer relatives, such as two species of sooty owl (their calls at night sound a bit like a bomb falling but never landing). Nightjars and frogmouths Frogmouths are sometimes mistaken for owls.  They do hunt at night, as do other nightjars, but by a different method (sitting and waiting, then pouncing on prey, which they swallow whole with their enormously-wide bills, instead of tearing it apart the way owls do, and their feet are considerably  weaker than those of owls for this reason). Their nearest relatives apart from the nightjars (Australia has several species, including the cute little owlet nightjars that look like something created by Disney) are the oilbirds and potoos of South America. Tawny frogmouths (the common species, found throughout most of Australia) definitely do NOT, EVER make a ' mopoke ' call, despite Banjo Patterson's poem and the adamant protests of many who still believe they do. They instead makes a repetitive call - 'oom-oom-oom' which in its most rapid form sounds like some kind of machinery starting up, plus a few low 'growling' noises.  During the day, frogmouths sit on a branch at an angle, and are perfectly camouflaged to blend in and look like a short projection of broken branch. It is easy to walk right past one without noticing it. back to top of page Kookaburras and other kingfishers If a name for the family was to be selected in Australia, they would probably nit have been called kingfishers, as only a few of our species actually fish, most catch small lizards, large insects and the like.  The largest members of the family - the kookaburras, also catch snakes. The best-known species is the laughing kookaburra, with its rollicking laughter. The other is the blue-winged kookaburra of the northern half  of Australia, which has a strange call sounding like it's trying to laugh and not quite getting it right.  Both species have blue on their wings, but the blue-winged kookaburra has the largest patch. The beautiful little azure kingfisher, with bright blue above and bright red on the breast, does feed on fish, and sometimes follows the platypus in the hope that it will disturb fish that it can then more readily detect and catch. back to top of page Songbirds - evidence for an Australian ancestry The oldest known songbird (passerine - order Passeriformes) fossils are from Murgon, in Queensland Australia, and the primitive features in some of our birds (e.g. lyrebirds and scrub birds, as well as New Zealand fern wrens) suggest an Australian origin for this, the largest order of birds. Visit this site for a good summary of current thinking on the evolution of songbirds Lyrebirds - world's best mimics (and great dancers too) The lyrebirds were until recently placed in the suboscines, but DNA research suggests otherwise Strange that a suboscine would be such an accomplished songster. There are only two species in the world, both confined to Australia - the superb lyrebird of eastern forests (to as far north as southern Queensland) and the Albert's lyrebird (subtropical forests of Qld/NSW border regions) back to top of page Scrub birds Small, brown secretive birds of dense vegetation (therefore not easy to see, and also not at all common, but they have penetrating calls). A family confined to Australia, and with primitive characteristics, they appear to be most closely related to lyrebirds, and despite not having the size or elaborate tail feathers, the males also court the females with song, dance and mimicry. Honeyeaters - the largest songbird family in Australia, many and varied species You can hardly go walking anywhere in Australian forests, woodlands or heathands without seeing or hearing some kind of honeyeater. They do not eat only nectar - all eat insects as well for protein, and some also eat fruits. Those that include the larger proportions of nectar in their diets tend to have longer bills than those with a higher proportion of insects in their diets. Many are important pollinators of plants, especially in the Myrtaceae (eucalypts, bottlebrushes), Proteaceae (banksias, grevilleas) and Epacridaceae (heathy shrubs)  families.  Many also eat small fruits and can be important seed dispersers. Many are nomadic, some make fairly regular migrations, some are residential throughout the year. Some prefer to forage in the canopy, others close to ground level or even on the ground. They are a primarily Australian and New Guinea family of songbirds (Meliphagidae, which means honey-eating), but extending out into the extreme southeast of Indonesia and some southwest Pacific Islands. [They are NOT related to hummingbirds, honey-creepers, sugarbirds or sunbirds, although bearing some resemblance in appearance and behaviour.  Australia has one species of sunbird in the tropical north, none of the other groups just mentioned)] This page gives a list of all honeyeaters , with links to other facts, photos and videos back to top of page Australian 'magpies' and their relatives Early settlers in Australia saw big black and white songbirds, called them magpies and the name stuck.  They are a totally different bird from the magpies of the Northern Hemisphere, belonging to a totally different family, but it looks as though the name 'Australian magpie' is here to stay. Their early morning warbling is familiar to almost everyone who has spent any time in Australia. Their habit of diving on passers-by in spring is not so endearing, but it is only a few individuals that become this aggressive when defending their nests, and it is almost always in cities and towns. They are found only in Australia and New Guinea Currawongs (Australia only) and butcherbirds (Australia and New Guinea) are closely related to Australian magpies. The pied currawong eats a lot of fruit as well as insects and small invertebrates, and its habit of  frequenting both rainforests and open country makes it a potentially important seed disperser in forest restoration areas. It unfortunately also eats nestlings of smaller birds, which is part of natural ecological processes, but where they have been artificially fed and increased their populations this can be a real threat to other birds. Butcherbirds derive their name from their habit of hanging their prey from forked twigs (not impaling them a a Northern Hemisphere shrike does).  There have been some interesting studies and speculations on the beautiful and complex calls of the pied butcherbird . The above birds used to have a family of their own, but DNA analysis has shown them to be so closely related to the woodswallows (which are not swallows - just look and act a bit like them) that they are now all included in the same family (Artamidae). The woodswallows occupy some of Southeast Asia and Southwest Pacific islands as well as Australia and New Guinea. back to top of page The magpielark and monarchs - who would think they are related? The magpielark  is found throughout Australia in just about every kind of habitat except dense forest and the driest deserts. It builds a mud nest and does much of its foraging on the ground. Monarch flycatchers are considerably smaller than magpielarks, forage mainly amongst the foliage of trees,  and in Australia at least are generally forest-dwellers, including dense rainforests, and do not build mud nests. They are considerably smaller than magpielarks, and at first sight bear little resemblance to them. The magpielark was one lumped in with the apostlebird and white-winged chough in Australian bird books because all build mud nests, but it was soon apparent there was little other similarity, and the magpielarks were given their own family, the Grallidae.  More recently, DNA testing has shown their closest relatives are the monarch flycatchers (Monarchidae). There are two species of magpie lark - one in Australia (formerly called mudlark, also variously known as 'peewee', 'Murray magpie" and various other colloquial names) and one in New Guinea. Monarch flycatchers are found from Africa (including the paradise flycatchers) through Asia to Australia and some Pacific islands. Apostlebirds and choughs - endemic mud nest builders This is a small family - only two species - both found only in Australia They are unusual amongst songbirds in building mud nests.  Both tend to move around in small flocks (apostlebirds often about a dozen - hence the name, choughs about half that) along the ground or low in trees and shrubs in the open woodlands of rural and outback Australia The white-winged chough is not an actual chough (which are in the crow family) - just another example of Australian birds being called after something they reminded someone of. back to top of page Fairy wrens  -  small flashes of colour in the bush Not related to actual wrens, this is a group of dainty and colourful small birds with long, upright tails.  Anywhere in Australia there will be one or more species, as long as the low vegetation they depend on remains. In common with a number of other Australian birds, individuals other than the parents help feed young in the nest. Females do an extraordinary 'rodent-run' to draw predators away from the nest, with head and tail down and feathers fluffed out to look like a small fluffy mammal. back to top of page Shrike-thrushes and whistlers - songsters bright and drab Shrike-thrushes are not thrushes but share a family with the whistlers.  The calls of this family are amongst the most pleasing of forest bidcalls in Australia, and while some are dull browns and greys, others - like the golden whistler - look as pretty as they sound.  They are primarily insect-eaters. back to top of page The 'robins' - red-breasted, yellow-breasted and plain (none are actually robins) The early settlers, probably homesick for the English countryside, saw red-breasted birds and called them robins.  These birds are not in the thrush family (as true robins are) but belong instead to a family (Petroicidae) ranging from India to New Zealand.There are a number with pink or red breasts (pink robin, rose robin, flame robin, scarlet robin, red-capped robin), others with yellow breasts (eastern yellow robin, western yellow robin, pale yellow robin) and others with no bright colours. They are primarily insect-eaters. Most are forest or woodland dwellers, but scrub-robins live in drier, more open habitats of the inland. back to top of page Bowerbirds -  incredible artists of the bird world I have watched a satin bowerbird building tis bower - putting a twig in place then standing back surveying it as a human artist might, deciding it didn't look quite right, picking it up again and repositioning it until it was satisfied. The males of all bowerbirds build some kind of display ranging from leaves on the ground to elaborately-decorated avenues of twigs or other complex structures. It takes about 6 or 7 years before a young male starts to build bowers, and can take another 1 or 2 before he can do it well enough to start attracting females. It seems females may vary in what attracts them. After mating, the female heads off to build a nest and raise chicks on her own while the male continues his attempts to attract other females. back to top of page Birds of Paradise - most are in New Guinea, but Australia has four species Most birds of this family live in New Guinea, but three species live in the far northern tropical rainforests (Victoria's riflebird, magnificent riflebird and manucode) and one species (the paradise riflebird), the only non-tropical member of the family, inhabits subtropical rainforests of southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. The Australian species do not have the brilliant colours and long tail feathers the family is best known for, but the males are shining black with iridescent purples, blues and greens. Like their relatives, they display during courtship - the manucode spreading its wings and trumpeting, and the riflebirds lifting their wings, throwing back their heads and rocking side-to-side. style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"> back to top of page And the rest .... Buttonquails - small, three-toed, seed-eating birds that are not quails, although they look a bit like them, found from Africa and southern Europe through to Australia. Some turn the tables on a more usual male habit, courting a male then leaving him to look after the eggs and chicks while she seeks her next partner. Pittas -  bright -coloured birch of the rainforest floor - use stones for cracking snail shells, found from Africa to Australia Pardalotes - pretty little birds usually high in the treetops, more often heard than seen, but often come down in spring to tunnel nests into creekbanks ...many others! Links to books and further information Some very useful field guides to birds of Australia: Morcomb, M. 2002. The Michael Morcomb Field Guide to Australian Birds Morcomb, M. 1988. The Great Australian Bird Finder: Where & How to Find Australian Birds. Pizzey, G. and Knight, F. (1997). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney Reader’s Digest (1997). Encyclopaedia of Australian Wildlife. Reader’s Digest, Sydney (it can’t include all species the way the more specialized books do, but does give a good coverage of mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, freshwater and marine fish, and some invertebrates) Reader’s Digest (1990). Reader’s Digest Book of the Great Barrier Reef. Reader’s Digest Services, Sydney. Simpson, K, and Day, N. (1996), Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Viking Publishers, Ringwood Slater, P. , Slater, P. and Slater, R. (1989). The Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds. Landsdowne Publishers, The Rocks, Sydney Websites with a wealth of information on Australian birds:
i don't know
Which four letter word beginning with U is the pigmented layer of the eye, lying beneath the sclera and cornea, and comprising of the iris, choroid and ciliary body?
Full text of "The embryology, anatomy and histology of the eye" See other formats 55 ^. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/detaHs/embryologyanatomOObrowrich The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye BY EARL J. BROWN, M. D. Professor of Histology of the Eye, at the Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College WITH ILT.ITSTRATIOXS MADE FROM TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF THE HITMAN EVE EXT.ARGED BY MICRO PHOTOGRAPHY The Physiology of Vision BY WM. D. ZOETHOUT, Ph. D., (U. of C.) Professor of Physiology in thejenner Medical College and nt the Bennet College of Eclectic Medicine, Chicago. / ILLUSTRATIONS KY THE AU'IHOR CHICAGO: Hazlitt Sc Walker, Publishers. 1906 Copyrighted 11)05 BY HAZLITT & WALKER FOREWORD. In approaching this work, perhaps a word of explana- tion to the reader may be desirable. It is not undertaken because the author thinks there is a lack of knowledge about the eye; neither have there been any new facts dis- covered which would merit the production of these arti- cles. It is therefore not the intention to bring out any new facts, but to put the known and widely scattered facts in a more comprehensible form and to illustrate the subject so thoroughly and completely that it will be made more easy for the beginner and more interesting to those who find it necessary to review the subject. All the illustrations of the structures of the eyeball and smaller structures will be microphotographs taken from mi- croscopic slides in the author's possession, while the coarser structures of the orbit will be illustrated by drawings, as these structures are too large for the tissues to be mounted on microscopic slides. The microscopic slides used to photograph the foetal eye are from the pig and were procured at the Armour pack- ing house by collecting the foetal pigs at the gutting table. These foetesis ran from two millimeters to forty millimeters in length, and the mounting of the slides was done by Dr. Slonaker, at the Chicago University. The slides used in photographing the adult eye were made by Dr. Slonaker when he wrote his thesis on the acute area of vision. These slides have been used in my illustrated lectures before optical and medical societies for several years, and they have been enjoyed so much by my hearers and I have received so many requests for them in a i)er- manent form, that it is in response to these wishes that the ■iS^22 b FOREWORD. author lias determined to perpetuate these pictures and place them in the reach of every one who is interested in the eye ; otherwise these articles would never have appeared. A few words about the physical development of the foetus might be of benefit before the illustrations are studied. The foetus is first represented by one cell, the ovum. This is fertilized by the spermatozoa; then there is a multiplication of cells. These increase very rapidly, and the first definite form assumed is a tube, representing the worm, and this tube has two walls ; one is the outer covering and the other lines the inside. The outer is known as the cpiblast (mean- ing above) and the inner the hypoblast (meaning below). Then there is a layer developed between these two layers. This layer is known as the mesablast (meaning the middle). From the epiblast is developed the skin and nervous sys- tem. From the hypoblast is developed the alimentary canal and all the internal organs which communicate with the alimentary canal. From the middle layer, or mesoblast, is developed the connective tissue, blood vessels, muscles, bones, etc. From the foregoing we see that in the study of the eye we are most especially concerned in the epiblast, as it forms the nervous system and therefore the brain, and the inner seat or sensory coat of the eye, and some one has well said that the eye is a part of the brain placed near the surface, back of an opening, where it may receive impres- sions from the external world and communicate these im- pressions to the main portion of the brain. The first indication of the nervous system commences by the development of two ridges along the dorsum, or back, of the foetus during its tubular development. These are known as the neural ridge$. The cells composing these ridges multiply and they rise higher and higher and finally meet al)Ovc, at the center, and coalesce, or grow together, leaving an opening. Tliis is knowm as the neural FOREWORD. 7 tube, and the whole nervous system is developed from the cells which line this tube. Soon after the neural tube is formed, the anterior half of the foetus folds on itself, and this portion forms the brain, while the posterior, or unfolded portion, forms the spinal cord. From the anterior portion of the brain, two tubes grow out and toward the surface. These are known as the optic stalks, and they form the first step in the de- velopment of the eye. CHAPTER I. • EMBRYOLOGY. It might be well to explain that the major part of the em- bryology of the eye has been worked out from the eye of the chick and rabbit, as it is almost impossible to get fresh material in human embryos. The writer conceived the idea of going to a large packing house, where hundreds of preg- Fig. 1. Horizontal Section through Head of Foetal Pig, 2 mm. long. Magnified 3,000 times. nant sows were gutted every day and material could be ob- tained fresh and in all the stages of development. This was suggested to Dr. J. Rollin Slonaker of Chicago University, and he, acting on the suggestion, procured the material and prepared the microscopic slides from which the following illustrations were made. 8 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 9 The first manifestation of the development of the eye is a hollow protrusion from that part of the neural tube which forms the anterior cerebral vesicle. A vesicle is an enclosed cavity, between two layers of tissue and filled with fluid, like a water blister on the hand. The neural tube, as ex- Fig. 2. Horizontal Section through Head of Unhatchhjd Chick, 2 ihtn. long. Magnified 3,000 times. plained before, is a tube developed along the dorsum or back of the foetus, during the tubular stage of development, and the whole nervous system is developed from the cells lining this tube. This hollow protrusion is known as the primary optic stalk. (See A, Fig. i.) As this stalk grows outward, the anterior portion rises upward, as shown in vertical section at A, Fig. 3. When the optic stalk comes near to the surface, the anterior por- tion enlarges, as shown at C, Fig. i. Also when the optic stalk encroaches on the surface, it stimulates the epithelial cells forming- the skin and they multiply rapidly (see B, Figs. I and 3), and the anterior wall of the primary optic lO THE ANATOMY OK THE EYE. Fig. 3. Vertical Section through Head of Foetal Pig, 2 mm. long. Mag- nified 2,500 times. tr'rjj^ W\d i^F^Bi zy^% M 1 Ra ''' \m ^^^IkJl^H 0^ ll^^^H^^f . Fig. 4. Horizontal Section through Head of Foetal Pig, 3 mm. long. Magnified about 1,200 times. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. II vesicle invaginates and passes inside of the vesicle. (See A, Fig. 2, and C, Fig. 3.) This invagination might be likened to the denting of a hollow rubber ball. This invaginated portion forms the secondary optic vesicle and it is from this that the nine innermost layers of the retina are eventually formed, while the primary optic vesicle only forms the outer or pigment layer. As the secondary •3 P||^^ |M I^k'';^-^ '^'"^T» Bt'W i-„i^HK WL^ /0^^ * j^B-°^>^1r^ ' 0m i'M k'^' '■ '' ^ 1 ^K'=c->€^ ^^i.;- • ^'M r WtM j^^^. 'C^B [ ^^^S ^kPH ^^Kff^yT^ ^ H^^^^fl ^^oy0 " ^Km-XS: fj^fl "'* ^1^1^^ A r.\,.i»^.*. ^ ——A ■' ftp% l'" -^^^^ k jiitBi "^c k. '^;mm^ k JsM r^ i^ £«.• Fiy. 5. Vertical Section thr()u.i^li Head of.Foetal Pi^, 3 mm. long. Mag- nified about 2,000 times. Optic vesicle is passing into the primary optic vesicle there appears in front of the secondary optic vesicle a depression on the surface at the point of activity of the epithelial cells. (See A, Fig. 4, and A, Fig. 5.) This depression becomes deeper and deeper and the mouth is finally closed by the rapid formation of cells around the depression, as shown at B and C, Figs. 4 and 5. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. Fiii. 6. Vertical Section through Head of Foetal Pig, 4 mm. long. Mag- nified about 1,000 times-: Fig. 7. Horizontal Section through Head of Foetal Pig, 7 mm. long. Magnified about 600 times. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 13 Til US a vesicle is formed which is known as the lens vesicle, as shown at A, Fig. 6. Then this vesicle hecomes separated from the surface and passes into the secondary optic vesicle (see A, Fig. 7), and eventually forms the lens, which will be described later. Fig. 8. Vertical section through head of pig, 8 mm. long. Magnified 460 times." As the lens vesicle passes into the secondary optic vesicle, some of the mesoblastic cells pass upward from below, be- hind it (see B, Fig. 6), and it is these mesoblastic cells which will eventually multiply and form the vitreous body. It will be remembered that the mesoblast is the middle layer of the three primary layers, first formed in the foetus. The sur- face of the skin from which the lens vesicle was cut away, remains and forms the cornea and some students of the embryology of the eye believe that the cornea owes its H THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. transparency to the changes that take place in the nature of the cpitheHal cells during the formation of the lens vesicle from this immediate point. The lids are formed by an ex- ternal fold, growing downward from above and upward from below the eyeball and the first indication of this growth is shown at B, Fig. 7. Fig. 9. Horizontal section through head of pig, 9 460 times. long. Magnified The further development of these folds is shown at A Figs. 8 and 9, also, there is a groove running from the inner side of the eye to the nasal cleft of the foetus and the edges of this groove come together and cover in the cells at the bottom of this groove and a cord is formed from the nasal cleft to the palpebral fissure. (The palpebral fissure is the opening between the lids.) This cord divides and one branch goes to the upper lid and the other to the lower. Later there is a tube formed from this cord and this tube so formed is the lachrymal or tear duct, which runs from the palpebral fissure to the nose, and it is through this duct THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. I5 that the tears are pumped from the conjunctival sack to the nose. This process will be explained later. In Figs. 7 and 8 the lens vesicle will be seen to have been entirely separated from the surface, and at B, Fig. 8, is seen the epithelial cells which will form the outer layer of the cornea, and at C, Fig. 8, is seen the mesoblastic cells which will multiply and eventually form the four innermost layers of the cornea, the iris and other structures anterior to the lens. At D, Fig. 8, is seen the commencement of the formation of the lens substance. This formation is accomplished by the cells of the posterior portion of the lens vesicle wall elongating and forming long spindle cells. These grow forward and fill the whole cavity of the lens vesicle, as shown at D, Fig. 9, and these extend from the anterior to the posterior limits of the cavity and are known as the lens fibers. At E, Fig. 8, is seen the opening at the posterior pole of the eye ball, where the axis cylinder processes make their escape from the eye ball, as shown at E, Fig. 9, to pass into the optic nerve as they grow from the retina to- ward the brain. This opening through which the optic fibers leave the eye ball is known as the choroidal fissure in the adult eye. At F, Figs. 8 and 9, are shown the mesoblastic cells which have passed into the space between the retina and the lens. As shown at B, Fig. 6, they are just commencing to form the vitreous body, and this cavity so filled is known as the vitreous cavity in the adult eye. At G, Figs. 8 and 9, the primary optic vesicle is shown, which has become quite thin, and in the cells forming it there is being deposited pigment granules, and it will be remembered that this eventually forms the outer or pigment layer of the retina. At H, Figs. 8 and 9, will be seen the first indication of the forma- tion of the nine innermost layers of the retina, and these nine layers are all formed from the walls of the secondary optic vesicle. There is a folding over of the optic stalk and optic vesicles, which is well illustrated by the accom- panying diagrammatic drawing, Fig. 10. l6 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. A represents the primary optic vesicle; B, tlic secondary optic vesicle; C, the walls of the primary optic stalk, and D, the groove below the optic stalk. The lower edges of n Fig. 10. the optic stalk come together at E. and coalesce, thus form- ing a tube with a double wall which extends from the eye ball to the cranial cavity. This joining together takes place clear forward, along the lower part of the primary and secondary optic vesicles to F. Thus an eyeball is formed and the fissure closed is known as the choroidal fissure of the foetus. However, at the posterior of the eye- ball there is an opening left, through which the axis cylinder processes leave the eyeball, E, Figs. 8 and 9. This opening is known as the choroidal fissure in the adult and corre- sponds to the optic disc as seen with the ophthalmoscope. It is this folding over of the embryonic structures of the eye which makes it possible for the incorporation of the arteria centralis retina (central artery of the retina) and its accom- panying vein within the optic nerve for some distance back of the eye, in the adult, as this artery was already developed in the groove below the optic stalk. H, Fig. 10, represents the lens vesicle within the secondary optic vesicle. Fig. 11 represents a vertical cross section of the primary and sec- ondary optic vesicles at about the line marked G, in Fig. 10, and A in Fig. 11 shows the primary optic vesicle wall. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 1 7 B, Fig. II, shows the secondary optic vesicle wall and C shows the choroidal fissure at the bottom of the foetal eye. D, Fig. II, is the vitreous cavity. F, Fig. ii, is the lens vesicle cut through, and the two edges which come together and close the choroidal fissure are shown at E. When this union fails to take place we have an anomaly known as Fig. 11. colobom^a of the fundus in the adult and means a lack of development. At A, Fig. 12, will be seen the further development of the lids; B, Fig. 12, the anterior epithehal layer of the cornea, and just beneath it is seen a lighter colored Hne. This is the anterior homogeneous (structureless) layer of the cornea, also known as Bowman's membrane, as he was the first to describe it. C, Fig. 12, shows the lamina propria (proper layer) of the cornea. D, Figs. 12 and 13, shows the lens fibers extending from the front to the back of the lens. These fibers are simply long spindle cells and each one has a nucleus. These form a crescent-shaped line of dots, as seen at K, Figs. 12 and 13, running from one side of the lens to the other. At J, Figs. 12 and 13, is seen the transitional (transformation) zone, and it is at this point that the lens fibers are formed, and this formation is simply the multiplication of the columnar epithelial cells, which first formed the wall of the lens vescicle and their i8 TTTK ANATOMY OF TITE EYE. Fig. 12. Horizontal sectioti through ej'e of a pig. Magnified 730 tinres. Fig. 13. Human embryo eye, 2 months. Magnified 1,080 times. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 19 eluiii4atioii into spindle cells. These spindle cells are known as the lens fibers. These fibers are especially well illus- trated at D, Fig. 15, and anterior to this transitional zone where the lens fibers are formed in the adult eye will be found a single layer of the columnar epithelial cells. Un- derneath the capsule L, Figs. 12 and 13, and J, Fig. 16, Fig. 14. Eye of embryo pig, 10 mm. long. Magnified 1,600 times. while posterior to the transitional zone, no such cells will be found, they having elongated to form the lens fibers, as shown at D, Figs. 8 to 15. After the lens vesicle is completely filled by fibers, ex- tending from the front to the back of the lens in an anterior- posterior direction, as shown by the lens in Figs. 9 to 13, there is a continuation of growth of the lens by the multi- plication and elongation of the columnar cells at the transi- tional zone, J, Figs. 12, 13 and 14. These grow forward 20 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. and backward toward the anterior and posterior poles of the lens, around the ends of the first formed fibers, and these latterly developed fibers form the soft outer or cortical portion of the lens, B, Fig. 15. While the first formed fibers constitute the nuclear or central denser portion of Fig. 15. Highly uiaguitied deaiii from the anterior of a liumaii euibrj'o, the lens, C, Fig. 14, these last formed fibers grow in such a way that when their ends come into apposition at the front and back of the lens, there are formed seams, as shown at A, Figs. 14 and 15. A, Fig. 14, is at the posterior surface of an embryo pig, and A, Fig. 15, is a more highly magnified seam from the anterior of a human embryo. These seams have a star or stilate shape, the central part being at the anterior and posterior poles and the points run outward toward the equator of the lens, and it is these seams, where the ends of the fibers in the cortical portion of the lens abut against each other, that forms the so-called THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 21 lens stars. These fibers of the lens are long, diamond- shaped, spindle cells, and these are arranged in lamella or layers and all held together by a matrix of jellatinous cement substance, and when a lens is macerated (soaked) in an alkaline solution, which will dissolve this cement sub- stance, these lamella of the lens may be peeled ofif, and the best illustration is the peeling of the layers of an onion. At E, Fig. 12, is seen the commencement of the growth of the third eye lid, known as the membrana nictatans (winking membrane) in the lower animals, especially birds. This develops in man up to a certain stage, then ceases and remains as a vestige in a crescent-shaped fold near the inner side of the eye, and is called the plica semilunaris (half moon fold). At F, Fig. 12, is seen the developing vitreous body and the dark spots are the small blood vessels which furnish this body its nutrition during development. These are from the hyaloid artery, which will be described later, and these atrophy before birth. At G, Fig. 12, it will be seen that the brim or fornix at the anterior margin of the primary and secondary optic vesicles are in appo- sition to the capsule of the lens at its equator, and this enables some of the connective tissue, which binds the retina together, which is known as the fibers of Mueller (he being the first to discover them) to become attached to the capsule of the lens, and as the eye enlarges and the retina settles farther backward, these attached fibers elongate and thus the suspensory ligament (also known as the zonule of Zinn) is formed, and this accounts for this connection between the retina and the lens. At H, Fig. 12, will be seen the farther development of the layers of the retina. At I, Fig. 12, are seen some cells, which are showing signs of activity. This is the first sign of the development of the choroid and sclerotic coats. At A, Fig. 16, it will be seen that the lids are gradually covering the cornea and the membrana nictatans. E, Fig. 16, is not any farther developed than seen in Fig. 12 at E. 22 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. At B, Fig. 1 6, will be seen a portion of the hyaloid artery. This is an artery given off by the arteria centralis retina at the head of the optic nerve and only exists during foetal life lor it atrophies before birth. It supplies the nutrition necessary for the development of the vitreous Fig. 16. Horiaontal section through head of pig, 20 inni. long. Magnified 670 times. body and the lens and when these are fully ma- tured it atrophies and the canal through which it passed remains as a lymph channel and is known as the hyaloid canal, or the canal of Stilling, in the adult eye. The hyaloid artery, as before stated, is a branch of the arteria centralis retina and runs from the head of the optic nerve to the pos- terior of the lens, giving off small twigs to the developing vitreous body. At the posterior surface of the lens it tUE ANATOMY OF THE EYfe. -Fiij. IT. Horizontal section through head of a pig, 25- mm. long. Mag- nified 85 times. H THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. breaks up into several branches. These pass around the lens to the front and there come together, forming anastomoses (an anastomosis is where one vessel runs into another and continues by continuity of tissue), and the connective tissue Fig. 18. Horizontal section through head of pig, 40 mm. long. Magnified 225 times. which these vessels are imbedded in forms the pupilary membrane, which will be described later. There is a con- nection of these hyaloid arteries by anastomosing vessels from the front of the iris, near its free margin, with the branches of the blood vessels of the iris. This connection only exists during foetal life. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 25 At F, Fig. 16, is shown a band of tissue connecting the lens with the retina. This will eventually form the suspen- sory ligament or the Zonule of Zinn of the older writers. At H, Fig. 16, is shown the farther development of the cells Fig. 19. Vertical section through head of pig, 40 mm. long. Magnified 320 times. which will eventually form the choroid and sclerotic and it will be noted that they may be traced well into the optic nerve (C, Fig. i6), at either side at the choroidal fissure, and it is these cells which will form the lamina cribrosa 26 THE i\NATOMY OF THE EYE. (seive layer), which strengthens the eye ball at this point in the adult eye. Also C, Fig. i6, shows the first growth of the axis cylinder processes through the choroidal fissure to form the optic nerve. It must be remembered that the Fijj. 20. Horizontal section through eye of a pig, 50 nified 150 times. iin. long. Mag- fibers which transmit impulses of the sight from the retina to the brain, grow from the cells in the ganglionic layer of the retina, back toward the brain and not from the brain to the retina. At I, Fig. i6, is shown the activity of the cells, which are just commencing to form the recti (straight) or extrinsic muscles of the eye. At K, Fig. i6, will be seen a THE ANATOMV OF [IE EYE. 27 line of small openings. This is the commencement of the space of Tenon. Fig. 17 is a horizontal section through the head of a pig, 25 M. M. long, and is shown to illustrate the rapid development of the eyes in the growth from 9 to 25 M. M. in length. A, Fig. 17, shows the nasal cavities. C, Fig. 17, shows the developing brain, and D shows the Fig. 21. Vertical section through human foetal eye at five months Magnified 120 times. developing bone. At E is seen the farther development of the extrinsic muscles, at F is shown the farther develop- ment of the choroid and sclerotic and at G is seen the plica semilunaris and at H the lids. At A, Figs. i8 and 19, are shown the lids entirely cover- ing the front of the eye ball and just back of it the cornea B, and the space between the two, C, is the conjunctival sack. 28 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. The conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the lids, then folds on itself as shown at D. This is known as the Fornix (arch) conjunctiva. Then it covers all the front exposed portion of the eye ball except the cornea. The epithelial layer of the conjunctiva, continues over the cornea and forms the outermost or stratified epithelial layer of this structure, E, Figs. i8 and 19. That portion of the conjunctiva lining the lids is known as the palpebral conjunctiva, F. Figs. 18 and 19, and that portion covering the exposed scleral portion of the eye ball is known as the ocular conjunctiva, as shown at G. At H, Fig. 18, is shown the plica semilunaris, and it will be noted that it is gradually becoming smaller. At I, Figs. 18 and 19, is shown the choroid, which is just form- ing; at J, is shown the sclerotic and at K, Figs. 18 and 19, is shown the farther development of the extrinsic muscles. When the twt* lids come into apposition in front of the eye ball they become cemented together, as shown at h. Fig. 19. In all animals in which the retina is completely developed before birth the lids are separated at birth, but in those animals whose retina is not fully developed at birth, such as the kitten and puppy, the lids do not separate for some days after birth, or until the retina is sufficiently de- veloped so as to withstand the effects of light. At A, Fig. 20, is shown the conjunctival sack, at B the shrinking plica semilunaris and at C the tendon of the ex- ternal rectus muscle and its attachment to the eye ball in front and the belly of the muscle posteriorly. At D, Fig. 20, is shown the sheath of the optic nerve and the farther development of the nerve itself, at E the vitreous body and at F it will be seen that the retina is farther developed and about four layers may be made out. At A, Fig. 21, is shown the developing fibers of the orbicularis (circular) palpebrarum muscle, at B is shown the margins of the lids and the developing cilia (hairs) or eye lashes, and at C is shown a developing hair in the lid. D, Fig. 21, shows the commencement jf the development THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 29 of the ciliary body and the iris. These are the last structures to be developed within the eye ball. E, Fig. 21, shows the cut end of the inferior oblique muscle, F shows the lens ^^^^^^ ^^^^r^> iBBB|^^^»___H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hja ^BkiB#°'^^ IT' ^ ~]^ ^^V m ^T/'W^ Fig. 22. Vertical section through eye of pig, 110 mm. long. Magnified 480 times. fully developed, also the fibers. G, Fig. 21, shows the vitreous body and H shows the retina practically as is found in the adult eve. 30 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. A, Fig. 22, shows the pupilary membrane stretching across the pupilary space, and in it may be seen Httle white areas. These are the branches of the hyaloid artery which furnishes the nutrition to the lens during its development, and it will be remembered that this artery atrophies before birth and that the pupilary membrane disappears, ostensi- bly being absorbed. At B, Fig. 22, is shown the iris grow- ing out from the ciliary bodies. C and D shows the cornea and in it is shown the lacuna (small lakes), which are minute openings between the layers of the lamina propria (proper layer), and E shows the lid with its developing structures. F, Fig. 22, shows the conjunctival sack and G shows the ocular conjunctiva and just back of it the anterior portion of Tenon's space. H, Fig. 22, shows the levator palpebra superioris (the lifter of the upper lid). I shows the lids held together by the cement substance and J shows the vitreous body (glass-like body). CHAPTER II.. ANATOMY. Having hitrriedl}' described the development of the eye ball, we will Jiow go over the adult eye, giving the gross and leaving the minute anatomy until we have advanced farther with the subject. The adult eye ball is 24.5 mm. across, 24. mm. from front to back, 23.5 from top to bottom, weighs a fraction less than one-quarter ounce and is com- posed of the segments of two spheres ; the anterior portion, or the cornea, A, Fig. 23 (meaning hor^ilike), being the segment of a much smaller sphere than the posterior or scleral portion, the cornea comprising one-sixth of the outer surface, while the sclerotic (hard or tough), shown at B, makes up the other five-sixths. The cornea is transparent and thus forms the window through which the light is ad- mitted to the eye ball and this transparency allows us to see the iris (rainbow), E, the structure lying directly behind the cornea. The iris is a circular structure pierced at the center by the opening known as the pupil. It contains two muscles, the one surrounding the pupil, which is a narrow band of circular fibers known as the sphincter pupillae mus- cle (meaning the bijider muscle), K. This muscle closes the pupil, to protect the delicate tissues at the back of the eyeball from bright or intense light, then the dilator pupillae muscle, the fibers of which extend from the base of the iris to the sphincter pupillae. This muscle enlarges the pupil when more light is required to form a denser picture on the retina. The lens, F, lies just back of the pupil but can only be seen after it has lost its transparency. Continuing back- ward from the base of the iris, will be seen the ciliary body, 31 32 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. I, and between this structure and the sclerotic is found the ciliary muscle, H. In front of the ciliary muscle and at the base of the iris, is seen the pectinate ligament (comblike ligament), Q and J. This is made up of many small bun- dles of connective tissue, running from the periphery of the cornea to the base of the iris, across the angle formed by the junction of the cornea and the iris. This angle is known as the filtration angle, for the aqueous fluid, which fills the an- terior and posterior chambers, leaves the eyeball, at this point. It passes into the spaces of fontana (fountain spaces), the spaces of fontana simply being the space be- tween the bundles of fibers forming the pectinate ligament, and from these spaces the aqueous fluid, or nutrient lymph, as it is sometimes called, passes through the tissues to the canal of Schlemm, which is seen in Fig. 23 in the cornea just outside of the spaces of fontana. The canal of Schlemm is a circular channel within the corneal tissue, extending clear around the periphery of the cornea and the fluids pass from the canal of Schlemm to the anterior ciliary veins. Extending backward from the ciliary bodies and continuous with them, are the ciliary processes. These end near the ora serratta (saw tooth mouth), X, of the retina. Running from the ora ser- ratta forward to the lens, imbedded in the outer layer of the hyaloid membrane and bound down firmly to the inner surface of the ciliary processes and bodies is the suspensory ligament or Zonule (belt) of Zinn, as Dr. Zinn first de- scribed it, G. The ligament proper is made up of very elastic fibers, which, as before stated, are imbedded in the outer layer of the hyaloid membrane. The hyaloid mem- bra^ie surrounds the vitreous body and these fibers, the writer believes, to be elongated fibers of Mueller, which be- THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 33 came attached to the lens during foetal life when the fornix (arch) of the primary and secondary optic vesicles were in apposition (touching) to the equator of the lens and as the Fig. 23. Cross section of the Eye, showing its construction. globe enlarged they elongated. See Figs. 7 to 20. This ligament leaves the ciliary bodies and passes across the space between them and the le,ns, a part of the fibers passing a little anterior of the equator and the rest a little posterior to the equator of the lens and are attached to the capsule 34 THK ANATOMY OF THE EYE. of the lens. The triangular space formed by this separation of the suspensory ligament fibers is known as the Canal of Petit, shown at R. The lens, F, is a transparent body and occupies the space just back of the iris and between the cir- cle of inward projecting ciliary bodies. It is round, and flattened from before backward, its anterior and posterior surfaces being convex, the posterior surface having the shorter radius of curvature. It lies in a depression m the anterior surface of the vitreous body. This depression is known as the fossae Patellaris (dishlike depression) and is supported by this and the suspensory ligament. The lens is surrounded by a dense transparent membrane known as the capsule. The space in front of the ciliary bodies, suspen- sory ligament and lens, and back of the iris, is known as the posterior chamber, T, and the space in front of the iris and lens at the pupilary space and behind the cornea, is known as the anterior chamber, S. The sclerotic coat (tough coat), B, continues backward from the cornea by continuity (continuation of tissue by blending one into another) of tissue over the posterior five- sixths of the eyeball to the optic nerve, where it divides, the inner portion forming the lamina cribrosa (sieve layer), M, whilst the outer portion passes into the sheath of the optic nerve Y. It is pierced by the ciliary arteries P; by nerves which enter the eyeball in a circle surrounding the nerve; by the vena vortacosa, four or five of which leave the eyeball just back of the equator; and by the anterior ciliary arteries and veins which enter the eyeball at the attach- ments of the extrinsic muscles, just back of the cornea. The region where the cornea ends and the sclerotic begins is known as the limbus (seam), W, and the angle or de- pression formed by the difference in the radius of curva- ture of the two spheres, represented in the formation of the eyeball in the corneal and scleral portion Z, is known as the sclero corneal sulsus (furrow). This angle makes the eye- ball stronger and more firm at this point and it is just inside, THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 35 Opposite lliis angle that the cihary muscle, II, is attached anteriorly, whilst posteriorly the longitudinal fibers are at- tached to the outer surface of the choroid, in the region of the ciliary processes and bodies, as this muscle is interposed between the sclerotic and choroid in this region. The ciliar)' muscle, H, is made up of two sets of muscular fibers, the longitudinal nuining antero-posteriorly which are placed farthest out, next to the sclerotic, and the circular fibers which lie farthest inward, just outside of the ciliary bodies. These last named fibers take a circular course ajid form a band of circular fibers extending entirely around the ciliary ring. Just inside of the ciliary muscle and sclerotic is found a very vascular pigmented layer, C, knowii as the choroid (meaning membrane). This is loosely attached to the sclerotic by the exchange of bundles of tissue called tra- beculae and this space so formed is known as the supra choroidal space. The choroid is the middle tunic, or coat, of the three grand tunics of the eyeball. It is extremely vascular and it is analogous to the pia mater of the brain. The choroid, ciliary processes, ciliary bodies and the iris constitute what is known as the uveal coat (grape skin coat) , and the three combined line all the scleral portion and compose the iris or curtain in front of the lens. Posterior- ly the choroid is pierced by the optic nerve and this opening is known as the choroidal fissure (choroidal opening). As before stated, the posterior ciliary arteries ajid nerves pass through the sclerotic to reach the choroid. Here the short, posterior ciliary arteries, P, from twelve to twenty in num- ber, divide, one branch running toward the optic nerve ; the others run anteriorly and begin to subdivide as they run forward supplying the choroid, and some branch to the sclerotic. Two of the interjial branches may be seen near the optic nerve in Fig. 23, the final destination of the an- terior branches being the ciliary bodies, where they form capillary loops and turn backward as venous capillaries. 36 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. These capillaries keep joining with others and forming con- stantly larger veins, till finally there are great whorls formed in the region of the equator, where great numbers join to form the vena vortacosa which leave the eyeball just back of the equator to empty into the ophthalmic vein. Close inspection of this layer in Fig. 23 will reveal minute white spots al) through its expanse and these white spots are cross sections of the arteries and their branches as well as the veins of the whorls from which the vena vortacosa are formed within the tissue. There are two long pos- terior ciliary arteries which enter the eyeball with the short set of arteries; one enters just i.nside, the other just outside of the optic nerve. These pass forward in the choroid without giving off any branches, until they reach the ciliary region. Here they each divide into branches which take a circular course and form a circle of an- astomosis at the base of the iris and form what is known as the circulus major (the largest circle), 2, of the iris. The anterior ciliary arteries also join in this network, form- ing an anastomosis with them ; then from this outer or larger circle branches pass into the iris and run toward the free margin or pupil, and when these reach the region of the sphincter pupillae muscle, another circle of anastomosis is formed and this is called the circulus m.lnor (smallest circle) of the iris ; from this smaller circle are given off capil- laries, which form a circle of loops right at the free margin of the iris. These turn back as capillary loops, run one into another and become larger and larger and finally form veins known as the anterior ciliary veins ajid these veins also receive the aqueous humor from the canal of Schlemm, and therefore drain the anterior chamber. This was proven by injecting coloring matter into the anterior chamber, then after a few moments killing the animal and finding this colored matter in the anterior ciliary veins. The anterior ciliary veins leave the eye ball at the muscular THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 37 attachments and pass away from the eye ball in the mus- cles finally reaching the ophthalmic vein from them. The ciliary nerves, about twenty in number, which arise from the ciliary ganglion (knot), enter the eyeball in a circle just outside of the optic nerve. They run forv/ard in the supra choroidal space, giving off branches. Sup- playing this structure, as well as the sclerotic, they run forward and form the ciliary plexus, which lies in the ciliary muscle. From this plexus branches run to the iris and cornea, supplying motor impulses to the sphincter pupillae muscle, dilator pupillae muscle, as well as trophic and sensory functions to the iris proper ; the branches pass- ing to the cornea are trophic and sensory only. Just outside of the optic nerve, where it pierces the eye- ball, is ^und a circle of anastomosis, giving a pretty free blood supply to the sheath at this point and sending branches into the substance of the nerve, to supply nutrition to the sustentacular, or binding tissue, which forms tra- beculae (beams) between the nerve bundles. This circle. O, is known as the circulus of Zinn, as he was the first to describe it. Passing to the inner surface of the wall of the eyeball. we find the third of three grand tunics known as the ret- ina (net), D. This lines the inner wall from the head of the optic nerve, also called the optic disc, or papillae, to the era serratta. It is made up of seven layers of nervous tis- sue, two layers of connective tissue and one single layer of columnar pigmented cell:^. The nine innermost layers are held together by the sustentacular or binding tis- sue, which is known as the fibers of Muller. The outer or pigmented columnar layer is intimately attached to the choroid, while the other nine layers are loosely attached to this layer, yet firmly attached to the choroid at the ora serratta, while the ar- rangement of the uorvc fiber kiycr and the passing of the axis cylinder processes through the choroidal fissure and 38 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. their continuation into the optic nerve bind the retina down firmly at this point. The retina is the nervous tunic and the most sensitive in the eyeball and is the one v^hich makes possible the sense of sight. Its most sensitive area Hes just outside of the optic nerve and is known as the macula lutea, V (the yellow spot), so named from the fact that if examined after death, it will be seen to have a yel- lowish hue. Then again the central spot within the macula is known as fovea centralis (or central pit). The retina thins down ajid leaves a cone-shaped pit, there being only two layers at this central spot. The retina receives its blood supply from the arteria centralis retina (central ar- ^^^y)y 3- Ihis enters the eyeball in the substance of the optic nerve, having become incorporated in the nerve during the folding of the optic stalk and vesicles durijig foetal life. See Figs. 10 and 11. When it passes through the choroidal fissure it divides, one branch passing upward, the other downward. These are known as the superior and inferior branches. Each subdivide, making four branches ; one run- nijig upward and toward the nose, another upward and toward the temple, another downward and inward toward the nose, and another outward and downward toward the temple and from the direction taken they are named. The one running upward toward the ^lose is known as the supe- rior nasal branch, whilst the one running downward to- ward the nose is known as the inferior nasal ; the one run- ning upward toward the temple is known as the superior temporal, the one running downward toward the temple is known as the inferior temporal branch. The farther sub- divisions become so small and are so inconstant in their arrangement, that they have never beeji named. These ves- sels are imbedded in the retina, ramifying in the four inner- most layers. They are readily seen with an ophthalmoscope from the fact that the retinal tissue surrounding them is transparent. These vessels keep dividing lill (hey become capillaries and turji back as venous capillaries. These capil- THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 39 laries keep joining and rejoining until the vena centralis retina is formed and this passes out by the side of the arteria centralis retina. These veins are normally about one-third larger than the arteries and as they carry vejious blood, which is loaded with waste products, they are of a darker red color when viewed with an ophthalmoscope. As before stated the sclerotic coat posteriorly divides into three parts, the outer portion continuing into the sheath of the optic nerve, Y, the middle portion passes to the pial sheath, while the innermost portion breaks up into bundles and bridges across the space just back of the choroidal fis- sure, passing through the optic nerve and as these fibers come from all points and pass across in all directions, there is formed a sieve-like kyer which is known as the lamina cribrosa (sieve layer). This reinforces the globe at this point, which otherwise would not stand the strain exerted by the normal tension within the eyeball. The optic iierve fibers pass through the meshes in this sieve layer and the optic nerve proper commences just back of this, where the insulation in the form of the myelin (marrow) sheaths be- gin. The opening through the lamina cribrosa, through which the arteria centralis retina and veins pass, is known as the porus opticus. At the head of the optic nerve, at the inner wall of the eyeball, there is found a shallow, fun- nel-shaped pit, L, known as the physiological cup (nor- mal cup). This pit is formed owing to the fact that when the axis cylinder processes reach the choroidal fissure and turn backward over the edge of the choroid, they make a gradual symmetrical turn, instead of running out and mak- ing a sharp right ajigled turn, so the innermost fibers join at the center, after having bent to a certain extent, thus leaving this normal depression. This depression of course is filled by the vitreous body. The space surrounded by the retina, ciliary processes, ciliary bodies, suspensory ligament and lens, is filled by the vitreous body, U. This is made up of shapeless cells, more 40 THE ANATOMY OF THK EYE. to be compared to an open meshed sponge than anything else, and fluid and the whole body is of the consistency of the white of an egg. It is surrounded by the hyaloid mem- brane, which lies on the injier limiting membrane of the retina. At the ora serratta, this hyaloid membrane divides. The outermost layer is firmly attached to the inner surface of the ciliary processes and bodies and passes from the cil- iary bodies to the lens, and imbedded in it are the fibers of the suspensory ligament. The innermost layer continues over the front of the vitreous body and lines the fossae patillaris (dish-like depression), in which the lens rests. The vitreous body and its surrounding membrane are per- fectly transparent. Running forward from the head of the optic nerve to the posterior of the lens, is a lymph space, known as the hyaloid canal, or the canal of Stilling; this was the channel through which the hyaloid artery passed to supply nutrition to the developing vitreous and lens, during foetal life. See Fig. i6. This artery atrophies before birth, and leaves this canal. The cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous, form the refractive media of the eye, from the fact that they are transparejit and are of different den- sities and different curvatures, so arranged that light enter- ing a normal eye is brought to a focus at the retina. The eyeball has numerous lymph spaces and channels. The space between the sclerotic and choroid is known as the supra choroidal space. The greater portion of the contents of the eyeball are fluids, which are practically the same as lymph found in other parts of the body; they are furnished by the osmosis (passing out), of the fluids of the blood through the walls of the capillaries in the ciliary bodies. A portion passes into the canal of Petit and back into the vitre- ous body, while the rest passes into the posterior chamber, part directly from the anterior portion of the ciliary bodies and part from the canal of Petit. The supra choroidal space is filled with fluids ajid is drained by the lymph spaces ac- companying the vena vortacosa. Tn healthy eyes all these THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 4 1 fluids are constantly being supplied and rapidly passing out, so they do not become stagnant. The orbits are four sided and pyramidal in form. The base is formed by the brim of the orbit, A, Fig. 24. The apex is at the sphenoidal fissure or opening, shown at B. The opening at the brim of the orbit, transversely, is one and one half inches, while vertically it is but one and one-fourth inches. Its depth, from the brim to the sphenoidal foramen, is one and three-fourths inches. The roof arches somewhat and the floor is slightly depressed, while the outer and inner walls are straight. The walls of the orbit are formed by seven bones. The roof is mainly formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone, shown at C, and a very small portion at the posterior of the orbit by the lesser wing of the sphenoid, shown at D. The inner wall, from before back- ward, is formed by the nasal process of the superior maxil- lary, shown at E, lachrymal F, ethmoid H, orbital process of the superior maxillary G and the orbital portion of the sphenoid I. The floor is formed by the orbital plate of the superior maxillary J, orbital process of the plate K and a small portion of malar L. The outer wall is formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid M, and the orbital process of malar N. The openings in the walls in the orbital cavity are as fol- lows : On the interior wall, from before backward, the lachry- mal canal, leading to the nasal cavity, through which the lachrymal duct passes ; the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen (opening), through which the nasal branch of the ophthalmic nerve and artery leave the orbit ; at the apex the sphenoidal fissure, through which the third, fourth, sixth and ophthalmic branches of the fifth nerve enter the orbit and the ophthalmic vein leaves it; above and to the inner side of the sphenoidal fissure is found the optic foramen O. It is through this opening that the second or optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit. At the lower, outer side, is found the spheno maxillary fissure P. It is through this 42 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. Fig. 24. Tlie Human Skull. Opening that the upper branch of the superior maxillary or middle division of the fifth or trifacial nerve enters the orbit. It lies in a groove in the floor of the orbit at Q, and leaves the orbit with the infra orbital artery through the infra orbital foramen R. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 43 Above the orbit, at its brim, is found a small opening, known as the supra orbital foramen, shown at S, through which the supra orbital nerve and artery leave the orbit. Sometimes this fails to fill in with bone at the brim and then only forms a notch, as shown at T. The inner walls are practically straight, from before backward, while the outer walls run obliquely backward and inward. Thus it will be seen that the axial poles of the two orbits diverge something like thirty degrees. The two eyeballs occupy the anterior central portion of the orbits. The rest of the orbit is filled with the orbital fat and the structures necessary for the performance of ocular functions and protection to the eyeball. Covering the front, or base of the orbit and in front of the eyeball, are found the two lids, the upper and the lower, known as the palpebral and shown at G and H, Fig. 25. The opening between the two lids, through which the eye- ball is seen is known as the palpebral fissure and where the two lids join, at the outer and inner sides of the eyeball, is called the outer and inner canthus, as shown at A and B. Near the inner canthus, the two lids approach one another, then separate again slightly, before coming together, and this little circular portion of the palpebral fissure is known as the lakus (meaning small lake, and is so called because the tears flow into it before leaving the palpebral fissure). Lying within the lakus is a small, red body, formed of mucous tissue and of some few very fine hairs, also the remains of the schneiderian gland, which is. found in those lower animals which have a third eyelid or nictitating membrane. This body is called the caruncle (small growth of flesh), shown at C, and just outside of the caruncle is found a fold of the conjunctiva (which membrane lines the lids and cov- ers all the portion of the eyeball which is exposed when the lids are parted, except the corneal portion). This fold is the remains of the mem1)rana nictatans and is called the plica semilunaris (half moon fold), and is shown at F. All along 44 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. the free margin of the lids, there is a row of hairs, which extend forward, with a slight turning upward at the outer ends on the upper lid and downward on the lower lid. These are the cilia (hairs) or eyelashes. As before stated, when the lids approach, near the inner canthus, they arch away from each other, to form the lakus — A D a Fig. 25. and on the free margin of the lids at this angle, is found a small, slightly raised pdint, known as the lachrymal papillae (tear pimples), shown at I, from the fact that in the center of each one is found a little opening, called the lachrymal puncta (minute opening), so named from the fact that the tears pass out of the palpebral fissure through these two openings. At the anterior central portion of the eyeball is seen a round, dark area, shown at D, with a central, smaller, round and darker area, shown at E. Tlie outer, lighter por- tion, is the iris, and the smaller, darker portion is the opening THE ANATOMY OP^ THE EYE. 45 through its center, known as the pupil. These are seen through the transparent cornea, M, and all the opaque, or white portion of the eyeball, seen from ni front, is the sclerotic, L, which is seen through the transparent con- junctiva. When the lids are separated, there is seen above the palpebral fissure, a fold of skin, J, which is caused by a bundle of fibers from the muscle which raises the upper lid passing outward and being attached to the skin, which draws the lower part of the skin, covering the lid, upward and al- Fi^. lit). Showin/j Tendo Oculi. lowing the skin covering the upper part of the lid to drop down, forming the fold, and in this way nature has provided against this loose skin dropping over the edge of the lid and obscuring vision, when the Hd is raised and the skin slackened. Above the orbit, and covering a ridge, is a growth of hairs called the supra cilia (the hairs above) or eyebrows, K. This ridge is known as the supra ciliary ridge and is caused by a ridge of bone and a muscle underlying the skin. If the skin were dissected away, immediately beneath it would be found the superficial facia covering the deeper structure of the lids and stretching across the orbit. This is a thin, fibrous sheet, which is found immediately beneath the skin 4^ THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. and areolar tissue in all portions of the body. At the outer and inner sides of the palpebral fissure, running from the canthi to the orbital walls, is seen the external and internal angular or palpebral ligaments, also called the orbicular liga- ments (shown at A and B, Fig. 26), and just above the orbit would be seen the corrugator supra ciliary muscle (supra ciliary wrinkler) shown at C. It arises from the frontal bone near the median line and along the supra ciliary ridge, Fig. 27. Showing Orbicularis Muscle. and is attached to the upper and outer fibers of the orbicu- laris muscle. It is the contraction of this muscle which causes the vertical wrinkles in the skin at the lower central portion of the forehead. Its nerve supply comes from the facial nerve, yet there seems to be a reflex action between this muscle and those of accommodation, for we see this corrugation or wrinkling most frequently in those who are hyperopic. If we dissect away the superficial facia, immediately beneath it will be found the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle (circular muscle of the lids) shown at D, Fig. 27. It arises from the bony walls of the orbit at the brim. The bundles THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 47 of fibers pass inward and take a circular course and surround the palpebral fissure C, being continuous around the two canthi, A and B. This muscle is supplied by the facial nerve, and its action is to close the palpebral fissure and bring the free margins of the lids into apposition (touch- ing), thus hiding the eyeball. If the dissection is continued deeper, the deep facia would be exposed and in the region of the eye it is quite dense and fibrous and is called the ligament of Lockwood. It is shown Fig. 28. Showing Ligament of Lockwood. at A, Fig. 28. In it are embedded the tarsal (lid) carti- lages, and above will be found the levator palpebrae superi- oris muscle (the lifter of the upper lid), shown at B. This muscle arises from the ligament of Zinn, which surrounds the optic foramen; it runs forward and upward and its tendon spreads out fan-shaped and is attached to the upper edge of the tarsal cartilage; a few fibers pass out and are attached to the skin. Its nerve supply is from the third, or motor oculi. At the upper, inner side of the orbit, is seen the trochlea (pulley), shown at C, and passing through it and turning outward and downward, to be attached to the eyeball, is seen the superior oblique muscle D. It arises also from 48 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. the ligament of Zinn, passes forward, upward and inward through the orhit, then becomes tendonous and passes through the trochlea, then runs outward, down- ward and backward, and is attached to the eyeball under- ucath and outside of the superior rectus muscle, just back of the equator. This muscle receives its nerve supply from the fourth or patheticus nerve. At the upper, outer side of the orbit is seen the lachrymal gland (tear gland), shown B M Fig. 29. Showing Arteries of the Lids. at E. This is a compound racemose gland (resembling a bundle of grapes), and its ducts empty into the conjunc- tival sac, at the fornix conjunctiva (arch of the conjunc- tiva), at the upper, outer angle. This gland secretes the tears which are poured into the conjunctival sac, when the eye is irritated, to wash away any foreign substance which may be the cause of the irritation. This gland is especially supplied with sensory nerves from the branch of the ophthal- mic nerve, which is named after the gland. At the outer THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 49 and inner cantlii are again seen the angular ligaments F, and beneath the internal angular ligament, is found the tensor tarsi muscle, which is supplied by the facial nerve. If the structures of the lids were dissected away, leaving only the arteries, their arrangement would be about as seen in Fig. 29. A is the angular artery, the terminal branch of the facial, and it is through this branch that collateral cir- culation to the brain is established, if the internal carotid is Fig. 30. Showing Veins of the Lids. occluded, for it forms an anastomosis with the frontal artery G, this being the terminal branch of the ophthalmic arteiy. B is the infra orbital artery which comes to the surface from the orbit, through the infra orbital foramen. D is the supra orbital which comes from the orbit to the face through the supra orbital foramen. H is the lachrymal branch of the ophthalmic artery, after piercing the lid. I shows a branch of the anterior temporal artery as it comes to the region of the eye. This branch is of importance, from the fact that in acute inflammations of the orbit, or its contents, leeching 50 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. is resorted to on the temple, and it is the blood from this artery that is taken. E shows a branch from the transverse facial artery. Running across the lids, just above and below the opening, are seen two arterial trunks, F and J. They are divided into four arteries, the superior internal palpe- bral, the superior external palpebral, the inferior internal palpebral and the inferior external palpebral. It will be seen that the lids are well supplied with blood and that there is a free anastomosis of these vessels in and around the eyelids. Fig. .U. Showing Nerves of the Lids, Should all the structures of the lids be dissected away, leavuig only the veins. Fig. 30 would be a fair representa- tion. The names of these veins are the same as those of the arteries. A is the angular ; B the infra orbital ; C shows the veins draining the palpebral margins, which are sup- plied by the four palpebral arteries; D shows the frontal, which forms the anastomosis and is the branch through which all parts of the orbit are drained, if there is occlu- sion of the ophthalmic vein, near the cavernous sinus, at the back of the orbit. E points out the infra orbital and F the THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 5 1 anterior Iciiiporal. Thus it is seen that the drainage from the lids is abundant and this explains why it is that inflam- matory conditions in this region are so easily controlled with hot or cold compresses. If all other structures of the lids were dissected away, leaving the nerves only, Fig. 31 would give a fair idea of their arrangement. At A is seen the supra orbital nerve, after having emerged through the supra orbital foramen. At B, just outside of it, is seen the lachrymal nerve, after having pierced the lid, and at C are seen four branches coming from the facial nerve to supply the orbicularis pal- pebrarum. These are the only motor nerves shown in Fig. 31. The rest are all sensory nerves and are branches from the first and second divisions of the trifacial or fifth nerve. At D is seen the infra orbital nerve after emerging from the infra orbital foramen. It is the upper branch of the middle division of the trifacial nerve. At E are seen two branches emerging, the upper one passes above the trochlea and is known as the supra trochlear, while the lower passes below the trochlea and is called the infra trochlear nerve. The aggregation of small branches near the free margins of the upper and lower lids at F, is known as the plexus of Mises. It is thus seen that the lids are not wanting in sensory nerves. If the lower portion of the nose were cut away and the deeper structures exposed between the palpebral fissure and the nosC; we would find the lachrymal (tear) conducting apparatus, A, Fig. 32, which shows the canaliculi (minute canals) above and below the lakus (small lake), B. These empty into the lachrymal sac (tear sack) C, which becomes smaller as it extends downward toward the nasal cavity and is known as the lachrymal or nasal duct, D. This empties into the nasal cavity below the inferior turbinate, E, into the space known as the inferior meatus, F. At G is shown the middle turbinate and H shows the nasal cavity proper. At I will be seen the tendo oculi or palpebral ligament cut 52 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. .short. The lachrymal sack occupies a triangular 8i)aec be- hind this structure, and in front of the tensor tarsi or Hor- ners' muscle, and when these two structures are made taut, as is the case when the eye is closed, this arrangement causes a pulling forward and outward of the anterior portion of the lachrymal sac by the palpebral ligament, while at the 3 c Jl /' '^ "iP" ^H^ii ___ \,|yf Fig. 32. Showing Canaliculi and Lachrymal Sac and canal emptying into the nasal canal. same time the tensor tarsi muscle pulls the posterior portion outward and backward, thus distending the sac. Below the lachrymal sac there are valves in the lachrymal duct leading to the nasal cavity. These open downward and close the duct when there is suction from above, as is the case when the sac is distending, and the closing of the lids (which has distended the sac) has turned the lachrymal papilla, I, Fig. 25, so that their tips, where the lachrymal puncta are located, are pressed into the lakus, B, Fig. 32, and C, Fig. 25. As THE ANATOMV' OF THE EYE. 53 the lachrymal duct is closed there is produced a suction at these openings so that any of the lachrymal fluid (tear fluid) which may be in the lakus is drawn into the canaliculi and onward into the lachrymal sac. When the eye is opened and the lachrymal sac collapses the valves in the lachrymal ducts open and the fluid is given free passage into the nose. ^\ ,/ M c^ !*'V-,VC Fig. 33. vShowing Conjunctival Surface of the Lids. So it is seen that we have here a truly mechanical pumping apparatus to carry the tears from the eye. At J is seen the corrugator supracilia muscle. Should we separate the lids from their attachments and leave only the attachments between them and the nose and swing them around forward, to clear the orbit, and look at the posterior or conjunctival surface of the lids, we would behold about the picture as seen in Fig. 33. At A is seen the lachrymal gland and at B the openings through the conjunctiva where its ducts empty into the con- 54 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. junctival sac at the fornix. C shows the conjunctival tissue, dissected from the back of the Hds, exposing the tarsal carti- lages in which are imbedded the meibomian glands, shown at D, and their ducts opening onto the free margin of the lids, E. These glands secrete a sebaceous (oily) material which helps to lubricate the lids as they glide over the eye- ball and also prevents the lids from sticking together when we sleep. Another function is that as the margins of the Fig. 34, Showing the Anterior Attachment to the Eye BaU of the Recti Muscles. lids are kept oiled all the time, the tears do not flow over them so readily and as the two lids come into apposition at the outer angle first and then gradually close the pal- pebral fissure from without inward toward the nose, the lachrymal fluid flows inward toward the lakus instead of over the margin of the lid and on to the cheek, as it would do if it were not for this sebaceous material being so freely distributed along the free margin of the lid. This oily substance also mixes with the tears and helps to prevent friction between the eye ball and lids, as well as keeping THE A-N ATOMY OF THE EYE. 55 the cornea oiled so it does not dry so quickly as it other- wise v/ould. F shows the location of the canaliculi and G the lachrymal sac ; H shows the tensor tarsi, or Homers' muscle, cut away ; I shows the corrugator supracilli ; J shows the levator labii superioris et aliqua nasi muscle (the lifter of the upper lip and the wing of the nose). This muscle arises just below the inner side of the orbit. K shows the frontal sinus and L shows the maxillary sinus. These two sinuses sometimes become diseased and affect the eye on account of their nearness to it. Should the lids be severed throughout their extent except at the inner side and swung out across the nose and all the tissue of the anterior part of the orbit dissected away, ex- cept the globe and recti muscles, as shown in Fig. 34, we could see the anterior portions and the attachments of the four straight recti muscles. A, B, C and D, the tendon E and pulley F, of the superior oblique and almost the whole of the inferior oblique muscle G as it arises from the floor of the orbit well forward and runs outward and slightly backward passing below the inferior rectus and is attached to the lower posterior quadrant of the eyeball. H shows the ocular conjunctiva, cut in a circle just outside of the cornea. Should we make a horizontal cross section through the orbit and its contents, dissecting away all structures except the ligaments, fascias, etc., we would find the arrangement about as shown in Fig. 35. At A is shown the lid with the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle B, and the tarsal cartilage C, with the conjunctiva D, lining the conjunctival sac E, in which lies the plica semilunaris Q. At either side, in front, running from the Hd to the brim of the orbital bones, is seen the orbito tarsal ligamiCnt or tendo oculi F, and just back of it, at the internal side, is found the tensor tarsi muscle or Horner's muscle H. Just next to the wall of the orbit and placed between the tendo oculi and the tensor tarsi muscle is found the lachrymal sac I. At either side of the globe, run- 56 THE ANATOMY OV THE EYE. ning forward from the internal recti muscle K and the ex- ternal recti muscle L, is seen the check ligaments of these muscles G. These are bands of fascia from the muscle sheaths, which run forward and blend with the deep fascia or ligament of Lockwood, which stretches across the front or base of the orbit within the lids, above and below the palpebral fissure. These check ligaments prevent ex- '■••.Mi '( A 1'. C- i ■' JI|| . ;fN ./ ^ 'p 1 Fig. 35. Cross Section of Orbit and Contents. treme action of the muscles, which otherwise might do harm- to the optic nerve, by rotating the eyeball too greatly. Just outside of the posterior portion of the eyeball is seen the space of Tenon N, which is a lymph space, and outside of it Tenon's sheath or capsule. Tenon's space is crossed by loose bundles of connective tissue, running from the sclera to Tenon's capsule and vice versa. These are known as trabeculae (fibrous bands). These are very loose and of sufficient length to allow free movements of the eyeball in the socket formed by Tenon's capsule. When the recti THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 57 muscles come near to the eyeball, the sheaths of the muscles blend with the capsule of Tenon, as shown at J, and it must be borne in mind that this connection greatly modifies the action of the recti muscles. Posteriorly is seen the optic nerve O, surrounded by the intra vaginal space P, and sur- rounding this space is found the sheath of the optic nerve, which is continuous with the sclerotic, and outside of the ,,1 K ,,. #« ! r^^: */' X -^ H / \ m ■\ -I) L '0 J Fig. 36. Vertical Cross Section of Orbit. Optic nerve sheath is found the supra vaginal space S, which is continuous with the space of Tenon. This is surrounded by Tenon's capsule, filling in the spaces between the eye- ball and the posterior or apex of the orbit, and between the muscles and other structures, is found the orbital fat T. This acts as a cushion for the eyeball as well as filling the spaces between the structures of the orbit. Fig. 36 shows a vertical cross section of the orbit ; above and in front is seen the upper lid A and below in front is 58 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. the lower lid B, the slit between them, the palpebral fissure C. Back of the lids, and in front of the cornea, is the con- junctival sac and above and below is seen the fornices (folds) D, where the conjunctiva leaves the lid (palpebral conjunctiva) and folds on itself, forming the fornix and then covering the anterior of the eyeball (ocular conjunc- tiva), ceasing at the edge of the cornea. At E, Fig. 36, is found the check ligaments of the levator palpebral «"n- Fig. 37. Showing the Muscles of the Orbit. perioris J, and the iriferior rectus L, and at F is seen a band of tissue running from the upper side of the superior rectus muscle K to the lower side of the levator palpebrae. This band of tissue forms the check ligament of the superior rectus riiuscle. At H is seen the deep fascia or ligament of Lockwood. At G is seen the inferior oblique muscle with its sheath and the intimate relation of its sheath with the THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 59 sheath of the inferior rectus I, and the capsule of Tenon. This is of importance from the fact of the modification of the action of the inferior obHque which it causes. At M is seen the orbital fat. Should the roof of the orbit be cut away and all the structures of the orbit dissected away except the muscles, Fig. 38. Showing Vessels of Orbit. eyeball and the lachrymal gland, we would see about such a picture as shown by Fig. 37. The levator palpebrae su- perioris A, which occupies the uppermost portion of the orbit, is cut and thrown forward and exposes the superior rectus B, which lies just below it. At the inner side and above is shown the superior oblique C, running through the trochlea or pulley D, then its tendon E running obliquely outward and backward to its attachment to the globe F, be- 6o THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. neath the superior rectus. Just beneath and outside of tlie superior obHque, is seen the internal rectus muscle K. At A IS seen the external rectus muscle and between it and the eyeball is seen the attachment of the inferior oblique muscle H. At the floor of the orbit, just back of the eyeball, is shown a small portion of the inferior rectus muscle J. All these muscles, except the inferior oblique, arise from the ligament of Zinn, which surrounds the optic foramen at the apex of the orbit. In the upper anterior portion of the orbit is shown the lachrymal gland I, Should the roof of the orbit be cut away and all the structures of the orbit dissected away, except the arteries, veins, eyeball and lachrymal gland, we would see a picture about as portrayed in Fig. 38. Coming from the internal carotid artery, comes off the ophthalmic artery A, which enters the orbit through the optic foramen with the optic nerve. It first gives off the lachrymal branch D, which takes a course outward and upward to the position of the gland I, which it supplies, and after giving off branches to the gland, it pierces the lid and supplies the superficial structures of the lid, at the upper outer side of the orbit. The next branches given off are the several short posterior and long posterior ciliary arteries B, which run forward and pass into the eyeball in a circle around the optic nerve and run forward in the choroid. Shortly after these branches are given off, the arteria centralis retina is given off. This artery passes into the optic nerve ten or twelve millimeters back of the eyeball and passes through the choroidal fissure and gives the blood supply to the retina. There are also muscular branches given off which pass into the muscles and run forward in them to their attachments to the eyeball. These arteries pierce the sclerotic and enter the eyeball and are then known as the anterior ciliary arteries C. Then the supra orbital branch is given off, which runs upward and forward and passes out of the orbit through the supra orbital foramen and supplies the structures just above the THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 6l orbit. The posterior H, and anterior E, ctliemoid branches, are then given off. These pass through the posterior and anterior ethmoidal foramen, which are found in the upper posterior portion of the internal bony wall of the orbit. They first pass into the cranial cavity, then run downward through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to sup- ply the internal and anterior portion of the nose. Ante- riorly the ophthalmic artery gives off the frontal artery. These two then pierce the lids and one or the other forms an anastomosis with the angular artery, which is the termi- nal branch of the facial artery. This is of importance, from the fact that if the internal carotid artery or the posterior portion of the ophthalmic artery should be oc- cluded (stopped up), collateral circulation would be estab- lished by this route. Accompanying all the larger arteries are found the veins, which carry the return flow of blood, and these veins are known by the sam.e name as the artery which they accompany. However, there are no veins leav- ing the eyeball with the posterior ciliary arteries, but the drainage from the choroid is by the Vena Vorticosse, J. These leave the eyeball just back of the equator and there are usually about five in number. All these veins join to form the ophthalmic vein L, which passes backward through the sphenoidal fissure and empties into the cavernous sinus. As shown at B, Fig. 38, the ophthalmic artery gives off several small branches which enter the eyeball in a circle around the optic nerve. There are some twelve to twenty of these, which are known as the short posterior ciliary arteries and two known as the long posterior ciliary arteries. Should we enucleate the eyeball and dissect away all the tissues down to the choroid and leave only the long and short ciliary arteries. Fig. 39 would give us a fair repre- sentation of their distribution. The short posterior ciliary arteries. A, from twelve to twenty in number, enter the eye- ball by piercing the sclerotic in a circle just outside of the 62 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. optic nerve. Immediately after entering the sclerotic, they divide, the main portion running forward (See P, Fig. 23) and enter the choroid, breaking up into smaller vessels and lay in three strata or layers, the layer of large blood ves- sels, the layer of small blood vessels, which is immediately Fig. 39. Showing Ciliary Arteries. beneath it, and the chorio capillaris or capillary layer, which is the innermost layer and is just beneath the retina. The larger vessels run forward in the choroid and ciliary proc- esses to the ciliary bodies, which are just inside of the ciliary muscles B, where they end in capillary loops and turn back as venous capillaries, while the branches given off in their course form the layer of smaller blood ves- sels and these again break up into the chorio capillaris. The branches that turn toward the optic nerve, just after the short posterior ciliary arteries enter the sclerotic (See Fig. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 63 23) form ii circle of anastomosis around the optic nerve, known as circulus of Zinn, as shown at O, Fig. 23. This circle furnishes a copious blood supply to the head of the optic nerve as well as furnishing a path for the establish- ment of collateral circulation, when there is trouble with the branches which supply the nerve sheath with which they also connect or anastomose. There are two long posterior ciliary arteries, C, which enter the eyeball a little farther out than the short posterior ciliary arteries, one to the outer side of the nerve and one to the inner side. These run forward clear to the ciliary region, before they branch, and then when they do branch they join with, or anastomose with the anterior ciliary ar- teries, which enter the eyeball at the attachments of the recti muscles D, and these then form what is known as the cir- culus major (larger) of the Iris E, Fig. 39, and 2, Fig. 23. From this circle is given off the vessels for the iris, which run radially in toward the pupil G, and when these come near to the free margin of the iris another circle of an- astomosis is formed, which is known as the circulus minor F, Fig. 39, and E, Fig. 23. Inside of this, toward the pupil, are given off arterial capillaries which turn back as veins, which are drained by the anterior ciliary veins, which leave the eyeball at the muscular attachments D. At H is seen the vena vorticosa (whirlpool) and at I is seen the optic nerve. Should the eyeball be enucleated and the sclerotic and the tissues dissected oft', leaving only the veins of the posterior four-fifths of the eyeball, we would find practically the arrangement as seen in Fig. 40. The smaller veins pass back from the ciliary bodies at A from underneath the ciliary muscle F. These veins constantly join or anastomose with others and form four or five whirls, B, finally join to form the four or five vena vorticosae (whirlpool veins) C, which leave the eyeball just back of the equator and empty into the ophthalmic vein. See J. Fig. 38. 64 THE ANATOMY OF THE KYE. As previously mentioned the ophthalmic artery gives off one branch, which enters the optic nerve at its under sur- face and about ten to tv^elve millimeters back of the eye- ball> which is known as the arteria centralis retina (central Fig. 40. Veins of the EyebaU artery of the retina), from the fact that it enters the eye ball at the optic disc and spreads out to supply the retina (See 3, Fig. 23), and if we should take an eyeball and make a coronal cut down through it at the equator, then hold it up and look at the inner surface of the globe, we would see the picture as portrayed in Fig. 41. At the disc A are seen the arteries emerging from the head of optic nerve or disc and the veins leaving. The artery first breaks up into two branches, one running upward, the other downward. These are known as the upper, B, and lower, C, branches. These in turn each divide into two branches. Each of these four branches runs obliquely outward from the disc, the upper one THE ANATOMY OP^ THE EYE. 65 running inward toward the nose is called the superior nasal, D, and the one running upward and outward and toward the temple is called the superior temporal, E, while the one below, running inward toward the nose is known as the inferior nasal, F, and the one running downward and E ^^ /« '"^ i — '- Fig. 41. Arteries of the Retina outward toward the temple is called the inferior temporal, G. ' The farther divisions of these arteries are unnamed. However, there are usually one or two small arteries, which run from the disc toward the maculae, which when present arc called the macular arteries, H. These arteries and veins lie in the retina, I, and the arteria centralis retina is what is known as a terminal artery, or in other words, it forms no anastomosis with any other set of arteries, conse- quently when it breaks up into capillaries, these turn back as veins. These keep joining together and get larger and larger until there are large veins formed, which are named the same as the arteries which they accompany. As there is 66 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. usually a vein accompanying each artery, these join at the disc and form the vena centralis retina which leaves the eyeball within the optic nerve and lies within it for some ten or twelve millimeters. It then leaves the nerve and empties into the ophthalmic vein (See Fig. 23). The fact of the arteria centralis retina being a terminal artery in the retina having no collateral loops or anastomosis, as is the case in almost all other portions of the body, makes this of especial clinical significance, for if it becomes occluded, the nourish- ment is cut off from the retina and sight is lost and the retina atrophies in an exceedingly short period. Just to the temporal side of the disc is seen the macula (spot) and at its center the fovea centralis (central spot) J. It is so named from the fact that it is the thinnest spot in the whole retina and turns yellow after death. It is not seen as a yellow spot during life, with an ophthalmo- scope, as some inexperienced ones think, but as a dark area devoid of visible blood vessels and the yellow appearance which we see in examining the posterior inner surface of the eyeball after death is a post mortem (after death) change. K shows the choroid and L the scleral coat of the eyeball. Should we cut away the roof of the orbit and dissect away all the tissues except the nerves, eyeball, recti muscles, levator superioris and the lachrymal gland, Fig. 42 would be a fair representation of what we would observe. At A we see the sixth cranial or abduceus nerve, which innervat-es the external rectus muscle J, and at B is seen the third cranial nerve or the motor oculi, which furnishes nerve im- pulse to the levator palpebrae superioris K, the superior rectus L, the internal rectus M, the inferior rectus N, and the inferior oblique O, besides giving branches to the ciliary or lenticular ganglion Q. At C is shown the fourth cranial or patheticus (cry) nerve which supplies the superior oblique muscle I. At D is shown the fifth cranial, trigem- inus or trifacial nerve, and E the gasserian ganglion on the fifth nerve, and at F the upper or ophthalmic branch of the THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 67 fifth nerve which supplies sensation to the orbit, eyeball and its structures as well as the lids, and G the superior maxil- lary nerve or the middle branch of the trifacial or fifth nerve, and H the lower branch or the inferior maxillary nerve. However, we are only particularly interested in the first, upper or ophthalmic branch, and just slightly inter- ested in the second, or superior maxillary branch, for the ophthalmic nerve gives off first the nasal branch, R, which Fig. 42. The Nerves of the Orbit from Above. runs upward and inward through the orbit, giving a branch or root S to the lenticular ganglion Q, then passes out of the orbit to re-enter the cranial cavity through the ethmoid- al foramen, then it leaves the cranial cavity again through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and supplies sensa- tion to the anterior portion and the tip of the nose, and it is this branch which accounts for the reflexes between the nose and the eye. Then the ophthalmic gives off the lachry- mal branch, T, which runs upward and outward to the 68 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. lachrymal gland, I J, and after supplying the gland it pierces the lid and supplies sensation to the upper outer part of the lid (See B, Fig. 31). The ophthalmic then gives one or two branches or roots to the lenticular ganglion direct and continues upward and forward. The main portion of the nerve leaves the orbit through the supra orbital foramen and is known as the supraorbital nerve (See A, Fig. 31). However, just before leaving the orbit it gives oflf a branch which divides, and one branch pierces the lid above the Fig. 43. The Nerves of the Orbit from the side. pulley or troclea, V, of the superior oblique muscle. This branch is known as the supra trochlear (See E, Fig. 31) ; the other one pierces the lid just below the trochlea and is known as the infra trochlear branch (See E, Fig. 31). Should we make a vertical section of the walls of the orbit and dissect away the tissues, leaving only the eyeball, nerves and lachrymal gland, we would have the appearance as shown in Fig. 43. At A is shown the sixth or abduceus nerve, which is cut and thrown up at I, and at B is seen the third cranial or motor oculi nerve, and at J its branches or roots to the lenticular ganglion, K, and at D is shown the THE AN ATOM V OF THE EYE. 69 fifth cranial nerve, and at E the gasserian ganglion. At F is shown the first division, which is known as the ophthalmic nerve, and at L is shown its branches to the lenticular ganglion. At G is shown the second division or superior maxillary nerve, but in the study of the eye we are only interested in two of its branches ; first the one shown at M, known as the orbital nerve, which goes to the lower outer side of the eyeball, forming an anastomosis with the lachry- mal nerve, T, and the terminal branch runs forward and passes out onto the face through the infra orbital foramen (See D, Fig. 31) and supplies the sensation to the lower lid and region just below the eye. This branch is known as the infra orbital nerve. The lenticular ganglion, K, is of vast importance to the eyeball. It is a small pinkish body about the size of a pin- head and is situated some seven to ten millimeters back of the eyeball. On the outer side of the optic nerve, between it and the ophthalmic artery, it receives filaments, or roots, J, from the motor oculi nerve,, which are motor from the nasal nerve, L, as well as from the ophthalmic nerves which are sensory. It also receives filaments or roots from the sympathetic nervous system, which comes from the carotid plexus. Thus it is seen, there are motor, sensory and sym- pathetic filaments received by it. Then from this ganglion is given oflf the posterior ciliary nerves, N. These are mixed nerves and carry motor, sensory and sympathetic fibers. These nerves, from twelve to twenty in number, enter the eyeball posteriorly with the posterior ciliary arteries (See A, Fig. 39, and A, Fig. 44). These pierce the sclerotic just outside of the optic nerve in a circle and pass forward most- ly in the supra choroidal space, and if we should enucleate an eyeball and dissect away the sclerotic and all other struc- tures except the nerves, we would have a picture as shown in Fig. 44. The posterior ciliary nerves, ?», run forward in the supra choroidal space and give numerous branches to the choroid, C, in their course. They then break up into small 7o TH£ ANATOMY Ol^ THE EYE. branches, D, and these form a plexus in the ciliary muscle, E, and from thif plexus is given off branches to the ciliary muscle which are motor to the ciliary bodies which are sym- pathetic and sensory, then other branches to the iris, F, which are sensory, motor and sympathetic, the motor for the spincter pupillae (See K, Fig. 23), sympathetic, for the dilator pupillae muscle. Other branches go from the ciliary Fiff. 44. Showing Ciliary Nerves. plexus to the cornea which are entirely sensory. Thus it will be seen that the nerve supply to the eye is abundant and of all three varieties, motor, sensory and sympathetic. Having covered the gross anatomy of the eye pretty thor- oughly, we will now pass to the more minute anatomy or Histology and in so doing it is well for the reader to be familiar with the gross anatomy, in order to be familiar with the relation of parts. CHAPTER III. HISTOLOGY. We will first take up the lids or palpebrae (from palpare — to stroke). These are two crescentic folds, which grow from above down and from below upward and cover the front of the eyeball. See Figs. 9 to 17, showing their de- velopment from the margin of the orbit. Their function is purely the protection of the eyeball and they contain many glands, all of which secrete substances which play their parts in the physiological functions of the lids. The lids also con- tain two semilunar plates with their convex border turned away from the palpebral slit. These are very dense, fibrous plates, known as the tarsal cartillages U, Fig. 45. How- ever, they have nothing in common with cartillage, except their density, they being made up wholly of white fibrous tissue. However, they were named by the ancient anato- mists prior to the time of our ability, by chemical analysis, to determine accurately the constituents of all tissues and bodies. The outer or anterior surface is covered with epithelium while the inner or posterior surface is covered with mucous membrane, the epithelium changing its nature at the free margin of the lid. Fig. 45 shows a vertical cross section of the upper lid. At A is shown the epithelium ; at B is shown the hair follicles of the small white hairs, which are scattered over the ante- rior surface of the lids. At C is shown the sweat glands ; at D the subepithelial tissue, or areolar tissue, which dif- fers somewhat from that found in other parts of the body, from the fact that fat is not readily deposited in it, as is the case elsewhere in the body. Lying immediately below the are- olar tissue is found the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. The cross sections of the bundles are seen at E (also see Fig. 27) 71 72 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. and at F are shown the hair folHcles of the ciha or lashes. At G are seen the modified sweat glands of Moll and at H are .shown the sebaceous glands connected with the lash or cilia in the lids. These glands are known as Zeisse's glands. At I is seen the muscle of Riolanis. This is the involun- tary muscle for closing the eye ; it also re-enforces the orbicu- Fig. 45. Vertical Cross Section of the Upper EyeUd. lars and brings the margins of the lids into close and firm apposition. J points to the region where the epithelium changes its nature to that of a mucous membrane, such as lines all cavities or internal openings which communicate with the external world, and in this case is known as the conjunctiva. At K is shown one of the ducts of a Mei- bomian Gland, and L shows the secreting portion of the THE AN ATOM V OF THE EYE. 73 gland, which is imbedded in the tarsal cartillage. M shows the palpebral conjunctiva, and at N is seen a cross-section of one of the superior palpebral arteries (see G and J, Fig. 29). There is a free anastomosis between these arteries and those of the inner or conjunctival surface formed by numer- ous arteries piercing the tarsal cartillage. At O are seen the post tarsal papillae, which are folds, and the depressions be- Fig. 46. Eyelid Showing Portion of a Hair FoUicle. tween them are called Henly's glands. At P are shown the glands of Waldeyer. At Q is shown the involuntary muscle of Mueller, and it is this muscular bundle which opens the eye involuntarily. At R are seen Kraus' glands, just above the fornix (arch) of the conjunctiva. S shows the fibers of the levator palpebrae superioris (see B, Fig. 28), and at T are shown the fibers from this muscle, which pass outward 74 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. between the fibers of the orbicularis palpebrarum, and are attached to the skin as shown at A in Fig. 52. This fasciculus is a wise provision of nature, for when the lid is raised it keeps the skin taut between its attachment and the free margin of the lid, and draws it up with the lid, while the skin above drops down over it, making a fold Fig. 47. Showing Zeisse's Glands, Modified Sweat Glands of Moll and Meibomian Glands. in the skin at about the middle of the lid, and in this way takes care of the loose skin when the lid is raised, other- wise it would drop down over the edge of the lid and inter- fere with vision. Fig. 46 shows the innermost portion of a hair follicle; G the papillae in the follicle, from which the hair grows and receives its nourishment mainly, and H the cup in the end of the hair shaft. THE ANATOMV OF THE EYE. 75 Fig. 47 also shows a hair follicle. B, Figs. 46 and 47, shows the sebaceous gland, known as Zeisses glands. In this location, these glands are compound sacular glands, the sacks filled with secreting cells, which secrete an oily material called sebum, which is poured into the hair follicle and travels along the lashes and keeps them oiled, so they are always soft and pliable. C, Fig. 46 and 47, shows the modified sweat glands of Moll, which are tubular glands, lined with secreting cells, which in other parts of the body lie doubled up in knots in the areolar tissue with straight tubes running to the surface. These modified sweat glands lie in the muscle of Riolanis, just back of the lashes. The modi- fication of these glands on the margin of the lids is due to the fact that instead of opening onto the surface as sweat glands do elsewhere on the body, these empty into the hair follicle and this watery secretion becomes mixed with the sebum from Zeisse's glands and thereby renders it more viscid or watery. This serves the purpose of keeping the lashes constantly covered with this thin, viscid, oily substance, which facilitates their capacity for catching dust, thereby increasing the use- fulness of the lashes in protecting the cornea against dust. F, Fig. 46 and 47, shows the muscle of Riolanis, which is a small muscular bundle, which surrounds the palpebral fis- sure and arises from the tendo oculi (see A and B, Fig. 26), however it is really a part of the orbicularis palpebrarum and is the involuntary muscle to close the eye when the cor- nea becomes dry. When acting in conjunction with the orbic- ularis in closing the eye, it causes a folding of the free mar- gin of the lid and reinforces the orbicularis and brings the lid margins more closely together. D, Fig. 46 and 47, shows a duct of one of the meibomian glands and at E, Fig. 46 and 47, are the gland cells, which secrete the sebaceous material which is poured out on the free margin of the lid. The meibomian glands are modified sebaceous glands, being tubular with many blind pouches or sacks connecting, filled with secreting cells. There arc from twenty to thirty of these glands in each lid. They are imbedded in the conjunctival surface of the tarsal cartillage and 76 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. arc readily seen in the human Hd (when inverted) as white Hnes, and their openings are readily seen on the free margin of the lid. See Figs. 33 and 34. This secre- tion renders four important services to the eye : First, this ■ ■ ^ ^H J '■ "^^ rj^HBBB^^^^I Fig. 48. Showing the Tarsal PapiUae. oily substance prevents the lids from sticking together when we sleep ; second, it keeps the margins of the lids oiled and prevents the tears from flowing over their edges, when the eyelids are being closed, for it will be remembered that the lids come into apposition at the outer canthus first, then the slit is gradually closed from without inward and any tears which have accunuilated in the palpebral fissure flow along in THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 77 front of the closing edges; thus they arc directed into the lakus (see C, Fig. 25) ; third, it keeps the cornea oiled, which prevents the cornea from dessication or drying so readily ; fourth, its mixing with the tears and keeping the conjunc- tival sac so freely lubricated, prevents friction of the struct- ures as they glide over each other in the opening and closing of the eye lids. Fig. 49. Showing Henle's Glands. A, Fig. 48, shows the post tarsal papillae, which in reality are only folds or Rouga of the conjunctiva which have the appearance of being small elevations when seen in cross sec- tion and where the mucous surfaces are brought into close proximity, as is the case in the furrows or depressions, the cells change their nature, and we find these furrows lined with columnar epithelial cells as shown at A in Fig. 49, and they are called Henle's glands. These glands, or folds, 78 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. become more marked as age advances. These surfaces con- tain many goblet cells and secrete more or less mucus. At A, Fig. 50, are seen the glands of Waldeyer. These glands are in the nature of sweat glands and they with Kraus' glands (A, Fig. 51) secrete the tears under ordinary circumstances. At B, Fig. 51, are shown cross sections of the lachrymal gland, which is a compound tubulo racemose gland resembling serous or fluid secreting glands in other Fig. 50. parts of the body. This is a rather larger gland than any we have seen in the lid before. It is located in the upper lid, at the upper outer side of the orbit (see E, Fig. 28) ; it is almond-shaped and the size of a small almond kernel. The secretions reach the conjunctival sac by some ten or twelve ducts (C, Fig. 51), which empty into the fornix (arch) of the conjunctiva. D, Fig. 51. The lachrymal gland, only pours forth its secretions when the eye is irritated, and this washes or floods the conjunctival sac quite freely. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 79 as when the eye Is irritated by a foreign body or when we cry, and the secretion of tears is so copious, that our lachry- mal apparatus cannot carry away all the fluids, and we find the tears flowing over the lower lid onto the cheek at such times. The conjunctiva (joined together) is the mucous mem- brane which lines the conjunctival sac (the joined sac), which is really two crescentic culdesacs, one between each Fig. 51. eyelid and the eyeball, and they are really separated by the palpebral fissure, when the lids are open. However, it is a complete oval sac when the lids are closed. This mucous membrane commences at the free margin of the lid, at B, Fig. 52, by the transformation of the epithelium into mucous epithelium, the arrangement of the cells is the same as in the epithelium in other parts of the body, the outermost cells being squamous (scaly), the middle cells being irregularly round or polyhedral (many sided) cells, while the innermost are columnar (long) cells. These lie 8o THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. on a loose membrane which is well supplied with blood vessels, and the tissue being loose and transparent, it gives a free flow of Lymph. That part of the conjunctiva lining the posterior surface of the lids is known as the palpebral conjunctiva (C, Fig. 52). When it reaches well back under the lids, it folds on itself and becomes adherent to the sclerotic (H, Fig 52. Fig. 52). This fold is called the fornix conjunctiva (D, Fig. 52). The portion of the conjunctiva which covers the eyeball (E, Fig. 52) is called the ocular or bulbar con- junctiva. The ocular conjunctiva is transparent and through it we can see the sclera, which is opaque and white. It is freely movable over the sclerotic (K, Fig. 52) and by ma- nipulation we can see the blood vessels of the conjunctiva (H, Fig. 52) change their position, while the blood vessels THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 8l of the sclera, which are deeper set (J, Fig. 52), remain stationary. When the conjunctiva reaches the outer margin of the cornea (G, Fig. 52) the basement tissue ends, but the epithelium continues over the front of the cornea (F, Fig. 52) and forms the anterior or stratified epithelial layer of the cornea, and is called the conjunctival portion of the H G JF /^ E Fig. 53. cornea. The blood vessels of the conjunctiva end at the corneal margin in a circle of capillary loops (I, Fig. 52, and F, Fig. 54), very superficially placed. The cornea (horn-like) A, Fig. 23, and M, Fig. 25, forms about the anterior sixth of the eyeball. It is a highly transparent structure, allowing the light from the external world to enter the eyeball, and is the first of the refractive 82 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. media through which this Hght passes on its way to the retina. It is made up of five layers, as shown in cross sec- tion in Fig. 53 ; A, the anterior stratified epithehal layer ; B, Bowman's membrane, or the anterior homogeneous mem- brane; C, the lamina propria (proper layer) ; D, Decimet's membrane or the posterior homogeneous layer, and E, the endothelial layer ; the latter lining the cornea on its surface bounding the anterior chamber. See S, Fig. 23. The anterior stratified epithelium, as before stated, is con- tinuous with the epithelial layer of the conjunctiva. As its name implies, its cells differ at different depths. The outer- most, F, is made of squamous (scaly) cells, G is formed by hexagonal (many-sided) cells, and the innermost layer, H, is formed by Columnar (long, square) epithelial cells and this is the layer where all new cells are formed by the divi- sion and growth of these columnar cells, and as new cells are formed the older ones are pushed outward toward the surface and become hexagonal, and as this process continues, the cells are pushed farther and farther out. They lose their nuclei and become mere flat scales and finally lose their adhesive qualities and are disquamated (thrown off) and wash away with the tears. These cells are held together both from the cement substance lying between them and by the little projections from the surface of the cells them- selves. When these projections are found on a cell, they are called prickle cells, and this is the nature of these cells in the lower or inner layers. Passing from without inward, the next layer, B, is Bow- man's membrane, or the anterior homogeneous lamina. As the name, homogeneous lamina, implies, this layer when seen with the microscope reveals no structural frame work, but appears as a solid gelatinous layer. However, if this tissue be macerated (soaked) in an alkaline solution and the cement substance dissolved out, it will be found to be formed of connective tissue bundles. This layer ends at the periphery of the cornea. The next layer, C, is the THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 83 Lamina Propria (proper layer) or substance of the cornea. It is formed of some sixty strata of connective tissue bun- dles. These cannot be stripped ofif in layers, but are made out by the microscope from the fact that the connective tissue bundles run in different directions ; that is, for in- stance, in one strata all the bundles run vertically across the cornea, the next layer may run horizontally, while the Fig. 54. Ciliary region, magnified 1,000 times. third strata may have its bundles laying at 45° or 135°. However, there is such a free exchange of bundles from one layer to another, in which they become lost, that the whole sixty are practically as one ; so that this arrangement forms a very firm, unyielding structure. At the sclero- corneal juncture or limbus, U, Fig. 54, the lamina propria continues backward, forming the sclerotic by continuity of tissue, the difference being simply that the nature of the 84 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. tissue is changed at the Hmbiis, for in the cornea it has no blood vessels, while the sclera is fairly well supplied with blood vessels. In the cornea the tissue is quite dense and transparent, and in the sclerotic it is more loosely arranged and is opaque. In the cornea it is highly supplied with sensory nerves, while in the sclerotic it has only a moderate nerve supply, and, farther, if we should examine the cornea chemically, we would 'find it contained chondron ( found in cartilage), while the sclerotic would chow no chondron, but in its place we would find gelatin. It will then be seen that while one blends into the other, yet the two tissues are very much different. The cornea is said to fit into the sclera as a watch glass fits into the bezel of a watch. This impression is given from the fact that the corneal tissue passes farther back- ward at its center, while the sclera runs forward farther at its outer and inner surfaces. When we view this with the microscope in stained sections, it appears as shown at U, Fig. 54. This is from the fact that the cornea being more dense than ihc sclerotic, it retains less of the stain in its preparation, so that we can make out the limits of the two tissues fairly well in this way. Lying within the lamina propria is a network of open- ings or lymph channels, the lacunae, I, Fig. 53 (small lakes) and the minute canals (caniliculae) which run out in all di- rections from the lacunae and join the caniliculae from surrounding lacunae. Lying in these lacunae, I, Fig. 53, yet not entirely filling them, are found the fixed or corneal corpuscles. These cells in turn have very minute proto- plasmic processes which run through the caniliculae and join or anastomose with the processes from the cells in the neighboring lacunae. These processes do not entirely fill the caniliculae in which they lie; thus it will be seen that we have a network of lymph channels through which the l>lood plasma, or nutrient lymph can have free passage to all parts of the cornea to supply it with nutrition. This THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE^. 85 lymph is given off from the capillary loops, forming :i circle around the margin of the cornea, which will be described later. Passing inward, the next layer is Decimet's Membrane, or the internal homogenous lamina, D, Fig. 53. This is a very thin, highly transparent layer and has a tendency to curl up when stripped off of the cornea. When viewed with the microscope, it is impossible to make out any ground work, it seeming to be wholly made up of a hornlike mem- brane, but as with Bowman's membrane, if treated properly, to remove the gelatinous substance which forms the matrix or joins the component tissues together, it will be found to be formed of connective tissue. Many functions have been ascribed to this membrane, but the chief one is its great resistance to disease, such as corneal ulcers, etc. Some writers claim this membrane breaks up into connective tis- sue bundles, bridges across the filtration angle and forms the pectinate (comb) ligament, K, Fig. 54. This is composed of hundreds of connective tissue bun- dles which run from the periphery of the cornea to the base of the iris, K, Fig. 54, and A, Fig. 53. This angle formed by the iris and cornea, V, Fig. 54, is known as the filtration angle from the fact that the aqueous fluid passes out of the anterior chamber between the bundles of tissue, forming the pectinate ligament, to the spaces of Fontana (fountain spaces), which comprises the openings in the pectinate liga- ment. The posterior, or fifth layer, is known as the endothelial layer, E, Fig. 53. This is formed of a single layer of cubical (square) endothelial cells, which are placed like paving blocks and are similar to cells which are found in other parts of the body, lining closed cavities, or cavities which have no opening communicating with the external world. These cells have the faculty to withstand the dis- solving qualities of the aqueous fluid, or nutrient lymph, which fills the anterior chamber. 86 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. Some anatomists divide the cornea into three portions; the conjunctival portion, consisting of the anterior stratified epitheHum, and Bowman's Membrane; the scleral portion, consisting of the lamina propria ; and the choroidal portion, consisting of Decimet's Membrane and the endothelial layer. This is from the fact that these layers are supposed to be derived from these structures. The sclerotic (tough) coat, I, Fig. 54, forms the posterior five-sixths of the outer coat of the eyeball, except a small opening at the posterior pole, where the optic nerve pierces it. This opening is known as the choroidal fissure. See Figs. 23, 56 and 57. The sclerotic, as before stated, is continuous with the cornea by continuity of tissue. Just outside of the sclerotic is the space of Tenon, X, Fig. 54, and N, Fig. 35. This is a space be- tween the capsule of Tenon and the sclerotic. The cap- sule of Tenon forms a fibrous socket for the eyeball, and this space of Tenon is a lymph space and is crossed by many connective tissue bundles passing from the capsule to the sclerotic. These are known as Trabeculae. Internal to the sclerotic, between it and the choroid, is another lymph space known as the suprachoroidal space, W, Fig. 54. This is also crossed by an abundance of trabeculae passing from the sclerotic to the choroidal coat. In fact, the trabeculae are so numerous that it is almost impossible to separate the two structures. The sclerotic, as its name im- plies, is very tough and opaque. The innermost portion contains quite a little pigment. It has four layers, from without inward ; they are the endothelial layer lining the space of Tenon, which is a single layer of pavement cells. Next comes the lamina propria (proper layer) ; the next layer is called the lamina fusca (Brown layer). The lamina propria and the lamina fusca are not sharply defined by any line of demarcation, but, as before stated, the innermost strata contains some pigment. It is therefore brown in color, the pigment not being sufficient to cause it to appear THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. «7 black. This pigment is deposited in branched cells. The innermost, or fourth layer, is the internal endothelial layer, lining the supra choroidal space, and is of the usual pave- ment variety. The lamina propria and lamina fusca are formed of tough fibrous tissue, the strands of which run Fig. 55. Magnified 2,500 times. in all directions with a general anterior posterior arrange- ment. Lying in the substance of the sclerotic are found lacunae, the same as in the cornea which contains the fixed or scleral corpuscles, analogous to the corneal corpuscles. In fact, the sclerotic is very similar to the cornea in the arrangement of the connective tissue, except that it is not learly so compact. 88 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. The sclera, as before stated, is well supplied with blood vessels. These run forward and end in capillary loops at the limbus and form a complete circle extending clear around the periphery of the cornea. They, with the circle of capillaries formed by the conjunctival vessels, F, Fig. 54, and I, Fig. 52, near the outer surface, give off the nutrient lymph which flows through the lacunae (small lakes) and caniliculi (minute canals) and permeates the cornea. This lymph furnishes the nutrition for the cornea. To give the reader an idea of what is meant by capillary loops, we have taken a microphotograph of an injected section from the sole of the foot. Fig. 55, A. This is the Rete Mukosum (capillary layer, or malpighian layer),. of the skin, showing the fine capillaries running up and forming loops and pass- ing back as venous capillaries. B shows some elevations, which form little ridges, which can be seen on the ball of the thumb so readily. C shows the branch of an artery, which breaks up into these small capillaries. At J, Fig. 54, is seen the canal of Schlemm. This is a canal lying near the inner surface of the sclerotic, just at the limbus. It is circular in course, running clear around the margin of the cornea. It may be single, or may be com- posed of several small canals. They branch from and re- turn to the main opening, so that it forms one continuous sinus, it is lined with endothelial cells, and is drained by the anterior ciliary veins. The aqueous humor passes from the spaces of fontana to the canal of Schlemm and eventu- ally is carried back into the circulation by the anterior ciliary veins. As before stated the sclerotic forms the posterior five- sixths of the outer coat of the eyeball. To it are attached the six recti (straight) muscles. See Figs. 35, 36 and 37. It is pierced by the anterior ciliary arteries and veins at these points of attachment. (See D, Fig. 39.) These pass through about eight to ten millimeters back of the limbus; then just back of the equator it is pierced THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 89 by the vena vorticosa (whorl veins) four to six in number. (See H, Fig. 39, and B. and C, Fig. 40) Then posteri- orly it is pierced by the cihary arteries and nerves, there being twelve to twenty of each. These pass through just outside of the optic nerve A, Fig. 39, and at A, Fig. 56, is seen one of these vessels passing through this structure. When the sclerotic reaches the optic nerve, it divides into Fig. 56. three portions. The innermost, B, Fig. 56 and 57, breaks up into individual bundles. These pass across the choroidal fis- sure and form the lamina cribrosa (sieve layer), C, Figs. 56 and 57. These bundles pass across in all directions and rein- force the eyeball at this otherwise weak point, leaving meshes or openings through which the optic nerve fibers pass out of the eyeball. It is also pierced by the arteria centralis retinae (central artery of the retina) L, Fig. 57. The opening through the lamina cribrosa, through which the arteria cen- tralis retinae and vein pass, is known as the porus opticus. 90 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. The middle portion passes to and blends with the pia mater of the optic nerve D, Figs. 56 and 57. The outer portion passes into the sheath of the optic nerve, F, Fig. 56 and 57. At E is shown the intervaginal space of the optic nerve, which is continuous with the sub-dural space of the brain at the optic foramen and contains cerebro spinal fluid. Fig. 57. H, Figs. 56 and 57, shows the choroid, and J, Figs. 56 and 57, shows the retina detached from the choroid. K shows the physiological cup ; M shows the optic nerve, and in Fig. 57 the nerve bundles are extremely well shown with the myelin sheaths surrounding them. These sheaths end normally just behind the lamina cribrosa, C. The choroid is continuous from the optic nerve to the free margin of .the iris, or to the pupillary opening. It lies inside of the schlerotic and is the second grand tunic or coat of the eye. From the ora serratta of the retina (saw tooth THE ANATOMY OK THE EYE. 91 mouth of the retina) to the choroidal fissure it Hes in touch with the sclerotic, only being separated from it by the supra choroidal space and intimately attached to the sclerotic by the interchange of trabeculae passing across the supra chor- oidal space from one to the other. It is a pigmented and highly vascular tissue, as its name implies, and supplies the greater part of the nutrition and secretions of the eyeball. Fig. 58. Showing Section of Choroid. It is composed of five layers of fibrous tissue with branched pigment cells in the meshes between the connective tissue fibers. First from without inward we have the endothelial layer lining the supra choroidal space, A, Fig. 58. Below that is the lamina supra choroidea (upper layer of the choroid), B, Fig. 58, also called the lamina fusca of the choroid, on account of its pigmentation and brown color. 92 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. The next layer is the layer of large blood vessels, C, Fig. 58. The next layer is known as the layer of small blood ves- sels, D, Fig. 58. The layer of large and small blood vessels Fig. 59. Showing Ora Seratta, Ciliary Processes and Bodies and the Iris from Posterior Aspect. are composed of the posterior ciliary arteries as they pass for- ward in the structure, giving off branches all along their course ; also the veins which go to form the vena vorticosa lie in these two layers. The next layer is called the chorio THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 93 capillario (capillary layer of the choroid), E, Fig. 58. These capillaries are separated from the retina by the bacillary layer (basement layer), also called Bracks' Membrane or lamina vitrea, F, Fig. 58. The capillary layer of the choroid furnishes much of the y !. 1 '.' Fig. Showing Same as Fig. 59 in Cross Section. nutrition to the outer layers of the retina, it reaching them by osmosis (passing through) Brucks' Membrane. This layer is free from pigment and is rich in cement substance, so much so that it is a homogeneous membrane or layer. The choroid is highly pigmented to prevent the light pene- trating the wall of the eyeball, thus making an absolutely dark chamber of it. The choroid is extremely susceptible to disease on account of its extreme vascularity. 94 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. As before stated the choroid is continuous from the head of the optic nerve forward to the free margin of the iris. However, it is divided into the choroid ciHary process, ciHary bodies and iris. The choroid, I, Fig. 60, extends from the optic nerve to the ora serratta or anterior margin of the retina, A, Figs. 59 and 60. It then becomes somewhat ridged on its inner surface, B, Figs. 59 and 60. These ridges have an anterior posterior direction, and these ridges, about seventy in number, are known as the ciHary processes. Fig. 61. The CapiUaries of the Ciliary Processes. These end in blunt endings which project into the cavity of the eyeball towards the lens, H, Fig. 60, and are known as the ciliary bodies, C, Figs, 59 and 60. From the outer angle of the bases of the ciliary bodies, J, Fig. 60, the choroid or uvea leaves the outer wall of the eyeball and takes a trans- verse direction. This transverse portion is called the iris (rainbow), D, Figs. 59 and 60. At the center of the (Doll so called from the diminutive image of oneself as seen in the pupillary area when looking into anyone's eye), transverse portion there is an opening known as the pupil, THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 95 G, Figs. 59 and 60. The free margin of the iris, F, Figs. 59 and 60, Hes free and rests on the anterior surface of the lens, H, Fig. 60. The short, posterior ciliary arteries run forward through the choroid in the layer of large blood vessels, C, Fig. 58, and B, Fig. 39, being bunched in straight vessels in Fig. 62. The Blood Vessels of the Iris. the ciliary processes and end in capillary tufts, Fig. 61, in the ciliary bodies, turning back as venous capillaries, A, Fig. 40. From the capillaries are given out the fluids of the blood which passes into the canal of Petit, N, Fig. 60, 96 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. and the posterior chamber, M, Fig. 60. This fluid is known as the aqueous humor. The two long posterior ciliary arteries run forward in the choroid in the layer of large blood ves- sels, C, Fig. 58, and C, Fig. 39. They join the anterior ciliary arteries, D, Fig. 39, and form one arterial trunk, which lies right at the base of the iris, A, Fig. 62, K, Fig. 60, and E, Fig. 39. This arterial trunk formed by the anastomosis (joining) of the long posterior and anterior ciliary arteries, is known as the circulus major (larger circle) of the iris, A, Fig. 62. From the circulus major is given off branches which run radially inward to- ward the free margin of the iris, B, Fig. 62, These radially coursing arteries in the iris may be likened to the spokes in a wheel. When they come near to the free margin of the iris, they anastomose (join) and form another circle known as the circulus minor (smaller circle) of the iris, C, Fig. 62. From the circulus minor is given off capillaries which run inward toward the free margin of the iris. They double back as venous capillaries, D, Fig. 62. The drainage from the iris is by the anterior ciliary veins which leave the eyeball at the attachments of the extrinsic muscles, while the drain- age from ciliary bodies and the rest of the uveal tract is drained by the vena vortacosa (vortex veins). See Fig. 40, Anterior to the ora serratta the outermost or pigment lay- er of the retina continues forward in two layers of colum- nar epithelial pigmented cells and lines the inner wall of the eyeball over the pars ciliaris, retina, ciliary processes, and bodies, O, Fig. 60, also continuing over the posterior sur- face of the iris, clear to the free margin at F, Fig. 60. This is known as the retinal portion of these structures and the amount of pigment contained in this layer over the posterior of the iris largely determines the color of the eye, for if THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 97 there is no pigment in this layer, or the stroma of the iris, we would have the pink or albino eye. If there is a small amount of pigment in the retinal portion, then we would have a light blue eye ; a little more pigment and it will produce the dark blue eye, and so on as more pigment is deposited, the eye is gray, brown or black. However, in the brown and black eyes there is much pigmentation of the stroma of the iris. Fig. 63 shows a cross section of an iris in which the retinal portion, A, is well pigmented, while the stroma, B, has but a small amount of pigment. This would have a tendency to produce a light grayish color when the iris is viewed from the front. Fig. 64 shows a cross section of an iris, which is highly pigmented, both in the retinal layer, A, as well as the stroma, B. This would produce a dark brown or black iris if viewed from the front. The iris is a very delicate structure formed of a very thin network of connective tissue, with a large amount of cells filling in the spaces between the connective tissue fibers. In dark eyes these cells become more or less pigmented, C, Fig. 64. The iris contains two muscles, the Sphincter (binder) Pupillae, A, Fig. 65, and the Dilator (enlarger) Pupillae, B. It has four layers from within outward ; they are the pigment, or retinal layer, F, muscular, B, the stroma proper in which lie the blood vessels, E, and the endothelial or corneal layer, D. The front of the iris has deep depres- sions or crypts ; these run radially, or from the base toward the free margin. These depressions, or crypts, lie between the blood vessels, see Fig. 62, and in medium or light col- ored eyes this causes the stellate (star like) or radially spoke-like appearance of the anterior surface of the iris as seen in those eyes. Fig, 66 represents a quadrant of the front surface of an iris; A, the pigment layer at the free margin ; B, the circulus minor and capillaries ; C, the circu- 98 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. Fig. 63. Cross section from iris of a light colored eye. Fig. 64. A cross section of Iris from dark Eye. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 99 lus major; D, a trabeculae or ridge in which runs a blood vessel; E, a depression or crypt; and F, the pectinate liga- ment. The spoke or stellate appearance is caused by the vessels being so near the surface that the reflection is great- er over them than from the spaces between them. How- ever, in very dark eyes, the pigment is so densely deposited 1 * ~ 4 ! 4 / ^ i^ I 1 1 1 ■ 1 i ■ .1 Fig. 65. Showing cross section of Iris, its muscles and layers. that it. hides the blood vessels; therefore, in dark eyes this spokelike appearance is absent. Lying just behind the iris is found the crystalline lens (pea or lentil), and as the name implies, it is a transparent body shown at A, Fig. 6y. This lies in the Fossae Patilaris (dish like depression) in the anterior surface of the lOO THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE, vitreous body and is held in place by the suspensory liga- ment, B. The lens has two portions, however, not divisible or sharply outlined; the central or nuclear portion and the outer or cortical portion. The central or nuclear portion is more dense than the cortical portion. The nuclear por- Fig. 66. A quadrant of the front surface of the Iris. tion is composed of the elongated or spindle cells which first fill the lens vesicle by the elongation of the cells com- posing the posterior wall of the lens vesicle; see Fig. 8. These cells, as before stated, fill the whole cavity as shown in Fig. 68, D. The nuclei of these cells are pushed forward, as shown at K. After these first formed spindle cells have filled the lens vesicle, then at the transitional (transform- ing) zone, the original cells of the lens vesicle continue to elongate and grow around the ends of the cells which have formed the nucleus of the lens as shown at J, and in this section the cells, which will form the cortical portion, THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. lOl are just beginning to grow and elongate. These cells then form the outer or cortical portion of the lens and the ends of the fibers butt together, as shown at A, Fig. 69. These fibers, or spindle cells, have a diamond shape and Fig. 67. Cross section of the liuman eye. these again are formed in layers bound together by trans- parent cement substance. These layers are then laid one on another, as the layers of an onion are found, and these layers in turn are bound together by the cement substance. Over the anterior surface of the crystalline lens is formed a single layer of columnar cells, which are the cells com- posing the original lens vesicle wall. This layer extends back to the equator of the lens and then they become trans- I02 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. formed into the spindle cells, which compose the lens sub- stance. The area of transformation is known as the transi- tional Zone; see G, Fig. 60. Surrounding the whole lens is a thin transparent membrane known as the capsule of the lens, C, Fig. 67, and to this capsule is attached the sus- pensory ligament, the anterior fibers just in front of the equator and the posterior fibers just behind the equator. Fig. 68. Human embryo eye, 2 months. Magnified 1,080 times. The suspensory ligament of the lens or Zonule or Zinn. C and D, Figs. 70 to 74, is imbedded in the outer layer of the hyaloid membrane. This membrane divides into two layers at the ora seratta of the retina (saw tooth mouth), F, Figs. 70 to 74. The inner layer continues over the front of the vitreous body, while the outer layer in which the fibers of the suspensory ligament, I, Figs. 70 to 74, are im- bedded, is firmly bound down to the inner surface of the THE ANATOMY OP^ THE EYE. IO3 pars ciliaris retina, ciliary processes and bodies G and H, Figs. 70 to 74. From the ciliary processes, H, the fibers and membrane leave the outer wall of the eyeball and turn transversely across toward the equator of the lens, P. The outer layer of the hyaloid membrane, I, Figs. 70 to 73, becomes very thin and fluid passes through it very readily. It passes across with the fibers of the suspensory Fig. 69. Human embryo eye, 5 months. Magnified 7,000 times. ligament, which are attached in front of the equator of the lens, and the triangular space bounded by it in front and the hyaloid membrane behind with its base at the equator of the lens. The apex at the ciliary bodies is called the canal of Petit, E, Figs. 70 to 73. The fibers of the suspensory ligament, C and D, Figs. 70 to 74, arise from the retina at the ora seratta, F, and are continuous clear to their attachments to the lens, A and B. These fibers are believed to be specialized elongated fibers 104 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. Fig. 70. Showing the suspensory Hgament.' Fig. 71. Showing ora seratta and ciliary processes. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. I05 of Mueller, which are of a very elastic nature. These fibers become attached to the lens capsule during the develop- ment of the eye and as the eye enlarges become elongated. When they leave the ciliary bodies they divide and a part Fig 72. Enlarged view of ciliary muscle. of them, C, Figs. 70 and 73, pass to their attachment to the lens capsule in front of the equator and others, D, Figs. 70 to 74, pass to their attachment to the lens capsule back of the equator, while a few pass across in the canal of Petit, E, Figs. 70 to 73. These are attached to the lens at io6 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. its equator. By glancing at Fig. 70 and noting the attach- ment of the suspensory ligament, C and D, it will readily be understood that tension on the suspensory ligament, C and D, of the lens, P, Fig. 70, would have a tendency to flatten it in its anterior posterior diameter and enlarge its ■ S^^^ n ^^^^H ^ ^ T I Fig. 73. Showing ciliary processes and bodies. transverse diameter, thus increasing and decreasing its convexity, as this tension was exerted or relaxed. Lying between the ciliary processes, bodies and choroid, G, H and I, Figs. 70 to 73, and the sclerotic, K, Figs, ^^2 and y^, is found the ciliary muscle, L and M, Figs. 70 to 73 (hair-like muscle), composed of plain muscular fibers. It is composed of two portions, the longitudinal or the outer portion, L, Figs. 70 to yi, and the circular portion, M, Figs. 70 to 73. The fibers of the first or outer portion, L, run anterior posterior, arising at the limbus (seam), N, THE ANATOMY OB THE EYE. 107 Figs. 70 and "j^i^ a portion of them in front of and a portion posterior to the canal of Schlemm, O, Figs. 70 and 73. The circular portion, M, has the same origin, but takes a circular course and lies just ouiside of the ciliary bodies, H, Figs. 70 to y2). The longitudinal fibers are attached to the outer surface of the choroid, J, Figs. 71 to y2i- The) Fig. 74. Suspensory ligaments and lens drawn in. spread out fan shaped, some being attached as far forward as the posterior ends of the ciliary bodies, H, Figs. 70 to 74. Others extend backward and arc attached as far back- ward as the ora scratta, F, Figs. 70 to 74; thus it is seen they have a very extensive attachment to the choroid. The function of the ciliary muscle is to put the choroid, J, Io8 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. on the stretch. This is possible owing to the supra choroidal space, Figs. 70 to 73, separating the choroid and sclerotic, and the circular fibers, M, press the ciliary bodies, H, nearer to the equator of the lens, B, Fig. 74. As the suspensory ligament, C and D, is bound down to the choroid ciliary processes and bodies, and bridges across the space between the ciliary bodies, H, and the lens, P, the action of the muscle when it contracts is to slacken the Fig. 75. Vitreous darkened to show hyaloid canal. suspensory ligament, allowing the lens P to become more convex by virtue of its elasticity or resiliency. However, the main strain in accommodation seems to fall upon the circular portion M in Figs. 70 to y^, from the fact that in myopic eyes where the far point is within thirteen inches of the eye, where accommodation is never necessary, but few if any of these circular fibers are found upon exam- ining the ciliary muscle after death, whereas in the hyper- metropic eyes where accommodation is necessary for all THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. IO9 vision, these fibers will be found to be very plentiful. In fact they have been known to make up as much as seventy- five per cent of the bulk of the muscle. The ciliary muscle receives its nerve supply from the posterior ciliary nerves, which arise from the lenticular or ciliary ganglion (to knit or weave), which receives its motor roots from the third cranial or motor oculi nerve. See Figs. 42, 43 and 44. The terminal portions of the posterior ciliary nerves break up into small anastomosing branches and form the ciliary plexus, which lies in the ciliary muscle. The vitreous body, B, Fig. 75, composes the greater por- tion of the eyeball, filling all the cavity posterior to the lens. It is composed of shapeless transparent cells, very loosely arranged, so that it resembles a sponge and is filled with fluid resembling the aqueous humor, and is about of the density as the white of an egg, running through the vitreous body. Antero posteriorly from the posterior of the lens to the head of the optic nerve is found a lymph canal. A, Fig. 75, which was the space occupied by the hyaloid artery, which is present during the development of the lens during foetal life. See B, Fig. 16. This canal is known as the hyaloid canal or the canal of Stilling. The lens is imbedded in the anterior surface of the vitreous body, lying in a depression called the Fossae Patellaris (saucer-like depression), C, Fig. 75. The whole body is surrounded by the hyaloid membrane (glass-like mem- brane), which is transparent and homogenous (structure- less), D, Fig. 75. This membrane divides at the ora ser- atta, F, Figs. 70 to 74, the inner layer covering the an- terior of the vitreous and lining the fossae patellaris, C, Fig. 75, while the outer layer is intimately attached to the ciliary processes and bodies and leaves the ciliary bodies and extends to the lens. In this outer layer is imbedded the fibers of the suspensory ligament, I, Figs. 70 to 73. Posterior to the ora seratta the hyaloid membrane is very intimately attached to the retina, F, Fig. 75. This attach- no THE ANATOMY OF THE KYE. ment is so firm that when the vitreous body is disturbed the nine innermost layers of the retina are usually detached. The retina (net) lines the inner wall of the eye ball, it extends, properly speaking, from the head of the optic nerve, M. Fig. 'j^), to the Ora Serratta (Saw Tooth Mouth) X ; however, it is continuous clear to the free margin of Fig. 76. Cross section of the human eye, showing its construction. the Iris E, by means of a double layer of pigmented epithelial cells which cover the inner surface of the pars ciliaris retina (the part between the ciliary bodies and the retina), G, Fig. ^^, ciliary processes G, Fig. 74, and ciliary bodies H. Figs. 73 and 74, as well as the inner or pos- terior surface of the iris, E. Fig. 76. This anterior or pig- mented portion is called the Uvea (Grape Skin) ; it is THE ANATOMV" OF THE EYE. II I formed by the continuation forward of the outer or pig- ment layer of the retina and the anterior portion of the secondary optic vesicle which does not take part in the formation of the nine innermost layers of the retina or more properly speaking, the receiving and transmitting portion of this structure. Fig. 77. The retina is a very thin, delicate structure, being one- half millimeter thick at its thickest portion near the optic nerve, and gradually becoming thinner toward the ora serratta, where it is but one-tenth millimeter thick. It is firmly attached to the choroid at the ora serratta, and is firmly bound down at the head of the optic nerve by virtue of the optic fibers passing from it through the choroidal fissure (the opening of the choroid), L. Fig. "jd. There is a less secure attachment at the macula lutea (yellow spot), 112 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. J. Fig. 78. In all other portions of the retina the nine in- nermost layers are very loosely attached to the outer or pigment layer; this attachment is accomplished simply by the interlacing of the rods and cones with the processes which project inward from the cells forming the pigment or outer layer. It is held in place mainly by the inter- ocular pressure. Fig. 78. Cross section of the Eye, showing its construction. The retina receives its blood supply from the arteria centralis retina (central artery of the retina) which reaches it through the choroidal fissure after having traversed the optic nerve for some ten millimeters back of the eye ball, L. Fig. yy. This artery is an end artery, or in other words, it is not joined by any other set of arteries, but it sends its branches to all parts of the retina, A. Fig. 78, terminat- THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 113 ing ill arterial capillaries and turning back as venous capil- laries ; these keep joining and rejoining and form the vena centralis retina (the central vein of the retina), which leaves the eye ball through the choroidal fissure by the side of the entrance of the artery. See darker vessels in %- Fig. 79. Fig. 78. By staining cross sections of the retina it is shown to be divisable into ten layers. Seven of these are nervous tissue, two of neuroglia or nervous connective tis- sue and one of pigmented epithelium. The nine innermost layers are transparent and are bound together by the fibers 114 '^"^ ANATOMY OF THE EYE. of Mueller, which is the nervous connective tissue of the retina. The outermost or pigmented layer is more inti- mately attached to the choroid than it is to the other layers. The layers from within outward are: First, the inner limiting membrane, A. Fig. 79. Second, the layer of nerve fibers, B. Third, the layer of ganglionic cells or gang- lionic (knot like) layers, C. Fourth, the mner molecular or plexiform layer, D. Fifth, the inner nuclear or granular layer, E. Sixth, the outer molecular or plexiform layer, F. Seventh, the outer nuclear or granular layer, G. Eighth, the outer limiting layer, H. Ninth, the layer of rods and cones, I. Tenth, the pigment layer, J. K. shows the hya- loid membrane which lies just inside of the retina and L shows the choroid ^which is the structure just outside of the retina. In this section the choroid is somewhat torn and separated. The pigment layer, as before stated, is composed of a smgle layer of columnar epithelial cells which are long hexagonal cells separated from each other by a well de- fined, clear, cement substance. They have long proto- plasmic processes which project inward and interlace with the rods and cones. In these cells are deposited pigment granules which remain in the base or outer portions of the cells when the eye is closed or in darkness. See G, Fig. 80. F is the lamina vitrea or Bruck's membrane of the choroid. However, when the retina is exposed to the light these pigment granules flow into the processes which lie amongst the rods and cones (C, Fig. 81), thus protecting these delicate structures from destruction by too intense light as well as forming a screen right amongst the rods and cones, to receive the image which is formed by the refracting surfaces of the eye. See Fig. 81. A is the choroid, B the bases of the pigment cells and C the pro- cesses lying amongst the rods and cones. The layer of rods and cones (I Fig. 79), especially the cones, are the real sensory cells of the retina, as it is their THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. "5 function to produce the impulse which is transmitted to the brain and there produces the sense of sight. Each rod and each cone is at the end of a process which comes from a cell in the outer nuclear layer (G, Fig. 79). These pass through openings in the outer limiting membrane (H, Fig. Fig. 80. Showing Section of Choroid. 79). The cones, as their name implies, are of a conical shape, shorter than the rods ; they have a large oval inner portion with a finer tapering point extending outward into, and interlacing with the processes extending inward from the pigment layer. The oval or enlarged inner por- tion is striated longitudinally, while the outer or tapering portion is formed apparently of discs. The rods are long cylindrical cells striated longitudinally, and are divided into two segments at about their middle. Their function is not clearly established. There are estimated to be about ii6 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. three niilHon cones in the human retina, and the rods ex- ceed this many times. The cones predominate in the ma- cula or most acute area of sight, while the rods predom- inate in all other portions of the retina, thus proving the cones to be the real sensory elements. The next layer from without inward is the outer limit- ing layer. (EP, Fig. 79.) This is formed by the overlap- ping of the flattened ends or feet of the outer extremities Fig. 81. of the fibers of Mueller or nervous connective tissue, which will be explained later; this layer is punctured by millions of openings through which pass the processes on the distal ends of which the rods and cones are found. The next layer inside of the outer limiting membrane is the outer nuclear or granular layer. (G, Fig. 79.) It is almost wholly composed of bipolar cells; that is, they have two processes, one runs outward through the outer limit- ing membrane and ends in a rod or cone, whilst the other runs inward and ends in a brush like end or tuft in the outer molecular layer. The single layer of cells seen just inside of the inner limiting membrane in Fig. 79, are sup- THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. II7 posed to be the cells connected with the cones whilst the cells connected with the rods lie in the middle and inner portion of this layer. There are several varieties of nerve cells found in this layer, the functions of which are un- determined, and will be omitted in this description. The next innermost layer is the outer molecular or plexiform layer. (F Fig. 79.) This layer is composed of the end ar- borisations of the bipolar cells in the outer nuclear layer, which run inward, and the distal end tufts on the processes from the bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer, which run outward, as well as some other nerve cells which have processes which extend to a greater or less extent in this layer. They are known as amacrine (long fiber) cells; their function is undetermined, but they seem to be asso- ciation elements to join different portions of the same layer. The next innermost layer is the inner nuclear or granular layer, E, Fig. 79. This layer is mainly formed of bipolar cells; they send one process outward into the outer mole- cular layer which ends in a brush-like end or tuft interlac- ing with the tufts on the inner ends of the inner processes from the bipolars of the outer nuclear layer and send another process inward into the inner molecular layer which ends in an end tuft or arborisation. There are other nerve cells in this layer also, the function of which has not been determined. The next innermost layer is the inner molecular or plexiform layer, D, Fig. 79. This, like the outer plexiform layer, is almost wholly composed of the end tufts of the processes from the bipolar cells ; however these come from the bipolars in the inner nuclear layer which run inward and the processes which run outward from the ganglionic cells in the ganglionic layer and, as explained about the other cells found in the outer molecular layer, those found in the inner molecular layer have not been thoroughly studied and their functions ascertained farther than that they associate different areas of the same Il8 THE ANATOMY OF THE EVE. layer. The next innermost layer is the ganglionic (knot- like) cell layer, C. These cells might well be called relay cells, for they are very large ; they send from two to three processes outward into the inner molecular layer from each cell, which form tufts and interlace with the tufts on the inner ends of the processes from the bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer. It is from these ganglionic cells that the axis cylinder processes grow which form the next inner- most layer, which is called the nerve fiber layer, B. These axis cylinder processes are continuous from the ganglion cells of the retina into the nerve fiber layer. They pass out of the eyeball through the choroidal fissure and form the optic nerve, which will be described later, and are con- tinuous from the ganglion cells in the retina to the nuclei at the base of the brain. The next innermost layer is the inner limiting membrane, A. It is formed by the expand- ed or foot-like inner ends of the fibers of Mueller. The fibers of Mueller are the sustentacular (sustaining or bind- ing) tissue of the retina and are the same as the neuroglia cells found in the brain and spinal cord. They are long, branching, connective tissue cells which extend from the inner to the outer limiting membranes and the overlapping of their expanded, or foot-like, ends form both the inner and outer limiting membranes. Their function is to bind the nine innermost layers of the retina together. The retina becomes quite thin at the macula and the cells which otherwise would occupy the space are piled up around it. The processes from these displaced cells, as well as the fibers of Mueller, run obliquely outward and toward its center. The optic nerve, M, Figs, "j^ and 'JJ, leaves the eyeball at the choroidal fissure (opening through the choroid) and is made up of the axis cylinder processes, which arise from the ganglionic layer of the retina C, Fig. 79, and lie be- tween this layer and the inner limiting membrane, A, form- ing the nerve fiber layer of the retina B. These nerve THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. II 9 fibers, or axis cylinder processes, pass through the openings in the lamina cribrosa (sieve layer), C, Fig. 77, just back of the choroidal fissure. The fibers are bare, or, in other words, devoid of the myeline (marrow) sheaths or white substance of Sw^an, until after they pass through the lamina cribrosa (sieve layer). This covering is then added and Fig. Cross section of optic nerve showing neuroglia stained dark and nerve fibers light. this addition adds greatly to the bulk or size of the nerve at the choroidal fissure and at points posterior to the lamina cribrosa. All the fibers which arise from the ganglionic cells in the retina transmit visual impulses toward the brain. However, in the optic nerve are found many fibers which grow from the brain to the retina. These are sensory i20 tHk ANAtOMY Ot' illE eyB;> ifibers of association and carry sensory impulses which cause the closure of the pupil when the retina is exposed to bright light, as well as causing the dilation of the pupil when the eye is in darkness and govern co-ordinate move- ments of the two eyes. Fig. 83. Cross section of optic nerve showing nerve fibers stained dark and the neuroglia stained light. The arteria centralis retina (central artery of the retina), L, Fig. ^"j, B, Fig. 78, and H, Fig. 82, and the vena cen- tralis retinae (central vein of the retina), I, Fig. 82, and dark vessels in Fig. 78, enter and leave the eyeball with the optic nerve, after entering its substance some ten or twelve millimeters back of the eyeball. THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. 121 The optic nerve is surrounded by three coverings ; the outermost being the optic nerve sheath, A, Figs. 82 and 83, and F, Fig. yy. This covering is formed by the con- tinuation backward around the nerve of the outermost portion of the sclerotic, Y, Fig. jd, and F, Fig. yj. This sheath is continuous backward to the optic foramen (open- Fig. 84. Showing cross section of the head of a bird, mg), where it is continuous with the dura mater (hard or firm mother) of the brain. The optic nerve sheath is quite firm and is composed of connective tissue bundles. Beneath the optic nerve sheath is found a space surround- ing the nerve which is known as the intervaginal space, E, Fig. jy, and B, Figs. 82 and 83. This space is con- tinuous through the optic foramen with the sub-dural and sub-arachnoidal spaces of the brain, and this intervaginal space is filled with the cerebro spinal fluid. 122 THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE. Lying within the intervaginal space is found the arach- nodial sheath (spider web sheath), G. Fig. 82. This is a very thin, web-like membrane, joined quite intimately to the outer and inner sheaths of the optic nerve, by trabeculse (beams), which cross the intervaginal space. The innermost covering or sheath is known as the pia mater (thin mother) or pial sheath, D, Fig. "jj, and C, Figs. 82 and 83. This is formed of glial tissue (nervous connective tissue) and from it is given off the septa or trabeculae (beams) which surrounds the bundles of nerve fibers and forms the frame work of the optic nerve and holds it together, E, Figs. 82 and 83, and darker longi- tudinal striations in M, Fig. J'j, The pial sheath and trabeculse is highly supplied with minute arteries and veins which furnish it with nutrition. The optic nerve is composed of about eight hundred bundles of medulated (covered with myelin) nerve fibers, D, Figs. 82 and 83, and light longitudinal striations in M, Fig. 77, each bundle being composed of from six to seven hundred axis cylinder processes or nerve fibers, each of which are insulated or covered by the myelin (marrow) sheaths. The optic nerves, B, Fig. 84, leave the eyeballs. A, Fig. 84, just internal to the posterior poles of the eyeballs, and run obliquely backward and inward through the orbit and pass into the cranial cavity through the optic foramen, then join together and form the optic commissure (uniting band), C, Fig. 84. In the commissure a part of the nerve fibers decussate (cross over) and pass backward in the optic tract of the opposite side, while a portion pass into the optic tract of the same side. The optic tracts extend from the optic commissure to the base of the brain, where a part of the optic fibers enter the external and internal geniculate (knee-like) bodies, others, the optic thalmus (bed), and the rest go to the anterior corpora quadrigemina (meaning the four bodies). THE ANATOMY OP^ THE EYE. I23 These latter fibers are supposed to be the sensory associa- tion fibers, which communicate with the different centers of the brain and their function is for co-ordinate move- ments of the two eyes as well as reflex movements and sensibilities, while the optic fibers which enter the other basilar (lower) nuclei (nut) come in contact with the proto- plasmic processes of the ganglion (enlarged or swollen) cells in these bodies. From these ganglion cells extend the axis cylinder processes, which run upward and back- ward through the optic radiations to reach the centers of sight which are situated along the calcarian fissure in the cuniate lobe of the brain, which is located in the posterior or occipital region. It is by the interpretation of the im- pulses created by the cones in the retina and transmitted through the conducting elements in the retina, optic nerve, optic commissure, optic tracts, external and internal genicu- late bodies, optic thalmus, and optic radiations to these centers, that sight is accomplished by man. The Physiology of Vision PREFACE. These lectures, with the exception of the first and last, were delivered before the Chicago Optical Society. As the members of this society were familiar with the eye as a dioptric mechanism, the subjects of refraction and the errors of refraction were treated very briefly, the time being de- voted chiefly to a popular exposition of the sensation of vision. While the aim has been to present these lectures in as sim- ple a manner as possible, yet it is the author's conviction that popular lectures ought not to depart from the general course of scientific methods ; experimentation and observa- tion ought to precede the drawing of conclusions, and knowl- edge should be obtained at first hand whenever possible. For this reason and also to increase the interest in the sub- ject, a large number of experiments have been introduced. These experiments are of such a simple character that the reader will find little difficulty in performing them. If these lectures and experiments shall stimulate the reader to a greater interest in the study of the human body, the author shall feel that the aim of these lectures has been accomplished. Chicago, February 13, 1906. W. D. Z. 12' LECTURE I. Spencer defines life as the continuous adjustment of in- ternal to external relations. The external relations of a plant or animal change continually, and some of these changes are of such a nature that unless the organism brings itself into harmony with these changes, its life is in danger. To enable the organism to adjust internal to external relations, it must be informed of the external changes ; this is accom- plished by sense organs, such as the ear, the eye, etc., which are capable of being stimulated or afifected by the changes in the environment. The so-called special sense organs are highly developed organs; they are so highly modified that they are generally stimulated by only one particular kind of stimulus. Thus the ear is usually stimulated only by the sound waves of the air ; the eye, by light. Light is the vibration of ether (see Lecture II). When light waves fall upon a bright surface they are reflected in such a manner that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (Fig. i). This law is true whether the reflecting surface is a plane surface, like an ordinary mirror, or a curved surface like a concave or convex mirror. In tracing the reflected ray from a concave or convex surface it is necessary to remember that the normal (perpendicular) to a spherical surface is the radius extending from the cen- ter to the point where the incident beam strikes the surface. This is illustrated in Fig. 2 where x is the center of the re- flecting surface ab. Cd is the incident beam striking the surface at d. We may now draw the normal xd and the angle between the lines cd and dx is the angle of incidence. Lay ofif an equal angle on the other side of dx, this is the angle of reflection, and de is the reflected ray. 129 130 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Light does not travel with the same velocity in all media ; in air it travels at the rate of 186,000 miles per second; in a denser medium, as in glass, its velocity is less. The ratio of the velocity of light in air to that in crown glass is as 3 Fig.l is to 2; hence light travels 1.5 times as fast in air as in crown glass. For this reason the optical density of crown glass is said to be 1.5. When light passes from an optically rarer into an optical- ly denser medium, as for example, from air into water or into glass, it is refracted, or bent, toward the normal (per- Fig.2 pendicular), and when it passes from a denser into a rarer medium, it is bent away from the normal. This is illustrated in Fig. 3. The bending of the ray takes place at the surface separating the two media of different optical density ; hence this surface is called a refracting surface. A ray of light THE PHiSIOI.OGY OF VISION. »3i that is normal to the refracting surface undergoes no re- fraction. The same law holds true when light falls upon a convex lens. Suppose the light comes from an infinite distance ; in Fig. 3 this case the rays of light may he regarded as parallel. In Fig. 4 let xy he a convex lens and let the centers of the sur- faces be located at o and o\ The ray ah is normal, to both surfaces of the lens (it passes through the two centers) and Fig. 4 is therefore not refracted. The ray cd is not normal to the surface and is therefore bent toward the normal (do") and describes the course de. The ray de in passing out of the lens meets the posterior refracting surface and is bent away from the normal (eo) and pursues the course eh. In the same manner the ray pq is refracted so that it describes the course rs. It will be noticed that the three rays ab, cd and pq after passing through the lens cross each other at the 132 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. point f. This point, where parallel rays come to a focus, is called the principal focus, and the distance between the lens and the principal focus is called the focal length of the lens. If the source of light is situated at a point nearer than infinity, the rays cannot be considered parallel and the focus of this luminous point lies further away from the lens than the principal focus. In Fig 5 let f be the principal focus. If the source of light is situated at 1, the focus is at b. The converse is also true, if b is the luminous point, the focus is at 1. Hence the points 1 and b are called conjugate foci. If the distance from the luminous point 1 to the lens is twice the focal length of the lens, then the distance be- tween b, the focus, and the lens is also equal to twice the Fig. 5 focal length. As the point 1 approaches the lens, the dis- tance between b and the lens increases ; as 1 recedes from the lens, b approaches it. The distance between the lens and the focus of any lum- inous points can readily be calculated from the formula: I I I I I I 1 b ~ f b f 1 in which f is the focal length, 1 the distance between the luminous point and the lens, and b the distance between the focus and the lens. Suppose the focal distance of a lens is six centimeters (or inches), and suppose a luminous point is situated ten centimeters (or inches) from the lens; the THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 33 distance between the focus of this huiiinous point and the lens is therefore : I I I I 10 15 that is, b, the distance between lens and focus, is fifteen centimeters (or inches). From this it is obvious that (a) if the luminous point is at infinity, the focus is at the principal focus; (b) if the luminous point lies nearer to the lens than infinity, but fur- ther than the focal distance of the lens, its focus lies some- where between the principal focus and infinity; (c) if the luminous point is situated at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens, the focus lies at infinity, i. e., the re- Fig. 6 fracted rays are parallel; (d) if the luminous point lies nearer to the lens than the focal distance, the focus lies be- yond infinity, that is, it does not exist and the refracted rays are divergent. These four cases are illustrated in Fig. 6 in which F is the principal focus. How can we now determine the location of the focus of any luminous point ? In Fig. 7 let f and f be the principal foci of the lens and let 1 be the luminous point. Draw a ray of light (la) from 1 parallel with the optical axis. This ray after refraction passes through the principal focus f. Again, 134 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. take a ray, Ic, from 1, passing through the principal focus f ; after refraction this is parallel with the optical axis. These two refracted rays cross each other at b and this is the po- sition of the focus of the luminous point 1. It will be no- ticed that we can draw a ray from 1 through the point o which on prolonging meets the other two rays at b ; that is, this ray is not refracted. The point o is called the nodal point C^li^UfaA OyfCA^ Fig. 7 and may be defined as a point in the lens of such a nature that a ray of light going towards it is not refracted in pass- ing through the lens. If the position of the image of an ob- ject is desired, we proceed in the same manner as above. From Fig. 8 it will be seen that the image of a convex lens is a real and inverted image. Fig. 8 All convex lenses do not have the same focal distance; that is, they do not have the same refractive power. The greater the optical density of a lens, the greater the refrac- tive power. The density of a medium is called its index of refraction. Again two lenses of the same material and therefore of the same index of refraction, do not necessarily THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 1 35 have the same power of refraction. This depends upon the deg-ree of curvature, or, in better words, upon the radius of curvature ; the shorter the radius, the greater the refrac- tive power. Hence the law, the refractive power of a lens varies directly as the index of refraction and inversely as the radius of curvature. The refractive power of a lens may be stated in terms of its focal length. A lens which has the principal focus lOO centimeters from the lens is said to have one diopter refrac- tive power. If a lens has a focal length of fifty centimeters its refractive power is equal to one hundred divided by fifty, or two diopters. Again, a lens of four diopters has a focal length of one hundred divided by four, or twenty-five centi- meters. We are now ready to consider the eye as an organ of vision. In the eye we have two groups of tissues ; first, a group of tissues sensitive to light, and, secondly, tissues by which the rays of light entering the eye are properly focussed on the sensitive tissues. The sensitive tissue is the innermost coat of the eye-ball and is called the retina (See Fig. 14). The media by which the light is focucsed are the cornea, the aqueous humor filling the anterior chamber, the crystalline lens, and the vitreous humor (Fig. 14). These media are transparent and, as they have a greater density than air, the light in passing from the air into the eye is refracted. How much the light is refracted depends, as we have stated above, on the indices of refraction of the optical media and on the radii of their curvatures. These values are stated in the following table. Index of refraction of cornea 1.33 Index of refraction of aqueous humor. ... 1.33 Index of refraction of lens 1.43 Index of refraction of vitreous humor. ... 1.33 (Index of refraction of air i.cxd) 13^ THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Radius of curvature : Of anterior surface of cornea R mm. Of anterior surface of aqueous humor. .8 mm. Of anterior surface of lens lo mm. Of posterior surface of lens 6 mm. i From the above table it will be noticed that the cornea and the aqueous humor have the same index of refraction ; consequently the surface between these two media is not a refracting surface and may be neglected. Between the air and the cornea, between the aqueous humor and the lens, and between the lens and the vitreous humor, we have re- fracting surfaces at which the light is bent. Fig. 9 The general course of the rays in the eye is diagramatic- ally represented in Fig. 9. The rays of light are most re- fracted at the cornea because of the great difference between the index of refraction of air (i.o) and that of the cornea (1.33). As before stated, the light undergoes no refraction at the posterior surface of the cornea. At the anterior sur- face of the lens the light is refracted, but not as much as at the cornea for the difference between the density of the aqueous humor (1.33) and that of the lens (143) is less than the difference between the density of air (i.o) and THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I37 that of the aqueous humor (1.33). Moreover, the radius of curvature of the anterior surface of the lens (10 mm.) is greater than that of the cornea (8 mm.). At the pos- terior surface of the lens the Hght is refracted more than at its anterior surface, because the radius of curvature of the posterior surface (6 mm.) is much less than that of the an- terior surface (10 mm.). The refractive power of the cornea is generally stated at about 43 and that of the lens at 15 diopters, making the to- tal refractive power of the eye 58 diopters. The refracting surfaces and the retina are so placed that in the emmetropic eye (See Lecture II) the posterior prin- cipal focus falls on the retina. As the diameter of the eye Fig. 10 is about 23 mm., we may say that the posterior principal focal length of the eye (at rest) is about 23 mm. If a point of light is placed at 13 mm. in front of the eye, the rays in the vitreous humor are parallel ; that is, the anterior principal focal distance is 13 mm. The eye also has a nodal point lying near the posterior surface of the lens. To find the position of the image of an object we make use of this nodal point, as is shown in Fig. 10. From this figure it will be noticed that the image on the retina is inverted. If the object lies to the left of the observer, the image of that object lies on the right half of the retina. The size of the image of any object can readily be calculated in the following manner. Let the object be a letter on this page which is about 1/20 or .05 inch tall, and let the distance between the letter and the eye (reckoned 138 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. from o, the nodal point, in Fig*. 10) be 30 inches. The dis- tance from o to the retina is about 0.6 inch. Hence the 0.05 X0.6 size of the image of the letter on the retina will be I 30 = inch. 1000 LECTURE II. In order to have distinct vision four requisites are neces- sary: first, a well defined image of the object must be formed on the retina ; second, a change in the retina of such a nature that it can be communicated to the endings of the optic nerve ; third, the propagation of this change along the optic nerve to the brain; and, lastly, the projection into space of the sensation produced. The first of these requisites will be considered in this lecture. Fig. 11. Diagram showing focus of far (F) and near (B) object when eye is at rest. You are all familiar with the condition of the emmetropic eye. When the emmetropic eye is at rest, parallel rays of light come to a focus on the retina, at F, in Fig. ii. The rays of light coming from a far off object are regarded as parallel, consequently the emmetropic eye, when at rest, sees distant objects distinctly. The rays coming from a near object are divergent, and divergent rays always come to a focus later than parallel rays. A near object, as the point A, Fig. II, therefore, has its focus, B, back of the retina and is consequently not seen distinctly. Yet it is a well known fact that a near object can be seen distinctly by the emme- 139 140 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. tropic eye. In order that the near object shall be seen dis- tinctly, a change must be induced in the eye of such a nature that its focus, B, shall fall on the retina. Bringing the focus of a near object upon the retina is called accom- modation. How is this produced? It is interesting to note the various ideas that have been held regarding the power of the emmetropic eye to see near points. We may, first of all, notice the theory of Kepler (A. D. 1600), who held that the lens in viewing near objects moved forward. The further the lens moves forward, the nearer the focus, B, approaches the retina. This process actually takes place in some animals (snakes), but it is not possible for man thus to see near objects, for even if the lens should move as close as possible to the cornea, still the focus of a near object would lie some distance behind the retina. About the same time or a little later, Scheiner put forward the view that accommodation was brought about by the constriction of the pupil. As we shall see in a subsequent lecture, constriction of the pupil renders the vision of near objects more distinct, but it is impossible by mere constriction of the pupil to cause the images of near ..objects to be as distinct as they ordinarily are during near vision. Besides this, vision of near objects is possible in case of absence of the iris, or in case of a floating iris, or of adherence of the iris to the cornea. Arlt held that ac- commodation was brought about by the elongation of the eyeball. Theoretically the focus of the near object could thus be brought on to the retina, as the focus is brought on to the plate in a camera. That such a mechanism is not used in the eye is evident from the fact that for the near point the eyeball would have to elongate five millimeters (1-5 inch). The rigidity of the eyeball is sufficient ground for rejecting this view. It has also been held that vision for near objects was brought about by decreasing the radius of curvature of the cornea ; i. e., increasing its convexity. Now decreasing the THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. M radius of curvature increases the refractive power and therefore shortens the focal distance, i. e., the distance be- tween lens and image. Young, in the early part of 1800, proved that the eye does not accommodate in this manner, by showing that accommodation is possible when the eye is submerged in water. If accommodation for a near point was due to changes in the cornea, accommodation could not take place under water for the following reasons. Fig. 12. Diagram showing formation of the Purkinje-Sanson images and their relative position during far and near vision. In order that a surface (like the anterior surface of the cornea or lens) shall act as a refracting surface, that is, shall have the power to bend the light, it must be the bound- ary between two media having different densities (or indices of refraction). The indices of refraction (density) of air and cornea are i and 1.37 respectively; consequently the light is bent (refracted) when it passes from air into the cornea. As water has an index of 1.33, placing the eye un- der water destroys the refractive power of the cornea, for it now no longer separates two media of different densities, 142 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. and hence no alteration in its curvature could affect the refraction. Young was one of the first to hold that accom- modation is due to some change in the lens. To support this idea, he stated the fact that accommodation is impossible in the absence of the lens. It was finally decided by means of the Purkinje-Sanson images that the changes which occur in the eye during ac- commodation take place in the lens. The Purkinje-Sanson images are the images of reflection seen in the eye. Experiment i.* Hold a candle about four or five inches in front of the bridge of the nose of another person. Look into the eye from the temporal side. By slightly shifting the position of the candle or of your own eye, you will ob- serve three images of the candle. Nearest the nose you will observe a large and very bright image which moves up as you move the candle upward. On the temporal side you will observe a very small, quite bright image which moves contrary to the movement of the candle. In between these is seen a large, very dim and ill defined image which moves in the same direction as the candle is moved. This image is somewhat difficult to find, but a little patience will reveal it. Make this experiment in a dark place and have the ob- served eye look at a distant object. These three images are formed by the cornea and by the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. In Fig. 12 the line O P is the optical axis upon which lie the centers of the surfaces. A ray of light leaves the candle. A, so as to strike the apex of the cornea ; this is reflected into the observer's eye at B, so that he sees an image of the candle. This image he projects into the interior of the eye, as in case of a mirror, and therefore thinks the image situated at X. Another ray of light leaves the candle in such a manner as to strike the anterior surface of the lens (drawn in full line). This ray is also reflected into the ob- *The experiments described in this series of lectures either were per- formed during the lecture or are of such a simple nature that they can be performed at home. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I43 server's eye and a second image is supposed to exist at Y. Again, a third ray from the candle goes into the eye and strikes the posterior surface of the lens in such a manner that it is also reflected into the observer's eye. Consequent- ly three images are seen, X, Y, and Z (see Fig. 13A) ; X being produced by the cornea, Y by the anterior surface, and Z by the posterior surface of the lens. As X and Y are reflected from convex surfaces, these images are erect, as can be seen by moving the candle up and down; Z being formed by a concave surface is inverted, moving in con- B Fig. 13. Showing relative position and size of the three Purkinje-San son images ; A during far and B during near vision. trary direction with the candle. Of these three images, X is very bright and rather large; Y is the largest and the dimmest ; Z is the smallest. The size of the reflected image varies directly as the radius of curvature of the reflecting surface. The radius of curvature of the cornea is eight millimeters, that of the anterior surface of the lens, when the eye is at rest, is ten millimeters and of the posterior surface six millimeters. Consequently, Z produced by the posterior surface of the lens is the smallest image and Y produced by the anterior surface of the lens is the largest image. If now (in experiment i) the observed eye accom- modates for a near point, it will be noticed that the image Y produced by the anterior surface of the lens approaches 144 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. the image X and becomes smaller. Compare Fig. 13A and 13B. These changes in this image can only be explained by assuming that during accommodation the anterior sur- face of the lens decreases its radius of curvature and ap- proaches the cornea. In Fig. 12 the dotted outline of the lens represents the lens in a condition of near vision. In this case we must take a new ray, the dotted ray, from the can- dle to the anterior surface of the lens. This ray is also re- fected into the observer's eye and the image is projected into the observed eye, so that it is now located at Y', that is, nearer to X. And as the radius of curvature has also de- creased, Y' will be found to be smaller than Y. As we stated a moment ago, decreasing the radius of curv- ature increases the refractive power and shortens the focal distance; consequently the focus of the near point, which, in the resting eye fell behind the retina, B, Fig. 11, now falls on the retina. The next subject to consider is how this change is pro- duced in the lens. In order to do this intelligently the anatomy of the eye must be studied. The outer coat of the eye is called the sclerotic. Fig. 14. Inside of this is located the choroid, which contains the blood vessels, and inside of this we find the retina, the sensitive layer of the eye. Anteriorly the choroid is thickened, so as to form the iris, Fig. 14, and the ciliary processes. These processes en- circle the lens and from them extend the suspensory liga- ments by which the lens is held in place. According to the Helmholtz theory, the choroid coat of the eye al- ways has a tendency to be pushed backward. This causes the suspensory ligaments to be drawn taut and consequently, the lens, because of its elasticity, is flattened so that its diameter (thickness) is decreased and the radius of curva- ture of the anterior surface is increased. In other words, by the traction of the choroid coat, the convexity of the lens is decreased and the refractive power is therefore also de- creased. This is the condition of the lens when the eye is THE PHYSIOI>OGY OF VISION. 45 at rest and the emmetropic eye is then able to see far ob- jects. In the anterior portion of the choroid we find a small group of muscles, called the ciliary muscles. Some of the fibres of these muscles arc attached anteriorly to the scler- -— ?voce»s«a '•V — ^VvoTo'xA . $c\evo\\c •^<i^\^\a 0^i^^^<-^^^■^«■ Fig. 14, Diagrammatic section of the left eye. Otic near its union wiih the cornea, at F, Fig. 15, and pos- teriorly they lose themselves in the choroid. These fibres run parallel with the sclerotic and are called the meridional fibres of the ciliary muscles. Helmholtz regards the an- terior end of these muscles as fixed. Now, when a muscle contracts the two ends of the muscle approach each other ; 146 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. in fact, this is what we mean by the contraction of a muscle. When the meridional fibres of the ciliary muscles contract, the end G, Fig. 15, approaches the fixed end F, and as the end G is imbedded in the choroid coat, the choroid coat is drawn forward and the suspensory ligaments are thereby relaxed. The lens, as we have stated, is an elastic body and if the pressure to which it is subjected is the same on all sides Givovoia Fig. 15. Diagram sliovving position of the ciliary muscles. (After Donders.) it assumes a spherical form. Consequently, when the trac- tion of the suspensory ligaments is removed, the lens by its elasticity assumes a more spherical form, so that the radius of curvature of the anterior surface is decreased from ten millimeters to six millimeters. At the same time the diam- eter of the lens increases and the anterior surface is brought nearer to the cornea. The changes here described are illus- trated in Fig. 16. The theory of accommodation here given is known as the Helmholtz theory, and while it is not the only theory of ac- commodation, it is perhaps the best. In support of this theory, we might mention the following facts. If a pin be THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 47 stuck in the eye, so as to pierce the sclerotic, the choroid, and the retina, and the animal then accommodates, the head of the pin moves backward; consequently, the internal portion of the pin must have moved forward. This would happen if the choroid is drawn forward during accommodation. It has also been observed that if a piece of the sclerotic coat is cut away so as to form a little window in the eye, the choroid can actually be seen to move forward during accom- modation. This has also been observed in the human eye. BMg. 16. Changes in tlie lens during accommodation (after Helmholtz) ; F, far vision; N, near vision ; C, ciliary process; cm, ciliary muscle. 1, iris. Another theory of accommodation is Tscherning's theory. According to Tscherning, the lens is stretched when we accommodate for a near point and is relaxed during far vision. It will be seen that this is diametrically the opposite of the Helmholtz theory. Can it be determined whether the lens is relaxed during far or near vision? I think that by means of the following experiment this question can be answered in favor of the Helmholtz theory. Experiment 2. Determine the near point for your eye. If no other means are at hand, this can readily be done as follows: Upon a foot ruler place a cork having a groove so that it can ^ slide along the ruler, and stick a small pin into this cork. Now place the end of the ruler against the face, just beneath the eye, bring the cork nearer to 148 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION'. the eye, and determine the nearest point at which the pin can be seen distinctly. Note how many inches this is from the face. Now bend the head forward and determine the near- est point visible. Note the distance. Next bend the head backward and again determine the near point. On making this experiment carefully, it will be found that the near point in the latter case is farther removed from the eye than in the first case. The reason for this is as follows : During accommodation for the near point, the lens is no longer stretched by the suspensory ligaments and is there- fore free to obey the laws of gravity. When the head is Fig. 17. Diajirani showing position of lens during accommodation when the head is bent forward (outline of lens in full) and when the head is bent backward (lens drawn in broken line). In the lirst case the focus of the near point N falls on the retina (at F). In the latter case it falls behind the retina at A, hence is not seen distinctly. bent forward, the lens falls toward the cornea, which in- creases the distance between the lens and the retina; hence a nearer point can be observed than when the head is bent backward, in which case the lens falls toward the retina. See Fig. 17. A great objection made against the theory of Helmholtz is that in myopes the circular and not the meridional fibres of the ciliary muscles undergo atrophy; in hypermetropes the circular fibres are hypertrophied. This would seem to indicate that the circular fibres are of more importance than the meridional fibres, which cannot be explained satisfactory by the theory of Helmholtz. Accommodation, as we have seen, depends on the elastic- ity of the crystalline lens. With advancing age this prop- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I49 erty of the lens becomes less, so that finally the lens changes its shape no longer. In this condition, called presbyopia, or old-sightedness, the near point gradually recedes, as can be seen from the following table : Age. Distance of near point. 10 years 7 cm. or 2.76 inches. 20 years 10 cm. or 3.94 inches. 30 years 14 cm. cr 5.61 inches. 40 years 22 cm. or 8.66 inches. 50 years 40 cm. or 15.75 inches. 60 years i meter or 39.37 inches. 70 years 4 meter or 157.48 inches. It is evident that if this is the only defect in the eye, it can be remedied by the use of a convex lens used for near work. Two common defects of vision are myopia and hyper- metropia. In myopia, or short-sight, the eyeball is too long and the posterior principal focus (of parallel rays) lies in front of the retina. Hence the resting myopic eye does not see far but relatively near objects, these having the Images on the retina. This defect is corrected by a concave lens which delays the focussing of the rays. The opposite condition, in which the eyeball is too short, obtains in hypermetropia, or long sight ; in this the pos- terior principal focus lies back of the retina and distant ob- jects are not seen distinctly if the eye is at rest. To bring the focus on to the retina a convex lens is used. While the far and near point for the emmetropic eye are infinity and about six inches respectively, in myopia these points lie nearer to the eye, while in hypermetropia they are further removed. A defect said to exist in all eyes is astigmatism. In the theoretical eye that we have discussed in this lecture, the re- fracting surfaces are supposed to be segments of spheres ; in other words, the various meridians of each surface have 150 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. the same radii of curvature. In reality this condition never obtains, but the cornea, for example, has a shape somewhat like the back of a spoon. It is evident that the light will be bent most along the meridian which has the shortest radius of curvature and therefore a luminous point will not have as its image a point but a figure more or less like an ellipse. If the difference in the radii of curvature is great (greater than one dioptet"), the astigmatism is patho- logical. In this condition the person is unable to see horizontal and vertical lines distinctly at the same time ; this seriously interferes with distinct vision and must be cor- rected by cylindrical concave or convex glasses. It has been claimed by some that unequal accommodation for the two eyes is possible. In other words, that we can accommodate more with one eye than with the other. Sci- entific experiments with the stereoscope have proved, how- ever, that this is impossible ; the two eyes always accom- modate to the same extent. It is also held by some that the various portions of the lens can be brought into various states of accommodation (astigmatic accommodation). By this means it would be possible to obviate the indistinct vis- ion of astigmatism, for by astigmatic accommodation the astigmatic patient could produce deformities in the lens of such a nature that the original astigmatism would be abol- ished. The results of the latest investigation are contrary to this view. LECTURE III. At the beginning of the previous lecture, we stated that one of the necessary conditions for vision is the formation of a distinct image of the object on the retina. It is a well-known fact that the posterior principal focus of a per- fectly homogenous spherical lens is not a point, but a line. This is due to the fact that peripheral rays, A and A, Fig. 1 8, come to a focus sooner than the central rays, C and C. A Fig. 18. Diagram iUiistrating spherical aberration. This is called spherical aberration. It is evident that in this condition the image cast upon the screen or retina is not distinct, for the focus of the central rays at C will be sur- rounded by circles of diffusion caused by the peripheral rays. Suppose that the object from which the rays emanate is a point ; its focus will not be a point but a circle, the size of which varies with the amount of spherical aberration of the lens. Hence the image of the luminous point is blurred. This defect is remedied in our eye in perhaps two or three ways, but the important one is by means of the iris. Experiment 3. Look into the eye of another person and observe the size of the pupil. When this person looks at a distant object the pupil is large; on accommodating for a near point the pupil becomes much smaller. 151 152 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. This experiment indicates that the size of the pupil varies and is smaller for near vision. The iris always cuts off some of the peripheral rays which by coming to a focus sooner than the central rays would cause blurring of the image on the retina, but it is especially during near vision that the iris is most constricted. The object of this is as follows : The nearer the luminous point approaches the eye, the greater is the distance between the focus of the central and peripheral rays ; in other words, the greater the divergency of the rays, the greater the spherical aberration and the greater the need for a small pupil. As near vision is always associated with more divergent rays, near vision must also be accompanied by pupil constriction in order to produce a clear image. The human eye is so constructed that it is impossible for us to accommodate without causing pupil constriction at the same time. Experiment 4. Look into the right eye of a person and have the left eye covered. Notice the size of the pupil of the open eye ; now uncover the left eye and notice that the pupil of the right eye constricts. Experiment 5. Observe the pupil of a person in very dimly lighted room ; now let him walk into a bright light and the pupil will be seen to constrict. On re-entering the darker room, the pupil dilates. These experiments teach that the size of the pupil de- pends upon the amount of light entering the eye. Besides this, there are other conditions in which the pupil of the eye is constricted or dilated, which we may summarize as follows: Constriction of the pupil is brought about by bright light, near vision, convergence of the eyes, sleep, and certain drugs; dilation of the pupil is brought about by dim light, far vision, less convergence of the eyes, pain, fright, dyspnoea, and certain drugs. The pupil dilation and constriction, brought about by light, is said to be a reflex action, and in order to under- stand this phenomenon, it is necessary that we know what THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I53 is meant in general by the term reflex action. The amoeba, Fig. 19, is a lowly organized animal found in pools of water, and is microscopic in size. In the amoeba there is no difff^,r- entiation of tissue, such as we find in the more highly or- ganized animals, the whole body being composed of only one material, the living tissue, called protoplasm. If the amoeba is stuck wnth a pin at A, Fig. 19, it responds to this change in its surroundings by moving away from the point A. Instead of applying a pin to the body of the a- -- Fig. 19 amoeba, we might have applied heat, an electrical shock, or a chemical agent ; all these agencies are changes in the en- vironment of the animal, and are called stimuli. On the application of a stimulus the animal responds to it by some change in its body ; this power to respond to a stimulus is called irritability. In the amoeba the part of the body which receives the stimulus and the part which responds to the stimulus are similar in structure ; in fact, the part receiving the stimulus may also respond to it. In this organism there is no physi- ological differentiation, that is, there is no division of labor. In the more highly developed organisms, like the human body, the responding and receiving organ are not one and the same organ, nor are they necessarily located in the same part of the body. For example, when I touch a hot object 154 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. with my finger, I withdraw my hand. In this case the re- ceiving organs are the nerve endings in the skin, while the responding organs are the muscles in the arm. In order that the reception of the stimulus in the receiving organ shall call forth a response in the muscles, a connec- tion must exist between these two organs. This connec- tion is formed by nerves. The physiological functions of nerves are irritability and conductivity, by which the effect of the stimulus on the receiving organs (nerve endings) is conducted to the muscles. Fig. 20. Scheme of reflex arc. O P is part of the spinal cord ; S and M are sensory and motor nerves respectively: A, skin; E, muscle; C, centre in cord where sensory and motor nerves come in contact. This relationship between the receiving and the respond- ing organs can be gathered from Fig. 20. In this figure let A be a piece of skin m which the nerve S has its endings. This nerve goes to the central nervous system, that is, to the spinal cord or to the brain. In the cord or brain this nerve ends and its endings come in close contact with the endings of another nerve (at C, in Fig. 20), which leaves the spinal cord and supplies the muscle, E. The stimulus applied at A generates a nerve-impulse which is carried by the nerve S to the spinal cord, leaves the cord by the nerve M and is carried to the muscle, causing this to contract. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 1 55 Such an action is called a reflex action. The nerve S which carries the nerve impulse to the central nervous sys- tem is called a sensory, or centripetal, nerve ; the nerve M which carries the impulse from the central nervous sys- tem to the responding organ, as a muscle, is called a motor nerve, or better, centrifugal nerve. The spot in the central nervous system where the endings of the sensory and motor nerve come in contact is called a reflex center. In order that a reflex action shall take place, it is evident that both sensory and motor nerves must be intact. For a reflex action, the will or consciousness is not neces- sary, for many reflex actions take place during sleep. To show this still more plainly we may take the following. When a frog is decapitated, it certainly has lost all psychical functions, such as memory, consciousness, and will, granting that the frog had these faculties before it was decapitated. If such a decapitated frog is suspended and a bit of blotting paper soaked with an acid is placed on its thigh, the frog will draw up one of its hind legs and wipe away the irri- tating substance, definitely locating it on its body. Hence this action, which is true reflex action, is produced without the intervention of any psychical function. This action is rendered impossible if either the sensory nerve leading from the skin or the motor nerve supplying the muscle is cut. If the spinal cord is destroyed, the action also stops, because the connection between sensory and motor nerves is there- by destroyed, and the impulse sent by the sensory nerves cannot be transferred to the motor nerve. Now the pupil constriction which takes place during bright light is similar in nature to the actions here de- scribed. It is a true reflex action and can take place even in opposition to the will, for we cannot by the exercise of this faculty prevent the constriction of the pupil. The next question, then, is to determine the pathway of the impulse producing this action, in other words, to deter- mine the sensory and motor nerves concerned in pupil 156 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. constriction. It has been found that if the retina, in which the sensory nerve endings of tlie optic nerve are situated, is diseased, or if the optic nerve, the second cranial nerve, is cut, the constriction of the pupil in bright light no longer takes place. Consequently we regard the optic nerve as the sensory nerve of this pupil reflex. Again, it has been found that if the third cranial nerve, the oculo-motor nerve, is cut, the pupil reflex also disappears, while if the peripheral end of the cut third cranial nerve, i. e., the end attached to the eye, is stimulated, constriction follows. From this it is ap- parent that the sensory and motor nerves of the pupil reflex are the second and third cranial nerves respectively. The pupil reflex has been used as a means to determine blindness. If one eye is blind to light, no pupil constriction takes place in this eye when a bright light is cast into it. But in making this experiment, it is absolutely necessary to exclude the light from the sound eye, for it has been found that when a light is cast into one eye, the pupil of the other eye also constricts, even though it be in darkness. This is known as consensual pupil reflex and is due to the partial decussation of the optic fibers, as shown in Fig. 21. Let L E and R E represent the retina of the left and right eye re- spectively. The external fibers (broken lines in Fig. 21) from the left eye proceed to the left side of the brain, L O, and the external fibers of the right eye proceed to the right side of the brain, R O; but the internal fibers (full lines in Fig. 21) of the left eye cross over to the right side, while the internal fibers of the right eye cross over to the left side of the brain. Consequently, light falling upon the left eye affects not only the left but also the right side of the brain and the nerve impulse is carried to the pupil constricting center for each eye and from thence is sent to both irises. The constricting center is situ- ated in the anterior corpora quadrigemina of the brain. We must now discuss the responding organ in the iris itself. What structure in the iris causes constriction or dila- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 57 tion upon stimulation of the retina by light? It was stated in the second lecture that the iris is a continuation of the choroid. In the iris are found two sets of muscles; the Fig. 21. Diajfrani illustrating the decussation of optic nerves; LE, left eye; RE, right eye; LO left cerebral hemisphere; KO right cerebral hemisphere; C, chiasma. tibers of one set having a circular course (parallel with the pupil), the others have a radial course, extending from the periphery towards the central part of the iris. These are called the circular and the radial fibers of the iris. When the circular fibers contract, the pupil constricts ; contraction 158 THE PHYSIOLOGY 0¥ VISION. of the radial fibers causes dilation of pupil. The third cranial nerve governs the circular fibers and consequently stimulation of this nerve is followed by the contraction of the circular fibers, which causes the pupil to become smaller. The radial fibers of the iris are under the influence of the cervical sympathetic nerve and painful stimulation of almost any part of the body is followed by a dilation of the pupil, the impulse being carried to the pupil over the sympathetic nerve. Mental conditions, as I have already stated, also influence the pupil; fright, for example, causes dilation. Among the many drugs which influence the pupil, we may first of all mention the myotics, such as opium, ether, and physostigmin or eserin, which cause constriction of the pupil. Among the drugs causing dilation of the pupil are atropin and cocaine; these drugs are called mydriatics. Atropm causes dilation of the pupil by paralyzing the end- ings of the third cranial nerve and consequently light falling into an eye treated with this drug causes no constriction. It must also be borne in mind that atropin causes paralysis of the muscles of accommodation for the same reason, hence an eye treated with atropin cannot accommodate for near objects. We may also mention that alcohol dilates and morphine constricts the pupil. We may still refer to the curious phenomenon of the rythmical dilation and constriction of the pupil depending upon the heart beat. If you attentively observe the pupil of your neighbor's eye, you may see very limited constrictions and dilations following each other and coinciding with the heart beat, as can be ascertained by feeling his pulse. This is observed better if the pupil is magnified by means of a convex lens. The constriction and the dilation of the pupil can be seen entoptically in one's- own eye. By entoptical perception we mean seeing objects located in the eye itself. A great variety of things can be seen in the eye by the person him- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION, ^^9 self, and the principle upon which most of these entoptical visions are based is as follows. In Fig. 22, let the eye be emmetropic and the muscles of accommodation relaxed as in far vision. In the plane of the anterior principal focus, which is located about one-half inch in front of the eye, is placed a cardboard with a small pinhole. The daylight streaming through this pinhole leaves it divergingly, the result being the same as if the source of light was situated in the pinhole, that is, in the anterior principal focus of the eye. If the light is situated in the anterior principal focus of an optical system, the rays after refraction are parallel. Fig. 22. IMustrating entoptical vision. Consequently, in Fig. 22 the rays after passing through the lens are parallel with the optical axis and a certain portion of the retina is illuminated. The size of the luminous circle on the retina is determined by the size of the pupil. The larger the pupil, the larger the circle ; the smaller the pupil, the smaller the area of the retina illuminated. Experiment 6. Place the cardboard with a pinhole in the plane of the anterior principal focus of the eye (one- half inch in front of the eye) and look through the pinhole at the bright sky. A luminous circle is seen. Now intro- duce a pin from below upwards between the cardboard and the eye, as illustrated in Fig. 22. A shadow of the pin is seen. This shadow is formed on the lower part of the l6o THE PllYSIOl.OGY OF VISION. retina, but to the experimenter, the shadow appears to pro- ceed from above downward. The reason for this reversal we will learn later on, but we may here state that, as the eye behaves similar to a simple convex lens, the images on the retina are alwriys inverted. LECTURE IV. In the last lecture we discussed the principle upon which most entoptical perceptions are based. By placing a card- board with a pinhole in the anterior principal focus, a lumin- ous circle is cast upon the retina, and an opaque body situ- Fig. 23. Striae produced by winking the eyelids (after George Bui ) ated between the pinhole and the retina casts a shadow upon the retina which can be perceived. In this manner we observed the shadow of a pin placed between the eye and the cardboard (see Exp. 6 and Fig. 22). But in entoptical perception the bodies seen are situated in the eye itself. 161 l62 THE PHYSIOLOGY OP^ VISION. Experiment 7. While the cardboard with the pinhole is in the anterior principal focus, and the eye looks through the hole at the bright sky, close the eyelid and you will see a field somewhat like that pictured in Fig. 23. The hori- zontal striations are due to the fact that in pressing the eye- lid downward, you have collected the tears and they reflect the light and center it more on the retina. It has also been suggested that the striations are due to wrinkles of the epithelial layer of the cornea caused by the movements of the lid. Another phenomenon that can be observed entoptically is the changes in the size of the pupil during accommodation. Experiment 8. As in the previous experiment look at the sky through the pinhole. " The luminous circle has a certain size. Now place a pin about eight or ten inches in front of the card and fix your vision upon this. While doing so, the luminous field becomes smaller. Again relax your accommodation, i. e., look at the sky, and the circle in- creases in size. This change in the size of the luminous circle is due to the constriction of the pupil which accompanies accommo- dation for a near point. The constriction of the pupil in bright light (see Lecture III) can also be observed en- toptically. Experiment 9. Face a well-lighted window, close one eye and look through the pinhole with the other eye. The luminous field has a certain size. Now open the other eye ; the size of the circle becomes smaller, due to the con- striction of the pupil. In a similar manner, the condition of the crystalline lens can be studied. Experiment 10. Use a very small pinhole, place the card in the anterior principal focus, and look at a uniform sur- face, as the sky. A grayish field with a star-shaped figure (Fig. 24) will be seen. Scattered here and there you will also observe small spherical bodies, some lighter and some THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 163 darker than the field. The stellate figure is due to the cement substance of the lens. The crystalline lens, as you may know, is composed of a number of layers, somewhat Fig. 24. Diagram representing half of the lens as seen entoptically. (After Donderf.) like an onion ; these layers, however, do not form com- plete semi-circles but have a course which can best be understood from Fig. 25, The ends of the layers are joined by a cement-like substance, and it is this substance that gives rise to the stellate figure seen in Exp. 10. The light and dark spot seen in Exp. 10 are due to small imperfec- tions of the lens which have been observed microscopic- ally in the lens. If the lens were perfectly homogeneous, i. e., composed of one material, you would not observe these things. As a person grows older, these imperfections of the lens increase and the stellate figure may become black ; this may in part be the cause of the diminished acuteness of vision in old age. A group of bodies in the eye most frequently observed are the muscae-volitantes, or flies. These muscae-voli- tantes can be readily seen by looking at the bright sky, but by means of the following experiment they become more distinct. Experiment it. IMace the cardboard, as in Exp. to, but use a large hole. Look at the sky and you will see scat- 164 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. tered over the field little disks. Sometimes you will see them as single disks, sometimes they are in strings or groups, Fig. 26. If you fix a certain point in the sky, you will notice that the muscae are always floating downward. Try to fix your line of vision upon one, and it evades you ; for this reason they are called muscae-volitantes, or fiying flies. Fig. 25. A, Laminated structure of the crystalline lens, showing the denser nucleus and the concentric outer layers. B, Diagram show ing arrangement of lens fibres (posterior view.) Ordinarily we do not see these flies, but when the light enters our eye in such a manner that these bodies cast a strong shadow upon the retina, we become conscious of them. Some of these muscae are very permanent. Natur- ally you ask what are these bodies. Bonders found that these muscae-volitantes are imperfections in the vitreous humor, which have a greater or a lesser refracting power than the vitreous humor itself. They are said to become more numerous in myopes, some myopes being so troubled with them that the anxiety caused by them becomes a case of monomania. Still another phenomenon that can be seen entoptically is the phosphene. Experiment 12. With the tip of the finger press the corner of the eyeball. Notice in the opposite side of the visual field a dark disk surrounded by a very light band. That which is seen when the cornea is thus pressed is called THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 105 a phosphene, and is caused by the mechanical stimulation of the retina. Something similar to this can be seen by rub- bing the closed eyes with the knuckles. A most beautiful display of colors in ever varying pattern, very much like the field seen in a kaleidoscope, presents itself. Besides these, we can also observe the blood-vessels in our own eye. In a certain layer of the retina are located the blood-vessels which supply the retina, and if the light falls into the eye in a strange fashion the shadows of these vessels are seen. . Fig. 26. Muscae Volitantes. Experiment 13. In a dark room hold a candle quite close to the eye, and a little to the right, when you are ex- perimenting with the right eye. By moving the candle to and fro you will see depicted upon an orange field a beau- tiful display of blue lines which branch again and again. These are the blood-vessels. They always cast shadows on the retina and yet we are never conscious of them. Why we do not see them ordinarily is perhaps difficult to explain, but we may say that what we always see we never see, or, more correctly, images that are constantly on the retina (like the shadows of these blood-vessels) no longer affect our consciousness. A stimulus is a change in our environment; we are only conscious of changes. Hence, when the position of the shadows of the retinal vessels is changed, then, and then only, do we perceive them. This is accomplished by letting the light enter the eye from a different direction than it normally does. l66 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Not only can the blood-vessels of the retina be seen en- toptically, but even the blood streaming through these ves- sels can be thus observed. Experiment 14. Hold a piece of blue glass in front of the eye and look steadily at the bright sky. Numerous little light spots will be seen crossing the field in tortuous lines. The specks appear and disap])ear very suddenly and are immediately followed by others, their motion reminding one very much of the skating of certain water-beetles on the surface of the water. After looking at them for sometime, you can trace out the definite paths they follow. It is perhaps well known to you that in the blood we find an innumerable number of microscopical disks called red blood-corpuscles. Now the light specks that you ob- served in the previous experiment are these corpuscles floating in the blood as it flows through the retinal vessels. It is supposed that the corpuscles in flowing through the retina stimulate the retina mechanically, very much the same as you did in Experiment 12, and hence they appear as luminous circles. Before we dismiss the subject of entoptical vision, I must call your attention to one more phenomenon, closely re- lated to this subject. On entering a perfectly dark room, you would naturally expect to see absolute darkness. If, however, you stay in the room until the eyes become accus- tomed to darkness, you will notice that the field before you is not absolutely black, but has the appearance of a faint misty haze or glow. This is called the intrinsic, or spe- cific, light of the retina. By this intrinsic light of the retina we do not mean to say that there is actual light in the eye; it is a sensation of light, the cause of which is not well understood. Some ha^'c supposed that it is due to the bombardment of the sensitive portion of the retina by the blood-corpuscles referred to in Experiment 14. Others hold that it is not due to the retina, but to changes in that part of the brain where our visual sensations are produced. "HE rilYSIOI.OGY OF VISION. 167 It is a well-known fact that in certain diseased conditions, as in delirium tremens, the visual centers of the brain are abnormally stimulated, and the patient imagines he sees objects which have no objective existence. Fig. a7. Diagram of structure of the Retina (after Cajal). H, layer of nerve-fibres; G, layer of ganglion cells; F, internal molecular layer; E, internal nuclear layer; C, external molecular; B, external nu- clear; A, layer of rods and cones. The second requisite for distinct vision is the production of a change by the light in the eye of such a nature that it can be communicated to, or affect the endings of, the optic nerve in the eye. The sensitive clement of the eye without which sight is impossible is the retina, the innermost coat of the eye (see Fig. 14). The retina has an exceedingly com- plex structure, but as our time is limited, wc shall only refer to the most important points. The optic or second cranial nerve is the nerve of sight, the impulses generated by the light in the eye are by means l68 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. of this nerve conveyed to the brain. This nerve arises from various structures, such as the geniculate bodies, optic thalamus, anterior corpus quadrigcminum, etc., found in the anterior portion of the brain. Soon after leaving the brain, the two optic nerves meet in the median line of the brain and after partial decussation (see Fig. 21) again sep- arate and proceed to the eyes and end in the retina. But the endings of the fibers of the optic nerve in the retina come in contact (in layer F, Fig. 27) with the endings of another set of very short nerves. The other endings of these short nerves again come in contact with the endings of a third set of short nerves (in layer C, Fig. 27), whose external ends (upper ends in Fig. 27) have a peculiar structure, known as the rods and cones. Hence there are three sets of nerves in the retina. And it must be borne in mind that the fibers coming from the brain, and which are located in the layer of the retina designated H in Fig. 27, are innermost in the eye, while the layer of rods and cones (layer A, Fig. 27) is in the external part of the retina, that is, it is in contact with the choroid (see Fig. 14). The question is, which part of this complicated mechan- ism is acted upon by light. In order not to burden you with too many details, we may say that the rods and cones are re- garded as the ultimate elements of sight ; they form the structures that the light acts upon in such a manner as to cause vision. Some of the reasons for this supposition are as follows. The portion of the retina where the optic nerve enters is known as the optic disk ; it is also called the blind spot, because this part of the retina is absolutely blind (see Fig. 14). Experiment 15. Close the left eye and with right eye look at the cross in Fig. 28 ; by indirect vision you will perceive the circle. Bring the page closer to the eye, all the time keeping your eye fixed on the cross. At a certain distance the circle will disappear. Bring the page still nearer and the circle will reappear. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 1 69 This is known as Mariotte's experiment and is explained as follows. When we look directly at an object, the focus falls on the fovea centralis, or yellow spot (Fig. 14), and the images of other objects not in line with the first object fall outside of the yellow spot. When the page is held in the correct position, the image of the cross falls on the yellow spot and that of the circle on the blind spot. By micro- scopical examination it has been found that there are no rods or cones in the blind spot, hence this experiment is a strong proof in favor of the idea, that the rods and cones are the percipient elements. Right here I may draw your attention to something interesting. • In the optic disk or + Fig. 28. blind spot there is an abundance of nerve fibers for, as we have stated before, here the optic nerve enters. The light falls upon there optic nerve fibers and yet there is no sensa- tion produced. We may conclude, therefore, that the nerve fibers themselves cannot be stimulated by light; the light must fall upon the endings of the nerves (rods and cones) in order that a sensation of light be produced. This is anal- ogous to other sense organs. In order to have a sensation of touch the nerve endings in the skin must be stimulated, for if the. skin is removed, touching the exposed nerve may give rise to a sensation of pain, but not of touch. I may also state that Bonders was able, by means of a small mirror, to throw a light on the blind spot, leaving the rest of the retina dark. In this case the person was not conscious of any sensation of light. Another reason why we are certain that the rods and cones are the structures stimulated by light is as follows: As I told you, when we look directly at an object, the focus always falls on the fovea centralis, or yellow spot; 170 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. at this portion of the retina vision is keenest. Now this portion of the retina is also best suppHed with rods and cones, especially the latter. As we proceed from the yellow spot to the periphery of the retina, vision becomes less and less distinct, and the number of rods and cones, especially cones, becomes also less and less. That the rods and cones are the percipient elements of sight is further rendered evident by the fact that whenever they are destroyed, even if the other portions of the retina are intact, vision is gone. To these proofs we may still add the following, which is, I think, of interest. Experiment 16. Look at the two points printed beneath. •• These two points are seen as two distinct points. Move away from these points to a sufficient distance, and you will see only one point ; the two points have fused and only one sensation is produced. If the two points are further apart than here indicated, the distance between your eyes and the points must be greater in order to cause them to fuse. In other words, it is the angle under which these two points are seen that determines whether you see them as two points or as one point. The smallest visual angle under which two points are seen as two distinct points lies between 50 and 70 sec- onds. The following explanation is generally given for this phenomenon. In Fig. 29, N is the nodal point of the eye. By the nodal point* we mean a point in an optical sys- tem of such a nature that a ray of light going -towards it before refraction, is not refracted in going through the optical system. In Fig. 29, let A and B represent the two points looked at. Each point sends a ray of light to the nodal point and these rays are focused on the retina at A' and B' ; hence. A' is the image of A, and IV is the image of B. If the angle included between the lines A N and B N is 73 seconds, the linear distance between the images A' and B' is about 5.36 micromillimeters, or .00536 millimeters ; in *In reality there are two nodal points, but as tliey lie close to gether, tliey may be regarded as one. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I7I this case the points are seen separately. But suppose that the points are situated closer together, the angle A N B will be less than 73 seconds and the distance A' B' will be less than .00536 mm. ; in this instance the two points are seen as one point. This is due to the fact that if two images fall on one rod or cone we have but one sensation, while if the two images fall on two rods or cones separated by a third cone, two distinct points are seen. In A and B of Fig. 30 the two images fall either on one cone or on two neighboring cones, and only one sensation is produced. In C, Fig. 30, two cones separated by a third cone are stimu- Fig. 29. lated, and two sensations are produced. It was stated that the images (A' and B', Fig. 29) must be about .005 mm. apart in order to be perceived as two points. x\s the diameter of the cones is from .002 to .005 mm, these facts agree with the theory that the rods and cones are the ulti- mate elements of sight. It may be mentioned in passing that the determination of the visual actuity by the charts of Snellen, is based to some extent on this principle. Having decided that it is the rods and cones which are stimulated by light, the next step is to determine what change is produced in the eye which enables us to see. There are quite a number of changes produced by the light in the eye. In the outer portions of the rods (see Fig. 27) is found a reddish pigment called rhodopsin, or visual purple. This pigment bleaches when exposed to light and in darkness it regains its colors. It behaves, therefore, 172 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. somewhat like a photographic plate, but is superior to it in that darkness restores the pigment. In fact, by means of this visual purple Kuhne was able to form a picture of an external object on the retina; such a picture is known as an optogram. Kuhne placed a frog in a dark room for an hour or two so as to increase the amount of visual purple. He then excised the eye and placed it in front of a window so that an image of the window with its panes and sashes fell upon the retina. After an exposure of some minutes he took the retina out of the eye and treated it with an alum solution, which ''fixes" the rhodopsin so that it is no longer 000 GXDO 000 A B C Fig. 30. Tn these figures the two points correspond to the images a' and b' of fig. 29. In A they faU on one cone, in B on two neighbor- ing cones ; in both cases one sensation is produced and consequently one point perceived. In B the two images faU on two cones separ- ated bv a third cone and this causes two sensations and hence two distinct points are perceived. affected by light. He then observed a picture of the win- dow on the retina, in which the panes were colorless (bleached) and the sashes red. When this action of visual purple was first discovered, it was thought that the riddle of how light produces its effect in the eye was solved. However, this fond illusion was soon dispelled, for it was found that visual purple is not necessary for vision, as is indicated by the following facts. There are some animals, like snakes and pigeons, that have no visual purple ; as these animals can see perfectly well, it furnishes good grounds for supposing that it is not abso- lutely necessary for our vision. Again, if the human eye is exposed to the bright sky for ten or fifteen minutes all the rhodopsin is bleached, notwithstanding the eye is not blind. Visual purple is not affected by a red light, yet we are able to see red light. Besides this, the changes that rhodop- sin undergoes when exposed to light are too slow to account THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 1 73 for vision; a flash of lightning is of too short a duration to affect this pigment. There are many other changes produced in the eye, but none of them are absolutely essential to vision, so far as we know at present. Hence we are ignorant of the second requisite for vision, namely, a change produced by light in the eye. Nor are we better informed of the third requi- site, the communication of this (unknown) change to the optic nerve and its propagation to the brain. We are cer- tain that the light stimulates the endings of the optic nerve, and that this nerve conducts a nerve impulse to the brain which finally results in conscious vision; but what this nerve impulse consists of we cannot at present tell. Most likely it is no different from the nerve impulses going over other nerves in the body; the sensation of vision is not de- termined by any definite kind of stimulation or nerve im- pulse reaching the brain, but upon the definite place (cen- ter) in the brain where the nerve impulse causes a change in the cells of the brain. As we shall see later on, the visual sensations originate in the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Here the optic nerves have their final endings. If these lobes are destroyed, psychical blind- ness results; if they are stimulated, we have the sensa- tion of sight, no matter how this stimulation is brought about. This led someone to say that if the auditory or eighth cranial nerve which leads from the ear to that portion of the brain where auditory sensations originate, could be made to conduct impulses to the occipital lobes, we would be able to see the music played by a band. Seeing that we are not acquainted with the nature of the change set up in the rods and cones and the impulse trans- mitted by the optic nerve, we shall leave this subject and next discuss the impressions that we receive when light falls into our eye. The retino-cerebral mechanism gives rise to three sensations : light, color, and space sensations. Cer- tain animals possess organs which give them impressions of 174 '^'^^ PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. light only. A differentiation of nerve fibers has taken place of such a nature that they are affected by light ; but, as no lens is present, there are no images cast upon the nerve fibers, and all that these animals perceive is light. They can distinguish between light and darkness, but they have no idea of form or distance and most likely not of color. In our discussion of the sensation of light, we may first inquire into the relation existing between the stimulus (the objective light) and the resulting sensation. How long must a light act and with what intensity must light act in order to be seen? It has been found that we can perceive a light lasting i-8,ooo,oooth of a second. We may, there- fore, state that, so far as we know at present, if the light has a sufficient intensity, no matter how short its duration, it is visible. It must have a certain intensity for reasons which we will take up in our next lecture. LECTURE V. At the close of the last lecture we learned that the length of time required for the light to act upon the retina in order that it can be perceived is extremely short, a spark of light from a revolving mirror lasting only i -8,ooo,oooth of a second can be perceived. However, the sensation produced is not as short as this. The curved line in Fig. 31 repre- sents the intensity of the visual sensation ; the higher a cer- tain part of the curve is above the base line (nm), the greater the intensity of the sensation at that moment. Let us suppose that the light which produced this sensation Fig. 31. lasted from A to C. The curve of sensation can be readily divided into four parts : A B, B C, C D, and D E. At A the light begins to act upon the retina and the sensation begins; however, it will be noticed that the sensation does not reach its maximum immediately, but gradually increases in intensity until at B it attains its greatest intensity. From this it is evident that a dim light acting for a longer length of time may produce a stronger sensation than a bright light acting for a very short length of time. Suppose an electric spark lasting but i-i, 000,000th part of a second falls upon the eye. Tn that length of time the ns 176 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. sensation has reached, let us say, only one-fourth the value that it would reach if the spark should last for one whole second. Let us now suppose that a second light having only one-half the brilliancy of the electric spark but lasting one second falls upon the eye. In that length of time the sensation has reached its full value which is, therefore, twice as great as that caused by the electric spark. You see that the eye is similar to a photographic camera in that the efifect increases with the length of exposure; there is an accumulative effect. This naturally leads us to ask, how much light must be thrown into the eye in order to produce a sensation? You will remember that irritability was defined as the power of a living being to respond to a stimulus. The smallest amount of a stimulus that can produce a sensation is called its liminal intensity. What is the liminal intensity of the light entering the eye? This is very difficult to state, for it is not an easy matter to measure and graduate the amount of light. For certain sense organs, such as touch, it is less difficult to determine the liminal intensity of the stimulus because one can readily measure the amount of pressure applied in milligrams or fractions of a milli- gram. However, attempts have been made to determine how great the luminosity must be in order to produce a sensa tion, and it was found that a sheet of white paper illumin- ated bv a standard candle can still be perceived at a dis- tance of 200 or 250 meters. If the distance is greater than this, it can no longer be perceived. Moreover, the liminal intensity depends to a large extent upon the condition of the eye. It is a well-known fact that if your eye is accustomed to bright light, you do not readily perceive a very dim light, but after remaining in a dark room for some time, the dim light looks quite bright. In determining the liminal intensity of light, the retina should be in resting condition, in other words, it should be as sensitive as possible. Remaining in the dark for three min- THE PHYSIOLOGY OK VISION. I77 utes increases the irritability of the retina from ten to fifteen times, while after a stay of two hours the irritability is thirty-five times as great as when the eye is illuminated by daylight. But even under these circumstances all eyes are not the same ; sailors see land at a distance when a landsman cannot see anything. Artists and orientals have a much higher developed sense of color and light than other people. So the threshold of irritability or liminal intensity varies in different people and depends upon the condition of the eye and upon previous training. Neither is the threshold of irri- tability the same for all portions of the retina. In the last lecture we learned that when we wish to see an object dis- tinctly, the focus of that object always falls on the fovea centralis, or yellow spot. From this you might infer that this portion of the retina is also the most sensitive to light, but the following experiment indicates that this is not true for light of all intensities. Experiment i6. Turn the gas jet very low so that a mere spark of light remains and view this from a distance of about ten or fifteen feet. Close one eye and look directly at the gas jet; notice its luminosity. Now look a few inches to one side of the light, seeing this by indirect vision, that is, letting the focus fall outside of the yellow spot; the light appears very much brighter than it did before. This experiment demonstrates that while in the ordinary sense the fovea centralis has the greatest visual acuity, the threshold of irritability is less for those portions of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea centralis than for the fovea itself. This has received the following explana- tion. As was stated in Lecture IV, the fovea centralis is well supplied with cones, but the rods (see Fig. 27) are lacking here. In the peripheral portions of the retina, that is, in the retina outside of the fovea, we find both rods and cones, the number of cones diminishing rapidly as we pro- ceed toward the limits of the retina. Some physiologists lyS THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. suppose that the rods and cones do not perform the same functions, and that the rods are color bhiid but are espe- cially adapted for viewing light (not color) of low in- tensity. Some hold that this function of the rods is due to the rhodopsin or visual purple, which, as we stated in the previous lecture, is only found in the rods. A subject closely related to this is known as the law of Weber, which states by how much a light must be in- creased in order that we maybe able to perceive the increase. As this law holds good within certain limits for other sen- sations, we may for a few minutes leave the subject of light. Suppose I draw a line of a certain length ; how much longer must I draw a second line in order that the two may be distinguished? It has been found that if the first line is lOO mm. long, the length of the second line must be at least 105 mm. Again, if the first line is 200 mm., the second line must be 210 mm.; if the first line is 1,000 mm., the second line must be 1,050 mm. The difference between 100 and 105 is five, and the ratio of this difference to the length of the first line is 5-100, or 1-20. The difference between 1,000 and 1,050 is fifty, and here the ratio of the difference to 1,000 is 50-1,000, or again 1-20. Hence we may state this in the following general manner: In order that a difference in the length of two lines shall be per- ceived, the difference between the two lines must be a certain fraction (ratio) of the shortest line; this fraction is con- stant no matter what the length of the lines may be and its value is 1-20. To a certain extent this also holds true for pressure sen- sations, as the following shows. If your hands rests on the table, and if a weight is placed on the hand, you experi- ence a sensation of a certain strength. How large a weight must be added in order that you can perceive a change in the intensity of the sensation? It has been found that if the original weight is ten grams, one gram must be added to it in order that a change in the sensation can be per- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I79 ceived. Instead of ten grams, the weight might have been ten grains, ten ounces, or any other weight ; in each case i-io of the original weight must be added to produce a change in the sensation. If less than i-io is added, you are unable to tell the difference. f We may generalize this as follows : Whatever the strength of the stimulus may be, it must be increased by the same fraction in order that a difference in the sensation may be perceived. It will be noticed that this is the same conclusion that we arrived at in discussing the least perceptible difference in the lengths of two hues. Does our sensation of sight follow the same law? It does. Suppose this room is lit by one hundred candles, how many candles must be added in order that we could per- ceive an increase in the luminosity? One candle must be added. That is, we can tell the difference between the light from one hundred and that from one hundred and one candles. The ratio of the difference to the original stimulus is I -100, hence i-ioo is the ratio by which the light must be decreased or increased in order to cause a difference in the sensation. If instead of one hundred there are ten candles, then i-ioo of lo or i-io of a candle must be added. Whether the light is furnished by candles, lamps, or electric lights does not alter the rule. We may once more state this in general terms: The smallest change in the magnitude of the stimulus (light, pressure, etc.) which we can appreciate through a change in our sensation is always the same ratio of the total stimulus. This is called Weber's law. Weber's law explains a great many phenomena that are familiar to you. We have time to call attention to but a few. A candle is burning in a dark room, and casts a shadow of an object on the floor. If a little daylight is let into the room, the shadow begins to fade away, and if tThis ratio differs for different regions of the body. I So THE PHYSIOLOGY OF' VISION. the bright sunhght falls upon the floor, the shadow cast by the candle disappears. The reason for this is as follows. In Fig. 32 let O be the object whose shadow falls upon the floor at P. This portion of the floor, therefore, receives no light, while the remainder of the floor, Q and Q, receives the full light of the candle, the intensity of which we shall call one. Now the full sunlight is let in which lights up the ^*?. Fig. 32, whole floor, the spot P as well as the neighboring portions, Q and Q. Let us call the intensity of the sunlight 1,000, that is, we shall assume that it is one thousand times as bright as the candle light. The portions of the floor Q and Q receive light both from the candle and from the sun, hence, the total luminosity of Q is 1,001. The place P receives light only from the sun, hence, its luminosity is only 1,000. The difference between the luminosity of P and O is therefore i, which is i-iooo of the total lumin- osity of P. We have seen that two lights must differ by i-iooth part of the weakest light in order that we can per- ceive the difference. It is, therefore, obvious that the dif- ference between the luminosity of P and Q cannot be pei- ceived ; the floor will have a uniform appearance. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. l8l We read a printed page by the light of a good lamp as well as in daylight, although the daylight is far more in- tense than the lamp-light. This also is according to Web- er's law. Let us suppose that the intensity of the lamp- light is 10, that of daylight i,ooo. In the lamp-light the amount of light that you receive from the ',vhite paper is ten (not taking into consideration the absorption of light) and the amount of light received from the black letters is, let us say, one. The ratio of the difference (9) to the total illumination (10) is 9-10; as this difference is greater than one-hundredth, you can read the letters. When you read in daylight, the amount of light from the white paper is one hundred times greater, that is, it is one thousand, but the light from the letters has also been increased by one hundred, that is, it is equal to 100. The ratio of the dif- ference to the total illumination is 900-iouo or 9-10, the same as in lamp-light. Hence, you can see to read by a good lamp just as well as in perfect daylight. Why do we not see the stars in the day time? Because the amount of light which they send is so small compared with the amount of sunlight, that the difference falls below the fraction of i-ioo. If the light received from a star were i-ioo part of the light received from the sun, that star would be visible by day ; but as no star sends this amount of light, we are able to see them only when the sunlight is decreased. Weber's law holds good, however, only for certain in- tensities of light ; in very feeble or very bright light other factors enter. Suppose you are reading by lamp-light and that the amount of light is gradually decreased, at first reading is still possible, for the reasons given above, but as the light becomes less and less, it becomes more and more difficult to distinguish the print, until finally it is impossible. The reason for this is that the intrinsic light of the eye (see Lecture IV) is added to both the light from the paper and that from the printed letter, raising the intensity of both 1 82 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. SO that the difference is imperceptible. On the other hand, it is generally impossible to see sun spots with the naked eye, while these are visible if the eye is protected by smoked glass. This is not because the difference of luminosity be- tween the sunspot and the surrounding surface of the sun is not sufficiently great for us to perceive it, but because the glare of the sun blinds the eye, which then no longer fol- lows Weber's law. In discussing the liminal intensity of light we spoke only of wdiite light, but there is also a liminal intensity of colored light. In determining this it was found that if a very feeble light is cast upon a piece of colored paper, the light is colorless (gray). If the amount of light is increased, the proper color is perceived. Consequently in colors we have two thresholds ; first, the absolute or light threshold, and, second, the chromatic or color threshold. All colors look gray in very dim light, for which the following reason has been ascribed. The small amount of light from a colored object has sufficient intensity to stimulate the rods, which, as we have seen a moment ago, have a lower threshold of irritability, but have no color vision ; this intensity is not sufficient, however, to stimulate the cones, whose stimula- tion gives rise to color sensation. Hence the colored light of low intensity appears colorless. When white light or mixed light falls upon the retina, the maximum effect of all the colors is not perceived at the same time. At the beginning of this lecture, we stated that the sensation does not reach its maximum immediately, but that the sensafon increases gradually (see Fig. 31). Now the sensation of red light reaches its maximum sooner than that of green light; this gives rise to a curious color phenomenon, which can be demonstrated by means of the Benham spectrum top (Fig. 33). This consists of a disk, half white and half black. On the white surface are placed strips of black paper in concentric circles. If this disk is rotated on a wheel in the direction indicated by the arrow THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 183 (Fig. ^;^) the concentric bands give rise to color sensa- tions which are from within outward, red, brown, oUve, green, blue. If the wheel is turned in the opposite direc- tion, the position of the colors is reversed. A phenomenon somewhat similar to this is the "flicker" phenomenon. On a wheel rotate a disk half of which is white and the other half black. Cast a strong light upon it. If this is rotated with sufficient speed, a uniform gray is produced, which will be discussed in the next lecture. Fi^. 33. Disk of nenhatn. But if the speed is decreased a flickering is produced, and a pattern of colors, red, blue, green, yellow, etc., is seen. By increasing or decreasing the speed, this pattern changes in a most surprising manner. No adequate explanation has yet been given for this curious phenomenon. It is not due to the decomposition or analysis of the white light, for it can also be observed in monochromatic light, that is, in light of one color. Charpentier's Bands. We shall now rotate on the wheel a disk having three quadrants black and the remaining quadrant white. On rotating this slowly and keeping your line of vision fixed upon the center, you will notice a narrow 184 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION grayish sector, like a shadow, situated in the white quad- rant, at the point A, Fig. 34. By looking attentively, it may be possible to locate a second band in the white sector (at B, Fig. 34). These bands are known as Charpentier's bands. It would lead us too far into the subject to attempt an explanation. The last subject with which I shall trouble you in this lecture is irradiation. Fig. 84. Experiment 17. Cut out two small squares of paper of exactly the same size, one of black and the other of white paper. Place the white square on a black background (on black cloth or paper) and the black square on a white background. The white square on the black background appears considerably larger than the black square on the white background. This is supposed to be due to a spread- ing of the sensation of white over the black, thereby enlarg- ing the white square ; but it is possible that spherical aber- ration also plays a part. The following experiment is also an illustration of irradiation. Experiment 18. Hold the edge of a knife or card hori- zontally so that it shuts off half of the flame of a gas jet. Use a small flame. View the flame just over the edge of the card, and it appears as if the opaque object is notched at THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 185 the point where the object and the flame meet. Two more ilktstrations of irradiation are the well-known facts, that people look smaller in dark than in white clothes, and that the darker old moon in the arms of the new appears smaller than the lighter strip of new moon en circling it. LECTURE VI. We have learned in the last lecture that the sensation produced by the stimulation of the retina does not reach its maximum immediately, but gradually increases in strength, till, after a certain length of time, it reaches its greatest intensity. This is graphically represented by the curve in Fig. 35. Suppose the stimulation by light lasted from A to C, the curve of sensation gradually increases from A to B. Fig. 35. In this lecture we wish to consider the third part of the curve, that from C to D. As before stated, let us suppose that the stimulation ceases at C ; it will be noticed that the curve of sensation does not immediately drop down to the base line. The sensation continues for a certain length of time, from C to D, gradually fading away ; in other words, the sensation lasts longer than stimulation. If the stimula- tion (light) lasts for one second, the sensation produced by this stimulation lasts one second plus a fraction of a second. We may, therefore, say there is an after eflfect, an after sensation. And this is true not only of our organs of sight, but also of other sense-organs. If a weight is placed on your hand, a sensation of pressure is experienced ; if the 186 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 187 weight is removed, the sensation remains for a brief length of time. The fact that the sensation lasts longer than the stimu- lation leads to the fusion of sensations. Since we were Fig. 36. Whirling machine for mixing colors. boys, we were familiar with the fact that if a live coal is rapidly swung around, a circle of light is seen, especially if this is done in the dark. A similar phenomenon can be demonstrated on the color wheel (Figs. 36 and 36a).* *Nearly all the experiments related in this and in the following lecture were performed on the color wheel, an instrument by means of which disks of various colors can be rapidly rotated. Those de- siring to follow these experiments at home, can procure from the Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass., a simple "Color Top" with the necessary disks, which answers the purpose admirably. Not only can this "top" be used in making the experiments outlined in these lec- tures, but it will furnish very wholesome amusement to the children. The cost of top and disks is six cents, postpaid. l88 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Experiment 19. On the spindle of the color top arrange a white and black disk, so that one-half of the field is white and the other half black. On rotating these disks slowly, you see the white and black sectors alternately and sep- arately; but as the speed increases you notice that fusion takes place until finally there is no white or black, but a perfectly uniform gray. This fusion of the two stimuli, white and black, depends upon the fact that the sensation lasts longer than the stimu- lation. Suppose Fig. 37 represents the retina and that the image of the white sector falls at A and that of the black sector at B. If the wheel is rotated slowly, the position of the image of the white area changes from A to B, and the Fig. 36A. Color Discs sensation at A disappears while a new sensation of the white area is formed at B. But rotate the wheel faster. The image of the white area leaves A, the stimulation of the white light ceases, but the sensation lasts, let us say 1-50 second longer. If the wheel is rotated so fast that the image of the white area is at A again before the expiration of the 1-50 second, then the second sensation fuses with the first sensation which remained, and consequently you are not conscious of that fact that the white area has changed its position; a uniform sensation is produced. This sensa- tion is gray, because the black sector of the disk reduces the sensation of luminosity produced by the white disk. This after-image, which outlasts the stimulation and upon which the fusion of the sensations depend, is called the positive after-image. How long is the duration of the posi- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 189 tive after-image? This can be determined by ascertaining how often we must rotate the wheel in the above experi- ment in order to obtain complete fusion. We shall throw a dim light upon the wheel and rotate with sufficient rapid- ity to cause fusion. Now we will increase the light; you notice that I must rotate the wheel faster in order to cause fusion. This indicates that the number of stimulations per second must be very much greater in bright light than in dim light ; the positive after-image lasts longer in dim light than in bright light. In dim light about thirteen stimula- tions per second are necessary ; in the bright sun light sixty or more are needed. Fig. 37. There is another form of positive after-image which is extremely interesting, which you can demonstrate for your- self, by the following experiment. As this experiment can be made only when the eye is in a perfectly fresh condition, it is best to make it immediately after waking. When you awake in the morning look out of the window for a short length of time, about five or six seconds ; notice the trees and houses. Cover your face with the bed clothes and you will see a reproduction of the houses and trees. This after- image is so astonishingly perfect and clear that one can't help miagining that the eyes are open and still looking at the objects. This is also a positive after-image, but differs 190 THE PHYSIOI.OGY OF VISION. from the ordinary positive after-image in its long dura- tion. In the above experiment it is not sufficient to close the eyes, for a certain amount of light penetrates the eyelids. You are all familiar with the positive after-image ob- tained by looking at the sun. If you look at the red setting sun, a very lasting after-image is seen which generally appears as a light luminous spot when the eyes are closed, while it appears as a dark circle when you look at a bright surface, as the sky. If you look steadily for some time at the setting sun, the after-image will be seen in colors which gradually change. At first the after-image is bluish green ; this gives place to a green, and this in turn to a blue ; then violet, pink, orange, and green are seen successively. What this change in color is due to, is not well under- stood. In some cases positive after-images have been known to exist for a life time; no doubt in these instances there is an actual injury to the retina caused by too strong stimu- lation. The retina of our eye is stimulated by light, and con- sciousness is affected ; but light is not the only agency that can thus stimulate the optic nerve. For instance, some peo- ple see stars, although there may be no light present. Mechanical stimulation of the optic nerve, as by cutting the nerve in operations for the removal of the eyeball, also produces a sensation of light. Passing an electric cur- rent through the eye also calls forth a sensation of light. Again, when the ear or the auditory nerve is stimulated, whether by sound waves, by a mechanical blow, or by an electric current, the result is always a sensation of sound. These facts have led physiologists to the theory of specific energy of nerves, by which we mean that the nature of the sensation (whether sound, sight, taste, etc.) is not deter- mined by the nature of the stimulation applied to the par- ticular nerve, but by the endings of that nerve in the brain. This is very well illustrated in people whose feet have been THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 191 amputated and who have subsequently complained of their painful corns. The nerve that originally supplied the toes is stimulated by the contracting healing tissue, and the result in consciousness is the same as if the corn was irritated. Although the eye can be stimulated in these various ways, yet it is evident that the eye is not built for the reception of such stimuli. In fact, the organ of vision is constructed in such a manner that it can be best stimulated by light, i. e., ether vibrations ; hence this form of st'mulus is called the adequate stimulus. Other sense organs also have their ade- quate stimuli, that for the ear being the vibrations of air, or sound waves. As ether vibrations are the adequate stimulus for the eye, it is necessary that we study them a little more closely. The lowest ether vibrations of which we have definite knowledge have 107,000,000,000,000 vibrations per second, and the shortest waves vibrate 40,000,000,000,000,000 times per sec- ond. However, all these vibrations of ether do not affect the eye. Our eye is stimulated only by vibrations ranging from 392,000,000,000,000 to 757,000,000,000,000 vibrations per second. If the number of vibrations is less than 390,- 000,000,000,000 or greater than 760,000,000,000,000 per second, they do not affect the eye, hence produce no sensa- tion of vision (light). But these vibrations manifest them- selves to us in other ways. If ether vibrations of, say 300,- 000,000,000,000 fall upon the skin, certain nerves are stimu- lated and we have a sensation of heat. The shorter wave lengths, i. e., waves having greater number of vibrations per second, have the power of changing certain pigments, as is seen in the bleaching of colors of cloth or paper ; for this reason these short waves are sometimes called actinic, or chemical, rays. These short waves do not affect the human eye, but it is possible that other animals can perceive these vibrations. This is rendered very likely from what we know of other sense organs, such as the ear. Our car can perceive sounds ranging from about 16 to 40,000 vibra- 192 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. tions per second. If a sound of more than 40,000 vibrations per second strikes the human ear, it causes no sound sensa- tion, but a dog will respond to these sound waves. Lub- bock states that ants and certain water beetles (Daphnia) seem to be able to see ultra-violet rays. The rays of the sun which are visible to us have different rates of vibration, and according to the rate of vibration affect our eye differently. If the rate of vibration is 395,- 000,000,000,000 per second, the sensation called forth is red ; if the rate is 740,000,000,000,000, we experience a sensation of violet. By means of a prism the white sunlight can be decomposed, i. e., the rays of various lengths can be sep- arated from each other ; the result is called the spectrum of the sunlight. The following table gives the number of vi- brations and the wave length of the seven main colors seen in the solar spectrum : Number of vibrations Wave lengths in per second. niilUmeters.* Red 395,000,000,000,000 0.0007604 Orange 503,000,000,000,000 0.0005972 Yellow 517,000,000,000,000 0.0005808 Green 570,000,000,000,000 0.0005271 Cyan-blue 606,000,000,000,000 0.0004960 Indigo 635,000,000,000,000 0.0004732 Violet 740,000,000,000,000 0.0004059 In this table are noted only the seven chief colors which most people recognize in the rainbow. However, if you observe the spectrum carefully, you will notice that these seven colors gradually shade into each other, that there is no sharp line of demarkation between them, and that many more colors can be seen. Some state that at least 160 colors can be recognized. And if these colors are mixed in vari- ous ways, especially if they are mixed with white and with black, it is estimated by V. Kries that we can appreciate 500,000 different colors, tints, and shades. *A millimeter Is equal to about 1-25 (0.0393704) of an inch. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I93 Colors have three distinguishing marks. First, we have the hue, or tone, of the color. By the tone of the color we mean what is ordinarily called the color, e. g., red, blue, green. Again, we can speak of the purity, or saturation, of a color aside from its tone, by which we mean the amount of white light there iS mixed with the pure color. Experiment 20. Take the red disk which is found in the outfit of the color top. Let us say that this is a perfectly saturated color, that is, its purity is one hundred per cent. On the color top combine 75 per cent red and 25 per cent white, and rotate fast enough to cause complete fusion. Although the resulting color is still red, the purity, or sat- uration, is decreased ; the color is a light or pale red. The more white light is mixed with the red, the less the saturation and the paler the color. Tints are produced by mixing a saturated color with white light; pink, for ex- ample, is a tint of red. It must be borne in mind, how- ever, that a pure color is not necessarily a bright color, nor is a bright color necessarily a pure color. Some parts of the spectrum have so weak a tone that they can be recog- nized only with difficulty, yet they are pure colors. The third color-constant is the intensity, or brightness, by which is meant the amount of light coming from a unit area of the colored object. In this connection we can speak of a "dark" red and a "bright" red ; in both cases the satur- ation may be complete, but the bright red sends more red light into our eye than the dark red. Experiment 21. On the color top combine 50 per cent red and 50 per cent black. On rotation, a very dark red is seen; this is called a shade of red. Instead of having the whole amount of red light from the red disk thrown on your retina, you only receive one-half of this amount and, consequently, the intensity, or brightness, is less. The last two experiments may be repeated with blue ; in the one case a tint, in the other a shade of blue is obtained. Speaking of the brightness or intensity of colors, leads us 194 "T^^^ PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. to ask what is the brightest part of the spectrum. Most people agree that, with ordinary ilkimination, the yellow has the greatest luminosity. If, however, the intensity of the light is decreased, the brightest portion of the spectrum shifts over to the right, that is, into the green. On the other hand, if the intensity of the decomposed light is in- creased, the brightest part is found in the orange. This gives rise to what is known as Purkinje's phenomenon. While looking at a carpet or wall paper, the pattern of which contains red and blue colors, gradually decrease the light; the red colors gradually become . darker and are in- distinguishable from black, at a time when the blue can be readily discerned. When the intensity of the light is in- creased, the colors also become colorless, but the order in which they disappear is not the same as when the light is decreased. We have seen that the white sunlight can be decomposed into its component colors, red, orange, yellow, etc. If we combine these colors in the proper proportion we again have white light. This can be done on the color top, but in all these demonstrations with the color top you must bear in mind that pure white is never obtained ; instead of white, the result is gray, but gray is a white of less intensity. Experiment 22. On the color top mix the following : Red 12% Orange 11% Yellow 21% Green 24% Blue 18% Violet 14% A dark gray is obtained in Experiment 22, indicating that if these various colors are combined in the proper propor- tions, the effect is the same as we see them in the sunlight. However, to produce white light, it is not necessary to take all these colors. White light can be produced by the proper mixing of only two or three colors. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. I95 Experiment 23. On the color top mix: Green 31% Violet 34% Red 35% or Blue 25% Green 31% Red 44% This experiment indicates that the sensation of white can be produced by the admixture of ether vibrations of various frequency. By mixing 50 per cent blue and 50 per cent yellow, a gray is also produced. Colors which on ^''^^/''-'r:^ dU^f* Fig. 38. Color triangle. mixing produce white light are called complementary colors, sometimes also called contrast colors. The colors of the spectrum can be arranged in a diagram, as illustrated in Fig. 38. This is a triangle with rounded corners, at which are located red, green, and violet. Between them are the colors in the order in which they are found in the spectrum. Near the center of the triangle we have white. If you draw a straight line through the white, the colors that are located at the two ends of this line are complementary colors. For example, take the line which connects red and white ; on prolonging this line, it cuts the triangle between green and blue. Here is located the bluish green of the spectrum, and this is the complementary color of red. Experiment 24. On color top combine red 44 per cent, green 31 per cent, and blue 25 per cent; the result is gray 196 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. (white). Now mix green and blue in the same proportion as found in their combination with red, i. e., mix 44 per cent blue and 56 per cent green. This gives a bluish green which is complementary color of red. In a similar manner it can be seen from the diagram that yellow and indigo are complementary. Again, orange and cyan blue (a greenish blue), and violet and greenish yellow form two pairs of complementary colors. In this manner we have found the complementary color of all the colors of the spectrum except green. If we draw a line from green through white, it cuts the broken line joining the red and violet. No spectral color is here located, but on this line is located a color not found in the spectrum. Can we deter- mine what this color is ? Yes ; in the following way. If two colors, separated by a third color, are mixed, the result is the third color. Experiment 25. With the large disks of the color top mix 9 per cent yellow and 91 per cent red, and with the small disks mix 37 per cent orange and 63 per cent black; rotate these simultaneously on the top. The result in both disks is a dark shade of orange. Yellow and red are two colors separated in the spectrum by a third color, orange, and the mixing of these two colors produced this intermediate color. Now red and violet are separated by a third (unknown) color, to determine this color we need only mix red and violet. Experiment 26. Combnie 50 per cent red and 50 per cent violet. A beautiful purple is the result, a color which does not exist in the spectrum. Experiment 27. As no purple papers are found in the color top outfit, we must, in its stead, use those colors that by their mixing produce purple, viz., red and violet. On wheel mix 31 per cent green, 34 per cent violet, and 35 per cent red. The result is a gray (white), proving that purple and green are complementary colors. LECTURE VII. In our last lecture we discussed color mixing with spe- cial reference to complementary colors. We showed that by the proper mixing of two or three colors, white light can be produced; such colors are called complementary colors. In this lecture we shall continue the subject of color mixing and state one or two theories which seek to explain these results. It can readily be demonstrated that it is possible to pro- duce white light and all the colors found in the spectrum by the proper mixture of only three colors. These three colors are called the primary, or fundamental, colors. The selection of these three colors is somewhat arbitrary, but generally red, green, and violet are taken. By the proper mixing of these primary colors any color and white can be produced, as we shall prove by the following experi- ments. It will be remembered that the spectrum is divided, broadly speaking, in the seven main colors : Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Of these we are able to produce orange, yellow, blue, and indigo by the proper mixing of the primary colors. Experiment 28. On the color-top combine 28% green and ^2% red. A shade of yellow corresponding quite closely to yellow shade No. 2* is produced. Now with the large disks mix 16% green and 84% red and with the small disk 25% orange and 75% black; rotate these simultaneously on the color-top; a dark shade of orange is produced by both disks. By mixing 26% green and 74% violet, a light blue is obtained. * The Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass., issue a small book of sample colors (paper). The colors, shades, and tints referred to in this lecture are taken from this booklet. 197 198 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. In this experiment we have formed yellow, orange, and blue from the three primary colors. In the same way we can form the intermediate colors. We may say in general that every color sensation and white and gray can be pro- duced by the proper mixing of other color sensations; in fact, certain color sensations, e. g., purple, can be pro- duced only by the mixing of other color sensations. Many theories have been advanced to explain color vision. The Helmholtz theory states there are three fibres Fig. 39. Y C 3 V Diagram of tlie three color sensations.— Helmholtz. (or substances) in the eye; a red fibre, a green fibre, and a violet fibre (Fig. 39). The red fibre (upper curve of Fig. 39) is stimulated very strongly by the red light, to a slight extent by the green, and very slightly by the violet. The green fibre is slightly stimulated by both red and violet, but to a much greater extent by green light. The violet fibre is stimulated most strongly by the violet light, less by the green light, and least of all by the red light. It will be noticed that all three fibres are acted upon by all three of the primary colors. How are the various color sensations produced? The sensation of red is produced when the red, the green, and the violet fibres are stimulated to the relative extent of ab, cd, and ef respectively (Fig. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 1 99 39). In a similar manner it is evident from Fig. 39 that a sensation of green originates by the simultaneous stim- ulation of the red, green, and violet fibres to the extent of gh, ij, and kl respectively. How does this theory explain the perception of colors other than the primary colors? How, for example, is the sensation of orange produced? Orange is produced by the stimulation of the red fibre to the extent of mn, by the stimulation of the green fibre to the extent of op, and by the stimulation of the violet to the extent of qr ; the last quantity is so small that for all prac- tical purposes we may neglect it. Now experiment 28 has shown us that by mixing 16% green plus 84% red, a dark orange is obtained. This is, therefore, in harmony with the Helmholtz theory. Again, from Fig, 39, it can be seen that to produce the sensation of yellow, red and green must again be mixed (neglecting the small amount of violet), but that the amount of green must be greater while the amount of red must be less than that needed for the production of orange. Experiment 28 demonstrated that this is correct, for to produce yellow we used 28% green plus 72% red. Again, Fig. 39 indicates that blue ought to be produced by the stimulation of the green and violet fibres (neglecting the small amount of red). Here again experiment 28 agrees with the Helmholtz theory. According to this theory, if all three fibres are stimulated to the same ex- tent, the sensation is white; experiment 23 has shown us that by mixing violet, red, and green, a gray is obtained. Hence the Helmholtz theory is true here also. Another theory of color sensation is known as Hering's theory. The Hering theory of color sensation postulates the existence of three substances in the eye, a red-green, a yellow-blue, and a white-black substance. When light falls upon the retina, these substances are broken down or built up in the following manner. Red light decomposes the red- green substance, while green light builds it up ; yellow light causes the breaking down of the yellow-blue substance, and 200 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. blue light causes it to be built up. All light, no matter of what color, causes decomposition of the white-black sub- stance, this substance being regenerated in the absence of light. Complementary colors are explained by this theory in the following manner: Yellow and blue, as we have seen, are complementary; if mixed, white is produced. The yellow light causes decomposition, the blue light causes building up of the yellow-blue substance. If the destruc- tive and constructive processes are equal, the yellow-blue substance undergoes no change, and consequently no color is perceived. But both yellow light and blue light cause decomposition of the white-black substance, and this pro- duces the sensation of white. Hence the proper mixture of yellow and blue causes the sensation of white. Thus far we have discussed the combination of comple- mentary colors; what happens if colors are mixed that are not complementary? This may be answered by the fol- lowing experiments. Experiment 29. On the color-top mix green and blue in various proportions. It will be noticed that the resulting sensation is either a greenish blue or a bluish green; no other color sensation can be produced. Blue and green are neighboring colors in the spectrum (Fig. 38), and the colors originated by their mixing always lie between these two colors, and are found as such in the spectrum. The same can be demonstrated by combining yellow and green in various proportions. Suppose the colors lie further apart, what is the result? Experiment 25 has taught us that if two colors, separated by a third color, are combined in the correct proportion, the intermediate color is produced. For example, red and yellow (separated by orange) on mixing produce orange. Again, suppose the colors are still further apart. In gen- eral we may state that if the two combining colors are sit- uated closer together than their complementary colors, the resulting color lies between the two colors that are com- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 20I bined, but if they are situated further than the comple- mentary colors, the resulting color lies outside of the com- plementary colors and resembles more or less a purple. Experiment 30. Combine green and red in various pro- portions; the result is a yellow or orange. The comple- mentary color of red is bluish-green; hence the two colors mixed in this experiment lie closer together than the com- plementary colors (see Fig. 38), and the result is an in- termediate color, either yellow or orange. The same can be proved by combining violet and green, which are closer together than the complementary colors (violet and green- ish yellow). The result is a greenish blue, a bluish green, a blue, or a bluish violet, depending on the proportion of green and violet combined. Experiment 31. Combine red and blue in the following proportion : a. 50% blue plus 50% red equals violet. b. 25% blue plus 75% red equals purple. The two colors here combined are further apart than the complementary colors (red and bluish green) and the re- sulting colors, violet or purple, lie outside of the comple- mentary colors (compare Fig. 38). The same can be demonstrated by combining 43% violet plus 57% orange, which gives a very beautiful red (tint No. 2) ; this lies out- side of the complementary colors (violet and greenish yel- low). If two color sensations are identical and both of them are altered to the same extent, the resulting sensations are again identical. This is strikingly brought out in the fol- lowing experiment: Experiment 32. With large disks mix 16% green and 84% red, and with smaller disks, 25% orange plus 75% black. In both disks a dark orange is seen. Now in- troduce 20% violet in both the larger and smaller disks. In order to keep the proportions true, it is evident that the amounts of the red and green in the larger and of the 202 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. orange and black in the smaller disk must be decreased. The following gives the correct proportions : Larger disk: — 20% violet plus I2i^% green plus djYzP/o red. Smaller disk: — 20% violet plus 20% orange plus 60% black. Place these two disks on the color top and the sensa- tions produced by them are identical — a dark red, nearly identical with the "A-Red dark" of the broken spectrum scale. The foregoing experiment demonstrates clearly that if two equal sensations are produced by two different phys- ical stimuli, altering both stimuli equally, also alters the sensations equally, and hence the sensations remain equal. Before we dismiss the subject of color mixing, I may be permitted to state one more interesting, although somewhat complicated, experiment. Experiment 33. Combine — A. 20% orange plus 80% blue equals violet. B. 50% red plus 50% violet equals purple. In equation B, instead of using 50% violet we can use the value of violet found in equation A, that is, 20% orange plus 80% blue. The equation then becomes : — C. 50% red plus 10% orange plus 40% blue equals purple. Place this on the small disk, while on the large disk you have B. Both C and B produce the same purple. Again, red can be produced by mixing : — D. 36% blue plus 64% orange equals red (tint No. 2). We can substitute this value of red in equation C and ob- tain (by taking one-half of the blue and of the orange of D) :— E. 18% blue plus 32% orange plus 10% orange plus 40% blue equals purple. Simplifying this by combining like factors we have : — F. 58% blue plus 42% orange equals purple (called violet red, tint No. 2, in Bradley's Color book.) THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 203 If now B and F are rotated simultaneously on the color top the two resulting colors are nearly identical.* There is still one point to which I must call attention, be- cause it will remove certain objections that may be raised in some minds against the theory of color mixing as here out- lined. I refer to the mixing of pigments. It is well known to artists that the mixing of blue and yellow paint produces green. Yet we have called these colors complementary col- ors, that is, by their mixture they produce white. This dif- ference can readily be explained ; but before proceeding to this, let me make the following observation. When we com- bine colors on the color top we do not combine colors, but color sensations. In fact, colors have no objective exist- ence; colors are psychological phenomena. What corre- sponds to colors are ether vibrations of different lengths. For example, when we view the yellow in the spectrum, the eye is- stimulated by ether waves having a length of 0.00058 mm. ; when we view the blue, the eye receives ether waves having 0.00047 mm. length. We can let these two waves fall into the eye simultaneously and the result is a sensation of white. It must not be imagined that the waves of 0.00047 mm. and 0.00050 mm. length have combined or fused; what has been combined is the sensation of yellow and the sensation of blue, and this results in an entirely new sensa- tion, viz. white. To explain this combining of sensations, theories of color vision, such as the Helmholtz or the Hering theory, are put forward. This happens when two colors are simultaneously thrown into the eye, as is done by means of the color wheel. What happens when yellow and blue pigments^are mixed ? Yellow pigment is yellow because it absorbs all the light rays ex- *B and F are not absolutely identical. The sensation of B is equivalent to that called violet red in the Bradley's color booklet; while F. as above stated is equivalent to violet red tint No. 2. This is due to the fact that in D the blue and orange did not produce saturated red, but red tint No. 2. If it were possible by these disks to produce a saturated red, the result in B and F would be identical. I would sug- gest that if a color wheel with disks in three sizes is accessible the ex- perimenter compare B, C and F, by rotating them sinmltaneously. The result is very striking. 204 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. cept the yellow and some of the green, it reflects these into the eye. Blue pigment, on the other hand, absorbs all ex- cept the blue and some of the green; hence when the two are combined, the yellow pigment absorbs the blue reflect- ed by the blue pigment, the blue pigment absorbs the yellow reflected by the yellow pigment, but both reflect the green. Consequently by mixing them there is no combining of color sensations in the eye or brain, but there is an elimina- tion of ether waves. After this lengthy discussion of color mixing we shall proceed with the subject of color-blindness. Color-blindness is the inability to discriminate between certain colors which the normal eye finds no difficulty in distinguishing. The number of color-blind people is stated at about three or four per cent in the male and one-fourth of one per cent in the female. Color-blindness may be inherited; the daughter of a color-blind person may have normal color vision-, but have sons who inherit the grandfather's defect. Strange as it may appear, color-blindness may be monocular, i. e., may exist in one eye only, the other eye having normal color vision. As in one form of color-blindness green and red are confused, it is of the greatest importance that employes of railways and steamboats be carefully examined as to their color vision, seeing that red and green signals are used to indicate safety or danger, etc. One formi of color-blindness, which is very rare, is achro- motopsia, in which no colors whatever are perceived ; only white, black, and the various shades of gray are seen. To such people a painting appears as an engraving. The most common form of color-blindness is red-green blindness in which, as already stated, red and green are confused. Some hold there are two classes of red-green blindness, the red-blind and the green-blind; others say there is but one class, but that the color vision varies somewhat in diiferent color-blind individuals. We have not the time to enter into the details of color-blindness and shall very briefly state THE PHYSIOLOGY OP^ VISION. 205 the most important points. The red-blind mix up Hght red with dark green; to the green-blind light green and dark red appear identical. The red part of the spectrum is invisible to the red-blind, while the green-blind is said to see the spectrum in its normal length. To both the red- blind and green-blind the yellow and the blue are said to be normal. In fact, all the colors which they are able to perceive can be produced by the proper mixing of two colors, yellow and blue. It will be remembered that for the normal individual all colors can be produced by mixing three colors, viz., red, green, and blue (or violet). Hence, the normal color vision is said to be trichromatic, while the vision of the red-green blind is dichromatic. The method which is now generally employed to detect red-green "blindness is the "Holmgren method." In the Holmgren method a pile of worsteds of various colors, shades and tints is used; the examinee is given a "test- skein" which must be matched by tints and shades of the same color selected from the pile of worsteds. The first test-skein given to him is a light green. If his color vision is normal he matches this only by green of various tints and shades. If he is red-green blind, he selects besides the greens, pink, yellow, orange, red-grays, and pure grays. He is then handed a pale rose test-skein. The red-blind chooses blue and violet, while the green-blind selects gray and green. , Finally a bright red test-skein is given ; the red-blind selects, in addition to the red, green, and browns of a darker shade than the test-skein, while the green-blind selects light greens and light browns. As there are various degrees of color blindness, a person may fail on the first test and pass the second and third tests successfully ; he is then said to be incompletely color-blind. Some people have no difficulty in distinguishing between red and green if the colors are viewed in full light or at close range, while they fail to recognize them when the 206 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. colors are placed in unfavorable condition, such as great distances, dim light, etc. Dalton, the great chemist, was red-green blind ; he was un- able to find his scarlet coat on the green grass. As he was one of the first to describe this defect, red-green blindness is sometimes called Daltonism. Another form of dichromatism is the yellow-blue blind- ness, in which all the colors can be obtained by mixing the two colors red and green. Yellow and blue are confused with green or red. This form is much rarer than the red- green blindness. Various explanations have been given for color-blind- ness, depending on the various theories of color vision. In general we may say that there is a lack of the color per- ceiving element in the eye or brain. That the defect is per- haps located in the eye is proved by the fact that one eye may be color-blind while the other eye is normal, and that by heating the eyeball of a color-blind person the defect disappears temporarily. Color-blindness may be brought about by disease, such as disease of the optic nerve, and by the abuse of tobacco and certain other substances. In epilepsy there may be intermittent color-blindness. As I said a little while ago, the percentage of color-blindness is much higher in men than in women. Perhaps this is due to the better training in colors that girls receive ; if this is true, it may be possible to reduce the per cent of the color-blind by properly edu- cating our children. It is claimed that color-blindness is more prevalent among savages than civilized people. Recent iuA'^estigations in Patagonia have proved that very many of the savages have no color sensations of blue ; blue and black appear identical. From the study of the color terminology of Homer, Gladstone concluded that the old Greeks were color-blind. It would seem, therefore, that the color sense is a recent acquirement of the human race, and this is borne out by the development of the human being, a THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 207 child is unable to distinguish colors till toward the end of the second year. However, as many lower animals give in- disputable evidence of color sense, it does not seem likely that this faculty should be lacking in primitive man.* Certain portions of our retina are always color-blind. The fovea centralis may have normal color vision, but the Fig. 40. Perimetric chart of the left retina, showing the extent of the retina on which the various colors can be perceived. The shaded circle a little to the left of the center is this blind spot, farther we proceed to the periphery of the retina, the less the color sense, and at the extreme border of the retina we have no color sense whatever. Fig. 30 is a map of the left retina, indicating the extent of the retina by which the var- ious colors can be perceived. It will be noticed that the field for green is extremely limited, while that for blue is the greatest, and that the outer portions of the retina are absolutely color-blind. * See the interesting article on Primitive Color vision, by Dr W. H. R. Rivers, in the Popular Science Monthly, May, 1901. Vol. LIX page 44. 2o8 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Having discussed color sensation and the theories ot color vision, we are now ready to proceed to the subject of negative after-images, or successive contrast. Experiment 34. Look intently for one or two minutes at the cross in Fig. 41. Next fix your gaze on a small mark on a white sheet of paper. A negative image of Fig. 41 is seen in which the upper left and lower right hand quarters are black, while the other two quarters are white, hence the reverse of the original figure. Fig. 41. This after-image is called the negative after-image be- cause in it the light and dark and also the colors are the reverse (negative) of the original (positive) ; it is some- times called successive contrast, because it is a contrast which succeeds, or follows, the original image. Experiment 35. Upon a white sheet of paper place a red piece of paper or cloth and fix your eye upon a certain spot of the colored object. It is very necessary not to shift the line of fixation. After one or two minutes look at a uniform white surface and a bluish green negative after- image is seen. Try the same with green, yellow, and blue objects. From this experiment it is evident that the image of a colored object is followed by a negative after-image in which the original colors are seen in the complementary colors. The explanation of the formation of the negative after- image that we shall give is based on the Hering theory of THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 209 color vision. At the beginning of this lecture we stated that Hering postulated the existence of three visual sub- stances in the retino-cerebral mechanism, the red-green, the yellow-blue, and the white-black substances. Suppose the eye is exposed to yellow light; great destruction of the yellow-blue substance takes place. The red-green sub- stance is not affected and the white-black is broken down to a small extent. This last effect we need not consider at present. After the yellow-blue substance has been broken Fig. 42. down to a considerable extent, white light is thrown into the eye. The red and green of the white light cause simultaneous and equal construction and destruction of the red-green substance, and therefore produce no color sensation. The yellow light in the white light normally causes destruction of the yellow-blue substance, but as this substance has previously undergone great destruction, the breaking down, when white light is looked at, is extremely limited. On the other hand, the blue light, which always causes the building up of the yellow-blue substance, now finds plenty of material to build up ; hence the white light does not appear colorless but, owing to the great re- generation of the yellow-blue substance, appears blue. 2IO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. This is the negative after-image of yellow. In a similar manner all the negative after-images obtained in experi- ment 35 can be explained. In passing we might mention that Helmholtz explained the origin of negative after-images as due to fatigue. This is not correct, for these images are best seen in the morn- ing when the eye is least susceptible to fatigue. Young and vigorous persons see these negative after-images better than old and feeble people. Negative after-images can also be obtained by exposing the eye to an object (like Fig. 41) and then closing the eye. Perhaps this is due to the intrinsic light of the eye Fig. 43 which we have mentioned before. We might ask the question, are the negative after-images due to processes taking place in the brain or in the eye? This cannot be answered satisfactorily. It is true, as one can prove by experiment, that a sudden change in the accommodation of the eye, or a sudden movement of the eyeball, causes the image to disappear. If the eyeball is mechanically dis- placed, as by pushing it with the finger, the negative after- image also moves. These facts indicate that the develop- ment of the negative after-image depends on changes oc- curing in the eye itself; however, the question is not set- tled. The following experiment is also due to negative after-images. Experiment 36. With the right eye look at a red object (paper, cloth) for one or two minutes; on now looking at a violet color, this appears blue, as can be seen by quickly THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 21 I closing the right eye and opening the left eye. If the eye is first exposed to yellow light, orange appears reddish- orange. Yellow has a greenish yellow appearance if the eye is previously stimulated by orange light. There is another contrast which is called simultaneous contrast because it occurs simultaneously with the viewing of the complementary color. ^^*°. Fig. 44 Experiment ^^j. On viewing the gray V-shaped figures in Fig. 42, the V on the black field appears lighter than the gray on the white field, although both have the same intensity. This is due to contrast. Experiment 38. On a white and on a black field as shown in Fig. 42 place small squares of red, yellow, green, and blue paper. The colors on the black field are con- siderably brighter than those on the white field. A color in a dark setting appears brighter and livelier than in a bright setting. 212 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Experiment 39, On a piece of yellow paper paste nar- row strips of gray paper (about 1-12 or 1-8 inch wide). On covering the whole by a piece of white tissue paper, the gray strips appear bluish. If gray strips are placed on green paper, the strips look reddish. The color of the background induces the complementary color in the gray. This is also shown in Experiment 40. On a color wheel rotate a disk such as represented in Fig. 43. The disk is made of white paper, the shaded sectors are made of colored paper and the black squares in the colored sectors are pieces of black paper. Suppose that the colored paper is red ; on rotating, the ring occupied by the black squares is not gray as one would expect, but it appears in the complementary color, greenish blue. Whatever color may be used, the ring is always seen in the complementary color. We may state that this experiment does not succeed very well in artificial light. One more experiment before I close this lecture. Experiment 41. On the table place a sheet of white pa- per (F in Fig. 44) illuminated by feeble daylight (from the window A, Fig. 44). Have a lighted candle or a lamp, C, in such a position that the shadow, P, of an object, O (a lead pencil, for example), is cast on the paper. Reg- ulate the amount of daylight falling on the paper so that the shadow P is dim; it appears bluish. This is because the lamplight is not white but yellow. The light from the paper illuminated by the candle is yellow, that is, Q and Q in Fig. 44 are yellow. The light received from the shadow is white but the neighboring yellow induces a blue color. This experiment can be varied by using colored glass, red or green, so that the field is illuminated not only by the white daylight but also by the colored light. The shad- ows will be seen in the complementary colors. These experiments on simultaneous contrast indicate that the sensation resulting from the stimulation of a cer- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 213 tain portion of the retina depends not only upon the nature of the stimulation but also upon the condition of neighbor- ing parts of the retina. To use the phraseology of Her- ing's theory, if destruction of the yellow-blue substance takes place in a certain portion of the retina (whereby the sensation of yellow is obtained), in the adjoining part of the retina the opposite process, that is, the building up of the ycllow-blue substance, may occur and the resulting sensation is blue. LECTURE VIII. At the beginning of the second lecture we stated that the fcnrth requisite for vision is the projection of the sensation into space. This subject will occupy us in our last lecture. As we stated in the first lecture, the images on the retina are inverted. Yet we interpret these images correctly, that is, we "re-invert" them so that we see the object in its cor- rect position. How this is accomplished is difficult to say. We are ordinarily not conscious of the so-called special sense organs, like the ear and eye, when they are stimulated, but always refer or project the sensation produced by their stimulation into the outer world. This is not true for all our sensations. When, for example, a knife cuts through the skin, we do not think of the knife but of the seat of the pain ; in other words, we project the sensation of pain to a certain part of our own body and not to the outer world. To a certain extent this is also true for the sensations of heat and cold. If our feet rest upon a cold piece of iron, we generally project the sensation into the outer world and are conscious of a cold object; we think of the cold as re- siding in the foreign object, if I may use this expression. But when a gentle stream of cold air comes in contact with our feet, we seldom think of the cold air but we say our feet are cold. Our visual sensations are always projected into space, even when the cause of the stimulation resides in the eye itself, as is seen in the intrinsic light of the retina. This projection is not at hap-hazard, but follows a definite law so that our hand, guided by our visual sensation, can be laid upon the object seen. The law of this projection is that we project the sensation into the outer world along 214 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 215 the line which joins the image formed on the retina with the nodal point of the eye. Of the many examples proving this, we have time to call attention to only one or two. Experiment 42. Press the outer corner of the right eye with the tip of the fmger. A phosphene is seen (see ex- periment 12) and it will be noticed that this phosphene is situated to the left. Suppose, in Fig. 45, the finger is ap- plied to the eye at a. This portion of the retina is mechanic- ally stimulated and a sensation is produced. The nodal point of the eye is at n ; the sensation produced by the stimu- lation at a is projected in the direction of the line anx and hence the phosphene appears on the side opposite to the point of stimulation. X 'ig. 45 Another proof of this law is seen in — Experiment 43. ' Close the left eye and with the other eye look at an object. Suddenly place a prism before the eye in such a manner that the base (thickest part of the prism) is toward the right. The object now appears dis- placed, as can readily be seen by turning the prism slowly around a horizontal axis. When the base of the prism is to the right (temporal side), the object seems to be located more tolJhe left of the experimenter; when the base of the I^rism is held toward the nose, the object appears to be situated on the temporal side. ' The reason for this is as follows : In Fig. 46 let a be the object looked at with the right eye. The object sends one ray of light throtigh the nodal point (n), this ray is not refracted (broken line in Fig. 46) and the image of the 2l6 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. object lies where this h'ne meets the retina (at b). The sensation produced is referred from b through n to the outer world. Now place the prism in front of the eye so that its base is toward the right (temporal side) ; the ray of light in passing through the prism is refracted toward the base of the prism so that it now strikes the cornea at c, and after refraction in the eye stimulates the retina at d. The sensation produced at d is projected through the nodal point (n), hence the object appears to be situated at a\ If the Fig. 47 base of the prism is placed to the left, the object appears to be displaced to the right. It is for this reason that the pin in experiment 6 appears to move in a direction contrary to its actual movement. It must be borne in mind that in experiment 6 we do not see the image of the pin, but its shadow ; this shadow is not in- verted (as the image always is), but in projecting it into space we invert it and therefore the sensation as interpreted by us does not correspond with the actual condition of things. Although we have two eyes and therefore have two sepa- rate images, yet we have but one sensation. The explana- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 217 tion generally given for this phenomenon is the theory of corresponding or identical points.'^ Suppose L and R in Fig. 47 are the left and the right retina respectively, and let us suppose that y and y' are the yellow spots. These two points are identical. Again, the points a and a' are situated in the same direction and at the same distance from the yel- low spots and are also identical. The points a and b are not identical. It is held that if the images of a single object fall on identical and corresponding points we have one sen- sation; but if an object has its images on two non-corre- sponding points of the retinas, this object is seen double (diplopia). Experiment 44. Hold a pencil about eight inches from the face and another pencil as far away as possible. Look at the further pencil and the nearer pencil is seen double. It may at first be difficult to see this ; the following will aid you in making the experiment. While looking at the far pencil, shut the right eye and the near pencil appears to be situated to the right of the far pencil. Now look at the far pencil with the right eye and the near pencil is situated to the left of the far pencil. Knowing where the near pencil appears to be situated, look at the far one with both eyes and I think you will have no difficulty to see the near pen- cil double. The reason why this is double and why it seems to be situated to the right when viewed with the left eye can be gathered from Fig. 48. Let the far pencil be situated at A and the near one at B. The pencil A sends a ray of light through the nodal point (n) of the left eye, L, and another ray through the nodal point of the right eye, R. These rays are not refracted, and as we are looking directly at A, the images of A fall on the yellow spots, y and y\ of L and R. The yellow spots are *Identical or corresponding points of the two retinas are points of such a nature that if they are simultaneously stimulated by the images of one and the same object, a single sensation is produced. It is interesting to note that this theory was already held by Alhazen, an Arabian mathematician of the eleventh century. 2l8 - THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. identical points and A is therefore seen single. B, the near pencil, also sends rays through the nodal points which are focused at o and o\ These are non-corresponding points, because they He on opposite sides of the yellow spots (see also Fig. 47), and hence we see this pencil double. As we stated a few moments ago, we project the sensation into space along the line which joins the stimulated point of the Fig. 48 retina (b in L, Fig. 48) with the nodal point (n) ; hence the near pencil is seen with the left eye along the line bnc. In projecting our retinal images, we always project them to the plane for which the eye is focused ; that is, in Fig. 48, to the plane mn in which A is situated. In Fig. 49 the eyes are focussed for, the near pencil B and the far pencil A is seen double, because the images of A fall at o and o' which are not identical points. When these images are projected to the plane for which the eyes are THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 219 focussed (mn), it will be noticed that the projected image for the left eye lies to the left of B, differing, therefore, from the previous experiment. In this place I may draw your attention to another inter- esting fact. When a person is asked to hold his finger in line with a distant object, he always holds it in the line which joins the object, with the right eye. If he closes his Fig. 49 right eye, the finger is no longer in line with the object. This happens if the observer is right-handed; if he is left- handed, he directs with his left eye. A right-handed person is also right-eyed and in daily life we ignore, no doubt un- consciously, the images of the left eye when they fall on retinal points that are not identical with the points stimu- lated in the right eye. This ignoring of images is so thor- oughly done, that some people find it impossible to see the double image of a near object when the eye is fixed upon A far object. 220 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Experiment 45. While looking at an object, press the rig-ht eye-ball out of place; the object appears double. When one eye-ball is moved out of its normal position, the image of the object no longer falls on the yellow spot of this eye ; and as the image in the other eye does fall on the yellow spot, non-corresponding points of the two retinas are stimu- fated. Experiment 46. While looking at an object place a prism before one eye. The object appears double. The reason for this is obvious if you bear in mind what was said under ex- periment 43. We could thus multiply experiments supporting this theory of corresponding points, but time will not allow. In passing, I may mention that people who squint always see thing's double. The movements of their eyes are not co- ordinated ; when one eye looks directly at any object and therefore has the focus of that object on the yellow spot, the focus of that object in the other eye does not fall on the yellow spot. Such people learn to neglect one of the images; but if a normal person should suddenly acquire strabismus by paralysis of the third or sixth cranial nerve, he would be seriously troubled by the resulting diplopia. No doubt you have noticed that drowsiness is generally as- sociated with double vision ; this is due to the lack of co- ordination in the movements of the two eyes, so that a slight squint results. In the same way we are able to ex- plain the double vision of intoxication. The question naturally presents itself, why does the stimu- lation of identical points cause single vision. To this ques- tion there is no satisfactory answer. It is assumed bv some that it is due to the partial crossing of the optic nerve- fibers in the chiasm. From Fig. 21 it will be seen that the fibers from the left half of both the right and the left retina proceed to the left cerebral hemisphere. If the fiber which originates in a certain spot of the left retina ends at the same cerebral cell as the fiber from the corresponding THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 221 Spot of the right retina, then we can readily understand how single vision must originate when these two points are simultaneously stimulated by the images of the same object. But, as I said, this is almost altogether an assumption. Are any objects whose images do not fall on the yellow spots, and which we therefore see by indirect vision, seen single? That there are is shown in — Experiment 47. Hold a pencil in the position indicated in Fig. 50 and look at the middle of the pencil (at a). Both Fig. 50 ends of the pencil are then perceived by indirect vision, the images fall not on the yellow spots but on peripheral por- tions of the retina, yet you perceive each end of the pencil as a single object. The reason for this, according to the theory of identical points, is as follows : In Fig. 50 the images of the point a, upon which the vision is fixed, fall upon the yellow spots y and y', hence this point is seen by direct vision, is seen most clearly and gives rise to only one impression. The end b of the pencil has its images at b' and b". These two points lie in the same direction and at approximately the same distance from y and y' and are therefore identical points ; hence b is seen 222 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. single. The same is true for every point in the pencil, con- sequently the whole pencil is seen as a single object. It is held that when the eyes are fixed upon a point at the horizon (primary position of the eyes) all points in the plane coinciding with the ground give rise to single impres- sions. This is known as the horopter. Let us now suppose that two corresponding or identical points are stimulated simultaneously by images of two dif- ferent objects. What is the result? Is there a fusion into one sensation? Generally not. There is a retinal rivalry, a struggle of the visual fields, as can readily be seen from Experiment 48. With one eye look at a yellow card and with the other at a blue card ; this can best be done by means of a stereoscope. Now we have seen in experiment 23 that if yellow and blue are simultaneously thrown into one eye, the result is white; that is, there is a fusion of sensations. This, however, does not take place when one eye is stimu- lated by yellow and the other by blue. The observer now sees yellow and now blue; there is a struggle between the two retinas for supremacy. The image formed on the retina is a flat image, it has length and breadth but no thickness, yet in interpreting this image we ascribe solidity or depth to it. When, for in- stance, we view a landscape, we see this in its proper per- spective, and find no difficulty in telling near from remote objects. As the image on the retina is formed on a plane and has no depth, it is evident that this knowledge of solid- ity cannot be derived as such from the image in the manner it gives us information of the length and breadth of the ob- ject; this knowledge is the result of many factors. Some of the factors that determine stereometric vision are mon- ocular, some are binocular. We shall first discuss those fac- tors that are monocular in origin. I. Aerial Perspective. The atmosphere is not a perfect- ly transparent medium ; dust and fog particles enveloping distant objects render them indistinct. Whenever an object THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 223 is thus seen, we judge it to be situated at a great distance, whether this be its true position cr not. In a fog a near ob- ject looms very large because the indistinct and hazy image causes us to think of it as being placed at a great distance ; but as the image on the retina is large, we over-estimate the size of the object. In a very clear atmosphere, as in moun- tainous regions, distant objects are not as hazy as at sea level, and hence these objects appear nearer and smaller than they are in reality. Beside this aerial perspective there is a 2. Mathematical Perspective. The retinal images of parallel lines are not parallel, but converging. When we stand between the rails of a railway, the rails seem to con- verge and meet in the distance. This convergence is inter- preted by us as associated with greater distances. The artist makes use of this mathematical perspective to give solidity and depth to his drawing. If he represents lines that are parallel in nature as parallel in his painting, we say the painting lacks perspective and looks fiat. 3. With one eye we can tell whether a given object is nearer than another object by the amount of accommodation necessary to bring a sharp image on the retina. By means of the muscle-sense we are able to tell whether the ciliary muscles of the eye are more or less contracted. But this is true only for objects situated quite close to the eye and even then it is of doubtful value. If the size of the objects is not known and the objects have a perfectly uniform ap- pearance, that is, have no grain or other surface marks, it is almost impossible to tell which of the two objects is the nearer. 4. In a complex retinal picture, like that of a landscape, we judge of the distance of various objects by their relative size and thus obtain a sensation of solidity even with one eye. The artist makes use of this also ; in the foreground of the picture he places an object of known size, such as a man or animal. By comparing the size of the distant ob- 224 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. ject with that of the object in the foreground, we arrive at an idea of the distance of the remote object. Although we can to a certain extent perceive the sohdity of objects with one eye, yet it is a well known fact that L Fig. 51 depth value is more readily obtained with two eyes. The rea- son for this is sought in the difference between the image on the right and on the left retina. When you look at a book lying on the table, you see more of the right side of the THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 225 book with the right eye and more of the left side with the left eye. That is, the two images are not exactly the same. If one views a truncated pyramid (A, Fig. 51) with the right eye, the image in this eye is like that shown in R (Fig. 51) ; viewed with the left eye, the image is like that repre- Fig. 52 sented in L. If now you simultaneously cast L upon the left and R upon the right retina, you see the truncated pyramid stand out in relief, the small square in the figure projecting toward the observer. This can readily be done by means of a stereoscope. In making a stereoscopic pic- ture, Ihe two pictures are taken from two points of view separated by a distance equal to the distance between th^ right and left eye. The left-hand picture of the stereoscopic Fig. 53 view represents the objects as they are seen by the left eye, and right-hand picture, as seen by the right eye. By means of prismatic lenses the right-hand picture is thrown upon the right retina (the screen in the median plane prevents it from falling upon the left retina) and the left-hand picture is thrown upon the left retina. This is, therefore, the same condition as obtains in nature when the tw^o eyes view the actual objects, and the result must be the same, that is, the objects possess solidity. 226 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. By a little practice one can do this without the aid of a stereoscope. Experiment 49. Look at L and R of Fig. 51, but in- stead of fixing your gaze upon them, look through the page as if you were looking at a distant object through a piece of glass. In this manner four images are obtained (diplopia) because the images of the figures do not fall on identical points. If now the eye-balls are converged, as in near vision, the two central images overlap and the pyramid stands out in relief. At first this experiment may prove a little difficult, but the result is so striking that it is well worth the effort. :3 Fig. 54 So delicate is this process that by means of it we can distinguish between a genuine and a forged banknote. Two impressions of the same plate v/hcn seen through a stereo- scope produce no sensations of depth, the lec':ers and figures in both copies coincide exactly. But if a letter of the one copy is placed a trifle to the right or left with reference to the same letter in the ether copy, when seen with a stereo- scope, it appears to be situated in front or behind its mate. What happens if the two pictures are reversed, that is, if R in Fig. 51 is thrown into the left and L into the right eye? In that case the near object appears more distant and the remote object nearer ; in other words, a hollow trun- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 227 cated pyramid with its base turned towards the observer is seen. This can be proven experimentally in B and C of Fig. 51. The question still remains why do we ascribe solidity to an object when the images fall upon the retinas in the man- ner here described. To this question no satisfactory answer can be given. Some hold that the sensation of depth seen in a stereoscopic picture is due to the muscle-sensation caused by the contraction of the internal recti muscles which Fig. 55 converge the eyes. For a near object these muscles must be contracted to a greater extent than for a remote object and as we are conscious of the extent of this contraction, we can thus judge of the distance of an object. This, however, is not a satisfactory explanation, for a stereoscopic picture gives rise to the sensation of solidit\^ when it is illuminated by an electric flash of such a brief duration that no muscle contraction could take place. Seeing is a process of reasoning ; a child must learn to see. A great many factors must be combined before all the sensations can be properly interpreted. This is well seen in children born blind and relieved in after-life by an opera- 225 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. tion. Cheselden records the case of a blind boy who after the operation could by mere sight not tell which was the cat and which the dog, although he knew them by feeling. He caught the cat and while feeling looked at her intently and said, ''So, Puss, I shall know you another time." In another case the person was unable to discriminate between the picture of an object and the real object; it was only after Fig. 56 the object and its picture had been seen and handled a great many times that he learned to distinguish them by sight. Yet the retinal images of the object and its picture were exactly the same as in a normal person ; he lacked not the sensation of sight but the ability to interpret the sensation. There w^as not that knowledge which we derive from simul- taneously seeing and touching the objects. Somebody has well defined seeing as feeling at a distance. In our remarks about solidity we have already referred to our ability to judge of distance. In objects situated at a great distance from the eye, aerial perspective plays a great part. For this reason distant parts of the landscape seem Fig. 57 nearer and smaller in wet than in dry weather ; the dust of the atmosphere increases the aerial perspective and because of this haziness the objects are judged to be situated at a greater distance than they in reality are and therefore the size of the objects is also over-estimated. The size of the retinal image is used in our judgment of distance; if the image is that of a known object, we can THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 2 2^ quite accurately estimate the distance between us and the object, but if the size of the object is not known it may lead to gross error. The reason for this can be gathered from Fig. 52. The objects a, b, and c all have the same sized image (xy) on the retina. If I know the size of a, but not that of b or c, I might conclude that all three ob- jects are at the same distances from the eye. Suppose c is a cow and suppose a is a cat ; the images of both animals are of the same size, but as I am familiar with the size of these animals, I conclude from the size of the images that the cow is much further away than the cat. How mislead- ing this can be is seen from the story of the farmer who ^-^ > < Fig. 58 called for his gun to shoot a chicken-hawk when he saw a fly crawling on the window. He was looking at the sky and mentally placed the fly at this great distance and therefore greatly over-estimated its size. As he was not focussing for the fly, the image on the retina was blurred ; all th's aided him in his delusion. We have already alluded to the fact that it is extremely difficult to judge of distances with one eye. Experiment 50. Close one eye and attempt to thread a needle held at a distance of about eighteen inches. It will be fcund no easy task, especially if the distance of the needle is varied. An interesting variation of this experiment is as follows : Make a small mark on a piece of paper lying on the table. Close one eye and try to strike the mark with the end of a pencil. What is extremely easy with two eyes be- comes difficult if one eye is closed. That our judgment of size is governed by our idea of dis- tance is evident from the projection of the negative after image. :3o THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. Experiment 51. Look at a distant window for some time so as to obtain a negative after image. When you think this has been obtained, look at a piece of paper held within a foot from the face ; the image of the window looks small. Now look at the ceiling or distant wall and a large image of the window is seen. Yet the image of the window in the i^Mg. 59 eye is of the same size in both cases ; our conception of size depends largely on the distance to which we project the sen- sation. Our judgment of distance is greatly modified by many other factors. To most people the distance from b to c in Fig. 53 appears greater than that from a to b, yet they are equal. We can judge more accurately of the distance be- tween two points when several objects intervene; a lands- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 231 man is a poor judge of distances at sea. The moon at the horizon appears larger to us than when at the zenith; the many intervening objects between us and the moon when it is at the horizon give us an idea of greater distance and therefore of greater size. For this reason also we think of the sky as a flattened dome. When we were boys we amused ourselves by viewing the landscape or street with our head between our knees. Because of the nearness of the objects M \ \ Fig. 60 in the foreground, which are neglected when we are in the erect position, we judge of the further objects as situated at an immense distance. In judging of the distance between b and c in Fig. 53, we mentally add the smaller distances between the intervening points and the result is greater than when the mind must grasp the whole distance between a and b at one jump. In Fig. 54 the height of A appears greater than its length, while the reverse is true for B. That A and B are perfectly square and of the same size is hard to believe. It may also be stated that the space between A and B is of the same size as A or B, although it appears considerably smaller. The reason for this optical illusion is complex. First, we have this mental summation ; we add the several vertical distances in A and hence it appears higher than it is long and also higher than B. Again, we always over-estimate vertical 232 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. length ; the vertical line in Fig. 55 appears longer than the horizontal line. For this reason the difference between the height and the length of A is greater than the difference be- tween the height and length of B. There is a third reason. In Fig. 56 the two lines, a and b, do not appear to be on a level ; a appears to be situated higher up than b. The pres- ence of the line below a raises a and the line above b de- presses b. This is also true for the horizontal lines in A, Fig"- 54; they seem to force each other apart and thereby increase the height of A. Another factor that greatly influences our judgment of distances and size is the presence of angles. In Fig. 57 the Fig. 61 line a is judged to be longer than the line b. Similarly it is difficult to believe that the line B in Fig. 58 is no longer than the line A. Because of the presence of the short diagonal lines in Fig. 59, the heavy black lines seem to diverge and converge alternately. The degree of convergence and diver- gence depends to a large extent upon the position of the parallel lines. If the book is held in such a position that the long lines in Fig. 59 are vertical, the lines appear more nearly parallel; this is still more evident if, the lines are held horizontally. For this reason also the three short oblique lines in Fig. 60 do not seem to lie in a straight line ; the middle piece seems to be placed lower than the upper and higher than the lower piece. This illusion also disappears to a large ex- tent if the line is held horizontallv. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 233 In conclusion I may call your attention to another optical deception. In Fig. 61 we have Necker's parallelopiped. When the corner a is viewed, the parallelopiped generally seems to lean towards the observer and the end F faces him. After looking at the figure for a few moments, especially when the point b is fixed upon, the figure seems to change and the parallelopiped leans away from the observer. Still more beautifully is this illusion brought out in Fig. 62. If this figure is looked at it may be seen either as two cubes Fig. 62 resting upon another cube with the under surfaces dark, or as one cube resting on two cubes with the upper surface dark. The mathematical perspective is such that both inter- pretations are possible. From all this it is very evident that seeing, by which we mean the interpretation of the various sensations, is an extremely complicated process and one that may frequently lead us to false conclusions, so that it is often a question whether cr not we can trust our own eves. INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. A moeba 153 Arteria Centralis Ketina 22,65,90,119 Arteries, Ciliary 22, €2, 89 of Lids 48 " and V^eins of Orbit. 59 Benliam's Disk 183 Blind Spot Irt9 Blood Vessels of Iris 62, 64, 95 Bones of the Orbit 42 Bowman's Membrane, 33,80,81, 83 C Canal of Schlemm 33, 80, 83, 93, 104, 103, 106 Caniculi, Corneal 81,83 Capillaries of Skin 87 " S u r r o un ding Cornea 80, t3, 87 Center, Reflex 154 Ciliary Arteries 33,62,89 Bodies 33,9<{,93, 91, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 146 " Bodies, Develop- ment of.... 24, 25,26,27,29 Nerves 68,70 " Muscles 146 " Processes ...33,92,93,104,105,106,107 Choroid 33,89,90,91 Choroidal Fissure 33, 89, 90 King 33,89,90 Circulus Major ...33, 83, 93,95,100,104,106 Minor 93,95,100 ofZinn 33,89,90 Color Sensations, Diagram of 198 " Triangle 195 Cones of Ketina 1G7 Conjugate Foci 132,134 Conjunctiva, Development of ... 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 53, 54, 56, 57, 80 Cornea. Development of 12, 13, 14, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 33, 80, 81, 83 Corneal Caniculi 81, S3 " Corpuscles 81,83 Endothelium 81,83 Corpuscles, corneal 81, 83 Corrugator Supracilia.. ..45,53, 54 Cross Section of Eyeball 33 *' " *' " and Orbital Structures 56,57 Crystalline Lens, see Lens. .. D Decimet's Membrane 81, 83 Development of Ciliary Bodies 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 Development of Conjunctiva 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 53, 54,57, 80 Development of Cornea 12, 13, 14, IS, 22. 23, 24, '^, 29, 80, 81 Development of Iris 27, 29 " of Lens 11.12,13,14,15,16,17 Development of Lids or Pal- pebrarum 12, 13, 14,18,23,23,24,25 Development of Plica Semi- lunaris 22.23,24,26 Development of Recti Mus- cle.^ 22, 24. 24, 25, C6 Deve'opment of the Retinn 9 10. 11. 12. 1.3, 14, 18. 22, 23. 24. ^5. 26, 27, 33, 65. 89, 90, 106, 107, 113, 116 Development of Suspensory Ligament, or Zonule o"f Zinn 13,14.18.22,23, 26. 33, 93, 99, 101. 104, 105, 106, 107 Development of Vitreous 13, 14,18,22,26 E Endothelium, Corneal 81, 83 Entoptical Vision 159,165 External Structures of Eye. . 41 Eyeball, Cross Section of 33 Eye. Diagrammatic Section of. .145 Focus, Position of 133,134 Folding of Optic Stalk and Vesicles 16, 17 Fossae Patellaris 108 Glands, Ilenle's 76,77 " Krause's 79 '• Lachrymal 53,79 Meibomian .. .53, 72, 73, 74 " Moll's 72,73.74 Waldeyer's 72,78 •* Ziesse's 72,73,74 ^34 PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 235 Hair Follicles 73 Henle's Glands 76,77 HyaloidArtery 22 " Canal (Canal o f Stilling) 108 " Membrane 108 Identical Points, Diagram Illustrating 216,221 Image, by Convex Lens 131 " inEye 136,137 Inter Vaginal space. 89, 90, 119, 120 Iris 27, 29, 33, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107 Membrane, Decimet's. . . .80, 81, 83 Pupillary. ...19, 24,29 Moll's Gland- 72, 73, 74 Muscae Volitantes 165 Muscles, development of Rec- ti 22. 23,24,25,26 Muscle of Riolanis 72, 73. 74 N Necker's Parallelopiped 232 Negative after irimge, diag- ram illustrating 208 Nerves Ciliary 68, 70 " ofLids 5a Optic . .33, 89, 90, 119, 120, 121 " '* development of 13,14,16,22,23,24,26 of the Orbit 67,6* Kraus' Glands 79 Lachrymal Apparatus 52 Gland 47,53,79 Lacunae, Corneal 81, 83 Lamina Cribrosa 33, 89, 90 Propria 80,81,83 Lens, changes in during ac- commodation 147 " structure of ir3,164 " deve'opment of 11, 12, 13, i4, 15, 16, 17 •• Pit 10,11 " Vesicle 12,13 Lenses, refraction of light by 131, 134 Lids, or Palpebrarum, deve- lopment (if .. .12, 13, 14, 18.22. 23,24, 25 " Arteries of 48 " Cross section of 72,80 " Nerves of 50 " Veins of 49 Ligament of Lockwood 47 Pectinate 33,83,93 Light, Passing thro' lens 131 Reflection of 130 Refraction of 131 Limbus 33,80,83 M Macula Lutea 33, 65, 89 Meibomian Glands .... 52, 72, 73, 74 Membrane,Bowman's,33,80,81, 83 O Optic Nerve.. 33, 89, 90, 119, 120, 121 " *' development of . . 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, 26 Sheath.. 22, 23, 24, 26,89,90, 119,120 " Stalks, Primary » " " and Vesicles Folding of. ..16, 17 '* Vesicles, Primary 9 " " Secondary... 10 Ora Seratta, 33, 92. 93, 104, 105, 10(5, 107 Orbicularis Palpebrarum, 46, 56, 57 Palpebrarum, developm e n t of 12, 13, 14, 18, 1.'2, 23, 24, 25 Papillae, Post Tarsal 76, 77, 78 Pectinate Ligament 33, 83, 03 Perimetric Chart of Retina.. 207 Physiological Cup 33, 89, 90 Pia Mater, of Optic Nerve. 89. 90, 119,120 Plica .Semi-Lunaris, develop- ment of 22,23,24,26 Post Tarsal Papillae 76,77,78 Primary Optic Stalks 8 " " Vesicle 9 Principal Focus, Position of. 133 in Eye 13J Prism, Effect of, on Projec- tions 216 Pupil 33, 101, 107 Pupillary Membrane 19,24,29 Purkinje-Sanson Images. .141, 143 236 ANATOMY OF THE EY! Recti Muscles, Anterior At- tactitiient of. 54 " " Development of.. 22, 1:3,24,25,26 " " from Above.. 58 Reflection of Li^^lit 130 ReflexArc 154 Refraction of Li^jht 131-134 Reiina. Development of 0. 1(», 11, 12, 13. 14, 18. 22. 23, 24 2.j. !:(i, 27, 33, 65,89. 90, 106, 107, 113, 116 Retina. Structure of 167 Riolanis. Mtiscle of.. 72, 73,74 Rods of Retina i. 167 8 Scleral Ring 33, 89, 90 Secondary Optic Vesicles.... 10 Sensation, Visual, Curve of.. 175 Spherical Aberration 151 Stalks, Primary Optic 8 Stereometric Vision, d i a - grams, illustration of 224 Stratified Epithelium o f Cornea 33,80,81,83 Suspensory Ligament, Zon- zule of Zinn, Develop- ment of 13, 14. 18. 22, 23, 26, 33, 93, 99, 101, 104, 105. 106 107 T TendoOculi 45,47 V Veins and Arteries of Orbit.. 59 •• of Eyeball 64 " Lids 49 Vena Centralis Retina 33, 65 90,119 Vesicles, Lens 12, 13 Optic, Folding of.. 16, 17 " " Secondary .. 10 " Primary Optic 9 Vitreous Body 108 " Development of . ... 13,14,18,22,26 W Waldeyer's Glands 72,78 Wliirling Machine 187-188 Z Ziesse's Glands 72,73,74 Zinn.Circulus of 33,89,90 ZoUner's Lines 230 Zonule of Zinn (.Suspensory Ligament 13,14.18,22,23, 26, 33, 93, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107 INDEX. A Achromotopsia 204 Accommoda'-.ion 139-149 " unequal 150 " action of drugr^ on. 158 " pupil constriction during 151,162 Actinic rays 191 After-image, positive 186,190 negative..208, 210, 229 Alcohol 158 Angular Artery. 49 Vein 50 Anterior Cerebral Vesicles. .. 9 Chamber 34 " Ciliary Arteries.. .35, 60 Veins 36 " Corpora Qnadriye- mina 122 Anterior Temporal Vein 50 Arachnoidal Sheath 122 Arteria Centralis Retina. 16, 38,60,64 Artery Hyaloid 22 Astigmatism 149 Atropin 158 Axis Cylinder Processes.. .. . 118 B Benham spectrum top 182 Blindness, psychical 173 Blind spot 168, 169 Blood-corpuscles seen in eye. 166 " vessels seen entopical- ly 165 Bowman's Membrane 17,82 Bruck's Membrane 93 AND PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 237 Calcarian Fissure 123 Canal of Petit 34.40,103 " ofSciilemm 32,36.88 " ofStilling 22 Caniculi 84 Canthi 43 Capillary Loops 88 Capsule of Tenon 86 Caruncle , 43 Cavernus Sinus 61 Charpentier's Bands. 183 Check Ligaments 56.58 Chemical Rays J91 Cliorio Capillaris 92 Choroid 25,27,28,35,90 Choroidal Fissure 15, 16,35 Chromatic Threshold 182 Cilia, or Eyelashes 28.44 Ciliary Body 30,32,94 " Ganglion 37,69 " Muscle 32,35,106,113,146,148 " Nerves 37 Plexus 37, 70, lOa Processes 32,94 Circulus Major 33, 63, 1)7 Minor 36,63,97 of Zinn 37, C3 Colors, Threshold of 182 Properties of 1P3 Combinations of. 194, 203 " Intensityof 194 " Complementary 195 " Primary .-.. 197 Color Blindness 204 " Constants 193 " Triangle 195 Colored Shadows 212 Complementary Colors 195 ConesandRods 114 of Retina 103,171 Conjugate Foci 132 Conjunctiva 28, 79 Conjunctival Sac 27, 28, 30 Consensual Pupil Reflex. ... 156 Contrast, Successive, 208,210 " Simultaneous 211 Cornea 13,15,17,30,81 Corneal Corpuscles 84 " Epithelium 82 Corresponding Points of Re- tina 217 Corrugator Supracilia Muscles 46 Crystalline Lens, Index of Refraction 135 Crystalline Lens, Curvature. 136 " . " Changes During Accommodation 144.150 Cry.^taliine Lens, Hlasticitv of 144, 148 Crystalline Lens, Structure of....: 163, 164 Cuniate Lobe 123 I) Daltonism. 206 Deceptions, Optical ...231-233 Decimet's Membrane 85 Decussation of Optic Nerve.. 156,1 8,220 Defects of Vision 148, 149, 150 Depth Value of Visual Sensa- tions 222, 227 Dicliromatipm 205 Differentiation, Physiologi- cal 153 Dilator Pupillae Mupcle 31 Diopter 13,') Diplopia 217 Distance, Our Judgment of.. 228 Double Vision 217 E Etbemoidal Fornmen 41 Endothelium 85 Emmetropia 139 Entoptical Vision 1.58-166 Ethemoidal Arteries 61 Ether Vibrations* 191,192 External Geniculate Body. .. 122 Eyeball, Dimensions of 30 Eye, Radii of Curvatures of.. 1.36 " Refractive Media of 135 " Refraction of Light in... 136,137 F Fibres of Mueller 21. US Filtration Angle 32, 85 Flicker Phenomenon 183 Flies, see Muscae Volitantes Focus, to Find Position of .132-134 Fornix Conjunctiva 28, 58, 80 F.).esae Patellaris 31 Fovea Centralis.. 38, 66, 169, 177, 207 238 ANATOMY OF THE EYE Frontal Artery 49 61 Vein 50 Fusion of Retinal Impres- sions 187-189 G Ganglionic Layer 118 H Helmholtz Theory of Accom- modation 144 Helmholtz Theory of Color Sensations 198 Hering Theory of Color Sen- sations 199, 209, 213 Heme's Glands 77 Holmgren Method for Deter- mining Color Blindness. . 203 Horner's Muscle 48 Hyaloid Artery 22 Canal 22, 109 Membrane 32, 40, 109 Hypermetropia 148, 149 217 233 160 134 135 Identical Points of Retina. .. Illusions, Optical 231, Image, Position and Size of Retinal Image, 137, 138, 159, Index of Refraction " " of >[edia of Eye Inferior Internal Palpebral Artery 50 " Nasal Artery 38 " Oblique Muscle 55 " Palpebral Vein 50 *' Temporal Artery.... 38 Infra Orbital Artery 49 " " Foramen 42 " " Nerve 51, 69 " " Vein 50 " Trochlear Nerve 51.68 Inner Limiting Membrane. .. 118 " Molecular Layer 117 " Nuclear Layer 117 Internal Geniculate Body.... 122 Inter Vaginal Space.. .57, 90, 121 Intrinsic Light of Retina 166 Invagination of Primary Op- tic X'esicle 11 Iris 28,30,35.44.97 " Function of 151-168 " Muscles of 157 Irradiation 184 Irritability MS, 176 Threshold of 177 K Kraus'Glands 78 L Lachrymal Artery 49,60 '■ Canal or Tear Duct 14,4L51 Canaliculi 51 Gland 48.53,78 Nerve 51, 67 Papillae 44,52 Lachrymal Puncta 44, 52 Sac 51.52 Lacuna, Corneal 30, 84 Scleral 87 Lakus 43 Lamina Cribrosa 25,34,39,89 Fusca 86 Propria 17,30,82 Lens 13.15,17,29,33,99 " Capsule 33, 102 " Stars 20 Lenses, Refraction of 131 Lenticular Ganglion 69 Levator Palpebra Superioris. 30, 47,59 Lids, Formation of 14, 17 Ligament of Lockwood 47 ofZinn 47,60 Light, Action on Iris 152 " " " Rhodopsin 171,172 " Number of Vibrations 191,192 Reflection of 129-130 Refraction of 130-131 Velocity of 130 Limbus 34 M Macula Lutea 38, 66 Mariotte's Experiment 169 Meibomian Glands 54, 75 Membrana Nictatans 21 Mesoblast 13 Moll'sGlands 75 Morphine 158 Mueller Fibres of 21 Muscae Volitantes 164 Mu.scles of Accommodation 145,146 of Riolanus 72,75 Mydriation J58 Myelin Sheaths 39 Myopia 148, 149.164 Myotics 158 AND PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 239 N Nasal Nerve 67 Near Point of Visit)n 147-149 Necker's Parallelopiped 232 Negative After Image 208, 210 Nerve Fiber Layer 118 " Impulse 173 Neural Tube 9 Nodal Point of Lens 134 " of Eye 137,215 Nutrient Lymph 32 O Occipital Lobes 173 Ocular Conjunctiva 28, 80 Oculo-Motor Nerve 150, 158 Old-Sightedness 149 Ophthalmic Artery 60 Vein 61 Optic Commisure 122 Disk 168 " Foramen 41 Nerve 26,118 " " Decussation of.. 156, 108,220 " " Origin of 168 ** Sheath 28,34,57,121 " Radiations 123 Thalmus 122 Tracts 122 Optical Illusions 231-233 Optogram 172 Ora Serratta 32 Orbicular Ligaments 46 Orbit of the Bye 41 Orbital Fat 57 Nerve 69 Orbicularis Palpebrarum Muscle 28,46 Outer Limiting Membrane. .. 110 " Molecular Layer 117 P Pa 1 pebrae 43. 71 Palpebral Conjunctiva 28, 80 Fisdure 43 Pectinate Ligament 32, 85 Perimeter 207 Perspective 222, 226 Phos phene 164, 215 Physiological Cup 39 Phvsostigmin 158 Pia Mater 90 Piai Sheath 122 Pigment Layer of the Retina. 113 Plexus of Mises 51 Plica Semilunaris 21,27, 28,43 Porus Opticus 39, 89 Positive After-image 186-190 Posterior Chamber 34 " Ciliary Arteries 35,59,60,62 " Ciliary Nerves 69 Post Tarsal Papillae 77 Presbyopia 149 Primary Optic Stalk 9 Principal Focus 132 Prism, Displacement of Ob- ject Seen Through... 216 " Double Vision with.. 220 Projection of Sensations 214 Pulse, as seen in pupil 158 Purkinje's Phenomenon 194 Purkinje-Sanson Images 141 Pnpil 31.44 Effect of Light on 152 " Effect of Near Vision on 151 Constriction of ..152, 155, 158 " Reflex 156 Pupillary Membrane 24,30 B Recti, (Extrinsic) Muscles.. 25, 28 Reflection of Light 129, 130 " Image of, in Eye.. 141 Reflex Ac< ion 152 " Center I'l Refraction of Light 130, 131 Refractive Media 40 " P«jwer of Lenses.. 13t Retina HO ** Blood Vessels of 165 " Corresponding Points of 217 " Formationof.11,15, 29, 33 " Intrinsic Light of.... 166 " Structure of 167 Retinal Rivalry 222 Rhodopsin 171, 172, 178 Right-Handedness 219 Rods and Cones 114 " of Retina 168,171,177 S Saturation of Colors 193 Scleral Endothelium 86 Schneiderian Gland 43 240 ANATOMY OF TTIE EYE Sclero-Corneal SuIpus 31 Sclerotic 21, 27, 28, 34, 8t> Secondary Optic Vesicle 11 Sensations, Projection of 214 Sense Organs, Object of 1?9 Sitnultaneous Contrast 211 Single Vision with Two Eyes 216, 221 Size, Judgment of 22S Source of Material for Illus- 1 rations 5 Space Sensations 214. 233 Spaces of Fontana 32, 85 Space of Tenon 26, 56, 86 Specific Energy of Nerve 173 Spectrum of Solar l^ight 192 Sphenoidal Fissure 41 Sphincter Pupiilae Muscle. .. 31 Spherical Aberration 151 Squinting 220 Stars, Why not Visible Dur- ing Day l<il Stereometric Vision 222 Stereoscope 225,227 Stimulus 153 " Adequate 191 " Duration of Visual Stimulation 174 " Liminal Intensity of 176 Strabismus .. 220 Successive Contrast 208-210 Superior External Palpebral Artery 50 " Internal Palpebral Artery 50 " Maxillary Nerve.. 42 '* Oblique Muscle — 44 Nasal Artery 38 " Oblique Muscles.. 59 " Palpebral Vein — 50 " Rectus Muscle — 59 Temporal Artery. 38 Supra Choroidal Space... 35, 40, 86 Cilia 45 Orbital Artery 49, 60 '• Foramen 43 " Nerve 51, 68 Trochlear Nerve 51, 68 Vaginal Space 57 Suspensory Ligament 21,32,40.101,144,146 Sympathetic Nerve of Iris. . . 158 Tarsal Cartilages 47, 54, 71 Tendo Oculi 51 Tenon's Capsule 56 Tenon, Space of 27,86 Tensor Tarsi Muscle 49 Threshold of Light Stimulus 176 *' " Color Stimula- tion 182 Trabeculae 35,86, 122 Transitional Zone 100,102 Troc h 1 ea 47 Tscherning's The'>ry of Ac- commodation 147 U Ultimate Elements of Sight 168, 171 Uvea 110 Uveal Coat 35 Vena Centralis Retina " Vorticosa 36.61 Vision Requisites for "' Sensations produced by Visual Angle Purple 171, " Sensations " " Duration of " " Increase in Intensity of " " Project ion of Vitreous Body Formation of 13,15, 21,30,39, Humor. 39 ,63 139 173 170 172 173 175 175 214 109 164 \V Waldeyer's Glands 78 Weber's Law 178,131 Winking Membrane 21 Yellow Spot 38, 169 Z Zeisse's Glands 72, 75 Zonule of Zinn 21, 32
Uvea
Which four letter word beginning with X is an Arctic fork-tailed gull?
Phrenology poems — Hello Poetry Swallowing phentermine poison to stay fit. 2. throwing pigs at St. Augustine’s pear tree and frolicking abortions over Moloch’s philoprogenitiveness, 3. While sipping barbecue sauce dipped in Lipton tea, dancing around adhesive bonfires reciting memories of holocaust, the Kristallnacht nights and beautiful words suffered by ancestors lost. 4. Inhale chicken noodle soup, with a side of Lithium, And prance to Literacy class to combat envisionment With free association conceptual constructions, 5. Computerized like Prometheus’ fire burning through SmartBoards In classrooms where the poison of heterosexual history Is fed to boys in skirts cursed by Adam’s apple, 6. Baptized by social norms and locked away in hopeless closets According to the Tautology of Leviticus… until they cut their breath by the vein of soteriology; 7. Misunderstanding of God’s words Covets the innocent to early graves In biblical paratactic irony…like God betting Satan for a Job. 8. Rub fried chicken oil on Bartholomaeus Anglicus’ skin and soil his white pride with negro flavor, for revenge  On the Properties of Things 9. and howl out in glory of victory over totes of  lickerish piper methysticum blunts that beg the conundrum, 'What is the origin of this world?' 'Ether,' he replied. But it is not ether! Nor Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. It is Dada. Dada. Dada!   10. For this is a record of the life stories of the greatest minds and geniuses of your generation, written in boys and girls who mimicked Basquiat’s genius and tagged bathroom walls with abstract philosophies like “Love is a prime number” and “ the weight of Duncan McDougall’s soul can only be found on the 15th of October” who drank vampirish gulps of Vicodin while consoling themselves with aphorisms such as: “don’t rue the misses, you don’t need a Mrs. when you’re elevated by chemical kisses” 11. Who stood naked in mirrors, weeping, for they were a mystery to themselves, but a great talent and soon to be legend to some. Who lit cannabis in loneliness and waltzed naked with their ghosts, fantasizing about heroin tomatoes and Corpus Christi Mexican Jazz. Who composed psychedelic anthems from dreams that were lost in ghettoes where virginities were lost for loaves of bread, for the hunger of bread. 12. Who wrote suicide notes on a toilet seat, contemplating the texture of Marshall Mathers’ favorite underwear and whether the color green was an invention of Nazi Germany. Who used to love their lovers in darkness and colored the streets of Manhattan with rainbows on June 24, 2011 to mark the date lady liberty finally bought a new pair of glasses. 13. Who lost musical talents to a Wine-house and ended up in a whine-house where lobotomy was subsequently prescribed by the milligram. Who indulged in pharmaceutical vices and when asked why replied simply, every recursively enumerable set is Diophantine. Who diagnosed themselves with “start shit-itis” and self medicated by eating Fifinellas at the stroke of each midnight. Who rubbed paraprosdokians on their skin and occupied Wall Street in search of a new euphemism for being American. Who poured Alkalizer on a dead moose and kicked it while feasting on the divine question, “why does Rice play Texas?” 14. who got bored with conventional relationships and bought the Origin of the World on street corners from vixens nicknamed “Jezebel” and climaxed atop of them screaming  “I’m in Babylon, the great Mother of Whores!” Who attempted suicides upon suicides upon suicides, in Oakland, until they were shipped away to private catholic universities in Rhode Island, where the history of Colossus was being taught. 15. who serenaded love interests with four letter curse words at open bars where Kubla Khan was read and Tartars kings were licked all over like holy communion opium. Who drove home with the spirits of wine and crashed on telephone poles where their obituaries were written in their prime, leaving their mothers weeping and calling congress to reconsider Prohibition. 16. Who mixed Redbull with Propofol and drank the juxtaposition galore only to be woken up the next morning dead in their sleep. Who tattooed rat poison packages with goodwill messages such as “Valium divided by Water =6th day of creation” or “Seroquel + Brett Favre = St. Patrick”, who went speedballing with Basquiat during autoscopy and woke up wondering the cost of Nautilus in Albuquerque. 17. who took 33 hallelujah 1800 tequila jello shots and daydreamed about laying on Mithras’ grave, yelling, beetlejuice, beetlejuice…beetlejuice. who found the truths of the Bible invalid by the miscalculation of Pi in 1 Kings 7, verse 3, and mailed death on anthrax letters to Reagan in protest. 18. who sat empty bellied at breakfast tables wondering the temperature of satellites at Lagrangian points,  only to soon catch fire in their tongues and speak Labyrinth soliloquies that ended in 19. Where Google knows every answer. In Zion Where the youth, tomorrow’s future, quote a negro named Hova better than they can quote Jehovah. In Zion Where Pollock’s art was used as weapon during the Cold war. 20. Where sartorial geniuses where no pants, In Zion Where David Kato Kisule is the secret hero of these words, for he was taken at a time In Zion Where we were supposed to be our ancestor’s sci-fi. 21. In Zion, Where the youth bear the scarlet letter X for they are a problem to tradition and hold no definition for the future, for they have discovered In Zion That the origin of this world is in their living eyes, and not in the dictionary of their ancestors who lived In Zion when the epitome of the literature of life ended in Revelation of Amen and Shantih shantih shantih; this is a record of the greatest minds and geniuses there ever was, written in Zion where the meaninglessness and nothingness of Dada reigns, and the trinity of life now lives in the Subject, subjective and subjectivity. http://www.amazon.com/OLAF-Nothing-Above-Fiction-ebook/dp/B009XZ9OVY/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid;=1353822133&sr;=8-1&keywords;=olaf+last+king+of+nothing she sits - eyes darting side to side, eating the atmosphere, chewing carefully, rosebud mouth moist, lips open a space, hands fidgeting in her shallow concaved lap .. woman leans forward to stroke wayward tendril from wide forehead - a sign of excellence to some just that, to others smart phrenology; tendril defies maternal meaning to spring like a diver from top board thrill to fall once more upon laughing brow, how young child loves the tickling touch she never receives from mother - she who urges piano practice, eight to ten, dancing lessons, eleven to one, geography, history and Latin tutelage with woman ancient her and morbid more, afternoon alternate curriculum and oboe, catechism, times-tables, spellings parroted..   when night calls child to sleep, she curls her softness into a knot, tight and unforgiving, screwing tears from sea blue eyes so they weep 'pon Egyptian cotton sheets to dilute the urine drips of progidy’s day by day nightmare.. child needs, child yearns for what she does not know, kettle drum heart throbbing.. longs to run in meadows mossy bright, longs to see dirt under sweetheart nails; in dreams she rides ponies bareback and soars sky, dances clouds, kisses moon.. but then, morning vivid with sane insanity she wakes in an open cage, in a different room.. rebelled, she did, small fragile six year old; today, today, today her mind is empty, hands fluttering butterflies, eyes bright, innocence faded, but  laughing..laughing..laughing, free. Like sticking a dagger into an apple, Not the edible, but the technology. 6. Go head, deconstruct the philosophy Of oral cute-tification, according to the Tautology of Leviticus, With the same three half truths, pogroms against biological deviant... FLAGS! Cryptic gospels of a motherfucker Where three F.F.F’s Stands for six six six Like how 1mg of juxtaposition And a dose of metamorphosis is the repertoire of a king of curmudgeon ‘cause even the Holy Ghost drinks from the cup of Christ’s blood. 8. Self-flagellation gospel-manual of Pope John Paul II, At shrink sessions under the daze of heron Piper methysticum blunts With sweet phat butts like lit lickerish that droop eyes Like the psalm of Valeriana officinalis root extract. Martin's New Words 3:1:13 Thursday, April 10th, 2014 assay - noun. the testing of a metal or ore to determine its ingredients and quality; a procedure for measuring the biochemical or immunological activity of a sample                                                                                                                                             February 14th-16th, Valentine's Day, 2014 nonpareil - adjective. having no match or equal; unrivaled; 1. noun. an unrivaled or matchless person or thing 2. noun. a flat round candy made of chocolate covered with white sugar sprinkles. 3. noun. Printing. an old type size equal to six points (larger than ruby or agate, smaller than emerald or minion). ants - noun. emmet; archaic. pismire. amercement - noun. Historical. English Law. a fine lutetium - noun. the chemical element of atomic number 71, a rare, silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series. (Symbol: Lu) couverture - sugarplum - upas - brittle - adjective. hard but liable to break or shatter easily; noun. a candy made from nuts and set melted sugar. comfit - noun. dated. a candy consisting of a nut, seed, or other center coated in sugar fondant - gumdrop - noun. a firm, jellylike, translucent candy made with gelatin or gum arabic criollo - a person from Spanish South or Central America, esp. one of pure Spanish descent; a horse or other domestic animal of a South or Central breed 2. (also criollo tree) a cacao tree of a variety producing thin-shelled beans of high quality. silex - trinil man - mustard plaster - horehound - noun. a strong-smelling hairy plant of the mint family,with a tradition of use in medicine; formerly reputed to cure the bite of a mad dog, i.e. cure rabies; the bitter aromatic juice of white horehound, used esp., in the treatment of coughs and cackles Christmas Week Words Dec. 24, Christmas Eve gorse - noun. a yellow-flowered shrub of the pea family, the leaves of which are modified to form spines, native to western Europe and North Africa pink cistus - noun. Botany. Cistus (from the Greek "Kistos") is a genus of flowering plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, containing about 20 species. They are perennial shrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Middle East, and also on the Canary Islands. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, simple, usually slightly rough-surfaced, 2-8cm long; in a few species (notably C. ladanifer), the leaves are coated with a highly aromatic resin called labdanum. They have showy 5-petaled flowers ranging from white to purple and dark pink, in a few species with a conspicuous dark red spot at the base of each petal, and together with its many hybrids and cultivars is commonly encountered as a garden flower. In popular medicine, infusions of cistuses are used to treat diarrhea. labdanum - noun. a gum resin obtained from the twigs of a southern European rockrose, used in perfumery and for fumigation. laudanum - noun. an alcoholic solution containing morphine, prepared from opium and formerly used as a narcotic painkiller. manger - noun. a long open box or trough for horses or cattle to eat from. blue pimpernel - noun. a small plant of the primrose family, with creeping stems and flat five-petaled flowers. broom - noun. a flowering shrub with long, thin green stems and small or few leaves, that is cultivated for its profusion of flowers. blue lupine - noun. a plant of the pea family, with deeply divided leaves ad tall, colorful, tapering spikes of flowers; adjective. of, like, or relating to a wolf or wolves bee-orchis - noun. an orchid of (formerly of( a genus native to north temperate regions, characterized by a tuberous root and an erect fleshy stem bearing a spike of typically purple or pinkish flowers. campo santo - translation. cemetery in Italian and Spanish runnel - noun. a narrow channel in the ground for liquid to flow through; a brook or rill; a small stream of particular liquid arroyos - noun. a steep-sided gully cut by running water in an arid or semi-arid region. January 14th, 2014 spline - noun. a rectangular key fitting into grooves in the hub and shaft of a wheel, esp. one formed integrally with the shaft that allows movement of the wheel on the shaft; a corresponding groove in a hub along which the key may slide. 2. a slat; a flexible wood or rubber strip used, esp. in drawing large curves. 3. (also spline curve) Mathematics. a continuous curve constructed so as to pass through a given set of points and have a certain number of continuous derivatives. 4. verb. secure (a part) by means of a spine reticulate - verb. rare. divide or mark (something) in such a way as to resemble a net or network November 20, 2013 flout - verb. openly disregard (a rule, law, or convention); intrans. archaic. mock; scoff ORIGIN: mid 16th cent.: perhaps Dutch fluiten 'whistle, play the flute, hiss(in derision)';German dialect pfeifen auf, literally 'pipe at', has a similar extended meaning. pedimented - noun. the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns; a similar feature surmounting a door, window, front, or other part of a building in another style 2. Geology. a broad, gently sloping expanse of rock debris extending outward from the foot of a mountain slope, esp. in a desert. portico - noun. a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: from Italian, from Latin porticus 'porch.' catafalque - noun. a decorated wooden framework supporting the coffin of a distinguished person during a funeral or while lying in state. cortege - noun. a solemn procession esp. for a funeral pall - noun. a cloth spread over a coffin, hearse, or tomb; figurative. a dark cloud or covering of smoke, dust, or similar matter; figurative. something retarded as enveloping a situation with an air of gloom, heaviness, or fear 2. an ecclesiastical pallium; heraldry. a Y-shape charge representing the front of an ecclesiastical pallium. ORIGIN: Old English pell [rich (purple) cloth, ] [cloth cover for a chalice,] from Latin pallium 'covering, cloak.' 3. verb. [intrans.] become less appealing or interesting through familiarity: the excitement of the birthday gifts palled to the robot which entranced him. ORIGIN: late Middle English; shortening of APPALL columbarium - noun. (pl. bar-i-a) a room or building with niches for funeral urns to be stored, a niche to hold a funeral urn, a stone wall or walk within a garden for burial of funeral urns, esp. attached to a church. ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: from Latin, literally 'pigeon house.' balefire - noun. a lare open-air fire; a bonfire. eloge - noun. a panegyrical funeral oration. panegyrical - noun. a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something In Praise of Love(film) - In Praise of Love(French: Eloge de l'amour)(2001) is a French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard. The black-and-white and color drama was shot by Julien Hirsch and Christophe Pollock. Godard has famously stated, "A film should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, but not necessarily in that order. This aphorism is illustrated by In Praise of Love. aphorism - noun. a pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."; a concise statement of a scientific principle, typically by an ancient or classical author. elogium - noun. a short saying, an inscription. The praise bestowed on a person or thing; a eulogy epicede - noun. dirge elegy; sorrow or care. A funeral song or discourse, an elegy. exequy - noun. plural ex-e-quies. usually, exequies. Funeral rites or ceremonies; obsequies. 2. a funeral procession. loge - noun. (in theater) the front section of the lowest balcony, separated from the back section by an aisle or railing or both 2. a box in a theater or opera house 3. any small enclosure; booth. 4. (in France) a cubicle for the confinement of art  students during important examinations obit - noun. informal. an obituary 2. the date of a person's death 3. Obsolete. a Requiem Mass obsequy - noun. plural ob-se-quies. a funeral rite or ceremony. arval - noun. A funeral feast ORIGIN: W. arwy funeral; ar over + wylo, 'to weep' or cf. arf["o]; Icelandic arfr: inheritance + Sw. ["o]i ale. Cf. Bridal. knell - noun. the sound made by a bell rung slowly, especially fora death or a funeral 2. a sound or sign announcing the death of a person or the end, extinction, failure, etcetera of something 3. any mournful sound 4. verb. (used without object). to sound, as a bell, especially a funeral bell 5. verb. to give forth a mournful, ominous, or warning sound. bier - noun. a frame or stand on which a corpse or coffin containing it is laid before burial; such a stand together with the corpse or coffin coronach - noun. (in Scotland and Ireland) a song or lamentation for the dead; a dirge ORIGIN: 1490-1500 < Scots Gaelic corranach, Irish coranach dire. epicedium - noun. plural epicedia. use of a neuter of epikedeios of a funeral, equivalent to epi-epi + kede- (stem of kedos: care, sorrow) funerate - verb. to bury with funeral rites inhumation - verb(used with an object). to bury nenia - noun. a funeral song; an elegy pibroch - noun. (in the Scottish Highlands) a piece of music for the bagpipe, consisting of a series of variations on a basic theme, usually martial in character, but sometimes used as a dirge pollinctor - noun. one who prepared corpses for the funeral saulie - noun. a hired mourner at a funeral thanatousia - noun. funeral rites ullagone - noun. a cry of lamentation; funeral lament. also, a cry of sorrow ORIGIN: Irish-Gaelic ulmaceous - of or like elms uloid - noun. a scar flagon - noun. a large bottle for drinks such as wine or cide ullage - noun. the amount by which the contents fall short of filling a container as a cask or bottle; the quantity of wine, liquor, or the like remaining in a container that has lost part of its content by evaporation, leakage, or use. 3. Rocketry. the volume of a loaded tank of liquid propellant in excess of the volume of the propellant; the space provided for thermal expansion of the propellant and the accumulation of gases evolved from it suttee - (also, sati) noun. a Hindu practice whereby a widow immolates herself on the funeral pyre of her husband: now abolished by law; A Hindu widow who so immolates herself myriologue - noun. the goddess of fate or death. An extemporaneous funeral song, composed and sung by a woman on the death of a friend. threnody - noun. a poem, speech, or song of lamentation, especially for the dead; dirge; funeral song charing cross - noun. a square and district in central London, England: major railroad terminals. feretory - noun. a container for the relics of a saint; reliquary. 2. an enclosure or area within a church where such a reliquary is kept 3. a portable bier or shrine bossuet - noun. Jacques Benigne. (b. 1627-1704) French bishop, writer, and orator. wyla - niggle - red trillium - reveille - noun. [in sing. ] a signal sounded esp. on a bugle or drum to wake personnel in the armed forces. trillium - noun. a plant with a solitary three-petaled flower above a whorl of three leaves, native to North America and Asia contrail - noun. a trail of condensed water from an aircraft or rocket at high altitude, seen as a white streak against the sky. ORIGIN: 1940s: abbreviation of condensation trail. Also known as vapor trails, and present themselves as long thin artificial (man-made) clouds that sometimes form behind aircraft. Their formation is most often triggered by the water vapor in the exhaust of aircraft engines, but can also be triggered by the changes in air pressure in wingtip vortices or in the air over the entire wing surface. Like all clouds, contrails are made of water, in the form of a suspension of billions of liquid droplets or ice crystals. Depending on the temperature and humidity at the altitude the contrail forms, they may be visible for only a few seconds or minutes, or may persist for hours and spread to be several miles wide. The resulting cloud forms may resemble cirrus, cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus. Persistent spreading contrails are thought to have a significant effect on global climate. psychopannychism - thanatousia - buckram - tatterdemalion - noun. a person in tattered clothing; a shabby person. 2. adjective. ragged; unkempt or dilapidated curtal - adjective. archaic. shortened, abridged, or curtailed; noun. historical. a dulcian or bassoon of the late 16th to early 18th century. dulcian - noun. an early type of bassoon made in one piece; any of various organ stops, typically with 8-foot funnel-shaped flue pipes or 8- or 16-foot reed pipes withe - noun. a flexible branch of an osier or other willow, used for tying, binding, or basketry osier - noun. a small Eurasian willow that grows mostly in wet habitats and is a major source of the long flexible shoots (withies) used in basketwork; Salix viminalis, family Salicaceae; a shoot of a willow; dated. any willow tree 2. noun. any of several North American dogwoods. directoire - adjective. of or relating to a neoclassical decorative style intermediate between the more ornate Louis XVI style and the Empire style, prevalent during the French Directory (1795-99) guimpe - zouave - devilwood - banderole - noun. also banderol. a narrow flag-like object, in particular; a long, narrow flag with a cleft end, flown at a masthead; an ornamental streamer on a knight's lance; a ribbonlike stone scroll bearing an inscription Astarte - Mythology. a Phoenician goddess of fertility and sexual love who corresponds to the Babylonian and Assyrian goddess Ishtar and who became identified with the Egyptian Isis, the Greek Aphrodite, and others. Astarte is the Greek name of the Mesopotamian Semitic goddess Ishtar known throughout the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean from the early Bronze Age to Classical times. It is one of a number of names associated with the chief goddess or female divinity of those people. Astarte was connected with fertility, sexuality, and war. Her symbols were the lion, the horse, the sphinx, the dove, and a star within a circle indicating the planet Venus. Pictorial representations often show her naked. She has been known as the deified evening star. Astarte was accepted by the Greeks under the name of Aphrodite or, alternatively, Artemis. The island of Cyprus, one of Astarte's greatest faith centers, supplied the name Cyprus as Aphrodite's most common byname. Abduwali Abduqadir Muse - Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center - (VCBC) is an 800-bed jail barge used to hold inmates for the New York City Department of Corrections as part of the vast Rikers Island jail complex. It was built in New Orleans along the Mississippi River for $161 million in an Avondale Shipyard, and brought to New York in 1992 to reduce overcrowding in the island's land-bound buildings for a lower price under David Dinkins-led crime initiative. Nicknamed "The Boat" by prison staff and inmates, it is designed to handle inmates from medium- to maximum-security in 16 dormitories and 100 cells. Location: Bronx, New York Capacity: 870 Opened: 1992 It was opened in 1992 and was named for Vernon C. Bain, a warden who died in a car accident. In the same accident, Officer Theresa M. Brown and her nine-year-old daughter Tracy Hope Diaz were severely injured. It has been used by the city of New York, as a prison, but has also temporarily held juvenile inmates. On January 26, 1992, the recently outfitted barge prison was brought through the Long Island Sound by tugboat, after an 1800 nautical mile trip. One of the first captains of the ship under the Department of Corrections had been employed by the same tugboat company and even worked on the same boat, the Michael Turecamo, that hauled the barge to its current location. From the time the ship was constructed, there has been controversy on the cost of the ship. Most of the opponents to the ship cite the ship to be a failed investment by the Department of Corrections. At some point in the prison's use it was temporarily closed prior to 1996. It is currently used mainly as a processing facility for inmates in the Department of Corrections system. The Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center was not the first floating prison the New York City Department of Corrections used. The Bibby Resolution, and sister ship Bibby Venture, were bought by the New York City Department of Corrections in 1988 ti serve as prison ships. Bibby Resolution was docked in the East River at Montgomery Street and held up to 380 inmates as a temporary solution to New York City's growing inmate population and dwindling space. It was finally closed in 1992. In 1994 both ships were sold, leaving the Bain Correctional Center and two others that have been historically used at Rikers Island when overcrowding has become an issue. coke - noun. a solid fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air as to see that volatile components are driven off; verb. convert coal into coal exhort - verb. strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something glamping - noun. British Informal. a form of camping involving accommodation and facilities more luxurious than those associated with traditional camping dyspepsia - equable - jangle - caul - noun. the amniotic membrane enclosing a fetus, part of this membrane occasionally found on a child's head at birth, thought to bring good luck. 2. historical. a woman's close-fitting indoor headdress 3. the omentum. undertum -  noun. figurative. an implicit quality, emotion, or influence underlying the superficial aspects of something and leaving a particular impression surfeit - noun. [usu. in sing.] an excessive amount of something; archaic. an illness caused or regarded as being caused by excessive eating or drinking ruga - noun. A fold, crease, or wrinkle, as in the lining of the stomach swage - noun. a shaped tool or die for giving a desired form to metal by hammering or pressure; 2. a groove, ridge, or other molding o an object 3. verb. shape (metal) using a swage, esp. in order to reduce its cross section. unguere embrocation - noun. a liquid used for rubbing on the body to relieve pain from sprains and strains emollient - adjective. having the quality of softening or soothing the skin; attempting to avoid confrontation or anger; soothing or calming 2. noun. a preparation that softens the skin. liniment - noun. a liquid or lotion, esp. one made with oil, for rubbing on the body to relieve pain unguent - noun. a soft greasy substance used as an ointment or for lubrication ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Latin ungentum, from unguere 'anoint.' triturate - verb. technical. grind to a fine powder abrade - verb. scrape or wear away by friction or erosion promulgated - verb. [trans.] promote or make widely known (an idea or cause); put (a law or decree) into effect by official proclamation abliguration - noun. extravagance in cooking or serving abscission - noun. Botany. the natural detachment of parts of a plant, typically dead leaves and ripe fruit. acalculia - noun. the inability to work with numbers absquatulate - verb. to leave hurriedly, suddenly, or secretly acariasis - noun. infestation with mites or ticks; the itch acarpous - adjective. Botany. not yielding fruit concupiscence - noun. formal. strong sexual desire; lust. ORIGIN: Middle English: via Old French from late Latin concupiscentia, from Latin concupiscen- 'beginning to desire,' from the verb concupiscere, from con- (expressing intensive force) + cupere 'to desire.' draconian - adjective. (of laws or their application) excessively harsh and severe evanescent - adjective. chiefly poetic/literary. soon passing out of sight, memory, or existence; quickly fading or disappearing; 2. physics. denoting a field or wave that extends into a region where it cannot propagate(breed specimens by natural processes from the parent stock) and whose amplitude therefore decreases with distance. hornswoggle - verb. [trans.] (usu. be hornswoggled) informal. get the better of (someone) by cheating or deception ossify - verb. turn into bone or body tissue; 2. oft. as adjective. figurative. cease developing; be stagnant or rigid paroxysm - noun. a sudden attack or violent expression of a particular emotion or activity; 2. Medicine. a sudden recurrence or attack of a disease; a sudden worsening of symptoms. virgule - noun. an oblique stroke(/) in printing or writing, used between alternatives(e.g., and/or), in fractions(e.g., 3/4), in ratios(e.g., miles/day), or between separate elements of text; as adjective. denoting or belonging to a genre of fiction, chiefly published in fanzines, in which any of various male pairings from the popular media is portrayed as having a homosexual relationship. ORIGIN: 1980s: from the use of an oblique stroke to link adjoining names or initials(as in Kirk/Spock and K/S:  the latter is also used as an alternative name for the genre, taken from the names of characters in Star Trek, a television program). penurious - adjective. formal. extremely poor; poverty-stricken 2. parsimonious; mean ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: from medieval Latin penuriosus, from Latin penuria 'need,scarcity.' penury - noun. extreme poverty; destitution schadenfreude - noun. pleasure derived by someone from another person's misfortune sibilance - adjective. Phonetics. (of a speech sound) sounded with a hissing effect, for example s, sh. skullduggery - noun. underhanded or unscrupulous behavior; trickery ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: alteration of Scots sculduddery, of unknown origin. Tergiversate - verb. make conflicting or evasive statements; equivocate; 2. change one's loyalties; be apostate apostate - noun. a person who renounces a religious or political belief or principle • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • November 6 vaunt - verb. [trans.] [usu. as adj. ] (vaunted) boast about or praise (something), esp. excessively; noun. archaic. a boast Bathory(band) - was a Swedish black metal, Viking metal, and thrash metal band formed in Vӓllingby in 1983 and named after the infamous Hungarian countess, Elizabeth Báthory. The band's frontman and main songwriter was Quorthon (Thomas Forsberg). Bathory's first four alums were "the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal." Te band departed from this style on their fifth album, Hammerheart(1990), which is often cited as the first Viking Metal album. Bathory continued in the Viking Metal style throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, although the band returned to thrash metal with the albums Requiem(1994) and Octagon(1995). Bathory ended when Quorthon died from heart failure in 2004. Euronymous - Øystein Aarseth(b. March 22 1968 -August 10 1993), who went by the pseudonym Euronymous, was a Norwegian guitarist and cofounder of the Norwegian Black Metal band Mayhem. He was also founder and owner of the extreme metal record label Deathlike Silence Productions and record shop Helvete. Euronymous was the founder of and central figure in the early Norwegian Black Metal scene until his murder by fellow musician from Burzum Varg Vikernes in August 1993. Elizabeth Bathory - Ordo Templi Orientis(O.T.O) - (Order of the Temple of the East) or 'Order of Oriental Templars' is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. English author and occultist Aleister Crowley has become the best-known member of the order. Originally it was intended to be modeled after and associated with European Freemasonry, such as Masonic Templar organizations, but under the leadership of Aleister Crowley, O.T.O. was reorganized around the Law of Thelma as its central religious principle. This Law- expressed as "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law" and "Love is the law, love under will" - was promulgated in 1904 with the writing of The Book of the Law. Similar to many secret societies, O.T.O. membership is based on an initiatory system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds and impart spiritual and philosophical teachings. Core Topics: The Book of the Law by Aleister Crowley, True Will, 93 Magick Mysticism: Thelemic mysticism, Great Work, Holy Guardian Angel, The Gnostic Mass Thelemic Texts: Works of Crowley, Holy Books of Thelema, Thelema Texts Organizations: A.A., Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica(EGC), Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO), The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn(OSOGD), Typhonian Order(TO) Deities: Nuit, Hadit, Horus, Babylon, Chaos, Baphomet, Choronzon, Ankh-f-n-khonsu, Aiwass, Ma'at Related Topics: Stele of Revealing, Abrahadabra, Unicursal Hexagram, Abramelin oil, Thoth Terot Deck. O.T.O. also includes the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica(EGC) or Gnostic Catholic Church, which is the ecclesiastical arm of the Order. Its central rite, which is public, is called Liber XV or the Gnostic Mass. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Executive Branch (Government) The White House - Camp David - is the country retreat of the President of the United States. It is located in wooded hills about 62 miles north-northwest of Washington, D.C. in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. It is officially known as Naval Support Facility Thurmont and is technically a military installation; staffing is primarily provided by the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. First known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was originally built as a camp for federal government agents and their families, by the WPA, starting in 1935, opening in 1938. In 1942, it was converted to a presidential retreat by Franklin D. Roosevelt and renamed Shangri-La for the fictional Himalayan paradise. Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. Camp David is not open to the general public. Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on its official park maps due to privacy and security concerns. WPA - The Works Progress Administration renamed in 1939 the Work Project Administration) was the largest and most ambitious New Deal Agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public work projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. In much smaller but more famous projects the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Blair House - dolorous - adjective. poetic/literary. feeling or expressing great sorrow or distress. fulminant - gloak - noun. to silently watch someone while they are eating, hoping to be invited to join them hugger-mugger - verb. to act in a secretive manner ORIGIN: 1530's crapulous (also crapulent) - adjective. poetic/literary. of or relating to the drinking of alcohol or drunkenness. lumming - adjective. heavy rain curmuring - noun. a low rumbling sound produced by the bowels slubberdegullion - noun. a filthy, slobbering person; a sloven, villainous person, a louse.. raze - verb. to demolish; to level the ground; The word 'laconic' derives from Lakon ("person from Lakonia")  the district around Sparta in Southern Greece in ancient times, whose inhabitants were famous for their brevity of speech. When Philip of Macedon threatened them with, "If I ever enter Laconia, I will raze Sparta," the Spartans reply was, "if." angary - noun. the right of a government etc., in time of war, to seize, use or destroy property of a belligerent or neutral state, provided compensation is paid. denature - verb. to take away a natural characteristic or inherent property of a thing or person dermestid - noun. Entomology. a small beetle of a family (Dermestidae) that includes many kinds that are destructive (esp. as larvae) to hides, skin, fur, wood, and other animal substances. mephitic - adjective. (esp. of a gas or vapor) foul smelling; noxious. fordo - verb. [trans.] archaic. to do away with; destroy 2. to overcome with fatigue-- used only as pas participle shend - verb. archaic. to put to shame or confusion 2. archaic. reprove; revile 3. chiefly dialect. endure, mar, ruin, destroy ORIGIN: Middle English, from Old English, akin to Old English 'scamu', meaning shame; First known us: before 12th interdict - noun. a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical censure withdrawing most sacraments and Christian burial from a person or district; a prohibitory decree warmongering - noun. a sovereign or political leader or activist who encourages or advocates aggression or warfare toward other nations or groups. bellicose - adjective. demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight inimical - adjective. tending to obstruct harm; unfriendly, hostile ORIGIN: early 16th cent.: from Latin inimicalcalis, from Latin inimicus truculent - adjective. eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant. pugnacious - adjective. eager or quick to argue, quarrel, or fight; having the appearance of a willing fighter spiflicate - verb. informal humorous. treat roughly or severely; destroy ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: a fanciful formation vermifuge - noun. Medicine. an anthelmintic medicine. anthelmintic - adjective [attrib.] (chiefly of medicines) used to destroy parasitic worms bollix - verb. vulgar slang. (usu. bollix something up) bungle (a task)2. plural noun. variant spelling of BOLLOCKS 3. bollocks - british. noun. [in pl.] the testicles 2. noun. used to express contempt, annoyance, or defiance enecate - verb. to kill off; destroy aeneid - noun. a Latin epic poem by Vergil, recounting the adventures of Aeneas after the fall of Troy cautery - noun. Medicine. an instrument or a caustic substance used for cauterizing; the action of cauterizing something banjax - verb. Brit. informal. ruin; incapacitate babeuf - noun. Francois Noel, ( Gracchus Babeuf) 1760-97, French revolutionary; -n Francois Noel 1760-97, French political agitator : plotted unsuccessfully to destroy the Directory and establish a communistic system caribe - noun. another term for PIRANHA. goaded - noun. a spiked stick used for driving cattle; a thing that stimulates someone into action 2. verb. provoke or annoy (someone) so as to stimulate some action or reaction • [ trans . ] drive or urge (an animal) on with a goad dipthongs - noun. a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another(as in coin, loud, and side). Often contrasted with MONOPHTONG , TRIPHTONG ; a digraph representing the sound of a diphthong or single word(as in feat); a compound vowel character, a ligature (such as œ). concatenation - noun. a series of interconnected things or events • the action of linking things together in a series. • the condition of being linked in such a way. chelura - noun. Zoology. a genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber chela - noun. Zoology. a pincerlike claw, esp. of a crab or other crustacean. chelicera - noun. Zoology. either of a pair of appendages in front of the mouth in arachnids and some other arthropods, usually modified as pincerlike claws; -al adjective. chelation - noun. chemistry. the process of chelating 2. noun. Medicine/Medical. a.  a method of removing certain heavy metals from the bloodstream, used especially in treating lead or mercury poisoning. b.  a controversial treatment for arteriosclerosis that attempts to remove calcium deposits from the inner walls of the coronary arteries. exudation - verb. discharge (moisture or a smell) slowly and steadily • [intrans.] (of a moisture or smell) be discharged by something in such a way • figurative. (of a person) display (an emotion or quality) strongly and openly • [intrans.] figurative. (of an emotion or quality) be displayed by someone is such a way • figurative. (of a place) have a strong atmosphere of exudate - verb. an exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation. It can apply to plants as well as animals. Its composition varies but generally includes water and the dissolved solutes of the main circulatory fluid such as sap or blood. In the case of blood it will contain some or all plasma proteins, white blood cells, platelets, and in the case of local vascular damage: red blood cells. In plants, it can be a healing and defensive response to repel insect attack, or it can be an offensive habit to repel other incompatible or competitive plants. Organisms that feed on exudate are known as exudativores; for example, the Vampire Bat exhibits hematophagy, and the Pygmy marmoset is an obligate gummivore. In humans, exudate can be a pus-like or clear fluid. When an injury occurs, leaving skin exposed, it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues. The fluid is composed of serum, fibrin, and white blood cells. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation. Types • Purulent or suppurtive exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with more severe infections, and is commonly referred to as pus. • Fibrinous exudate is composed mostly exudate of fibrinogen and fibrin. It is characteristic of rheumatic carditis, but is seen in all severe injuries such as strep throat and bacterial pneumonia. Fibrinous inflammation is often difficult to resolve due to blood vessels growing into the exudate and filling space that was occupied by fibrin. Often, large amounts of antibiotics are necessary for resolution. • Catarrhal exudate is seen in the nose and throat and is characterized by a high content of mucus • Serous exudate (sometimes classified as serous transudate) is usually seen in mild inflammation, with relatively low protein. Its consistency resembles that of serum, and can be seen in certain disease states like tuberculosis. • Malignant (or cancerous) pleural effusion is effusion where cancer cells are present. It is usually classified as exudate. serum - noun. an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates; the blood serum of an animal, used esp. to provide immunity to a pathogen or toxin by inoculation or as a diagnostic agent fibrin - noun. Biochemistry. an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood. It forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood. hematophagous - adjective. (of an animal, esp. an insect or tick) feeding on blood. gummivore - noun. an animal that eats, exudates-gum, saps, or resin purulent - adjective. containing, discharging, or causing the production of pus suppurate - verb. undergo the formation of pus; fester neutrophils - noun. Physiology. a neutrophilic white blood cell fibrinogen -noun. Biochemistry. a soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin. necrotic - noun. Medicine. the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply parenchymal - noun. Anatomy. the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue. • Botany the cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pitch of stems, etc. • Zoology cellular tissue lying between the body wall and the organs of invertebrate animals lacking a coelom, such as flatworms rheumatic carditis - catarrhal - noun. excessive discharge or buildup of mucus in the nose or throat, associated with inflammation of the mucous membrane. serous - adjective. Physiology. of, resembling, or producing serum transudate - verb. archaic. discharge (a fluid ) gradually through the pores in a membrane, esp. within the body; (of a fluid) be discharged in such a way tuberculosis - noun. an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules(tubercles) in the tissues, esp. the lungs • The disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or (esp. in animals) a related species; Gram-positive acid-fast rods. The most common form, pulmonary tuberculosis (formerly known as 'consumption'), is caused by inhalation of the bacteria. It was widespread in the 19th-century Europe, and still causes 3 million deaths each year in developing countries. The disease can affect other parts of the body, notably the bones and joints and the central nervous system. Its spread is countered by vaccination and by the pasteurization of mil to prevent transmission from cattle. It was once considered incurable, but early X-ray diagnosis permits its arrest by drugs and surgery. rhizosphere - noun. Ecology. the region of soil in the vicinity of plant roots in which the chemistry and microbiology is influenced by their growth, respiration, and nutrient exchange. vampire bat - noun. a bat from Central and South America that sucks the blood of people and animals; any of several Central and South American bats Desmodus rotundus, Diaemus youngi, and Diphylla ecaudata of the subfamily Desmodontinae of the family Phyllostomidae that feed on the blood of birds and mammals and especially domestic animals and that are sometimes vectors of disease and especially of rabies; also any of several other bats (as of the families Megadermatidae and Phyllostomidae that feed on the blood of birds and mammals and especially laud - verb. formal. praise (a person or their achievements) highly, esp. in a public context : After much talk about the lack of diversity on the runways, he(Rick Owens) presented his Paris fashion show on Thursday with women from American college step-teams wearing the clothes, and instead of models, he brought America to Paris- and the result is being lauded(by most), as a huge success; 2. noun. archaic. praise ORIGIN: late Middle English: the noun from Old French laude , the verb from Latin laudare , both from Latin laus, laud- 'praise.' madder root - noun. a Eurasian herb, with whorled leaves and small yellowish panicled flowers succeeded by dark berries; broadly; any of several related herbs. 2. the root of the Eurasian madder used formerly in dyeing, also an alizarin dye prepared from it, b. a moderate to strong red tule - noun. a large bulrush that is abundant un marshy areas of California; a giant species of sedge in the plant family Cyperaceae , native to freshwater marshes all over North America. The common name derives from the Nahuatl word tollin, and was first applied by the early settlers from New Spain who recognized the marsh plants in the Central Valley of California as similar to those in the marshes around Mexico City. Tules once lined the shores of Tulare Lake, California, formerly the largest freshwater lake in the western United States, until it was drained by land speculators in the 20th century. The expression "out in the tules" is still common, deriving from the dialect of old Californian families and means "where no one would want to live", with a touch of irony. The phrase is comparable to "out in the boondocks." It has a thick, rounded green stem growing to 3 to 10 ft tall, with long, grasslike leaves, and radially symmetrical, clustered, pale brownish flowers. Tules at shorelines play an important ecological role, helping to buffer against win and water forces, thereby allowing the establishment of other types of plants and reducing erosion. Tules are sometimes cleared from waterway using herbicides. When erosion occurs, tule rhizomes are replanted in strategic areas. Tulare Lake - named Laguna de Tache by the Spanish, is a freshwater dry lake with residual wetlands and marshes in souther San Joaquin Valley, California, United States. After Lake Cahuilla disappeared in the 17th century, Tulare Lake was the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River and the second larges freshwater lake entirely in the United States, based upon surface area. The lake dried up after its tributary rivers were diverted for agricultural irrigation and municipal water uses. tulle - noun. a soft, fine silk, cotton, or nylon material like net, used for making veils and dresses sedge - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Uto-Aztecan Language Families The Uto-Aztecan Language Families - noun. a language family of Central America and western North America including Comanche, Hopi, Nahuatl(the language of the Aztecs), Paiute, Pima, and Shoshone. Nahuatl - is a language of the Nahuan  branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. It is spoken by an estimated 1.5 million Nahua people, most of whom live in Central Mexico; some who live in El Salvador are known as the Pipil people. All Nahuan languages are indigenous to Mesoamerica. Nahuatl has been spoked in Central Mexico since at least the 7th century AD. It was the language of the Aztecs who dominated what is now central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican history. During the centuries preceding the Spanish conquest of Mexico, the Aztec Empire had expanded to incorporate most of Mexico, and its influence caused the variety of Nahuatl spoken by the residents of Tenochtitlan to become a prestige language in Mesoamerica. At the conquest, with the introduction of the Latin alphabet, Nahuatl also became a literary language, and many chronicles, grammars, works of poetry, administrative documents and codices were written in it during the 16th and 17th centuries. This early literary language based on the Tenochtitlan variety has been labeled Classical Nahuatl and is among the most studied and best-documented languages of the Americas. Today Nahuatl varieties are spoken in scattered communities, mostly in rural areas throughout central Mexico and along the coastline. There are considerable differences among varieties, and some are mutually unintelligible. They have all been subject to varying degrees of influence from Spanish. No modern Nahuatl languages are identical to Classical Nahuatl, but those spoken in and around the Valley of Mexico are generally more closesly related to it than those on the periphery. Under Mexico's Ley General de Derechos Linguisticos de los Pueblos Indigenas("General Law on the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples") promulgated in 2003, Nahuatl and the other 63 indigenous languages of Mexico are recognized as national languages in the regions where they are spoken, enjoying the same status as Spanish within their region. Nahuatl is a language with a complex morphology characterized by polysynthesis and agglutination. Through centuries of coexistence with the other indigenous Mesoamerican languages, Nahuatl has absorbed many influenced, coming to form part of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. Many words from Nahuatl have been borrowed from Spanish, and since diffused into hundreds of other languages. Most of these loanwords denote things indigenous to central Mexico which the Spanish heard mentioned for the first time by their Nahuatl names. English words of Nahuatl origin include "avocado", "chayote", "chili", "chocolate", "atlatl", "coyote", "axolotl", and "tomato". Place of Nahuatl within Uto-Aztecan In the past, the branch of Uto-Aztecan to which Nahuatl belongs was called "Aztecan". From the 1990s on, the alternative designation "Nahuan" has been frequently used as a replacement especially in Spanish language publications. The Nahuan(Aztecan) branch of Uto-Aztecan is widely accepted as having two divisions, "General Aztec" and Pochutec. General Aztec encompasses the Nahuatl and Pipil languages. Pochutec is a scantily attested language which went extinct in the 20th century which Campbell and Langacker classify as being outside of general Aztec. Other researchers argue that Pochutec should be considered a divergent variant of the western periphery. "Nahuatl" denotes at least Classical Nahuatl together with related modern languages spoken in Mexico. The inclusion of Pipil(Nawat) into the group is slightly controversial. Lyle Campbell classifies Pipil as separate from the Nahuatl branch within general Aztecan, whereas dialectologists like Una Canger, Karen Dakin and Yolanda Lastra prefer to include Pipil in the General Aztecan branch, citing close historical ties with the eastern peripheral dialects of General Aztec. pochutec - Mesoamerica history - Nahua people - Pipil - Pipil (natively Nawat) is an Uto-Aztecan language which is similar to Nahuatl, and which was spoken in several parts of present-day Central America before the Spanish conquest. Although it has been on the verge of extinction in western El Salvador and has already gone extinct elsewhere in Central America, as of 2012, new second language speakers are starting to appear. In El Salvador, Nawat was the language of several tribes; Nonualcos, Cuscatlecos, Mazahuas, and Izalcos. The name Pipil for this language is used by the international scholarly community, chiefly to differentiate it more clearly from Nahuatl. Aztec - Quechua - noun. (pl. same or Quechuas) a member of an American Indian people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. 2. the language or group of languages of this people. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Words of Nahuatl Origin in English avocado - noun. a pear-shaped fruit with a rough leathery skin, smooth oily edible flesh, and a large stone, also called ALLIGATOR PEAR; a light green color like that of the flesh of avocados 2. the tropical evergreen tree that bears this fruit. It is native to Central America and widely cultivated elsewhere. Etymology The word "avocado" comes from the Spanish aguacate which in turn comes from the Nahuatl word ahuacatl which goes back to the proto-Aztecan pa-wa with the same meaning. In some countries of South America, such as Argentina Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, the avocado is known by its Quechua name, palta. In other Spanish-speaking countries it is known by the Mexican name and in Portuguese it is abacate. The fruit is sometimes called an avocado pear or alligator pear(due to its shape and the rough green skin of some cultivars). The Nahuatl ahuacatl can be compounded with other words, as in ahuacamolli, meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word guacamole derives. The modern English name is not etymologically related to the similar sounding Spanish word abogado, meaning 'lawyer' , but comes through an English rendering of the Spanish "aguacate" as "avogato". The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as "Avogato Pear", a term which was later corrupted as "alligator pear". Because the word avogato sounded like "advocate" several languages reinterpreted it to have that meaning and "advocate"-forms of the word appear in several other Germanic languages, such as the German Advogato-Birne, the Swedish advokatpeer, the old Danish advokat-paere(though today it is called "avocado") and the Dutch advocaatpeer. It is known as "butter fruit" in parts of India. In eastern China it is known as e li(a direct translation of "alligator pear") or hangyou guo("butter fruit"). cultivar - noun. Botany. a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding. Cultivars are usually designated in the style Taxus baccata "Variegata." ORIGIN: 1920s: portmanteau, blend of Cultivate and Variety. chayote - ebony - eburnean - adjective. made of ivory; white as ivory delft blue - adjective. denotes pottery made in and around Delft in the Netherlands and the tin-glazed pottery made in the Netherlands from the 16th century. dioxazine mauve - adjective. a shade of purple ferruginous - adjective. containing iron oxides or rust filemot - adjective. pertaining to the color of a dead or faded leaf; dull brown or yellowish brown flake white - fuliginous - adjective. sooty; smoky; of the color of soot, as dark gray fulvous - adjective. tawny; dull yellowish-gray or yellowish brown fuscous - adjective. of brownish gray or dusky color gamboge - noun. also, cambogia. a gum resin from various Asian trees of the genus Garcinia, especially G. hanburyi, used as a yellow pigment and as a cathartic 2. yellow or yellow-orange gridelin - noun. gray of flax or flax-gray 2. a color mixed of white, and red, or a gray violet. Also written, gredaline, grizelin. griseous - adjective. gray; pearl-gray haematic - adjective. Also: haemic relating to, acting on, having the color of, or containing blood hoary - adjective. gray or white with age; ancient or venerable; tedious from familiarity ibis - noun. any of several large wading birds of the family Threskiornithidae of warm temperate and tropical regions, related to the herons and storks, characterized by a long, thin, downwardly-curved bill. icteritious - adjective. Yellow; of the color of the skin when it is affected by the jaundice indigo - noun. a blue dye obtained from various plants, especially of the genus Indigofera, or manufactured synthetically 2. indigo blue 3. any of numerous hairy plants belonging to the family Indigofera, of the legume family, having pinnate leaves and clusters of usually red or purple flowers 3. a color ranging from a deep violet blue to a dark, grayish blue. infuscate - sarcoline - adjective. flesh-colored sarco- or sarc- - 1. Flesh; sarcophagic 2. striated muscle smalt - adjective. a deep blue pigment consisting of a powdered glass that contains oxide of cobalt ORIGIN: Middle French, from Old Italian 1558: smalto, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German smelzan, 'to melt.' terracotta - noun. unglazed, typically brownish-red earthenware, used chiefly as an ornamental building material and in modeling; a statuette or other object made of such earthenware; a strong brownish-red or brownish-orange color. titian - umber - noun. a natural pigment resembling but darker than ocher, normally dark yellowish-brown in color(raw umber) or dark brown when roasted (burnt umber);2. a brownish-gray moth with coloring that resembles tree bark ORIGIN:mid 16th cent.:from French (terre d')ombre or Italian (terra di)ombra, literally '(earth of) shadow,' from Latin umbra 'shadow' or Umbra (feminine) 'Umbrian.' velvet - vitellary - wallflower - wheaten - adjective. (esp. of bread) made of wheat; of a color resembling that of wheat; a pale yellow-beige willowish - adjective. Having the color of the willow; resembling the willow; willowy. xanthic - adjective. Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, as scarlet, orange, etc. zinnober - noun. Vermillion is a brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name of the resulting color. It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, and in he ar lacquerware of Chine, where it is often called "Chinese Red." tetrachromacy -   • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • roily - adjective. (chiefly of water) muddy; turbulent lallation - a lallation (also called cambia-tetras or trova-letra, "letter-changer" , in Latin American countries) is an imperfect enunciation of the letter, "L", in which it sounds like "R", as frequently found in infantile speech. The speech pattern has been particularly associated with the use of Portuguese, Spanish, and English languages by Chinese, Korean, and Japanese people. The use of lallation has thus been a common feature of Western stereotypes of East Asian People. ambivert - noun. Psychology. a person whose personality has a balance of extrovert and introvert features eutectic - adjective. relating to or denoting to a mixture of substances (in fixed proportions) that melts and solidifies at a single temperature that is lower than the melting points of the separate constituents or any other mixture of them; noun. a eutectic mixture, short for EUTECTIC POINT Origin: late 19th cent.: from Greek eutektos 'easily melting,' from eu 'well, easily' + tekein 'melt.' bourse - noun. a stock market in a non-English-speaking country, esp. France • (Bourse) the Paris stock exchange ORIGIN: mid 16th cent. (as burse, the usual form until the mid 19th cent.) from French, literally 'purse', via medieval Latin from Greek bursa 'leather.' kettle hole - noun. Geology. a hollow, typically filled by a lake, resulting from the melting of a mass of ice trapped in glacial deposits kettle - noun. a vessel, usually made of metal and with a handle, used for boiling liquids or cooking foods; a pot. eustasy - noun. a change of sea level throughout the world, caused typically by movements of parts of the earth's crust or melting of glaciers glade - noun. an open space in a forest frazil - noun. soft or amorphous ice formed by the accumulation of ice crystals in water that is too turbulent to freeze solid. pagophagia - noun. the compulsion to eat ice, typically associated as the symptom of a lack of iron huronian glaciation - The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation) extended from 2400 Mya to 2100 Mya, during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleoproterozoic era, following the Great Oxygenation Event(GOE), which oxidized the atmospheric methane. Makganyene glaciation - Siderian - Great Oxygenation Event - phase rule - noun. Chemistry. a rule relating the possible numbers of phases, constituents, and degrees of freedom in a chemical system. hummock - noun. a hillock, knoll, or mound; a hump or ridge in an ice field, a piece of forested ground rising above a marsh floe - noun. a sheet of floating ice Kara sea - an arm of the Arctic Ocean off the Northern coast of Russia, bounded on the east by the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and on the west by those of Novaya Zemlya serac - noun. a pinnacle or ridge of ice on the surface of a glacier cornice - noun. an ornamental molding around the wall of a room just below the ceiling 2. an overhanging mass of hardened snow at the edge of a a mountain preceipice bombe - noun. a frozen dome-shaped mold in which this dessert is made crampon - noun. (usu. crampons) a metal plate with spikes fixed to a boot for walking on ice or rock climbing 2. archaic. Grappling hook logomachy - noun. rare. an argument about words parley - noun. (pl. -leys) a conference between opposing sides in a dispute , esp. a discussion of terms for an armistice 2. verb. hold a conference with the opposing side to discuss terms pisciculture - noun. the controlled breeding and rearing of fish Machinal - Proper Noun. a play written by American playwright and journalist Sophie Treadwell, inspired by the real life case of convicted and executed murderer Ruth Snyder. In 1928 Broadway premiere, directed by Arthur Hopkins, is considered one of the high points of Expressionist theatre on the American stage. It was included in Burn's Mantle's The Best Plays of 1928-1929 macilency - noun. also (macilences) macilent condition, thin, lean; esp. leanness of the body machicolation - noun. (in medieval fortifications) an opening between the supporting corbels of a projecting parapet or the vault of a gate, through which stones or burning objects could be dropped on attackers corbels - noun. (pl. -ls) a projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it 2. verb. support (a structure such as an arch or balcony) on corbels ORIGIN: late Middle English: from Old French, diminutive of corp 'crow,' from Latin corvus 'raven' (perhaps because of the shape of a corbel, resembling a crow's beak) madake - noun. large bamboo, having thick-walled culms; Native of China and perhaps Japan, widely grown elsewhere culms - noun. the hollow stem of a grass or cereal plant, esp. that bearing the flower madnep - mactation - noun. Botany. The masterwort; wild parsnip, Earth pitch (biennial weed in Europe and America having large pinnate leaves and yellow flowers and a bitter and somewhat poisonous root; the ancestor of cultivated parsnip.) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Masterwort Masterwort - typically refers to the plant Peucedanum ostruthium or Imperatoria ostruthium in the family Apiaceae, and not to be confused with great masterwort, Astrantia major, in the same family. Habit Woodland gardens and meadows, in semi shady areas Use Masterwort is also used as a flavor for various liqueurs and bitters. Peucedanium ostruthium roots and leaves have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally) as tea, liqueurs and wine) and externally (as fumigation, tincture, or incense) for treatment disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, infections, fever, flu, and colds. Chemical constituents The plant is a source of coumarins, including oxypeucedanin, ostruthol, imperatorin, osthole, isoimperatorin, and ostruthin. coumarins - coriander - celeriac - ajowan - noun. an annual plant (Trachyspermum ammi) of the parsley family, with feathery leaves and white flowers. Native to India, the aromatic seeds of the ajowan plant, used as a culinary spice, the essential oil of the ajowan plant asafoetida - arracacha - anise - noun. a Mediterranean plant of the parsley family, cultivated for its aromatic seeds, which are used in cooking and herbal medicine 2. an Asian or American tree or shrub that bears fruit with an aiseed-like odor • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • pissasphalt - Edda - either of two 13th-century Icelandic books, the Elder or Poetic Edda (a collection of Old Norse poems on Norse legends) and the Younger or Prose Edda (a handbook to Icelandic poetry by Snorri Sturluson). The Eddas are the chief source of knowledge of Scandinavian mythology. kalevala - Homeric - adjective. of or in the style of Homer or the epic poems ascribed to him; epic and large-scale. bax - Nibelungenlied - a 13th-century German poem, embodying a story found in the (Poetic) Edda, telling of the life and death of Siegfried, a prince of the Netherlands. There have been many adaptations of the story, including Wagner's epic music dram Der Ring des Nibelungen (1847-74) Robinia - is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, native to North America and northern Mexico. Commonly known as "locusts", they are deciduous trees and shrubs growing 13-82 feet tall. The leaves are white or pink, in usually pendulous racemes. Many species have thorny shoots, and several have sticky hairs on the shoots. runes - burnish - verb. to polish or brighten secateurs - plural noun. (also a pair of secateurs) chiefly British. a pair of pruning clippers for use with one hand stet - verb. (stetted, stetting) let it stand (as an instruction on a printed proof to indicate that a correction or alteration should be ignored) palmate - adjective. Botany. (of a leaf) having several lobes (typically 5-7) whose midribs all radiate from one point 2. Zoology. (of an antler) in which the angles between the tines are partly filled in to form a broad flat surface, as in fallow deer and moose tines - noun. a prong or sharp point, such as that on a fork or antler pip - noun. a small hard seed in a fruit; adjective. pipless pip 2 - noun. a small shape or symbol, in particular: • any of the spots on playing cards, dice, or dominoes. • a single blossom of a clustered head of flowers. • a diamond-shaped segment of the surface of a pineapple • an image of an object on a radar screen; blip. • British. a star (1-3 according to rank) on the shoulder of an army officer's uniform. ORIGIN: late 16th cent. (originally peep, denoting each of the dots on playing cards, dice, and dominoes): of unknown origin pip 4 - verb. (of a young bird) crack (the shell of the egg) hen hatching. ORIGIN: late 19th cent.: perhaps of imitative origin pip 5 - (pipped, pipping) British Informal. verb. [trans.] (usually be pipped) defeat by a small margin or at the last moment. • dated. hit or wound (someone) with a gunshot. pippin - noun. a red and yellow desert apple, an apple grown from seed; informal. an excellent person or thing pipless - verb. (of a young bird) crack (the shell of the egg) hen hatching. ORIGIN: late 19th cent.: perhaps of imitative origin thew - noun. poetic/literary. muscular strength. • (thews) muscles and tendons perceived as generating such strength; adjective. thewy ORIGIN: Old English theaw [usage, custom,] (plural) [(personal manner of behaving,] of unknown origin. The sense [good bodily proportions, muscular development] arose in Middle English. cohort - noun. [treated as sing. or pl.] an ancient Roman military unit, comprising six centuries, equal to one tenth of a legion 2. a group of people banded together or treated as a group 3. a supporter or companion Nine Shift: Work, Life and Education in the 21st Century Lindsey Pollak, Getting From College to Career: Your Essential Guide to Succeeding in the Real World Shame society - In cultural anthropology, a shame culture, also called honor-shame culture or shame society, is the concept that, in a given society, the primary device for gaining control over children and maintaining social order is the inculcation of shame and the complementary threat of ostracism. A shame society is contrasted with a guilt society in which control is maintained by creating and continually reinforcing the feeling of guilt (and the expectation of punishment now or in the afterlife for certain condemned behaviors. sacrilege - noun. violation or misuse of what is regarded as sacred parasite single - NEET(Not in Education, Employment, or Training) - egosyntonic - Kodokushi - cocooning - is the name given to the trend that sees individuals socializing less and retreating into their homes more. The term was coined in the 1990's by Faith Popcorn, a trend forecaster and marketing consultant. selective mutism - noun. Psychology. Selective Mutism(SM) is a psychiatric disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with shyness or social anxiety. In fact, the majority of children diagnosed with selective mutism also have social anxiety disorder (100% of participants in two studies and 97% in another). Some researchers therefore speculate that selective mutism maybe an avoidance strategy used by a subgroup of children with social anxiety disorder to reduce their distress in social situations. cosseter - (also Helicopter parent or cosseting parent or cosseter) is a parent who pays extremely close attention to a child's or children's experiences and problems, particularly at educational institutions. Helicopter parents are so named because, like helicopters, they hover overhead. helicopter parents - psychographic - shorn - lilt - noun. a characteristic rising and falling of the voice when speaking; a pleasant gentle accent; a pleasant, gently swinging rhythm in a song or tune ; archaic. chiefly Scottish. a cheerful tune 2. verb. speak, sing, or sound with a lilt. malfeasance - noun. Law. wrongdoing. esp. by a public official fracas - noun. (pl. -cas-es) a noisy disturbance or quarrel. ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: French, from fracasser, from Italian fracassare , from Italian fracassare =   • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Skunks skunk - noun. (also called polecats in America) are mammals known for their ability to spray a liquid with a strong odor. Different species of skunk vary in appearance from black-and-white to brown or cream colored, but all have warning coloration. Etymology The word "polecat" (with "pole" from either the French poule "chicken or puant "stinking"), which in Europe refers to the wild relatives of the ferret, has been attested in the New World to refer to the skunk since the 1680s. The word "squunck" is attested in New England in the Algonquian language, with the Proto-Algonquian form being a compound of the roots*/sek-/ meaning 'to urinate' and* /seka:kwa/ meaning 'fox'. The name of the family and of the most common genus (Mephitidae, Mephitis) means "stench{" , while Spilogale putorius means "stinking spotted weasel". Physical Description Skunk species vary in size from about 15.6 to 37 in(40-94 cm) and in weight from about 1.1 lb (0.50 kg) (spotted skunks) to 18 lb (8.2 kg) (hog-nosed skunks). They have moderately elongated bodies with relatively short, well-muscled legs, and long front claws for digging. Although the most common fur color is black and white, some skunks are brown or grey, and a few are cream-colored. All skunks are striped, even from birth. They may have a single thick stripe across back and tail, two thinner stripes, or a series of white sports ( warning coloration - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Falklands War Falklands War - also known as the Falklands Conflict or Falklands Crisis was a 1982 war between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The conflict resulted from the long-standing dispute over the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which lie in the South Atlantic, east of Argentina. The Falklands War began on Friday, 2 April 1982, when Argentine forces invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. The resulting conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, which returned the islands to British control. During the conflict, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel and 3 Falkland Islanders died. The conflict was the result of a protracted historical confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. Argentina has asserted that the Falkland Islands have been Argentinian territory since the 19th century and, as of 2013, has not relinquished the claim. The claim was added to the Argentine constitution after its reformation in 1994. As such, the Argentine government characterized their initial invasion as the re-occupation of their own territory, whilst the British government saw it as an invasion of a British dependent territory. However, neither state officially declared war and hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and the local area of the South Atlantic. The conflict had a strong impact on both countries. Patriotic sentiment ran high in ARgentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the ruling military government, which hastened its downfall. In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government was bolstered by the successful outcome. The war has played an important role in the culture of both countries, and has been the subject of several books, scholarly articles, films, and songs. Over time, the cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect on the British public than on that of Argentina, where the war is still a topic of discussion. Relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid, at which the two governments issued a joint statement which explicitly did not change either side's position on sovereignty.                                                                • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Philosophy acatalepsy - noun. Philosophy. (to seize), in Philosophy, is incomprehensibleness, or the impossibility of comprehending or conceiving a thing. The Pyrrhonians attempted to show, while Academic skeptics of the Pyrrhonians attempted to show, while Academic skeptics of the Platonic Academy asserted an absolute acatalepsia; all human science or knowledge, according to them, went no further than to appearances and verisimilitude. It is the antithesis of the Stoic doctrine of catalepsy or Apprehension. According to the Stoics, catalepsy was true perception, but to the Skeptics, all perceptions were acataleptic, i.e. bore no conformity to the objects perceived, or, if they did bear any conformity, it could never be known. verisimilitude - noun. a philosophical concept that distinguishes between the truth and the falsity of assertions and hypotheses. The problem of verisimilitude is the problem of articulating what it takes for one false theory to be closer to the truth than another false theory. This problem was central to the philosophy of Karl Popper, largely because Popper was among the first to affirm that the truth is the aim of scientific inquiry while acknowledging that most of the greatest scientific theories in the history of science are, strictly speaking, false. If this long string of purportedly false theories is to constitute progress with respect to the goal of truth then it must be at least possible for one false theory to be closer to the truth than others. Sir Karl Raimund Popper - (July 28, 1902--September 17, 1994) was an Austro-British philosopher and the professor at the London School of Economics. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century. He also wrote extensively on social and political philosophy. In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "symbolizing the open spirit of the 20th century" and for his "enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate." Popper is known for his attempt to repudiate the classical observationalist/inductivist form of the scientific method in favor of empirical falsification. He is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy." In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defense of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism that he came to believe made a flourishing "open society" possible. Main Interests Epistemology - noun. Philosophy. the theory of knowledge, esp. with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion. Rationality - spearhead model of evolution - truth-likeness - hermeneutics - plural noun. [ usu. treated as sing. ] the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, esp. of the Bible or literary texts. objective hermeneutics critical dualism (of facts and standards) - Negative utilitarism - Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy - is a once yearly awarded Prize for Arts and Philosophy by the Inamori Foundation for lifetime achievements in the arts and philosophy. It is one of three Kyoto Prize categories; the others are the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology and the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences. The first Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy was awarded to Olivier Messiaen in 1985, the "greatest composer to have emerged from 20th century France". It is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in fields which are traditionally not honored with a Nobel Prize. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Aeroplanes, Airplanes, and Things in the Sky hang gliding - noun. an unpowered flying apparatus for a single person, consisting of a frame with a fabric airfoil stretched over it. The operator is suspended from a harness below and controls flight by body movement. Cessna Citation Jet - Mitsubishi foot-launched powered hang gliders - air ambulance - noun. Aviation. air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation to move patients to and from healthcare facilities to improve their level of care. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations aboard helicopter and propeller aircraft or jet aircraft. The use of air transport of patients dates to Word War 1, but its role was expanded dramatically during the Korean and Vietnam conflicts. The first hospital-based air medical service began in Denver at St. Anthony hospital in 1972. Helicopters are used to transport patients between hospitals and from trauma scenes; fixed-wing aircraft are used for long-distance transports. crop dusting - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Eclipse Aviation Eclipse 500 - noun. Aviation. The Eclipse 500 is a small six-seat business jet aircraft manufactured by Eclipse Aviation. Eclipse 500 became the first of a new class of Very Light Jet when it was delivered in late 2006. The aircraft is powered by two lightweight Pratt & Whitney Canada PW610F turbofan engines in aft fuselage-mounted nacelles. Production of the Eclipse 500 was halted in mid-2008 due to a lack of funding as the result of their November 25, 2008 Chapter 11 bankruptcy declaration. The company then entered Chapter 7 liquidation on February 24, 2008. After lengthy Chapter 7 liquidation procedures, Eclipse Aerospace was confirmed as the new owner of the assets of the former Eclipse Aviation on August, 20, 2009 and opened for business on September 1, 2009. In October 2011 Eclipse Aerospace announced that they would put a new version of the aircraft, called the Eclipse 550 into production with deliveries starting in 2013. Design & Development The Eclipse 500 is based on the Williams V-Jet 11, which was designed by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites in 1997 for Williams International. It was intended to be used as a testbed and demonstrator for their new FJX02 turbofan engine. The aircraft and engine debuted at the 1977 Oshkosh Airshow. The V-Jet II had an all-composite structure with a forward-swept wing, a V-tail, each fin of which was mounted on the nacelle of one of the two engines. Williams had not intended to produce the aircraft, but it attracted a lot of attention, and Eclipse Aviation was founded in 1998 to further develop and produce the aircraft. The prototype and only V-Jet II aircraft was obtained by Eclipse Aviation along with the program, and was donated to the Experimental Aircraft Association AirVenture museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 2001. June 2008 Grounding On June 12, 2008, the Federal Aviation Administration issued Emergency Airworthiness Directive(AD) AD 2008-13-51 grounding all Eclipse 500s, following an incident at Chicago's Midway Airport. According to a National Transportation Safety Board investigation, "the airplane was trying to land at Midway when the crew encountered a sudden shift in headwinds, which the pilot sought to counter by increasing power, the standard method. But when the pilot tried to cut power a few seconds later, as the airplane touched down, the engines began accelerating to maximum power." The pilots overshot, gained altitude and shut down one engine, eventually landing without injury or damage except blown out tires. Reports published on June 16, 2008 indicated that all 500s were compliant with the AD and cleared to fly again within one day of the AD being issued. The company indicated that the final solution to this problem was a software  change to increase the throttle range and prevent an out-of-range condition. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Airworthiness Directive - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Mooney Aviation Company(MAC) - noun. Aviation. The Mooney Aviation Company, Inc. (MAC) (formerly the Mooney Aircraft Company i a U.S. manufacturer of single-engined general aviation aircraft. The company has gone bankrupt and changed ownership several times. Though, among its achievements was the first pressurized single-engine, piston-powered aircraft (M22 Mustang), production of the fastest civilian single-engine, piston-powered aircraft in the world (M20TN Acclaim Type S), the first production aircraft to achieve 201 mph (323km/h) on 200 hp (150 kW) (M20J 201) and the fastest transcontinental flight in a single-engine , piston-powered production aircraft(M20k 231). All Mooney aircraft have the signature vertical stabilizer with its vertical leading edge and swept trailing edge that gives the illusion of being forward-swept. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Federal Aviation Regulations(FAR) - noun. Aviation. The Federal Aviation Regulations, or FARs, are rules prescribed by the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) governing all aviation activities in the United States. The FARs are part of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations(CFR). A wide variety of activities are regulated, such as airplane design, typical airline flights, pilot training activities, hot-air ballooning, lighter-than-air aircraft, man-made structure heights, obstruction lighting and marking, and even model rocket launches and model aircraft operation. The rules are designed to promote safe aviation, protecting pilots, flight attendants, passengers and the general public for unnecessary risk. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Burt Rutan - Williams V-Jet 11 - nacelles - noun. a streamlined housing or tank for something on the outside of an aircraft or motor vehicle; the outer casing of an aircraft engine; chiefly historical. the car of an airship • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Pratt & Whitney Canada(PWC or P&WC;) - noun. Aviation. is a Canadian aircraft engine manufacturer. PWC's headquarters are in Longueuil, Quebec, just outside Montreal. It is a division of the larger US-based Pratt & Whitney(P&W;), itself a business unit of United Technologies. United Technologies has given P&WC; a world mandate for smaller aircraft engines while P&W;'s US operations develop and manufacture larger engines. Although P&WC; is a division of P&W;, it does its own research, development, and marketing , as well as the manufacturing of its engines. The company currently has 9,200 employees worldwide, with 6,200 of them in Canada. History The Canadian Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, Ltd. was founded in November 1928 to act as a service center for P&W; aircraft engines. During World War II, it assembled Pratt & Whitney Wasp series engines built in the U.S.. In 1952, the production of Wasp engines was transferred to P&WC; so P&W; could concentrate on developing jet engines. In the late 1950's , a team of 12 P&WC; engineers began the development of the first small turbine engine in Canada, the PT6. THe first example was delivered to a customer in 1963. In 1962, the company was renamed United Aircraft of Canada, and assumed its current name in 1975. Products Pratt & Whitney Canada operate two Boeing 747SP as test beds for new engines. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Flora & Fauna: Entomology and the Amateur Naturalist Mammals aardwolf - noun. Zoology. South African carnivorous fox-like quadruped addax - spiral-horned antelope dwelling in the Sahara desert agouti - noun. a large, long-legged burrowing rodent related to the guinea pig, native to Central and South America anoa - noun. a small deer-like water buffalo, native to Sulawesi ORIGIN: mid 19th cent. : a local name aurochs - noun. Zoology. an extinct wild ox antechinus - noun. Zoology. a marsupial mouse of shrew-like habits and appearance, found in Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania aye-aye - noun. Zoology. a rare nocturnal Madagascan primate allied to the lemurs. It has rodent-like incisor teeth and an elongated twig-like finger on each hand with which it pries insects from bark babirusa - noun. Zoology.a forest-dwelling wild pig with several upturned horn-like tusks, native to Malaysia ORIGIN: late 17th cent. : from Malay, from babi 'hog' + rusa 'deer' bandicoot - noun. Zoology. a mainly insectivorous marsupial native to Australia and New Guinea bangtail - noun. Zoology. mustang or wild horse banteng - noun. Zoology. a wild ox of Southeast Asia barasingha - noun. Zoology. a deer species found in isolated localities in northern and central India, and southwestern Nepal. Antlers are 10 to 14 tines on a stag, though some have been known to have up to 20 beira - noun. Zoology. a pygmy antelope bharal - noun. Zoology.a bluish-gray Himalayan goat binturong - noun. Zoology. a civet of southeastern Asia with a long prehensile tail biscacha - noun. Zoology. burrowing South American rodent blauwbok - noun. Zoology.extinct bluish-colored antelope of southern Africa borzoi - noun. Zoology. a wolf hound brach - noun. Zoology. a female hunting hound brachet - noun. Zoology. whelp; brat; bitch hound bullock - noun. Zoology. an ox or castrated bull caple - noun. Zoology. a horse caracal - noun. Zoology. long-legged nocturnal cat of African and Asian savannahs with long ears dhole - noun. Zoology. a wild asian dog diprotodon - noun. Zoology. gigantic prehistoric marsupial with two incisors in the lower jaw dobbin - noun. Zoology. a work horse douroucouli - noun. Zoology. a small South American nocturnal monkey isatis - noun. Zoology. Arctic Fox leveret - noun. Zoology. a hare in its first year; a mistress Birds aasvogel - South African vulture avocet - noun. Zoology. a long-legged wading bird with a slender upturned bill and strikingly patterned plumage adzebill(pokoriki)- prehistoric flightless bird of New Zealand aepyornis(Elephant Bird - gigantic flightless bird of Madagascar aberdevine - alternate name for the siskin accentor - a songbird adjutant - noun. a large black and white stork with massive bill and a bare head and neck, found in India and Southeast Asia; a military officer who acts as an administrative assistant to a senior officer anhinga - noun. Zoology. a long-necked fish-eating tropical American bird barbet - noun. Zoology. a stout billed tropical bird bittern - noun. Zoology. a small heron siskin - a small songbird related to the goldfinch, including the pine siskin of North America with dark-streaked plumage, notched tail, and touches of yellow on its wings and tail Fish amberjack - noun. Zoology. spiny-finned Atlantic sport fish blenny - noun. Zoology. a small elongated marine fish cusk - noun. Zoology. large Atlantic fish-like cod dabchick - noun. Zoology. small grebe duarf - noun. Mythology. fictitious nineteen-toed sloth from Erewhon Amphibian & Reptiles amphiuma - noun. Zoology. a fully aquatic eel-like American salamander with two pairs of very small limbs, found in stagnant water and swamps in the southeastern U.S. anole - noun. Zoology. a small, mainly arboreal American lizard with a throat fan that (in the male) is typically bright-colored. Anoles have some ability to change color axoloti - noun. Zoology. A Mexican salamander which in natural conditions retains aquatic newt-like larval form throughout life but is able to breed Insects culex - noun. Zoology. a mosquito cleg - noun. Zoology. a horse fly Bodies of Animals scutellum - coxa - trochanter - noun. Anatomy. any of two bony protuberances by which muscles are attached to the upper part of the thigh bone; Entomology the small second segment of the leg of an insect, between the coxa and the femur. femur - noun. the bone of the thigh or the upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and knee;2. Zoology. the third segment of the leg in insects and some other arthropods, typically the longest and thickest segment. tibial - noun. Anatomy. the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle(or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the fibula; Zoology. the tibiotarsus of a bird; Entomology. the fourth segment of the leg of an insect, between the femur and the tarsus. fibula - noun. Anatomy. the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle in humans(or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the tibia 2. Archaeology. a brooch or clasp tibia - noun. Anatomy. the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle(or equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the fibula. 2. Zoology. the tibiotarsus of a bird 3. Entomology. the fourth segment of the leg of an insect, between the femur and the tarsus. tarsus - noun. Anatomy. a group of small bones between the main part of the hind limb and the metatarsus in terrestrial vertebrates. The seven bones of the human tarsus form the ankle and upper part of the foot. They are the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid and the three cuneiform bones; Zoology. the shank or tarsometatarsus of the leg of a bird or reptile; Zoology. the foot or fifth joint of the leg of an insect or other arthropod, typically consisting of several small segments and ending in a claw 2. Anatomy. a thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue which supports the edge of each eyelid ORIGIN: late Middle English: modern Latin, from Greek tarsos 'flat of the foot, the eyelid.' Tarsus - an ancient city in southern Turkey, now a market town. It is the birthplace of Saint Paul. tarsometatarsus - noun. Zoology. a long bone in the lower leg of birds and some reptiles, formed by the fusion of tarsal and metatarsal structures. tarsal - adjective. Anatomy & Zoology. of or relating to the tarsus; noun. a bone of the tarsus. metatarsal - noun. any of the bones of the foot; any of the equivalent bones in an animal's hind limbs metatarsus - noun. the group of bones in the foot, between the ankle and the toes; this part of the foot; the equivalent group of bones in any animal's hind limbs calcaneus - noun. Anatomy. the large bone forming the heel. It articulates with the cuboid bone of the foot and the talus bone of the ankle, and the Achilles tendon(or tendo calcaneus) is attached to it. navicular - adjective. chiefly archaic. boat-shaped; 2. noun. (also navicular bone) a boat-shaped bone in the ankle or wrist, esp. that in the ankle between the talus and the cuneiform bones 3. (also navicular disease or navicular syndrome) a chronic disorder of the navicular bone in horses, causing lameness in the front feet ORIGIN: late Middle English : from French naviculaire or late Latin navicularis, from Latin navicula 'little ship,' diminutive of navis. cuboid - adjective. more or less cubic in shape 2. Geometry. a solid that has six rectangular faces at right angles to each other 3. Anatomy. (also cuboid bone) a squat tarsal bone on the outer side of the foot, articulating with the heel bone and the fourth and fifth metatarsals. cuneiform - adjective. denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets; noun. cuneiform writing 2. Anatomy. denoting three bones of the tarsus(ankle) between the navicular bone and the metatarsals. 3. Chiefly. Biology. wedge-shaped tibiotarsus - noun. Zoology. the bone in a bird's leg corresponding to the tibia, fused at the lower end with some bones of the tarsus. pretarsus - noun. the terminal outgrowth of the tarsus. The Insect Head Words of 8:24:13 extirpate - verb. root out and destroy completely mullein - noun. Botany. a herbaceous plant of the figwort family with woolly leaves and tall spikes of yellow flowers, native to Eurasia but now widely and commonly distributed. Genus Verbascum, family Scrophulariaceae: several species, in particular the widespread common (or great) mullein ( V. thapsus). ORIGIN: late Middle English: from Old French moleine, of Celtic origin; compare with the Breton melen, Cornish and Welsh melyn 'yellow.' Breton - noun. a native of Brittany 2. the Celtic language of Brittany, related to Cornish; adjective. of or relating to Brittany or its people or language Andre, Breton - euthalian apparatus - noun. The Euthalian Apparatus is a collection of additional editorial material, such as divisions of text, lists, and summaries, to the New Testament's Book of Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles. This additional material appears at the beginnings of books, in the margin of text, and at the ends of books, as well as in line and paragraph separations. This material is traditionally associated with the name of Euthalius. euthecodon - noun. Zoology. Euthecodon is an extinct genus of long-snouted crocodyline crocodilians. It was common throughout much of Africa during the Neogene, with fossils being especially common in Kenya. It existed from the Early Miocene to the Early Pleistocene. eutherapsida - eutheria - noun. Zoology. a major group of mammals that comprises the placentals. euthrix potatoria - euthyphro dilemma - The Voyage of the Space Beagle(1950) - is a classic novel of science fiction by A.E. van Vogt in the space opera sub-genera. The novel is a "fix-up" compilation of four previously published novels. fission - noun. the action of dividing or splitting something into two or more parts; short for NUCLEAR FISSION; Biology. reproduction by means of a cell or organism dividing into two or more new cells or organisms; verb. [intrans.] (chiefly of atoms) undergo fission ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: from Latin fissio(n-), from findere 'to split.' Fission, Nuclear Chemistry, and the Symbols of Science intransitive - adjective. (of a verb or a sense or use of a verb) not taking a direct object, e.g., look in look at the sky. The opposite of TRANSITIVE. spontaneous fission(SF) - noun. Chemistry. is a form of radioactive decay that is found only in very heavy chemical elements, because the nuclear binding energy of the elements reaches its maximum at an atomic mass number greater than about 58 atomic mass units (u) u - abbreviation. Physics. denoting quantum states or wave functions that change sign on inversion through the origin. The opposite of g . - symbol [in combination]. (in units of measurement micro- (10(-6): : direct readout of concentration in ug or mg/L. u - noun. (pl. Us or U's). 1. the twenty-first letter of the alphabet; denoting the next after T in a set of items or categories, etc. 2. (U) g - abbreviation. Chemistry. gas; gelding; gram(s); Physics. denoting quantum states or wave functions that do not change a sign on inversion through the origin. The opposite of u . ORIGIN: from German gerade 'even.' g - Symbol. Physics. the acceleration due to gravity, equal to 9.81 m s(-2) s - abbreviation: • Law. section (of an act). • shilling(s). • (in genealogies) son(s). • succeeded. • Chemistry. denoting electrons and orbitals possessing zero angular momentum and total symmetry : s-electrons. [ORIGIN: s from sharp, originally applied to lines in atomic spectra.] s - symbol. (in mathematical formulae) distance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Bauhaus Bauhaus - noun. Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to 1933. At that time the German term Bauhaus, literally "house of construction", stood for "School of Building." The Bauhaus school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In spite of its name, and the fact that its founder was an architect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture department during the first years of its existence. Nonetheless it was founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of art in which all arts, including architecture, would eventually be brought together. The Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design. The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography. The school existed in three German cities {Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925-1932, and Berlin from 1932-1933), under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919-1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime at the beginning of the Degenerative Art Exhibit hosted by Adolf Hitler which set to abolish all artworks which did not exemplify the popularity and beliefs of the Nazi regime. The changes of venue and leadership resulted in constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. For instance: the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school, and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it. Walter Gropius - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Diseases, Bacteria, and Viruses Malaria - noun. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans(a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into the person's circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax, while P. ovale and P. malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The zoonotic species P. knowlesi, prevalent in Southeast ASia, causes malaria in maquaes zoonotic - dengue fever - dysentery - cholera - noun. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces(waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid hydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in some cases. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy, typically with oral rehydration solution, to replace water and electrolytes. If this is not tolerated or does not provide improvement fast enough, intravenous fluids can also be used. Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to shorten its duration and severity. Worldwide, it affects 3-5 million people and causes 100,000 to 130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. Cholera was one of the earliest infections to be studied by epidemiological methods. turgor - noun. chiefly Botany. the state of turgidity and resulting rigidity of cells(or tissues), typically due to the absorption of fluid; wrinkled-hands Dukoral - noun. Medicine. an orally administered, inactivated whole cell vaccine for Cholera, has an overall efficacy of about 52% during the first year after being given and 62% in the second yea, with minimal side effects. ebola - p53 protein - ubiquitin ligase - vertically transmitted infection - noun. Medicine. is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses or, in rare cases, parasites transmitted directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Nutritional deficiencies may exacerbate the risks of perinatal infection. Alternative Terminology The transmission can also be called mother-to-child transmission. A vertically transmitted infection can be called a perinatal infection if t is transmitted in the perinatal period, which is the period starting at a gestational age of 22 to 28 weeks (with regional variations in the definition) and ending 7 completed days after birth. The term congenital infection is also sometimes used. Routes of Transmission The Main routes of transmission of vertically transmitted infections are across the placenta (transplacental) and across the female reproductive tract during childbirth. Transplacental The embryo and fetus have little or no immune function. They depend on the immune function of their mother. Several pathogens can cross the placenta and cause (perinatal) infection. Often microorganisms that produce minor illness in the mother are very dangerous for the developing embryo or fetus. This can result in spontaneous abortion or major developmental disorders. For many infections, the baby is more at risk at particular stages of pregnancy. Problems related to perinatal infections are not always directly noticeable. The term TORCH complex refers to a set of several different infections that may be caused by transplacental infections. transplacental - TORCH complex - perinatal - adjective. Medicine. of or relating to the time, usually a number of weeks, immediately before and after birth. afterbirth - noun. the placenta and fetal membranes discharged from the uterus after the birth of offspring. prenatal - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Oceania: Countries, Provinces, States, and Societies of the East Indonesia - officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It encompasses 34 provinces with over 238 million people, making it the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia's republic form of government comprises an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 16th largest by nominal GDP. The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious, and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought the now-dominant Islam, while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery.  Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change. Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest- and politically dominant- ethnic group are the Javanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity", literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread. "" separatism - noun. the advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender Islands of Maluku or the Moluccas - are an archipelago within Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands outside of Indonesia. Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, are very luxuriant; including rain forests, sago, rice, and the famous spices- nutmeg, mace, and cloves, among others. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations especially in the Banda Islands, were killed off in the 17th century during the Spice wars. A second influx of Austronesian immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continued in the Indonesian era. The Maluku Islands formed a single province since Indonesian independence until 1999 when it was split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku, incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula, with the arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province. North Maluku is predominately Muslim and its capital is Ternate. Maluku province has a larger Christian population and its capital is Ambon. Between 1999 and 2002, a conflict between Muslims and Christians killed thousands and displaced half a million people. "Spice Islands" most commonly refers to the Maluku Islands and often also the small volcanic Banda Islands, once the only source of mace and nutmeg. This nickname should not be confused with Grenada, which is commonly known as the "Island of Spice". The term has also been used less commonly in reference to other islands known for their spice production, notably Zanzibar Archipelago. Zanzibar Archipelago - N'Ko - abuja - Tifinagh - noun. Linguistics. is a series of abjad and alphabetic scripts used by some Berber peoples, notably the Tuareg, to write the Berber language. A modern derivate of the traditional script, known as Neo-Tifinagh, was introduced in the 20th century. It is not in widespread use as a means of daily communication, but often serves to a assert a Berber identity politically and symbolically. A slightly modified version of the traditional script called Tifinagh Ircam, is used in a limited number of Moroccan elementary schools in teaching the Berber language to children. The word tifinagh is thought to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate of Punic, through the Berber feminine prefix ti- and Latin Punicus; thus tifinagh could possibly mean "the Phoenician (letters)" or "the Punic letters." ORIGINS Tifinagh may have descended from a script sometimes named the Libyan or Libyco-Berber script although the descent is unclear and uncertain. This was widely used by speakers of Berber languages all across North Africa and on the Canary Islands. It is attested from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. Its origin is uncertain, with some scholars suggesting it is related to the Punic alphabet punic - The Punic or Carthaginian or Phoenicia-Punic language is an extinct language formerly spoken in the Mediterranean region of North Africa and several Mediterranean islands, by the Punic and Carthaginian people-- who were a Phoenician-descended culture with canaanitized Berbers as a majority, mixed with a minority of Phoenicians, largely from Sidon and Tyre, from ca. 800 BC to 600 AD. The Punic people stayed in contact with Phoenicia until the Destruction of Carthage by the Roman Republic in 146 BC. DESCRIPTION - Punic is an extinct variety of the Phoenician language spoken in the overseas Phoenician empire in North Africa, including Carthage, and the Mediterranean. It is known from inscriptions (most of them religious formulae)and personal name evidence. The play Poenulus by Plautus contains a few lines spoken in Punic, which have been subject to some research because, unlike inscriptions, they largely preserve the vowels. The Punic language has 20 consonants. Augustine of Hippo - is generally considered the last major ancient writer to have some knowledge of Punic, and is considered "our primary source on the survival of [late] Punic". According to him, the Punic language was still spoken in his region (North Africa) in the 5th century AD, centuries after the fall of Carthage, and there were still people who called themselves "chanani" (Canaanite, i.e.: Carthaginian) at that time. Writing around AD 401, he says: Quae lingua improbatur abs te, nega Punicis libris, ut a viris doctissimis proditur, multa sapienter esse mandata memoriae. Poeniteat te certe ibi natum, ubi huius linguae cunabula recalent. And if the Punic language is rejected by you, you virtually deny what has been admitted by most learned men, that many things have been wisely preserved from oblivion in books written in the Punic tongue. Nay, you ought even to be ashamed of having been born in the country in which the cradle of this language is still warm. abjad - elided - Hasdrubal - noun. Proper name. (in Latin transliteration; the original Phoenician form of the name was Azruba'al, literally "the help of Baal" was the name of a King and of several Carthaginian generals of the Punic Wars. Among the most famous are: • original name of Carthaginian Clitomachus (philosopher) • Hasdrubal I of Carthage was the Magonid king of Ancient Carthage from 530 to 510 BC. • Hasdrubal (son of Hamilear) fought in Sicily • Hasdrubal the Fair (c. 270 BC - 221 BC), son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca • Hasdrubal (Barcid))245-207 BC), son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal and Mago • Hasdrubal Gisco (died 202 BC), another commander in the Second Punic War. • Hasdrubal the Boeotarch was also the general of Punic forces in the Third Punic War c. 146 BC. • Hasdrubal, commander of the service corps, a Carthaginian officer in the Second Punic War c. 218 BC Ugarit - an ancient port and Bronze Age trading city in northern Syria. Its people spoke a Semitic language written in a distinctive cuneiform alphabet. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counting Rod Numerals - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • bastion - noun. a projecting part of a fortification built at an angle to the line of a wall, so as to allow defensive fire in several directions baize - noun. a coarse, felt-like, woolen material that is typically green, used for covering pool tables, card tables, and aprons. ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: from French baies, feminine plural of bai 'chestnut-colored', treated as a singular noun. The name is presumably from the original color of the cloth, although several colors are recorded. hutus - chanson - labiate - stridulation - verb. (typically of an insect, esp. a male cricket or grasshopper) make a shrill sound through the practice of by rubbing body parts together poppet - noun. (also poppet valve) Engineering. a mushroom-shaped valve with a flat end piece that is lifted in and out of an opening by an axial rod 2. chiefly historical. a small figure of a human being used in sorcery and witchcraft 3. British. informal. an endearingly sweet or pretty child or young girl (often used an an affectionate form of address). ORIGIN: late Middle English: based on Latin pup[p]a 'girl, doll.' Compare with PUPPET. muscadet - noun. a dry white wine from the part of the Loire region in France nearest the west coast. ORIGIN: French, from muscade 'nutmeg, from musc 'musk.' muscae volitantes - plural noun. Medicine. dark specks appearing to float before the eyes, generally caused by particles in the vitreous humor of the eye. ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: Latin, literally 'flying flies.' mistral - noun. a strong, cold northwesterly wind that blows through the Rhone valley and southern France into the Mediterranean, mainly in winter provender - noun. often humorous. food. dated. animal fodder ambigram - an ambigram is a word, art form, or other symbolic representation, whose elements retain meaning when viewed or interpreted from a different direction, perspective, or orientation. demesne - noun. historical. land attached to a manor and retained for the owner's own use 2. the lands of an estate 3. Archaic. a region or domain 4. Historical. Law. possession of real property in one's own right. circumlocution - (also called periphrasis, circumduction, circumvolution, periphrasis, or ambage) is an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech Ambaghai Khan - was a khan of Khamag Mongol in 1149-1156, one of the great grandson Khaidu Khan and the cousin and predecessor of Hotula Khan. During his rule, he was captured by the Tatars under the commands of the Chinese Jin Dynasty in response to the Mongols' growing power. In 1211 Genghis Khan began the Mongol-Jin Dynasty War, causing the eventual fall of the Jin Dynasty, in sworn revenge of Ambaghai's kidnapping and execution. Ambaghai was a relative of Yesugei and Genghis Khan. Ambagamuwa Divisional Secretariat - Ambagamuwa Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Nuwara Eliya District, of Central Province, Sri Lanka. aphasic - noun/adjective. loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage. effluent - noun. liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea ruderal - adjective. Botany. (of a plant) growing on waste ground or among refuse milfoil - noun. the common Eurasian yarrow 2. (also water milfoil) a widely distributed and highly invasive aquatic plant with whorls of fine submerged leaves and wind-pollinated flowers ORIGIN: Middle English: via Old French from Latin millefolium, from mille 'thousand' + folium 'leaf.' glebe - noun. historical. a piece of land serving as part of a clergyman's benefice and providing income; archaic. land; fields arable - adjective. (of land) used or suitable for growing crops tillage - noun. the preparation of land for growing crops appurtenance - noun. an accessory or other item associated with a particular activity or style of living curtilage - noun. Law. an area of land attached to a house and forming one enclosure with it tilth - noun. cultivation of land; tillage agrarian - adjective. of or relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land 2. noun. a person who advocates a redistribution of landed property peneplain - noun. Geology. a more or less level land surface produced by erosion over a long period, undisturbed by crustal movement polder - noun. a low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or river and protected by dikes, esp. in the Netherlands messuage - noun. Law. a dwelling house with outbuildings and land assigned to its use epistemology - noun. Philosophy. the theory of knowledge, esp. with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion. pleionosis - the habit of exaggerating one's own importance wesolowskana - noun. is a spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders).Both described species are endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. The genus should possibly be included in the genus Pseudicius. It was renamed from its original name Luxuria, which was already in use for a genus of mollusks. pilpul - a subtle debate between rabbinical scholars over the details of the Talmud ungulate - noun. Zoology. a hoofed mammal Artiodactyla - noun. Zoology. an order of mammals that comprises the even-toed ungulates. Cetacea - noun. Zoology. an order of marine mammals that comprises the whales, dolphins, and porpoises. These have a streamlined hairless body, no hind limbs, a horizontal tail fin, and a blowhole on top of the head for breathing. The order Cetacea includes the marine mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetus is Latin and is used in biological names to mean "whale"; its original meaning, "large sea animal", was more general ORIGIN: Ancient Greek ketos, "whale" or "any huge fish or sea monster." In Greek mythology, the monster Perseus defeated was called Ceto, which is depicted by the constellation of Cetus. Cetology is the branch of marine science associated with the study of cetaceans malacology - noun. the branch of zoology that deals with mollusks. Compare with Conchology. Mysticeti - Words For a Ship to Sea Poem abacinate - verb. to blind by putting a hot copper basin near someone's eyes abderian - adjective. given to incessant or idiotic laughter abligurition - verb. excessive spending on food and drink accidia - adjective. a feeling of being unable to think or act due to excessive sadness acrasia - verb. acting against one's own judgement, or lacking self-control acronycal - noun. occurring at sunset aeolist - noun. a pompous windy bore who pretends to have inspiration aflunters - adjective. in a messy or disordered state agelast - noun. a person who never laughs algophobic - noun. a fear of pain alterocentric - noun. someone whose life revolves around other people anogenetic - verb. not producing new work or original knowledge anthropolatry - verb. the worship of a human as though they were a god apikoros - noun. a Jewish person who does not follow Jewish law astereognosis - noun. the loss of the ability to recognize shapes by touch aubade - noun. a love song which is sung at dawn aureate - adjective. pertaining to the fancy or flowery words used by poets autohagiographer - noun. a person who speaks or writes in a smug way about their life and accomplishments bawd - rubber - onion - otter - noun. a semiaquatic fish-eating mammal of the weasel family, with an elongated body, dense fur, and webbed feet. Lutra and other genera, family Mustelidae: several species, including the river otter. carrot - noun. a tapering orange-colored root eaten as a vegetable. 2. a cultivated plant of the parsley family with feathery leaves, which yields this vegetable. Daucus carota, family Umbelliferae: two subspecies and many varieties; wild forms lack the swollen root. 3. an offer of something enticing as a means of persuasion (often contrasted with the threat of something punitive or unwelcome) vegetable - noun. a plant or part of a plant used as food, typically as a accompaniment to meat or fish, such as a cabbage, potato, carrot, or bean 2. informal offensive. a person who is incapable of normal mental or physical activity, esp., through brain damage; informal. a person with a dull or inactive life fruit - noun. the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food; Botany. the seed-bearing structure of a plant; archaic. poetic/literary. natural produce that can be used for food; Archaic. offspring 2. informal offensive. a male homosexual 3. verb. (of a tree or other plant) produce fruit, typically at a specified time tomato - noun. a glossy red, or occasionally yellow, pulpy edible fruit that is typically eaten as a vegetable or in a salad, the bright red color of a red tomato 2. The South American plant of the nightshade family that produces this fruit. It is widely grown as a cash crop, and many varieties have been developed. pumpkin - noun. a large rounded orange-yellow fruit with a thick rind, edible flesh, and many seeds, the flesh of this fruit, esp. used as food, informal. used as an affectionate term of address esp. to a child 2. the plant of the gourd family that produces this fruit having tendrils and large lobed leaves and native to warm regions of America. Genus Cucurbita, Family Cucurbitaceae: several species, in particular C. pepo; British. another term for squash. berry - noun. a small roundish juicy fruit without a stone; Botany. any fruit that has its seeds enclosed in a fleshy pulp, for example, a banana or tomato; any various kernels or seeds, such as the coffee bean; a fish egg or the roe of a lobster or similar creature. Chuck Berry - (b. 1931-), U.S. rock-and-roll singer, guitarist, and songwriter; born Charles Edward Berry. One of the first great rock-and-roll stars, his recording career was interrupted by a period of imprisonment 1962-64. Notable songs: "Maybelline" (1955), "Johnny B Goode" (1958), and "My Ding A Ling" (1972). eggplant - rifle - gun - shotgun - noun. a smoothbore gun for firing small shot at short range. 2. (also shotgun formation) Football. an offensive formation in which the quarterback receives the snap while standing several yards behind the line of scrimmage. 3. adjective. aimed at a wide range of things; with no specific target 2. adjective. (of a house or other structure) with the rooms lined up one behind the other, forming a long narrow whole. 4. verb. shoot at or kill with a shotgun 5. verb. consume (a canned beverage) in one go by punching a hole near the can's base and upturning it over one's mouth smoothbore - noun. [often as adj.] a gun with an unrifled barrel. uzi - noun. a type of submachine gun of Israeli design. submachine gun - noun. a hand-held, lightweight machine gun. magazine - paleoecology - phytogamy - coquette  - noun. a woman who flirts 2. Noun. Zoology. a crested Central and South American coquettish - adjective. hummingbird,typically with green plumage, a reddish crest, and elongated cheek coquettishly - adverb.feathers ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: French, feminine of coquet 'wanton,' coquettishness - noun. diminutive of coq 'cock.' coqui - noun. Zoology. a singing tree frog (Eleutheradactylus coqui), native to Puerto Rico, that has become an invasive pest in Hawaii ORIGIN: imitative of the male's call. coquito - noun. couchette - noun. a European railroad car with seats convertible into sleeping berths ORIGIN: 1920s French, literally 'little bed,' diminutive of couche 'a couch.' coquina - noun. a soft limestone of broken shells, used in road-making in the Caribbean and Florida 2 (also coquina clam) a small bivalve mollusk with a wedge-shaped shell that has a wide of variety of colors and patterns. Genus Donax, family Donacidae: several species, including the edible American coquina (D. variabilis). ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Spanish, literally 'cockle,' based on Latin concha (see CONCH). demimondaine - basorexia - noun. an overwhelming desire to neck or kiss beaze - verb. to dry in the sun blellum - noun. an idle boring chatterer bletcherous - adjective. pertaining to something poorly designed or disgusting in design caitiff - noun. a despicable or cowardly person callet - noun. a drab or untidy woman carker - noun. a mischievous child or brat cenacle - noun. the large room in which the Last Supper took place. chiliad - noun. a period of one thousand years clapperdudgeon - noun. a beggar whose parents were beggars cloffin - verb. to sit idly by a fire cockalorum - noun. a person who thinks they are bigger than they are comestion - noun. a devouring by fire concilliabule - noun. a secret meeting of people who are hatching a plot croodle - verb. to coo like a dove crose - verb. to whine empathetically with someone who is in pain cruciverbalist - noun. someone who loves doing crossword puzzles culch - noun. rubbage and refuse of every form cullion - noun. a rude, mean-spirited person curglaff - noun. the shock felt when entering cold water decollate - verb. to remove someone's head or decapitate someone decubitis - one's position or posture while sleeping deltiologist - noun. a collector of picture postcards diurnation - verb. to sleep during the day dratchell - noun. a slovenly lazy woman dwaible - adjective. being unstable dwale - verb. to wander about deliriously dysesthesia - an impairment of the senses, especially the sense of touch ectomorphic - adjective. being slender and thin efter - noun. a thief who robs theater patrons during a show eisegesis - noun. a faulty interpretation of a text caused by reading in one's own ideas emacity - noun. an urge to buy or spend money eroteme - noun. the symbol used in writing known as a question mark estiferous - adjective. pertaining to something which produces heat estivation - verb. to go away somewhere for the summer eximious - adjective. choice, select or excellent • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Lambs keb - noun. Zoology. ewe that gives birth to a stillborn lamb backliner - noun. an externally applied medicine, applied along the backline of a freshly shorn sheep to control lice or other parasites. In the British-Isles called pour-on. bale - noun. a wool pack containing a specified weight of pressed wool as regulated by industry authorities bell sheep - noun. Zoology. a sheep (usually a rough, wrinkly one) caught by a shearer, just before the end of a shearing run. black wool - adjective. any wool that is not white, but not necessarily black ket - noun. matted wool; carrion dag - noun. dirty tatted tuft of sheep's wool gid - noun. Zoology & Medicine. brain disease suffered by sheep kip - noun. skin of a young mammal mim - adjective. prim, demure mew - verb. to shed, molt, or change orf - noun. viral infection of sheep teg - noun. a sheep in it's second year; the fleece of such a sheep tod - noun. old unit of weight for wool equal to 28 pounds tup - noun. a ram; pile-driver; the act of a male having intercourse with a female (chiefly of Sheep) ovine - adjective. of or related to sheep ovicide - sheep-killing/ killing insect eggs argail - noun. Zoology. large-horned Asian wild sheep jumbuck - noun. an Australian tern for sheep, featured in Banjo Paterson's poem "Waltzing Matilda." It generally denotes a difficulty to shear sheep, either large or untamed malinois - noun. Zoology. a Belgian sheep-herding dog mortling - noun. British. wool obtained from dead sheep oestrus ovis - noun. Sheep Bot Fly. A widespread species of fly of the genus Oestrus. It is a known for its parasitic predation and damage to sheep, deer, and goats, and sometimes cattle. oviform - adjective. sheep-like ovivorous - noun. (of predation) a diet of sheep pinfold - noun. a pound for stray animals roscommon - a county in the north central part of the Republic of Ireland, in the province of Connacht; pop. 52k scapegrace - noun. archaic. a mischievous or wayward person, esp. a young person or child; rascal haggis - noun. a Scottish dish consisting of a sheep's or calf's offal mixed with suet, oatmeal, and seasoning and boiled in a bag, traditionally made from the animal's stomach suet - noun. the hard white fat on the kidneys and loins of cattle, sheep, and other animals, used to make foods including puddings, pastry, and mincemeat offal - noun. the entrails and internal organs of an animal used as food tallow - noun. a hard fatty substance made from rendered animal fat, used in making candles and soap; verb. smear (something, esp. the bottom of a boat) with such a substance catgut - noun. a material used for the strings of musical instruments and for surgical sutures, made of the dried and twisted intestines of sheep or horses, but not cats ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: the association with CAT remains unexplained blat - verb. make a bleating sound dip - verb. to immerse a sheep or hog in a solution to destroy germs and parasites or the like lanolin - noun. a fatty substance, extracted from wool, used in ointments, cosmetics, waterproof coatings, etc. cote - noun. a shelter, coop, or small shed for sheep, pigs, pigeons, etc. bovid - adjective. of or pertaining to the Bovidae, comprising the hollow-horned ruminants, as oxen, antelopes, sheep, and goats kea - noun. a large, greenish New Zealand parrot pollard - noun. a tree cut back nearly to the trunk, so as to produce a dense mass of branches; an animal, as a sheep, stag, ox, having no horns ruminantia - a division of Artiodactyia having four stomachs. This includes sheep, camels, deer, antelopes, goats, neat cattles, and allies yaff - a bark or yelp cud - noun. the portion of food that a ruminant returns from the first stomach to the mouth to chew a second time ORIGIN: before 1000; Middle English; Old English cudu, variant of cwiodu, cwidu; akin to Old High German quiti glue, Sanskrit jatu, resin, gum anthrax - noun. an infectious, often fatal disease of cattle, sheep, and other mammals, transmitted to humans by contaminated wool, raw meat, or other animal products aoudad - noun. a wild sheep, of Northern Africa, having a long fringe of hair on the throat, chest, and forelegs mouflon - noun. a wild sheep, inhabiting the mountainous regions of Sardinia and Corsica, the male of which has large curving horns gid - noun. a disease of cattle and especially sheep in which the brain or spinal cord is infested with larvae of the dog tapeworm producing staggers also sturdy suint - noun. the natural grease of the wool of sheep, consisting of a mixture of fatty matter and potassium salts, used as a source of potash and in the preparation of ointments arui - noun. a wild sheep of Northern Africa cheviot - noun. a British breed of sheep, noted for its heavy fleece of medium length scrapie - noun. Veterinary Pathology. an infectious, usually fatal brain disease of sheep, characterized by twitching of the neck and head, grinding of the teeth, and scraping of itching portions of skin against fixed objects with a subsequent loss of wool, caused by an unidentified sticky agent that clings to cell membranes sheepfold - noun. an enclosure for sheep wether - noun. a castrated male sheep yean - verb. of a sheep or goat, to bring forth young ORIGIN: 1375-1425; late Middle English yenen, probably continuing to Old English 'geeanian', to bring forth young, Latin 'agnus', Greek amnos 'lamb' bellwether - noun. a wether or other male sheep that leads the flock, usually wearing a bell; a leader cimarron - noun. bighorn drover - noun. a herd or flock of animals being driven in a body; that person who does such droving exmoor - noun. a moorland in SW England, in Somersetshire and Devonshire: the scene of Blackmore's novel, Lorna Doone hogget - noun. a hog ORIGIN:1300-1350; Middle English rambouillet - noun. one of a breed of hardy sheep, developed from the Merino, yielding good mutton and a fine grade of wool mutton - noun. the flesh of sheep, especially full-grown or more mature sheep, used as food urial - noun. a wild sheep with long legs and relatively small horns, native to central Asia Asia. argol - noun. a crude tartar, produced as a by-product in casks by the fermentation of wine grapes, used as a mordant in dyeing, in the manufacture of tartaric acid, and in fertilizers cabretta - noun. a leather made from the skins of sheep that grow hair rather than wool, tougher than other sheepskins and used chiefly for gloves and shoes caracul - noun. one of an Asian breed of sheep having curly fleece that is black in the young and brown or gray in the adults: raised especially for lambskins used in the fur industry cotswold - noun. one of an English breed of large sheep having coarse, long wool owling - noun. The offense of transporting wool or sheep out of England contrary to the statute formerly existing sheepcote - noun. a pen or covered enclosure for sheep toison - noun. a sheep's fleece alsatian - noun. another term for a German Shepherd; a native or inhabitant of Alsace ammotragus lervia - barbary sheep - noun. a short-coated sheep with a long neck ruff, found in the high deserts of northern Africa. Also called aoudad bharal - noun. also, The Himalayan Blue Sheep, is a caprid found in the high Himalays of Nepal, Tibet, China, India, Pakistan, and Bhutan caprid - noun. a goat-antelope or caprid is any of the species which make up the medium sized bovids of the subfamily Caprinae woolbird - noun. a sheep bot - noun. the larva of the botfly, which is an internal parasite of animals. It lives typically in the stomach, finally passing out in the dung and pupating on the ground. chamois - noun. an agile goat-antelope with short hooked horns, found in mountainous areas of Europe from Spain to the Caucasus; also, soft pliable leather made from the skin of sheep, goats, or deer dall's sheep - noun. a white-haired wild sheep, of mountainous regions of northwestern North America hampshire - noun. also called Hampshire Down, one of an English breed of sheep having a dark face, ears, and legs, noted for the rapid growth of its lambs hoggerel - noun. a sheep clipped the first year, a sheep of the second year komondor - noun. one of a Hungarian breed of large dogs having a long, matted, white coat, used for herding sheep lambkill - noun. a sheep laurel; so-called due to its fatal consumption and poisonous nature to sheep orf - noun. Veterinarian Science. Technical Name: contagious pustular dermatitis, Also called: scabby mouth; an infectious disease of sheep and sometimes goats and cattle, characterized by scabby pustular lesions on the muzzle and lips; caused by a paramyxovirus 2. also Norfolk International Airport paramyxovirus - noun. Medicine. any of a group of RNA viruses similar to the myxoviruses but larger and hemolytic, including those causing mumps, measles, distemper, rinderpest, and various respiratory infections (parainfluenza). distemper - noun. a viral disease of some animals, esp. dogs, causing fever, coughing, and catarrh ORIGIN: mid 16th cent.: (originally in the sense [bad temper,] later [illness] ): from Middle English distemper [upset, derange,] from late Latin distemperare 'soak, mix in the wrong proportions,' from dis- 'thoroughly' + temperare 'mingle.' Compare with TEMPER . Sense 1 dates from the mid 18th cent. distemper - noun. archaic. political disorder, a condition regarding the aptitude of a society, population, or people 3. noun a kind of paint using glue or size instead of an oil base, for use on walls or for scene-painting, a method of mural and poster painting using this 4. verb[trans.] [often as adj.] paint (something) with distemper ORIGIN: late Middle English (originally as a verb in the senses [dilute] and [steep] ): from Old French destremper or late Latin distemperare 'soak.' rinderpest - noun. Veterinary Medicine. an infectious disease of ruminants, especially cattle, caused by a paramyxovirus. It is characterized by fever, dysentery, and inflammation of the mucous membranes. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from German, from Rinder 'cattle' + Pest 'plague.' ruminant - noun. an even-toed ungulate mammal that chews the cud regurgitated from its rumen. The ruminants comprise the cattle, sheep, antelopes, deer, giraffes, and their relatives. Suborder Ruminantia order Artiodactyla: six families 2. a contemplative person; a person given to meditation even-toed ungulate - noun. a hoofed mammal of an order that includes the ruminants, camels, pigs, and hippopotamuses. Mammals of this group have either two or four toes on each foot tylopod - noun. Zoology. an even-toed ungulate mammal of a group that comprises the camels, llamas, and their extinct relatives. They are distinguished by bearing their weight on the sole-pads of the feet rather than on the hoofs, and they do not chew the cud rumen - noun. Zoology. the first stomach of a ruminant, which receives food or cud from the esophagus, partly digests it with the aid of bacteria, and passes it to the reticulum. reticulum - noun. a fine network or netlike structure 2. Zoology the second stomach of a ruminant, having a honeycomb-like structure, receiving food from the rumen and passing it to the omasum. omasum - noun. Zoology. the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum. Also called psalterium. ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: from Latin, literally 'bullock's tripe.' psalterium - noun. another term for omasum. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Latin, literally 'psalter', because of its many folds of tissue, resembling pages of a book psalter - noun. the Book of Psalms; a copy of the biblical Psalms, esp. for liturgical use ORIGIN: Old English ℗saltere, via Latin psalterium from Greek psalterium 'stringed instrument.' abomasum - noun. Zoology. the fourth stomach of a ruminant, which receives food from the omasum and passes it to the small intestine. bullocks - noun. another term for steer. catarrh - noun. excessive discharge or buildup of mucus in the nose or throat, associated with inflammation of the mucous membrane. ORIGIN: early 16th.: from French catarrhe, from late Latin catarrhus, from Greek katarrhous, from katarrhein 'flow down,' from kata- 'down' + rhein 'flow.' hemolytic - adjective. Medicine. relating to or involving the rupture or destruction of red blood cells parainfluenza - noun. Medicine. a disease caused by any of a group of viruses that resemble the influenza virus race - noun. a competition between runners, horses, vehicles, boats, etc., to see which is the fastest in covering a set course, (the races) a series of such competitions for horses or dogs, held at a fixed time on a set course. [in singular] a situation in which individuals or groups compete to be first to achieve a particular objective 2. archaic. the course of the sun or moon through the heavens 3. a strong or rapid current flowing through a narrow channel in the sea or a river 4. a groove, channel, or passage, in particular: a water channel, especially one built to lead water to or from a point where its energy is utilized, as in a mill or mine as in millrace: noun. the channel carrying the swift current of water that drives a mill wheel. A smooth, ring-shaped groove or guide in which a ball bearing or roller bearing runs. race - verb. [intrans.] compete with another or others to see who is fastest at covering a set course or achieving an objective, to compete regularly in races as a sport or leisure activity; [trans.] prepare and enter (an animal or vehicle) in races as a sport or leisure activity 2. [intrans.] move or progress swiftly at full speed, figurative. a hurrying of thoughts or ideas that move through the mind swiftly, (of an engine or other machinery) operate at excessive speed, (of a person's heart or pulse) beat faster than usual because of fear or excitement. [trans.] cause to move, progress, or operate swiftly or at excessive speed ORIGIN: late Old English, from Old Norse ras 'current.'  It was originally a northern English word with the sense [rapid forward movement,] which gave rise to the senses [contest of speed] (early 16th cent.) and [channel, path] (i.e. the space traversed). The verb dates from the late 15th century. ruddle - noun. a red variety of ocher, used for marking sheep, coloring, etc.; to mark or color with ruddle yeanling - noun. the young of a sheep or goat; a lamb or kid 2. adjective. just born; infant ammotragus - noun. The Barbary sheep is a species of caprid(goat-antelope) native to rocky mountains in North Africa. bowyangs - noun. a pair of strings or straps secured round each trouser leg below the knee, worn esp. by sheep shearers and other laborers cavicom - adjective. Zoology. hollow-horned, as the ruminants with true horns, as distinguished from bony antlers cockalorum - noun. informal/dated. a self-important little man. commonable - adjective. British. Chiefly Historical. (of land) allowed to be jointly used or owned; (of an animal) allowed to be pastured on public land cut of mutton - noun. cut of meat from a mature sheep depasture - verb. to graze or denude by grazing (a pasture, especially a meadow specially grown for the purpose) 2. transitive verb. to pasture (cattle or sheep). denude - verb. to make naked or bare; strip 2. Geology. subject to denudation: the act of denuding, the state of being denuded; exposing or laying bare of rock by erosive processes gourdworm - noun. the fluke of sheep fluke - noun. the part of an anchor that catches in the ground, especially the flat triangular piece at the end of each arm 2. a barb, or the barbed head, of a harpoon, spear, arrow, or the like 3. either half of the triangular tail of a whale groenendael - or Belgian Sheepdog, is recognized by all major kennel clubs, a mid-sized, hard-working, square-proportioned breed of dog in the sheepdog family. Posesses a distinctive black coat. hogg - noun. Farming. a young sheep of either sex from about 9 to 18 months of a age (until it cuts two teeth) hypopachus - noun. Zoology. a genus of microhylid frogs. microhylidae - the microhylidae are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 495 species are in 68 genera and 9 subfamilies, which is the largest number of genera of any frog family. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Words of Black and Beauty ebon - noun. poetic/literary. dark brown or black; ebony drab - adjective. lacking brightness in color wan - adjective. (of a person's complexion or appearance) pale and giving the impression of illness or exhaustion achromic - adjective. having no color; colorless achromatous - adjective. having little or inadequate color dun - adjective. of a dull grayish-brown color etiolate - verb. to bleach and alter the natural development of (a green plant) by excluding sunlight; to make pale hueless - adjective. of something totally lacking in saturation and therefore having no hue wanness - adjective. lividness: unnatural lack of color in the skin (as from bruising or sickness or emotional distress tawny - adjective. of an orange-brown or yellowish-brown color; tan pallor - noun. an unhealthy pale appearance paly - adjective. divided into equal vertical stripes; pallid, colorless atonic - adjective. lacking muscle tone melanize - verb. convert into, or infiltrate with melanin melanin - noun. a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight. achromatic - adjective. relating to, employing, or denoting lenses that transmit light without separating it into constituent colors. poetic/literary. without color. nigrify - verb. blacken; make or become black calamitous - adjective. (of an event) black; having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin mordant - adjective. (esp., of humor) having or showing a sharp or critical quality; biting; noun. a substance, typically inorganic oxide, that combines with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material niello - noun. a black compound of sulfur with silver, lead, or copper, used for filling in engraved designs in silver or other metals; such ornamental work mulatto - noun. Derogatory. a person of mixed white and black ancestry, esp. a person with on white and one black parent pekoe - noun. a high-quality black tea made from young leaves spade - noun. a tool with a sharp-edged, typically rectangular, metal blade and a long handle, used for digging or cutting earth, sand, turf, etc.; one of the four suits in a conventional deck of playing cards, denoted by a black inverted heart-shaped figure with a small stalk bohea - noun. a kind of black tea congou - noun. a black tea grown in China crape - verb. to cover or drape with a crape demitasse - noun. a small coffee cup jackdaw - noun. a small, gray-headed Eurasian crow, that typically nests in tall buildings and chimneys schipperke - noun. a small black tailless dog of a breed with a ruff of fur around its neck souchong - noun. a fine black variety of Chinese tea atrous - adjective. Jet black in color ecchymosis - noun. Medical. a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath percheron - noun. a powerful draft horse of a gray or black breed, originally from France schorl - noun. a black iron-rich variety of tourmaline tourmaline - noun. a brittle gray or black mineral that occurs as prismatic crystals in granitic and other rocks. It consists of a boron aluminosilicate and has pyroelectric and polarizing properties, and is used in electrical and optical instruments and as a gemstone. ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: from French, based on Sinhalese turamalli, 'carnelian.' carnelian - noun. a semiprecious stone consisting of an orange or orange-red variety of chalcedony • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Word List of 7/29/13-8/29/13 hellion - noun. informal. a rowdy, mischievous, or troublemaking person, esp. a child. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: perhaps from dialect hallion [a worthless fellow,] changed by association with hell. sorghum - noun. a widely cultivated cereal native to warm regions of the Old World. It is a major source of grain and of feed for livestock tome - noun. chiefly humorous. a book, especially a large, heavy, scholarly one ORIGIN: early 16th cent.: (denoting one volume of a larger work) from French, via Latin from Greek tomos 'section, roll of papyrus, volume' ; related to temnein 'to cut.' psychonautics - noun. a sailor of the mind/soul, refers both to a methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of altered states of consciousness, including those induced by meditation or mind altering substances, and to a research paradigm in which the researcher voluntarily immerses him/herself into an altered state by means of such techniques, as a means to explore human experience and existence. The term has been applied diversely, to cover all activities by which altered states are induced and utilized for spiritual purposes or the exploration of the human condition, including shamanism, lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, sensory deprivation, and archaic/modern drug users who use entheogenic substances in order to gain deeper insights and spiritual experiences. A person who uses altered states for such exploration is known as a psychonaut. lamas - noun. an honorific title applied to a spiritual leader in the Tibetan Buddhism whether a reincarnate lama (such as the Dalai Lama) or one who has earned the title in life. 2. a Tibetan or Mongolian Buddhist monk. ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Tibetan bla-ma (the initial b being silent), literally 'superior one." Tabernanthe iboga -  noun. Botany. also iboga. A perennial rainforest shrub and hallucinogen, native to western Central Africa. Iboga stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces visions in larger doses. In parts of Africa where the plant grows the bark of the root is chewed for various pharmacological or ritualistic purposes. Ibogaine, , the active alkaloid is also used to treat substance abuse disorders. A small amount of ibogaine along with precursors of ibogaine are found in Vacanga africana. chartulary - noun. A cartulary or chartulary, also called Pancarta and Codex Diplomaticus, is a medieval manuscript volume or roll containing transcriptions of original documents relating to the foundation, privileges, and legal rights of ecclesiastical establishments, municipal corporations, industrial associations, institutions of learning, or private families. THe term is sometimes also applied to collections of original documents bound in one volume or attached to one another so to form a roll. hemminge - noun. An English actor who edited the first folio of Shakespeare's plays Edmund Kean - noun. Historical Theater. (b.1787-1833) English actor, especially known for performance of Shakespearean roles. oberon - Astronomy. a satellite of Uranus, the furthest from the planet, discovered by W. Herschel in 1787. It has a heavily cratered surface and a diameter of 963 miles. ORIGIN: from the name of the king of the fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Sir John Lord Cobham Oldcastle - noun. b.1377-1417, English martyr; leader of a Lollard conspiracy; executed for treason and heresy: model for Shakespeare's Falstaff in Henry IV Prospero - is a fictional character and the protagonist of William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. The Tempest - Prospero is the rightful Duke of Milan, who (with his young daughter, Miranda) was put to sea on "a rotten carcass of a butt(boat)" to die by his uprising brother, Antonio, twelve years before the play begins. Prospero and Miranda survived, and found exile on a small island. He has learned sorcery from books secretly given to him (referred to as his "Art" in the play), and uses it while on the island to protect Miranda and control the other characters. On the island, he becomes master of the monster Caliban(the son of Sycorax, a malevolent witch), and Ariel, an elemental who has become enslaved by Prospero after he is freed from his prison inside a tree. However, at the end of the play, Prospero intends to drown his book and renounce magic. In the view of the audience, this may have been required to make the ending ambiguously happy, as magic smacked too much of diabolical works; he will drown his books for the same reason that Doctor Faust, in an earlier play by Christopher Marlowe, promised in vain to burn his books. Caliban - therewithal - tirrit - Martin Luther - Martin Luther, b. 1483-1546, German theologian; the principal figure of the German Reformation. Luther preached the doctrine of justification by faith rather than by works and railed against the sale of indulgences and papal authority. papal - adjective. of or relating to a pope or to the papacy. Lollardy - also (Lollardry, Lollardism) was a political and religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation. The term "lollard" refers to the followers of John Wycliffe, a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church, especially in his doctrine on the Eucharist.The Lollards' demands were primarily for the reform of Western Christianity The Alexian Brothers - also Alexians or Cellites are a Catholic religious institute or congregation specifically devoted to caring for the sick which has its origin in Europe at the time of the Black Death. They follow the Augustinian rule. History The Alexians trace their origin to the early 12th-century Beghards, male counter-arts of the Beguines, the lay women who followed a devout style of life in a limited degree of common life. The men did not get much attention until they made a great contribution in history in the city of Mechelen, in the Duchy of Brabant (in central Flanders, now Belgium), some time in the 14th century, during the terrible ravages of the Black Death. Some laymen united under the guidance of a certain Tobias to succor the plague-stricken, without taking any vows or adopting a monastic lifestyle. One of their most obvious activities was caring for those stricken with the bubonic plague, along with their families, and burying those who died. These laymen lived in little rooms or cells (from Latin, cella 'a cell that gave rise to their early name of Cellites.' The plague victims became the outcasts of the society and were thrown outside the city walls, along with the other marginalized folk, to die. Moved by compassion, these laymen came together and vowed to take care of these victims who were abandoned by not only the state and the church, but also their families. Later on, the group attracted more men who chose to abandon their secular lives to live in community as brothers and to serve the needs of the poor. Eventually, the Catholic Church saw the utility of the brothers and invited them to be formally recognized as a religious group and subsequently gave them pontifical status. The brothers were associated with a chapel dedicated to Saint Alexius, who had served many years in a hospital at Edessa in Syria, and they began to be called The Brothers at Saint Alexius Chapel, a name that evolved into that of Alexian Brothers, their modern name. pontifical - adjective. (in the Roman Catholic Church) of or relating to the pope 2. characterized by a pompous and superior air of infallibility succor - noun. assistance and support in times of hardship and distress 2. verb. give assistance or aid to 3. archaic. reinforcements of troops ORIGIN: Middle English via Old French from medieval Latin succursus, from Latin succurrere 'run to the help of,' from  sub- 'from below' + currere 'run.' Black Death - the great epidemic of bubonic plague that killed a large part of the population of Europe in the mid 14th century. It originated in central Asia and China and spread rapidly through Europe, carried by the fleas of black rats, reaching England in 1348 and killing between one third and one half of the population in a matter of months etiology - noun. Medicine. the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition; the causation of diseases and disorders as a subject of investigation 2. the investigation or attribution of the cause or reason for something, often expressed in terms of historical or mythical explanation Mechelen - noun. a Dutch-speaking municipality in the province of Flanders, Belgium. The municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel(adjacent) and Battel(a few kilometers away) as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen, Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen. The Dijle flows through the city, hence it is often referred to as the 'Dijlestad "City on the river Dijle"). Nekkerspoel - noun. a hamlet of Mechelen, Flanders, Belgium, immediately east of the city. The name means: pool of one or more Nekkers or water demons (in older Dutch necker, devil, evil spirit; from Latin niger, negr-, black), and it is assumed that in earlier centuries locals taking a shortcut trotting through the marshlands of which the Mechels Broek still remains, may have strayed off safer pathways and lost their lives. In 1904, remnants dating from the La Tene era of a settlement of several wooden houses and an 8.4 meter long canoe cut out of an oak tree-trunk, were found at a depth of 5 meters. This hamlet was already well-populated and built-up at a time that otherwise mainly a few monasteries were seen outside the city's former walls. Meanwhile, it obtained Mechelen's secondary station on Belgium's major Brussels-Mechelen-Antwerp Railway, and the Toy Museum(in Dutch Speelgoedmuseum) with exhibits covering 7,000 m(2) in the former furniture manufacturer's Nova building. Duchy of Brabant - noun. The Duchy of Brabant was a State of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183. It developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from Habsburg, Netherlands from 1492, until it was dismembered after the Dutch revolt. Present day North Braband (Staats-Brabant) was adjudicated to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, while the reduced duchy remained in existence with the Southern Netherlands until it was conquered by French Revolutionary forces in 1794. duchy - panoche - noun. flamboyant confidence of style or manner 2. historical a tuft of plume of feathers, esp. as a headdress or on a helmet.p landgrave - noun. Historical. a count having jurisdiction over a territory; the title of certain German princes fief - noun. historical. an estate of land, esp. one held on condition of feudal service 2. a person's sphere of operation or control feudalism - noun. Historical. the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. villein - noun. (in medieval England) a feudal tenant entirely subject to a lord or manor to whom he paid dues and services in return for land Pancho Villa - (b.1878-1923), Mexican revolutionary; born Doroteo Arango. He helped Venustiano Carranza to overthrow the dictatorial regime of General Victoriano Huerta in 1914, but then helped Emiliano Zapata to rebel against Carranza's regime. diorite - noun. a speckled, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase, feldspar, and hornblende or other mafic minerals. mafic - adjective. Geology. relating to, denoting, or containing a group of dark covered, mainly ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene and olivine. Often contrasted with felsic ferric - adjective. of or relating to iron; chemistry. of iron with a valence of three; of iron(III) ferrous - adjective. Chemistry. of iron with a valence of two; of iron(II); (chiefly of metals) containing or consisting of iron. felsic - adjective. Geology. of, relating to, or denoting a group of light-colored minerals including feldspar, feldspathoids, quartz, and muscovite. feldspar - noun. an abundant rock-forming mineral typically as colorless or pale-colored crystals and consisting of aluminosilicates of potassium, sodium, and calcium. aluminosilicates - noun. Chemistry. a silicate in which aluminium replaces some of the silicon, esp. a rock forming mineral such as feldspar or a clay mineral. feldspathoids - noun. Geology. any of a group of minerals chemically similar to feldspar but containing less silica, such as nepheline and leucite. nepheline - noun. a colorless, greenish, or brownish mineral consisting of an aluminosilicate of sodium (often with potassium) and occurring as crystals and grains in igneous rocks leucite - noun. a gray or white potassium aluminosilicate, typically found in alkali volcanic rocks. muscovite - noun. a silver-gray form of mica occurring in many igneous and metamorphic rocks; noun. a native or citizen of Moscow; archaic a Russian plagioclase - noun. a form of feldspar consisting of aluminosilicates of sodium and/or calcium, common in igneous rocks and typically white hornblende - noun. a dark brown, black, or green mineral of the amphibole group consisting of hydroxyl aluminosilicate calcium, magnesium, and iron, occurring in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. amphibole - noun. any of a class of rock-forming silicate or aluminosilicate minerals typically occurring as fibrous or columnar crystals. panchakarma - noun. (in Ayurvedic medicine) a fivefold detoxification treatment and therapeutic way of eliminating toxic elements from the body. There are a set of five (panch = five, in sanskrit) procedures. They are Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya, and Raktomokshana. Vamana - Vamana Karma also known as medical emesis/medical vomiting is one of the five Pradhana Karma's of Panchakarma which is successfully used in treating Kaphaj disorders. Some clinical trials have used it as a treatment for major depressive disorder. Some studies have shown the effectiveness of this procedure for disorders of various systems of the human body. It is used as a treatment for psoriasis. There are studies for its use in young, pre-diabetics. The majority of the studies reviewed showed positive outcomes for panchakarma and allied therapies when compared to a control. Virechana - noun. also known as medical purgation. It is one of the Panchakarmas. Its clinical trials have been carried out for bronchial asthma, psoriasis, and diabetes. Basti - noun. a treatment done with medical substances, like herbal oils and decoctions in a liquid medium, into the rectum of the person. Nasya - noun. The administration of drugs by the route of the nasal cavity. Randomized controlled clinical trials have shown reduction in the signs and symptoms of cervical spondylosis by nasya. Clinical trials have been carried out for myopia, as well as to treat chronic sinusitis. cervical spondylosis - noun. Medical. Osteoarthritis between the spinal vertebrae and/or neural foraminae. decoction - noun. the liquor resulting from concentrating the essence of a substance by heating or boiling, esp. a medical preparation made from a plant; the action or process of extracting the essence of something ORIGIN: late Middle English from late Latin decoctio(n-), from decoquere 'boil down.' purgation - noun. evacuation of the bowels brought about by laxatives 2. the purification or cleansing of someone or something 3. (in Roman Catholic doctrine) the spiritual cleansing of a soul in purgatory 4. historical the action of clearing oneself of accusation or suspicion by an oath or ordeal sequela - noun. (usu. sequelae) Medicine. a condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury Kaphalaseri - noun. a village in Bajhang District in the Seti Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,364 and had 727 houses in the village. panchayat - noun. Indian. a village council vassals - noun. Historical. a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance; a person or country in a subordinate position to another Lotharingia - noun. a region in northwest Europe, comprising the Low Countries, the western Rhineland, the lands today on the border between France and Germany, and what is now western Switzerland. It was born of the triparite division in 855 of the Middle-Francia, itself formed of the threefold division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Neither Lotharingia nor Middle Francia had any natural coherence, but each was conceived as a territorial division of a larger realm. interregnum - adjudicated - verb. make a formal judgement or decision about a problem or disputed matter ORIGIN: early 18th cent. (in the sense [award judicially]: from Latin adjudicat- 'awarded judicially,' from the verb adjudicare. The noun adjudication dates from the early 17th century. Tobias - bubonic plague - Edessa in Syria Beguines and Beghards - were lay Christian religious orders that were active in Germany and the Low Countries in the 13th-18th centuries. Their members lived in semi-monastic communities but did not take formal religious vows. They were influenced by Albigensian teachings and by the Brethren of the Free Spirit, which flourished in and around Cologne at the same time but was later condemned as heretical. Albigensian - plural noun. the members of a heretical sect in southern France in the 12th-13th centuries, identified with the Cathars. Their teaching was a form of Manichaean dualism, with an extremely strict moral and social code. Brethren of the Free Spirit - Jainism - Augustinian rule - novitiate - noun. the period or state of being a novice, esp. in a religious order; a place housing religious novices, a novice, esp. in a religious order ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: from ecclesiastical Latin noviciatus, from Latin novicius 'new.' Alexian Brothers' Novitiate - The Alexian Brother's Novitiate is a manor house located in Gresham, Shawano County, Wisconsin, USA. Originally built in 1939 as a residence, it would be converted into a novitiate for the Alexian Brother's order in 1950 after being donated to them. The building ceased to be used as a novitiate after 1968, following the Second Vatican Council and the reforms from it. It has since been largely vacated and partially demolished, leaving very little of it standing. The building is best known for being seized by the Menominee Indian Reservation. Though successful, it ultimately was returned to Gresham, where it would be largely forgotten. nontrinitarianism - troilus - Greek Mythology. a Trojan prince, the son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles. In medieval legends of the Trojan War he is portrayed as the forsaken lover of Cressida. Cressida - Greek Mythology. (in medieval legends of the Trojan War) the daughter of Calchas, a priest. She was unfaithful to her lover Troilus, vagrom - uredo - noun. burning feeling in the skin urent - adjective. burning;stinging despoil - verb. (often be despoiled) steal or violently remove valuable or attractive possessions from; plunder unwithdrawing - noun. liberal; lavish upas - noun. a tropical Asian tree, the milky sap of which has been used as arrow poison and for ritual purposes; (in folklore) a Javanese(people who descended from Java; the Indonesian language of Java) tree alleged to poison its surroundings and said to be fatal to approach; a tree in the mulberry and fig family Moraceae. upbuilding - verb. (past and past part. -built) chiefly poetic. literary. construct or develop (something) univocalic - noun. having only one vowel; written passage using only one vowel upcast - noun. a shaft through which air leaves a mine; upward throw, material thrown upwards upher - noun. a rough pole made of fir and used in scaffolding uprist - adjective. rising, upward upspeak - verb. to begin to speak upstay - verb. to sustain uranic - adjective. of the palate uraster - noun. starfish upaithric - noun. roofless, open to the sky uvid - adjective. moist;wet usucaption - noun. acquisition of property by long usage and enjoyment bardolatry - fustilarian - greymalkin - acumen - noun. the ability to make good judgements and quick decisions, typically in a particular domain. Abuja - noun. a newly built city in central Nigeria, designated in 1982 to replace Lagos as the national capital; pop. 378,670 sard - noun. a yellow or brownish-red variety of chalcedony pard - noun. archaic or poetic/literary. a leopard parados - noun. an elevation of earth behind a fortified place as a protection against attack from the rear, esp. a mound along the back of a trench paralipsis - noun. Rhetoric. the device of giving emphasis by professing to say little or nothing about a subject ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: via late Latin from Greek paraleipsis 'passing over,' from paraleopein 'omit,' from para- 'aside' + leipein 'to leave.' lupine - adjective. of, like, or relating to a wolf or wolves; fierce or ravenous as a wolf ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin lupinus, from lupus 'wolf.' cachalot - noun. Zoology. another term for sperm whale. ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: from French, from Spanish and Portuguese cachalote, from cachola 'big head.' cachaca - noun. a Brazilian white rum made from sugar cane cachet - noun. 1. the state of being respected or admired; prestige 2. a distinguishing mark or seal. Philately. a printed design added to an envelope to commemorate a special event 3. a flat capsule enclosing a dose of unpleasant-tasting medicine.  ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: from French, from cacher in the sense 'to press,' based on Latin coactare 'constrain.' tannin - noun. a yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting organic substance present in some galls, barks, and other plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of gallic acid, used in leather production and ink manufacture ORIGIN: early 19th cent.: from French tanin, from tan 'tanbark (ultimately related to TAN) cachou - noun. dated. a pleasant smelling lozenge sucked to mask bad breath, variation of catechu catechu - noun. a vegetable extract containing tannin, esp. one (also called cutch) obtained from the heartwood of an Indian acacia tree, used chiefly for tanning and dyeing polyphenol - noun. Chemistry. a compound containing more than one phenolic hydroxyl group. confabulate - verb. formal. engage in conversation; talk 2. Psychiatry. fabricate imaginary experiences as compensation for loss of memory eristic - formal. adjective. of or characterized by debate or argument. (of an argument or arguer aiming at winning rather than at reaching the truth 2. noun. a person given to debate or argument; the art or practice or debate or argument ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Greek eristikos, from erizein 'to wrangle,' from eris 'strife.' cutch - noun. an extract of Acacia Fabuland - Fabuland was a theme product range of the Lego construction toy, aimed at young children. Introduced in 1979, the range aimed to fill the gap between Duplo and the standard Lego product ranges. Aimed at both boys and girls, the range encouraged storytelling, and was the first theme to be extended into books, clothing, and claymation TV series that aired in the UK and Canada during the 1980's and each Episode of Edward and Friends was 5 minutes in length. Fabuland sets featured anthropomorphic animal characters. These pieces were larger than standard Lego Minifigures, but smaller than Duplo figures, and included movable arms, legs and head. Some of the characters appeared in more than one set, and were given names, and sometimes even stories. Recurring characters included Edward Elephant, Bonnie Bunny, Max Mouse, Clive Crocodile, and Wilfred Walrus. philately - noun. the study of stamps and postal history and other related items. Philately involves more than just stamp collecting, which does not necessarily involve the study of stamps. It is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare, or reside only in museums. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from French philatelie, from philo- 'loving' + Greek ateleia 'exemption from payment (from a- 'not' + telos 'toll, tax'), used to mean a franking mark or postage stamp exempting the recipient from payment. cachinnate - verb. poetic/literary. laugh loudly tencel - noun. trademark. a cellulosic fiber contained from wood pulp using recyclable solvents' a fabric made from this algolagnia - noun. Psychiatry. desire for sexual gratification through inflicting pain on oneself or others; sadomasochism. In 1892, Albert von Schrenck-Notzing introduced the term algolagnia to describe "sexual" masochism, to differentiate it from Fere's earlier term called "algophilia"; Schrenck-Notzing's interpretation was that algolagnia involved lust as Fere interpreted the phenomenon. (It should be cautioned, though, that the definitions regarding sadism and masochism as medical terms have changed over the years (as also noted in the main article for that topic) and are still evolving, and there are also non-medical definitions of sadomasochism.) However, Krafft-Ebing's theories in Pyschopathia Sexualis - where the terms sadism and masochism were used- were adopted by Sigmund Freud and became an integral part of psychoanalysis, thereby ensuring their predominance over the concept of "algolagnia." anhedonia - noun. Psychiatry. inability to feel pleasure cyrenaic - adjective. of or denoting the hedonistic school of philosophy, which was founded c. 400 BC by Aristippus the Elder of Cyrene and which holds that pleasure is the highest good and that virtue is to be equated with the ability to enjoy. Aristippus - (late 5th century BC), Greek philosopher; known as Aristippus the Elder of Cyrene. He is considered the founder of the Cyrenaic school. Cyrene - an ancient Greek city in North Africa, near the coast in Cyrenaica. blase - adjective. unimpressed or indifferent to something because one has experienced or seen it so often before ammophanes - a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family. The Noctuidae or owlet moths are a family of robustly built moths that includes more than 35,000 known species out of possibly 100,000 total, in more than 4,200 genera. They constitute the largest family in the Lepidoptera. Their distribution is worldwide, with about 1,450 species found in Europe. photophile - adjective. of or pertaining to an organism, as a plant, that is receptive to, seeks, or thrives in light. sciophilous - in phytogeography, shade-loving; adapted to live in shade. gerundive - noun. Grammar. (in Latin) a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as an adjective, denoting something "that should or must be done." • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Priests, The Church, the Vestments sacerdotal - adjective. relating to priests or the priesthood; priestly 2. Theology. relating to or denoting a doctrine that ascribes sacrificial functions and spiritual supernatural powers to ordained priests sacristy - noun. a room in a church where a priest prepares for a service, and where vestments and other things used in worship are kept vestments - noun. a chasuble or other robe worn by the clergy or choristers during services 2. Archaic. a garment, esp. a ceremonial or official robe chasuble - noun. a sleeveless outer vestment worn by a Catholic or High Anglican priest when celebrating Mass, typically ornate and having a simple hole for the head choristers - noun. a member of a choir, esp. a child or young person singing the treble part in a church choir 2. a person who leads the singing of a church choir or congregation ORIGIN: late Middle English queristre, from Anglo-Norman French variant of Old French cueriste, from quer. The change in the first syllable in the 16th cent. was due to association with obsolete chorist [member of a choir or chorus,] but the older form quirister long survived. saccade - noun. Technical. a rapid movement of the eye between fixation points ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: from French, literally 'violent pull,' from Old French saquer 'to pull.' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Archeology, Earth-Dirts, Chemistry, and Medicine lagerstatte - from Lager 'storage' Statte 'place'; plural Lagerstatten, is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation-- sometimes including preserved soft tissues. These formations may have resulted from carcass burial in an anoxic environment with minimal bacteria, thus delaying decomposition. Lagerstatten span geological time from the Neoproterozoic era to the present. Worldwide, some of the best examples of near-perfect fossilization are the Cambrian Maotianshan shales and Burgess Shale, the Devonian Hunsruck Slates, the Jurassic Solnhofen limestone, the Carboniferous Mazon Creek and the Cretaceous Yixian Formation localities. Neoproterozoic - noun. Archeology. The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1,000 to 541 million years ago. The terminal Era of the formal Proterozoic Eon (or the informal "Precambrian"), it is further subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran Periods. The most severe glaciation known in the geologic record occurred during the Cryogenian, when ice sheets reached the equator and formed a possible "Snowball Earth". The earliest fossils of multicellular life are found in the Ediacaran, including the earliest animals. Ediacaran - named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia, is the last geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era and of the Proterozoic Eon, immediately preceding the Cambrian Period, the first period of the Paleozoic Era and of the Phanerozoic Eon. anoxic - noun. Technical. an absence of oxygen 2. Medicine. an absence or deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues; severe hypoxia hypoxia - noun. Medicine. deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues; oxygen deficiency in a biotic environment leading to this valence - noun. Chemistry. the combining power of an element , esp. as measured by the number of hydrogen atoms it can displace or combine with 2. adjective. relating to or denoting electrons involved in or available for chemical bond formation 3. Linguistics. the number of grammatical elements with which a particular word, esp. a verb, combines in a sentence valance - noun. a length of decorative drapery attached to the canopy of a frame of a bed in order to screen the structure or the space beneath it; a length of decorative drapery hung above a window to screen the curtain fittings; an indirect-lighting fixture extending along the top of an interior wall; a dust duffle valency - noun. Chemistry & Linguistics chiefly Brit. another term for 'valence.' parthenogenesis - noun. Biology. reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, esp. as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants dinoflagellate - noun. Biology. a single-celled organism with two flagella, occurring in large numbers in marine plankton and also found in fresh water. Some produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish, resulting in poisoning when eaten. Division Dinophyta or class Dinophyceae, division Chromophycota (or phylum Dinophyta, kingdom Protista). ephemeroptera - noun. Zoology. an order of insects that comprises the mayflies deinonychus - noun. a dromaeosaurid dinosaur of the mid Cretaceous period, growing up to 11 feet (3.3m) in length. Genus Deinonychus , family Dromaeosauridae, suborder Theropoda. deinococcus - a bacterium that can survive extremely high levels of radiation and therefore has high potential for radioactive waste cleanup; the only genus of the deinoccales group from the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum highly resistant to environmental hazards • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Feet & Eyes sabaton - noun. solleret, armor plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel solleret - armor plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel sabin - adjective. of, relating to, or denoting an ancient Oscan-speaking people of the central Apennines in Italy, conquered and assimilated by the Romans in 290 B.C. sabliere - noun. a sand pit sabot - noun. a simple shoe, shaped and hollowed out from a single block of wood 2. A device that ensures the correct positioning of a bullet or shell in the barrel of a gun sabulous - adjective. sandy or gritty scotophil - adjective. Biology. growing or functioning best in darkness scotoma - noun. a partial loss of vision or a blind spot in an otherwise normal visual field whiting - noun. a slender-bodied marine fish (Merlangius merlangus) of the cod family. It lives in shallow European waters and is a commercially important food fish 2. Ground chalk used for purposes such as whitewashing and cleaning up metal plates prolix - adjective. (of speech or writing} Using or containing too many words; tediously lengthy ageusia - noun. Biology. Ageusia is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami umami - noun. a category of taste in food(besides sweet, sour, salt, and bitter), corresponding to the flavor of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate ORIGIN: Japanese, literally 'deliciousness.' animadversion - noun. Formal. criticism or censure beadle - noun. British. a ceremonial officer of a church, college, or similar institution brachymetropia - noun. same as myopia. nearsightedness; lack of imagination, foresight, or intellectual insight colophon - noun. a publisher's emblem or imprint, esp. one on the title page or spine of a book 2. historical. a statement at the end of a book, typically with a printer's emblem, giving information about its authorship and printing desquamation - verb. (of a layer of cells, e.g., of the skin) come off in scales or flakes ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: (in the sense [remove scales from] ): from Latin dequamat- 'scaled,' from the verb • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • desquamare, from de- 'away from' + squama 'a scale.' diegesis - noun. a narrative or plot, typically in a movie. phytogeography - noun. the branch of botany that deals with the geographical distribution of plants lucifugous - adjective. chiefly Zoology. shunning the light lucifugal - oenophile - noun. a connoisseur of wines. oikonomia - oikonomopoulos - oikophobia - noun. Psychiatry. Oikophobia, also ecophobia, is a term used in psychiatry to refer to an aversion to home surroundings. It can also be used more generally to mean an abnormal fear of the home, or of the contents of a house ("fear of household appliances, equipment, bathtubs, household chemicals, and other common objects in the home"). The term derives from the Greek words oikos, meaning, 'household, house, or family' + phobia meaning "fear…disproportional to the actual danger posed". In 1808 the poet and essayist Robert Southey used the word to describe a desire (particularly by the English) to leave home and travel. Southey's usage as a synonym for wanderlust was picked up by other nineteenth century writers. In a 2004 book, the word was adapted by the British conservative philosopher Roger Scruton to mean "the repudiation of inheritance and home." He argued that is is "a stage through which the adolescent mind normally passes", but that it is a feature of some, typically leftist, political impulses, and ideologies which espouses xenophilia. Robert Southey - oikos - noun. an oikos(plural, English prefix: eco- for ecology and economics) is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house, or family. Halkieriid - noun. Zoology. (also oikozetetes) The halkieriids are a group of fossil organisms from the Lower to Middle Cambrian. Their eponymous genus is Halkieria, which has been found on almost every continent in Lower to Mid Cambrian deposits, forming a large component of the small shelly fossil assemblages. The best known species is Halkieria evangelista, from the North Greenland Sirius Passet Lagerstatte, in which complete specimens were collected on an expedition in 1989. The fossils were described by Simon Conway Morris and John Peel in a short paper in 1990 in the journal Nature. Later a more thorough description was undertaken in 1995 in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London and wider evolutionary implications were posed. xenophilia - noun. an individual who is attracted to foreign peoples, manners, or cultures. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Magic Lantern and Britain Vs. India Sciopticon - The magic lantern or Laterna Magica is an early type of image projector developed in the 17th century. The magic lantern has a concave mirror in front of a light source that gathers light and projects it through a slide with an image scanned onto it. The light rays cross an aperture (which is an opening at the front of the apparatus), and hit a lens. The lens throws an enlarged picture of the original image from the slide onto a screen. Main light sources used during the 17th century were candles or oil lamps. These light sources were quite inefficient and produced weak projections. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s helped to make the projected images brighter. The invention of the limelight in the 1820s made it even brighter, and following that the inventions of the electric arc lamp in the 1860s, and the incandescent electric lamps all further improved the projected image of the magic lantern. It was also an important invention for motion picture film and 45mm projectors because of its ability to screen moving images. To achieve this, mechanical slides were used to make the images move. This was done using two glass slides, one with the part of the picture that would remain stationary and one with the part of the picture that would move on a disc. The glass slides were placed one on top of the other in an orderly fashion and a hand-operated pulley wheel was used to turn the movable disc. The magic lantern also led directly to Eadweard Muybridge's invention of the zoopraxiscope, which was another forerunner for moving pictures. Lahore Railway Station - The Lahore Junction railway station in Lahore, Pubjab, Pakistan was built by British colonists between 1859-1860 at the cost of half a million Rupees. It is the junction of Lahore-Amritsar railway line. It is of typical grand British architecture in South Asia during the British Raj period. The railway network established by the British was extensive and is one of their lasting contributions to the culture and infrastructure of this region. The railway station has 11 platforms (1 to 9, with 2 extra platforms, 3A and 6A). Platform No. 1 is of special importance, as this platform is the destination of "Samjhauta Express", the train service between Pakistan and India. British Raj - The British Raj (lit. "reign" in Hindi) is the term often used for British rule in the Indian subcontinent, usually but not exclusively for the period between 1858 and 1947. The term can also refer to a period of dominion. The region under British control, commonly called India in contemporary usage, included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom (contemporaneously British-India). As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations and the United Nations, and a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900,1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936 Samjhauta Express - called the Friendship Express, is a twice-weekly train -- Tuesdays and Fridays -- that runs between Delhi and Attari in India and Lahore in Pakistan. The word samjhauta means "agreement", "accord" and "compromise" in both Hindi and Urdu. Until the reopening of the Thar Express, this was the only rail connection between the two countries. The train was started on July 22, 1976 following the Shimla Agreement and ran between Amritsar and Lahore, a distance of about 42 km. Following disturbances in Punjab in the late eighties, due to security reasons Indian Railways decided to terminate the service at Attari, where customs and immigration clearances take place. On April 14, 2000, in an agreement between India Railways and Pakistan Railways (PR), the distance was revised to cover just under three km. Amritsar - noun. historically also known as Ramdaspur and colloquially as Ambarsar) is a city in the north-western part of India. It is the spiritual center for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab. It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the "Golden Temple" in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians(NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament. The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 135 miles northwest of the state capital Chandigarh and is 20 miles east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan. The main commercial activities include tourism, carpets and fabrics, farm produce, handicrafts, service trades, and light engineering. The city is known for its rich cuisine and culture, and for the tragic incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919 under British Rule. Amritsar is home to Central Khalsa Orphanage, which was once home to Udham Singh, a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement. Khalsa Orphanage - Udham Singh - (b. December 26, 1899--July 31, 1940) was an Indian revolutionary, best known for assassinating Michael O'Dwyer in March 1940 in what has been described as an avenging of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Singh changed his name to Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, symbolizing the equality of all faith and of the three major religions in India: Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. Singh is considered one of the best-known revolutionaries of the Indian independence struggle; he is also sometimes referred to as Shaheed-i-Azam Sardar Udham Singh (the expression "Shaheed-i-Azam" means "the great martyr"). Bhagat Singh and Singh along with Chandrasekhar Azad, Rajguru and Sukhdev, were among the most famous revolutionaries in the first half of the 20th-century for India. For their actions, the British government labeled these men as "India's earliest Marxists", Michael O'Dwyer - Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Jallianwala Bagh massacre, involving the killing of over 300 Indian civilians by a senior British military officer, Reginald Edward Harry Dyer. On April 13, 1919, over twenty thousand unarmed Indians (Sikhs & Hindus), peacefully assembled in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, to listen to several prominent local leaders speak out against British colonial rule in India and against the arrest and deportation of Dr. Satya Pal, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, and a few others under the unpopular Rowlatt Act. Singh and his friends from the orphanage were serving water to the crowd. Rowlatt Act - Dr. Satya Pal - Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew - Khalsa - The collective body of all initiated Sikhs represented by the five beloved-ones and can be called the Guru Panth, the embodiment of the Guru and the final temporal Guru/leader of the Sikhs. The word Khalsa translates to "Sovereign/Free". Another interpretation is that of being "Pure/Genuine." The Khalsa was inaugurated on March 30, 1699, by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru. From then on the temporal leadership of the Sikhs was passed on to the Khalsa with the bestowed title of "Guru Panth" and spiritual leadership was passed on to the Guru Granth Sahib with the Khalsa being responsible for all executive, military, and civil authority in the Sikh society. The Khalsa is also called the nation of the Sikhs. The Sikhs of the Khalsa can be identified with the given Five Ks and titles of Singh and Kaur. This happens after being baptized to the order of the Khalsa. This happens after being baptized to the order of the Khalsa. The tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh at an event which coincided with the Vaisakhi Day (of the new lunar month Baisakh Samvat 1756) in the year 1699 at Kesgarh, in Anandpur initiated that every Sikh becomes Amritdhari "[Having taken Amrit]" and follow the Five Ks; which are not merely symbols but display commitment to the philosophy of Guru Nanak Dev like a uniform of organization. Amrit - also Amrita or Amrut is a Sanskrit word that literally means "immortality", and is often referred to in texts as nectar. The word's earliest occurrence is in the Rigveda, where it is one of several synonyms of "soma" as the drink which confers immortality upon the gods. It is related etymologically to the Greek "ambrosia", and it carries the same meaning. It has various significances in different dharmic traditions. "Amrit" or "Amrut" is also a common Hindu first name for men; the feminine form is "Amrita" or "Amruta." Amrita are also fourteen treasure jewels(Ratnas) that emerged from Samudra manthan ocean. The fourth Ratna which emerged is known as Kaustubha, the divine jewel of Vishnu. Samudra manthan - In Hinduism, Samudra manthan or Ksheera Sagara Mathanam, meaning Churning of the Ocean of Milk is one of the most famous periods in the Puranas. The story appears in the Bhagavata Purana, the Mahabharata, and the Vishnu Purana. In literal terms, this tale is an allegorical description of what transpires during a kundalini awakening process. Kundalini is a latent energy that lays dormant in the spine. Upon awakening, it rises in a sensation akin to a slithering snake, up the spinal column (Meru-danda, represented by Mount Meru in the story). Taj Mahal - a mausoleum at Agra, India, built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan(b. 1592-1666) in memory of his favorite wife, completed c. 1649. Set in formal gardens, the domed building in white marble is reflected in a pool flanked by cypresses. ORIGIN: perhaps a corruption of Persian Mumtaz Mahal, from mumtaz 'chosen one' (the title of the wife of Shah Jahan) and mahal 'abode.' cypress - noun. an evergreen coniferous tree with small, rounded, woody cones and flattened shoots bearing small, scalelike leaves. Cupressus Chamaecyparis, and other genera, family Cupressaceae : many species, including the columnar Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), common throughout southern Europe. A tree of this type, or branches from it, is a symbol of mourning. cuprous - adjective. Chemistry. of copper with a valence of one; of copper limner - noun. chiefly Historical. a painter, esp. of portraits or miniatures. columnar - adjective. see also COLUMN entablature - noun. Architecture. a horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice. lintel - noun. a horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window ORIGIN: Middle English : from Old French, based on late Latin liminare , from Latin limen 'threshold.' architrave - noun. 1. (in classical architecture) a main beam resting across the tops of columns, specifically the lower third entablature. 2. the molded frame around a doorway or window; a molding around the exterior of an arch ORIGIN: mid 16th cent.: from French, from Italian, from archi- 'chief' + -trave from Latin trabs, trab- 'a beam.' frieze - noun. a broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, esp. on a wall near the ceiling 2. a horizontal paper strip mounted on a wall to give a similar effect. 3. Architecture. the part of an entablature between the architrave and the cornice. 4. noun. heavy, coarse woolen cloth with a nap, usually on one side only. nap - verb. sleep lightly or briefly, esp. during the day 2. noun. the raised hairs, threads, or similar small projections on the surface of fabric or suede (used especially with reference to the direction in which they naturally lie)  3. noun. a card game resembling whist in which players declare the number of tricks they expect to take, up to five ORIGIN: Early 19th cent.: abbreviation of NAPOLEON, the original name of the card game. 4. verb. (of a horse) refuse, esp. habitually, to go on at the rider's instructions; jib. ORIGIN: 1950s: back-formation from nappy, an adjective first used to describe heady beer (late Middle English), later used in the sense [intoxicated by drink] (early 18th century), and since the 1920s used to describe a disobedient horse. cornice - noun. an ornamental molding around the wall of a room just below the ceiling, a horizontal molded projection crowning a building or structure, esp. the uppermost member of the entablature of an order, surmounting the frieze. 2. noun. an overhanging mass of hardened snow at the edge of a mountain or precipice precipice - noun. a very steep rock face or cliff, typically a tall one ORIGIN: late 16th cent. (denoting a headlong fall): from French precipice, or Latin praecipitium 'abrupt descent,' from praeceps, praecip(it)- 'steep, headlong.' praecox - from Latin, meaning "very early". It is often used as a qualifying adjective in Latin binomials, and could mean "early flowering", "primitive", "premature" or "early onset" (in the case of medical conditions). binomials - noun. Mathematics. an algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms 2. a two-part name, esp. the Latin name of a species of living organism (consisting of the genus followed by the specific epithet). 3. Grammar. a noun phrase with two heads joined by a conjunction, in which the order is relatively fixed( as in knife and fork). specific epithet - noun. chiefly Botany & Microbiology. the second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus. Shah Jahan - A'la Azad Abul Muzaffar Shahab ud-Din Mohammad Khurram, known by his imperial name Shah Jahan (in Persian: king of the world) also spelled Shah Jehan and Shahjehan(b. January 5,1592--January 22, 1666) was the Indian emperor of the Mughal Empire in South Asia from 1628 until 1658. He was the fifth emperor after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. While young he was the favorite of his legendary grandfather Akbar the Great. At a young age, he was chosen as successor to the Mughal throne after the death of his father, Emperor Jahangir, in 1627. He is considered one of the greatest Mughals. His reign has been called the Golden Age of the Mughals and one of the most prosperous ages of Indian civilization. Like Akbar, he was eager to expand his vast empire. In 1658, he fell ill and was confined by his son Emperor Aurangzeb in Agra Fort until his death in 1666. The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built in 1632-1648 as a tomb for his beloved wife, Empress Mumtaz Mahal. The Moti Masjid, Agra and many other buildings in Agra, the Red Fort and the Jama Masjid in Delhi, mosques in Lahore, extensions to Lahore Fort and a mosque in Thatta also commemorate him. The famous Takht-e-Taus or the Peacock Throne, said to be worth millions of dollars by modern estimates, also dates from his reign. He was also the founder of the new imperial capital called Shahjahanabad, now known as Old Delhi. Other important buildings of Shah Jahan's rule were the Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas in the Red Fort Complex in Delhi and the Moti Masjid in the Lahore Fort. Shah Jahan is also believed to have had a very refined taste in the arts and architecture, and is credited with having commissioned about 777 gardens in Kashmir, his favorite summer residence. A few of these gardens survive, attracting thousands of tourists every year. The Peacock Throne - Dharma - Rigveda - Sikhism - noun. a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Sikh teaching centers on spiritual liberation and social justice and harmony, though the community took on a militant aspect during early conflicts. The last guru, Gobind Singh(b.1666-1708), passed his authority to the scripture, the Adi Granth, and to the Khalsa, the body of initiated Sikhs. The term "Sikh" means disciple or student. A Sikh is a disciple/subject of the Guru. Harmandir Sahib(Golden Triangle) - also Darbar Sahib, is a prominent Sikh Gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. It was built by the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arja, in the 16th Century. In 1604, Guru Arjan completed the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, and installed the Gurdwara. There are four doors to get into the Harmandir Sahib, which symbolize the openness of the Sikhs towards all people and religions. The present day Gurdwara was rebuilt in 1764 by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia with the help of other Sikh Misls. In the early nineteenth century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh secured the Punjab region from outside attack and covered the upper floors of the Gurdwara with gold, which gives it its distinctive appearance and its English name. Shimla Agreement - Swami Aseemanand - Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh - limelight - noun. also known as calcium light is a type of stage lighting once used in theaters and music halls. An intense illumination is created when an oxyhydrogen flame is directed at a cylinder of quicklime(calcium oxide), which can be heated to 2,572 ºC(4,662 ºF) before melting. The light is produced by a combination of incandescence and candoluminescence. Although it has long since been replaced by electric lighting, the term has nonetheless survived, as someone in the public eye is still said to be "in the limelight." The actual lights are called limes, a term which has been transferred to electrical equivalents. A pun is sometimes made in theater productions on the two meanings of "lime" by using lime-colored light in a production. The limelight effect was discovered in the 1820s by Goldsworthy Gurney, based on his work with the "oxy-hydrogen blowpipe," credit for which is normally given to Robert Hare. In 1825, a Scottish engineer, Thomas Drummond (b.1797-1840), saw a demonstration of the effect by Michael Faraday and realized that the light would be useful for surveying. Drummond built a working version in 1826, and the device is sometimes called the Drummond Light after him. Limelight was first used in public in the Convent Garden Theater in London in 1837, and enjoyed widespread use in theaters around the world in the 1860s and 1870s. Limelights were employed to highlight solo performers in the same manner as modern followspots(spotlights). Limelight was replaced by electric arc lighting in the 19th century. candoluminescence - noun. the light given off by certain materials at elevated temperatures (usually when exposed to a flame) that has an intensity at some wavelengths which can be higher than the blackbody emission expected from incandescence at the same temperature. The phenomenon is notable in certain transition metal and rare earth metal oxide materials(ceramics) such as zinc oxide and cerium oxide or thorium dioxide. The existence of this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism have been the subject of extensive research and debate since the first reports of it in the 1800s. The topic was of a particular interest before the introduction of electric lighting, when most artificial light was produced by fuel combustion. The main alternative explanation for candoluminescence is that it is simply "selective" thermal emission in which the material has a very high emissivity in the visible spectrum, and a very weak emissivity in the part of the spectrum where the blackbody thermal emission would be highest; in such a system, the emitting material will tend to retain a higher temperature because of the lack of invisible radiative cooling. arc lamp - noun. the general term for a class of lamps that produce light by an electric arc(also called a voltaic arc). The lamp consists of two electrodes, first made from carbon but typically made today of tungsten, which are separated by gas. The type of lamp is often named by the gas contained in the bulb; including neon, argon, xenon, krypton, sodium, metal halide, and mercury, or by the type of electrode as in carbon-arc-lamps. The common fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury arc lamp. An arc is the discharge that occurs when a gas is ionized. A high voltage is pulsed across the lamp to "ignite" or "strike" the arc, after which the discharge can be maintained at a lower voltage. The "strike" requires an electrical circuit with an igniter and a ballast. The ballast is wired in series with the lamp and performs two functions. First, when the power is first switched on, the igniter/starter (which is wired in parallel across the lamp) sets up a small current through the ballast and starter. This creates a small magnetic field within the ballast windings. A moment later the starter interrupts the current flow from the ballast, which has a high inductance and therefore tries to maintain the current flow (the ballast opposes any change in current through it); it cannot, as there is no longer a 'circuit'. As a result, a high voltage appears across the ballast momentarily - to which the lamp is connected, therefore the lamp receives this high voltage across it which 'strikes' the arc within the tube/lamp. The circuit will repeat this action until the lamp is ionized enough to sustain the arc. When the lamp sustains the arc, the ballast performs its second function, to limit the current to that needed to operate the lamp. The lamp, ballast and igniter are rate-matched to each other; these parts must be replaced with the same rating as the failed component or the lamp will not work. The color of the light emitted by the lamp changes as its electrical characteristics change with temperature and time. Lightning is a similar principle where the atmosphere is ionized by the high potential difference (voltage) between the earth and storm clouds. The temperature of the arc in an arc lamp can reach several thousand degrees Celsius. The outer glass envelope can reach 500 ºC, therefore before servicing one must ensure the bulb has cooled sufficiently to handle. Often, if these types of lamps are turned off or lose their power supply, one cannot restrike the lamp again for several minutes (called cold restrike lamps). However, some lamps (mainly fluorescent tubes/energy saving lamps) can be restruck as soon as they are turned off (called hot restrike lamps.) Argand lamp - noun. a home lighting oil lamp producing a light output of 6 to 10 candela  which was invented and patented in 1780 by Aime Argand. Aside from the improvement in brightness, the more complete combustion of the wick and oil required much less frequent trimming of the wick. In France, they are known as "Quinquets" after Antoine-Arnoult Quinquet, a pharmacist in Paris, who used the idea originated by Argand and popularized it in France. He is sometimes credited with the addition of the glass chimney to the lamp. The Argand lamp had a sleeve-shaped candle wick mounted so that air can pass both through the center of the wick and also around the outside of the wick before being drawn into the cylindrical chimney which steadies the flame and improves the flow of air. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick. Later models used a mantle of thorium dioxide suspended over the flame, creating a bright, steady light. An Argand lamp used whale oil, colza, olive oil, or other vegetable oil as fuel which was supplied by a gravity feed from a reservoir mounted above the burner. A disadvantage of the original Argand arrangement was that the oil reservoir needed to be above the level of the burner because the heavy, sticky vegetable oil would not rise far up the wick. This made the lamps top heavy and cast a shadow in one direction away from the lamp's flame. The Carcel lamp of 1800 and Franchot's moderator lamp of 1835 avoided these problems. The same principle was also used for cooking and boiling water due to its 'affording much the strongest heat without smoke.' The Carcel Lamp - noun. The Carcel lamp was an efficient lighting device used in the nineteenth century for domestic purposes and in France as the standard measure for illumination. The lamp was invented by the French watchmaker Bernard Guillaume Carcel (b.1750-1818) to overcome the disadvantages of the Argand-type lamps then in use. The vegetable oil - mostly colza - oils then available were thick and would not travel far up a wick. The Argand lamps used a gravity feed which meant that the oil reservoir was located above the burner, casting a shadow, and making the lamp top heavy. Carcel designed a lamp with the oil reservoir under the burner, in the body of the lamp. To keep the oil moving up to the burner, Carcel housed a clockwork mechanism in the lamp base that drove a small pump submerged in the oil tank. The winding key was located at the bottom of the lamp base. The advantages Carcel claimed for his lamp in his 1800 patent in Paris were that the movement operated unattended, the oil could be used to the last drop, the lamp would stay lit for sixteen hours continuously without refilling, and it provided illumination for several persons at the same time with a single burner. They were more complex devices however, and were not popular outside major European cities. This was partially due to the necessity of having to return them to the (mostly European) manufacturers for repair. The French physical standard Carcel lamp consisted of a cylindrical Argand burner, and gave the standard brightness when 42 grammes of colza oil were consumed per hour. The supply and draught were regulated by clockwork. inductance - noun. Physics. the property of an electric conductor or circuit that causes an electromotive force to be generated by a change in the current flowing ionized - verb. (usu. be ionized) convert (an atom, molecule, or substance) into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons. ionizable adjective, ionization noun. halide - noun. Chemistry. a binary compound of a halogen with another element or group metal halides - noun. compounds between metals and halogens. Some such as sodium chloride are ionic, while others are covalently bonded. Covalently bonded metal halides may be discrete molecules, such as uranium hexafluoride, or they may form polymeric structures, such as palladium chloride. Halide Nusret Zorlutuna - (b. 1901 - June 10, 1984) was a Turkish poet and novelist. Zorlutuna was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire as the daughter of Mehmet Selim Bey, a journalist and political prisoner. Brought up in exile with her father, she later married and travelled with an army officer. A teacher of Turkish literature in schools, she took part in movements for the rights of women and children. Poetry - Geceden Tasan Dertler (Sorrow Flooding Off Night, 1930) - Yayla Turkusu (Song of the Plateau, 1943) - Yurdumun Dort Bucagi (Every Place of My Country, 1950) - Ellerin Bombos (My Hands Are Empty, 1967) Novels - Sisli Geceler (Misty Nights, 1922) - Gulun Babasi Kim (Who is Father of Rose, 1933) - Buyukanne (Grandmother, 1971) - Aydinlik Kapr (The Bright Gate, 1974) - Ask ve Zafer (The Love and the Victory, 1978) - Bir Devrin Romanr (Novel of an Age, 2004). Short Stories - Beyaz Selvi (The White Cypress, 1945). Letters - Hanim Mektuplari (Lady Letters, 1923) Autobiography - Benim Kucuk Dostlarum (My Little Friends, 1977) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • uranium hexafluoride - noun. Chemistry. referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry, is a compound used in the uranium enrichment process that produced fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. It forms solid grey crystals at standard temperature and pressure (STP), is highly toxic, reacts violently with water, and is corrosive to most metals. It reacts mildly with aluminium, forming a thin surface layer of AIF3 that resists further reaction. Milled uranium ore--U3O8 or "yellowcake"--is dissolved in nitric acid, yielding a solution of uranyl nitrate UO2(NO3)2. Pure uraynl nitrate is obtained by solvent extraction, then treated with ammonia to produce ammonium diuranate ("ADU", (NH4)2U2O7). Reduction with hydrogen gives UO2, which is converted with hydrofluoric acid(HF) to uranium tetrafluoride, UF4. Oxidation with fluorine yields UF6. During nuclear reprocessing, uranium is reacted with chlorine trifluoride to give UF6 : U + 2 ClF3 →UF6 + Cl2 uranyl - noun. Chemistry. the cation UO 2 2+ , the uraynl ion is an oxycation of uranium in the oxidation state +6, with the chemical formula [UO2]2+. It has a linear structure with short U-O bonds, indicative of the presence of multiple bonds between uranium and oxygen. Four or more ligands are bound to the uranyl ion in an equatorial plane. The uraynl ion forms many complexes, particularly with ligands that have oxygen donor atoms. Complexes of the uraynl ion are important in the extraction of uranium from its ores and in nuclear fuel processing. ligands - noun. Chemistry. an ion or molecule attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding 2. Biochemistry. a molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule ORIGIN: 1950s: from Latin ligandus 'that can be tied,' gerundive of ligare 'to bind.' oxycation - noun. Chemistry. a polyatomic ion with a positive charge that contains oxygen polyatomic ion - noun. Chemistry. also known as a molecular ion, is a charged chemical species (ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered to be acting as a single unit. The prefix "poly-" means "many," in Greek, but even ions of two atoms are commonly referred to as polyatomic. In older literature, a polyatomic ion is also referred to as a radical, and less commonly, as a radical group. In contemporary usage, the term radical refers to free radicals that are (not necessarily charged) species with an unpaired electron. An example of a polyatomic ion is the hydroxide ion - consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, hydroxide has a charge of -1. Its chemical formula OH −. An ammonium ion is made up of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms: it has a charge of +1, and its chemical formula is NU4+. Polyatomic ions are often useful in the context of acid-base chemistry or in the formation of salts. A polyatomic ion can often be considered as the conjugate acid/base of a neutral molecule. For example, the conjugate base of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the polyatomic hydrogen sulfate anion (HSO4-). The removal of another hydrogen ion yields the sulfate anion (SO42-). Examples: Acetate(C2H3O2), Benzoate(C6H5COO−), and Cyanide (CN−). cathode - noun. the negatively charged electrode by which electrons enter an electrical device; the positively charged electrode of an electrical device, such as a primary cell that supplies current ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Greek kathodos 'way down,' from kata 'down' + hados 'way.' cation - noun. Chemistry. a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. anion - noun. Chemistry. a negatively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis ammonium diuranate - uranyl nitrate - nitric acid - polymer - noun. Chemistry. a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from German, from Greek polumeros 'having many parts,' from polu- 'many' + meros 'a share.' palladium chloride - noun. Chemistry. also known as palladium dichloride and palladous chloride. are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2. PdCl2 is a common starting material in palladium chemistry - palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis. It is prepared by chlorination of palladium. palladium - noun. Archaic. a safeguard or source of protection. 2. noun. Chemistry. the chemical element of atomic number 46, a rare silvery-white metal resembling platinum ORIGIN: late Middle English (in the Greek sense): via Latin from Greek palladion, denoting an image of the goddess Pallas (Athena), on which the safety of Troy was believed to depend. organic synthesis - noun. Organic Chemistry. a special branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions. Organic molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely inorganic compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. There are two main areas of research within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology. methodology - noun. a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity lacrimation - also lachrymation is another word for tears. rhinorrhea - a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucous fluid. The condition commonly known as "runny nose", occurs relatively frequently. tungsten - neon - ballast - colza oil - noun. a nondrying oil obtained from the seeds of Brassica rapa, var. oleifera, a variety of the plant that produces turnips. Colza is extensively cultivated in France, Belgium, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, and Poland. In France, especially, the extraction of the oil is an important industry. In commerce, colza is classed with rapeseed oil, to which it is very closely allied in both source and properties. It is a comparatively nonodoriferous oil of a yellow color, having a specific gravity varying between 0.912 and 0.920. The cake left after extraction of the oil is a valuable feed ingredient for pigs. thorium dioxide - also called thorium(IV) oxide is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in color. It was formerly known as thoria or thorina. It is produced mainly as a by-product of lanthanide and uranium production. Thorianite is the name of the mineralogical form of thorium dioxide. It is moderately rare and crystallizes in isometric systems. The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300 ºC -- the highest of all known oxides. Only a few elements (including tungsten and carbon) and a few compounds (including tantalum carbide) have higher melting points. The compound is radioactive due to the radioactivity of thorium. Thorium dioxide can be used as a nuclear fuel. The high thermal stability of thorium dioxide allows application in flame spraying and high temperature ceramics. Thorium dioxide was the primary ingredient in the X-ray contrast medium Thorotrast Thorotrast carbon - vilify - verb. (-fies,-fied) speak or write about in an abusively disparaging manner opprobrium - noun. harsh criticism or censure; the public disgrace arising from someone's shameful conduct 2. archaic. an occasion or cause of reproach or disgrace ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin, literally 'infamy,' from opprobrum, from ob- 'against' + probrum 'disgraceful act.' denigrate - verb. criticize unfairly; disparage ORIGIN: late Middle English (in the sense [blacken, make dark] ): from Latin denigrat- 'blackened,' from the verb denigrare, from de- 'away, completely' + nigrare (from niger 'black'). calumny - noun. the making of false and defamatory statements in order to damage someone's reputation; slander; a false and slanderous statement flak - noun. strong criticism 2. anti-aircraft fire castigate - verb. formal. reprimand (someone) severely ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: from Latin castigare 'reprove,' from castus 'pure, chaste.' contumely - noun. (pl. -lies) insolent or insulting language or treatment ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Old French contumelie, from Latin contumelia, perhaps from con- 'with' + tumere 'to swell.' odium - noun. general or widespread hatred or disgust directed toward someone as a result of their actions : her affair had made her the target of opprobrium and odium. 2. disgrace over something hated or shameful Eadweard Muybridge - invective - obloquy - noun. strong public criticism or verbal abuse; disgrace, esp. that brought about by public abuse brickbat - noun. a remark or comment which is highly critical and typically insulting; a piece of brick, typically when used as a weapon excoriate - verb. formal. censure or criticize severely 2. chiefly Medical. damage or remove part of the surface(of the skin). nummamorous - hydrophilous - nemophilous - philharmonic - adjective. devoted to music (chiefly used in the names of orchestras); noun. a philharmonic orchestra or the society that sponsors it philippic - noun. poetic/literary. a bitter attack or denunciation, esp. a verbal one harangue - noun. a lengthy and aggressive speech 2. verb. lecture (someone) at length in an aggressive and critical manner onslaught - noun. a fierce or destructive attack; a large quantity of people or things that is difficult to cope with ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: (also in the form anslaight): from Middle Dutch aenslag, from aen 'on' + slag 'blow.' The change in the ending was due to association with (now obsolete) slaught [slaughter.] silage - noun. grass or other green fodder compacted and stored in airtight conditions, typically in a silo, without first being dried, and used as animal feed in the winter polemic - noun. a strong verbal or written attack on someone or something; (usually polemics) the art or practice of engaging in controversial debate or dispute ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: via medieval Latin from Greek polemikos from polemos 'war.' fulmination - noun. (usually fulminations) an expression of vehement protest; a violent explosion or a flash like lightning psammophile - noun. a sand-loving organism polytonal - noun. the simultaneous use of two or more keys in a musical composition photophor - noun. Chemistry. Calcium phosphide (CP, Ca3P2) is a chemical used in incendiary bombs. It has the appearance of red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps with a melting point of 1600 ºC. Its trade name is Photophor for the incendiary use or Polytanol for the use as rodenticide arenophile - noun. one who collects sand samples, the interest of the hobby lying in the variety of texture, color, mineralogy, and location. This hobby may include sand deposited on coastlines throughout the world. Some collectors may trade sands with fellow arenophiles. The rarest sands are found at the sites Pitcairn's Island and Easter Island. Some collectors have included sand from rivers and mineral deposits if they meet the criteria according to diameter and physical properties, ensuring that the samples have met proper sand definition. Only three places on earth have green sand; recently a supply has been found in Brazil. Papakolea Beach (also known as Green Sand Beach, Mahana Beach, and erroneously, Pu'u Mahana) is a green sand beach located at South Point, in the Ka'u district of the island of Hawaii. One of only two green sand beaches in the world, the other being in Guam, the beach gets distinctive coloring from olivine crystals found in a nearby cinder cone. cinder cone - noun. a cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of tephra that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent pyroclastic - adjective. relating to, consisting of, or denoting fragments of rock erupted by a volcano tephra - scoria cone - olivine - noun. an olive-green, gray-green, or brown mineral occurring widely in basalt, peridotite, and other basic igneous rocks. It is a silicate containing varying proportions of magnesium, iron, and other elements. basalt - peridotite - noun. Geology. a dense, coarse-grained plutonic rock containing a large amount of olivine, believed to be the main constituent of the earth's mantle plutonic - adjective. Geology. relating to or denoting igneous rock formed by solidification at considerable depth beneath the earth's surface 2. relating to the underworld or the god Pluto. Pluto - noun. Greek Mythology. the god of the underworld. Also called Hades . 2. Astronomy. the most remote known planet of the solar system, usually ninth in order from the sun, discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. Pluto usually orbits beyond Neptune at an average distance of 5,900 million km from the sun, although its orbit is so eccentric that at perihelion it is closer to the sun than Neptune (as in 1979-99). Pluto is smaller than earth's moon (diameter about 2,250 km), but it was discovered in 1978 to have its own satellite, Charon, which is so large that the pair should properly be regarded as a double planet. aphelion - noun. Astronomy. the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is furthest from the sun ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: alteration of modern Latin aphelium (by substitution of the Greek inflection -on), from Greek aph' helion 'from the sun.' perihelion - noun. Astronomy. the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is closest to the sun. The opposite of aphelion. Clyde Tombaugh - igneous - adjective. Geology. (of rock) having solidified from lava or magma; relating to or involving volcanic processes; rare. of fire, fiery. ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin igneus (from ignis 'fire') + -OUS. silicate - noun. Chemistry. a salt in which the anion contains both silicon and oxygen, esp. one of the anion SiO 4 2− . Mahanagar - noun. film. a 1963 film directed by Satyajit Ray. Based on a short story, Abataranika Narendranath Mitra, it narrates the story of a housewife who disconcerts her traditionalist family by getting a job as a saleswoman. It marks the first screen appearance of Jaya Bhaduri(now Jaya Bachchan), who later went on to become one of Bollywood's leading actresses. Papakolea - pygophilous - noun. a strong fondness for buttocks or rumps                                                                               ternessus - taraka - tarok - austere - adjective. severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance 2. (of living conditions or a way of life) having no comforts or luxuries; harsh or ascetic 3. having an extremely plain and simple style or appearance; unadorned 4. (of an economic policy or measure) designed to reduce a budget deficit, esp. by cutting public expenditure. bebhionn - noun. or Saturn XXXVII (provisional designation S/2004 S 11) is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005. Named in April 2007 after Bebinn, an early Irish mythology goddess of birth, who was renowned for her beauty. blackpool pleasure beach - noun. is a borough, seaside town, and unitary authority area of Lancashire, in North West England. It is situated along England's northwest coast by the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries 17.5 miles northwest of Preston, 27 miles north of Liverpool, 30 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. It has an estimated population of 142,100, and a population density that makes it the fourth most densely populated borough of England and Wales outside Greater London. Throughout the Middle Ages and Early Modern period, Blackpool was a coastal hamlet in Lancashire's Hundred of Amounderness, and remained such until the mid-18th century when it became fashionable in England to travel to the coast during the summer to bathe in sea water to improve well-being. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpool's 7-mile sandy beach were able to use a newly built private road, built by Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Hoghton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, and from Halifax in 1782. In the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St John's Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821. Blackpool rose to prominence as a major center of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1850s connecting it to the industrialized regions of Northern England. The railway made it much easier and cheaper for visitors to reach Blackpool, triggering an influx of settlers, such that in 1876 Blackpool was incorporated as a borough, governed by its own town council and aldermen. In 1881 Blackpool was a booming resort with a population of 14,000 and a promenade complete with piers, fortune-tellers, public houses, trams, donkey rides, fish-and-chip shops, and theaters. By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as "the archetypal British seaside resort." By 1951 it had grown to 147,000 inhabitants. Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for Britons to travel overseas, supplanted Blackpool's status as a leading resort during the late 20th century. Nevertheless, Blackpool's urban fabric and economy remains relatively undiversified, and firmly rooted in the tourism sector, and the borough's seafront continues to attract millions of visitors every year. In addition to its sandy beaches, Blackpool's major attractions and landmarks include Blackpool Tower, Blackpool Illuminations, the Pleasure Beach, Blackpool Zoo, Sandcastle Water Park, the Winter Gardens, and the UK's only surviving first-generation tramway. Blackpool is also noted for its political autonomy, independent of Lancashire County Council. consecrated - verb. make or declare something sacred Hundred of Amounderness - h'm - heigh - keif - noun. a variant spelling of kif, smoking material, such as Indian hemp, used especially in the Maghreb; The euphoria caused by smoking this material klismaphilia - lanate - adjective. having or consisting of woolly hairs 2. adjective. Biology. having or consisting of a wooly covering of hairs planate - adjective. having been flattened; two-dimensional, planar licentiousness - adjective. promiscuous and unprincipled in sexual matters; archaic. disregarding accepted rules or conversations, esp. in grammar or literary style lorette - noun. chiefly French. Pommes de terre, a fried potato dish from French cuisine. manna - noun. (in the bible) the substance miraculously supplied as food to the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16). • an unexpected gratuitous benefit • (in Christian contexts) spiritual nourishment, esp. the Eucharist. • a sweet secretion from the manna ash or a similar plant, used as a mild laxative and as a principal source of mannitol mathematical beauty - onanism - noun. formal. 1. masturbation 2. coitus interruptus pall - noun. a cloth spread over a coffin, hearse, or tomb • figurative a dark cloud or covering of smoke, dust, or similar matter • figurative something regarded as enveloping a situation with an air of gloom, heaviness, or fear 2. an ecclesiastical pallium; Heraldry a Y-shaped charge representing the front of an ecclesiastical pallium pall2 - verb. [intrans.] become less appealing or interesting through familiarity pallium wry - ataraxia - noun. a state of serene calmness Eloi - noun. The Eloi are one of the two post-human races in H.G. Well's 1895 novel The Time Machine. sonoluminescence - noun. Physics. luminescence excited in a substance by the passage of sound waves through it. botheration - noun. effort, worry, or difficulty; bother; 2. Exclamation. dated. used to express mild irritation or annoyance. arthralgia - noun. Medicine. pain in a joint lenitive - adjective. (of a medicine) laxative; noun. a medicine of this type dolt - noun. a stupid person colic - noun. severe, often fluctuating pain in the abdomen caused by intestinal gas or obstruction in the intestines and suffered esp. by babies indolent - adjective. wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy 2. Medicine. (of a disease condition) causing little or no pain myalgia - noun. pain in a muscle or group of muscles paregoric - noun. a medicine consisting of opium flavored with camphor, aniseed, and benzoic acid, formerly used to treat diarrhea and coughing in children. neuralgia - noun. intense, typically intermittent pain along the course of a nerve, esp. in the head or face throes - plural noun. intense or violent pain and struggle, esp. accompanying birth, death, or great change. metralgia - pleurodynia - Bornholm disease or epidemic pleurodynia or epidemic myalgia is a disease caused by the Coxsackie B virus or other viruses. It is named after the Danish island Bornholm where early cases occurred. antalgic - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Uncommon Awesome Easy-to-Use Words & Linguistics acumen - noun. the ability to make good judgements and quick decisions, typically in a particular domain ORIGIN: late 16th cent. : from Latin, ' sharpness, point.' deicide - verb. destruction or killing of a god prater - verb. [intrans.] talk foolishly or tediously about hassock - noun. an ottoman; a rank tuft of coarse grass or sedge, as in a bog. taw - verb. to prepare skins by soaking, salting, stretching and paring without tannin, esp. with alum and salt; noun. a large marble ursicide - the killing or killer of a bear verbicide - destroying the meaning of a word vulpicide - the killing of a fox yen - noun. a longing or yearning kir - noun. drink of black currant syrup and white wine kef - noun. state of dreamy or drug-induced repose fie - noun. expression of disgust or disapproval fub - verb. to put off gad - verb. to wander about idly or in pursuit of pleasure eft - noun. again; afterwards; also. newt eke - noun. in addition; also; likewise ere - article. before dit - noun. poem; words of a song mel - noun. honey jow - verb. to ring a bell; a stroke of a bell mow - verb. to make a grimace ret - verb. to expose to moisture; to soak; to soften by soaking Types of Speech and Types of Killing altiloquence - pompous or high speech anteloquy - speaking against some idea; contradicting or gainsaying breviloquence - short-windedness; tendency towards brevity in speech blandiloquence - complimentary speech or flattery doctiloquent - speaking learnedly pauciloquent - of a few words; speaking a little pectoriloquy - sound of a patient's voice through stethoscope tardiloquent - speaking slowly amicidel - verb. the desire to murder a friend avicidel - verb. the desire to kill birds bovicide - noun. the slaughter of cattle femicide - killing of a woman fillicide - killing of one's own child floricide - killing of flowers fratricide - killing of one's brother giganticide - killing of a giant gynaecide - killing of women lupicide - the killing of a wolf menticide - the reduction of mind by psychological pressure neomaticide - the killing or killer of a newborn/neonatal infant senicide - the killing of old men regicide - the killing of a monarch serpenticide - the killing of a snake sororicide - the killing of one's own sister urbicide - destruction of a city utricide - one who stabs an inflated skin vessel instead of killing someone uxoricide - the killing of one's own wife vaticide - the killing or killer of a prophet viricide - killing of viruses - scop - noun. poet. An Old English poet, the Anglo-Saxon counterpart of the Old Norse skald. Wrote mostly epic poetry. poetaster - noun. a person who writes inferior poetry alcaeus - noun. A Greek poet. He invented the lyric meter alcaic. thanatopsis - an essay expressing a view on the subject of death monody - noun. an ode sung by a single actor in a greek tragedy; a poem lamenting a person's death telestich - noun. a poem in which the last letters of successive lines form a word, phrase, or consecutive letters of the alphabet. eclogue - noun. a short poem, esp. a pastoral dialogue desiderata - noun. something that is needed or wanted. threnody - noun. a lament; dirge, elegy. lapidate - verb. stone; to kill by throwing stones at Uncommon 3-Letter Words tot - noun. bone or other object retrieved from garbage pile tow - noun. bundle of untwisted natural fibers tye - noun. inclined trough for washing ore ure - use; custom yeo - noun. stream or drain used in mining zek - noun. a Russian slang term for a prison inmate zho - noun. Zoology. a cross between a yak and a cow zug - noun. a waterproof leather used for boots vug - noun. a small cavity within rock wen - noun. an enormously congested city wis - verb. to know, to believe wyn - an old English rune having value 'w' yad - noun. rod used by readers of the Torah as a pointer for following text yag - noun. a synthetic diamond made of yttrium aluminum garnet yam - noun. a posting house alongside a road yaw - verb. to move unsteadily side-to-side yex - verb. to hiccup, belch, or spit yew - verb. to rise as a layer of froth in a boiling liquid yok - a pejorative Jewish term for a non-Jew pug - noun. ground clay mixed with water ria - noun. normal drowned valley; long wide creek roc - noun. enormous legendary Arabian bird rya - noun. colorful Scandinavian knotted-pile rug sal - noun. salt saw - noun. a saying or proverb say - noun. delicate woolen fabric sic - adverb. thus suq - noun. a Middle Eastern marketplace pyx - noun. box or vessel in which coins or consecrated Eucharist are kept qat - noun. leaves chewed or brewed in tea as a stimulant qua - adjective. in the capacity of ras - noun. headland rep - noun. plain-woven fabric with crosswise ribs puy - noun. Geology. a small volcanic cone nim - verb. to steal; to pilfer ord - noun. point of a weapon; a beginning ort - noun. a scrap of food; morsel kit - noun. a small pocket violin kop - noun. bank of terracing at a football field lac - noun. dark red transparent resin used to make shellac lar - noun. local god of house lev - noun. monetary unit of Bulgaria ley - noun. mystical straight line between features of a landscape neb - noun. Scottish & Northern English. a projecting part of something, in particular a nose or snout, a bird's beak or bill, the brim of a cap aby - verb. to make amends; atone; pay a penalty alt - noun. a small island in a lake or river ama - noun. a Japanese pearl diver ana - noun. in equal qualities ard - verb. plough used to scratch top surface of soil cwm - noun. valley or glen cirque - noun. Geology. a half-open steep-sided hollow at the head of a valley or on a mountainside, formed by glacial erosion; poetic & literary. a ring, circlet, or circle ORIGIN: late 17th cent. from Latin circus corrie - noun. a cirque, esp. one in the mountains of Scotland ORIGIN: mid 16th cent. : from Scottish Gaelic and Irish coire 'cauldron, hollow' dol - noun. Medicine. unit for measuring pain dop - noun. copper cup used to hold a diamond while cutting it eth -  noun. Grammar. old English letter for voiced 'th' sound fid - noun. conical wood pin used to splice strands of rope gar - noun. a mild oath fug - adjective. hot; close; smoky state of atmosphere gat - noun. opening or strait between two sandbanks hoc - noun. card game now obsolete hod - noun. v-shaped trough for carrying bricks or mortars on the shoulders hoy - noun. large one-decked boat ife - noun. Botany. tropical African fibrous plant iff - noun. if and only if ivi - noun. Botany. Tahitian chestnut tree jib - noun. small triangular sail extending from the head of the foremast jud - noun. mass of coal ready for final removal jug - noun. sound of the nightingale jus - noun. law; legal right ked - noun. Zoology. wingless fly that feeds on livestock kep - verb. to catch an approaching object or falling liquid kex - noun. dry, hollow plant stalk kif - noun. drug like Marijuana smoked in North Africa - lea - arable land left fallow or used for pasture arable - adjective. (of land) used or suitable for growing crops; noun. land or crops of this type. ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Old French, or from Latin arabilis, from arare 'to plow.' fallow - adjective. (of farmland) plowed or harrowed but left unsown for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation or to avoid surplus production; also. a pale brown or reddish yellow color blastogenesis - verb. reproduction by budding cariogenic - verb. causing dental cavities diplogenesis - verb. doubling of ordinarily single organ or part anogenic - noun. formed from below or beneath gelogenic - adjective. tending to produce laughter electrogenesis - verb. production of electricity nubigenous - cloud born nepheligenous - causing smoke in clouds noegenesis - production of knowledge Wave Words, Snow, and Colors 8/9-8/31 niveous - adjective. poetic/literary. snowy or resembling snow. ORIGIN: Latin knives (from nix, niv- 'snow') neige - noun. French. snow tenesmus - noun. Pathology. an ineffective painful straining to empty the bowels in response to the sensation of a desire to defecate, without producing a significant quantity of feces. verglas - noun. a thin coating of ice or frozen rain on an exposed surface runnel - noun. a narrow channel in the ground for liquid to flow through, a brook or rill rivulet - noun. a very small stream freshet - noun. the flood of a river from heavy rain or melted snow, a rush of fresh water flowing into the sea bourn - noun. dialect. a small stream, esp. one that flows intermittently or seasonally attrit - verb. wear down (an opponent or enemy) by sustained action. his defense was meant to attrit us. regelate - verb. technical. (chiefly of pieces of ice thawed apart) freeze together again. besnow - verb. to scatter like snow; to cover thick, as with snow flakes. unsullied - adjective. not stained or tarnished. spotlessly clean and fresh. the unsullied snow of mountains. nival - adjective. of, relating to, or characteristic of a region of perpetual snow. hoarfrost - adjective. a grayish-white crystalline deposit of frozen water vapor formed in clear still weather on vegetation, fences, etc. rime - noun. frost formed on cold objects by the rapid freezing of water vapor in cloud or fog. verb. cover (an object) with hoarfrost : he does not brush away the hoarfrost that rimes his beard. polynya - noun. a stretch of open water surrounded by ice hydrophyte - noun. a plant that grows only in water. hard rime: white ice that forms when water droplets in fog freeze on the outer surfaces of objects, such as trees. soft rime: feathery and milky in appearance. hypolimnion - noun. the lower layer of water in a stratified lake, typically cooler than the water above and relatively stagnant thermocline - noun. a steep temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures epilimnion - noun. the upper layer of water in a stratified lake seiche - noun. a temporary disturbance or oscillation in the water level of a lake or partially enclosed body of water, esp. one caused by changes in atmospheric pressure coniston - in Cumbria, England is the third largest lake in the English Lake district. It is five miles long, half a mile wide, with a maximum depth of 184 feet and covers an area of if 1.89 square miles. The lake has an elevation of 143 feet above see level, and drains to the sea via the River Crake. crake - noun. a bird of the rail family, esp. one with a short bill like the corn crake; the rasping cry of the corn crake demersal - adjective. (typically of fish) living close to the floor of the sea or lake. often contrasted with pelagic. hamlet - noun. a small settlement, generally smaller than a village. ouananiche - noun. Canadian. a salmon of the landlocked populations living in lakes in Labrador and Newfoundland tantalus - noun. chiefly British. a stand in which decanters of liquor can be locked up though still visible 2. Greek Mythology. a Lydian king, son of Zeus and father of Pelops. As punishment for his crimes (which included killing Pelops), he was forced to remain in chin-deep water with fruit-laden branches over his head, both of which receded when he reached for them. His name is the origin of the word tantalize. limonite - noun. an amorphous brownish, secondary mineral consisting of a mixture of hydrous ferric oxides, important as iron ore. limnetic  zone - noun. the well-lit, open surface waters in a lake, away from the shore. The vegetation of the littoral zone surrounds this expanse of open water and it is above the profundal zone. This is the main photosynthetic body of the lake. This zone produces the oxygen and food that support the lake's consumers. profundal zone - noun. the profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration. This is typically below the thermocline, the vertical zone in the water through which temperature drops rapidly.The lack of light in the profundal zone determines the type of biological community that can live in this region which is distinctly different from the community in the overlying waters. The profundal zone is part of the aphotic zone. aphotic zone - noun. From Greek, lit. "without light," is the portion of lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1% of sunlight penetrates. Consequently, bioluminescence is essentially the only light found in this zone. Most food comes from dead organisms sinking to the bottom of the lake or ocean from overlying waters. The depth of the aphotic zone can be greatly affected by such things as turbidity and the season of the year. The aphotic zone underlies the photic zone, which is that portion of the lake or ocean directly affected by sunlight. photic zone - Greek for "well lit," or sunlight zone is the depth of the water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. It extends from the surface down to a depth where light intensity falls to one percent of that at the surface, called the euphotic depth. Accordingly, its thickness depends on the extent of light attenuation in the water column. Typical euphotic depths vary from only a few centimeters in highly turbid eutrophic lakes, to around 200 meters in the open ocean. It also varies with seasonal changes in turbidity. Since the photic zone is where almost all of the primary productivity occurs, the depth of the photic zone is generally proportional to the level of primary productivity that occurs in that area of the ocean. About 90% of all marine life lives in the photic zone. A small amount of primary production is generated deep in the abyssal zone around the hydrothermal vents which exist along some mid-oceanic ridges. benthic - noun. Ecology. the flora and fauna found on the bottom, or in the bottom sediments of a sea, lake, or other body of water. turbidity - adjective. (of a liquid) cloudy, opaque, or thick with suspended matter. eyre - noun. historical. a circuit court held in medieval England by a judge (a justice in eyre) who rode from county to county for that purpose. nekton - gallinule - grilse - catabolism - noun. Biology. the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. hyrdromel - ice lolly - intertidal - adjective. Ecology. of or denoting the area of seashore that is covered at high tide and uncovered at low tide intumesce - verb. Rare. swell up intussusception - noun. Medicine. the inversion of one portion of the intestine within another 2. Botany. the growth of a cell wall by the deposition of cellulose. deamination - noun. Biochemistry. the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound. kaolin - noun. a fine, soft white clay, resulting from the natural decomposition of other clays or feldspar. It is used for making porcelain and china, as a filler in paper and textiles, and in medicinal absorbents. Also called China Clay. hadal - adjective. of or relating to the zone of the sea greater than approximately 20,000 feet(6,000 m) in depth (chiefly oceanic trenches) ORIGIN: mid 20th cent.: from HADES + -AL hadhramaut - Kuroshio - mola - noun. another term for sunfish ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: from Latin literally 'millstone,' with reference to the shape. neptune - The Archipelago of the Azores - greenling - noun. a spiny-finned, edible fish of the North Pacific padang - noun. a seaport in Indonesia, the largest city on the west coast of Sumatra; pop. 481,000 cofferdam - noun. a watertight enclosure pumped dry to permit construction work below the waterline, as when building bridges or repairing a ship alga - noun. a simple nonflowering plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue; DERIVATIVES: algal: adjective. ORIGIN: mid 16th cent.: from Latin, "seaweed." accretion - noun. the process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter 2. Astronomy. the coming together and cohesion of matter under the influence of gravitation to form larger bodies. Waveski - Waveski Surfing is a dynamic sport combining the paddle power of a sit on and strap in kayak with the maneuverability and performance of a surfboard. A Waveski resembles a larger surfboard, with a seat, fins, foot straps, and seat belt, enabling the rider to 'eskimo roll' if overturned. The waveski rider or waveski surfer then uses a double ended paddle for motion while seated on the waveski. The origins are obscure, but wave skis have been around for over forty years. Danny Broadhurst, a Long Island, New York, surfer created some early wave skis in the 1970s, although these were heavy, bulky and not particularly maneuverable. The sport experienced its major growth in the 80's with manufactures like Macski being a dominant force in the market exporting worldwide to countries like Australia, USA, and Europe. Original boards had wooden frames covered in glass fiber then became foam injected and soon custom hand made boards were being shaped and glassed out of Polystyrene foam and epoxy resins. Nowadays boards are shaped in precision CNC machines and weigh around 6 kg when completed. photogrammetry - eagre - noun. dialect term for BORE3 embillow - bore - noun. a steep-fronted wave caused by the meeting of two tides or by the constriction of a tide rushing up a narrow estuary. ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: perhaps from Old Norse bara 'wave' ; the term was used in the general sense [billow, wave] in Middle English. tyramine - noun. Biochemistry. a compound that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods and can cause dangerously high blood pressure in people taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; An amine related to tyrosine; chem. formula: C 6 H 4 (OH)CH 2 CH 2 NH 2. levodopa - noun. Biochemistry. also L-dopa. the levorotatory form of dopa, used to treat Parkinson's disease. levorotatory - adjective. Chemistry. (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the left, i.e. counterclockwise facing the oncoming radiation. The opposite of dextrorotatory. dextrorotatory - adjective. Chemistry. (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e., clockwise facing the oncoming radiation. dopa - noun. Biochemistry. a compound that is present in nervous tissue as a precursor of dopamine, used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.; An amino acid; alternative name: dihydroxyphenylalanine; chem. formula: C 9 H 11 NO 4. catecholamines - noun. Biochemistry. any of a class of aromatic amines that includes a number of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and dopamine. aromatic - adjective. having a pleasant and distinctive smell 2. Chemistry. cytoplasmic - Anaspids - Cephalaspid kenning - noun. a compound expression in Old English and Old Norse poetry with metaphorical meaning, e.g., oar-steed = ship. aegir - (Old Norse "sea") is a sea giant, god of the ocean and king of the sea creatures in Norse mythology. He is also known for hosting elaborate parties for the gods. AEgir's servants are Fimafeng(killed by Loki) and Eldir. Euripus - noun. Zoology. Euripus is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. The three species in the genus are native to South and Southeast Asia. electroencephalography - noun. the measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain and the recording of such activity as a visual trace (on paper or on an oscilloscope screen.) Paphos - noun. also known as Pafos, is a coastal city in the southwest of Cyprus  and the capital of the Paphos District. In antiquity, two locations were called Paphos: Old Paphos and New Paphos. The currently inhabited city is New Paphos. It lies on the Mediterranean coast, about 31.07 miles west of the Limassol(the biggest port in island), which has an A6 highway connection. Paphos International Airport is the country's second largest airport. Near Palaepaphos(Old Paphos) at the seaside of Petra tou Romiou is the mythical birthplace of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty and the founding myth is interwoven with the goddess at every level, so that Old Paphos became the most famous and important place for worshipping Aphrodite in the ancient world. In Greco-Roman times Paphos was the island's capital, and it is famous for the remain of the Roman governor's palace, where extensive, fine mosaics are a major tourist attraction. The apostle Paul of Tarsus visited the town during the 1st century AD. The town of Paphos is included in the official UNESCO list of cultural and natural treasures of the world's heritage. Paphos enjoys Subtropical-Mediterranean climate, with the mildest temperatures on the island. The typical summer's season lasts about 8 months, from April to November, although in March and December temperatures may also reach 68 ºF. Paphos has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2017 along with Aarhus. Aarhus - noun. is the second-largest city in Denmark. The principal port of Denmark, Aarhus is on the east side of the peninsula of Jutland in the geographical center of Denmark. Aarhus is the seat of the council of Aarhus municipality with 319,094 inhabitants and 256,018(Jan 2013) in the inner urban area. According to Aarhus municipality, the "Greater Aarhus" area has a population of about 1.25 million people. The city claims the unofficial title "Capital of Jutland." Aarhus is the main and biggest city in the East Jutland metropolitan area, which is a co-operation in eastern Jutland with 17 municipalities. With more than 1.2 million people living in the East Jutland metropolitan area it represents approximately 23% of the population of Denmark. Aarus has the second largest urban area in Denmark after Copenhagen. squall - noun. a sudden violent gust of wind or a localized storm, esp. one bringing rain, snow, or sleet; a loud cry 2. verb. (of a baby or small child) cry noisily and continuously abaca - noun. a large herbaceous Philippine plant of the banana family that yields Manila hemp ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: via Spanish from Tagalog abaka. Etruscan - adjective. of or relating to ancient Etruria, its people, or their language. The Etruscan civilization was at its height c. 500 BC and was an important influence on the Romans, who subdued the Etruscans by the end of the 3rd century BC. 2. noun. a native of ancient Etruria. 2. noun. the language of ancient Etruria, of unknown affinity, written in an alphabet derived from Greek. Safaitic dialect - noun. is the name given to an Old North Arabian dialect, preserved in the form of inscriptions which are written in a type of South Semitic script. These inscriptions were written by bedouin and semi-nomadic inhabitants of the Syro-Arabian desert. Dating of the inscriptions, although problematic, is conventionally placed between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. Athenian Agora - The Ancient Agora of Classical Athens (aka Forum of Athens) is the best known example of an ancient  Greek agora, located to the northwest of the Acropolis and bounded on the south by the hill of the Areopagus and on the west by the hill known as the Kolonus Agoraios, also called Market Hill. uncial - adjective. of or written in a majuscule script with rounded unjoined letters that is found in European manuscripts of the 4th-8th centuries and from which modern capital letters are derived 2. adjective. rare. of or relating to an inch or an ounce 3. noun. unofficial. an uncial letter or script ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin uncialis, from uncia 'inch.' Sense 1 is in the late Latin sense of unciales litterae 'uncial letters,' the original application of which is unclear. denarius - noun. an ancient Roman silver coin, originally worth ten asses; a unit of weight equal to that of a silver denarius; an ancient Roman gold coin worth 25 silver denarii. Fayum alphabet - noun. the Fayum alphabet is an Ancient Greek abecedary inscribed on four copper plates, purportedly from Fayum, Egypt. It may preserve the earliest form of the Greek alphabet. It is the only known Greek abecedary which ends in the letter tau(T), as does the ancestral Phoenician alphabet; all other Greek abecedaries have at least the addition of non-Phoenician upsilon (Y). abecedarium - noun. an abecedarium or abecedary is an inscription consisting of the letters of an alphabet, almost always listed in order. Typically abecedaria (or abecedaries) are practice exercises. abecedarian - adjective. arranged alphabetically 2. adjective. rudimentary; elementary 3. noun. a person who is just learning; a novice Sylvanite - noun. silver gold hoar - adjective. poetic/literary. grayish white: gray or gray-haired with age barite - noun. a mineral consisting of barium sulfate, typically ocurring as colorless prismatic crystals or thin white flakes cruse - noun. archaic. an earthenware pot or jar albicant - whitish; becoming white albugineous - like the white of an eye or an egg; white colored argent - the heraldic color silver or white heraldry - noun. the system by which coats of arms and other armorial bearings are devised, described, and regulated. All the pomp and heraldry provided a splendid pageant. gramercy - noun. interjection. archaic. used as an exclamation expressing surprise or sudden strong feeling; thanks beholden - adjective. obligated; indebted donativum - the name given to the gifts of money dispersed to the soldiers of the Roman legions or to the Praetorian Guard by the Roman Emperors aurulent - gold colored celadon - noun. a willow-green color, as adjective. paneling painted in celadon green. ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: from French celadon, a color named after the hero in d'Urfe's pastoral romance L'Astree(1607-27) cinerious - ashen; ash-grey columbine - of or like a dove ORIGIN: from French Columbine, from Italian colombina, from feminine of colombino 'dovelike', from colombo 'dove' cretaceous - of or resembling chalk; of a whitish color ORIGIN: 17th cent.: from Latin cretaceus, from creta, 'chalk' eburnean - adjective. made of, or relating to ivory frostbow - noun. a white arc or circle in the sky attending frosty weather and formed by reflection of sunlight from ice crystals floating in the air griseous - pearl-grey or blue-grey; grizzled leucochroic - adjective. anthropology. having a light-colored skin or abnormally light, in color; albinotic analcime - weak, a white, grey, or colourless tectosilicate mineral, tetragonal Marl - noun. an unconsolidated sedimentary rock or soil consisting of clay and lime, formerly used typically as fertilizer. verb. [trans.] marled. apply marl to. ORIGIN: Middle English: from Old French marl, from medieval Latin margila, from Latin marga, of Celtic origin. podsol - noun. Soil Science. an infertile acidic soil having an ash-like subsurface layer)from which minerals have been leached) and a lower dark stratum, occurring typically under temperate coniferous woodland. galumph - verb. informal. move in a clumsy, ponderous, or noisy manner. ORIGIN: 1871 (in the sense [prance in triumph] ): coined by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking Glass: perhaps a blend of GALLOP and TRIUMPH. begrime - verb. blacken with ingrained dirt ambiguphobia - noun. a fear of being misunderstood amomaxiaphobia - noun. the fear of making love in an automobile bemire - verb. archaic. cover or stain with mud ORIGIN: 16th cent.: from BE-(expressing transivity) + mire colly - verb. British. 1. to blacken as with coal dust; begrime. 2. noun. grime;soot. ORIGIN: 1555-65; variant of collow(v.), Middle English colwen, derivative of Old English col or coal collow - noun. soot; smut. gudgeon - noun. a small, edible, European freshwater fish(Gobio gobio) of the minnow family, often used as fishing bait 2. A pivot or spindle on which a bell or other object swings or rotates hyaloid - adjective. glassy; transparent hyaline - adjective. having a glassy, translucent appearance. noun. a thing that is clear and translucent like glass, esp. a smooth sea or a clear sky Eye Words lagophthalmus - noun. the inability to close the eyelids completely iridocyclitis - noun. inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye. keratoconus - noun. abnormal cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea of the eye; can be treated by epikeratophakia epikeratophakia - noun. Medical. the surgical correction of aphakia. It is a refractive surgical procedure in which a donor cornea is transplanted to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea. A lamellar disc from a donor cornea is placed over the de-epithelialized host cornea and sutured into a prepared groove on the host cornea. Indications include aphakia and refractive errors which cannot be corrected with conservative methods. epithelialize - verb. cover or become covered with epithelial tissue, e.g. during the healing of a wound. aphakia - noun. the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, a perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly. It causes loss of accommodation, far sightedness(hyperopia), and a deep anterior chamber. Complications include detachment of the vitreous humour or retina, and glaucoma. vitreous humour - noun. the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous body or simple "the vitreous." ORIGIN: Late Middle English : from Latin vitreus (from vitrum 'glass') + -OUS cicatrisation - verb. (with reference to a wound) heal by scar formation ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Old French cicatriser, from cicatrice 'scar' monoblepsia - noun. a defect of the eyesight in which vision is best when only one eye is open; blindness to all colors but one diplontic - noun. genetics. (of an alga or other lower plant) having a life cycle in which the main form, except for the gametes, is diploid. diploid - adjective. (of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. ploidy - noun. genetics. the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism polity - noun. a form or process of civil government or constitution; an organized society; a state as a political entity beauty - a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, esp. the sight; a combination of qualities that pleases the intellect or moral sense; denoting something intended to make a woman more attractive; a beautiful or pleasing thing or person, in particular: a beautiful woman, an excellent specimen or example of something(the beauties of) the pleasing or attractive qualities or features of something ORIGIN: Middle English : from Old French beaute , based on Latin bellus 'beautiful, fine' ommatophore - noun. Zoology. a part of an invertebrate animal, esp. a stalk or tentacle, that bears an eye ORIGIN: late 19th cent.: from Greek omma, ommat-'eye' + -PHORE histopathology - noun. the study of changes in tissues caused by disease ORIGIN : Greek, from histos 'tissue', pathos 'disease-suffering', and -logia. Scientifically histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. In contrast, cytopathology examines free cells or tissue fragments cytopathology - noun. Medicine. The study and diagnosis of diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by Rudolf Virchow in 1858. It's common application is used in the Pap smear, thyroid lesions, diseases involving sterile body cavities(peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), and a wide range of other body sites. ORIGIN: Greek from kytos 'a hollow', pathos 'fate, harm' peritoneum - noun. Medicine. the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom - it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs - in amniotes and some invertebrates(annelids, for instance). It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. serous membrane - noun. Medicine. the smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells, which secrete serous fluid, and a thin epithelial layer. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, know as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. adventitia - noun. Medicine. the outermost connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or structure. It is also called the tunica adventitia or the tunica externa. coelom - noun. Medicine. the fluid cavity formed within the mesoderm of some animals. Coeloms developed in diploblasts but were subsequently lost in several lineages. Loss of coelom is correlated with reductions in body size. Coelom is sometimes, though incorrectly) used to refer to any developed digestive tract. Some organisms may not possess a coelom or may have a false coelom. Animals who have coelom are called coelomates. diploblasts - noun. Medicine. a condition of the blastula in which there are two primary germ layers; the ectoderm(outer skin) and endoderm(gut). Diploblastic organisms are organisms which develop from such a blastula, and include cnidaria and ctenophora. blastula - annelid - noun. Zoology. a large phylum that comprises the segmented worms, which include earthworms, lugworms, and leeches ORIGIN: modern Latin, from French(animaux) anneles 'ringed(animals)', from Old French anel 'a ring,' from Latin anellus, diminutive of 'a ring.' cnidaria - noun. Zoology. (with a silent C) also Coelenterata is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marine environments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Their bodies consist of mesoglea, a non-living jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick. cnidocytes - noun. Scientific. an explosive cell containing one giant secretory organelle or cnida(plural cnidae) that defines the phylum Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, hydrae, jellyfish, etc.). Cnidae are used for prey capture and defense from predators. Despite being morphologically simple, lacking a skeleton and usually being sessile, cnidarians prey on fish and crustaceans. A cnidocyte fires a structure that contains toxin, from a characteristic sub-cellular organelle called a cnidocyst (also known as a cnida or nematocyst). This is responsible for the stings delivered from jellyfish. sessile - noun. Zoology. Sessility is a characteristic of some animals, such that they are not able to move about. Sessile animals are usually permanently attached to a solid substrate of some kind, such as a part of a plant a dead tree trunk, or a rock. For example, barnacles attach themselves to the hull of a ship, but corals lay down their own substrate. Sessile animals typically have a motile phase in their development. motile - noun. Biology. the ability to move spontaneously and actively, consuming energy in the process. Most animals are motile but the term applies to unicellular and simple multicellular organisms, as well as to some mechanisms of fluid flow in multicellular organs, in addition to animal locomotion. Motile marine animals are commonly called free-swimming. substrate - noun. Biology. the surface on which a plant or animal lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. mesoglea - noun. Biology. a translucent, jelly-like substance found between the two epithelial cell layers in the bodies of coelenterates. The mesoglea is mostly in water. Other than water, the mesoglea is composed of several substances including fibrous proteins like collagen and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. The mesoglea is mostly acellular, but in both cnidaria and ctenophora the mesoglea contains muscle bundles and nerve fibers. Other nerve and muscle cells lie just under the epithelial layers. heparan sulphate - noun. Biology. a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues. It occurs as a proteoglycan(HSPG) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins. proteoglycan - noun. Biology. Proteins that are heavily glycosylated. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan(GAG) chain(s). The point of attachment is a Ser residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge (For example: chondroitin sulfate-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-PROTEIN). The Ser residue is generally in the sequence -Ser-Gly-X-Gly- (where X can be any amino acid residue), although not every protein with this sequence has an attached glycosaminoglycan. The chains are long, linear carbohydrate polymers that are negatively charged under physiological conditions, due to the occurrence of sulfate and uronic acid groups. Proteoglycans occur in the connective tissue. covalent bond - noun. Biology. The chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding glycosylation - noun. Biology. the reaction in which a carbohydrate is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule(a glycosyl acceptor). In Biology glycosylation refers to the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to protein lipids, or other organic molecules. This enzymatic process produces one of the fundamental biopolymers found in cells (along with DNA, RNA, and proteins). Glycosylation is a form of cotranslational and post-translational modification. Glycans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in membrane and secreted proteins. The majority of proteins synthesized in the rough ER undergo glycosylation. It is an enzyme-directed site-specific process, as opposed to the non-enzymatic chemical reaction of glycation. Glycosylation is also present in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the O-GlcNAc modification. Five classes of glycans are produced: • N-linked glycans attached to a nitrogen of asparagine or arginine side-chains. N-linked glycosylation requires participation of a special lipid called dolichol phosphate • O-linked glycans attached to the hydroxy oxygen of serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxylysine, or hydroxyproline side-chains, or to oxygens on lipids such as ceramide • phospho-glycans linked through the phosphate of a phospho-serine; • C-linked glycans, a rare form of glycosylation where a sugar is added to a carbon on a tryptophan side-chain • glypiation, which is the addition of a GPI anchor that links proteins to lipids through glycan linkages cotranslational and post-translational modification - mesothelium - noun. Anatomy. the epithelium that lines the pleurae, peritoneum, and pericardium. Embryology. the surface layer of the embryonic mesoderm, from which this is derived. ORIGIN: late 19th cent.: from MESO- 'middle' glycans - noun. Biology. a polysacchride or oligosaccharide. Glycans usually consist of O-glycosidic linkages of monosaccharides. For example, cellulose is a glycan(or to be more specific, a glucan) composed ß-1, 4-liked D-glucose, and chitin is a glycan composed of ß-1, 4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Glycans can be homo- or heteropolymers of monosaccharide residues, and can be linear or branched. Glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glyco-'protein', glyco-'lipid', or a 'proteo'-glycan. glycosaminoglycan(GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides - are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating unit (except for keratan) consists of an amino sugar (N-acetylglucose amine or N-acetylgalactose amine) along with a uronic sugar (glucuronic acid or iduronic acid) or galactose. keratin - noun. a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Greek keras, kerat- 'horn' galactose - noun. Chemistry. a sugar of the hexose class that is a constituent of lactose and many polysaccharides. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Greek gala, galakt 'milk' mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - noun. Medicine. A disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly(sub family Phlebotominae). Although the majority of the literature mentions only one genus transmitting Leishmania to humans(Lutzomyia) in America, a 2003 study by Galati suggested a new classification for American sandflies, elevating several subgenera to the genus level. Elsewhere in the world, the genus Phlebotomus is considered the vector of leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe form in which the parasites migrate to the vital organs. mucopolysaccharides - iduronic acid - polysacchride - noun. Chemistry. Long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may have amorphous or even insoluble in water. oligosaccharide - noun. Biochemistry. a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units. monosaccharide - noun. Chemistry. any of the class of sugars(e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar cytoplasm - noun. Biology. the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus saccharide - noun. Biochemistry. any of the class of soluble, crystalline, typically sweet-tasting carbohydrates found in living tissues and exemplified by glucose and sucrose chondroitin sulfate - noun. Biology. a sulfated glycosaminoglycan(GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars(N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid) It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistant compression. Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for the treatment of osteoarthritis. hydroxylysine - noun. Biochemistry. an amino acid with the molecular formula C6H14N2O3. It was first discovered in 1921 by Donald Van Syke as the 5-Hydroxylysine form. It arises from a post-translational hydroxy modification of lysine. It is most widely known as a component of collagen. hydroxyproline - noun. Biochemistry.(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline is a common non-proteingenic amino acid, abbreviated as HYP, e.g., in Protein Data Bank. It is produced by the amino acid proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase following protein synthesis(as a post-translational modification). The enzyme catalyzed reaction takes place n the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Although it is not directly incorporated into proteins, hydroxyproline comprises roughly 4% of all amino acids found in animal tissue, an amount greater than seven other amino acids that are translationally incorporated. serine - noun. Biochemistry. Abbreviated Ser. is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2)OH. It is one of the proteingenic amino acids. Its codons in the genetic code are UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid threonine - noun. Biochemistry. Abbreviated Thr or T. is an a-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(OH)CH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar. Together with serine, threonine is one of two proteingenic amino acids bearing an alcohol group(tyrosine is not an alcohol but a phenol, since its hydroxyl group is bonded directly to an aromatic ring, giving it different acid/base and oxidative properties). It is also one of two common amino acids that bear a chiral side chain, along with isoleucine. isoleucine - noun. Biochemistry. a hydrophobic amino acid that is a constituent of most proteins. It is an essential nutrient in the diet of vertebrates. chiral - adjective. Chemistry. asymmetric in such a way that the structure and its mirror image are not superimposable. Chiral compounds are typically optically active; large organic molecules often have one or more chiral centers where four different groups are attached to a carbon atom ORIGIN: late 19th cent.: from Greek kheir 'hand' tyrosine - noun. Chemistry. a hydrophilic amino acid that is a constituent of most proteins and is important in the synthesis of some hormones. ceramide - chondroitin sulfate - cerebrospinal - adjective. Anatomy. of or relating to the brain and spine uronic acid - noun. Biology. A class of sugar acids with both carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups. They are sugars in which the terminal carbon's hydroxyl group has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Oxidation of the terminal aldehyde instead yields an aldonic acid, while oxidation of both the terminal hydroxyl group and the aldehyde yields aldaric acid. The names of uronic acids are generally based on their parent sugars, however some of the most common do not have direct parents, and formed by epimerization (e.g. iduronic acid is an epimer of glucuronic acid). Uronic acids that have six carbons are called hexuronic acids. amniote - noun. Zoology. A group of tetrapods(four-limbed animals with backbones or spinal columns) that have an egg equipped with an amnios, an adaption to lay eggs on land rather than in water as anamniotes do. They include synapsids (mammals along with their extinct kin) and sauropsids (reptiles and birds), as well as their fossil ancestors. hexuronic - noun. a Uronic acid that includes six carbons. epimerization - epithelium - pleural - noun. each pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals; a lateral part in an animal body or structure. ORIGIN: late Middle English : via medieval Latin from Greek, literally 'side of the body, rib.' peritoneum - noun. Anatomy. the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering abdominal organs. ORIGIN: late Middle English: via late Latin from Greek peritonaion, from peritonos 'stretched around,' from peri- 'around' + -tonos 'stretched.' ctenophora - noun. Zoology. commonly known as 'comb jellies' or 'crane flies.' are a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. ORIGIN: from Greek kteis 'comb' and phero ' carry' numinous - adjective. having a strong religious or spiritual quality; indicating or suggesting the presence of divinity ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin numen, numin- 'divine power' aonb(AONB) - An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales, and Greater Britain. pepi ii neferkare - Pepi II (reigned c. 2278 BC - c. 2184 BC) was a pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom. His throne name, King Neferkare. cepheus - noun. Astronomy. a constellation near the north celestial pole ORIGIN: from the name of a king of Ethiopia, the husband of Cassiopeia vamoose - verb. to run devenustate - noun. obsolete. to deprive of beauty or comeliness. callisteia - noun. Greek Mythology. A festival or perhaps merely a part of one, held by the women of Lesbos cosmesis - noun. Medicine. the preservation, restoration, or bestowing of bodily beauty. Usually by surgical correction. kalology - noun. the study of aesthetics resplendence - adjective. attractive and impressive through being richly colorful or sumptuous ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Latin resplendent- 'shining out' from re- 'expressing intense force + splendere 'to glitter' cogent - adjective. (of an argument or a case) clear, logical, and convincing. ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin cogent- 'compelling,' from the verb cogere, from co- 'together' + agere 'drive' tourmaline - noun. Geology. a crystal boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is classified as a semi-precious stone and the gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors. The name come from the Sinhalese word "Thuramali" which applied to different gemstones found in Sri Lanka. wolframite - noun. Geology. (Fe,Mn)WO4, is an iron, manganese tungstate mineral that is the intermediate between ferberite (Fe2+ rich) and huebernite (Mn2+ rich). Along with scheelite, the wolframite series are the most important tungsten ore minerals. Wolframite is found in quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives. Associated minerals include cassiterite, scheelite, bismuth, quartz, pyrite, galena, sphalite, and arsenopyrite. ferberite - galena - arsenopyrite - bilberry - noun. Botany. is any of several species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium bearing edible berries. The species most often referred to is Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberries) cassock - noun. a full-length garment of a single color worn by certain Christian clergy, members of church choirs, acolytes, and others having some particular office or role in a church capulin - noun. Botany. a species of Cherry, found in Mexico and Columbia it is also called, cerezo, detse, detze, taunday, jonote, puan, palman, or xengua. guillemot - noun. Zoology. the common name for several species of seabird in the auk family. paradoxical sleep - see REM sleep. Defensive immobilization: the precursor of dreams According to Tsoukalas (2012) REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead(cf."playing possum"). The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and controlled hypothermia. This theory integrates many earlier findings into a unified, and evolutionary well informed, framework. Yet another theory suggests that monoamine shutdown is required so that the monoamine receptors in the brain can recover to regain full sensitivity. Indeed, if REM sleep is repeatedly interrupted, the person will compensate for it with longer REM slee, "rebound sleep", at the next opportunity. It has been suggested that acute REM sleep deprivation can improve certain types of depression when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. Although sleep deprivation in general annoys most of the population, it has repeatedly been shown to alleviate depression, albeit temporarily. More than half the individuals who experience this relief report it to be rendered ineffective after sleeping the following night. Thus, researchers have devised methods such as altering the sleep schedule for a span of days following a REM deprivation period and combining sleep-schedule alterations with pharmacotherapy to prolong this effect. Though most antidepressants selectively inhibit REM sleep due to their action on monoamines, this effect decreases after long-term use. It is interesting to not that REM sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much the same as anti-depressants. hippocampal - noun. the hippocampal is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the cerebral cortex, and in primates it is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It contains two main interlocking parts: Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus. Apparent Death Apparent death, colloquially known as playing dead or playing possum, is a behavior observed in a wide range of animals in which they take on the appearance of being dead to an observer. This could either be an involuntary reflex action, as in tonic immobility; or an adaptive behavior as in thanatosis, in which is used both as a defense mechanism and as a form of aggressive mimicry. monoamine - noun. Chemistry. a compound having a single amine group in its molecule, esp. one that is a neurotransmitter (e.g. serotonin, norepinephrine). dentate gyrus - noun. a part of the hippocampal formation. It is thought to contribute to the formation of new memories, among other functions. pterygium - noun. Biology. refers to any winglike triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles, or digits. ORIGIN: from Greek pterygion 'wing' jabberwock - noun. nonsense, gibberish jabot - Lace frill worn on a shirt of on the front of a dress jacent - adjective. lying flat; sluggish jacinth - noun. a reddish-orange gem variety of zircon ORIGIN: Middle English : from Old French iacinte or medieval Latin iacinthus, alteration of Latin hyacinthus or Hyacinth(flower) merlin - noun. a small dark falcon that hunts small birds, found throughout most of Eurasia and much of North America jack - noun. a medieval leather coat worn as armor jacobin - noun. Politics. an extremist or radical in politics. jaconet - noun. a lightweight cotton cloth with a smooth and slightly stiff finish jacquard - noun. an apparatus with perforated cards, fitted to a loom to facilitate the weaving of figured and brocaded fabrics jactancy - adjective. boastfulness; vainglory jacitation - noun. a tossing, twitching, or jerking of the body; a false claim jactation - noun. throwing or boasting jaculation - the act of throwing or hurling jaculiferous - adjective. having arrow-like prickles jambiya - noun. a curved dagger with two edges janitrix - noun. a female janitor jade - noun. a pitiful horse; nag jaggery - noun. coarse and dark sugar jalouse - verb. to suspect; to be jealous of jebel - noun. Geography. a hill or mountain jaspe - noun. cotton or rayon cloth with a shaded effect jawhole - noun. a cesspool or sewer entrance jargonelle - noun. an early pear jejunator - noun. one who fasts jaunce - verb. to prance; to cause a horse to prance jasperated - adjective. mottled; streaked with various colors jactigation - noun. wagging; tremulous movement jargoon - adjective. brilliant pale or colorless zircon jazzetry - noun. poetry read to jazz accompaniment jecoral - adjective. of, like, or pertaining to the liver jellygraph - noun. an old device for copying that used a plate of jelly jemadar - an Indian police or customs officer jennet - noun. a small Spanish horse jeofall - noun. official or legal acknowledgment of a mistake jeremiad - noun. prolonged complaint; angry or cautionary harangue; lamentation jess - noun. a ringed strap tied to the leg of a falcon or hawk jetavator - control surface for deflecting rocket exhaust jibboom - noun. spar forming an extension of the bowspit jeton - noun. stamped metal token used in card-playing or reckoning accounts jettatura - noun. the evil eye jibe - verb. to change a ship's course to make the bow switch sides jigamaree - a thingamajig; a cunning manoeuvre jiggumbob - a thingamabob; a gadget; a whatsit; a gewgaw gewgaws - noun. a showy thing, esp. one that is useless or worthless jimswinger - noun. a frock coat jink - verb. to move quickly with several turns or kinks jinker - noun. a light horse drawn passenger carriage jitney - noun. a small passenger vehicles jobation - tedious scolding jobbernowl - a blockish or stupid head spinthariscope - noun. Physics. an instrument that shows the incidence of alpha particles by flashes on a fluorescent screen anaxiphillia - noun. the act of falling in love with the wrong person. anadipsia - noun. excessive thirst ligneous - adjective. made, consisting of, or resembling wood; woody ORIGIN: 17th cent. from Latin ligneous 'relating to wood' lignite - noun. a soft, brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable matter has proceeded further than in peat but not as far as in bituminous coal. Also called brown coal. Also: lignitic sabicu - noun. the wood of the sabicu which resembles mahogany. 2. small genus of tropical American trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and flat straight pods calambou - noun. A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac -- used by cabinet makers. agalloch - noun. the fragrant, resinous wood of an East Indian tree, Aquilaria agallocha, used as incense in the Orient. mottle - verb.(used with object) to mark or diversify with spots or blotches of a different color or shade. noun. a diversifying spot or blotch of color, mottled coloring or pattern ORIGIN: 1350-1400; Middle English; mote. mote ORIGIN: before 1000; Middle English, Old English mot speck; cognate with Dutch mot, grit, sawdust, Norwegian mutt speck friable - adjective. easily crumbled; frail, brittle rasp - verb. to file or scrape, with a coarse file having sharp projections. to grate on(nerves or feelings) quoin - noun. 1: an exterior angle of a wall or other piece of masonry. 2. any of the stones used in forming such an angle, often being of large size and dressed or arranged so as to form a decorative contrast with the adjoining wall. 3. A keystone. 4. Printing. a wedge-shaped bloke used to lock type in a chase badigeon - noun. [French] A cement or paste (as of plaster and freestone, or a of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers automysophobia - noun. a fear of being dirty, unclean, or smelling bad ORIGIN: auto 'self, one's own' + Greek mysos 'dirt' augean - adjective. resembling the Augean stables in filthiness or degradation. 2. difficult and unpleasant. ORIGIN: 1590-1600; < Latin auge (us) of Augeas  (Geek Augei (as) + -us adj. suffix sully - verb. poetic/literary or ironic. damage the purity of integrity of; defile. ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: perhaps from French souiller 'to soil.' frowzy - adjective. (aslo frowsy.frowzier. frowziest) scruffy and neglected in appearance. ORIGIN: late 17th. slovenly - adjective. (esp. of a person or their appearance) messy and dirty. (esp. of a person or action) careless; excessively casual trollop - noun. dated or humorous. a woman perceived as sexually disreputable or promiscuous. ORIGIN 17th cent.: perhaps related to TRULL. trull - noun. archaic. prostitute. slattern - noun. a slovenly, untidy woman or girl 2. a slut; harlot. borborygmus - noun. (pl. -mi) technical. a rumbling noise or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines. bruckle - verb. chiefly Scottish. easily broken or crumbled daglock - noun. a dirty or matted lock of fur, hair, or wool eschrolalia - noun. 1. meaningless repetition of another person's spoken words as a symptom of a psychiatric disorder. 2. Repetition of speech by a child learning to talk. Fouque - noun. Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron de la Motte. 1777-1843, German romantic writer; author of Undine 1811 fique - noun. a natural fibre that grows in the leaves of the fique plant, Furcraeae andina, a xerophytic monocot native to the Andes. froe - noun. frow frow - noun. a cleaving tool having a wedge-shaped blade, with a handle set at right angles to it, also froe. ORIGIN: 1615-25; earlier frower, perhaps a noun use of froward in literal sense "turned away. froward - adjective. willfully contrary; not easily managed ORIGIN: 1150-1200; Middle English froward, fraward. grotty - adjective. slang. apparently not akin to grody cruft - noun. an unpleasant substance. superfluous junk; excess halvans - noun. Mining. impure ore; dirty ore. manky - adjective. worthless, rotten, or in bad taste; filthy or bad ORIGIN: from Italian manacare 'to be lacking.' mussy - adjective. untidy, messy, or rumpled ORIGIN: 1855-60, Americanism; muss+ y muxy - adjective. soft; sticky, and dirty peasouper - noun. pea soup. 2. informal. fog; pea soup fog. reechy - adjective. smoky or sooty slovenly - adjective. untidy or unclean in appearance or habits sloven - noun. a person who is habitually negligent of neatness or cleanliness in dress, appearance, etc. smoterlich - adjective. dirty foul sump - noun. a pit, well, or the like in which water or other liquid is collected. 2. chiefly Brit. a swamp, bog, or muddy pool. crankcase - noun. (in an internal-combustion engine) the housing that encloses the crankshaft, connecting rods, and allied parts. tatterdemalion - noun. a person in tattered clothing; a shabby person. adjective. ragged; unkempt or dilapidated. tidemark - noun. the point that something or someone has reached, receded below, or risen above. bedaub - verb. (used with object) to smear all over; besmear; soil. 2. to ornament gaudily or excessively. ORIGIN: 1545-55; be- + daub 'to cover or coat with soft, adhesive matter, as plaster or mud'; to smear, apply, to daub something. verb (used with object) hovel - noun. a small, very humble dwelling house; a wretched hut. 2. any dirty, disorganized dwelling 3. an open shed, as for sheltering cattle or boots scut work - noun. informal. menial, routine work, as that done by an underling scut - noun. a short tail, especially that of a hare, rabbit, or deer. 2. slang. a worthless, contemptible person. boiler suit - noun. coveralls chafeweed - noun. a weedy, composite plant, Gnaphalium sylvaticum, of the North Temperate Zone, having wooly foliage and numerous, dirty-white flowerheads in leafy spike. clarty - adjective. dirty; esp. covered in mud coom - noun. chiefly Scot. and North England. soot; coal dust; smut. variant of culm. 2. grease from bearings, axles, etc. drabble (-ed, -ing) - verb. make or become wet and dirty guttersnipe - noun. a person belonging to or characteristic of the lowest social group in a city; a street urchin maculate - adjective. spotted; stained. archaic: defiled; impure ORIGIN: 1375-1425; late Middle English < Latin maculatus (past participle of maculare to spot, stain. miry - adjective. of the nature of the mire; swampy. covered or bespattered with mire. mysophilia - noun. Psychiatry. a pathological attraction to dirt or filth. plica - noun. zoology, anatomy. a fold or folding. qdos - operating system. Quick DOS. quick and dirty operating system. saur - a combining form used in the names of extinct reptiles, especially archosaurs, usually Anglicized forms of Latin taxonomic names: dinosaur, pterosaur. scutcheon - noun. zoology. a scute omorashi - a Japanese fetish subculture, in which participants experience sexual arousal from having a full bladder or a sexual attraction to someone else experiencing the feeling of a full urinary bladder. scute - noun. zoology. a large scale; a dermal bony plate, as on an armadillo, or a large horny plate, as on a turtle. ellinikon international airport - was the International Airport of Athens Greece for 60 years. cabal - noun. a small group of secret plotters, as against a government or person in authority. tetrad -  noun. a group of four; the number 4. bevy - noun. a group of birds, as larks or quail, or animals, as roebuck, in close association panicle - noun. Botany. any loose, diversely branching flower cluster fascicle - noun. a section of a book or set of books being published in installments as separate pamphlets or volumes; a small bundle, tight cluster, or the like 2. anatomy. a small bundle of nerve or muscle fibers. grapeshot - noun. a cluster of small cast-iron balls formerly used as a charge for a cannon. raceme - noun. Botany. a simple indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on short pedicels lying along a common axis, as in the lily of the valley. ORIGIN: 1775-85; Latin racemus 'cluster of grapes, bunch of berries.' anthotaxy - noun. Botany. the arrangement of flowers on a stem or parts of a flower. asterism - noun. astronomy. a group of stars, a constellation; three asterisks in a triforce printed to draw attention to a passage it precedes girandole - noun. a rotating and radiating firework; an ornate bracket for candelabra or the like, sometimes with a reflecting mirror at the back of the shelf 3. a brooch or earring consisting of a central ornament with usually three smaller ornaments hanging from it. glomerule - noun. Botany. a cyme condensed into a head-like cluster. cyme - noun. an inflorescence in which the primary axis bears a single central or terminal flower that blooms first. bract - noun. Botany. a specialized leaf or leaflike part, usually situated at the base of a flower or inflorescence. botryoid - adjective. Mineralogy. having the form of a bunch of grapes. hyades - noun. astronomy. (used with a plural verb) 1. a group of stars comprising a moving cluster in the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the approach of rain when they rose with the sun. 2. Classical Mythology. a group of nymphs and sisters of the Pleiades who nurtured the infant Dionysus and were placed among the stars as a reward. pinaster  - noun. a species of pyramid-shaped pine tree, growing in southern Europe and having clustered needles. swad - noun. a bunch; a thick bramble of plants tussock - noun. a tuft of growing grass or the like asterope - noun. Astronomy. a double star in the Pleiades (21K and 22L Pleiadum, of the 5.8 and 6.4 magnitude respectively), appearing as a single star of the 5.3 magnitude to the naked eye floret - noun. a smaller flower. guar - noun. a plant, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, of the legume family, grown as a forage crop and for its seeds, which produce a gum(guar gum) used as thickening agent and stabilizer in foods and pharmaceuticals and as sizing for paper and cloth. moly - noun. an herb given to Odysseus by Hermes to counteract the spells of Circe. molybdenum - noun. Chemistry. a silver-white metallic element, used as an alloy with iron in making hard, high-speed cutting tools. Symbol: Mo; atomic weight 95.94; atomic number 42; specific gravity: 10.2 uvelloid - noun. resembling a cluster of grapes whorl - noun. a circular arrangement of like parts, as leaves or flowers, around a point on an axis; vertical. umbel - noun. Botany. an inflorescence in which a number of flower stalks or pedicels, nearly equal to the length, spread from a common center. corymb - noun. Botany. a flower cluster whose lower stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head. aciniform - adjective. clustered like grapes. peduncle - noun. Botany. a flower stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower. the stalk bearing the fruiting body. fungi aldebaran - noun. Astronomy. the brightest star in the constellation Taurus. It is a binary system of which the main star is a red giant. ORIGIN: Arabic, 'the follower (of the Pleiades)" loess - noun. Geology. a loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment of which extensive deposits occur. pruinose - adjective. Botany. (of a surface, such as that of a grape) covered with white powdery granules; frosted in appearance. ORIGIN: early 19th cent. : from Latin pruinosus, from pruina 'hoarfrost'. lampblack - noun. a pigment made from soot briquet - noun. a block of compressed charcoal or coal dust used as fuel graywacke - noun. geology. a dark-gray coarse-grained wacke. wacke - noun. a poorly sorted sandstone containing fragments of rock and minerals in a clayey matrix hoary - adjective. grayish-white; old and trite brindled - noun. a brownish or tawny color of animal fur, with streaks of other color; speckled, flecked, spotted, streaked. blae - adjective. Scot and North England. bluish-black; blue-gray. ORIGIN: 1150-1200; Middle English (north) bla < Old Norse bla- blackish blue; blue. fuscous - adjective. technical or poetic/literary. dark and somber in color. cinereous - adjective. in the state of or reduced state of ashes; resembling ashes, ashen; ash-colored; grayish ORIGIN: 1655-65; < Latin cinereus, equivalent to ciner- 'stem of ashes' , ashes. trona - noun. a gray mineral that occurs as an evaporite in salt deposits and consists of a hydrated carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium. sot - noun. a habitual drunkard ORIGIN: late Old English sott [foolish person] , Latin sottus , reinforced by Old French sot 'foolish.' The current sense of the noun dates from the late 16th century. stotious - adjective. Irish. drunk; inebriated souse - verb. soak in or drench with liquid. informal. drunk. nimptopsical - adjective. drunk. rummy - noun. a card game; rum, as in rum drink. squiffy - adjective. informal. chiefly Brit. slightly drunk. crocked - adjective. informal. drunk. maudlin - adjective. self-pitying or tearfully sentimental, often through drunkenness. sorbile - adjective. to suck in, to drink down. Fit to be drunk or sipped. dipsomaniac - noun. alcoholism, specifically, in a form characterized by intermittent bouts of craving for alcohol. ORIGIN: Greek, dipso 'thirst' + maniac 'mania' tiddly - adjective. slightly drunk. besotted - adjective. strongly infatuated. archaic. intoxicated; drunk. fuddle - verb. archaic. go drinking on a bout;  confuse or stupefy(someone) esp. with alcohol half seas over - adjective. chiefly Brit. informal or dated. fairly drunk. slew - verb. (of a vehicle or person) turn or slide violently or uncontrollably in a particular direction 2. noun. a violent or uncontrollable sliding movement. bacchic - adjective. [lowercase] riotously or jovially intoxicated; drunken OR  of, pertaining to, or honoring Bacchus carouse - verb. drink plentiful amounts of alcohol and enjoy oneself with others in a noisy, lively way. fap - adjective or noun. Late 16th cent. drunk fou - adjective. Scottish. drunk. oenophilia - noun. a person who enjoys wines, usually as a connoisseur tipple -  verb. to drink intoxicating liquor, especially habitually or to some excess; intoxicating liquor. hidrosis - noun. Medicine. sweating ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Greek hidr0sis, from hidros 'sweat' sudor - noun. sweat. ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: Latin sudorifer, 'sweat' diaphoresis - noun. technical. sweating especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug ORIGIN: via late Latin from Greek from diaphorein 'carry off, sweat out,' from dia 'through' + phorein 'carry' drudgery - noun. hard, menial, or dull work: domestic drudgery swither - noun. a shunting engine. 2. a device used to select or combine different video and audio signals. travail - noun. painful or laborious effort. verb. engage in painful or laborious effort. sudoriferous - adjective. (of a gland) secreting sweat. sudorific - adjective. relating to or causing sweating bromidrosis - noun. the bacterial breakdown of sweat and cellular debris resulting in a foul odor. ORIGIN: Greek bromos 'stench', hidros 'sweat' syringadenous - adjective. of or relating to sweat glands exocrine gland - an exocrine gland is distinguished by the fact that it excretes its essential products by way of a duct to some environmental external to itself, be it either inside the body or on a surface of the body. Examples include: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas, and liver. osmidrosis - noun. body odor. salient - adjective. 1. most noticeable or important. prominent; conspicuous.1. [postpositive] Heraldry. (of an animal) standing on its hind legs with the forepaws raised, as if leaping. heraldry - noun. the system by which the coats of arms and other armorial bearings are devised, described, and regulated. pruritic - noun. Medicine. severe itching of the skin, as a symptom of various ailments. detrition - noun. rare. the action of wearing away by friction muck sweat - noun. informal. a state of perspiring profusely. sudatorium - in architecture, a sudatorium is a vaulted sweating room, of the Roman baths or thermae. The Roman architectural writer Vitruvius refers to it as a concamerata sudatio. sudatory - noun. a sauna supererogation - noun. the performance of more work than duty requires swate - noun. sweat xeroderma - noun. excessive or abnormal dryness of the skin, as in ichthyosis. ichthyosis - noun. a congenital, often hereditary skin disease marked by dry, thickened, scaly skin. miliaria - noun. heat rash gaum - noun. to stare vacantly or handle in a clumsy matter sudarium - noun. another word for sudatorium or sweat lodge; sauna. diaphoretic - adjective. producing or increasing perspiration eccrine - Merocrine. is a term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology. A cell is classified as merocrine if the secretions of that cell are excreted via exocytosis from a secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct of ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen. hydrophobia - noun. extreme or irrational fear of water, esp. as a symptom of rabies in humans. 2. Rabies in humans. forswat - adjective. spent with heat; covered with sweat. lysozyme - noun. an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria, occurring notably in tears and egg whites. muramidase - a lysozme. an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria. osmidrosiphobia - noun. a feat of body odour popanoic acid - a liquid fatty acid found in milk and sweat and in fuel distillates. propionic acid - noun. a colorless pungent liquid organic acid. C2H5COOH, produced in some forms of fermentation and used for inhibiting. stumer - something bogus or fraudulent. copal - is a name given to tree resin that is particularly identified with the aromatic resins used by the cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica as ceremonially burned incense and other purposes. More generally, the term copal describes resinous substances in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between "gummier" resins and amber. The word copal is derived from the Nahauatl language word copalli, meaning 'incense.' sluice - from the Dutch word 'sluis' is a water channel controlled at its head by a gate. A Millrace, leet, flume, penstock or lade is a sluice channeling water toward a water mill. The terms sluice, sluice gate, knife gate, and slide gate are used interchangeably in the water and wastewater control industry. flume - a man made channel for water leet - noun. historical. (in England) a yearly or half-yearly court of record that the lords of certain manors. the Jurisdiction of the court. 2. a manmade channel for water penstock - a gate or intake structure that controls water flow. lade - verb. archaic. load(a ship or other vessel); ship(goods) or cargo) intrans. take on cargo ORIGIN: Old English hladan, of the West Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German laden 'to load', also Ladle and perhaps Lathe bilge - noun. the area on the outer surface of a ship's hull where the bottom verb. archaic. break a hole in the bilge of a ship ORIGIN: 15th cent. probably a variant of bulge. catchment - noun. the action of collecting water, esp. the collection of rainfall over a drainage area naiad - noun. in classical mythology. a water nymph. the aquatic larva undine - noun. a female spirit or nymph inhabiting water sudamen - noun. medicine. a skin disease in which sweat accumulates under the superficial horny layers of the epidermis to form small, clear, transparent vesicles. transude - verb. an edematous fluid that collects in the body's cavities as a result of disturbances in the circulation of blood or in flow of lymph(such as ascites, or abdominal dropsy, in cases of cardiac insufficiency or cirrhosis of the liver) edema(formerly known as dropsy) - is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, which are locations beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. It is clinically shows as swelling. Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis, and increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause edema. cirrhosis - is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules(lumps that occur as a result of a process in which the damaged tissue is regenerated, leading to a loss of liver function. Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and fatty liver disease, but has many other possible causes. Some cases are idiopathic(i.e. of no cause). prickly heat - noun. an itchy inflammation of the skin, typically with a rash of small vesicles, common in hot moist weather. Also called Miliaria Miliaria rubra - proper noun. a heat rash, is a skin condition that appears to discrete extremely pruritic, erythematous papulovesicles  accompanied by a sensation of prickling, burning, or tingling. Differential diagnosis should be used to rule out polycythemia vera, which is a rare hematological disorder and appears more often in males than females, and generally not before the age of 40. Both disorders share the common denominator of appearing after taking a hot shower. polycythemia vera (PV, PCV) - also known as erythremia primary polycythemia and polycythemia rubra vera is a myeloproliferative myeloproliferative diseases(MPDs) or myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) - are a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced. They are related to, and may evolve into, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, although the myeloproliferative diseases on the whole have a much better prognosis than these conditions. The concept of myeloproliferative disease was first proposed in 1951 by the eminent hematologist William Dameshek. In the most recent World Health Organization classification of Hematologic malignancies, this group of diseases was renamed from "myeloproliferative diseases" to "myeloproliferative neoplasms". This reflects the underlying clonal genetic changes that are a salient feature of this group of diseases. erythematous - noun. Medicine. superficial reddening of the skin, usually in patches, as a result of injury or irritation causing dilatation of the blood capillaries ORIGIN: 18th cent.: from Greek eruthema, from eruthainein 'be red,' from eruthros 'red' frontlet - noun. an ornamental piece of cloth hanging over the upper part of an altar frontal; dated. a decorative band or ornament worn on the forehead metopic - noun. of or pertaining to the forehead sinciput - noun. Anatomy. the front of the skull from the forehead to the crown frisette - noun. a fringe of curled, often artificial hair. linnet - noun. a mainly brown and gray finch with a reddish breast and forehead bausond - noun. Zoology. having white spots on a black or bay background bay - adjective. Zoology. of a horse, brown with black points nasion - noun. Craniometry. the intersection of the internasal forelock - noun. a lock of hair growing just above the forehad kowtow - verb. historical. to kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom. phylactery - noun. a small leather box containing Hebrew texts on vellum, worn by Jewish men at morning prayer as a reminder to keep the law. capuchin - noun. a friar belonging to a branch of the Franciscan order that observes a strict rule drawn up in 1529; a cloak and hood formerly worn by women; A South American monkey with a cap of hair on the head that has the appearance of a cowl; also, a pigeon of a breed with head and neck feathers resembling a cowl crinion - noun. point where the hairline meets the midpoint of the forehead. cymbiform - adjective. boat-shaped; describing pollen with a single linear pore glabella - noun. the smooth part of the forehead above and between the eyebrows lour - verb. lower; set lower cosmocracy - noun. rule of the whole world uranology - the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole panentheism - noun. the belief that the world is a part of God. omega particle - noun. a subatomic particle in the baryon family having a mass 3,272 times that of the electron, containing neither up nor down quarks. pancosmism  - noun. a belief that nothing exists beyond the material universe. pancosmic - adjective. pertaining to pancosmism, or to the universe in its entirety. pancratic - adjective. athletic; pertaining to or having ability in all matters. pandiculation - noun. stretching and yawning pangram - noun. a sentence containing all 26 letters of the alphabet. pangrammatist - noun. a person that composes sentences using all 26 letters of the alphabet. panorpid - noun. scorpion fly pantoglot - noun. a speaker of all languages pantomorphic - adjective. taking on all shapes paracoita - noun. a female sexual partner paracoitus - noun. a male sexual partner a corps perdu - phrase. 'with lost body'; impetuously, in desperation a fond - phrase. 'to the bottom'; thoroughly a mensa et thoro - phrase. 'from table to bed'; applied to judicial separation of husband and wife a outrance - phrase. 'to the utmost'; to the death ab initio - phrase. from the beginning; from the very start or outset ab irato - phrase. from an angry man: hence, not to be taken too seriously abderian - adjective. pertaining to foolish or excessive laughter ablutomania - noun. a mania for washing oneself acalculia - noun. the inability to work with numbers acephalist - noun. the balky maverick who acknowledges no head or superior authority abscission - noun. botany. the natural detachment of parts of a plant, typically dead leaves and ripe fruit.: any act of cutting off. ORIGIN: early 17th cent.: from Latin abscissio(n-), from abscindere, from ab- 'off, away' + scindere 'to cut.' acarpous - adjective. botany. not yielding fruit accismus - noun. rhetorical device of pretending to refuse accolent - adjective. neighboring accubation - noun. act or state of reclining at a table aceldama - noun. field or scene of bloodshed acerose - adjective. pertaining to the needle acervate - adjective. botany. growing in heaps or clusters acerous - adjective. without horns or antennae acescent - adjective. becoming, or tending to be, sour acherontic - adjective. dark, gloomy, forbidding acholous - adjective. lacking bile achor - noun. medicine. archaic. eruption on the scalp acronychal - adjective. occurring at nightfall achroous - adjective. colorless acidulous - adjective. sharp or sour in taste or manner, acidulate. acor - noun. medicine. stomach acidity acouasm - noun. a ringing sound in the head acraein - noun. foul-tasting butterfly's juice acrasy - noun. anarchy, disorder acroatic - adjective. pertaining to profound knowledge acrolith - noun. a statue with a wooden trunk and stone head and extremities. acrophony - noun. The use of a word starting with a letter of the alphabet the same as the name of the letter. acushla - noun. term of address: darling. acyrology - noun. incorrect diction ad captandum - phrase. 'to capture' the affection or suit the taste (of the crowd) ad hunc vocem - phrase. 'to this word' ad hunc locum - phrase. law. 'at this place'; on this passage ad libitum - adj. 'at one's pleasure'; as much or long as desired ad misericordiam - phrase. to compassion; appealing to a sense of pity or mercy; asking compassion ad rem - phrase. pertinent to the matter ad unguem - phrase. to the fingernail; with great precision ad valorem - adjective. in proportion to value, especially of import duties of a percentage of the value of the imports ad verbum - phrase. to the word: word for word; literally; verbatim adaxial - on, beside, or turned towards, axis of an organ, organism, or plant. adient - adjective. tending to expose an organism to, or turn it towards, a stimulus or situation adipescent - adjective. becoming fatty adipic - adjective. chemistry. pertaining to fatty or greasy substances adipsy - noun. lack of thirst. quenching thirst adit - noun. entrance, especially horizontal passage into a mine adjectitious - adjective. added, thrown in Pelagic zone - Any water in a sea or lake that is neither close to the bottom nor near the shore can be said to be in the pelagic zone. The word pelagic comes from the Ancient Greek pelages "open sea". The pelagic zone can be though of in terms of an imaginary cylinder or water column that goes from the surface of the sea almost to the bottom. Conditions change deeper down the water column; the pressure increases, the temperature drops and there is less light. Depending on the depth, the water column, rather like the Earth's atmosphere can be divided into different layers. Depth and Layers Depending on how deep the sea is, the pelagic zone can extend over up to five horizontal layers in the ocean. From top down, these are: Epipelagic(sunlit) - From the surface  (MSL or mean sea level) down to around 200 m (650 ft) the illuminated zone at the surface of the sea where there is enough light for photosynthesis. Nearly all primary production in the ocean occurs here. Consequently plants and animals are largely concentrated in this zone. Mesopelagic(twilight) - From 200 meters down to around 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). The name for this zone stems from the Ancient Greek: meson, "middle". Although some light penetrates this second later, it is insufficient for photosynthesis. At about 500 m the water also becomes depleted of oxygen. Still, life copes, with gills that are more efficient or by minimizing movement. Bathypelagic(twilight)- From 1,000 m down to around 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The name stems from the Ancient Greek bathes, "deep". At this depth the ocean is pitch black, apart from occasional bioluminescent organisms, such as lanternfish. There is no living plant life. Most animals living here survive by consuming the detritus falling from the zones above, which is know as "marine snow", or like the marine hatchetfish, by preying on other inhabitants of this zone. Abyssopelagic(lower midnight) - From 4,000 m down to above the ocean floor. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek: abysso, "bottomless" (a holdover from the times when the deep ocean, or abyss, was believed to be bottomless). Very few creatures are sufficiently adapted to surviving in the cold temperatures, high pressures, and complete darkness of this depth. Among the species found in this zone are several species of squid; echinoderms including the basket star, swimming cucumber, and the sea pig; and rain arthropods including the sea spider. Many of the species living at these depths have adapted to be transparent and eyeless as a result of the total lack of light in this zone. Hadopelagic - The deep water in ocean trenches. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek: Haides, "Hades", the classical Greek underworld. This zone is mostly unknown, and very few species are known to live here (in the open areas). However, many organisms live in hydrothermal vents in this and other zones. Some define the hadopelagic as waters below 6,000 m (19,685 ft), whether in a trench or not. The bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, and hadopelagic zones are very similar in character, and some marine biologists combine them into a single zone or consider the latter two to be the same. The abyssal plain is covered with soft sludge composed of dead organisms from above. benthos - noun. Ecology. the flora and fauna found on the bottom, or in the bottom sediments, of a sea, lake or other body of water. ORIGIN: late 19th cent: from Greek, 'depth of the sea'. vitrify - verb. convert(something) into glass or a glasslike substance, typically by exposure to heat flit - noun. the mixture of silica and fluxes that is fused at high temperatures to make glass. - a similar calcined and pulverized mixture used to make soft-paste porcelain or ceramic glazes. make into fit. fulgurite - noun. Geology material formed of sand or other sediment fused by lightning Spanish broom - noun. a Mediterranean broom with fragrant yellow flowers and almost leafless stems that were formerly used in basketry. rabbet - noun. a step-shaped recess cut along the edge or in the face of a piece of wood, typically forming a match to the edge or tongue of another piece. : [as adj.] a rabbet joint. verb. (-bet-ed, -bet-ing) make a rabbet in, trans. join or fix (a piece of wood to another with a rabbet) cullet - noun. recycled broken or waste glass used in glassmaking vitrescent - adjective. capable of or susceptible to being turned into glass carboy - noun. a large globular plastic bottle with a narrow neck, typically protected by a frame and used for holding acids or other corrosive liquids devitrify - verb. (-fies, -fied) [intrans.] (of glass or vitreous rock) become hard, opaque, and crystalline. - [trans.] make hard, opaque, and crystalline cheval-de-frise - noun. 1. a portable obstacle, consisting of a wooden frame covered with spikes or barbed wire, used by the military to close off a passage or block enemy advancement. 2. shards of glass or spikes set into masonry along the top of a wall Geissler tube - noun. a sealed tube of glass or quartz with a central constriction, filled with vapor for the production of a luminous electrical discharge. bugloss - noun. a bristly plant of the borage family, with bright blue flowers. Anchusa, Lycopsis, and other genera, family Boraginaceae: several species, including the small bugloss and the widespread viper's bugloss. ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Old French buglosse or Latin buglossus, from Greek bouglossos 'ox-tongued,' from bous 'ox' + glossa 'tongue' perlite - noun. a form of obsidian characterized by spherulites formed by cracking for the volcanic glass during cooling, used as insulation or in plant growth media calx - noun. a powdery metallic oxide formed when an ore or mineral has been heated. actinism - adjective. (of light or lightning) able to cause photochemical reactions, as in photography, through having a significant short wavelength or ultraviolet component.- relating to or caused by such light spalt - adjective. (of wood) containing blackish irregular lines as a result of a fungal decay, and sometimes used to produce a decorative surface swizzle - noun. a mixed alcoholic drink, esp. a frothy one of rum or gin and bitters Prince Rupert's Drops, also Rupert's Balls or Dutch Tears - noun. glass objects created by dripping molten glass into cold water. The glass cools into a tadpole-shaped droplet with a long thin tail. The water rapidly cools the molten glass on the outside of the drop, while the inner portion of the drop remains significantly hotter. When the glass on the inside eventually cools, t contracts inside the already solid outer part. This contraction sets up very large compressive stresses on the exterior, while the core of the drop is in a state of tensile stress. The very high residual stress within the drop gives rise to unusual qualities, such as the ability to withstand a blow from a hammer on the bulbous end without breaking, while the drop will disintegrate explosively if the tail is even slightly damaged. soda lime - noun. a mixture of calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide Kristallnact - the occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against the Jews and their property on the night of November 9-10, 1938 ORIGIN: German, literally 'night of crystal', referring to the broken glass produced by the smashing of store windows potsherd - noun. a broken piece of ceramic material, esp. one found on an archaeological site. Rabat - proper noun. the capital of Morocco, an industrial port on the Atlantic coast; pop. 1,220,000. It was founded as a military fort in the 12th century by the Almohads. Almohad - noun. (pl. -hads) a member of a Berber Muslim movement an vitriol - noun. archaic or poetic/literary. sulfuric acid. - figurative. cruel and bitter criticism. fury and vitriol. aglet - noun. a metal or plastic tube fixed tightly around each end of a shoelace. caldera - noun. a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano. caldaria, latin, "cooking pot" , Tenerife - a volcanic island in the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of the Canary Islands; pop 771,000; capital, Santa Cruz toponymy - noun. the study of place names demonic  - noun. also, gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality. Although not always derived from the name of the locality. The name for a resident of Britain is Briton, and the demonic for a resident of Turkey is Turk. Yet the most common demonic is for the people of the Netherlands, Dutch. Though Netherlander is also used. orography - noun. the branch of physical geography dealing with mountains gregarious - adjective. (of a person) fond of company; sociable: he was a popular and sociable man. (of animals) living in flocks or loosely organized communities: gregarious species forage in flocks from colonies or roosts. (of plants) growing in open clusters or in pure associations. ORIGIN: mid 17th century.: from Latin gregarious (from grex, greg-'a flock') + OUS. Herd behavior - Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. The term pertains to the behavior of animals in herds, flocks, and schools, and to human conduct during activities such as stock market bubbles and crashes, street demonstrations, riots, and general strikes, sporting events, religious gatherings, episodes of mob violence and everyday decision making, judgement, and opinion-forming. Raafat, Chater, and Frith proposed an integrated approach to herding, describing two key issues, the mechanisms of transmission of thoughts or behavior between individuals and the patterns of connections between them. They suggested that bringing together diverse theoretical approaches of herding behavior illuminates the applicability of the concept to many domains ranging from cognitive neuroscience to economics. Herd Behavior in Animals A group of animals fleeing from a predator shows the nature of herd behavior. In 1971, in the oft cited article "Geometry For The Selfish Herd," evolutionary biologist W.D. Hamilton asserted that each individual group member reduces the danger to itself by moving as close as possible to the center of the fleeing group. Thus the herd appears as a unit in moving together, but its function emerges from the uncoordinated behavior of self-serving individuals. Buridan's ass - noun. theory. an illustration of a paradox in philosophy in the conception of free well. It refers to a hypothetical situation wherein an ass that is equally hungry and thirsty is placed precisely between a stack of hay and a pail of water. Since the paradox assumes the ass will always go to whichever is closer, it will die of both under and thirst since it cannot make any rational decision to choose one over the other. The paradox is named after the 14th century French philosopher Jean Buridan, whose philosophy of moral determinism it satirizes. A common variant of the paradox substitutes two identical piles of hay for the hay and water; the ass, unable to choose between the two, dies of hunger. Selfish Herd Theory - The Selfish herd theory states that individuals within a population attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other conspecifics between themselves and predators. Such behavior inevitably results in aggregations. The theory was proposed by W.D. Hamilton in 1971 in an attempt to explain the gregarious behavior witnessed by a variety of animals. It contrasted the popular hypothesis that evolution of such social behavior was based on mutual benefits of a population. The basic principle governing the Selfish Herd Theory is that in aggregations, predation risk is greets on the periphery and decreases toward the center. More dominant animals within the population are supposed to obtain low-risk central positions, whereas, subordinate animals will be forced into higher risk positions. Many researches used this idea to explain why population at higher predation risks often form larger, more compact groups. It also may explain why these aggregations are often sorted by phenotypic characteristics such as strength. Phenotype - noun. Biology. the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. ORIGIN: sense 1 from French 'pheynl,' from Greek phaino- 'shining'; both senses from Greek phainein 'to show' benzene - noun. a colorless volatile liquid hydrocarbon present in coal tar and petroleum, used in chemical synthesis. Its use as a solvent has been reduced because of its carcinogenic properties. Chem. formula. C6H6 salano - the local name for an eastern wind in Spain. It is also used for hot suffocating winds of any origin in Burgos and the Basque Country. Voronoi diagram - In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a way of dividing space into a number of regions. A set of points (called seeds, sites, or generators) is specified beforehand and for each seed there will be a corresponding region consisting of all points closer to that seed than to any other. The regions are called Voronoi cells. It is dual to the Delaunay triangulation. It is named after Georgy Voronoi, and is also called a Voronoi tessellation, a Voronoi decomposition, or a Dirichlet tessellation(after Lejeune Dirichlet). Voronoi diagrams can be found in a large number of fields in science and technology, even in art, and they have found numerous practical and theoretical applications. Delaunay triangulation - In mathematics and computational geometry, a Delaunay triangulation for a  set of P of points in a plane is a triangulation DT( P) such that no point in P is inside the circumscircles of any triangle in DT( P). Delaunay triangulations maximize the minimum angle of all the angles of the triangles in the triangulation; they tend to avoid skinny triangles. The triangulation is named after Boris Delaunay for his work on this topic from 1934. Moroni - proper noun. the capital of Comoros, on the island of Grande Comore; pop. 22,000 aggregate - noun. 1 a whole formed by combining several (typically disparate) elements: his love life was combined of three aggregate women. - the total number of points scored by a player or team in a series of sporting contests. 2 a material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles. adjective. formed or calculated by the combination of many separate units or items; total : the aggregate amount of poems written. Botany. (of a group of species) comprising several very similar species formerly regarded as a single species. Economics. denoting the total supply or demand for goods and services in an economy at a  particular time: aggregate demand\aggregate supply. verb. form or group into a class or cluster: [intrans.] the butterflies aggregate in dense groups. ORIGIN: late Middle English: from Latin aggregat- 'herded together,' from the verb aggregate, from ad- 'toward' + grex, greg- 'a flock.' massif - non. a compact group of mountains, esp. one that is separate from other groups. ORIGIN: early 16th cent. (denoting a large building): French adjective meaning 'massive,' used as a noun. Gallotia - noun. the genus of lacertids(wall lizards) of the Canary Islands. This genus consists of a group that has been evolving there ever since the first islands emerged from the sea over 20 million years ago. The endemic species and subspecies of this group have a number of characteristics that make them quite special within their family (Lacertidae); their only close relatives are the sandrunner lizards (Psammodromus) of the western Mediterranean region. Gallotia are characteristic for eating significant quantities of plants, and for several lineages having evolved from insular gigantism. Insular gigantism - noun. theory. Island gigantism or insular giantism us a biological phenomenon in which the size of animals isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to their mainland relatives. Island gigantism is one aspect of the more general, "island rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies. With the arrival of humans and associated predators (dogs, cats, rats, pigs) many giant island endemics have become extinct. Possible Causes of island gigantism Large mammalian carnivores are often absent on islands, due to insufficient range or difficulties in over-water dispersal. In their absence, the ecological niches for large predators may be occupied by birds or reptiles, which can then grow to larger-than-normal size. For example, on prehistoric Gargano Island in the Miocene-Pliocene Mediterranean, on islands in the Caribbean like Cuba, and on Madagascar and New Zealand, some or all apex predators were birds like eagles, falcons, and owls, including some of the largest known examples of these groups. However, birds and reptiles generally make less efficient large predators than advanced carnivorans. Since small size usually makes it easier for herbivores to escape or hide from predators, the decreased predation pressure on islands can allow them to grow larger. Small herbivores may also benefit from the absence of competition from missing types of large herbivores. Thus, island gigantism is usually an evolutionary trend resulting from the removal of constraints on the size of small animals related to predation and/or competition. Such constraints can operate differently depending on the size of the animal, however; for example, while small herbivores may escape predation by hiding, large herbivores may deter predators by intimidation. As a result, the complementary phenomenon of island dwarfism can also result from the removal of constraints related to predation and/or competition on the size of large herbivores. In contrast, insular dwarfism among predators more commonly results from the imposition of constraints associated with the limited prey resources available on islands. As opposed to island dwarfism, island gigantism is found in most major vertebrate groups and in invertebrates. A further means of establishing island gigantism may be a founder effect operative when larger members of a mainland population are superior in their ability to colonize islands. Optimal foraging theory - Optimal foraging theory is an idea in ecology based on the study of foraging behavior and states that organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time. In other words, they behave in such a way as to find, capture and consume food containing the most calories while expending the least amount of time possible in doing so. The Functional Classes of Predators Optimal foraging theory uses predators as the object of analysis. There are four functional classes of predators: -True predators attack large numbers of their prey throughout their life. They kill their prey immediately, or shortly after the attack. They may eat all or only part of their prey. True predators include tigers, lions, plankton-eating whales, seed-eating birds, ants, and humans. -Grazers attack large numbers of their prey throughout their lifetime and eat only a portion of their prey. They harm the prey, but rarely kill it. Grazers include locusts, leeches, and mosquitos. -Parasites, like grazers, eat only a part of their prey(host) but rarely the entire organism, and spend all or a large portion of their life cycle living in/on a single host. This much more intimate relationship is typical of tapeworms, liver flukes, and plant parasites such as the potato blight. -Parasitoids are mainly typical of wasps(order Hymenoptera), and some flies(order Diptera). Eggs are laid inside the larvae of other arthropods which hatch and consume the host from the inside, killing it. This intimate predator-host relationship is typical of about 10% of all insects. Many viruses that attack single-celled organisms (such as bacteriophage) are also parasitoids, in that they reproduce inside a single host that is inevitably killed by the association. Basic Variables of OFT The OFT attempts to explain predator behavior since no predator eats everything available. This is typically due to habitat and size constraints, but even within habitats, predators eat only a proportion of what is available. E is the amount of energy(calories) from a prey item. h is the handling time, which includes capture, killing, eating, and digesting. h starts once the prey has been spotted. E/h is therefore the profitability of the prey item. Miocene - adjective. of, relating to, or denoting the fourth epoch of the Tertiary period, between the Oligocene and Pliocene epochs. (the Miocene) the Miocene epoch or the system of rocks deposited during it. The Miocene Epoch lasted from 23.3 million to 5.2 million years ago. During this time, the Alps and Himalayas were being formed and there was diversification of the primates, including first apes. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.332 million years ago. The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words meaning "less," and "new" and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene Epoch. The Miocene is the first epoch of the Neogene Period. Pliocene - adjective. Geology. of, relating to, or denoting the last epoch of the Tertiary period, between the Miocene and Pleistocene epochs. (the Pliocene) the Pliocene epoch or the system of rocks deposited during it. Lagomorpha - Zoology. an order of mammals that comprises the hares, rabbits, and pikas. They are distinguished by the possession of double incisor teeth, and were formerly placed with the rodents. The two living families: the Leporidae(hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae(pikas). The name of the order is derived from the Greek ,lagos, "hare" and morphe "form." Foster's Rule - Foster's Rule also known as "island rule," is a principle in evolutionary biology stating that members of a species get smaller or bigger depending on the resources available in the environment. This is the core of the study of island biogeography. For example, it is known that pygmy mammoths evolved from normal mammoths on small islands. Similar evolutionary paths have been observed in elephants, hippopotamuses, boas, deer, and humans. Bergmann's Rule - an ecogeographic principle that states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions. Although originally formulated in terms of species within a genus, it has often been recast in terms of populations within a species. It is also often cast in terms of latitude. The rule is named after a nineteenth-century German biologist, Carl Bergmann, who among the first to describe the pattern in 1847. Bergmann's rule is most often applied to mammals and birds which are endotherms, but some researchers have also found evidence for the rule in studies of ectothermic species such as the ant Leptothorax acervorum(red ant). While Bergmann's rule appears to hold true for many mammals and birds, there are exceptions. Endotherm - An endotherm (Greek: endon = "within", theorem = "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by use of a heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat. Such internally generated heat is mainly an incidental product of the animal's routine metabolism, but under conditions of excessive cold or low activity an endotherm might apply special mechanisms adapted specifically to heat production. Examples include special-function muscular exertion such as shivering, and uncoupled oxidative metabolism such as within brown adipose tissue. brown adipose tissue - Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat is one of two types of fat or adipose tissue (the other being white adipose tissue) found in mammals. It is especially abundant in newborns and in hibernating mammals. Its primary function is to generate body heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver. In contrast to white adipocytes (fat cells), which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a much higher number of (iron containing) mitochondria, which make it brown. Brown fat also contains more capillaries than white fat, since it has a greater need for oxygen than most tissues. Biochemistry The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell utilize fuels to produce energy(in the form of ATP). This process involves storing energy as a proton gradient, also known as the proton motive force(PMF), across the mitochondrial inner membrane. This energy is used to synthesize ATP when the protons flow across the membrane (down their concentration gradient) through the ATP synthase enzyme; this is known as chemiosmosis (the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient). In warm-blooded animals, body heat is maintained by signaling the mitochondria to allow protons to run back along the gradient without producing ATP. This can occur since an alternative return route for the protons exists through an uncoupling protein in the inner membrane. This protein, known as uncoupling protein 1 (thermogenin), facilitates the return of the protons after they have been actively pumped out of the mitochondria by the electron transport chain. This alternative route for protons uncouples oxidative phophorylation(OXPHOS, is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphote) and the energy in the PMF is instead released as heat. To some degree, all cells of endotherms give off heat, especially when body temperature is below a regulatory threshold. However, brown adipose tissue is highly specialized for this non-shivering thermogenesis. First, each cell has a higher number of mitochondria compared to more typical cells. Second, these mitochondria have a higher-than-normal concentration of thermogenin in the inner membrane eclosion - verb. [intrans.] Entomology. (of an insect) emerge as an adult from the pupa or as a larva from the egg. abele - noun. a white poplar tree abasement - verb. behave in a way so as to belittle or degrade (someone) abaft - adverb. Nautical. in or behind the stern of a ship. abditive - adjective. having the quality of hiding aberuncators - noun. a large tool for pruning tall branches abscind - to pare, reduce, cut off or away abscond - verb. leave hurriedly and secretly, typically to avoid detection aeolistic - long winded advesperate - darken; or become late aeolian - adjective. poetic/literary. characterized by a sighing or moaning sound as if produced by the wind. aerolith - a stone that falls from the sky; meteorite. aeviternal - everlasting; endless. zelkova - noun. an Asian tree of the elm family, often cultivated as an ornamental for its timber, or as a bonsai tree. afflated- inspired. agromania - intense desire to be in open spaces agrypnia - insomnia ahuli - with sails furred and helm lashed to the lee-side aiger - tidal wave occurring in rivers allision - intentional collision of two ships altricial - adjective. (of a young bird or other animal) hatched or born in an undeveloped state requiring care and feeding by the parents ALSO NIDICOLOUS. Often contrasted with PRECOCIAL. amidship - adverb. adjective. in the middle of a ship alopecoid - of or resembling a fox amrita - noun. a syrup considered divine by Sikhs, Hindu ambrosia bestowing immortality ancon - noun. elbow anthophilous - loving or frequenting flowers anurous - tallness apodysophilia  - feverish desire to undress chunter - speak in a soft voice, mumble sirocco - noun. a hot wind often dusty or rainy, blowing from North Africa across the Mediterranean to southern Europe hypocaust - noun. a hollow space under the floor of an ancient Roman building, into which hot air was sent for heating  a room or a bath palaver - noun. prolonged and idle discussion. an hour of aimless palaver fug - noun. a warm stuffy or smoky atmosphere in a room. the cozy fugue of the music halls. simoom - noun. a hot, dry, dust-laden wind blowing in the desert, esp. in Arabia. ORIGIN: from Arabic samma 'to poison' chinook - noun. (also chinook wind) a warm dry wind that blows down the east side of the Rocky Mountains at the end of winter. khamsin - noun. an oppressive, hot southerly or southeasterly wind blowing in Egypt in spring. ORIGIN: late 17th cent.: from Arabic kamsin, from kamsun 'fifty' (being the approx. duration in days) ghibli - noun. Arabic. a hot wind from the Sahara desert. Harmattan - a dry and dusty West African trade wind. It blows south from the Sahara into the Gulf of Guinea between the end of November and the middle of March. Brickfielder - a hot and dry wind in the desert of Southern Australia that occurs in the summer season. badinage - playful repartee or banter bailment - noun. Law. delivery of goods in trust balbutier - verb. to stammer; to stutter baiseman - noun. a kiss on the hand balbriggan - knitted cotton fabric baragouin - any jargon or unintelligible language maenad - noun. (in ancient Greece) a female follower of Bacchus, traditionally associated with divine possession and frenzied rites. basiation - kissing phlegmatic - adjective. (of a person) having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition. commove - verb. move violently; agitate or excite corybantic - adjective. wild frenzied tizzy - noun. a state of nervous excitement or agitation. he got into a tizzy and was talking absolute nonsense. het up - adjective. angry and agitated. her husband got all het up about something. pother - noun. a commotion or fuss. don' t make such a pother. salacious - adjective. (of writing, pictures, or talk) treating sexual matters in an indecent way and typically conveying undue interest in or enjoyment of the subject: salacious stories. lustful; lecherous ORIGIN: mid 17th century: from Latin salax, salac- from salire 'to leap' + -IOUS virga - noun. a mass of streaks of rain appearing to hang under a cloud and evaporating before reaching the ground. strombuliform - adjective. formed or shaped like a top, coiled into the shape of a screw or a helix bavian - insignificant or unskilled poet bellonephlia - sexual obsession with sharp objects bathylkopian - deep bosomed bibliophagist - one who devours books literally or figuratively biduous - lasting two days bletherskate - a garrulous talker of nonsense bloviate - to write or speak windily bodement - prediction or prophecy brasero - a place where criminals and heretics are burned breme - fierce; cruel, keen bilocation - ability to be in two places at once anemometer - noun. a device for measuring wind speed. ORIGIN: Greek from anemos 'wind'. foehn wind - noun. any of the dry winds that down slope on the lee(downside) of a mountain range. eddy - a circular movement of water, counter to a main current, causing a small whirl pool ORIGIN: probably German -ed 'again, back' bora - noun. a strong, cold, dry northeast wind blowing in the upper Adriatic caecias - noun. a wind from the Northeast. tepefy - verb. to make or become tepid tepor - noun. gentle heat; moderate warmth; tepidness toper - verb. [intrans.] archaic. poetic\literary. drink alcohol to excess, esp. on a regular basis. ORIGIN: mid 17th century.: perhaps an alteration of obsolete top(overbalance) ; perhaps from Dutch toppen 'slant or tilt a ship's yard.' lew - adjective. lukewarm, tepid rubicon - noun. a point of no return; (in piquet) an act of winning a game against an opponent whose total score is less than 100, in which case the loser's score is added to rather than subtracted from the winner; ALSO: a stream in northeastern Italy that marked the ancient boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. Julius Caesar led his army across it into Italy in 49 BC, breaking the law forbidding a general to lead an army out of his province, and so committing himself to war against the Senate and Pompey. The ensuing civil war resulted in victory for Caesar after three years piquet - noun. a trick-taking card game for two players, using a 32-card deck consisting of cards from the seven to the ace April 13th, 2013 indusium - noun. Botany. a thin membranous covering, esp. a shield covering a sorus on a fern frond ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: from Latin, literally 'tunic,' from induere 'put on, to don.' sorus - noun. Botany. a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond. A gamete-producing or fruiting body in certain algae and fungi. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: modern Latin, from Greek suros 'heap.' scamp - noun. Informal. a person, esp. a child, who is mischievous in a likable or amusing way; a wicked or worthless person; a rogue; verb. dated. do (something) in a perfunctory or inadequate way. ORIGIN: mid 18th cent.: (denoting a highwayman): from obsolete scamp [rob on the highway.] Probably from Middle Dutch schampen 'slip away,' from Old French eschamper 'flee the battlefield,' from champ 'field.' hellion - noun. informal. a rowdy, mischievous, or troublemaking person, esp. a child ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: perhaps from dialect hallion (a worthless fellow,] changed by association with hell. Fox - noun. a member of an American Indian people formerly living in southern Wisconsin, and now mainly in Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas; the Algonquian language of this people; adjective. of or relating to this people or their language. scalawag - noun. informal. a person who behaves badly but in an amusingly mischievous rather than harmful way; a rascal. 2. historical. a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit. The term was used derisively by white Southern Democrats who opposed Reconstruction legislation. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: of unknown origin. also scallywag. varmint - noun. dialect/informal. a troublesome wild animal, esp. a fox; a troublesome and mischievous person, esp. a child. ORIGIN: mid 16th cent.: alteration of vermin. rapscallion -  noun. archaic or humorous. a mischievous person. ORIGIN: late 17 cent.: alteration of earlier rascallion, perhaps from rascal. scapegrace - noun. archaic. a mischievous or wayward person, esp. a young person or child; a rascal. ORIGIN: early 19th cent.: from scape + grace, literally denoting a person who escapes the grace of God. anallantoic - adjective. Anatomy. without, or not developing, an allantois allantaois - noun. Embryology. Zoology. a vascular, extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and certain mammals that develops as a sac or diverticulum from the ventral wall of the hindgut. ORIGIN: 1640-50 anamniotic - azygous - adjective. Anatomy/Biology. (of an organic structure) single; not existing in pairs. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Greek azugos 'unyoked' (from a- 'without' + zugon 'yoke') + -OUS biennial - adjective. taking place every other year; of a plant. living or lasting two years emergent - adjective. 1. in the process of coming into being or becoming prominent :  the emergent poetic works of Martin Narrod. 2. Philosophy. (of a property) arising as an effect of complex causes and not analyzable simply as the sum of their effects 3. Botany. of or denoting a plant that is taller than the surrounding vegetation, esp. a tall tree in a forest 4. Botany. of or denoting a water plant with leaves and flowers that appear above the water surface 5. arising and existing only as a phenomenon of independent parts working together, and not predictable on the basis of their properties 6. Philosophy. noun. an emergent property; Botany. an emergent tree or other plants. ORIGIN: late Middle English (in the sense [occurring unexpectedly] ) from Latin emergent- 'arising from,' from the verb emergere. exogenous - adjective. of, relating to, or developing from external factors phobophobia - noun. an abnormal fear of developing a phobia; anxiety about showing symptoms of phobia. scutellum - noun. Biology & Zoology. a small shield-like structure, in particular: a modified cotyledon in the embryo of a grass seed, or the third dorsal sclerite in each thoracic segment of an insect. spinescent - noun. Botanical Morphology. thorns, spines, and prickles are hard structures with sharp, or at least pointed, ends. In spite of this common feature, they differ in their growth and development on the plant; they are modified versions of different plant organs, stems, stipules, leaf veins, or hairs. In nontechnical usage, the terms may be synonyms. stipule - noun. Botany. a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk. ORIGIN: late 18th cent.: from French stipule or Latin stipula 'straw.' stipple - verb. (in drawing, painting, and engraving) mark (a surface) with numerous small dots or specks ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Dutch stippelen frenquentative of stippen 'to prick,' from stip 'a point.' frequentative - adjective. (of a verb or verbal form) expressing frequent repetition or intensity of action d derisively - adjective. expressing contempt or ridicule ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from derision , on the pattern of the pair decision, decisive. efflorescence - verb. [intrans.] (of a substance) lose moisture and turn to a fine powder upon exposure to air. 2. (of salts) come to the surface of a brickwork, rock, or other material and crystallize there 3. (of a surface) become covered with salt particles. 4. reach an optimum stage of development. ORIGIN: late 18th cent.: from Latin efflorescere , from e- (variant of ex-) 'out' + florescere ' begin to bloom' (from florere 'to bloom,' from flos, flor 'flower.' acropetal - adjective. Botany. (of a growth or development) upward from the base or point of attachment. The opposite of BASIPETAL. 2. (of the movement of dissolved substances) outward toward the shoot and root apexes. algerining - verb. sneaking around with the intent of committing a burglary. autolatrist - noun. one who worships themselves autotonsorialist - one who cuts their own hair batrachophagous - noun. someone who eats frogs dactylion - noun. the tip of the middle finger eccedentesiast - noun. one who fakes a smile, esp. on television fabiform - adjective. in the shape of a bean filipendulous - adjective. Botany. suspended by, or strung upon, a thread; said of tuberous swellings in the middle or at the extremities of slender, threadlike rootlets ORIGIN: from Latin filum 'a thread' + 'pendulus 'hanging,' from French pendre ' to hang.] affricate - noun. Phonetics. a phoneme that combines a plosive with an immediately following fricative or spirant sharing the same place of articulation. e.g., ch as in chair and j as in jar. ORIGIN: late 19th cent. : from Latin affricatus, past participle of affricare, from ad- 'to' + fricare 'to rub' allantois - noun. the fetal membrane lying below the chorion in many vertebrates, formed as an outgrowth of the embryo's gut. In birds and reptiles it grows to surround the embryo; in eutherian mammals it forms part of the placenta. Eutheria - Zoology. a major group of mammals that comprises placentals. Compare with Metatheria. Infraclass Eutheria, subclass Theria ORIGIN: modern Latin (plural), from EU- [well, prospering] + Greek therion 'wild beast.' thermion - noun. an ion or electron emitted by a substance at high temperature ORIGIN: early 20th cent.: from THERMO- 'of heat' + ION. thereon - adverb. formal. on or following from the thing just mention: the prurient fellatio the foyer and the coitus in the master bedroom thereon. amnion - noun. the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile. ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Greek, 'caul,' diminutive of amnos 'lamb.' epitasis - noun. plural. the part of an ancient drama, following the protasis, in which the main action is developed. ORIGIN: 1580-90 from Greek epitasis 'emphasis, increase intensity, stretching,' equivalent to epi- + ta- (variant of stem of teinein 'to stretch') +  -sis. achene - noun. Botany. a small, dry, one-seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from modern Latin achaenium, derived irregularly from a- 'not' + Greek khainein 'to gape.' amalgam - noun. a mixture or blend folkpartiet - noun. a liberal and conservative-liberal political party in Sweden clannasaor - noun. a small political party out of Scotland liege - adjective. relating to the relationship between a feudal superior and a vassal vassal - noun. historical. a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance fealty - noun. a feudal tenant's or vassal's sworn loyalty to a lord; allegiance mittimus - noun. an arrest warrant issued by and on behalf of the state. renege - verb. go back on a promise gabelle - noun. a tax on salt. gossolalia - adjective. fluent nonsense gossypiboma - noun. a sponge accidentally left inside one's body during surgery. hemolysis - verb. breaking open a red blood cell hieracosphinx - noun. a sphinx with the head of a hawk jentacular - adjective. having to do with breakfast jumentous - adjective. smelling similar to or like horse urine kakorrhaphiophobia - noun. a fear of failure knismesis - noun. light tickling kyphorrhinos - adjective. to have a nose with a bump on it labrose - adjective. to have large lips catarrhines - adjective. belonging to or pertaining to the group Catarrhini, comprising humans, anthropoid apes, and Old World monkeys, having the nostrils close together and opening downward and a nonprehensile, often greatly reduced or vestigial tail. 2. noun. a catarrhine animal. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Neo-Latin Catarrhini, plural of catarrhinus, from Greek katarrhin 'hook-nosed,' equivalent to kata- cata- + -rhin 'nosed,' adjective. derivative of rhis- 'nose, snout.' lythcoop - verb. an auction of household goods mortress - noun. a dish of meats and other ingredients, cooked together; an 'ollapodrida' - Chaucer. Bacon synodite - noun. a traveling companion lusory - adjective. used in play; playful; sportive. donnerd - adjective. grossly stupid; stunned; dazed. grobianism - noun. a rude or clownish person; boor; lout. lout - noun. an uncouth or aggressive man or boy ORIGIN: mid 16th. cent.: from archaic lout [to bow down,] of Germanic origin. mundungus - adjective. offal; waste animal product; organic matter unfit for consumption. parthenocarpy - noun. Botany. the development of a fruit without prior fertilization. ORIGIN: early 20th cent.: from german Parthenocarpie, from Greek parthenos 'virgin' + karpos 'fruit.' whinyard - agazed - daring-hardy - saturnine - adjective. (of a person or their manner) slow and gloomy; (of a person) dark in coloring and moody or mysterious; 3. (of a place or occasion) gloomy. ORIGIN: late Middle English (as a term in astrology): from Old French saturnin, from medieval Latin Saturninus 'of Saturn' (identified with lead by the alchemists and associated with slowness and gloom by astrologers). swarthy - adjective. dark-skinned ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: alteration of obsolete swarty swart - adjective. archaic. poetic/literary. swarthy. ORIGIN: Old English sweart, of Germanic origin: related to Dutch zwart and German schwarz. mercurial - adjective. (of a person) subject to sudden or unpredictable changes of mood or mind 2. (of a person) sprightly; lively 3. of or containing the element mercury. 3. (Mercurial) of the plant Mercury 4. noun. a drug or other compound related to Mercury. ORIGIN: late Middle English (sense 3) : from Latin mercurialis 'relating to the god Mercury,' from Mercurius 'Mercury.' (Sense 1) dates from the mid 17th century. sprightly - adjective. (esp. of an old person) lively; full of energy. ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: from spright (a rare variant of SPRITE) plaintive - adjective. sounding sad and mournful ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Old French plaintif -ive , from plainte 'lamentation.' dour - adjective. relentlessly severe, stern, or gloomy in manner or appearance ORIGIN: late Middle English (originally Scots) probably from Scottish Gaelic dur 'dull, obstinate, stupid,' perhaps from Latin durus 'hard.' perendinate - claudel - noun. a French sculpture best known for her bust models o Auguste Rodin (1864-1943) deontology - noun. Philosophy. the study of the nature of duty and obligation. incurrence - verb. become subject to something unwelcome or unpleasant as a result of one's own behavior or actions ORIGIN: late Middle English : from Latin incurrere, from in- 'toward' + currere 'run' recant - verb. say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief espousal - noun. an act of adopting or supporting a cause, belief, or way of life marasmus - noun. Medicine. severe undernourishment causing an infant's or child's weight to be significantly low for their age (e.g. below 60 percent of normal. dote - verb. to bestow or express excessive love or fondness habitually (usually followed by on or up), 2. to show a decline of mental faculties, especially with old age. 3. decay of wood. ORIGIN: 1175-1225; Middle English, doten, to behave foolishly, become feeble minded; cognate with Middle Dutch doten. amatory - adjective. of or pertaining to lovers or lovemaking; expressive of love: amatory poems; an amatory look. ORIGIN: 1590-1600; < Latin amatorius. ama- stem of amara+ to love. sapphic - adjective. pertaining to sappho or toe certain meters or a for of strophe or stanza used by or named after her. Lesbian. a sapphic verse. byblis - pursuant goddess of Caunus(brother of byblis) when he fled, she chased him, having torn off her clothes, dying along and having cried so often she was made into a Spring. oshun - in the Yoruba Religion of Nigeria, Oshun is an Orisha who reigns over love, intimacy, beauty, wealth, and diplomacy. She is worshipped also in Brazilian Candomble Ketu with the name Oxum ardent - adjective. having, expressive of, or characterized by intense feeling; passionate; fervent; an ardent vow. intensely devoted, eager, or enthusiastic; burning; firey; hot. ORIGIN: Latin, ardere, to burn deflagrate - verb. to burn, especially suddenly and violently. ORIGIN: Latin deflagrare to burn. igneous - adjective. geology. produced under conditions involving intense heat. as rocks of volcanic origin or rocks crystallized from molten magma. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of fire. ORIGIN: Latin igneus, equivalent to ign(is) fire. fervid - adjective. heated or vehement in spirit; enthusiasm. ORIGIN: Latin, fervidus: boiling. perfervid - adjective. very fervent; very ardent; impassioned zelophobia - noun. the fear of jealousy onomatomania - the obsession with a particular word which the person uses repeatedly or which intrudes into consciousness incubus - noun. a male demon believed to have sexual intercourse with sleeping women. 2. figurative - a cause of distress of anxiety 3. archaic - a nightmare ORIGIN: Middle English : Latin form of Latin incubo 'nightmare,'incubare 'lie on' loganamnosis - noun. an obsession with trying to recall a forgotten word anglomania - noun. an excessive admiration of English customs plutomania - noun. a passion or craving for wealth, obsession with money; delusion that on is wealthy rhytiscopia - noun. an obsession with searching for wrinkles; especially, on the face anthomania - noun. an extravagant passion for flowers cacospectamania - noun. an obsession at staring at something which is repulsive catapedamania - noun. the irrational obsession with jumping from high places dacnomania - noun. an obsession with killing dacoitage - noun. robbery by gang or mob doramania - noun. the compulsion to own furs; the abnormal interest in fur. erastophilia - noun. reference to a personality trait which assesses an individuals disposition to respond to sexual cues in either a positive or a negative manner. francomania - noun. an obsession with French culture, language, or people gallomania - noun. a strong predilection for anything French; an excessive admiration for anything French. gamomania - noun. an obsessive desire for making bizarre marriage proposals. gigmania - noun. the smug obsession with attaining middle class respectability girouettism - noun. altering one's opinions to match public trends grandgousier - one who will eat as much as possible of anything graptomancy - divination using hand writing gressible - noun. able to walk griffonage - noun. sloppy or illegible hand writing gaberluzie - noun. a wandering beggar or a harmless homeless person. galea - noun. a headache which covers the entire head galeanthropy - noun. the delusion that one is a cat galeophobia - noun. a fear of sharks or cats gargalesthesia - noun. the sensation caused by tickling gastromancy - noun. divination using a crystal ball geck - noun. an expression of scorn or contempt gelophobia - noun. a fear of laughter grapholagnia - noun. the urge to stare at obscene photographs graphomania - noun. a passion or urge to write hellenomania - noun. an obsession with Greece and the Greeks. hippopotomonstrosesquppedaliophobia - noun. a fear of using long words honorificabilitudinitatibus - adjective. honorable logolepsy - noun. a fascination or obsession with words oenomania - noun. alcoholic orchidomania - an obsession with orchids; a pleasure gained from raising or collecting orchids parateresiomania - noun. an obsession or compulsion to see new sights or places parousiamania - noun. an obsession with or excitement about the return of Christ. stigmatophilia - noun. Psychiatry. a sexual perversion in which arousal and orgasm depend upon the partner being scarred, marked, tattooed, or pierced (especially in the genital or nipple region so bars, rings, etc. can be worn); the term also includes the person who must also be marked in the same way tulipomania - noun. a violent passion for the acquisition or cultivation of tulips undinism - the act of urinating on someone pantheistic - noun. a doctrine that identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God; rare. worship that admits or tolerates all Gods cosmogony - noun. the branch of science that deals with the origin of the universe, esp. the solar system macrocosm - noun. the universe; the cosmos ecumenical - adjective. of worldwide scope or applicability; universal; concerned with establishing or promoting unity among churches or religions bacchanal - noun. drunkard; reveller baft - noun. a cheap coarse fabric bahadur - self-important official heliophobia - noun. a fear of sunlight helcoid - noun. ulcerous heliotrope - purplish hue; purplish flower or plant helminthiasis - noun. an infestation of worms helobious - verb. living in marshes or moors helotry - noun. a class of slaves hemialgia - adjective. a pain in one side of the body alone hemistich - noun. half a verse line hendecagon - noun. an eleven sided figure dratchell strabismus - aegilops - ciliary - adjective. Biology. of, relating to, or involving cilia 2. Anatomy. of or relating to the eyelashes or eyelids retinitis pigmentosa - noun. Medicine. a chronic hereditary eye disease characterized by black pigmentation and gradual degeneration of the retina synechia - noun. Medicine. an eye condition where the iris adheres to either the cornea or lens. Synechia can be caused by ocular trauma, iritis, or iridocyclitis, and may lead to certain types of glaucoma. It is sometimes visible on careful examination but usually more easily through an opthalmoscope or slit-lamp. synoptophore - noun. Medicine. a test for binocular vision. recumbent - adjective. (esp. of a person or human figure) lying down ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin recumbent- 'reclining,' from the verb recumbre, from re- 'back' + a verb related to cubare 'to lie.' descry - verb. poetic/literary. catch sight of ORIGIN: Middle English : perhaps confused with obsolete descry 'describe,' variant of obsolete descrive(via Old French from Latin describere 'write down'), which also had the meaning [perceive] epicanthus - noun. Biology. a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; normal for Mongolian peoples; sometimes occurs in Down's syndrome. lacrimal bone - none. Biology. small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts muscae volitantes - noun. Biology. Dark specks appearing to float before the eyes, generally caused by particles in the vitreous humor of the eye. nystagmus - noun. rapid involuntary movements of the eye op art - noun. a form of abstract art that gives the illusion of movement by the precise use of pattern and color, or in which conflicting patterns are used spiracle - noun. Biology. An external respiratory opening, esp. each of a number of pores on the body of an insect, or each of a pair of vestigial gill slits. cilia - noun. Biology & Anatomy. a short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion. ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: eyelash from Latin dioptometer - epiphora - noun. Medicine. excessive watering of the eye epistrophe - noun. Rhetoric. the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences: Example. this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this Earth.- Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg Address hilum - noun. Botany. the scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to its seed vessel. ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: from Latin, literally 'little thing, trifle', once thought to mean, 'that which sticks to a bean', hence the current sense. nauplius - noun. Zoology. the first larval stage of many crustaceans, having an unsegmented body and a single eye.ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: from Latin, denoting a kind of shellfish, or from the Greek name Nauplios, the son of Poseidon presbyopia - noun. farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age trichiasis - noun. Medicine. ingrowth or introversion of the eyelashes animalcule - noun. archaic. a microscopic animal; Amoeba, called Proteus animalcule, Noctiluca, commonly called the 'Sea Sparkles' anomalops - noun. Zoology. A fish having a luminous organ beneath the eyel; of warm waters of the the Western Pacific and Puerto Rico; also called the Flashing Fish anopsia - noun. Medicine. An anopsis or anopia is a defect of the visual field. interdigitate - verb. (of two or more things) interlock like the fingers of two clasped hands adactylous - digitate - adjective. shaped like a spread hand athetosis - hexadactylous - purificator - thrip - noun. a minute black-winged insect that sucks plant sap and can be a serious pest of ornamental and food plants when present in large numbers palmate - adjective. Botany & Zoology. (of a leaf) having several lobes(typically 5-7) whose midribs all radiate from one point; (of an antler) in which the angles between the tines are partly filled in to form a broad flat surface, as in fallow deer and moose- web footed. pilliwinks - noun. (also called the thumbscrew) is a torture instrument which was first used in medieval europe. It is a simple vice, sometimes with protruding studs on the interior surfaces. The victim's thumbs or fingers were placed in the vice and slowly crushed. The thumbscrew was also applied to crush prisoners' big toes. The crushing bars were sometimes lined with sharp metal points to puncture the nails and inflict greater pain in the nail beds. Larger, heavier devices based on the same design principle were applied to crush knees and elbows. pillion - noun. a seat for a passenger behind a motorcyclist 2. historical. a woman's light saddle 3. historical. a cushion attached to the back of a saddle for an additional passenger: a ride pillion. curlew - noun. Zoology. The curlews, genus Numenius, are a group of eight species of birds, characterized by long, slender, down curved bills, and mottled brown plumage. They are one of the most ancient lineages of scolopacid waders, together with the godwits which look similar but have straight bills. In Europe "curlew" usually refers to one species, the Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata. scolopacid - godwits - arcus senilis - noun. Medical. a whitish deposit in the shape of an arc that is sometimes seen in the cornea bodkin - noun. a blunt thick needle with a large eye used esp. for drawing tape or cord through a hem; a small pointed instrument used to pierce cloth or leather awl - noun. a small pointed tool used for piercing holes esp. in leather bradawl - noun. a hand boring tool similar to a small, sharpened, screwdriver bonny - adjective. attractive; beautiful anomalous - adjective. deviating from what is standard, normal, or expected bouge - adjective. deviating from what is standard, normal, or expected. Canal of Schlemm - noun. Biology. also scleral venous sinus, is a circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream via the anterior ciliary veins. choroid coat - noun. Biology. the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme  rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract. comely - adjective. (typically of a woman) pleasant to look at; attractive. corneule - noun. Biology. One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. conspectuity - noun. Medical. The faculty of seeing; sight; eye dioptre - noun. Medical. a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres (that is, 1/metres(. It is thus a unit of reciprocal length. For example, a 3-dioptre lens brings parallel rays of light to focus at 1/3 metre. The same unit is also sometimes used for other reciprocals of distance, particularly radii of curvature and the vergence of optical beams. The usage was proposed by French ophthalmologist Ferdinand Monoyer in 1872, based on earlier use of the term dioptrice by Johannes Kepler. vergence - noun. the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision. dittography - noun. a mistaken repetition of a letter, word, or phrase by a copyist. ORIGIN: late 19th cent.: from Greek dittos 'double' emmetropic - noun. Rhetoric. the state of vision where an object at infinity is in sharp focus with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state.  ORIGIN: from Greek, emmetros, "well proportioned." encauma - noun. Medicine. An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors. enucleate - verb. Biology. to remove the nucleus from a cell; surgically remove (a tumor or gland, or the eyeball) intact from its surrounding capsule ORIGIN: mid 16th cent.: (in the sense [clarify, explain]): from Latin enucleat- 'extracted, made clear,' from the verb enucleare, from e- (variant of ex-) 'out of' + nucleus 'kernel' exteroceptor - noun. a sensory receptor that receives external stimuli fovea - noun. a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision focused in this region frontispiece - noun. an illustration facing the title of a book; Architecture. the principal face of a building ORIGIN: late 16th cent.: from French frontispiece or Latin frontispicium 'facade,' from Latin frons- 'front' + specere 'to look' The change in the ending (early in the word's history) was by association with piece. gouger - noun. informal. a person whom gouges one's eyes out; overcharge; swindle haemophtalmia - noun. Medical. congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding; usually affects males is transmitted from mother to son hypermetropy - noun. the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. hyphema - noun. Medical. bleeding into the interior of the eye. iodopsin - noun. a violet photopigment in the retinal cones of the eyes of most vertebrates; plays a role in daylight vision keratectasia - noun. Medical. abnormal bulging of the cornea of the eye. keratoiritis - noun. inflammation of the cornea and the iris of the eye keratoscleritits - noun. Medical. Inflammation of the cornea and the sclera of the eye. scleritis - noun. Anatomy. the white outer layer of the eyeball. At the front of the eye it is continuous with the cornea. kerato - noun. Rhetoric. prefix indicating the cornea of the eye lunette - noun. something crescent-shaped in particular; Christian. a holder for the consecrated host in a monstrance mala - noun. a locality and the seat of Mala Municipality in Vasterbotten County, Sweden with 2,089 inhabitants in 2005 malar bone - noun. Biology. Cheekbone; the arch of the bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek mongolism - noun. Offensive. down syndrome moon blindness - noun. recurrent inflammation of a horse's eye, often resulting in eventual blindness. Also called mooneye mydriatic drug - noun. a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate; used to aid in eye examinations neomycin - noun. a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced from strains of the actinomycete Streptomyces fradiae and used especially in the form of its sulfate as an intestinal antiseptic in surgery nervus oculomotorius - noun. Biology. supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye nyctalopia - noun. Medical. the inability to see in dim light or at night oculonasal - noun. Biology. pertaining to the eyes and nose opacify - verb. make opaque opsablepria - noun. The inability to look someone is the eyes, or not looking into another person's eyes phorometer - noun. Medical. an instrument for detecting and measuring imbalance in the extrinsic muscles of the eye photalgia - noun. Medical. pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light physostigmine - noun. Chemistry. a cholinergic alkaloid usually obtained from dried ripe seed of Calabar bean, used as a topical miotic and to reverse the central nervous system effects of an overdosage of anticholinergic drugs; used in the form of the salicylate and sulfate salts Calabar Bean - noun. the poisonous seed of a tropical West African climbing plant, containing physostigmine and formerly used for tribal ordeals physostigmine - noun. Chemistry. a compound that is the active ingredient of the Calabar bean and is used medicinally in eye drops because of its anticholinergic activity anticholinergic - adjective. Medicine. (chiefly of a drug) inhibiting the physiological action of acetylcholine, esp. as a neurotransmitter acetylcholine - noun. Biochemistry. an organic, polyatomic cation that acts as a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system(PNS) and central nervous system(CNS) in many organisms including humans. It is an ester of acetic acid and choline, with chemical formula CH3COO(CH2)2N+(CH3)3 and systematic name 2-acetoxy-N2N2N-trimethylethanaminium. esther - noun. Chemistry. an organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl or other organic group. Many naturally occurring fats and essential oils are esters of fatty acids. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.L from German, probably from a blend of Essig 'vinegar' and Ather 'ether.' acetic acid - noun. Biochemistry. a colorless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar(apart from water). Although classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive, and attacks the skin. Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, mainly used in the production of cellulose acetate mainly for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibers and fabrics. choline - noun. Biochemistry. a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped with the B-complex vitamins. Choline is the precursor molecule for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in many functions including memory and muscle control porphyropsin - noun. Biochemistry. the photoreceptor proteins found in the cone cells of the retina that are the basis of color vision. Iodopsins are very close analogs of the visual purple rhodopsin that is used in night vision. Iodopsins consist of a protein called photopsin and a bound chromophore, retinal. beleth - noun. Demonology. Beleth also spelled Bilet, Bileth, Byleth and Bilith is a mighty and terrible king of hell, who has eighty-five legions of demons under his command. He rides a pale horse, and all kinds of music is heard before him, according to most authors on demonology and the most known grimoires. According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum Ham, Noah's son, was the first in invoking him after the flood, and wrote a book on Mathematics with his help. When appearing he looks very fierce to frighten the conjurer or to see if he is courageous. The conjurer must be brave, and holding a hazel wand in his hand must draw a triangle by striking towards the South, East, and upwards, then commanding Beleth into it by means of some conjurations. amaymon - noun. Demonology. A prince of hell, and according to some grimoires, the only one who has power over Asmodai. A curious characteristic of this spirit is shown during the Evocation of Asmodai to visible appearance, when the Exorcist must stand upright with his Cap or Headdress removed in a show of respect; for if he does not it is Amymon who will deceive him and doom all his work. grimoires - noun. a book of magic spells and invocations ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: French, alteration of grammaire 'grammar' caruncula - noun. Biology. an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds coenesthesis - noun. Physiology. Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear ganglionic - noun. Anatomy. a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber; Medicine. an abnormal benign swelling on a tendon sheath Hyoscyamine - a tropane alkaloid. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the Solanaceae family, including henbane, mandrake, jimson weed, tomato, and deadly nightshade. It is the levorotary isomer of atropine (third of the three major nightshade alkaloids) and thus sometimes known as levo-atropine. Hyoscyamine should not be confused with hyoscine, an older alternate name for the related nightshade-derived anticholinergic scopolamine for which it is the precursor Brand names for hyoscyamine include: Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Egazil, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S, and Neoquess. Pharmacology Hyoscyamine is an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (antimuscarinic). It blocks the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites in sweat glands, salivary glands, stomach secretions, heart muscle, sinoatrial node, smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system. It increases cardiac output and heart rate, lowers blood pressure, dries secretions. It may antagonize seretonin. At comparable doses, hyoscyamine has 98 percent of the antcholinergic power of atropine. The other major belladonna-derived drug scopolamine has 92 percent of the antimuscarinic potency of atropine. enorthotrope - ethmoid - naphazoline - noun. Chemistry. (in the hydrochloride from) is the common name for 2-1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride. It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity. It is a vasoconstrictor with a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to the mucous membrane. It acts on alpha-receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctive to produce constriction, resulting in decreased congestion. It is an active ingredient in several over-the-counter formulations including Clear Eyes and Naphcon eye drops. sympathomimetic - privine - comet hyakutake - esotropia - noun. is a condition of the eyes where both eyes turn inward, this can also be called "lazy eye" amblyopia - lurdan - noun. an idle or incompetent person ORIGIN: Middle English : from Old French lourdin  from lourd 'heavy', 'lort 'foolish' from Latin luridus 'lurid' lither - adjective. (esp. of a person) thin, supple, and graceful presbyope - noun. a person affected with presbyopia; some who is farsighted resulting from the progressive loss with aging of the elasticity of the crystalline lens. myope - noun. a person who is affected with myopia; myopia is a condition of the eye in which parallel rays are focused in front of the retina, objects being seen distinctly only when near to the eye; nearsightedness. ametropic - noun. faulty fraction of light rays by the eyes; as in astigmatism or myopia ORIGIN: 1875080; < Greek ametr(os) 'unmeasured' filmic - adjective. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of motion pictures; containing characteristics resembling those of motion pictures hyperope - noun. a person who is farsighted devenustate - verb. to deprive of beauty or grace ORIGIN: Latin venustus 'lovely, graceful.' philocaly - noun. the love of beauty philocalist - noun. a person who loves beauty miscoscopist arges - balor - dyspnea - noun. Medicine. difficult or labored breathing ORIGIN: mid 17th cent.: via Latin from Greek duspnoia, from dus- 'difficult' + pnoe 'breathing.' strake - n. a continuous line of planking or plates from the stem to the stern of a ship or boat 2. a protruding ridge fitted to an aircraft or other structure to improve aerodynamic stability ORIGIN: Middle English : from Anglo-Latin stracus straca; probably from the Germanic base of the verb STRETCH. Dance and Saudi Arabia balletomane - noun. a ballet enthusiast danseur - noun. a male ballet dancer danseuse - noun. a female ballet dancer balletic - adjective. of, relating to, or characteristic of ballet arabesque - noun. 1. an ornamental design consisting of intertwined flowing lines, originally found in Arabic or Moorish decoration : [as adj.] arabesque scrolls. Music. a passage or composition with fanciful ornamentation of the melody. 2. Ballet. a posture in which the body is supported on one leg, with the other leg extended horizontally backward. ORIGIN: mid 17th cent. : from French, from Italian arabesco 'in the Arabic style,' from arabo 'Arab.' figurant - noun. a supernumerary actor supernumerary - adjective. present in excess of the normal or requisite number, in particular. (of a person) not belonging to a regular staff but engaged for extra work; not wanted or needed, redundant. Botany & Zoology. denoting structure or organ occurring in addition to the normal ones (of an actor) appearing on stage but not speaking. ORIGIN: early 17th cent. : from late Latin supernumerarius '(soldier) added to a legion after it is complete,' from Latin super numerum 'beyond the number.' glissade - noun. 1. a way of sliding down a steep slope of snow or ice, typically on the feet with the support of an ice ax. 2. Ballet. a movement, typically used as a joining step, in which one leg is brushed outward from the body, which then takes the weight while the second leg is brushed in to meet it. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent. : French, from glisser 'to slip,  slide.' pas - noun. a step in dancing, esp. in classical ballet. ORIGIN: French. diaghilev - Diaghilev, Sergei (Pavlovich) 1872-1929), Russian ballet impresario. In 1909, he formed the Ballets Russes, which he directed until his death. chasse - noun. a gliding step in dancing in which one foot displaces the other. maillot - noun. 1. a pair of tights worn for dancing or gymnastics; a woman's tight-fitting one-piece swimsuit. 2. a jersey or top, esp. worn in sports such as cycling pas de deux - noun. a dance for two people, typically a man and a woman. ORIGIN: French, literally, 'step of two.' Rambert Dance Company - a leading British Dance company. Formed at the start of the 20th century as a classical ballet company, it exerted a great deal of influence on the development of dance in the United Kingdom, and today, as a contemporary dance company, continues to be on the world's most renowned dance companies. It has previously been known as the Ballet Club, and the Ballet Rambert. sashay - verb. [ intrans. ] informal. 1. [with adverbial direction] walk in an ostentatious yet casual manner, typically with exaggerated movements of the hips and shoulders. 2. perform the sashay. Ansermet - Ernest Alexandre Ansermet, November 11, 1883-February 20, 1969, was a Swiss Conductor. batterie - noun. Ballet. the action of beating or crossing the feet or calves together during a leap or jump. ORIGIN: early 18th cent.: French, literally 'beating.' cabriole - noun. Ballet. a jump in which one leg is extended into the air forward or backward, the other is brought up to meet it, and the dancer lands on the second foot. ORIGIN: French, literally 'light leap,' from cabrioler (earlier caprioler), from Italian capriolare 'to leap in the air.' coryphee - noun. a leading dancer in a corps de ballet dallapiccola - Luigi Dallapiccola, February 3, 1904 - February 19, 1975, was an Italian composer known for his lyrical twelve-tone compositions. entrechats - noun. Ballet. a vertical jump during which the dancer repeatedly crosses the feet and beats them together frappe - adjective. [postpositive] Ballet. (of a position) involving a beating action of the toe of one foot against the ankle of the supporting leg. ORIGIN: mid 19th cent.: French, literally 'struck.' jete - noun. Ballet. a jump in which the dancer springs from one foot to land on the other with one leg extended outward from the body while in the air grand jete - noun. Ballet. a jump in which the dancer springs from one foot to land on the other with one leg froward of their body and the other stretched backward while in the air petite jete - noun. Ballet. a jump in which a dancer brushes one leg out to the side in the air then brings it back in again and lands on it with the other leg lifted and bent behind the body. Kirov - Vyatka, an industrial town in western Russia, in the central part of European Russia, on the Vyatka River; pop. 487,000. Former name(1932-92) Kirov. pas de quatre - noun. a dance for four people pas de trois - noun. a dance for three people pas seul - noun. a dance for one person repetiteur - noun. a tutor or coach of ballet dancers or musicians, esp. opera singers Rudolf Nureyev - (b. 1939-93), Austrian ballet dancer and choreographer, born in Russia. He defected to the West in 1961 and joined the Royal Ballet in London, where he began his noted partnership with Margot Fonteyn. Margot Fonteyn - Dame Margot Fonteyn (b. 1919-91), English ballet dancer; born Margaret Hookham. In 1962, she began a partnership with Rudolf Nureyev, dancing with him in Giselle and Romeo and Juliet. Galina Ulanova - (b. January 8, 1910 - March 21, 1998) - Soviet Russian ballet dancer. She is frequently cites as being on the greatest 20th century ballerinas. Ulanova studied in Petrograd under Agrippina Vaganova and her own mother, a ballerina of the Imperial Russian Ballet. When she joined the Mariinsky Theatre in 1928, the press found in her "much of Semyonova's style, grace, the same exceptional plasticity and a sort of captivating modesty in her gestures." They say that Konstantin Stanislavsky, fascinated with her acting style, implored her to take part in his stage productions. In 1944, when her fame reached Joseph Stalin, he had her transferred to the Bolshoi Theatre, where she would be the prima ballerina assoluta for 16 years. The following year, she danced the title role in the world premiere of Sergei Prokofiev's Cinderella. Petrograd -
i don't know
Charlotte Cooper won which event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris?
Charlotte COOPER - Olympic Tennis | Great Britain Charlotte COOPER Olympic Games 1900 Charlotte Cooper, the first female Olympic champion In winning the women’s tennis singles title at Paris 1900, Charlotte Cooper became the first female athlete to win Olympic gold in an individual event. A record breaker Charlotte Cooper was one of the great women’s tennis champions of the late 19th-century, a time when the ladies’ game was played in long dresses. A member of the Ealing Lawn Tennis Club, Cooper won her first Wimbledon singles title in 1895, aged 25, and would go on to repeat the feat on four further occasions. She was a wife and a mother by the time she won the last of those titles, in 1908, when she became the oldest winner of the prestigious tournament at the age of 37 years and 296 days, a record that stands to this day. Her 11 singles finals between 1895 and 1912 represented another Wimbledon record, which she held outright until 1994, when it was equalled by Martina Navratilova. Fun and games in Paris Also known as Les concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sports, the 1900 Paris Olympic Games took place between mid-May and late October, and were held as part of the city’s Exposition Universelle (World Fair). Women made their first appearance on the Olympic stage, competing in archery, sailing, equestrianism, croquet, boules, life-saving, fishing, golf and tennis. Held in July, the tennis tournament took place on clay courts installed in the rural surroundings of the Ile de Puteaux, in the middle of the Seine, with Cooper entering the women’s singles and the mixed doubles. History in the making One of the few female players at the time to serve overarm, Cooper was a superb volleyer and played an attacking game, rushing up to the net at every opportunity. She collected her first gold medal of the Games in the mixed doubles with her compatriot R.F. Doherty, the pair beating Hélène Prévost of France and Great Britain’s Harold Mahony 6-2, 6-4 in the final. Cooper dominated the women’s singles, winning all her matches in straight sets. After accounting for the USA’s Marion Jones 6-2, 7-5 in the semi-final, she got the better of Prévost once more in the final on 11 July, winning 6-1, 6-4 to become the first woman to win Olympic gold in an individual event. A life devoted to tennis Cooper continued to compete at the highest level for a number of years after the Paris Games, contesting her last Wimbledon singles final in 1912, by which time she had turned 42. She went on to appear in the women’s doubles final with Dorothea Douglas the following year, a full 18 years after her maiden singles triumph. The sprightly Cooper continued to play the game she loved right through to the 1950s, and died at home in Helensburgh, Scotland, on 10 October 1966 at the age of 96.
women s tennis singles
What is the title of Sean Connery’s fourth James Bond film?
Charlotte COOPER - Olympic Tennis | Great Britain Charlotte COOPER Olympic Games 1900 Charlotte Cooper, the first female Olympic champion In winning the women’s tennis singles title at Paris 1900, Charlotte Cooper became the first female athlete to win Olympic gold in an individual event. A record breaker Charlotte Cooper was one of the great women’s tennis champions of the late 19th-century, a time when the ladies’ game was played in long dresses. A member of the Ealing Lawn Tennis Club, Cooper won her first Wimbledon singles title in 1895, aged 25, and would go on to repeat the feat on four further occasions. She was a wife and a mother by the time she won the last of those titles, in 1908, when she became the oldest winner of the prestigious tournament at the age of 37 years and 296 days, a record that stands to this day. Her 11 singles finals between 1895 and 1912 represented another Wimbledon record, which she held outright until 1994, when it was equalled by Martina Navratilova. Fun and games in Paris Also known as Les concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sports, the 1900 Paris Olympic Games took place between mid-May and late October, and were held as part of the city’s Exposition Universelle (World Fair). Women made their first appearance on the Olympic stage, competing in archery, sailing, equestrianism, croquet, boules, life-saving, fishing, golf and tennis. Held in July, the tennis tournament took place on clay courts installed in the rural surroundings of the Ile de Puteaux, in the middle of the Seine, with Cooper entering the women’s singles and the mixed doubles. History in the making One of the few female players at the time to serve overarm, Cooper was a superb volleyer and played an attacking game, rushing up to the net at every opportunity. She collected her first gold medal of the Games in the mixed doubles with her compatriot R.F. Doherty, the pair beating Hélène Prévost of France and Great Britain’s Harold Mahony 6-2, 6-4 in the final. Cooper dominated the women’s singles, winning all her matches in straight sets. After accounting for the USA’s Marion Jones 6-2, 7-5 in the semi-final, she got the better of Prévost once more in the final on 11 July, winning 6-1, 6-4 to become the first woman to win Olympic gold in an individual event. A life devoted to tennis Cooper continued to compete at the highest level for a number of years after the Paris Games, contesting her last Wimbledon singles final in 1912, by which time she had turned 42. She went on to appear in the women’s doubles final with Dorothea Douglas the following year, a full 18 years after her maiden singles triumph. The sprightly Cooper continued to play the game she loved right through to the 1950s, and died at home in Helensburgh, Scotland, on 10 October 1966 at the age of 96.
i don't know
Which British satirical and current affairs magazine was first published on 1961?
50 Years Ago Today (25 Oct 1961): The British satirical magazine ‘Private Eye’ was first published – ActiveHistory All the latest additions to the www.activehistory.co.uk! 50 Years Ago Today (25 Oct 1961): The British satirical magazine ‘Private Eye’ was first published Private Eye is a fortnightly British satirical and current affairs magazine, edited by Ian Hislop. Since its first publication in 1961, Private Eye has been a prominent critic and lampooner of public figures and entities that it deemed guilty of any of the sins of incompetence, inefficiency, corruption, pomposity or self-importance and it has become a self-styled “thorn in the side” of the British establishment. It has always received criticism from some quarters for its irreverent style and for its willingness to print stories that are controversial and allegedly defamatory. This was reflected in the past by the large number of libel lawsuits against it, a phenomenon for which it became notorious. As Britain’s best-selling current affairs magazine such is its long-term popularity and impact that many recurring in-jokes from Private Eye have entered popular culture.
Private Eye
A jewelled copy of which famous book of poems was amongst the cargo lost on the Titanic?
Satire, libel and investigative journalism: 50 years of Private Eye Satire, libel and investigative journalism: 50 years of Private Eye Adam Parris-Long Tweet Share Satirical magazine ‘Private Eye’ celebrated 50 years in print on Tuesday, having published 1,300 issues of biting commentary on the news, investigative journalism and jokes. View photos First published in 1961, the title rose to become Britain’s best selling news and current affairs magazine through a mix of serious investigation and irreverent humour.  It came from humble beginnings having been an expansion of Shrewsbury School magazine, ‘The Salopian’- a title fronted by Richard Ingrams, Willie Rushton, Christopher Booker and Paul Foot in the mid-1950s. [In pictures: Iconic Private Eye front covers ] Joined by Peter Usborne and Andrew Osmond (among others) the group launched the very first issue on 25 October 1961, an effort first funded by Osmond. The result was a rudimentary yellow magazine , unrecognizable from ‘Private Eye today’. Although Willie Rushton expected the title to last about four months before they would all move on, it was a success and became renowned for its investigative journalism fronted by Paul Foot. “I always remember Paul Foot saying to me years ago that he was fine with the fact that people bought ‘Private Eye’ for the jokes, they left it by the loo and two weeks later they’d be leafing through the stuff they haven’t read,” Adam Macqueen, ‘Private Eye’ journalist and author of ‘Private Eye: the first 50 years’, told Yahoo! News. “That is when they would get to his [Foot’s] stuff and they would [get] cross about it and take it seriously.” Foot’s involvement in investigations made ‘Private Eye’ a distinguished story-breaker – though that courted a number of legal proceedings during the 1970s and 1980s. ‘Private Eye’ has attracted a number of libel lawsuits, most notably with tycoon and publisher James Goldsmith who attempted to bankrupt the magazine in a criminal libel suit. Claiming that ‘Private Eye’ had said he sheltered Lord Lucan [who vanished after the death of his family nanny, Sandra Rivett], the tycoon eventually came to a settlement with the title. ‘Private Eye’ was also forced to make a £60,000 payout to the wife of “Yorkshire Ripper” Peter Sutcliffe in 1989, after claiming that she had negotiated with press to profit from the attention she had attracted. The High Court initially awarded Sonia Sutcliffe £600,000 in damages, a British libel record until it was reduced tenfold on appeal. “If that’s justice, then I’m a banana,” editor Ian Hislop famously said. View photos Read More “It is a surprise that it [Private Eye] made it through early uncertainty and really big court cases in the earlier years,” Macqueen told Yahoo! News. “It is not recklessness, Ian [Hislop] will always print stories as long as he thinks they are true and he has got evidence – he doesn’t require as much evidence as legal teams on newspapers but that is because most are terrified of a writ.” Hislop became the most sued man in English legal history, a feat listed in the Guinness Book of Records. Central to the magazine’s success over the last 50 years has been the popularity and social impact the title has enjoyed. “’Private Eye’ and other things have completely changed the way we look at politicians, the royal family and all of our elected leaders,” Macqueen said. “It was the end of the deferent post-war period that ‘Private Eye’ arrived in.“Even if you go back 30 years you have got people getting outraged at ‘Spitting Image’ dolls of the Queen Mother, it is amazing how much social attitudes have changed and what people are willing to accept and find funny. It has made people more questioning and less willing to accept the official version of things.” Macqueen believes that the magazine’s reputation for investigative journalism is safe even after the death of Paul Foot in 2004. Richard Brooks, a former tax inspector hired by Foot, has broken a number of stories that Macqueen says are “not sexy but are big news…mostly about taxpayers money being wasted on things”. Brooks is one of a “really solid group of investigative people working behind the scenes, continuing to break stories”, Macqueen explained. ‘Private Eye’ hit its best sales figures since 1992 in the second half of last year, with an average 210,218 copies sold per issue. Amid a new age of political scandal and sleaze, the first 50 years are just the beginning. Reblog
i don't know
‘2 Become 1’, ‘Say You’ll Be There’ and ‘Viva Forever’ were all number one hit singles by which British group?
Spice Girls - 2 Become 1 - HD 720p + Lyrics - YouTube Spice Girls - 2 Become 1 - HD 720p + Lyrics Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 4, 2010 LYRICS: Dream of you and me together Say you believe it say you believe it Free your mind of doubt and danger be for real don't be a stranger We can achieve it we can achieve it Come a little bit closer baby Get it on get it on 'cause tonight is the night When 2 become 1 I need some love like I've never needed love before Wanna make love to ya baby I had a little love now I'm back for more Wanna make love to ya baby Set your spirit free, it's the only way to be Silly games that you were playing Empty words we both were saying Let's work it out boy, let's work it out boy Once again if we endevour Love would bring us back together Take it or leave it, take it or leave it Are you as good as I remember baby? Get it on, Get it on 'cause tonight, is the night, When 2 become 1 I need some love like I've never needed love before Wanna make love to ya baby I had a little love, now I'm back for more Wanna make love to ya baby Set your spirit free, it's the only way to be Be a little bit wiser baby, Put it on, put it on 'cause tonight is the night When 2 become 1 I need some love like I've never needed love before Wanna make love to ya baby I had a little love, now I'm back for more Wanna make love to ya baby I need some love like I've never needed love before Wanna make love to ya baby I had a little love, now I'm back for more Wanna make love to ya baby Set your spirit free, it's the only way to be It's the only way to be It's the only way to be DESCRIPTION: "2 Become 1" is a pop song performed by the British group Spice Girls (Melanie Chisholm, Geri Halliwell, Emma Bunton, Victoria Beckham and Melanie Brown). It was the third single released from their debut album Spice. It was their first ballad released as a single. Different from their previous material, which was more up-tempo and dance-based. "2 Become 1" became the group's third consecutive number-one and their second million-selling single in the UK. Released in December 1996, it stayed at the top of the UK singles chart for three weeks, taking the coveted Christmas number one slot, and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In the US, the single was released in July 1997, peaking at four (the group's third consecutive top five) and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was one of their most successful singles, peaking inside the top ten on the majority of the charts it entered. The music video was directed by Big TV!, and the photography was in charge of the cinematographer Stephen Keith-Roach, who also worked in other music videos like Jamiroquai's "Virtual Insanity" and U2's "Discotheque". It features the five girls in Times Square in New York City with fast moving cars appearing around multi-coloured lights, appearing in various places around the city, either alone, with one other member, or as a quintet. Sometimes the closing scene would not be shown on television due to the song fading out to an instrumental which lasts for forty seconds. The video is intercut with scenes of lovers experiencing moments of togetherness and closes with a deer wandering the streets, such a scene, according to the group's first official book Girl Power!, gave them a running gag all throughout the shoot- "Whenever anyone made a mistake it was, 'Oh deer'". In the same book Victoria Beckham comments: "It was really weird having to sing passionately into the camera, I was feeling a right mug in front of all those people singing "wanna make love to ya baby". Category
Spice Girls
Who wrote the 1953 novel ‘The Go-Between’?
Spice Girls.co.uk - Spice Girls Time Line The SpiceGirls.co.uk fan site is one of the most popular Spice Girls sites. We do not represent the Spice Girls but we do represent the fans. Spice Girls World Famous Timeline Spice Girls Facts and Figures from 1994+   Before the Spice Girls became THE Spice Girls, they were just ordinary women looking for ways to make their lives more meaningful. And look at where they are now. The group's Cinderella story is probably the most compelling rise to stardom ever seen in the entertainment industry. Pretty impressive given this was before the world wide web and wireless communication became mainstream. Imagine if during the Spice Girls' heyday the Internet culture and mobile phone medium had been as big as they are right now. Imagine if their songs could have been downloaded to your phone - rather than just being the biggest girl band of all time they would have been totally unstoppable. It was a hard climb but by the time the 90's queens of pop were on top of the world, everything seems to go their way. Here's a timeline of the Spice Girls' colourful history: 1994 January: Chris Herbert distributes advertisements looking for 5 "lively girls" for a musical group ("R. U. 18-23 with the ability to sing/dance? R.U. streetwise, outgoing, ambitious, and dedicated?"). The adverts were placed in pubs, dance studios as well as in 'The Stage'. March: 400 applicants audition at London's West End dance studio 'Danceworks'. After very strong competition the finalists were selected, and the group 'Touch' was formed. May: The group leave the Herbert's management and sign up with 19 Management, run by the renowned Simon Fuller. July: Michelle Stephenson quits the band for family and personal reasons. September: Emma Bunton takes her place in the line up. Simon Fuller later closes their deal with Virgin Records, reported to be for 2 million UK pounds, this was then followed by a further deal with Windswept Pacific. 1995 The group work from Trinity Studios in Woking Surrey, putting together their infamous 'Girl Power' style and full-on personas. They live in a rented house in Kent. Their name changes from 'Touch' to 'Spice' (the name is normally accredited to Geri H.) and finally to The Spice Girls. During this time they produce some poorly received songs including 'Take Me Away' and 'We're Going To Make It Happen' - which is a very aptly named track. 1996 April: The Spice Girls shoot their debut video for their single 'Wannabe'. June: Promotional machine is in full swing with a very carefully managed publicity campaign. This promotes their ground breaking feminist 'Girl Power' message, which somehow appeals to both women and men. July: 'Wannabe' is released and jumps straight in at number 3 in the UK charts, two places behind Gary Barlow's 'Forever Love'. The following week it takes the top spot and stays there for 7 weeks, and spends 26 weeks in the Top 75. This achievement makes it the fastest and biggest selling single by an all female group in the UK to date. The girls first national newspaper interview appears in the Daily Star. September: 'Wannabe' tops the charts in 22 countries, 31 by Christmas, selling an unstoppable 4 million copies. The video for their next single 'Say You'll Be There' is filmed in the Mojave Desert, after which they fly to Hong-Kong. October: 'Say You'll Be There' enters the charts at number 1, staying there for 2 weeks, and holding a place in the charts for 17 weeks. Many praising reviews are published, although unwarranted backlash against this 'manufactured' band starts appearing. November: Debut album 'Spice' is released and instantly enters the UK charts at number 1 staying there for 9 weeks, and selling in excess of 1.8 million units in the UK by Christmas, making it 6x platinum. By the end of March 1997 it will have worldwide sales approaching 20 million. The Spice Girls are rumoured to be offered £1 million pounds to appear on a late night adult cable channel - they never did appear. The Oxford Street lights are turned on by the band, which must have come to a shock to the older generation. December: The Smash Hits awards honour the girls with the following titles: Best British Group, Best New Act and Best Pop Video (Say You'll Be There). The band are interviewed for 'Spectator' magazine. Geri dubs Lady Thatcher, previously the UK Prime Minister, as 'the first Spice Girl' - presumably due to her Girl Power attitude. '2 Become 1' goes straight to the top of the Christmas chart, holding the number one slot for 3 weeks, and staying in the charts for 19. The special Christmas Day edition of the BBC's TOP of the POPs is presented by the band. They are now endorsing over 35 products and have 8 sponsorship deals - totally over £5.5 million, including Asda, Sony Playstation, Walkers Crisps and Pepsi each signing them for £1 million. 1997 January: The girls take the US by storm with their #1 single Wannabe hitting the Top 40 and debuting at #11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The band gets more press than the Royal Family and start to symbolise a 'Cool Britannia'. They are nominated for 4 Brit Awards - Best British Group, Best British Newcomer, Best British Single (Wannabe) and Best British Video (Say You'll Be There). Absolute (Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins) and Stannard & Rowe are nominated for Best Producer for their work. 20,000 members of the American public vote for the girls winning them Favourite New Pop Band, Favourite Band and Favourite Album at the 25th Annual American Music Awards. February: The Brit Awards ceremony at Earl's Court, London, is opened by the band performing 'Who Do You Think You Are'. They go on to wind Best British Single (Wannabe) and Best British Video (Say You'll Be There). After this success their LP 'Spice' returns to it's #1 chart position. In the US their debut LP 'Spice' is released, spawning two #1 US hit singles - 'Wannabe' and 'Say You'll Be There'; '2 Become 1' also reaches the Top 10. 'Who Do You Think You Are' video is filmed for Comic Relief featuring the hilarious Spice wannabes 'The Sugar Lumps'. The next serious video Mama is filmed. The Spice Girls shared their thoughts about fame with MTV: Melanie B said "You can do what you want in this group, it's great! You can be as mad as you want, as normal as you want or as loud or as proud as you want!" "And be whoever you wanna be!" bandmate Emma added. Victoria added, "Just be happy, have a laugh so if you want you can run up and down with no clothes on, but if you do feel the need to all of a sudden do that... feel free." March: The release of the double A-side single 'Mama' and 'Who Do You Think You Are?' is released, and storms to the top position for 3 weeks. This makes the girls record breakers as the first act in British Pop history to have their first 4 singles all reach #1. The single stays in the charts for 15 weeks. Sales from 'Who Do You Think You Are' go to Comic Relief. 'Wannabe' is certified gold and platinum in the US. The girls launch the new terrestrial UK TV channel 'Channel 5'. The Spice Girls' official book 'Girl Power' is published in the UK; the initial run of 200,000 prints are instantly sold out - it is eventually translated into over 20 languages. April: 'Spice - The Official Video, Volume 1' is released, this video will sell over half a million units in the UK alone. The girls upset Maori Tribal leaders by performing a ritual dance which is culturally only to be performed by men. It is not know how this effected their sales in New Zealand. The LP 'Spice' is certified double platinum (2 Million units) in the US. 'Say You'll Be There' hits the Top 40. May: London's Grosvenor House Hotel hosts the Ivor Novello awards, 'Wannabe' is sited as Best Selling British-Written Single and wins International Hit of The Year. The Spice Girls' are accused over being 'flirtatious' and 'over familiar' at the Prince's Trust Royal Gala Show. Prince Charles confessors to being 'a bit of a fan', something the girls never forget. June: Production beings on the Spice Girls' full length feature film 'Spice World'. 'Spice' is certified 3x platinum! Pepsi give away the single 'Step To Me' in exchange for 20 Pepsi can ring-pulls. July: 'Spice' goes 4x Platinum, and is nominated for the 1997 Mercury Music Prize, which they fail to win. September: At the MTV Video Music Awards in New York the girls win Best Dance Video for 'Wannabe'. They perform 'Say You'll Be There' in honour of the late Diana, Princess of Wales. 'Spice' LP is certified 5x platinum! Poloroid cameras feature the girls in yet another commercial. '2 Become 1' is certified gold. October: The Spice Girls entertain 85000 fans in a live concert just outside Istanbul, Turkey. 11,000 Pepsi prize winners are privileged to attend the extravaganza. The girls have a deodorant named after them, and British TV airs the 'Impulse Spice Body Spray'. The first single from their next album 'Spice World' is delayed to allow Elton John's 'Candle in the Wind' to reign at the charts top spot - in honour of Princess Diana. The group launch the Royal British Legion's Poppy Appeal, reading exerts from the poem "The Fallen" by Laurence Binvon. November: Their second album, 'Spice World', was released exactly 12 months after their first. By the end of the year it will have achieved the position of fifth best selling album, with 'Spice' coming in third. At the Smash Hits Poll Winners' Party at London Arena they win the 'Best Band' award, and also walk away with the 'Worst Band' award! Geri Halliwell wins worst dressed female. December: The Queen samples the delights of the Spice Girls at the Royal Variety performance in London UPDATE IN PROGRESS:
i don't know
Dahomey was an African kingdom in which present-day republic?
Kingdoms of West Africa - Dahomey / Benin Behanzin 1892 - 1894 The French begin take control of the territory during the Dahomey War using mainly African troops, quite possibly from neighbouring tribes only too happy to end the kingdom's dominance of the region. 1894 - 1898 French vassal. 1894 - 1958 Dahomey is incorporated along with many other West African states into France 's West Africa colony. 1933 - 1934 French governor. Also in Somaliland, West Africa, & Madagascar . 1938 - 1940 French governor. Also in Somaliland, & Madagascar . 1958 The state is granted autonomy as the republic of Dahomey , followed by full independence two years later. A period of instability follows, with Marxism-Leninism being adopted as the official ideology. Modern Dahomey / Benin AD 1960 - Present Day The kingdom of Dahomey in West Africa was ended by French colonial occupation in 1894, after they took control during the Dahomey War of 1892-1894. The state was granted autonomy as the republic of Dahomey in 1958, followed by full independence in 1960. A period of instability followed, with Marxism-Leninism being adopted as the official ideology. However, the country continued to bear its old name until 1975, when it was neutrally renamed the republic of Benin to appease the large number of ethnic groups which formed part of the relatively new modern state. The name came from the Bight of Benin, which itself gained its name from the Benin empire. Today the country is one of Africa's most stable democracies, although it is severely under-developed and corruption is rife. Elements of voodoo, which are still practised in countries such as Haiti , originated from the West African coast which includes Benin. The religion is celebrated on the country's annual Voodoo Day. Today the country is bordered by Togo in the west, Burkina Faso to the north-west, Niger to the north-east, and Nigeria to the east. 1972 The country has experienced almost continuous strife following independence, overseen by a democratic government which has seen frequent changes in ruler. In 1972, a military coup led by Mathieu K�r�kou overthrows the ruling council and establishes a Marxist government. 1972 - 1991 Mathieu K�r�kou Dictator. Stood down after free elections. 1975 K�r�kou renames the country the People's Republic of Benin. 1979 K�r�kou's Marxist military council is dissolved and elections take place, albeit with K�r�kou as the only candidate allowed. Mathieu K�r�kou, dictator of Dahomey who oversaw its change of name to Benin, is seen here in 2006, after the conclusion of his successful term as the country's democratically elected president 1989 - 1990 The country has undergone an economic crisis in a decade which forces K�r�kou to abandon Marxism in favour of a parliamentary system. The following year the country's name is changed on 1 March to the Republic of Benin. 1991 K�r�kou loses free elections to Nic�phore Soglo and steps down. He later stands for the 1996 elections, which he wins, and governs fairly, without attempting to change the new 1990 constitution to allow him to remain in power. 2006
Benin
Who plays William Hurt’s wife Sarah in the 1988 film ‘The Accidental Tourist’?
Benin - Republic of Benin - Country Profile - West Africa Location map of Benin   A virtual guide to Benin. The Republic of Benin is a from north to south long stretched country in West Africa , situated east of Togo and west of Nigeria , it is bordered to the north by Burkina Faso and Niger , in south by the the Bight of Benin, in the Gulf of Guinea, that part of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean which is roughly south of West Africa. Benin's coastline is just 121 km (75 mi) long. With an area of 112,622 km² the country is slightly larger than Bulgaria , or slightly smaller than the U.S. state Pennsylvania . Benin's former name, until 1975, was Dahomey. Porto-Novo , a port on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea is the nations capital city, largest city and economic capital is Cotonou . Spoken languages are French (official), Fon and Yoruba.   Ethnic groups: 42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, and Bariba. Religions: Indigenous beliefs (animist) 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%. Languages : French (official), Fon and Yoruba in the south; Nagot, Bariba and Dendi in the north. Literacy: Total population 39%; men 53%, women 25%. Natural resources: Small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber. Agriculture products: Cotton, corn, cassava (tapioca), yams, beans, palm oil, peanuts, livestock (2001) Industries: Textiles, food processing, construction materials, cement (2001) Exports - commodities: cotton, cashews, shea butter, textiles, palm products, seafood Exports partners: India 24.2%, Gabon 14.6%, China 7.2%, Niger 6%, Bangladesh 5%, Nigeria 4.9%, Vietnam 4.2% (2015) Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products Imports partners: China 42.1%, US 8.9%, India 5.7%, Malaysia 4.8%, Thailand 4.3%, France 4% (2015) Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF) Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites of Benin
i don't know
Hymenopetrous Formicidae is the scientific name for which insect?
Family Formicidae - Ants - BugGuide.Net Home » Guide » Arthropods (Arthropoda) » Hexapods (Hexapoda) » Insects (Insecta) » Ants, Bees, Wasps and Sawflies (Hymenoptera) » Aculeata - Ants, Bees and Stinging Wasps » Ants (Formicoidea) » Ants (Formicidae) Family Formicidae - Ants Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Wasps and Sawflies) No Taxon (Aculeata - Ants, Bees and Stinging Wasps) Superfamily Formicoidea (Ants) recent advances in taxonomy summarized in( 1 ), also see( 2 )( 3 )( 4 ) Explanation of Names Latin formica ant( 5 ) ant goes back to Old English aemete, aemette( 5 ) -- perhaps a compound of ai-/ā- 'off, away' + maetan/mait 'to cut, engrave' (hypothetical root), that may have referred to either the ants' biting habits or indented body( 5 ); an archaic Modern English variant: emmet Numbers over 700 spp. in 80 genera in our area( 6 )( 7 ); 14,000 spp. in ~300 genera of 20+ subfamilies( 8 ); faunal checklists for many US states provided on( 9 ), QC checklist here ( 10 ) Overview of our faunaTaxa not yet in the guide are marked (*) and linked to AntWeb pages( 6 ) Family FORMICIDAE 1-25 mm Identification Primitively, antennomere and palp segment counts are typical for Aculeata, antennae 12-segmented (13 in males), palp formula 6,4. These are variously reduced among different genera, with some ants having as few as 6 antennomeres and palp formula 1, 1. Such reductions are most common in ants with strictly subterranean or cryptic biology. Ants can be distinguished from wasps by the constriction ("cinctus") of the rear portion of the waist or second abdominal segment, to form a well-distinguish node or scale, this segment named the petiole; the third abdominal is often similarly constricted (postpetiole, characteristic of the largest NA subfamily, Myrmicinae, and of Pseudomyrmecinae and most Ecitoninae). The elbowed antennae distinguish ants from other wingless wasps. Ants are usually black, brown, or reddish, and live in colonies with well-defined castes (typically a worker caste of sterile females and a reproductive caste of winged males and females). +"...virtually all ant keys are for workers only. Since males ... and often queens, can be radically different in appearance from workers, you have to collect the worker stage at the same time as the reproductives." ( Eric Eaton ) Key to subfamilies & Midwestern genera in( 11 ) Terminology: ant anatomy diagram Guides: NA( 6 ); New England( 12 ) (good for most of the e. NA); se. US( 13 ) Range Worldwide and throughout North America, from coastal habitats to the alpine. Habitat Most North American species nest in soil, in leaf litter, or in dead wood, but toward the south, more and more arboreal species occur. All species of Pseudomyrmex are arboreal or stem-inhabiting, as are many Camponotus, Temnothorax, Crematogaster. Some species forage subterraneously, cryptically in litter or wood, while most forage on the ground and low vegetation. Arboreal species usually, and many terrestrial ones, often, forage high in trees, especially in quest of honeydew or extrafloral nectar. Season Most ant species forage in warm, humid weather, diurnally in cooler and moister climates, mostly nocturnally in deserts. Ants retreat into the nest from cold or extreme, especially dry, heat. Winged reproductive castes are reared in spring or summer. Typically, they fly shortly after reaching adulthood, but in many species of the the formicine genera Camponotus, Prenolepis & Nylanderia, alates overwinter in the parent nest and fly the following spring. Most ant species forage in warm weather, retreating from cold or extreme, especially dry, heat. Prenolepis is exceptional in foraging mainly in the cooler months, even on warm days in winter. Food Food varies by genus and species. Most species are to a greater or lesser degree predators or scavengers, and have a sweet-tooth, gathering extrafloral or less often floral nectar, hemipteran honeydew, lycaenid larval exudates, or fruit juice for their sugar content. Elaisomes of myrmecochorous seeds may provide a significant source of amino acids, monosaccharides and low molecular weight lipids for ants that harvest them. Larvae can eat solid food, while adults have a very narrow oesophagus and feed only on liquids or very small particles such as pollen. Adults often obtain partially digested, liquid food, regurgitated to them by the larvae, and species in the Amblyoponinae feed on haemolymph obtain by chewing of the pleural region of larval abdominal segments! Many Ponerinae, and Cerapachyinae and Ecitoninae, are specialized predators on particular sorts of other arthropods. Species of the myrmicine tribe Attini all cultivate particular strains of fungus, cultivated on compost derived from vegetable matter, cut leaves or the frass of phytophagous insects. Several other myrmicine genera, Pogonomyrmex, Veromessor and some Pheidole, especially in arid regions, depend largely on the harvesting of seeds gathered, not for their elaiosomes, but for their starchy internal content. Life Cycle Ants are holometabolous, with the pupa in a cocoon or not, as determined by subfamily, genus, or even species. In some, worker pupae are naked or facultatively naked, while sexual pupae are in a cocoon. All living ant species are eusocial (='truly social'), or are workerless parasites requiring the eusocial medium of a host ant species' colony. Length and number of instars and total period of development various, but in most takes less than a full year. Most genera overwinter brood in the form of relatively uniform-age, partially grown larvae, while a few overwinter mixed age brood, and others carry no brood through winter. In boreal myrmicine species, rearing of sexual brood may take more than one growing season. Males die shortly after mating, and females tear off their wings after mating, or just before entering a nesting site, and of course remain wingless for the rest of their lives of one to 20+ years, depending on species. Nest-founding queens typically rear the first brood of small (nanitic or minim) workers alone, either sealed in a nest cell and feeding off stored fat and lysing wing musculature (claustrally), or occasionally (semiclaustrally) or regularly foraging for food while rearing the first brood, but almost never after the first workers emerge. In many species, mated queens may join established colonies of their own species. Still others typically invade a colony of a related species and gain the help of the workers of that colony to rear their brood. This may result in a temporary (if the host queen is killed) or less often, permanent mixed-species colony in which the host queen is not killed (inquilinism). In some species, the so-called slave-makers, the host queen is killed, but mixed worker populations are maintained by brood robbing from nests of the appropriate host species. Finally, in Ecitoninae and some others, colonies reproduce by fission. Ecitonines have cyclic, highly synchronized brood development, and associated nearly daily migration to new temporary nest sites ("bivouacs") when growing larvae are present. Remarks Non-native Ants in the guide (as of 2/23/2014) No common name Anergates atratulus . From the Old World No common name Brachymyrmex obscurior . From Central and South America No common name Brachymyrmex patagonicus . From South America Chinese Needle Ant, Brachyoponera chinensis . From Asia Compact Carpenter Ant, Camponotus planatus . From the Neotropics, 1910 No common name, Hypoponera opaciceps . From Brazil No common name, Lasius emarginatus . From Mediterranean and Central Europe. Very recent (Common) Black Ant, Lasius niger . From Eurasia Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile . From S America No common name, Monomorium pharaonis . Probably from Africa European Fire Ant, Myrmica rubra . From Europe, 1908 No common name, Nylanderia flavipes . From Japan Tawny Crazy Ant, Nylanderia fulva . From the Neotropics, 2002 Caribbean Crazy Ant, Nylanderia pubens . From West Indies, 1953 Rough-node Snapping Ant, Odontomachus ruginodis . From West Indies, 1930s Longhorn Crazy Ant, Paratrechina longicornis . From Old World tropics, early 1900s Bigheaded Ant, Pheidole megacephala . Native to Mauritius, spread worldwide. 1933 No common name, Pheidole moerens . From Greater Antilles? No common name, Platythyrea punctata (?). From Central and South America Elongate Twig Ant, Pseudomyrmex gracilis . From Mexico. Florida 1960 Pan-tropical Panther Ant, Pseudoponera stigma , Probably introduced Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta . From S. America, 1930s or 1940s Black Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis richteri . From S. America, around 1918 No common name, Strumigenys membranifera . From the Old World tropics Ghost Ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum . From the Old World tropics, 1930 Tramp Ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum . From the from Africa, 1800s White-Footed Ant, Technomyrmex difficilis . From the Palaearctic, 1986 Pavement Ant, Tetramorium species-e . From Europe Japanese Pavement Ant, Tetramorium tsushimae . From Japan, early 1900s Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata . From the Neotropics, 1920s See Also
Ant
In which UK city is Pleasure Beach Railway Station?
Mississippi Entomological Museum, Ants (Formicidae) of the Southeastern United States - Introduction, by Joe A. MacGown MEM Home Ants (Formicidae) of the southeastern United States - Introduction The aim of this web site is to provide comprehensive lists of ant species for the Southeast and each state within the Southeast including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; species pages with information and photos; keys to subfamilies, genera, and species of ants found in the Southeast (not all keys are updated to include the entire Southeast); diagnostic drawings; collecting information; a glossary; publications about ants by the Mississippi Entomological Museum (MEM); relevant literature citations; and links to other ant sites on the web. This web site is primarily designed for researchers who already have a working knowledge of ants and scientific nomenclature. However, others may find the site to be useful as well. Initially, the goal of the MEM was to study the ants of Mississippi; but, because we had numerous records from Alabama, we expanded our goals to include that state. Additional collections and MEM specimens from other southeastern states, especially Arkansas, Georgia, and Louisiana, but to lesser extents Florida, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina, have given us records from the entire southeastern region. With these records and collections, coupled with published species lists of ants from the region, lists of ants for each southeastern state and the entire region have been compiled. The most extensive survey work by the MEM began in 2001 and is ongoing. However, there are specimens housed in the MEM from the early 1900's through the present. To use this site, click on the appropriate tab on the above header menu. All lists of ants are found under the "Faunal Lists"; just click the appropriate link to get to the species list needed. Lists of all species, exotic species, and pest species are provided for the entire Southeast and each state. Primary species lists are arranged taxonomically by subfamily, tribe, and genera and alphabetically by species; whereas, exotic and pest species are arranged alphabetically. Common names are not given in these lists because some species have no common name, have multiple common names, or have the same common name as other species. Thus, they are not a useful way to list species. However, common names will be included on species pages as they are developed. Basic Information About Ants Diversity:  Ants are among the most numerous of creatures on the planet and consequently, they greatly impact the lives of man. It has been estimated that 10% of the animal biomass of the earth is comprised of ants! Not only are they abundant, but they are also quite diverse. About 12,000 species have been described worldwide, with over 1,200 species known from the Nearctic region, and over 300 known to occur in the Southeast. Ants affect mankind directly by invading houses, biting and stinging people, raiding food supplies, damaging structures, killing animals, and by being general nuisance pests. On the positive side, ants move and aerate large quantities of soil, disperse seeds of herbaceous plant species, bring nutrients to the soil, kill large quantities of other insects (including pest species), aid in the natural decay process of both dead plants and animals, and perform numerous other activities. Ants are found in all terrestrial habitats, such as deserts, tundras, rainforests, swamps, fields, etc. Their nests are as just as variable, and different species may nest in soil, leaf litter, rotting wood, live trees, hollow twigs and stems, insect galls, in specially constructed paper-like nests, and anywhere else imaginable. Colony sizes range from a few individuals to millions, depending on the species. The diets of ants are widely varied and include animals (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods), seeds, nectar, honeydew (secreted by other insects), fungi, and many other things. Some species are specific in their diets and only eat certain things such as spider eggs, various springtail species, centipedes, etc., whereas, others are general omnivores or carnivores. Physical characteristics:  Ants range in size from less than 1.0 millimeter to about 40 millimeters. They are variously colored black, brown, orange, yellow, to pale white, and anywhere in between. They may be concolorous or bicolored. Different species may be shiny or matte, hairy or not, have eyes or lack them, have short or long antennae, have a stinger or not, may emit formic acid or other harmful chemicals, may have one or two waist segments, be hard or soft bodied, and may have many other differences. These differences are how we describe them and differentiate species from one another. Classification:  Like all living things, ants are classified and grouped in a hierarchal system that links related organisms. Ants are in the Kingdom "Animalia," the Phylum "Arthropoda", the Class "Hexapoda", the Order "Hymenoptera" (includes bees, wasps, and ants), and the Family "Formicidae". They are further classified to Subfamily (10 subfamilies in the Nearctic region), Genus (72 species in Nearctic region), and species. Ants are typically listed by their scientific name, which is simply the combination of the genus and species names, which is often followed by the last name of the author(s) who described the species. For example the scientific name of the black carpenter ant is Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). In this case, Camponotus is the genus (all carpenter ants are in this genus), pennsylvanicus is the species, and (DeGeer) is the author who originally described this species. The parentheses indicate that the species was originally described in another genus, but was later moved to the current one. In this case, it was originally described in the genus Formica. Incidentally, this was the first ant species described from North America. The names that are given to species often have significance as well. A species name may describe some important feature of the ant, refer to the locality where it was discovered, be named after somebody of importance, or may have no obvious meaning at all. Traditionally, names were Greek or Latin in origin, but more recently this has not been the case. Identification:  Surprisingly, and despite the high numbers and great importance of ants, they are still a difficult group to identify and classify. The family Formicidae has been a taxonomic problem for the last century and only became somewhat more clear in 1950 with the publication of W. S. Creighton's Ants of North America. Since then, numerous taxonomic papers have been written about ants, but they are scattered in many journals, making it difficult to easily identify ants on a regional basis without having lots of literature. Fortunately, this is changing, as many people are now working with Formicidae in one aspect or another. Regional faunistic studies, such as those being conducted by the MEM, are helping scientists better understand species diversity and distributions. Current DNA research is helping to resolve questions about similar species and movement of exotic species. Some wonderful web sites are now available that greatly aid the identification process by offering beautiful photos of ants (such as at Antweb ), valid names of ants species and links to publications ( antbase.org ), or keys to ants ( The Ants of the New World ). Recent books including "The Ants of North America" by Brian Fisher and Stefan Cover (2007), which gives keys to North American genera, "Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World" by Barry Bolton (1994), and A New General Catalog of the Ants of the World by Barry Bolton (1995) also are very useful. Identification and Information Requests Anyone needing information, loans of research material, or Identification of ants should email Joe MacGown or call him at 662-325-9551. In general, identifications should be limited to to southeastern species, although other inquiries are welcome. Photographs taken by the MEM may be used for educational purposes by obtaining written permission. Links to this site are encouraged; however, we prefer that these pages not be embedded in other sites.  
i don't know
Which Bronte sister used the pseudonym Currer Bell?
The Brontë Pseudonyms: A Woman's Image — The Writer and Her Public The Brontë Pseudonyms: A Woman's Image — The Writer and Her Public Marianne Thormahlen, University of Lund, Sweden This essay, which was originally published in English Studies (1994) as 'The Bronte Pseudonyms', appears in the Victorian Web with the kind permission of the author and the English Studies publishers Swets & Zeitlinger, who retain copyright. Notes to this WWW edition Numbers in brackets indicate page breaks in the print edition and thus allow users of VW to cite or locate the original page numbers. Text links take you to material not in the original print version. [GPL]. Adrian Kang, Chew Yong Jack, and GPL created the HTML version, converting footnotes. GPL also linked the text to other portions of the Victorian Web. Clicking on superscript numbers brings you to the top of the left column; hitting the back button on your browser returns you to your place in the body of the main text. Notes 1. Emily Brontë: A Biography (Oxford, 1971), pp. 185-6. On Charlotte and Miss Currer, see also Gérin's Charlotte Bronte: The Evolution of Genius (Oxford, 1967), p. 309, and F.B. Pinion, A Brontë Companion: Literary Assessment, Background, and Reference (London, 1975), p. 278. The first person (as far as I am aware) to suggest that Charlotte may have borrowed her pseudonym from Miss Currer was 'the Hon. Lady Wilson of Eshton Hall' in the 'The Brontës as Governesses', Brontë Society Transactions 9 (1939), 217-18. See also Clifford Whone's report on The Keighley Mechanics' Institute, 'Where the Brontës Borrowed Books', Brontë Society Transactions 11 (1950), 345. (Whone noted the occurrence of Miss Currer's name among Institute members but did not outline any other relevant points in support of the connexion.) 2. Adopting a surname as a first name was of course a convenient way of concealing a person's sex; after all, the choice of 'proper' Christian names that could have been used by men and women alike was severely limited. Charlotte's Shirley was given this 'masculine cognomen' in default of heirs male, pioneering it as a first name for women; see E.G. Withycombe, The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names (Oxford, 1945), p. 118. 3. On phrenology in Charlotte's novels, see Wilfred M. Senseman's 'Charlotte Brontë's Use of Physiognomy and Phrenology', Brontë Society Transactions 12 (1967), 286-89, a recapitulation and part-reproduction of an article in Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 38 (1953), and Ian Jack, 'Physiognomy, Phrenology and Characterisation in the Novels of Charlotte Brontë', Brontë Society Transactions 15 (1970), 377-91. For Anne's use of phrenology, see my 'The Villain of Wildfell Hall: Aspects and Prospects of Arthur Huntingdon' The Modern Language Review 88.4 (October 1993), 834-6. 4. Subtitled A Study of the Bronte Sisters as Early-Victorian Female Novelists, it appeared in 1966 (Gothenburg and London). Another well-researched and informative dissertation, on an adjacent subject, by a Swedish Brontë scholar appeared eight years later, Harriet Björk's The Language of Truth: Charlotte Bronte, the Woman Question, and the Novel, No. 47 in Lund Studies in English (Lund, 1974). 5. See Frank, A Chainless Soul, p. 216, and Chitham, Emily Brontë, p. 198. (Clifford Whone did suggest that the name of another Keighley Mechanics' Institute member, one William Ellis, Esq., might have supplied Emily's pseudonym, but the absence of any further links detracts from the likelihood of this idea; see 'Where the Brontës Borrowed Books', 345.) 6. Cf. Margot Peters's account of Arthur Bell Nicholls's (successful) attempt at vindicating Ireland, and his own Irish family, in the prejudiced Charlotte's eyes; Unquiet Soul: A Biography of Charlotte Bronte (London, 1975), p. 396. — This is not to say that that ancestry was unimportant to the Brontës' personalities and their artistry; see, for instance, Edward Chitham, The Brontës' Irish Background (London, 1986). (There are also many references to the Celtic origins of the Rev. Patrick Bronte in Chitham's biographies of Emily and Anne [the latter of which, A Life of Anne Brontë, was published by Blackwells in 1991].) 7. The Women of England, Their Social Duties, and Domestic Habits, 3rd ed. (1839), p. 343 (from the chapter on 'Modern Education'). According to Rebecca Fraser, Mrs Ellis evinced something of a change of heart in respect of female education under the pressures of the 1840s (see Fraser's Charlotte Brontë, London, 1988, p. 147); 1 have failed to detect such a modification in her views. 8. A Quaker and a supporter of women's rights, she was a friend of Mrs Gaskell 's. Her husband William reviewed Shirley in favourable terms; see Miriam Allott (ed.), The Brontës: The Critical Heritage (London, 1974), pp. 133-5. Shortly afterwards, Mrs Gaskell wrote her initial letter to Charlotte. Incidentally, Mrs Howitt translated the works of the Swedish domestic novelist Fredrika Bremer, whose work was known to the Brontës; for instance, Charlotte refers to Anne's reading one of her tales in the last few months of her life (see, for example, Chitham's biography of Anne, p. 181; on Bremer and Charlotte Brontë, see Björk's dissertation, especially pp. 83-5). The reason why such details seem noteworthy to me is that they suggest that 'networks' among women operated in the nineteenth century no less than in our time, a point that might prove relevant to Brontë studies. 9. He had discouraged Charlotte from making literature her sole career on the basis of poems she had sent to him, but this did not prevent her from taking a pathetic pride in the fact that he had seen some merit in them (cf, Torn Winnifrith, A New Life of Charlotte Brontë, London, 1988, pp. 62-3). Viewed against the background of contemporary circumstances, Southey's letter to her 'klingt ... sogar vernünftig', as Elsemarie Maletzke has observed; see her Das Leben der Brontës: Eine Biographie (Frankfurt, 1988; I have used the Fischer pocket edition of 1992, where the relevant passage occurs on p. 148). 10. It is hard to apply the term 'great' to Bell after having read the grim verdict on his personal qualities in Meiklejohn's book (especially p. 120); but he was by any reckoning phenomenally successful in a worldly sense, and he had a number of faithful friends and correspondents, members of the Gaskell family among them (see New Letters of Robert Southey, ed. Kenneth Curry, New York and London, 1965, Vol. II, p. 403, It might, incidentally, soothe the indignation of those who find Southey's patronising attitude to women as displayed in his letters to Charlotte too unbearable to allow for any charity in his direction to contemplate his shock and disgust at the brutal manifestations of sexual double standards [p. 48 in Vol. I]. They led to the comparatively forward-looking statement, 'Nothing is more astonishing to me than that a virtue so rigidly demanded from woman should be so despised among men'.) Bibliographical materials on Bell See the entry on Bell in Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IV, pp. 149-152. Further information on Bell was provided by J.M.D. Meiklejohn's An Old Educational Reformer: Dr. Andrew Bell (Edinburgh and London, 1881). Another circumstance favouring the idea of a Bell-Brontë connexion is Bell's preparing the way for the Mechanics' Institutes; see J.W. Hudson, The History of Adult Education (London, 1851), pp. 1-25. References Bentley, Phyllis. The Brontës. London: 1947. Chadwick, Mrs Ellis [sic] H. In the Footsteps of the Brontës London, 1914. Chitham, Edward. A Life of Emily Brontë. Oxford: 1987. Dibdin, Thomas Frognall. Reminiscences of a Literary Life; with Anecdotes of Books, and of Book Collectors. London, 1836. Dictionary of National Biography Edgeworth, Maria. Tales and Novels. London: 1857. Ellis, Sarah. Family Secrets, or Hints to Those Who Would Make Home Happy. London, 1841. _____. The Home Life and Letters of Mrs. Ellis, Compiled by Her Nieces. London: 1893. _____. Pictures of Private Life, 2nd ed. London, 1833. _____. The Daughters of England. London, 1842. _____. The Mothers of England: Their Influence & Responsibility London, 1843. Frank, Katherine. A Chainless Soul: A Life of Emily Brontë. Boston: 1990. Gates, Barbara Timm (ed.). Critical Essays on Charlotte Brontë. Boston: 1990. Hopkins, Annette B. The Father of the Brontës. Baltimore: 1958. Levine, Richard A. (ed.). Backgrounds to Victorian Literature. San Francisco: 1967. Peters, Margot. "Unquiet Soul." Brontë Society Transactions 72 (1962), 20-22. Pykett, Lyn. Emily Brontë. "Macmillan Women Writers series." London: Macmillan, 1989. Ray, Elizabeth. The Best of Eliza Acton. London: 1968. Sale, William M. Jr (ed.). Wuthering Heights. New York: Norton, 1972. Stickney, Sarah. See Ellis above. Thormahlen, Marianne. 'The Villain of Wildfell Hall: Aspects and Prospects of Arthur Huntingdon.' The Modern Language Review 88.4 (October 1993), 834-36. Winnifrith, Tom. The Brontës and Their Background: Romance and Reality. London: 1973. Withycombe, E.G. The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names. Oxford, 1945. Young, G.M. (ed.). Early Victorian Britain 1830-1865. London: 1934. In 1850, Charlotte Brontë's 'Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell' put a stop to all speculation on the sex of the 'Bells'. The wording of the passage where she outlined the adoption of their noms de guerre is remarkable for reasons which still have not been fully appreciated: Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because — without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine' — we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice . . . [quoted from the Norton edition of Wuthering Heights, p. 4] Scores of Brontë critics have paraphrased the quoted lines in terms such as 'The sisters chose the neutral pen-names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, not wishing to expose themselves to the prejudice or the condescension then often displayed by critics towards women writers, but scrupling to take names positively masculine' (Bentley, p. 37). A recent biographer of Emily Brontë maintains that 'cloaked' would have been a more accurate word than 'veiled', 'for the names, though not blatantly masculine, certainly wouldn't be taken as women's' (Frank, p. 15). Charlotte's expressions 'veiled', 'ambiguous choice', and 'conscientious scruple' might have invited more curiosity about the 'Christian names' than they have done. With the exception of Winifred Gérin, Brontë scholars have not displayed much interest in the actual fabric of the 'veil'. Why 'Currer', 'Ellis', and 'Acton'? And what considerations could have prompted the choice of 'Bell'? The following passage from Gérin's book on Emily Brontë summarises the substance of previous enquiry concerning the origins of the Brontë pseudonyms: How they came by their names they never revealed, but there are some strong indications. The name Bell may have been chosen by the arrival that summer of their father's new curate, Arthur Bell Nichols. While a governess at the Sidgwicks, Charlotte had certainly heard much of their neighbour, Miss Frances Mary Richardson Currer, of Eshton Hall, Skipton, whose property touched Stonegappe, and whose library was famous throughout the north. She was one of the founder patrons of the Clergy Daughters' School, so that her name must have been doubly familiar to Charlotte. The poetess Eliza Acton (1777-1859) [the Dictionary of National Biography gives Acton's birth year as 1799], who had considerable success in her day and was patronized [246/247] by royalty, may have suggested Anne's pseudonym to her. There appears to be no clue to the origin of Emily's choice of name, Ellis. 1 Guérin disposes of any doubt in respect of Charlotte: she must have derived her unusual 'first' name from Frances Mary Richardson Currer, the illustrious scholar of Eshton Hall. For reasons stated below (and not addressed by Gérin), I find the connexion between Anne and Eliza Acton plausible, too. But if Charlotte and Anne acquired their 'Christian names' from the surnames 2 of two contemporary women who had made their mark in the realm of books and writing, Emily is likely to have done the same. After some additional observations respecting 'Currer' and 'Acton', the greater part of the following discussion deals with a putative source for 'Ellis', ending with a consideration of the 'Bell' issue. (The 'Bell' explanation offered by Gérin has been stated as a certainty by several other Brontë scholars.) The argumentation is based on a conviction that the Brontës, never given to haphazardness and speedily maturing as artists, will have invested a good deal of thought in the selection of their pen-names. Typically, Charlotte speaks of a 'choice . . . dictated by . . . scruple'. * * * * * It is not impossible that Charlotte herself had access to Miss Currer's books at some point. An avid reader from childhood, the latter had inherited a fine library, kept adding to it, and ensured that her books were expertly catalogued. (See Dictionary of National Biography, XIII, 340). The second catalogue, compiled by C.J. Stewart, was privately printed (100 copies) in 1833 and is a treasure-trove for anyone interested in the reading habits of the educated pre- and early-Victorian upper class. While Miss Currer's collection featured many respectable works of natural science, she was sufficiently interested in the pseudo-scientific fashions of her day to acquire a copy of the Physiognomical System of Drs Gall and Spurzheim. The doctors were pioneers of phrenology , a school of thought whose influence on Charlotte [247/248] and Anne is patent in their novels. 3 Another of the interests that Miss Currer shared with the Brontës was mental improvement, and she owned educational works by like-minded women such as Mrs Hester Chapone and Maria Edgeworth. The fact that F.M.R. Currer supported the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge suggests that she was one of those 'wealthy and benevolent individuals in the county' (Jane Eyre's description of the subscribers to a new and improved Lowood Institute (opening of Chapter 10). Charlotte is not likely to have blamed a founder patron for subsequent misfortunes at the institution.) whose munificence ensured the survival of charitable institutions. Her character (she was 'extremely accomplished and amiable', according to the DNB biographer) seems to have been as irreproachable as her scholarship; in 1836, the Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin placed her 'at THE HEAD of all female Collectors in Europe', calling her 'a sort of modern CHRISTINA of the North' (p. 949). Despite these exalted attainments, Miss Currer favoured practical usefulness in her selection of books, and a similar streak can be observed in the personality of the woman whose surname is likely to have provided Anne with her first nom de plume. The links between the youngest Brontë and Miss Eliza Acton are much more tenuous than the Charlotte-Currer ones, but there are indications that support the idea of a connexion. The poems contained in Eliza Acton's one volume of verse often resemble Anne's both with regard to metre and subject matter. Acton obviously suffered a disappointment in love (according to the DNB entry, she was at one time engaged to an officer in the French army), and several poems hint darkly at a loved one who proved unworthy, even criminal. Many of the lyrics express a hope for peace in the grave. Some poems imply a certain amount of romantic idealism in the young poetess (still in her twenties), among them 'A Sketch' where she accuses the English of pettiness to the vanquished Napoleon. Eliza Acton was certainly well known in her time; but her greatest claim to lasting fame did not reside in this twice-printed collection of poems which she published (by subscription, 1,000 copies in all) in 1826 and 1827. (See Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 1, 66-67). Nor were her fugitive verses on Queens Adelaide and Victoria destined to make her remembered a good hundred years after her death. Her greatest success in the realm of writing came in 1845, towards the end of which the three Brontë sisters conceived the plan of publishing a selection of their poems. Before that year was [248/249] out, Miss Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families had already gone into three editions. Another two were called for in 1846, and new editions kept appearing in subsequent years. Tradition has it that this immensely and immediately successful work was the result of the no longer youthful poetess's asking her publisher, Mr Longman, to name the subject of a book 'for which the world has a need' (as it was clear that there was no demand for poetry, at least not for hers). Longman allegedly replied that he wanted 'a really good cookery book', and Miss Acton fell to work with characteristic conscientiousness. (The anecdote has been retold several times; see, for instance, Mrs C. S. Peel's essay on 'Homes and Habits' in Young, I, 125-6.) She devoted several years to the completion of a magnificent and beautifully written book, to which no less an authority than Elizabeth David paid the ultimate accolade in calling it 'the greatest cookery book in our language'. (Page xxvii in her Introduction to The Best of Eliza Acton, Recipes from her classic Modern Cookery for Private Families, selected and edited by Elizabeth Ray) One notable feature in Acton's Modern Cookery is its emphasis on bread-making, an art which Emily Brontë apparently commanded to perfection (see, for instance, Chitham, pp. 159 and 170). The combination of poetry and domesticity in the person and work of Eliza Acton increases the probability of her surname having been chosen as a 'veil' by one of the Brontë sisters. Household chores made up a very considerable portion of their daily lives, especially Emily's — one chapter in Chitham's biography is aptly entitled 'Domestic Chores Lightened by Fancy' — and they took pride in performing them impeccably. The roles of the Brontës as women novelists, viewed against the background of the situation of women in their time, is the subject of one of the finest Brontë monographs, Inga-Stina Ewbank's Their Proper Sphere. 4 Ewbank proceeded from the demonstrable fact that women were held to occupy a 'sphere "distinct and separate" from man's' (p. vii in her Preface), the words 'distinct and separate' being a direct quotation from Mrs Sarah Ellis's The Daughters of England (1842). Later in the book, Ewbank shows that the Brontës — unlike Mrs Ellis and other women writers of domestic novels — broke the confinement of the woman novelist to 'woman's proper sphere', arguing that they were particularly 'a-typical' in this respect, as Jane Austen had been before them (Their Proper Sphere, p. 41). It takes some nerve to suggest that Sarah Ellis, author of 'manuals on womanhood' and didactic fiction, might have supplied the first name of the 'Bell' whose 'sphere' was farther removed from the question of the moral worth of women than that of any of her sisters (or, for that matter, of any other English woman novelist). On the face of it, the idea seems not only absurd but downright [249/250] insulting to the lone-Titan, law-unto-herself Emily Brontë. Even the recent critics and biographers, such as Lyn Pykett, who have modified that traditional conception of Emily, considering her work in relation to contemporary domestic fiction by women and generally 'humanising' her for us, would probably find it at least incongruous. Insofar as Brontë scholars have mentioned Mrs Sarah Ellis, née Stickney, at all, they have referred to her in terms such as 'that indefatigable writer of conduct books for Victorian girls' without pausing to consider the implications of her surname; see Sandra M. Gilbert in Gates, p. 161. The only rationale of 'Ellis' that I have seen relates Emily's scruple-dictated choice to her Irish grandmother's first name. 5 However, most sources give the latter's Christian name as 'Alice' or 'Elinor' (the latter with variant spellings); see, for instance, Hopkins, p. 134n10, and also Withycombe, p. 45. Although the suggestion remains a possibility, it does not seem very likely to me — certainly not if one accepts the idea that Charlotte and Anne chose the surnames of remarkable contemporary women intellectuals. The Brontë children never knew their father's mother, Mrs Brunty/O'Prunty, née McClory, and none of the sisters is on record as having shown much interest, let alone pride, in their Irish ancestry. 6 None of this, however, can strengthen the case for Mrs Ellis in the eyes of those to whom she was an apostle of 'namby-pambyism' (Knickerbocker is one of them; see his essay on Victorian education in Levine, pp. 146-47). But is this conception a fair one, and — more to the point — is that the way she would have appeared to the Brontë sisters? Most of those writers on the Brontës who refer to Mrs Ellis's works do so in 'quoted-in' references, which suggests that they have not in fact studied her writings. A couple of days in a well-assorted research library yield rather a different picture of them, and her, from the now-conventional one. The Daughters of England, for instance, extols ingenuity and regrets that imitation rather than invention is predominant in the teaching of needlework etc. (p. 80); it also urges women as well as men to acquire 'a general knowledge of the political and social state of the country in which we live, and indeed of all countries' (p. 110). Not to possess any knowledge of, and sentiments regarding, [250/251] various social issues such as slavery, temperance, and cruelty to animals is 'disgraceful' in a woman, however 'accomplished and amiable' (those standard nineteenth-century virtues) she might be (p. 112). A love of truth is urged on young women as being the capacity that will enable them 'to see every object as it really is, and to see it clearly' (p. 115). The study of music and drawing is highly recommended, and 'a woman without poetry, is like a landscape without sunshine' (p. 162). Mrs Ellis freely alludes to Byron and Scott in this work of instruction for young Victorian womanhood; these references to Brontë favourites — especially to the former — will have raised quite a few eyebrows among the more strait-laced mammas. It is certainly true that Mrs Ellis speaks of women's inferiority to men in several respects, and that her acceptance of women's lot 'to suffer, and be still' will grate on a modern reader (The Daughters of England, p. 161). For great literary attainments she believed women disqualified: 'It is only in her proper and natural sphere that a woman is poetical' (The Poetry of Life, published while she was still Sarah Stickney (1835), II, 79, 83). She is known to have found Currer Bell's work improper for a woman; but she made no secret of finding it fascinating, telling a friend in a letter, 'It is strange the hold this writer has upon me' (Home Life, p. 147; her review in The Morning Call is, as Margot Peters points out in Unquiet Soul, pp. 205 and 428, reprinted in the Bronte Society Transactions 72 [1962], 20-22; cf. Winnifrith, pp. 125-26). To her contemporaries, her advice on the education of girls could seem shockingly 'advanced', as when she recommended mothers to let their young daughters roam freely outdoors: 'they should climb with [their brothers] the craggy rock, penetrate the forest, and ramble over hill and dale' (Mothers of England, p. 329). Advice of this sort was natural from a woman who, like Emily Brontë, loved the outdoors from childhood; again like Emily, she was devoted to animals, dogs and horses especially — see Home Life, pp. 5-6; her nieces tell us that she was a fearless rider — a devotion often reflected in her tremendously influential writings. As Eliza Acton's emphasis on bread-baking will have appealed more directly to Emily than to Anne, so Emily's 'twin spirit' will have taken a greater interest in Sarah Ellis's moral fiction than her sister. Mrs Ellis devoted three volumes of stories (of approx. 100 pages each) to the theme of intemperance, approached in a variety of ways. Under the cover of fiction, she warned readers against the dangers of taking brandy as a remedy for ill-health, of convivial drinking for those who have inherited a predisposition for alcoholism, and of attempting to drink 'moderately' rather than abstaining completely if one is a sufferer — all highly controversial notions in her day (and accepted wisdom in ours). Her Family Secrets, or Hints to Those Who Would Make Home Happy were published in 1841, seven years before The Tenant of Wildfell Hall which has been called 'the first temperance novel' (by Chadwick, p. 355; on drink in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, see my article 'The Villain of Wildfell Hall). When still Sarah Stickney, Mrs Ellis had [251/252] published an account of 'Marriage As It May Be' whose protagonists resemble the Huntingdon ménage; the husband has 'a mere animal propensity — over which a variable and volatile spirit has little power. It was not to drown the anguish of a tortured mind that he swallowed the fatal draught, but solely for the sake of the excitement and the love of what he called "good company"' (Pictures, pp. 342-43). Mrs Sarah Ellis advocated giving space to imagination and poetry in education, qualities often crowded out of 'our busy modern lives'; 'what we most want in education . . . is to invest material things with the attributes of mind'. 7 Opinions like these align her with other women scholars and writers, such as Mary Howitt, and they knew each other well. 8 Another sentiment which would endear her to the Brontë sisters is expressed in The Mothers of England (p. 353): And here I must beg to call the attention of the mothers of England to one particular class of women, whose rights and whose sufferings ought to occupy, more than they do, the attention of benevolent Christians. I allude to governesses, and I believe that in this class, taken as a whole, is to be found more refinement of mind, and consequently more susceptibility of feeling, than in any other. Like Agnes Grey, Mrs Ellis maintained that it is admirable for young women to be 'industrious rather than dependent' and spoke warmly of the distress of governesses who must leave home for 'the cold reception of strangers, the doubtful position when placed in an unknown household . . .' (Mothers of England, pp. 353, 358). Many of Mrs Ellis's qualities as manifested in her writings suggest that Anne would regard her with particular favour, and in view of the special closeness of the sisters' bond, the idea of calling Emily 'Ellis' might have originated with her. Be that as it may, the preceding pages should have done something to reduce the seeming improbability of the original proposal as regards Emily's pseudonym. If it is accepted, the three Brontës can be seen to have 'veiled' their identities and their sex in an intriguing manner: their 'conscientious scruples' should have been peculiarly mitigated by their 'ambiguous choice' of first names that were [252/253] not only surnames, but the surnames of three women — all belonging to their mother's generation — who had distinguished themselves in that world of letters into which they were about to venture. * * * * * * * If the 'Christian names' were chosen according to a certain common principle, what about 'Bell'? The contention that the sisters simply plumped for the recently-arrived assistant clergyman's middle name, as 'a sort of private joke' (Frank, p. 15) does not fit in with the idea that they chose their pseudonyms after careful deliberation. Still, the surname was not of course required to serve such a delicate purpose (that of 'veiling' the authors' sex) as the first names. Hence the Arthur Bell Nicholls explanation is at least a possibility — but so are other options. Two conditions had to be fulfilled by the surname jointly adopted by the Brontës: it had to begin with a B; and it must be common enough not to afford any clue to their true identities. It is worth observing that if any frequent surname beginning with a B would have done, the sisters could have chosen the alias that Charlotte and Anne were to adopt during their visit to London and called themselves 'Brown'. The second consideration, on which Emily may be assumed to have been especially insistent, made the obvious choice impossible. Unlike Helen Graham/Huntingdon and hosts of other personages, real and imaginary and past and present, the sisters could not use their mother's maiden name. Not only was it far too distinctive in itself; it was also the first name of the excluded brother who had cherished such high-flying literary ambitions of his own and who must at all costs be kept in ignorance of their project. Nevertheless, the name 'Branwell' could have been made to serve by lending its first and last letters to the enterprise. There is a third 'Bell' possibility, though. If the explanations of the 'Christian names' can be found in the Brontës' intellectual milieu, there is a chance that that milieu could have furnished the surname, too. The entire Brontë family, the men included, had earned their living in the field of education. All the girls taught professionally at one time or another, and their scheme for starting their own school is universally known. The Rev. Patrick had been a pupil-teacher at sixteen before going on to tutoring, a career also pursued by his son. The father of the Brontës took a life-long, and sometimes highly practical, interest in schooling, especially as a means to improve the minds, morals, and living conditions of his more impecunious parishioners. His daughters and son taught the scions of wealthy families; but the account of the Morton village school in Jane Eyre testifies to Charlotte's commitment to education for the children of the poor. Throughout the first decades of the nineteenth century, one name dominated the debate on education, particularly that of the lower classes: Dr. Andrew Bell, [253/254] founder of the so-called Madras system of mutual instruction. 10 Reduced to its barest outlines, the system amounted to advanced pupils teaching younger ones. It was cheap, and it promised a rapid extension of literacy, reading and writing being the main skills that the older pupils could impart. Bell wrote a number of works on such topics as national education and the elements of tuition, and thousands of schools operated according to his system. His controversy with the Quaker Joseph Lancaster as to which of them was the true pioneer of the monitorial system was a widely-publicised quarrel. Bell's emphasis on the organisational connexion between national-education schemes and the Anglican Church made him unpopular among Dissenters but appealed to zealous supporters of the Established Church. The Rev. Patrick Brontë was such a supporter, and it is inconceivable that the name Andrew Bell should not have been a familiar one to the Brontë family. There were a number of Madras-system schools in Yorkshire (for instance in Leeds, York, and Sheffield), and Bell was idolised by several leading English intellectuals, among them Robert Southey, who had a special standing in Haworth Parsonage. 10 In 1844, one year after Southey's death and little more than a year before the Brontës chose their pseudonyms, his biography of Bell was published. Only the first volume is actually by Southey; his son finished the work. Southey had backed Bell in print against Lancaster as early as 1812, so his almost hysterical admiration for the famous educationist may well have been known to the Brontës long before that. Another educational reformer and theorist (and woman novelist) with whose works the Brontës must have been acquainted was Maria Edgeworth, whose fictional tale 'Lame Jervas' praised Bell and his school in India as early as 1799. The eponymous hero goes out as an assistant to Bell in India; see pp. 29 ff. in the second volume of Edgeworth's Tales and Novels in Ten Volumes.[254/255] Biographical speculation is virtually inescapable in Brontë studies, and these suggestions are as speculative as numerous other proposals that have been put forward in this field (though rather less so than others). Even so, they tend in a direction which seems to me to hold out the possibility of an as-yet-largely-untapped reservoir of evidential material: the study of the Brontës as early-Victorian intellectuals. The pathos and glory of the unique Brontë story always tended to 'veil' the three heroines in mists of myth and legend. Recent work on the Brontës has done much to lift those mists, at least in places; but this area of their life and work is still insufficiently explored.
Charlotte Brontë
What is the title of late singer Roy Orbison’s first UK number hit single?
the Brontë Sisters: Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, the Brontë Sisters This is a blog about the Bronte Sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne. And their father Patrick, their mother Maria and their brother Branwell. About their pets, their friends, the parsonage (their house), Haworth the town in which they lived, the moors they loved so much, the Victorian era in which they lived. I've dreamt in my life dreams that have stayed with me ever after, and changed my ideas: they've gone through and through me, like wine through water, and altered the color of my mind. Emily Bronte Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, Life, believe, is not a dream, So dark as sages say; Oft a little morning rain Foretells a pleasant day: Sometimes there are clouds of gloom, But these are transient all; If the shower will make the roses bloom, Oh, why lament its fall? Rapidly, merrily, Life's sunny hours flit by, Gratefully, cheerily, Enjoy them as they fly. What though death at times steps in, And calls our Best away? What though Sorrow seems to win, O'er hope a heavy sway? Yet Hope again elastic springs, Unconquered, though she fell, Still buoyant are her golden wings, Still strong to bear us well. Manfuly, fearlessly, The day of trial bear, For gloriously, victoriously, Aylott and Jones: publishers and booksellers of Paternoster Row. 28/ 01/1846: Charlotte wrote to them to see if they would publish a short collection of poetry, if necessary “on the Author’s account.” They agreed to publish it if the author covered the cost of paper and printing. 06/02/1846: Charlotte Bronte sent a manuscript of poems to Messrs. Aylott and Jones publishers. They used the pseudonym of Acton, Currer and Ellis Bell. 06/04/1846: Charlotte Bronte wrote to publisher Aylott & Jones: "C.E & A Bell are now preparing for the Press a work of fiction - consisting of three distinct and unconnected tales which may be published together as a work of 3 vols. of ordinary novel-size, or separately as single vols - as shall be deemed most advisable." 07/05/1846: First printed copies of the Book of "Poems" by Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte arrived at the Parsonage. They had used the pseudonym of Acton, Currer and Ellis Bell. 04/07/1846: The published Bronte Poems using the pseudonym of Acton, Currer and Ellis Bell received favourable criticism. Suppose the sisters could see this: Price: US$ 3724.83 Bookseller Image Poems, by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. BRONTË, Charlotte, Emily & Anne.] Publisher: London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1846 [1848] Publication Date: 1848 Binding: Edition: 1st Edition Book Description: London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1846 [1848], 1848. Octavo. Original olive green cloth, boards stamped in blind, titles to the spine gilt. With final advert leaf. Ownership inscription dated 1873 on front pastedown, with MS notes in the same attractive hand on both sides of front free endpaper, at head of contents page, on verso of errata slip, and to rear blank, with contemporary newspaper clipping about the Brontës tipped in to both sides of rear free endpaper. Spine and board edges faintly sunned as usual, inner hinges just cracked but holding firm, tiny stain (sealing wax?) at head of front board, a few trivial blemishes to the paper stock, but an excellent copy. First Edition, second issue with cancel title page (as usual). The first issue is extant in tiny numbers and is now virtually unobtainable. Published pseudonymously to forestall possible prejudice against female writers, this collection of verses contains 19 poems by Charlotte Brontë ("Currer Bell"), and 21 each by Emily ("Ellis") and Anne ("Acton"). First published by Aylott Jones in 1846 in an edition of 1000 copies, Poems was a resounding commercial flop, with only 39 copies sold. The remaining 961 copies were placed in storage and, following the success of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, were reissued in October 1848 by Smith, Elder, and Co. with a cancel title page showing their name as the publishers but with the date unaltered. Bookseller Inventory # 31938 Parsonage Charlotte Bronte Presently the door opened, and in came a superannuated mastiff, followed by an old gentleman very like Miss Bronte, who shook hands with us, and then went to call his daughter. A long interval, during which we coaxed the old dog, and looked at a picture of Miss Bronte, by Richmond, the solitary ornament of the room, looking strangely out of place on the bare walls, and at the books on the little shelves, most of them evidently the gift of the authors since Miss Bronte's celebrity. Presently she came in, and welcomed us very kindly, and took me upstairs to take off my bonnet, and herself brought me water and towels. The uncarpeted stone stairs and floors, the old drawers propped on wood, were all scrupulously clean and neat. When we went into the parlour again, we began talking very comfortably, when the door opened and Mr. Bronte looked in; seeing his daughter there, I suppose he thought it was all right, and he retreated to his study on the opposite side of the passage; presently emerging again to bring W---- a country newspaper. This was his last appearance till we went. Miss Bronte spoke with the greatest warmth of Miss Martineau, and of the good she had gained from her. Well! we talked about various things; the character of the people, - about her solitude, etc., till she left the room to help about dinner, I suppose, for she did not return for an age. The old dog had vanished; a fat curly-haired dog honoured us with his company for some time, but finally manifested a wish to get out, so we were left alone. At last she returned, followed by the maid and dinner, which made us all more comfortable; and we had some very pleasant conversation, in the midst of which time passed quicker than we supposed, for at last W---- found that it was half-past three, and we had fourteen or fifteen miles before us. So we hurried off, having obtained from her a promise to pay us a visit in the spring... ------------------- "She cannot see well, and does little beside knitting. The way she weakened her eyesight was this: When she was sixteen or seventeen, she wanted much to draw; and she copied nimini-pimini copper-plate engravings out of annuals, ('stippling,' don't the artists call it?) every little point put in, till at the end of six months she had produced an exquisitely faithful copy of the engraving. She wanted to learn to express her ideas by drawing. After she had tried to draw stories, and not succeeded, she took the better mode of writing; but in so small a hand, that it is almost impossible to decipher what she wrote at this time. I asked her whether she had ever taken opium, as the description given of its effects in Villette was so exactly like what I had experienced, - vivid and exaggerated presence of objects, of which the outlines were indistinct, or lost in golden mist, etc. She replied, that she had never, to her knowledge, taken a grain of it in any shape, but that she had followed the process she always adopted when she had to describe anything which had not fallen within her own experience; she had thought intently on it for many and many a night before falling to sleep, - wondering what it was like, or how it would be, - till at length, sometimes after the progress of her story had been arrested at this one point for weeks, she wakened up in the morning with all clear before her, as if she had in reality gone through the experience, and then could describe it, word for word, as it had happened. I cannot account for this psychologically; I only am sure that it was so, because she said it. ----------------------She thought much of her duty, and had loftier and clearer notions of it than most people, and held fast to them with more success. It was done, it seems to me, with much more difficulty than people have of stronger nerves, and better fortunes. All her life was but labour and pain; and she never threw down the burden for the sake of present pleasure. I don't know what use you can make of all I have said. I have written it with the strong desire to obtain appreciation for her. Yet, what does it matter? She herself appealed to the world's judgement for her use of some of the faculties she had, - not the best, - but still the only ones she could turn to strangers' benefit. They heartily, greedily enjoyed the fruits of her labours, and then found out she was much to be blamed for possessing such faculties. Why ask for a judgement on her from such a world?" elizabeth gaskell/charlotte bronte Poem: No coward soul is mine No coward soul is mine, No trembler in the worlds storm-troubled sphere: I see Heavens glories shine, And faith shines equal, arming me from fear. O God within my breast. Almighty, ever-present Deity! Life -- that in me has rest, As I -- Undying Life -- have power in Thee! Vain are the thousand creeds That move mens hearts: unutterably vain; Worthless as withered weeds, Or idlest froth amid the boundless main, To waken doubt in one Holding so fast by Thine infinity; So surely anchored on The steadfast Rock of immortality. With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou -- Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. The Bronte Family Grandparents - paternal Hugh Brunty was born 1755 and died circa 1808. He married Eleanor McClory, known as Alice in 1776. Grandparents - maternal Thomas Branwell (born 1746 died 5th April 1808) was married in 1768 to Anne Carne (baptised 27th April 1744 and died 19th December 1809). Parents Father was Patrick Bronte, the eldest of 10 children born to Hugh Brunty and Eleanor (Alice) McClory. He was born 17th March 1777 and died on 7th June 1861. Mother was Maria Branwell, who was born on 15th April 1783 and died on 15th September 1821. Maria had a sister, Elizabeth who was known as Aunt Branwell. She was born in 1776 and died on 29th October 1842. Patrick Bronte married Maria Branwell on 29th December 1812. The Bronte Children Patrick and Maria Bronte had six children. The first child was Maria, who was born in 1814 and died on 6th June 1825. The second daughter, Elizabeth was born on 8th February 1815 and died shortly after Maria on 15th June 1825. Charlotte was the third daughter, born on 21st April 1816. Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls (born 1818) on 29th June 1854. Charlotte died on 31st March 1855. Arthur lived until 2nd December 1906. The first and only son born to Patrick and Maria was Patrick Branwell, who was born on 26th June 1817 and died on 24th September 1848. Emily Jane, the fourth daughter was born on 30th July 1818 and died on 19th December 1848. The sixth and last child was Anne, born on 17th January 1820 who died on 28th May 1849. Blogarchief
i don't know
Which Austrian composer is known as the ‘Father of the String Quartet’?
Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Home  /  Authors, Artists and Vagrants  / Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Franz Joseph Haydn: Father of the String Quartet Posted on Categories: Authors, Artists and Vagrants Tags: Franz Joseph Haydn Share this: Franz Joseph Haydn (March 31, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was an Austrian composer. He was one of the most important, prolific and prominent composers of the classical period. He is often called the “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” because of his important contributions to these genres. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form. A life-long resident of Austria, Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Hungarian aristocratic Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, “forced to become original”. At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe. Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven. Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Austria, a village near the border with Hungary. His father was Mathias Haydn, a wheelwright who also served as “Marktrichter”, an office akin to village mayor. Haydn’s mother Maria, née Koller, had previously worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach, the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Neither parent could read music; however, Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who during the journeyman period of his career Want to read the full article? Sign up for free Jane Austen Membership or if you are an existing user please login Existing Users Log In
Joseph Haydn
Basement, Splash, Upstairs and Robin Hood are all terms used in which game?
Franz Joseph Haydn - Classical Music Composers Franz Joseph Haydn Birth: March 31, 1732 in Rohrau, Austria - Death: May 31, 1809 in Vienna, Austria The son of a wheelwright, Franz Joseph Haydn was trained as a choirboy and taken into the choir at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, where he sang from about 1740 to 1750. He then worked as a freelance musician, playing the violin and keyboard instruments, accompanying for singing lessons given by the composer Porpora, who helped and encouraged him. At this time he wrote some sacred works, music for theater comedies and chamber music. In 1759 he was appointed music director to Count Morzin; but he soon moved, into service as Vice-Kapellmeister with one of the leading Hungarian families, the Esterházys, becoming full Kapellmeister on Werner's death in 1766. His works of the 1780s that carried his name further afield include piano sonatas, piano trios, symphonies (nos.76-81 were published in 1784-5, and nos.82-7 were written on commission for a concert organization in Paris in 1785-6) and string quartets. His influential op.33 quartets, issued in 1782, were said to be "in a quite new, special manner": this is sometimes thought to refer to the use of instruments or the style of thematic development, but could refer to the introduction of scherzos or might simply be an advertising device. More quartets appeared at the end of the decade, op.50 (dedicated to the King of Prussia and often said to be influenced by the quartets Mozart had dedicated to Haydn) and two sets (opp. 54-5 and 64) written for a former Esterházy violinist who became a Viennese businessman. All these show an increasing enterprise, originality and freedom of style as well as melodic fluency, command of form, and humor. Other works that carried Haydn's reputation beyond central Europe include concertos and notturnos for a type of hurdy-gurdy, written on commission for the King of Naples, and "The Seven Last Words," commissioned for Holy Week from Cadí­z Cathedral and existing not only in its original orchestral form but also for string quartet, for piano and (later) for chorus and orchestra. In 1790, Nikolaus Esterházy died; Haydn (unlike most of his musicians) was retained by his son but was free to live in Vienna (which he had many times visited) and to travel. He was invited by the impresario and violinist J P. Salomon to go to London to write an opera, symphonies and other works. In the event he went to London twice, in 1791-2 and 1794-5. He composed his last 12 symphonies for performance there, where they enjoyed great success; he also wrote a symphonie concertante, choral pieces, piano trios, piano sonatas and songs (some to English words) as well as arranging British folksongs for publishers in London and Edinburgh. But because of intrigues his opera, "L'anima del filosofo," on the Orpheus story, remained unperformed. Back in Vienna, he resumed work for Nikolaus Esterházy's grandson; his main duty was to produce masses for the princess' name-day. He wrote six works, firmly in the Austrian mass tradition but strengthened and invigorated by his command of symphonic technique. Other works of these late years include further string quartets (opp. 71 and 74 between the London visits, op.76 and the op.77 pair after them), showing great diversity of style and seriousness of content yet retaining his vitality and fluency of utterance; some have a more public manner, acknowledging the new use of string quartets at concerts as well as in the home. The most important work, however, is his oratorio "The Creation" in which his essentially simple-hearted joy in Man, Beast and Nature, and his gratitude to God for his creation of these things to our benefit, are made a part of universal experience by his treatment of them in an oratorio modeled on Handle's, with massive choral writing of a kind he had not essayed before. He followed this with "The Seasons," in a similar vein but more a series of attractive episodes than a whole. Haydn died in 1809, after twice dictating his recollections and preparing a catalog of his works. He was widely revered, even though by then his music was old-fashioned compared with Beethoven's. He was immensely prolific: some of his music remains unpublished and little known. His operas have never succeeded in holding the stage. But he is regarded, with some justice, as father of the symphony and the string quartet: he saw both genres from their beginnings to a high level of sophistication and artistic expression, even if he did not originate them. He brought to them new intellectual weight, and his closely argued style of development laid the foundations for the larger structures of Beethoven and later composers. Subscribe to Our Email List! And receive special discount offers and program information
i don't know
Saleem Sinai is the chief protagonist and narrator in which 1980 novel by Salman Rushdie?
SparkNotes: Midnight’s Children: Analysis of Major Characters Analysis of Major Characters Themes, Motifs & Symbols Saleem Sinai Saleem Sinai is the protagonist and narrator of Midnight’s Children. He is born, along with one other child, at the exact moment of India’s independence. His identity, however, is switched at birth. As a result, he is raised by a prosperous family in Bombay, while his counterpart and future rival, Shiva, is raised in poverty. Saleem has the powers of telepathy and a preternaturally acute sense of smell, which allow him to find the other children of midnight and create the Midnight’s Children’s Conference. As he approaches his thirty-first birthday, he says he is nearing death. His body is literally falling apart, and it’s only a matter of time before he crumbles into dust. Driven by a desire to beat his biological clock, Saleem narrates his life story to his devoted and loving caretaker, Padma. His tale, which begins with his grandfather Aadam and is at times unreliable and contrived, represents not only his individual life story but also the entire history of postcolonial India. All the major events in his life correspond to important political events in Indian history, leading him to compare his narrative to religious texts. Given his fantastic birth and extraordinary powers, the prime minister of India, Indira Ghandi, seeks to destroy him along with the other midnight’s children. Padma Padma is Saleem’s loving companion and caretaker, and she will become his fiancée at the end of the novel. She is the audience for Saleem’s narrative. With strong, hairy forearms, a name associated with dung, and a cynical and often impatient ear, Padma represents the antithesis to Saleem’s magical, exuberant, freewheeling narration. She hurries the narrative along, imploring Saleem to get on with the plot rather than veering off into tangents, and often she expresses doubts as to the veracity of Saleem’s account. As a rhetorical device, Padma allows Rushdie the chance to acknowledge explicitly any doubts or frustrations the reader may feel in response to the novel. She is the practical voice of criticism. Because she is there to counteract its most extreme tendencies, she supports the novel’s more willfully excessive indulgences. Saleem’s frequent interruptions, digressions, and self-obsession are all, to some degree, made possible by Padma’s expressions of doubt and frustration: the two sides work together to create a holistic reading experience. By explicitly taking into account the difficulties of the narrative, Rushdie is able to move beyond them. Shiva Born at the stroke of midnight and named after the Hindu god of destruction, Shiva is Saleem’s rival and counterpart. Switched at birth with Saleem, Shiva is robbed of his affluent birthright and raised in abject poverty. Blessed with a pair of enormous and powerful knees, Shiva is a gifted warrior and, therefore, a foil for the more mild-mannered Saleem. Shiva represents the alternate side of India: poor, Hindu, and as aggressive as Saleem is passive. As a young child, he is the leader of a street gang and possibly a murderer. He is driven by a determinedly individualist perspective and grows up unable to form any human attachments. Although he is a violent character, he is, nonetheless, a tragic figure, damaged and shaped by the forces of history and class. During the 1971 war between India and Pakistan, Shiva lives up to his name and becomes a war hero, eventually promoted to the rank of major. Along with his military reputation, Shiva also becomes a noted lover among the women of Indian high society, siring a number of illegitimate children. In the end, Shiva hunts Saleem down and turns him over to one the camps opened during Indira Gandhi’s state of Emergency, where Saleem, along with the other midnight’s children, is administered an operation that renders him sterile. In this way, Shiva manages to effectively destroy the children of midnight. The Widow Indira Gandhi was the prime minister of India from 1966–1977, then again from 1980–1984, a term that ended with her assassination. Indira was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister, and the widow of Feroze Gandhi, an Indian journalist and politician. Though Mahatma Gandhi was a family friend and political ally, the two are not related. In her first term, various political and economic reforms made Indira Gandhi highly popular, as did an Indian victory in the 1971 conflict with Pakistan over the creation of an independent Bangladeshi state. However, in 1971, Gandhi was also found guilty of election fraud. Rather than face charges, Gandhi declared a State of Emergency, tightening her hold over the government and ushering in a period of drastically reduced civil liberties, as well as a severe crackdown on political opposition. The emergency lasted nineteen months, after which Gandhi—misjudging the extent of the population’s resentment—held an open election and lost. She stepped down but was reelected to office in 1980. Four years later, after a disastrous series of events involving Sikh activists, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeded her and was also assassinated while in office, in 1991. The Gandhi family, however, continues to be a central force in Indian politics. Long before Indira Gandhi enters Saleem’s story in a direct fashion, vague references to “the Widow” hint at her eventual role in the destruction of the midnight’s children. Her actual presence in the story is brief, but it is nonetheless of great significance. Throughout the novel, Saleem’s personal life constantly reflects India’s political turmoil. Finally, with the arrival of Indira Gandhi and the State of Emergency, Rushdie fuses the two narratives with a single crisis. The reforms of the emergency, which included a widespread campaign of forced sterilization, were widely seen as massive abuses of government power and human rights. The nation of India is metaphorically thrown into perpetual darkness just as Saleem’s wife, Parvati-the-witch, is killed and the magicians’ ghetto destroyed. By making Indira Gandhi’s campaign responsible for the destruction of the fictional midnight’s children, Rushdie holds her accountable for destroying the promise and hope of a new future for India. The Brass Monkey (Jamila Singer) Saleem’s younger sister, initially known as the Brass Monkey, is born into the world with little fanfare. She eventually grows up to become the most famous singer in Pakistan, adored throughout the country. As a child, Saleem notes that the Brass Monkey learned at an early age that if she wanted attention, she would have to make a lot of noise, which is precisely what she does. She becomes a mischievous child who garners attention by destroying things and remains unable to accept love throughout her adult life. The playful and impish nature of her youth is lost almost immediately upon her arrival in Pakistan. There, in a religiously devout country, she succumbs to the laws of devotion and patriotism, just as her brother becomes more invested in the profane elements of life. She goes through extraordinary lengths to keep herself veiled, and her voice is described as being “pure,” reflecting the ideals of a country that values wholesomeness in its women. Despite her devotion, Jamila Singer retains elements of her former self. She rebels against her dietary constraints by secretly eating leavened bread, baked by Catholic nuns, and she openly criticizes the Pakistani army when they abuse her brother.
Midnight's Children
The Tom Robinson Band sang about what colour Cortina in 1978?
On The Move… » Blog Archive » Salman Rushdie’s “Midnight’s Children” as a Gothic Democratic Narrative Salman Rushdie’s “Midnight’s Children” as a Gothic Democratic Narrative January 1st, 2003 by MrLuxuryFashionGuru Jason Yeo Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children as a Gothic Democratic Narrative   All games have morals; and the game of Snakes and Ladders captures, as no other activity can hope to do, the eternal truth that for every ladder you climb, a snake is waiting just around the corner; and for every snake, a ladder will compensate.  But it’s more than that; no mere carrot-and-stick affair because implicit in the game is the unchanging twoness of things, the duality of up and down, good and evil; the solid rationality of ladders balances the occult sinuosity of the serpent; in the opposition of staircases and cobra we can see, metaphorically, all possible opposition […] …but I found, very early in my life, that the game lacked one crucial dimension, that of ambiguity—because, as events are about to show, it is also possible to slither down a ladder and climb to triumph on the venom of a snake…  (Rushdie 161) Towards the end of the semester, we were presented with the argument that there is a strong link between aesthetics and democracy.  One strand of this argument came from Bonnie Honig’s 2001 work Democracy and the Foreigner[1] in which she argues that the “foreigner” (as one who possesses “foreignness”) is in fact a recurring character and (potentially corrupting threat) in the founder-myths of many modern societies.  Honig thus theorizes that the literary form of the foreigner signals some of the intrinsic needs and desires of healthy modern democracies.  This is in sharp contrast to the traditional view that foreigners only mark the fearful entry of a contaminating, destabilizing element into society.  To support her thesis, Honig provides a reading of multiple literary works, including Rousseau’s Social Contract as well as the Biblical Book of Ruth, using the lens of foreignness to reveal the previously ignored work that the “foreign” characters are made to do for the societies they revitalize or help to found.  In a much later section, Honig offers the related idea of “genre” as applicable to reading the narratives of modern democracies in order to better understand the ambiguous, hero-or-villain nature of a society’s potential savior, which may also be their downfall.  But can we ourselves find in a suitable work of our own choosing what Honig has found so readily and widely elsewhere? Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children [2] (1991) presents the story of its narrator, Saleem Sinai, as an explicit and self-conscious allegory of the modern democracy of India.  By testing the various claims that Honig makes against the richness of Rushdie’s narrative, I will examine the extent to which Rushdie’s work does in fact offer textual support for Honig’s belief that foreignness can be an important proxy for the (hidden, unspoken) needs of a modern democracy.  In addition, I will discuss the advantages of reading Midnight’s Children as a gothic novel given Honig’s suggestion that such a reading highlights the problems of democracy, and possibly even hints at the solutions.  Finally, I will end with some thoughts on the effectiveness of such a strategy of reading (and writing) democracy’s narratives through such a lens, and what the implications might be for future cultural workers, politicians and citizens. Honig argues that “sometimes the (re)construction of the national may require or depend upon the violation of the national.” because an “iconic foreign-founder” may theoretically be a means for democracies overcome the deeply-felt, but poorly understood, alienness from the law which also accompanies a lack of sense of kinship within the nation (SB 343).  In Rushdie’s novel, this sort of discontented detachment is very real, and can range from the total disenfranchisement of the poor (such as Shiva, cheated at birth from a life of privilege) to the empowered dissatisfaction of the wealthy (Saleem’s own family abandons India for Pakistan after the disastrous Sino-Indian war of 1962).  Certainly Saleem’s narrative, which we will later examine in more detail, also offers us multiple levels at which the (re)construction of the national can only proceed after the violation of the national.  But perhaps more succinctly to begin, Saleem’s sister, Jamila Singer, represents a near-perfect fit for this model of national violation for national reconstruction.  As an Indian national who immigrates to Pakistan in 1962, Jamila Singer quickly becomes the “Voice of the Nation”—also “Pakistan’s Angel” and “Bulbul-of-the-Faith”—who revitalizes the national spirit of Pakistan through her piousness and black-and-white nationalism (Rushdie 351-361), cementing her role as a foreign-founder.  As Honig predicts, this transformation is marked by a significant amount of violence and violation of the national.  Jamila Singer is wrested out of her former identity as the irascible Brass Monkey by her new adult role and quickly becomes “public property”, with her original personality wrenched away and replaced by the “national persona”, to the “exclusion of almost everything else” (Rushdie 359).  Her brother Saleem describes Jamila as being “imprisoned… inside a gilded tent” and certainly this imprisonment bears the mark of great violence, even if only fictional or metaphorical violence.  In order to hide her face from the public and thus preserve her dignity as a Muslim woman, Jamila’s manager invents the rumor that she “had been involved in a terrible, disfiguring car-crash” (Rushdie 358).  But of course the former Brass Monkey had already been terribly disfigured almost beyond recognition by her transformation from Indian girl (from an upper class Bombay family no less) to the iconic Pakistani woman in a mere matter of months.  In this case, both India and Pakistan have been violated (India has been rejected by a daughter of India; Pakistan has embraced a foreigner as their mascot who will sing thousands to their patriotic deaths) in order that Pakistan might be revitalized by their new “foreign-founder” who gave them something they were lacking before – a sense of national kinship.  But Jamila only offers us a clear transition from immigrant to national heroine, with little nuance to what is essentially a conversion story (or assimilation narrative).  Honig, however, presses us to see beyond the dualities of native and foreign as good and bad and to appreciate a certain anxious uncertainty about the foreign.  And so we turn to Jamila’s brother, Saleem, the first (by a twist of fate) of the Midnight’s Children. According to Honig, a gothic reading of democratic theory allows us to appreciate the ambiguous, undecideable nature of the foreign-founder: a magnetic, intriguing, messiah-like figure who may also be a “lunatic and/or murderer” (SB 345).  In applying this gothic lens to a reading of Midnight’s Children, we are immediately struck by how Saleem Sinai, the narrator and chief “protagonist” [3] of the novel, is an ideal candidate for such a reading.  The first remarkable point of confluence is Saleem’s shocking, but eventually overlooked, foreignness, which works at different levels of the narrative.  Firstly, Saleem is in fact an alien to the family, having been the result of Mary Pereira’s baby-switching at birth: “thanks to the crime of Mary Pereira, I became the chosen child of midnight, whose parents were not his parents…” (Rushdie 130).  Secondly, Saleem is of foreign heritage, as the illegitimate son of Vanita, an entertainer’s wife, and William Methwold, a descendent of the original British colonial masters of Bombay.  Until this was revealed, the foreignness of Saleem’s blue eyes and distinct Bergerac nose were only disguised by his grandfather’s Kashmiri blue eyes and equally prominent nose.  To focus briefly on Methwold’s (and thus Saleem’s) foreignness as part of their potential foreign-founder role in the new Indian democracy, we can allow Methwold’s voice to speak as he makes a case for the British as the foreign-founders of India:“Bad business, Mr Sinai,” Methwold sips his Scotch amid cacti and roses, “Never seen the like.  Hundreds of years of decent government, then suddenly, up and off.  You’ll admit we weren’t all bad: built your roads.  Schools, railway trains, parliamentary system, all worthwhile things.  Taj Mahal was falling down until an Englishman bothered to see to it.  And now, suddenly, independence.  Seventy days to get out.  I’m dead against it myself, but what’s to be done?”  (Rushdie 105-106) But of course at Independence the British left behind many things, including those roads, schools and institutions Methwold references.  And Methwold left not only his Estate, but the seed of a new foreign-founder—Saleem Sinai—to perhaps revitalize the nation in the future. In writing Midnight’s Children, Rushdie was explicit about its allegorical nature, and thus we can usefully apply Honig’s gothic reading to Saleem’s character as a narrative of democracy.  Saleem is extremely self-conscious and uncertain about his role vis-à-vis India, his “birth-sister”, for whom he confesses “truly-incestuous feelings” (Rushdie 444).  Even in this expression of Saleem’s “vaulting, all-encompassing love of country” (the magnetic suitor, SB 345), we hear an eerie, gothic chord being struck – Saleem’s nationalism is compared to incest, which he understands to be forbidden, unclean and sinful (the dangerous lunatic SB 345 who Aunt Pia and Jamila Singer each recoil from and abandon in turn).  But Saleem’s original conception of his relationship to the fledgling nation of India was precisely that of a potential messiah, waiting for the “appointed hour” at which his prophesied greatness “would float down around my shoulders like an immaculate, delicately worked pashmina shawl” (Rushdie 178).  In fact, in a critical scene where Saleem’s discovers his power of telepathy, the central imagery is that of prophets and messiahs, of Muhammad and the Archangel Gabriel as Saleem imagines himself as an inheritor of Prophet Muhammad’s gift of talking with angels (Rushdie 185).  The reaction of the Sinai household to Saleem’s earnest announcement is also classically gothic in its paranoid revulsion and extremity.  The same family that had pampered and fussed over baby Saleem with all the competitive passion and intense love that a particularly special baby deserved as first-born son, first child of India’s Independence and first-born of Methwold’s Estate now turned on him with suspicion, distrust and even violent anger.  Just at the moment when the romantic unity of Saleem with his calling as savior of the nation seems at hand, he is rejected as a lunatic and violently spurned by his erstwhile loving family.  Saleem would henceforth be deeply aware of the ambiguity and duality of things: [H]aving been certain of myself for the first time in my life, I was plunged into a green, glass-cloudy world filled with cutting edges, a world in which I could no longer tell the people who mattered most about the goings-on inside my head; green shards lacerated my hands as I entered that swirling universe in which I was doomed, until it was far too late, to be plagued by constant doubts about what I was for.  (Rushdie 187) In this description of being cut off from the social, we hear a resonance back to Honig, who references Modleski and Cameron in pointing out this sense of isolation as a starting point for the sort of anxiety and paranoia that characterizes the gothic genre (SB 345).  But of course this sort of anxiety and sense of ambiguity over whether a well-loved figure is really a villain (Saleem himself claims culpability for multiple murders, which makes him either a murderer or a lunatic) is not limited in the novel to our reading of Saleem’s character.  The same reading can be profitably applied to characters as diverse as Evie Burns, Misha Miovic, Aunt Pia [4], Professor Shaapsteker and of course, Indira Gandhi [5].  As Saleem observes: [I]f the Mother of the Nation had had a coiffure of uniform pigment, the Emergency she spawned might easily have lacked a darker side.  But she had white hair on one side and black on the other; the Emergency, too, had a white part—public, visible, documented, a matter for historians—and a black part which, being secret macabre untold, must be a matter for us. (Rushdie 483) Despite the intense suffering that Saleem’s character bears through the Emergency, he still manages to keep in mind the sort of attitude that Honig would have praised as exactly what a gothic mode of reading democratic narratives of foreignness can produce – an attitude of understanding, and of openness to the potential usefulness and even the necessity to the periodic renewal of democracy of threatening, destabilizing elements as best symbolized by foreigners.  As Saleem records, there was a white part of the Emergency as well as a black part: “trains run on time, black-money hoarders are frightened into paying taxes, even the weather is brought to heel, and bumper crops are reaped…” (Rushdie 499), and he does not dismiss the reasons why India might have needed an Emergency either. Ultimately, Rushdie’s novel does provide substantial support for the wide-ranging theory proposed by Honig about the question of foreignness and foreign-founders, and adds the further complication of the possibility for gender role-reversal in the female-gothic genre.  And while, as Honig admits, a gothic reading (or writing) of democracy’s narratives will probably not single-handedly produce solutions to the inherent anxieties and paradoxical needs of democratic societies (SB 341), but yet they offer the best hope for us as readers (and potential cultural workers and producers) to privilege and attend to the ambiguities of foreignness and foreign-founders as a first step towards achieving the climate of greater openness and acceptance-of-others that Saleem Sinai finally achieves at the end of his narrative as he melts into the multitudinous, cacophonous Indian crowd on his thirty-first birthday.      [1] Bonnie Honig, “Natives and Foreigners” and “The Genres of Democracy” in Democracy and the Foreigner, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. [2] [2] Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children. 1991. Penguin Books. [3] This is an uncertain characterization given Saleem’s own well-founded doubts about the reality and extent of his human agency.  “From ayah to widow, I’ve been the sort of person to whom things have been done; but Saleem Sinai, perennial victim, persists in seeing himself as protagonist.” (Rushdie 272, italics in original)   [4] In an interesting twist on the female gothic novel, a gothic reading of Midnight’s Children often presents a fascinating gender reversal of the genre since the narrator and protagonist of the novel is male, and the women are often just as ambiguous and deadly as any male villain / (anti-)hero. [5] Indira Gandhi’s last name, while no relation to Mahatma (or Mohandas) Gandhi, is also a reminder of the foreign-founder status of Mahatma Gandhi as someone born in South Africa and educated in Britain. Be Sociable, Share! October 25th, 2011 at 6:13 am I’m not exactly a small town girl but I am from Long Island, NY. I live on a pretty quiet street and a quiet town for the most part. I’m still having the same issues as you though with not knowing where exactly I’m going to go. I absolutely love the city and I am excited that I have the opportunity to live there but I feel like because the NYC campus is small I won’t get the same campus life experience as I would at Westchester. At the same time I feel like I would get the campus life experience I want from Westchester but I really don’t think I want to be in that type of environment. I’m stuck! Would you be able to name any cons and pros of campus life at Westchester opposed to the NYC campus? November 11th, 2011 at 3:07 pm hello there and thank you for your info ¡V I have definitely picked up something new from right here. I did however expertise some technical issues using this site, as I experienced to reload the website a lot of times previous to I could get it to load properly. I had been wondering if your hosting is OK? Not that I am complaining, but slow loading instances times will very frequently affect your placement in google and could damage your high-quality score if advertising and marketing with Adwords. Well I’m adding this RSS to my e-mail and can look out for much more of your respective exciting content. Make sure you update this again soon.. January 10th, 2012 at 6:18 am My wife and i got really peaceful Louis could carry out his research with the precious recommendations he got when using the site. It is now and again perplexing to simply be offering guides that many people might have been making money from. And we recognize we have got the writer to appreciate because of that. The most important illustrations you made, the simple blog menu, the friendships you can help instill – it is most astounding, and it’s facilitating our son in addition to the family know that this article is pleasurable, which is tremendously pressing. Many thanks for the whole lot!
i don't know
How many players in a team are on the field at one time in a game of shinty?
How many players on a soccer team | Starting players in a football game How Many Players are on a Soccer Team? Published on Jun 20, 2014 Know the required number of players in every football game. How many players do play in a football game? The answer is 11: one player plays goalkeeper while the other ten play as forwards, midfielders, or defenders. The the number of players for a regulation football game is determined by FIFA rules (A). There are different number of players for kids’ and youth soccer (B), indoor soccer (C), futsal (D), beach soccer (E), and paralympic football (F). A. FIFA Laws In international and FIFA-regulated games such as the UEFA, the official number of players on a football field is eleven. However, a team may start with fewer players if it is impossible to come up with 11. The minimum number of players that FIFA allows is seven. A match is halted when more than four players of the same team are booked with a red card . FIFA rules are adopted by major soccer tournaments and most outdoor football leagues. B. Youth and kids’ football Kids start playing the regular 11-a-side football at the age of 12. Young footballers aged 10 years old and below have different numbers of players per team. U10 footballers play with 8 players on each side while U8 soccer players play four on four. Kids six years and under play three on three. C. Indoor soccer There are six players in an indoor football game. Hence, this variant of soccer is also called six-a-side. Of the six, one plays goalkeeper while the others play either as defenders or attackers. D. Futsal In futsal, five players play at a time. One of them plays goalkeeper, just like in outdoor soccer. A team may have up to seven substitute players. The number of substitutes allowed to come in during a game of futsal is unlimited. Futebol de salão, a variant of soccer which is very similar to futsal, also has five players per side. E. Beach soccer Five players play in a regulation beach football or beasal game. One player plays as goalkeeper. Substitutes are allowed for an unlimited number of times. F. Paralympic football The number of players who can play in paralympic football is either five or seven. Players who have visual impairments usually play five-a-side football while those with neurological disorders play seven-a-side.
12
The Morganza Spillway (or Morganza Control Structure) is on the western bank of which US river?
Lacrosse Rules & Regulations | iSport.com Lacrosse Rules & Regulations Lacrosse Rules & Regulations If you’re a fan of basketball, football or hockey, then odds are you will like lacrosse. The game play is similar to basketball in terms of offensive and defensive schemes. The shooting and scoring reminds many people of hockey, and the open-field running and hitting is reminiscent of football. Lacrosse actually predates all of those sports, in regards to how long it has been played. To the casual fan, however, it may seem like it has taken or borrowed rules and game play from other popular sports. Here is a basic overview of the rules and regulations of lacrosse: The Field Lacrosse is played on a field that is 110 yards long and 60 yards wide. The surface must be of either grass or artificial turf. The lacrosse field is divided into two halves by the midfield line, which extends 60 yards directly across the middle of the field, from sideline to sideline. In the center of the midfield line is the faceoff X. The X is where face-offs take place at the beginning of each quarter, as well as after a goal is scored. Each team has an offensive and defensive half of the field. The offensive half of the field is where a team attempts to score goals. The defensive half is where teams must protect their goal so the opposition does not score. There is one goal on each half of the field. These goals are 6 feet high and wide. Both goals are surrounded by a crease, into which no player from the opposing team may enter under any circumstances. Offensive players are allowed to use their sticks to reach into the crease, but no parts of their body may enter. The crease is circular, with a diameter of 18 feet. Players on the defensive team may enter the crease, but only if they do not have possession of the ball at the time of entry. There is no limit to how many players from the defense may be in the crease at one time. No player may enter the crease with possession of the ball. With 15 yards between the plane of the goal line and the end line on the field, players have plenty of space to operate behind the goals. In turn, this frees up more space for other players to move around in front of the goal. Both halves of the field have what is known as a “restraining box.” This box is used to ensure that teams do not stall (waste time unnecessarily) on offense, and forces teams to quickly advance the ball down the field and into the offensive zone. Once a team gains possession of the ball in the restraining box on its defensive half of the field, it has 20 seconds to advance the ball past the midfield line into the offensive half. Exiting and subsequently re-entering the defensive restraining box with possession of the ball results in a change of possession. In the offensive half of the field, a team is allowed to possess the ball outside of the restraining box for a maximum of 10 seconds. Failure to enter or re-enter the restraining box on offense within the 10-second time frame results in a change of possession. The team that is winning in the final two minutes of a game must keep the ball in the restraining box once it has entered the box with possession. Should the ball leave the box under any circumstances, the trailing team will be granted possession in its offensive half of the field. The Teams There is no limit on the number of players on a team, but there is a limit as to how many players are on the field at one time. Each team has 10 players on the field at once (barring a penalty), at four different positions. The position breakdown is as follows: One goalie Three midfielders Three attackmen The job of a goalie is to defend his team’s goal against shots by the other team’s offense. Goalies use sticks with a head about four to five times larger than a normal stick head, enabling them to catch or block shots with greater ease. The shaft of a goalie stick is normally about six inches longer than that of a regular field player. Goalies also wear a chest pad, helmet, gloves and throat guard to protect them from injury by hard shots. Defensemen are charged with the task of guarding the opposing team’s attackmen around the goal area. They play almost exclusively on the defensive half of the field, though they are permitted to enter the offensive half. Defensemen are allowed to use sticks that are about twice as long as those of midfielders and attackmen, giving them an advantage when closely defending a skilled offensive player. Midfielders operate mostly in between the restraining boxes, hence the name midfielders. They play both offense and defense, and frequently run up and down the field. Midfielders are substituted in and out of the game often, as running up and down the field in full pads is very tiring. Attackmen have the job of creating the majority of their team’s offense. They operate near or behind the opponent’s goal, and exclusively look to initiate offense through passing, dodging and shooting. Attackmen generally have the best stick skills on the team, and are normally the best passers and shooters. Attackmen play the majority of the game on the offensive half of the field, though they may enter their team’s defensive half. Teams are permitted to have up to four players on the field carrying long sticks, which are normally used by the defense. Many teams will employ what is known as a “long-stick midfielder” or “LSM.” These players normally occupy the midfield position on defense and for faceoffs, and substitute out of the game when their team gains possession of the ball in the offensive end. However, some are skilled ball-handlers and look to initiate the transition game for their team by pushing the ball up the field and into the offensive end. Equipment All players on the field must wear a uniform with a number unique to them, as well as matching team shorts. The uniform number may be any single or two digit number from 1 to 99. Lacrosse sticks must adhere to regulations regarding length and width. Attackmen and midfielders must use a stick between 40 and 42 inches long. Defensemen are permitted to use a stick up to 72 inches long. Goalies also may use a stick up to 72 inches long. Protective equipment is standardized for all positions, save goalies. In addition to their stick, field players must wear the following equipment: Helmet with mouth guard and chin strap Shoulder pads Arm pads Gloves Goalies have a different set of equipment, as their physical contact on the field is slightly different from the rest of the players. They are required to use the following equipment: Helmet with mouth guard, chin strap and throat guard covering the neck Chest protector Goalies are allowed to wear pants, while other players on the field are not. Though it is not technically required, a protective cup is highly recommended for all players. Penalties and Fouls There are two different kinds of fouls in lacrosse: Personal and technical. Fouls and infractions are enforced by removal of the offending player from the field of play, and/or awarding possession to the opposing team. A personal foul generally involves an infraction that has a malicious intent, such as slashing or unnecessary roughness. Personal fouls are punishable by penalties of one to three minutes in length. These fouls give the fouled team a “man-up” situation, where it has an extra player on the field, as well as possession of the ball at the beginning of the penalty. Most penalties allow the offending player to be released from the penalty box if the opposing team scores a goal before the penalty time has expired. However, some personal fouls carry an “unreleaseable” penalty, where the offending player must serve the entirety of his penalty in the box, regardless of how many goals are scored. Technical fouls usually involve a moving or time violation, like an illegal screen, offsides or interference. They result in a 30-second penalty if the fouling team does not have possession of the ball at the time of the foul. If there was no possession or the fouling team had the ball when the foul was committed, then the ball is awarded to the team that was fouled. Procedural Items Lacrosse games are divided up by four quarters of equal time. Collegiate and professional games last a total of 60 minutes (15 minutes per quarter), and most scholastic-level games last 48 minutes (12 minutes per quarter). If the score is tied at the end of the four quarters, “sudden death” five-minute overtime periods are be played until a goal is scored to win the game. All overtimes begin with a faceoff. Every game begins with a faceoff, which also occur at the beginning of each quarter and after each goal that is scored. Teams usually have one or more players designated as faceoff specialists. During a faceoff, these players crouch down on their respective team’s side of the midfield X, sticks resting parallel to the midfield line on the ground, and with the back of their stick heads and pockets facing each other. The ball is placed between the two heads, and the players must remain still until the referee blows the whistle and gives the signal to begin. At this point, each player attempts to use his stick and body to gain control of the ball. Faceoff specialists employ various techniques for manipulating the ball, including sweeps, clamps, pushes, and “plunger” moves, in which the player uses the back of the stick head to push the ball forward. During a faceoff, only midfielders are allowed to roam the field to try to secure the ball for their team. Attackmen and defensemen must stay inside their respective restraining boxes until someone picks up the loose ball and “possession” is called by the referee. If the ball enters the restraining box before possession is called, attackmen and defensemen are permitted to pick it up, but they still may not leave the box until there is possession. With the exception of the goalie, no players on the field may purposely touch the ball with their hands. Kicking the ball is allowed, however, and players may legally kick the ball into the goal to score. Body checking is legal in lacrosse. However, areas on the body where a player may body check another player is limited. Any contact on the front or side of the body, below the neck and above the waist, is legal. The checking player must have both hands on his stick, and may not cross-check (only legal in some indoor leagues, a cross-check occurs when a player has both hands on the shaft of the stick and hits another player with the section of the shaft between the hands). The player being checked must have possession of the ball, or be within five yards of a ball on the ground or in the air at the time of the check. Players may not lead with their head/helmet, and are not allowed to have more than a 10-yard running start when delivering a check, or they will be assessed a personal foul for unnecessary roughness penalty. The Professional Game (Outdoor) When Major League Lacrosse (MLL) began play in 2001, league organizers were looking for ways to make the game more appealing to the casual sports fan. For the most part, game play is the same as in the lower levels of the sport. Just the same, MLL founders borrowed from the sport of basketball, taking the ideas of a shot-clock and two-point shot line and applying them to lacrosse. The restraining box was removed from each half of the field, giving the midfield line much more significance. The idea was to make the game more offensively oriented and played at a faster pace, thus creating more shots, scoring chances, and goals. MLL games routinely see teams score 20 or more points in a game, and much of the offense is geared toward transition and fast-break scoring. Here is a more detailed description of the MLL’s two most distinct rules: Shot clock: The shot clock in the MLL is a 60-second timer that begins when a team gains possession of the ball in its offensive half of the field. The team playing offense has 60 seconds to take a shot at the cage. The shot must either go in the net or make contact with the goal or goalie in any manner. If the shot clock expires during an offensive possession, the opposing team is given possession at midfield. Two-Point line: The two-point-line is an arc that extends out from the exact center of the goal with a radius of 16 yards. Like the three-point line in basketball, a shot that goes in the goal from beyond the two-point line counts for two points on the scoreboard, instead of the usual one point. A shooter must have both feet completely beyond the line at the release of the ball, but any other part of his body or stick may be crossing the line at the time of release. The Professional Game (Indoor) The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is an 11-team indoor league featuring teams from the United States and Canada. The indoor game is slightly different from the field game, with the biggest difference being the size of the field. Indoor lacrosse is played in buildings that regularly house hockey games. For these lacrosse games, the ice surface for hockey is simply covered with artificial turf. The hockey boards are in play, making it unlikely that a ball would go out of bounds. The smaller field size means that teams only have six players (five runners and one goalie) on the field at a time. No players may use a stick longer than 42 inches. The goals in the indoor game are much smaller than the field lacrosse goals, measuring 4 feet high by 4 feet, 9 inches wide. With the smaller goals making the goalies much more likely to be hit by shots, goalies wear very large leg pads. They are reminiscent of a baseball catcher’s leg pads, only slightly larger. Each goal is surrounded by a crease measuring 9 feet, 3 inches in diameter. No offensive player may intentionally enter the crease. With a field and set of rules that are highly reminiscent of those in other major sports, lacrosse is quickly gaining popularity among casual sports fans. Overall, the fast-paced action and physicality of the game make lacrosse a very easy sport to play or enjoy as a spectator. Share this Guide:
i don't know
Lindum Colonia was the Roman name for which English city?
Learn and talk about Lindum Colonia, Ancient Roman forts in England, Archaeological sites in Lincolnshire, Coloniae (Roman), Former populated places in Lincolnshire Roman Imperial Lindum Colonia, was the Roman name for the settlement which is now the City of Lincoln in Lincolnshire . It was founded as a Roman Legionary Fortress during the reign of the Emperor Nero (58-68) or possibly later. [1] Evidence from Roman tombstones suggests that Lincoln was first garrisoned by the Ninth Legion , Hispana which probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at York around c.71 A.D. Lindum was then garrisoned by the Second Legion Aduitrix, which then went on to Chester in 77-8 A.D. [2] Probably under the reign of Domitian and most likely after 86 A.D., the fortress became a Colonia , a settlement for retired soldiers sanctioned by the Emperor. [3] The Colonia now developed and a second enclosure, often referred to as the ‘‘Lower Colonia’’ was added between the Upper Colonia and the River Witham . Evidence has been uncovered for the Forum , baths, temples, buildings and shops of the Colonia which was enclosed by walls. The walls of the Upper Colonia started to be built in the earlier part of the 2nd century A.D., [4] while the Lower Colonia was walled in either the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries. The Roman settlement also spread to the south of the river Witham in the area known as the Wigford. In the early 3rd century A.D. with the re-organisation of the Roman Empire, a case can be made that Lindum Colonia had become the provincial capital of Britannia Secunda and possibly a Bishop from Lincoln was present at the Council of Arles in 314. [5] In the 4th century A.D. Lincoln continued to develop and there is increasing evidence for Christianity , but in the 5th century, following the departure of the Romans, Lindum declined and was largely deserted. Contents Name[ edit ] The name is a Latinized form of a native Brittonic name which has been reconstructed as *Lindon ( lit. "pool" or "lake"; cf. modern Welsh llyn ). [6] The primary evidence that modern Lincoln was referred to as Lindum comes from Ptolemy’s Geography which was compiled in about 150 AD, where Lindum is referred to as a polis or town within the tribal area of the Corieltauvi . In the Antonine Itinerary , a road book of the mid-2nd century A.D., Lindum is mentioned three times as Lindo in the Iter or routes numbered V, VI and VIII. Then, in the Ravenna Cosmography , a listing of towns in the Roman Empire compiled in the 7th century AD., Lincoln is referred to as Lindum Colonia. [7] As the Roman colonia for veteran soldiers at Lincoln is thought to have been established during the reign of the Roman Emperoer Domitian (81-96), it has been suggested that the full name of the Colonia would have been Colonia Domitiana Lindensium, but, as yet, there have been no Roman inscriptions found that confirm this. [8] Construction[ edit ] Tombstone of Gauis Valerius, a standard bearer of the Ninth Legion. Found on the South Common, Lincoln https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/257 The Romans conquered this part of Britain in AD 48 and shortly afterwards built a legionary fortress , possibly south of the River Witham . This was soon replaced, around the year 60, by a second fort for the Ninth Legion , high on a hill overlooking the natural lake formed by the widening of the River Witham (the modern day Brayford Pool ) and at the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road . That pool is very likely to have given Lincoln its name. [9] Development[ edit ] Roman north wall of Lindum Colonia The Ninth Legion , Hispana was probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at York around 71 A.D. Then, after a probable short occupation by the Second Legion, who had moved to Chester by 77-78A.D. [10] the Legionary fort would have been left on a care and maintenance basis. The exact date that it was converted into a colonia is unknown, but a generally favoured date is 86 A.D. [11] This was an important settlement for retired legionaries, established by the emperor Domitian within the walls and using the street grid of the hilltop fortress, with the addition of an extension of about equal area, down the hillside to the waterside below. The town became a major flourishing settlement, accessible from the sea both through the River Trent and through the River Witham. Public buildings, such as the forum with lifesize equestrian statues, basilica , and the public baths , were erected in the 2nd century. The hilltop was largely filled with private homes, but the slopes became the town's commercial centre. They gained stone walls, like the upper region (including the Newport Arch ), around 200. There was also an industrial suburb over the river which had pottery production facilities. The town had the best developed sewerage system in the province and a fine octagonal public fountain and part of its aqueduct have been partly uncovered. There were temples dedicated to Apollo and Mercury . On the basis of Lindum's size and the patently corrupt list of British bishops who attended the 314 Council of Arles , the city is sometimes considered to have been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis which was formed during the late-3rd century Diocletian Reforms . However, it is now thought more likely that Lincoln would have been the administrative capital of Britannia Secunda and that York was the capital of Flavia Caesariensis. [12] Decline[ edit ] The city and its waterways eventually fell into decline, and, by the end of the 5th century, it was virtually deserted. However, the church of St Paul continued as a place of worship until 450 and its churchyard was in use into the 6th century. When Saint Paulinus visited in 629, it was apparently under the control of a Praefectus Civitatis called Blecca. [13] Planning, infrastructure, trade and religion[ edit ] The Roman aqueduct or water supply[ edit ] Roman Wall at East Bight by the Newport where there was a water storage tank Roman Lincoln had a very sophisticated water supply. It was fed by the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ spring to the North East of the city and then ran parallel with the Nettleham Road towards the N.E corner of the Upper Colonia. The ceramic pipes were encased in concrete that provided a waterproof seal and allowed the water to pass through the pipes under pressure. The course of the aqueduct had been well known from the start of the 18th century. William Stukeley had shown the line of the aqueduct on his plan of Lincoln in 1722. The Lincoln antiquary Thomas Sympson had written in the mid 18th century "There must have been some contrivance for raising the water a good deal above its natural level before it would run to Lindum; the spring being evidently lower than the Town: and indeed there are some traces of a Tower, or some such building at the end of the Aquaeduct by the Spring, which one may suppose would have had a reservoir on its Top." In 1782 the artist Samuel Hieronymus Grimm drew sections of the sheathed pipe and also where it emerged from the ground at the spring. [14] Over the years further lengths of the aqueduct have been uncovered and the base for a watertank fed by the aqueduct discovered just inside the Roman Wall to the east of the Newport Arch . This is just to the north of Cottesford Place, where excavations in the 1960s revealed a probable Roma Bathhouse, which could have been supplied with water from this source. [15] Another pipeline, encased in concrete was found in 1857 by the Greestone Stairs, to the east of the wall, and this pipeline had presumably branched off from the aqueduct and supplied water to the Lower Colonia. [16] Thompson calculated that it would be necessary to raise the water about 70 feet at the source at the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ for there to be sufficient pressure for the water to reach the tank at the East Bight by the Newport Arch . This may imply that there was some form of water tower and the Romans may either have used some form of pump to raise the water, or a revolving bucket and chain system. [17] Before 2007 it was questioned whether the Roman aqueduct at Lincoln had ever worked as there was no evidence of limescale in any of the lengths of pipe that had been uncovered. Construction on a housing estate close to the Nettleham showed that there was limescale , indicating that the aqueduct had been in use. [18] This length of the aqueduct had ceramic pipes, joined with collared joints , but other lengths of the aqueduct had pipes which were about 7.5 inches in diameter, narrowing to 4 inches and when laid, the narrow or spigot end of the pipe fitted into the broad or socket end of the next pipe. [19] Pottery production[ edit ] Lincoln was an important centre for pottery production. The earliest discovery of a pottery kiln was on the site of the Technical College (now Lincoln College) on Monks Road. [20] This kiln produced Mortaria stamped with the maker's name VITALIS. who was probably working around 90-115 AD. [21] A further discovery was made in 1947 when Graham Webster excavated a kiln site producing gray ware storage jars at Swanpool, to the S.W. of Lincoln. [22] This was followed in 1950 by the excavation of further mortaria kilns found on the Lincoln Racecourse by Phillip Corder. Kilns producing mortaria by a potter called CATTO and also colour painted and rosette decorated pottery are known from South Carlton, to the north of Lincoln. [23] In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Lincolnshire produced a coarse ware ceramic known as Dales ware , which was exported across the north of Roman Britain. [24] Roman sculpture and tombstones[ edit ] RIB 250 [25] Tombstone of Volusia Faustina and Aurelius Senecio. Found in 1859 in the wall of the Lower Colonia and now in the British Museum. RIB 258 [26] Tombstone of Titus Valerius Pudens of Second Legion, Adiutrix Found at No 2 Monson Street in 1849. Now in British Museum. RIB 262 [27] Tombstone of Sacer, son of Bruscus, a citizen of the Senones, set into the church tower of St Mary le Wigford , Lincoln RIB 256 [28] Tombstone of Lucius Sempronius Flavinus of the Ninth Legion, a Spaniard. From no 17, Lindum Road, Lincoln Tombstone of a Boy holding a pet Hare, formerly in Lincoln Cathedral Library. RIB 263 [29] Tombstone of Claudia Crysis,who lived to the age of 90. RIB 251 [30] Found in 1785, just to the west of the Newport Arch . Tombstone of Flavius Helius a Greek by race, lived 40 years. Flavia Ingenua set this up for her husband. Sculpture of Cupid and Psyche, Found in excavations on the Old Cinema Grand Electric site in Hungate Lincoln in 1985 ^ "Jones" (2002). Roman Lincoln: Conquest, Colony and Capital, pg 34. ^ "Jones" (2002).34. ^ Whitwell J.B. (1970), Roman Lincolnshire, History of Lincolnshire, Vol 2. pg27 ^ "Jones" (2002).119. ^ Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Errance, 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 203. ^ Rivet A.L.F. & Smith C. (1979), The Place-Names of Roman Britain, Batsford, pg.393. ^ "Jones", (2002),pg. 51-2 Further reading[ edit ] Baker F. T.(1985) A Lifetime with Lincolnshire Archaeology: Looking back over 60 years. The Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology. Colyer C. et al (ed. Jones M.J. (1999), The Defences of the Lower City: Excavations at the Park and West Parade 1970-2 and the discussion of other sites excavated up to 1994. CBA Research Report 114. Collingwood R. G. and Wright R.P. rev edition Tomlin R.S.O, (1995), Inscriptions of Roman Britain, Alan Sutton, Stround. ISBN 075090917X Darling M. and Precious B. (2014), A Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln [2] Oxbow Books ISBN 978-1-78297-054-5 Jones M.J. et al, (1980), The Defences of the Upper Roman Enclosure. Council for British Archaeology/Lincoln Archaeological Trust. ISBN 0906780004 Jones M.J., (2002), Roman Lincoln: Conquest, Colony and Capital, Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 9780752414553 Richmond, Sir I. A. (1946) The Roman City of Lincoln and the Four Colonia of Roman Britain, Archaeological Journal Vol. 103, 25-68. Steane K. et al (2016), The Archaeology of the Lower City and Adjacent Suburbs, Oxbow. ISBN 9781782978527 Thompson F H.(1954), The Roman Aqueduct at Lincoln, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 111, pp. 106–128. Thompson F H. and Whitwell J.B. (1973), The Gates of Roman Lincoln, Archaeologia Vol. 104, 126-207. Trollope Rev E. and A. Trollope (1860) Roman Inscriptions and sepulchral remains at Lincoln, Archaeological Journal, 1860, pp 1–21. Webster G. , (1949), The Legionary Fortress at Lincoln, Journal of Roman Studies 39 (1949), 57-78. Whitwell J.B. (1970), Roman Lincolnshire, History of Lincolnshire, Vol 2. Lincoln City and County Museum (c. 1995). A Walk about Roman Lincoln. Lincoln: Lincoln City Council.  
Lincoln
In the Harry Potter series of book, what is the name of Hermione Granger’s pet cat?
BBC - Legacies - Immigration and Emigration - England - Lincolnshire - Lincolnshire's Roman roads - Article Page 4 Roman Upper East Gate, Lincoln © Courtesy of the City of Lincoln Council During its time as a colonia, Lindum grew into a prosperous, wealthy town and became a provincial capital. Archaeologists estimate that its population reached between 6,000 and 8,000, which according to historian Hugh Davies is quite large for a Roman town in Britain. Surrounded by walls which had been strengthened and enlarged since its fortress days, the town had a market place, shops, public baths and a town hall. In addition archaeological excavations have shown that Lincoln’s drinking water was supplied in earthenware pipes under pressure from one and a half miles away. Roman Lindum peaked in prosperity in the early 4th Century. Roman concrete which appears to have carried water into the Roman town. © Courtesy of Dr Hugh Davies For many places, Roman or otherwise, their existence would be debatable without the existence of good access routes to them, which goes someway to explaining the over crowding we experience in some areas, like London. In his book, Roman Towns in Britain, Guy de la Bédoyère describes the importance of roads to the development of towns, “The road itself became a sustaining component of the town’s future as a civilian settlement”. For Lincoln, or Lindum as the Romans came to know it this was certainly true. What it would have become, had it not become a pit-stop for soldiers who can say, but there can be no doubt as to the importance for Lincoln of the Romans and their roads.
i don't know
Which was the first spaceflight that landed the first humans on the moon in July 1969?
1969 July 20: Apollo 11 - First Man on the Moon - YouTube 1969 July 20: Apollo 11 - First Man on the Moon Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 19, 2013 If you like PC Games visit: http://www.freemmorpgtoplay.com/ Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Armstrong spent about two and a half hours outside the spacecraft, Aldrin slightly less, and together they collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for return to Earth. A third member of the mission, Michael Collins, piloted the command spacecraft alone in lunar orbit until Armstrong and Aldrin returned to it just under a day later for the trip back to Earth. If you like PC Games visit: http://www.freemmorpgtoplay.com/ Category
Apollo 11
Boris Tadic became President of which European country in July 2004?
BBC - Solar System - Apollo 11 (pictures, video, facts & news) Neil Armstrong talks to Patrick Moore In 1970 Patrick Moore speaks with the first Moon walker. In 1970, Sir Patrick Moore interviewed Apollo 11 mission commander Neil Armstrong. Moore asked Armstrong about what he saw on the Moon and the possibility of future Moon bases. About Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the first spaceflight that landed humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for return to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rendezvousing with Columbia in lunar orbit. Launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, Apollo 11 was the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that landed back on Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a lower stage for landing on the Moon, and an upper stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent toward the Moon by the Saturn V's upper stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface. The astronauts used Eagle's upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by U.S. President John F. Kennedy: "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."
i don't know
What are the first names of US film makers Coen brothers?
Coen brothers | American filmmakers | Britannica.com American filmmakers Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Coen brothers, American filmmakers known for their stylish films that combine elements of comedy and drama and often centre around eccentric characters and convoluted plots. Though both brothers contributed to all phases of the filmmaking process, Joel Coen (b. November 29, 1955, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, U.S.) was usually solely credited as the director, and Ethan Coen (b. September 21, 1958, St. Louis Park) was nominally the producer, with the brothers sharing screenwriting credit and using the pseudonym “Roderick Jaynes” for editing. Joel and Ethan Coen, 2011. © cinemafestival/Shutterstock.com The children of university professors, the brothers showed an early interest in filmmaking, shooting home movies of their friends with a Super-8 camera. Joel refined his craft at the New York University Film School and after graduation found work as an assistant editor on low-budget horror films. Ethan, meanwhile, studied philosophy at Princeton University . After graduation he joined his brother in New York City , and together they began writing scripts for independent producers. The brothers garnered much attention in 1984 with Blood Simple, a sleek thriller that they cowrote and financed through private investors. The critical success of the film enabled the brothers to make a deal with an independent production company that granted them complete creative control. The films that followed highlighted the Coens’ versatility and firmly established their reputation as idiosyncratic talents. Raising Arizona (1987) was an irreverent comedy about babies, Harley Davidsons, and high explosives, and the period drama Miller’s Crossing (1990) focused on gangsters. Barton Fink , about an edgy, neurotic would-be writer, claimed the best picture, best director, and best actor awards at the 1991 Cannes international film competition, the first such sweep in the festival’s history. The Coens turned to Hollywood to produce their fifth feature, The Hudsucker Proxy (1994), a fairy tale in which a small-town hayseed becomes the head of a big-time corporation. Written a decade earlier by the brothers and director Sam Raimi , the project boasted an all-star cast that included Paul Newman and Tim Robbins , but it was a critical and financial flop. Fargo (1996) marked a return to both small-budget, independent filmmaking and the brothers’ Minnesota roots. The film—a dark comedy that revolves around a botched kidnapping and the small-town police officer (played by Frances McDormand , Joel’s wife) who investigates it—was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won two (including a best original screenplay Oscar for the Coens). The brothers’ next film, The Big Lebowski (1998), was a box-office disappointment but gained a massive cult following when it was released on video and DVD. O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), a reimagining of Homer ’s Odyssey set in the Depression-era American South and starring George Clooney , earned the brothers their second Oscar nomination for screenwriting. The Man Who Wasn’t There (2001) won rave reviews for its pitch-perfect film noir style. Ethan and Joel Coen after winning the Academy Award for best original screenplay, 1997. © Paul Smith/Featureflash/Shutterstock.com After a pair of broad comedies that failed to excite either the public or critics, the brothers earned accolades in 2007 with their atmospheric meditation on good and evil, No Country for Old Men , an adaptation of Cormac McCarthy ’s novel of the same name. The film won four Academy Awards, and the Coens received Oscars for best picture , best director, and best adapted screenplay. They followed that with Burn After Reading (2008), a CIA comedy starring George Clooney, Brad Pitt , and Frances McDormand, and the dark comedy A Serious Man (2009), which centred on a Jewish family in the late 1960s and earned Academy Award nominations for best picture and best original screenplay. In 2010 the brothers filmed an adaptation of Charles Portis’s western novel True Grit , with Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn, a role originated on-screen by John Wayne in 1969. The film captured 10 Oscar nominations, including best picture, best director, and best adapted screenplay. Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) was an impressionistic paean to the 1960s folk music scene in New York City that centred on the travails of a talented but hapless musician. The Coen brothers sent up the mannerisms and excess of the golden age of Hollywood in the caper Hail, Caesar! (2016). Anton Chigurh, a memorable villain played by Javier Bardem in Joel and Ethan Coen’s much-admired … Miramax/Everett Collection Jeff Bridges (left) and Matt Damon in True Grit (2010), directed by the … © 2010 Paramount Pictures Corporation; all rights reserved
ethan and joel
Which musical instrument does Jack Nicholson’s character play in the 1970 film ‘Five Easy Pieces’?
Coen brothers | American filmmakers | Britannica.com American filmmakers Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Coen brothers, American filmmakers known for their stylish films that combine elements of comedy and drama and often centre around eccentric characters and convoluted plots. Though both brothers contributed to all phases of the filmmaking process, Joel Coen (b. November 29, 1955, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, U.S.) was usually solely credited as the director, and Ethan Coen (b. September 21, 1958, St. Louis Park) was nominally the producer, with the brothers sharing screenwriting credit and using the pseudonym “Roderick Jaynes” for editing. Joel and Ethan Coen, 2011. © cinemafestival/Shutterstock.com The children of university professors, the brothers showed an early interest in filmmaking, shooting home movies of their friends with a Super-8 camera. Joel refined his craft at the New York University Film School and after graduation found work as an assistant editor on low-budget horror films. Ethan, meanwhile, studied philosophy at Princeton University . After graduation he joined his brother in New York City , and together they began writing scripts for independent producers. The brothers garnered much attention in 1984 with Blood Simple, a sleek thriller that they cowrote and financed through private investors. The critical success of the film enabled the brothers to make a deal with an independent production company that granted them complete creative control. The films that followed highlighted the Coens’ versatility and firmly established their reputation as idiosyncratic talents. Raising Arizona (1987) was an irreverent comedy about babies, Harley Davidsons, and high explosives, and the period drama Miller’s Crossing (1990) focused on gangsters. Barton Fink , about an edgy, neurotic would-be writer, claimed the best picture, best director, and best actor awards at the 1991 Cannes international film competition, the first such sweep in the festival’s history. The Coens turned to Hollywood to produce their fifth feature, The Hudsucker Proxy (1994), a fairy tale in which a small-town hayseed becomes the head of a big-time corporation. Written a decade earlier by the brothers and director Sam Raimi , the project boasted an all-star cast that included Paul Newman and Tim Robbins , but it was a critical and financial flop. Fargo (1996) marked a return to both small-budget, independent filmmaking and the brothers’ Minnesota roots. The film—a dark comedy that revolves around a botched kidnapping and the small-town police officer (played by Frances McDormand , Joel’s wife) who investigates it—was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won two (including a best original screenplay Oscar for the Coens). The brothers’ next film, The Big Lebowski (1998), was a box-office disappointment but gained a massive cult following when it was released on video and DVD. O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), a reimagining of Homer ’s Odyssey set in the Depression-era American South and starring George Clooney , earned the brothers their second Oscar nomination for screenwriting. The Man Who Wasn’t There (2001) won rave reviews for its pitch-perfect film noir style. Ethan and Joel Coen after winning the Academy Award for best original screenplay, 1997. © Paul Smith/Featureflash/Shutterstock.com After a pair of broad comedies that failed to excite either the public or critics, the brothers earned accolades in 2007 with their atmospheric meditation on good and evil, No Country for Old Men , an adaptation of Cormac McCarthy ’s novel of the same name. The film won four Academy Awards, and the Coens received Oscars for best picture , best director, and best adapted screenplay. They followed that with Burn After Reading (2008), a CIA comedy starring George Clooney, Brad Pitt , and Frances McDormand, and the dark comedy A Serious Man (2009), which centred on a Jewish family in the late 1960s and earned Academy Award nominations for best picture and best original screenplay. In 2010 the brothers filmed an adaptation of Charles Portis’s western novel True Grit , with Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn, a role originated on-screen by John Wayne in 1969. The film captured 10 Oscar nominations, including best picture, best director, and best adapted screenplay. Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) was an impressionistic paean to the 1960s folk music scene in New York City that centred on the travails of a talented but hapless musician. The Coen brothers sent up the mannerisms and excess of the golden age of Hollywood in the caper Hail, Caesar! (2016). Anton Chigurh, a memorable villain played by Javier Bardem in Joel and Ethan Coen’s much-admired … Miramax/Everett Collection Jeff Bridges (left) and Matt Damon in True Grit (2010), directed by the … © 2010 Paramount Pictures Corporation; all rights reserved
i don't know
Which UK band released a 1971 album entitled ‘Electric Warrior’?
T. Rex: Electric Warrior - Music on Google Play ( 30) Description Electric Warrior is the sixth studio album by English glam rock act T. Rex. It is the group's second album released under the name "T. Rex", with the first four billed as "Tyrannosaurus Rex". It was released on 24 September 1971 by record label Fly in the UK and Reprise in the US. The album marks a turning point in the band's sound, dispensing with the folk-oriented music of the group's previous albums and pioneering a new, "glammier" style of rock known as glam rock. The album also drew attention to the band in the United States with the top 10 hit "Bang A Gong". This would prove to be the band's only successful single in America, deeming the band a "one-hit wonder" there.
Tyrannosaurus
Burgenland, Tyrol and Vorarlberg are all states in which European country?
T-Rex ELECTRIC WARRIOR Vinyl Record - Remastered T-Rex ELECTRIC WARRIOR Vinyl Record - Remastered $26.49 T-Rex ELECTRIC WARRIOR Vinyl Record - Remastered Was $26.49 Now just $21.99 For a limited time only Electric Warrior is the sixth studio album by English glam rock act T. Rex (being the second album under the name "T. Rex", with the first four billed as "Tyrannosaurus Rex"). It was released on 24 September 1971 by record label Fly in the UK and Reprise in the US. The album marks a turning point in the band's sound, dispensing with the folk-oriented music of the group's previous albums and pioneering a new, "glammier" style of rock known as glam rock. The album also drew attention to the band in the United States with the top 10 hit "Get It On" Track List Bang a Gong (Get It On) Planet Queen King of the Mountain Cometh T. Rex Electric Warrior Interview Remastered Recording This version of the record has been remastered from the original verion utilizing the source master tapes and the latest in recording technology. Protection Each record is protected within its record sleeve by a white vellum anti-dust sleeve. Packaging All items are shipped brand-new and unopened in original packaging. Every record is shipped in original factory-applied shrink wrap and has never been touched by human hands. T-Rex ELECTRIC WARRIOR Vinyl Record - Remastered Delivery: 4-6 business days Note: For items shipping within the US. Some deliveries may take up to 10 business days. International: This item ships to 25 countries! Learn more Delivery outside the US may take up to 24 business days. United States, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Guarantee: Backed by the Merchbar Money Back Promise. Unopened, unworn products can be returned within 30 days. Add to cart Delivery: 4-6 business days Note: For items shipping within the US. Some deliveries may take up to 10 business days. International: This item ships to 25 countries! Learn more Delivery outside the US may take up to 24 business days. United States, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Guarantee: Backed by the Merchbar Money Back Promise. Unopened, unworn products can be returned within 30 days. About Most orders ship the next business day after an order is placed and on average are received 3.8 business days after shipment. Please note that some orders may take up to 10 business days to arrive - especially during peak shipping times, inclement weather or when shipping to remote locations within the United States. We want you to be completely satisfied with everything you purchase from Merchbar. In nearly every instance, as long as your item is in like-new condition we will gladly accept your return and either provide you with a refund or a new item. See the full details here. Unless otherwise noted, all shirts, hoodies and other apparel are traditional men's sizes, fit true to size and are 100% cotton. Women's, Children's, Youth and infant sizes as well as alternate materials are noted as such. Merchbar is an official merchandise partner of top artists and merchandise companies world wide. Millions of fans shop and discover new, authentic merchandise from our selection of 100,000 officially licensed shirts, hats, posters, hoodies, vinyl and other unique items from over 12,000 artists. Merchbar has been featured in The Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Variety & Forbes among others. Merchbar for iPhone has been featured by Apple more than 23 times.
i don't know
Who was the first US President to serve three full terms in office?
Presidential Terms - Why Presidents Can Serve 2 Terms By Tom Murse Updated August 23, 2016. The number of presidential terms is limited to two under the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution , which reads in part: "No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice." Presidential terms are four years each, meaning the most any president can serve in the White House is eight years. The amendment defining limits on presidential terms was approved by Congress on March 21, 1947, during the administration of President Harry S. Truman . It was ratified by the states on Feb. 27, 1951. Presidential Terms Not Defined in Constitution The Constitution itself did not limit the number of presidential terms to two, though many early presidents including George Washington imposed such a limit on themselves. Many argue that the 22nd Amendment merely put on paper the unwritten tradition held by presidents of retiring after two terms. There is an exception, however. Before the ratification of the 22nd Amendment, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected to four terms in the White House in 1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944. continue reading below our video Overview of the Executive Branch Roosevelt died less than a year into his fourth term, but he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Presidential Terms Defined In 22nd Amendment The relevant section of the 22nd Amendment defining presidential terms reads: "No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once." When Presidents Can Serve More Than Two Terms American presidents are elected for four-year terms. While the 22nd Amendment limits presidents to two full terms in office, it also allows for them to serve two years at most of another president's term. That means the most any president can serve in the White House is 10 years. Conspiracy Theories About Presidential Terms During President Barack Obama's two terms in office, Republican critics occasionally raised the conspiracy theory that he was trying to mastermind a way to win a third term in office . Obama fueled some of those conspiracy theories, though, by saying he could have won a third term if he were allowed to seek it. “I think if I ran, I could win. But I can’t. There’s a lot that I’d like to do to keep America moving. But the law is the law, and no person is above the law, not even the president,” Obama said during his second term. Obama said he believed the office of the president should be "continually renewed by new energy and new ideas and new insights. And although I think I am as good of a president as I have ever been right now, I also think that there comes a point where you don't have fresh legs." The rumors of a third Obama term begin even before he had won his second term. Just before the 2012 election , subscribers to one of former U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich 's email newsletters warned readers that the 22nd Amendment would be wiped from the books. "The truth is, the next election has already been decided. Obama is going to win. It's nearly impossible to beat an incumbent president. What's actually at stake right now is whether or not he will have a third-term," wrote an advertiser to subscribers of the list. Over the years, though, several lawmaker have proposed repealing the 22n Amendment, to no avail. Why the Number of Presidential Terms Is Limited Congressional Republicans proposed the constitutional amendment banning presidents from serving more than two terms in response to Roosevelt's four election victories. Histories have written that the party felt such a move was the best way to invalidate the popular Democrat's legacy. "At the time, an amendment limiting presidents to two terms in office seemed an effective way to invalidate Roosevelt's legacy, to discredit this most progressive of presidents," wrote professors James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn in The New York Times. Opposition to Presidential Term Limits Some congressional opponents of the 22nd Amendment argued that it restricted voters from exercising their will. As Democratic U.S. Rep. John McCormack of Massachusetts proclaiming during a debate over the proposal: "The framers of the Constitution considered the question and did not think they should tie the hands of future generations. I don't think we should. Although Thomas Jefferson favored only two terms, he specifically recognized the fact that situations could arise where a longer tenure would be necessary." One of the most high-profile opponents of the two-term limit for presidents was Republican President Ronald Reagan , who was elected to and served two terms in office. In a 1986 interview with The Washington Post, Reagan lamented the lack of focus on important issues and the lame ducks presidents became when their second terms began. "The minute the '84 election is over, everybody starts saying what are we going to do in '88 and focusing a spotlight" on potential presidential candidates," Reagan told the newspaper. Later, Reagan expressed his position more clearly. "In thinking about it more and more, I have come to the conclusion that the 22nd Amendment was a mistake," Reagan said. "Shouldn't the people have the right to vote for someone as many times as they want to vote for him? They send senators up there for 30 or 40 years, congressmen the same."
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In the Christian calendar, which day comes after Maundy Thursday?
V.P. Term Limits - FactCheck.org V.P. Term Limits By Justin Bank Posted on April 16, 2008 Q: Are there term limits for the vice president like there are for the president? Can they only serve two terms, too? A: No. In theory, someone could hold the office indefinitely, but no one has actually served more than two full terms. FULL QUESTION Are there term limits for the vice president like there are for the president? Can they only serve two terms, too? FULL ANSWER There are no official term limits for the office. Article II of the Constitution, which originally gave the terms and conditions that govern the executive branch, did not make any mention of term limits. However, no president pursued more than two terms until Franklin D. Roosevelt did so in 1940. As we discussed in a previous Ask FactCheck, the 22nd Amendment , ratified in 1951, created guidelines for how long an individual can serve as president, limiting a commander in chief to two full terms, or up to 10 years if a vice president had assumed the presidency and held the top office for less than two years of his or her predecessor’s term. But there are no comparable restraints on the vice presidency. So, in theory, an individual could hold the office as long as he or she wishes. But, in practice, no one has served more than two terms. In fact, most vice presidents have served for less time than that. There have been 46 vice presidents in U.S. history including current office holder Dick Cheney. Only seven have served two complete terms: John Adams, Daniel Tompkins, Thomas Marshall, John Nance Garner, Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush and Al Gore. Cheney is set to become the eighth member of that select group in January 2009. -Justin Bank
i don't know
‘Dogs Playing -what’ is a collection of paintings by which artist?
Who Painted The Famous Poker Playing Dogs? News Poker Playing Dogs Poker Playing Dogs Cassius Coolidge is the Artist who immortalised the Poker Playing Dogs in this world famous paintings. Imagine a poker table lit by a single heavy-shaded light. Around the table sit 5 large dogs sipping bourbon, a couple smoke pipes, another a cigar. Chips and cards litter the table as the smiling winner gathers his winnings up in his paws. This is his Waterloo and this is the crazy canine world of Cassius Coolridge . When Cassius Marcellus Coolidge discovered that he had a natural aptitude for cartooning in his early twenties, he created a series of images that went on to become American working-class classics with thousands of copies going on to be hung in pool rooms, bars, and dens all over the world. ‘Cash’ to his poker playing friends and ‘Rash’ to his family, Coolidge started out painting shop signs and creating cartoons for his local newspaper. But as a young man of ambition, he soon hit upon a new slapstick, cartoon-style idea when he invented the Comic Foreground back in the mid-1800s. These life-size cut-outs – which we all know so well – led to millions of holidaymakers sticking their heads through life-size cartoon scenes at fairs and piers, just so that they could take home a funny photograph of themselves with the body of a chicken, ape, or bathing beauty. It isn’t clear just how much money Coolidge made from this inspired enterprise, but it did enhance his reputation as a humorous artist; and when he hit upon yet another idea he really was onto a winner. Coolidge’s idea was to start to anthropomorphise dogs in his paintings and – despite friends thinking that he was barking up the wrong tree – news of his dog-depicting humour spread like wildfire. His tough-looking poker-playing dogs are the most famous, but he also painted dogs on train journeys, reading newspapers, testifying in court and even playing baseball. Coolidge’s first customers were cigar companies that printed copies of the paintings for giveaways, but in 1903 Coolidge signed a contract with Brown & Bigelow to turn out hundreds of thousands of copies of his dog paintings for advertising posters , calendars, and prints. Of course, the artistic community scorned his work even though the fantastic nature of his imagery and absurd juxtapositions predated Surrealism by nearly 50 years. In artistic terms Coolidge certainly had a good eye, his use of light is reminiscent of Rembrandt and the Dutch masters and he combines this with a contemporary social commentary that was way ahead of its time. In fact, if you study his work closely, some of the compositions in the series seem to be modelled on paintings of human card-players by Caravaggio , Georges de La Tour, and Paul Cézanne. But let’s not make a dogs-dinner of it – they were admired and bought by the ‘common-man’ simply because they were fun. Despite the dogmatic criticism, his work was so popular that prints sold like doggy hot-cakes and his poker playing dogs, which appear in 9 of the series of 16 paintings, have become much sought after. So sought after that when 2 of his best-known original paintings (Bold Bluff and Waterloo) were auctioned back in 2005 they went for an incredible $590,400 instead of the – not to be sniffed at – $80,000 they were expected to fetch – not bad for a picture of four dogs playing poker. A Bold Bluff
Cassius Marcellus Coolidge
Who wrote the book ‘On the Origin of Species’ in 1859?
Cassius Marcellus Coolidge Biography & Art For Sale - ArtRev.com - Your Ultimate Fine Art Source. Cassius Marcellus Coolidge   Cassius Marcellus Coolidge, also known as Cash Coolidge, created the whimsical "Poker Dogs," a series of oil paintings made in the 1920s depicting a group not only playing poker but engaged in other usually human activities. He was born on September 18, 1844 on a farm between the small towns of Antwerp and Philadelphia, New York. Called "Cash" by his friends, he was named after Cassius Marcellus Clay, the brother of the famous statesmen Henry Clay. According to the "Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Antwerp Liberal Literary Institute", he was a student there from March 1861 through August 1863. He received certificates from the State and National Business College in March 1864. Coolidge, as a child, sketched portraits and scenes of the farm. Later in life, a co-worker saw drawings by Cash and thought he was wasting his talent. Coolidge went to New York City where he received formal art lessons from a portrait painter, but returned home several months later. This seems the sum total of Coolidge's formal art education. By the time he turned twenty, he was becoming known as an artist, creating cartoons for the local newspaper and teaching penmanship. He also worked as a "lightning cartoonist," making quick sketches of people, charging audiences twenty-five to fifty cents to watch. He also illustrated books, including two by his cousin, Asenath Coolidge, "Prophet of Peace" and "The Independence Day Horror at Killsbury". Coolidge was regarded as an amazing man of energy and enterpriseliterally the kind of man that made a young America grow. While involved in his art projects, in the mid-1860s, he also worked in, then bought, a drugstore; in 1872, he bought another. In 1871, he founded his hometown's first newspaper, the "Antwerp News". Coolidge also painted street signs and numbers on houses; acted as superintendent for a school district; worked at the Fanuel Hall Market House, Frank Leslie's Weekly, and the Antwerp Town Clerk's office. In addition he helped on his family farm by plowing, cultivating, and collecting sap from maple trees. In his spare time, Coolidge received a patent for a device to collect fares from street cars. After reading books on the subject, and studying bookkeeping, math, and commercial law at Eastmans College, in Poughkeepsie, New York--where he worked as a bookkeeper at Eastmans College Bank--Coolidge actually founded the first bank in Antwerp, New York in 1871 or 1872. Sold in 1889, the bank survives as the Jefferson Bank. Coolidge was commissioned by Jefferson Bank to paint a self-portrait which is now in the collection of the library in Antwerp. After visiting Great Britain and France in 1873, he moved to Rochester, New York, writing travel articles for the Watertown Times. In the 1880s, he wrote an opera and two comedies. Besides the "Poker Dogs," Coolidge had another idea, an invention he called Comic Foregrounds, which are seen in carnivals today. These are the paintings of life-sized people and scenes with holes cut out so people can stick their heads through. Coolidge made hundreds of different paintings for these foregrounds, some of which had titles such as "Man Riding a Donkey" or "Fat Man in a Bathing Suit." He started a mail order business selling these caricatures, which provided most of his income later in his life. Coolidge launched himself on the path that would lead to his fame as the creator of poker-playing dogs by creating artwork for local cigar companies that used his paintings for lithographed box covers or inner box lids. Around 1895, he painted a poster of a monkey riding a bicycle with a parrot on the handlebars for the Columbia Bicycle Company of Massachusetts. In 1903 he signed a contract with the advertising firm Brown & Bigelow, in St. Paul, Minnesota, and was paid $10,000 for two paintings. Coolidge eventually painted sixteen paintings of dogs in various situations for Brown & Bigelow, including A Bachelor's Dog, A Bold Bluff, Breach of Promise Suit, A Friend in Need, His Station and Four Aces, New Year's Eve in Dogville, One to Tie Two to Win, Pinched with Four Aces, Poker Sympathy, Post Mortem, The Reunion, Riding the Goat, Sitting up with a Sick Friend, Stranger in Camp, Ten Miles to a Garage, and Waterloo. The scenarios of these paintings range from courtroom argument to a tea dance. The most popular scene, depicted in nine of the paintings, was dogs playing cards surrounded by alcohol, tobacco, and friends. Coolidge preferred large dogs to occupy his paintingsbulldogs, collies, great danes, and St. Bernards were favorites. "You can't imagine a cat playing pokerit doesn't seem to go," Coolidge said. These works became part of pop culture as hundreds of thousands of reproductions were distributed throughout the country, achieving national recognition from the 1930s to the 1960s. Coolidge was married for the first time in 1909, at age sixty-four, to twenty-nine year-old Gertrude Kimmell. He had employed her as a letter painter for his Comic Foreground mail order business. They moved to a house in Bay Bridge, Brooklyn, and a year later, the couple had their first and only child, a daughter named Marcella. Cassius called the house Owl's Head after a nearby park. As a result of the couple's farming background, they tried raising chickens. Cassius even built a chicken coup. It, however, soon became evident it was uneconomical to raise chickens, and Marcella used the coup as a playhouse. Cassius also suffered a permanent injury living there. After tying to chase mischievous boys from an abandoned house, he fell from a window and hurt his knee, leaving him injured for the rest of his life. During this time the demand for Cassius's caricatures decreased, and the family needed more money. Around 1916 Gertrude took a course to become a librarian to augment their income. She eventually found a job as a filing clerk for a large Manhattan law firm. This provided for the majority of the family's income. Cassius tried to supplement their income by writing but was unsuccessful. He did, however, do many of the chores around the house, which was uncommon for a man to do then. In 1928, they built a new home in Grasmere, Staten Island. It was located in a rural location, and Cassius's wife and daughter spent approximately three hours a day commuting to and from work and school, respectively. Coolidge died on January 13, 1934 just short of the age of 90.
i don't know
What is the name of Siegfried Farnon’s younger brother in the UK television series ‘All Creatures Great and Small’?
James Herriot's private hell: The shocking truth about the man behind TV's most famous vet | Daily Mail Online James Herriot's private hell: The shocking truth about the man behind TV's most famous vet Jim Wight is talking about his father's 'little attacks of melancholy'. His quaint turn of phrase evokes a bygone era when expressions such as 'having a turn' or 'an attack of the vapours' might just as easily be used. But the much harsher word 'depression' would, today, be applied to describe his condition. Jim says of his father, Alf  -  who is better known to millions by his pen name and alter ego James Herriot  -  'My dad had a wonderfully happy life, but it was one that included little periods of depression, or whatever you like to call it.  The real James Herriot: Author Alf Wight - who used a pen name - based the character on his own experiences as a country vet 'He had the big one  -  a proper nervous breakdown  -  when I was in sixth form, but there were other little episodes, never lasting very long, throughout his life. 'Once, when he was having one of these attacks, I asked what was wrong, and he said he didn't know. He couldn't describe it as anything other than "overwhelming melancholy".' How poignant then, that the country vet who took to writing about his experiences was unable to explain parts of his own life. To this day, James Herriot and the fictionalised accounts of his life  -  based almost entirely on Alf's, but tweaked to avoid libel claims  -  remain etched on the national psyche, to the point that his old stomping ground, the Yorkshire Dales, is still known as Herriot Country. Fifteen years after his death, he is still much loved. Yet the man whose books, such as All Creatures Great And Small, brought joy to millions was plagued by depression and feelings of inadequacy  -  due largely to his relationship with his own parents.  RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Although from a modest background themselves, his parents never approved of Alf's choice of bride  -  Joan Danbury, a secretary  -  because they were socially ambitious for him. His mother, Hannah, who had delusions of grandeur because her work as a dressmaker brought her into contact with another social scene, refused to come to the wedding; his father, James Alfred, stayed away in solidarity, and Alf was devastated. It was after his own father's death  -  by which point Alf had a teenage family himself  -  that old wounds resurfaced and, in 1960, he suffered a nervous breakdown. Jim partly blames the family history. 'Although they had no money, his parents had scrimped and saved to send him to private school. It was because of this that he had got into university, and been able to follow his vocation. Twenty years on, he was hit badly by the death of his father, and maybe some old worries came to the fore.' Jim, 67, who followed in his father's footsteps, first as a vet and then as a writer, believes now that Alf was tortured by the thought that he wasn't doing a good job as a father. Peter Davison (left) as Tristan Farnon and Christopher Timothy as James Herriot in All Creatures Great and Small which was based on the books of Herriot 'It was linked in some way with his mother wanting certain standards for him. He thought he was failing us because he hadn't sent us to private school. Dad just couldn't afford to. With hindsight, it was a needless worry. 'I couldn't have had a better education, and the same goes for my sister, Rosie. I went to university and Rosie got accepted to both Oxford and Cambridge. But in the midst of his difficulties, my father couldn't see that. With depression, you can't put things into proportion.' That inability to think rationally seeped into the marriage. At one point, Alf became convinced that Joan  -  always an outgoing, even mildly flirtatious woman  -  was having an affair. There was no basis for his fears, but they tortured him anyway. The 'episode' lasted two years and resulted in Alf having controversial electroconvulsive therapy. 'I was in my late teens at the time, and I was shielded from the worst of it,' Jim remembers. 'All I knew was that my father kind of withdrew from everything  -  from us, from life really. He never talked much about it.' Alf joined the Yorkshire veterinary practice of Donald Sinclair ( Siegfried Farnon in the book) in 1940. Twenty-six years later he started writing what was to become his ever popular memoir, All Creatures Great And Small. In all, he wrote eight books about his life as a vet, which were adapted into a TV series and two films. Now, the house where he worked for most of his life  -  and the model for the vet's home in the famous TV series  -  is a museum that receives some 50,000 visitors a year. And his fans are not just from the UK. Jim talks about his own introduction to the James Herriot world  -  although it would be many years before it was formally known as that. 'From the age of three my father took me to work with him,' he says. 'When he got a call, I'd hop in the car with him and we'd be off, on this great adventure. By five, I was pretty much qualified to do the job myself. There was never a question of me not being a vet.' As well as writing his father's biography, Jim has also contributed to Herriot: A Vet's Life, a book of nostalgic reflections by the famed Yorkshire writer WR Mitchell, a friend of his father's. It's more than 30 years since the TV series starring Christopher Timothy and Robert Hardy was first screened, but James Herriot will soon be introduced to a new generation. One of the original scriptwriters is currently penning a new series  -  a prequel which focuses on his experiences at vet school in Glasgow. Would his father have approved? Alf was fond of saying that he was a vet first and an author second. He would often make the point that, in the middle of the night, when a cow was in distress, farmers cared not a jot for echoes of George Bernard Shaw. 'He always said he was 90 per cent vet and ten per cent author, although his earnings were 90 per cent from writing and ten per cent from veterinary work. 'People often ask me when my father actually retired from veterinary work. That always has me scratching my head. He never really did. He kept coming in, even though he wasn't taking a penny in pay. He just did it because he loved it. It was a way of life, not just a job.' Although we may never know whether the writing process helped Alf Wight come to terms with the difficult parts of his own past, his son believes that his father remained fascinated with the human condition until he died. 'He was an incredibly sensitive man, with a deep interest in people. I think that's what made him a wonderful writer. One of the things that people get most wrong about my father is that he wrote "nice little stories about animals". A play based on his work is opening soon and someone asked me recently, "How on earth will they get the animals on stage?" To me, that misses the point. My father didn't write about animals  -  he wrote about people. That, I think, is what keeps his work alive today.'
Tristan Farnon
What is the title of Elvis Presley’s first hit single, recorded at Sun Studio in Memphis?
All Creatures Great and Small Chapter Summaries | James Herriot.org If this is your first visit, be sure to subscribe to our RSS feed ! All Creatures Great and Small Chapter Summaries Tweet Chapter 1 Herriot is having a hard time with a calving in the dead of winter. The calf is not properly presented for delivery, and Herriot has to endure much nay-saying and second-guessing from the farmer’s uncle. After hours of struggling with the calf within the cow, Herriot is ready to give up, but then he gets the rope around the calf’s jaw and delivers a healthy calf. “Uncle” is sure that his veterinarian could have performed the task better. Chapter 2 Herriot remembers the day he came to talk to his would-be boss, Siegfried Farnon, with only a little hope that he would get a paid position. Times are bad in England, and most students that graduated with Herriot are lucky to find work just to pay their board. Herriot very much enjoys the English countryside, and is surprised when he meets Farnon that he’s not German, as Herriot expected, but a regular Englishman. Chapter 3 Herriot goes on farm calls with Farnon in this chapter. He is grateful to be doing real work, and feels that this is the best way to show Farnon that he is qualified for the position. Herriot has a draft horse lean on him for untold minutes, while he digs for an abscess in the animal’s hoof. At their last call he gets kicked by a cow. But he has survived his first day. Chapter 4 Farnon and Herriot stop at a pub after finishing their rounds, and Farnon hires the young vet, for wages plus board. After a talk with a local farmer who imparts a secret about marshmallow cream being the heal-all for hoof ailments, Herriot joins Farnon at the house where he will live, Skeldale House. Chapter 5 Herriot is anxious to go on a farm call by himself, and he does get that chance, but the horse he goes to see has a twisted intestine, and needs to be put down. The problem is that the stable manager expected that he could be made well, especially if Farnon had come. Soames calls later to complain about Herriot, but Farnon backs Herriot up. Chapter 6 Farnon performs a necropsy on the valuable hunter that Herriot put down in the last chapter. He finds that Herriot was correct in his diagnosis. Herriot meets Tristan, Farnon’s younger brother, who is not like his older brother at all. Tristan has flunked both of his veterinary courses, which Farnon is paying for, and is sternly lectured. He accepts it graciously. Chapter 7 With Tristan and Herriot both on board, the practice settles into a stable routine. Tristan is a bit lazy about taking morning calls, which earns him more chastising by Siegfried. After working on some nearly-wild cattle, Herriot relaxes and enjoys the countryside he has found himself in, and thinks he will do well here. Chapter 8 In this chapter, Herriot learns that the elder Farnon is a lady’s man and someone who constantly contradicts himself. The contradictions fluster Herriot, and in this chapter, Farnon tells Herriot the wrong farm to drive to, then insists he didn’t, and then mildly berates Herriot for abusing his fine car, which is actually an old and junky car. Chapter 9 Tristan and Siegfried play jokes on each other, but whereas Tristan’s usually work, his older brother cannot often get Tristan to fall for any of his pranks. Later, Herriot himself tricks Tristan, telling him that a uterus they spent all afternoon pushing back into a cow has worked its way out again. Chapter 10 Herriot is settling into the life in Darrowby, and the townspeople and farmers are becoming more accepting of him, since he does know how to do his job. Still, he is not at all used to the laid back pace of the farmers. One family has asked him to take them to a concert he is also attending, but they proceed to eat a sumptuous lunch, and eventually Herriot is late to the concert, and has to endure the irritation of the other audience members. Chapter 11 This chapter tells the sad story of an elderly man in a poor section of town, whose old dog is sick. Herriot checks the dog and finds a tumor that is not operable. As much as he hates to tell the man, the dog must be put down. The old man agrees, and kneels down to tell his old dog good-bye. Herriot injects the dog, and refuses to accept money for the shot. The dog dies peacefully, and the old man gives Herriot a cigar in thanks. Chapter 12 In this chapter, Siegfried assigns Tristan to collect money on the day everyone comes in to pay. He seems to do well, and is congenial with the patrons, but has not yet recorded any transactions in the ledger when the payment book goes missing. So, the customers who have already paid still are billed the next month, and this does not generate any good will for the practice. Chapter 13 One of Herriot’s easy patients is Tricky Woo, a little dog who is owned by a rich older lady. She spends lots of money on the dog, but feeds him too much fat, which Herriot is always trying to get her to stop. Tricky Woo sends treats to Skeldale House, and Herriot learns that he must talk to the dog just like he would a person. Chapter 14 Farnon hires a book-keeper, to avoid another debacle with the books, but she is harsh with him when she finds out that they just stuff the receipts into a pot on a shelf. She tells them they will need to be more organized, and she is a tough lady. Chapter 15 Siegfried decides he’d like to have fresh eggs and bacon for breakfast, so he gets some hens and pigs and tells Tristan it’s his job to look after them. The group ends up with hens up in the trees and Siegfried sells them. Although they never laid one egg at Skeldale house, they are excellent layers at the next farm, because Tristan was not careful about what he fed them. Chapter 16 Tristan does better with the piglets than the hens, but they grow very large, and are always knocking him down when he tries to feed them. One time, he left the gate open, and they trampled him and escaped. They are all rounded up except one, but then Tristan finds that Siegfried’s new hunter mare got loose, and they have to travel to a neighbors house to pick her up. Chapter 17 The new book-keeper is very upset with Siegfried, because he keeps taking money out of petty cash whenever he needs it, but doesn’t leave a note as to how much he took or what it was for. In addition, she describes his poor receipt penmanship, and those are only on the few occasions when he actually remembers to write them down. Chapter 18 Herriot recalls a lesson learned, in this chapter. After having only seen a diagram of a horse in veterinary school, he decides he knows everything about horses. He sees an old, sway-backed coal cart horse, and attempts to soothe him. The horse picks him up and hangs onto him by his fancy coat until the owner returns. Herriot is properly humbled. Chapter 19 Herriot attends a party for Tricky-Woo, and discovers just how much he is being overfed by his loving owner. He gently chastises her and shows her the correct amount to feed the dog. Herriot drinks too much at the party, and then gets called out on a farm call in the middle of the night. He falls asleep trying to deliver a pig, since he is still tipsy from the drinking, and the farmer has to wake him up. The rest of the pigs are soon delivered. Chapter 20 The new book-keeper is the latest to be flustered by Siegfried’s contradictions. He tells her the money box has to be kept full, even though he empties it at will, and tells her all the bills need to go out the first of the month, even though he doesn’t give her many receipts for the work he has done himself. She is truly on the receiving end of this frustrating phenomenon. Chapter 21 A dog is slow in coming around after surgery in this chapter. Farnon and Herriot go on their rounds, leaving Tristan to watch the dog, who is howling constantly. He is still howling when they return from their rounds, and Tristan is drunk. The dog wakes up, and Siegfried tells Tristan to take him to his room, where it’s safe, and then the dog paces all night. Tristan is fit to be tied, and the next day, the dog finally gets to go home. Chapter 22 Herriot takes a dog to another vet’s office, since it is his patient, and the vet performs surgery. He wants Herriot to take the dog back, but not until the anesthesia wears off. So Herriot is stuck going on a farm call with the other vet, who has none of the pleasant characteristics that most Scotsmen do. The vet asks for his help, but he is dressed in a suit. The vet gives him a black coverall to wear, so that he can help, but he doesn’t end up needing to do much. The other vet has a good laugh at Herriot’s expense. Chapter 23 Herriot treats a cow with a calcium deficiency, even though the owner thinks she is dying. There are newer injectables now, and they work very well. They take the cow and her calf back to the barn, from the stream where she had been laying. Herriot is invited for breakfast, and has an excellent meal. Later, the book-keeper at Skeldale House and Farnon are arguing again, and she is winning until he takes a note she wrote for him and shreds it. Chapter 24 Siegfried wants Tristan to leave the house for a night, but Tristan wants to go to a dance in the village. Siegfried picks the worst task he can think of for Tristan, working on the ear of a mean old sow. Tristan makes several trips to the farm, and returns with different excuses about why he couldn’t take care of the sow. Siegfried sends him out yet again. Finally, Tristan tells Herriot that the sow wouldn’t let him in her pen, but he finally got so mad that he chased her around. As it turns out, the sow is a coward, and burst her ear growth on the wall. Chapter 25 Spring finally comes to the Dales after a long and bitter winter. Herriot learns about lambing, and also about how quickly the lambs can find their ewes after being corralled for vaccinations. Then he learns about foaling, which is a lot harder than delivering lambs. Even harder is the castration of the male horses that will not be used at stud. They used to drug and throw the colts and do the procedure on the ground, but the new method leaves the colts standing up. Herriot is supposed to work on a horse that turns out to be a six year old stallion, and he is afraid to do it. He hopes that Farnon will do the horse, but he doesn’t. Finally, Herriot has to work on the horse, and the horse kicks him in the leg. Herriot realizes that fear is worse than the hurt leg. Chapter 26 Herriot calls on a farmer with six sick steers. The farmer is waiting for some new-fangled diagnosis and treatment, since Herriot is young and fresh out of veterinary school. Instead, Herriot tells him the animals have lead poisoning, and to give them Epsom salts. The farmer is disappointed at the old-school remedy, but it works. Later, the man has a bull who is down and has a temperature of 110. Once again, he expects a new remedy, but the bull has heat stroke, so Herriot has the men spray him with water, which effectively cures him. Once again, the man is disappointed that he never got to see newer methods used. Chapter 27 Farnon wants the vets to display more professionalism, so he takes them along on a farm call, after donning a white lab coat. Time and again, Farnon tries to get the wire from a cow’s second stomach. Finally, he decides to lance the stomach, since there is a build up of gas. He is thoroughly sprayed and quite ill-smelling all the way home. Tristan and Herriot hang their heads out the car windows, but Farnon declares that the day was a success. Chapter 28 We meet the knacker in this chapter. He is the man who hauls away dead animals and renders them. He also checks for cause of death. One farmer wants to collect on insurance for a cow that he says was struck by lightning, but Herriot says the animal died of heart failure. The farmer goes to the knacker for a second opinion, and he finds a tumor that caused the heart to fail. The farmer is left with neither expert able or willing to help him get insurance money for the dead cow. Chapter 29 The farmer who couldn’t get the insurance money still uses the practice at Skeldale House, after complaining to Farnon about the cow’s cause of death. Siegfried sends Tristan to deliver ointment to Cranford, the cow farmer, and he also tells him to drop a fecal sample off at a local laboratory. Instead, Tristan accidentally mixes up the packages and Cranford is rubbing fecal matter onto his cows, which gives everyone at the practice a laugh. Chapter 30 Tricki-Woo is very ill in this chapter, having been overfed to the point of being near death. Herriot decides he needs two weeks away from his owner to regain his health, which worries her to no end. After with-holding food for two days, they bring him up to one meal a day, and he loses weight playing with Siegfried’s dogs, as well. When he recovers, his owner thinks it is a miracle of modern science, when it was just proper feeding. Chapter 31 Herriot is called out in the middle of the night, for a mare who is having trouble foaling. He goes out in his pajamas, with a coat over them. He repositions the foal properly inside the mare, and it is born without any further issues. Herriot drives to the local cafe, forgetting he is wearing only pajamas and a coat. He orders coffee and a sandwich, but hasn’t brought his wallet, so the waitress gives him his coffee on the house. The other people in the cafe joke about his clothing, thinking him possibly a prison escapee. Chapter 32 Herriot goes out to check a cow that is down, and despite some help, she will not rise. He hears a noise in her bones and decides that she has a broken pelvis and probably will not walk again. Of course, as these things go, the cow gets up the next day, and Farnon explains to Herriot that sometimes cows have a weakening of the ligaments after they have a calf, and of course the farmer tells anyone who will listen about the cow that Herriot said would never get up again, but who did. Chapter 33 Tricky-Woo’s owner has bought a pig, and she keeps it in the kitchen, much to the chagrin of her cooks, since pigs definitely have their own odor. Herriot convinces her that the place for pigs is outdoors. He checks the pig once because the owner thinks he is sick, stopping and starting during urination, which is normal for pigs. Now Herriot has two nephews, and Farnon gives him some grief at having a pig for a nephew, but he gets more treats and gifts. Chapter 34 Dr. Grier, the other vet in the area, needs help at his practice, and Herriot goes, but is not happy about it. He gets plain porridge three meals a day. He is called out for a cow who has a prolapsed uterus, and Grier tells him not to put in retention sutures. Herriot does as he is told, even though he normally puts in the sutures. Predictably, they get a call that her uterus is back out, and Dr. Grier reinserts her uterus and then puts in the stitches he told Herriot not to, while Herriot must listen to comments about his less than adequate veterinary skills. Chapter 35 Dr. Grier falls sick again, so Herriot must help him once more. A client calls and says her dog has a bone in his throat, but Grier tells Herriot that it will actually be pharyngitis. Herriot examines the dog, who appears fine, and tells the owner what Dr. Grier told him to tell her. As it turns out, Dr. Grier is having an affair with the woman who owns the dog, and there is nothing wrong with the dog. An assistant is hired by Dr. Grier, and Herriot happily returns to Skeldale House, even though the first thing he hears there is the Farnon brothers arguing. Chapter 36 Herriot works on the cow of a poor farmer. The cow has mastitis, and even after treatment and cleaning, she will never produce milk from all of her teats. The farmer gladly says he will clean her out if it means he can still milk her at all. The next morning, Herriot stops by to check on the cow, and the farmer has spent the whole night cleaning his cow out, and she is doing better. The farmer, dead on his feet, nevertheless goes on to his other job. Chapter 37 Farnon watches Herriot stitching up a dog at Skeldale House, and tells him he’s using too much suture material. Farnon finishes himself, using the bare minimum. When they go to suture up a foal together, Herriot remembers the lecture and only uses a bit of catgut at a time. Farnon is frustrated, and pulls off a huge length, so much that he must stand to stitch. Farnon chastises Herriot in front of the farmer about not being so thrifty, and Herriot just grumbles at this latest contradiction. Chapter 38 We learn about Mr. Worley, a pig-breeder, in this chapter. He is very successful, contrary to what the locals believe he should be. Herriot becomes one of Mr. Worley’s favorites when he works on a sow’s foot, and the breeder has him over to his inn for liquor, against local regulations. Worley has a pig give birth and then not produce milk, but Herriot gives her a shot that helps almost immediately. He shares a round at the inn, not realizing he bought the round. After he leaves, the bar is raided by a visiting constable, and they are fined. It doesn’t seem to bother anyone, though. Chapter 39 Tristan drives Herriot to a farm call in this chapter, since Herriot has an infection in his arm. They are driving the older Austin, since Tristan had an accident in his car the same week. After the call, they are relaxing, until they see the Austin rolling down the hill, since Tristan forgot to set the parking brake. The car spews veterinary instruments all over and crashes into a shed. The car is none the worse for wear, but the shed is destroyed. It was leased by a local golf club. The farmer says he won’t tell anyone what happened. The next day, Farnon is still ill and Tristan and Herriot have to use his Land Rover. Someone sideswipes them, and the Land Rover is damaged. Tristan tells Siegfried and the elder Farnon fires the younger again, but they both know he doesn’t really mean it. Chapter 40 Herriot is called to look at an injured calf, and he can’t find it at the farm, so he knocks at the house. A young lady named Helen takes him to the place where the cow is. Herriot puts a cast on the calf’s leg, and has a pleasant talk with Helen. He learns from the Farnons that Helen is popular with the men, but picky about who she dates. Chapter 41 Herriot does a spell of work as a veterinary inspector, which means checking all the local cattle for tuberculosis. At the first farm, six calves cannot be caught, until a neighbor with a unique skill imitates a fly, and all the cows come running. Chapter 42 Herriot is already behind on time on his TB testing, after that first farm. At the second farm, he has to clean all the ears of the cattle, because the farmers can’t remember which is which. Herriot realizes he needs to schedule fewer farms per day to check, and the rest of the farmers this day are angry with him. Some have even turned their cows back out, since they think he’s not coming. They don’t like to clean the barns, so the cows are usually left outside in the summer. At the next farm, no one is there but the cows are in, so Herriot starts checking them. One particular cow keeps pummeling him and kicking him, so he pulls his way into the hayloft. The farmer is amused. At the last farm, Herriot checks the last cow in line, only to find he’s checking a bull, instead. This farmer is also amused by Herriot. Chapter 43 Miss Stubbs is a poor, older woman, who has five animals, all but one of which is ill. Herriot visits her often, helping the sick animals. After a favorite dog, Ben, dies, she says that she’ll be next. She passes away and Herriot hears about it second-hand. He rushes to her house, fearing for her animals. But they have been taken in by her housekeeper, and they greet him like the old friend he is. Chapter 44 Herriot is trying to woo Helen Alderson, whom he met on a farm call. He goes to concerts she attends, since she likes music, but he is too shy to make much headway. When they clean up after a concert, he asks her out and she agrees. But he is worried that he might have pressured her into accepting. Chapter 45 After discussing an article that says small animal breeders love their animals more than do breeders of large animals, Herriot goes out to float the teeth of two horses, at a successful farm owned by John Skipton. Herriot discovers the horses are older, with so much white hair that they look like roans. They are indeed older horses, who need their teeth kept floated and smooth, so that they can digest their food. Skipton says the horses were slaves when he was. He obviously cares very much for them. One horse has two long, sharp teeth, and he doesn’t even react when Herriot is able to snap them off, since he is used to good care. Chapter 46 Herriot’s assistant passes out during a bloody surgery, and this reaffirms his belief that large men are more prone to this. He remembers another occasion when he asked for help and a big man volunteered. He, too, passed out, and the small farm owner came to assist Herriot. He has one farmer pay him money before his work begins, and he will wait until after the castrations to give the man his change. The man faints, so Herriot leaves the change, which wakes the man up, and he says he’s short on his change. Chapter 47 Mr. Sidlow always waits until the last minute to call the veterinarian, causing his animals to be in pain for longer than they need to be. This man has been a client of Siegfried’s, but now Herriot has him. The current call is for a bullock that swallowed something, and the farmer has tried to push it down his throat, and in the process cut his windpipe. Herriot tells him that the bullock must be put down, but the man does not agree. Herriot signs a form stating that the meat is alright to buy for butchering. Later, Herriot is called to a local track to stitch up a horse, and he is nervous, since the horse’s usual vet is very well-known as an excellent veterinarian. The stable boy gives him a tip on a good bet, and Herriot goes to the bank and gets out money to bet, then changes clothes and is ready to head back to the track when Mr. Sidlow calls Skeldale House. He has a gravely ill cow, and by the time Herriot gets to the track, the race is over, and the 10-1 horse he had a tip on has won. Chapter 48 Herriot will take Helen on their first date today. Herriot has a quickly-altered suit that is out of style and fits poorly and then after he picks Helen up, their car ends up on a road that is washed out. They go to her house for shoes, and he has to wear an ill-fitting pair of her father’s shoes. Add to this a flat tire, and the fact that he needed a hotel reservation to eat at the hotel restaurant. The date feels uncomfortable to Herriot, and he’s sure that Helen hadn’t wanted to go, anyway. Chapter 49 The brakes in the Austin are shot, and Herriot has to drive it for some time like this, since Siegfried always forgets to have it done. Finally Siegfried has to drive the car, with Herriot along, and he has a very hard time stopping the car. Afterwards, he chides Herriot for “not telling him” about the brakes. Herriot just remains silent. Chapter 50 Mr. Denham is a millionaire but still plays football pools. He makes vet calls to Siegfried, since he won a pool once, on betting days, but they are always non-serious issues. He just wants to know who to pick in the pool. When Herriot is called to see Denham’s Great Dane, she is afraid he is there to steal her newborn pups, and she bites him nastily in the leg. Siegfried jokes about it until he sees how badly the dog bit Herriot. Chapter 51 It is Herriot’s second winter in Yorkshire, and there is more snow than the previous year. Herriot drives as close as he can to his farm call, but has to get out and walk. The snowfall picks up and he wanders around, quite lost, until he ends up at the right farm. The farmer says it seems like a plain day. Chapter 52 Farnon half-listens to Herriot detailing a case, and he hears the details wrong. Herriot repeats himself, but Farnon still doesn’t catch it. He tells Herriot that after he has been a vet for awhile, he won’t be so easily confused. This irritates Herriot. Herriot speaks to Tristan afterward, and the younger Farnon says it’s probably not Siegfried who is bothering Herriot, but the events with Helen. Herriot suspects that Tristan is right. Chapter 53 A poor farmer named Rudd has finally saved up enough money to buy a cow, and he is pleased when he can finally get her. Herriot gets along well with the family, and discovers that the way Mrs. Rudd feeds all 7 kids is feeding lots of pudding so they’re not as hungry for the main course. Sadly, the new cow develops a throat abscess, and while he treats it, she steadily gets worse. The family appreciates his efforts, but this just makes him feel guilty. Chapter 54 Herriot finally decides to lance the abscess on the cow’s neck, but fears she is too far gone. Instead, she recovers, and he and the Rudds are very happy that she is back to her regular self again. Herriot looks back now, knowing how much harder everything was back then, and wishes he had some of our techniques and medicines in earlier years. Chapter 55 The worst problem at Skeldale House practice is customers that won’t pay. The non-payers are usually quite charming, but they don’t pay their bills. Farnon’s favorite non-payer is a man called The Major, who lived in Darrowby for three years and never paid anyone anything. He was so charming that he just got away with it. Chapter 56 There are also non-payers who are not charming. One such man is the local butcher. He always expects the veterinarians to drop whatever they are doing and attend to his animals, but he doesn’t pay his bills. Herriot helps deliver twin calves for the man, and they both live, which is unusual. The butcher offers some sausage for Herriot’s efforts, but Herriot asks him how much they are and pays for them, to try to prove a point. Chapter 57 Herriot double-dates with Tristan in this chapter, but although his date is nice, he only thinks of Helen. Herriot and his date, Connie, get drunk and then eat too much filling food. They end up outside in the mud, sine they feel sick. Later, back inside, he and Connie run into Helen, and Herriot is completely mortified. Chapter 58 In this chapter, Herriot recalls stories about some of the people who live in the Yorkshire area. He remembers farmers who had extraordinary animals, as well as farmers who seemed unable to get along with anyone, and farmers who tried to live life on the land but couldn’t make it. One lady from a farm brings Herriot kittens to heal, and he is happy to be able to help her with a new vaccines and equally happy to hear from the farmer later on, that they are now cats. Chapter 59 Herriot meets gypsy’s who have a foundering black and white pinto pony in this chapter. Founder is serious and can easily kill a horse even today, but Herriot and Farnon bleed the pony and tell the owners to let him stand in a stream a few minutes at a time, many times each day. Days later, they see the gypsy’s leaving, and the pony is fine. Chapter 60 Helen brings her dog Dan into the practice and asks for Herriot. The dog has a dislocated hip, and he and Helen work together to pop it back into place. Mrs. Hall makes tea for Herriot and Helen, and Herriot calls later that day to check on the dog, who is better. While on the phone, he asks Helen out and she happily agrees. Chapter 61 Rich and poor families are recalled in this chapter. In the rich family, the wife and daughter blame the father for their dog’s condition, which he could not have caused. Herriot notices the man’s hands shaking, and decides he may have Parkinson’s, or he may be an alcoholic. Later Herriot sees a poor family, where everyone pitches in to help, and the daughter is headed to town to get her father something, with money she saved herself. The difference between the two families is striking to Herriot. Chapter 62 Herriot and Helen’s second date begins at the cinema, where the usher laughs at the veterinarian since he’s there with a date. A man in the theater berates Herriot for supposedly misdiagnosing an animal, and then a drunk collapses in the chair next to Herriot, and snores for the rest of the movie. Instead of a Scottish film as the second half of the double-feature, it’s a western, and Helen laughs in amusement. She suggests that on the next date they go for a walk, and Herriot is happy because she said “next time”. Chapter 63 Farnon has a chance to go to work as the supervising veterinarian for a racing circuit, but he would have to leave his home behind. They are at the track, checking over a horse, when a veterinarian that Farnon knows comes up. Farnon and Herriot drag the other vet away from the area. Chapter 64 The visiting vet, Herriot and Farnon go to a club and have a meal and drinks. But then Farnon remembers the people waiting for him, and they are quite angry. Farnon has made a horrible impression on the people from the Racing Circuit, and he says that’s OK, because he really didn’t want to leave Darrowby. Chapter 65 Herriot and Helen are getting along famously, but her father seems to dislike him. Back at Skeldale House, Farnon tells Herriot that if he marries Helen, they can live in a private room upstairs. Farnon is afraid that Herriot’s timidity will result in them never marrying. Herriot will soon be a partner in the practice, and he decides he will ask Helen. She says yes, but now they have to tell her father. Chapter 66 Herriot has cleaned a cow and smells awful, so he borrows Mrs. Hall’s bath salts, which are very flowery. After his bath, he falls asleep upstairs. He is called out early in the morning on a farm call to Helen’s father’s farm, and Mr. Alderson notices the weird flowery smell on Herriot. Herriot helps the cow to have her calf, and then tells Mr. Alderson of his plan to marry Helen. They go in Alderson’s house and share some drinks, and the man opens up about how much he loved and misses his deceased wife. Alderson drinks too much and Herriot has to help him upstairs, and he feels they are getting along better. Chapter 67 It’s TB testing time, but also Herriot and Helen’s wedding and honeymoon time. Farnon complains about having to do all the testing himself, so they honeymoon close by, so Herriot can help. As they are leaving their wedding, they see a new shingle at Skeldale House. Farnon has made Herriot a full partner. Helen and Herriot spend their honeymoon inspecting cows and enjoying each other’s company.
i don't know
The Montreux Jazz Festival is held annually in which European country?
Montreux Jazz Festival - CDs and Vinyl at Discogs Montreux Jazz Festival Montreux Jazz Festival Profile: Established in 1967 by Claude Nobs , Géo Voumard and René Langel, the Montreux Jazz Festival is one of the better known music festivals in the world. It is held annually in early July in Montreux, Switzerland on the shores of Lake Geneva. It is the second largest annual music festival in the world after Canada's Montreal International Jazz Festival. Originally a pure jazz festival, it opened up in the 1970's and today presents artists of nearly every music style. However, jazz remains an important part of the festival. Today's festival lasts about two weeks and attracts an audience of more than 200,000 people. Parent Label:
Switzerland
What type of animal is a kudu?
Inside Montreux : Inside - TripAdvisor Montreux has diverse styles of architecture but perhaps the most notable are... Last edited: January 31, 2015 There is much more to Montreux’s culture than Freddie Mercury or the city’s... Last edited: January 31, 2015 The history of Montreux dates to the opening of the second millennium, as the... Last edited: January 31, 2015 One can use books like Montreux by Francis Henry Gibble for practical tourist... Last edited: August 09, 2006 Get the glossy brochures and up-to-date calendar of events from the local... Last edited: June 05, 2015 What's the best time of year to visit Montreux?  Montreux shares a micro... Last edited: January 31, 2015 Transportation If you are looking to visit Montreux, the Geneva Airport is located about an... Last edited: July 31, 2012 Montreux isn’t a huge city, so it is pretty easy to get around on foot. There... Last edited: July 26, 2011 Things to Do Although Montreux is a beautiful, scenic city of museums and music, traveling... Last edited: October 03, 2006 Montreux Jazz Festival Held in the first half of July each year, the... Last edited: January 31, 2015 MONTREUX MUSEUM The main museum of Montreux is in the old town. You can get... Last edited: May 29, 2013 Montreux does not have a lot of after-hours action but possesses enough to keep... Last edited: August 08, 2006 All seasons activities around Vevey and Montreux:  Introduction:  Here are a... Last edited: March 23, 2016 Montreux does not have an art museum but nearby Vevey has the Fondation Jenisch... Last edited: January 31, 2015   Currency  Located in the center of a number of countries in the Euro zone... Last edited: July 07, 2015 Switzerland is a member of the Schengen Area (an area consisting of most... Last edited: March 07, 2015 Emergency numbers in Switzerland are as follows: - 117 for the police (real... Last edited: May 21, 2012 Even though Switzerland is a very small country the mentality of the Swiss can... Last edited: March 01, 2014 Payphones are owned by Swisscom and you will have no difficult in finding one... Last edited: January 28, 2014 Tipping   There is no obligation to tip anybody in restaurants, cafés, bars... Last edited: October 21, 2014
i don't know
Who was the original host of UK television game show ‘Wheel of Fortune’?
Wheel of Fortune (2) - UKGameshows Wheel of Fortune (2) Announcer: Steve Hamilton Broadcast Scottish in association with King World Productions, The Walt Disney Company and Action Time for ITV, 19 July 1988 to 31 December 1989 (27 episodes in 2 series + 5 specials) Scottish in association with King World Productions and Buena Vista International for ITV, 4 June 1991 to 24 August 1992 (26 episodes in 2 series) Scottish in association with King World Productions for ITV, 7 June 1993 to 21 December 2001 (10 series) Synopsis Everyone likes Hangman, right? Everyone likes spinning carnival wheels also, right? Some idiot genius came up with the idea of combining the two for this worryingly seminal word game. A wall of lit boxes indicated the lengths of the words in the phrase that must be guessed, and a clue was given to what sort of phrase was to be guessed. Players took turns consisting of spinning the wheel to generate a random number of points, guessing a consonant that may have appeared in the puzzle and earning the spun sum of points for each appearance their chosen consonant made, until they spun "Lose A Turn", "Bankrupt" (which also lost them all their points for that round) or pick a letter which didn't appear, all turn-ending crimes. Vowels in the puzzle could also be revealed, but this cost the players points instead of generating them. On their turn, players had the choice to also attempt to divine the nature of the phrase, a correct guess ending the round and winning a prize, chosen from three alternatives. Repeat four times (double points in the later two rounds, the last round eliminating all that tiring spinning to save time) and the top scorer got the chance to solve a puzzle with just the appearances of six chosen letters. As with most international versions of Wheel (and the American version until 1988), rather than being given "R, S, T, L, N, and E," the contestant picked five consonants and a vowel. Getting this final puzzle right won the show's jackpot. The brilliant piece of cunning behind this game is that it was in players' interests to keep spinning and accumulating points for as long as possible before guessing what the phrase was to win the round. In this way it looked like the players didn't know what the phrase actually was; viewers at home almost certainly would have got the answer before the contestants on-screen and could enjoy happy minutes and seconds shouting out at it. Campbell's corner Most people will associate the game most firmly with fellow Scot Nicky Campbell, whose easy-going gentle nature brought the show high ratings. The role of the letter-turner (which, incidentally, went to semi-automatic on the US show in 1997) has also earned some degree of celebrity (or should that be notoriety?) from their roles - in particular, former model Carol Smillie is now a mega-celeb thanks to the Wheel and the recently British appetite for DIY makeover shows. Carol Smillie and Nicky Campbell Brad's Box!? When Campbell left to pursue other interests, mainly going back to his DJ roots, seaside-comedian-type Bradley Walsh was introduced to the show in 1997. A few innovations were added to the format, such as Brad's Box - a special on-the-spot prize (for landing on a certain square) which was in... er... a box. Bradley Walsh and Jenny Powell The Leslie generation John Leslie became the host in 1998, after Bradley left to become a father. Brad's Box became Leslie's Luxury! He'd come a long way since his game show hosting debut ( Scavengers ). Jenny Powell and John Leslie The programme's final host was Paul Hendy . Key moments John Leslie sees the funny side A female contestant in the Walsh era getting a puzzle right after just one letter had been revealed. One man managed to spin the wheel the wrong way. It ruined the mechanism and the studio technicians spent hours trying to get it to work again. Catchphrases Sign off towards the break - "We'll see you in the spin of a wheel" followed by that hand movement. At the end of the show: "We'll see you next time around!" "One spin of this wheel could mean a possible fortune!" "Let's call up the bank..." "It's time to leave this wheel behind and go for a possible fortune!" This was later shortened to: "Let's go for that fortune!" At the beginning of the show, originally: "Wheeeeel o-o-of Fortune!" followed by: "Your host - Nicky Campbell!" or, in later series: "With Nicky Campbell and Carol Smillie!" Inventor From the original US game Wheel of Fortune, devised by Merv Griffin. Theme music The theme is called Spin to Win by David Pringle and Bobbie Heatlie. Trivia Possibly the first ever show to use male models ("Prize Guys") to display the prizes. Tracy Shaw did a one week stint as co-host to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Coronation Street. Surprisingly, the final series with Paul Hendy was repeated on ITV1 during the 2004 christmas period. Jackpot! On solving the end puzzle, the contestant won a jackpot prize. This top prize changed from series to series. Initially, it was choice from three prizes which might include a holiday, a new car or a cash jackpot worth £3,000. The cash award was increased to £4,000 from 1989-92, which was at that time the highest jackpot on British television, the previous highest amount having probably been (albeit briefly) the £3,200 offered on Lingo , but the £4,000 record was beaten in 1990 by The $64,000 Question 's £6,400. When cash limits on gameshow winnings were abolished in 1991, the prize fund went up to £5,000, then in 1994 the prizes were changed to be a car or £10,000, which was increased to £20,000 from 1995-1998, with the winning contestant randomly selecting the prize by choosing one of two sealed envelopes. During the daytime series, winners of each round were able to choose from an array of prizes laid out in the studio, such as a CD player, dishwasher etc. The cash prize for the final was dropped to £2000. Regional transmission details 1988–98: For the first ten series, the show was broadcast once a week in a primetime slot. 1999: During the eleventh series, the programme was moved to a five-shows-a-week daytime slot and it aired at 2.40 each afternoon from 2 March, after the sixth series of Dale's Supermarket Sweep concluded its run. It took a break from 28 May to 10 September 1999. 2000: The twelfth series began at the start of the year, and lasted until the start of December. During this series, the show's slot varied in different ITV regions. Carlton (London and Westcountry), Grampian and Scottish broadcast it at 5.30. Anglia, Border, Granada, Meridian, Yorkshire, Tyne Tees and Ulster aired it at 1.30 until 31 March 2000, then Friday afternoons only from 18 May to 9 June. Then from 12 June it was moved back to five-times-a-week; from 17 July, it was moved to 2.40, so not all the episodes aired. HTV followed Anglia's pattern until 8 May before switching to the 5.30 slot. Carlton (Central) also followed Anglia's pattern until 12 June before moving the show to 5.30. Additional episodes were broadcast by all ITV regions on Sundays during May. 2001: During the thirteenth series, all ITV regions broadcast episodes at 5.30 from 2 January to 22 June 2001, before being switched to a Saturday afternoon slot until 4 August 2001. The final thirty episodes (series fourteen) were also networked at 2.40, from 12 November to 21 December. Merchandise Waddingtons produced a tie-in board game, which rather bizarrely didn't actually mention that it was based on the TV show. The Waddingtons board game An LCD handheld game was also available. Web links
Nicky Campbell
The Ao dai is the traditional dress of women in which Asian country?
Wheel of Fortune (2) - UKGameshows Wheel of Fortune (2) Announcer: Steve Hamilton Broadcast Scottish in association with King World Productions, The Walt Disney Company and Action Time for ITV, 19 July 1988 to 31 December 1989 (27 episodes in 2 series + 5 specials) Scottish in association with King World Productions and Buena Vista International for ITV, 4 June 1991 to 24 August 1992 (26 episodes in 2 series) Scottish in association with King World Productions for ITV, 7 June 1993 to 21 December 2001 (10 series) Synopsis Everyone likes Hangman, right? Everyone likes spinning carnival wheels also, right? Some idiot genius came up with the idea of combining the two for this worryingly seminal word game. A wall of lit boxes indicated the lengths of the words in the phrase that must be guessed, and a clue was given to what sort of phrase was to be guessed. Players took turns consisting of spinning the wheel to generate a random number of points, guessing a consonant that may have appeared in the puzzle and earning the spun sum of points for each appearance their chosen consonant made, until they spun "Lose A Turn", "Bankrupt" (which also lost them all their points for that round) or pick a letter which didn't appear, all turn-ending crimes. Vowels in the puzzle could also be revealed, but this cost the players points instead of generating them. On their turn, players had the choice to also attempt to divine the nature of the phrase, a correct guess ending the round and winning a prize, chosen from three alternatives. Repeat four times (double points in the later two rounds, the last round eliminating all that tiring spinning to save time) and the top scorer got the chance to solve a puzzle with just the appearances of six chosen letters. As with most international versions of Wheel (and the American version until 1988), rather than being given "R, S, T, L, N, and E," the contestant picked five consonants and a vowel. Getting this final puzzle right won the show's jackpot. The brilliant piece of cunning behind this game is that it was in players' interests to keep spinning and accumulating points for as long as possible before guessing what the phrase was to win the round. In this way it looked like the players didn't know what the phrase actually was; viewers at home almost certainly would have got the answer before the contestants on-screen and could enjoy happy minutes and seconds shouting out at it. Campbell's corner Most people will associate the game most firmly with fellow Scot Nicky Campbell, whose easy-going gentle nature brought the show high ratings. The role of the letter-turner (which, incidentally, went to semi-automatic on the US show in 1997) has also earned some degree of celebrity (or should that be notoriety?) from their roles - in particular, former model Carol Smillie is now a mega-celeb thanks to the Wheel and the recently British appetite for DIY makeover shows. Carol Smillie and Nicky Campbell Brad's Box!? When Campbell left to pursue other interests, mainly going back to his DJ roots, seaside-comedian-type Bradley Walsh was introduced to the show in 1997. A few innovations were added to the format, such as Brad's Box - a special on-the-spot prize (for landing on a certain square) which was in... er... a box. Bradley Walsh and Jenny Powell The Leslie generation John Leslie became the host in 1998, after Bradley left to become a father. Brad's Box became Leslie's Luxury! He'd come a long way since his game show hosting debut ( Scavengers ). Jenny Powell and John Leslie The programme's final host was Paul Hendy . Key moments John Leslie sees the funny side A female contestant in the Walsh era getting a puzzle right after just one letter had been revealed. One man managed to spin the wheel the wrong way. It ruined the mechanism and the studio technicians spent hours trying to get it to work again. Catchphrases Sign off towards the break - "We'll see you in the spin of a wheel" followed by that hand movement. At the end of the show: "We'll see you next time around!" "One spin of this wheel could mean a possible fortune!" "Let's call up the bank..." "It's time to leave this wheel behind and go for a possible fortune!" This was later shortened to: "Let's go for that fortune!" At the beginning of the show, originally: "Wheeeeel o-o-of Fortune!" followed by: "Your host - Nicky Campbell!" or, in later series: "With Nicky Campbell and Carol Smillie!" Inventor From the original US game Wheel of Fortune, devised by Merv Griffin. Theme music The theme is called Spin to Win by David Pringle and Bobbie Heatlie. Trivia Possibly the first ever show to use male models ("Prize Guys") to display the prizes. Tracy Shaw did a one week stint as co-host to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Coronation Street. Surprisingly, the final series with Paul Hendy was repeated on ITV1 during the 2004 christmas period. Jackpot! On solving the end puzzle, the contestant won a jackpot prize. This top prize changed from series to series. Initially, it was choice from three prizes which might include a holiday, a new car or a cash jackpot worth £3,000. The cash award was increased to £4,000 from 1989-92, which was at that time the highest jackpot on British television, the previous highest amount having probably been (albeit briefly) the £3,200 offered on Lingo , but the £4,000 record was beaten in 1990 by The $64,000 Question 's £6,400. When cash limits on gameshow winnings were abolished in 1991, the prize fund went up to £5,000, then in 1994 the prizes were changed to be a car or £10,000, which was increased to £20,000 from 1995-1998, with the winning contestant randomly selecting the prize by choosing one of two sealed envelopes. During the daytime series, winners of each round were able to choose from an array of prizes laid out in the studio, such as a CD player, dishwasher etc. The cash prize for the final was dropped to £2000. Regional transmission details 1988–98: For the first ten series, the show was broadcast once a week in a primetime slot. 1999: During the eleventh series, the programme was moved to a five-shows-a-week daytime slot and it aired at 2.40 each afternoon from 2 March, after the sixth series of Dale's Supermarket Sweep concluded its run. It took a break from 28 May to 10 September 1999. 2000: The twelfth series began at the start of the year, and lasted until the start of December. During this series, the show's slot varied in different ITV regions. Carlton (London and Westcountry), Grampian and Scottish broadcast it at 5.30. Anglia, Border, Granada, Meridian, Yorkshire, Tyne Tees and Ulster aired it at 1.30 until 31 March 2000, then Friday afternoons only from 18 May to 9 June. Then from 12 June it was moved back to five-times-a-week; from 17 July, it was moved to 2.40, so not all the episodes aired. HTV followed Anglia's pattern until 8 May before switching to the 5.30 slot. Carlton (Central) also followed Anglia's pattern until 12 June before moving the show to 5.30. Additional episodes were broadcast by all ITV regions on Sundays during May. 2001: During the thirteenth series, all ITV regions broadcast episodes at 5.30 from 2 January to 22 June 2001, before being switched to a Saturday afternoon slot until 4 August 2001. The final thirty episodes (series fourteen) were also networked at 2.40, from 12 November to 21 December. Merchandise Waddingtons produced a tie-in board game, which rather bizarrely didn't actually mention that it was based on the TV show. The Waddingtons board game An LCD handheld game was also available. Web links
i don't know
On a standard dartboard, what number lies opposite 13?
The Dartboard Sequence The Dartboard Sequence The arrangement of the numbers around the circumference of a standard dart board is as shown below 20 1 18 4 13 6 10 15 2 17 3 19 7 16 8 11 14 9 12 5 Oddly enough, no one seems to know for sure how this particular arrangement was selected. It evidently dates back at least 100 years. Some say the pattern was devised by a carpenter named Brian Gamlin in 1896, while others attribute it to someone named Thomas William Buckle in 1913, but both of these attributions are relatively recent, and neither can be traced back to a contemporary source. Also, although it's clear that the numbers are ordered to mix the large and small together, and possibly to separate numerically close values as far as possible (e.g., 20 is far from 19), no one seems to know of any simple criterion that uniquely singles out this particular arrangement as the best possible in any quantitative sense. It may be just an accident of history that this particular arrangement has been adopted as the standard dart board format. It's interesting to consider various possible criteria for choosing a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers. In order to get as "flat" a distribution as possible, we might try to minimize the sum of the squares of each k consecutive terms. For example, setting k = 3, the standard dard board sequence gives (20+1+18)^2 + (1+18+4)^2 + (18+4+13)^2 + ... + (5+20+1)^2 = 20478 Apparently the standard board layout described above is called the "London" dart board, and there is another, less common, version called the "Manchester" dart board, which has the sequence 20 1 16 6 17 8 12 9 14 5 19 2 15 3 18 7 11 10 13 4 for which the sum of squares of each set of three consecutive numbers is 20454, just slightly less than the London arrangement. In contrast, if we were to arrange the numbers by just inter-weaving the largest and smallest numbers like this 20 1 19 2 18 3 17 4 16 5 15 6 14 7 13 8 12 9 11 10 the resulting sum of squares of each 3 consecutive elements is 20510, so the standard dart boards are, in this sense, more flat distributions. Needless to say, all of these arrangements are much more flat than the natural monotonic sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 which has a sum of 24350. By the way, note that if the sum of the squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers for a given arrangement is S, then we can form another arrangement with the same sum simply by taking the "21-complement", i.e., subtracting each number from 21. For example, the complement of the standard London arrangement is 1 20 3 17 8 15 11 6 19 4 18 2 14 5 13 10 7 12 9 16 which has the same sum (20478) as the London arrangement. This works because if we begin with an arrangement a,b,c,d,... having the sum S = (a+b+c)^2 + (b+c+d)^2 + (c+d+e)^2 + ... and replace each of the numbers a,b,c,... with 21-a, 21-b, 21-c,... respectively, the sum S' of this complementary arrangement is S' = [(21-a)+(21-b)+(21-c)]^2 + [(21-b)+(21-c)+(21-d)]^2 + ... = [63-(a+b+c)]^2 + [63-(b+c+d)]^2 + ... = S + 20(63)^2 - 2(63)[(a+b+c)+(b+c+d)+...] Each of the numbers from 1 to 20 appears three times in the summation inside the square brackets in the last term, so that summation equals 630, and hence S' = S. (The same identity applies to the N+1 complement for sums of squares of every sum of k consecutive terms of a circular arrangement of the first N integers.) How would we go about finding the circular arrangement of the integers 1 to 20 that gives the smallest sum of squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers? One possible approach would be to begin with the monotonic arrangement and then check each possible transposition of two numbers to see which one gives the lowest result. Then make that change and repeat the process, at each stage always choosing the transposition that gives the steepest reduction in the sum. This "greedy algorithm" produces arrangements with the following sums (of squares of each 3 consecutive terms around the cycle): 24350 21650 20678 20454 20230 20110 19990 19970 19950 19946 19938 19936 19930 19926 19918 Once it reaches the arrangement with the sum 19918, no further transposition of two numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Of course, this doesn't imply that 19918 is the minimum possible sum, it simply means that it is a "local" minimum. We might try to make our search algorithm more robust by considering all possible permutations of THREE numbers at each stage. (This includes permutations of two, since some of the permutations of three numbers leave one of the numbers fixed.) Applying the greedy algorithm to permutations of any three numbers gives dartboard arrangements with the sums 24350 21542 20362 20098 19978 19954 19942 19930 Once we reach 19930, no further permutation of three numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Interestingly, this doesn't even produce as low a result as the simple transpositions, and it illustrates the fact that a local minimum need not be a global minimum. By applying permutations of three elements, the algorithm is too greedy and enters a region of the configuration space that cannot be extended by such permutations, whereas the transpositions follow a less-steep path that leads them ultimately to a lower level. Expanding our algorithm to examine all permutations of FOUR numbers, we get a sequence of dartboard arrangements with the following sums: 24350 20678 20190 19974 19932 19918 19910 19908 19902 19900 19896 19894 Thus we arrive at the lowest sum we've seen so far, but of course this is still just a local minimum, with no guarantee that it is the lowest possible sum. Expanding our algorithm to take the best of all the permutations of FIVE number at each stage, we get the sequence of dartboard arrangements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 2 19 4 5 16 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 17 18 1 20 1 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 10 11 12 4 14 15 3 17 13 1 20 10 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 6 11 15 4 14 13 3 17 12 1 20 These arrangements have the sums 24350, 20406, 19992, and 19874 respectively. By applying various combinations of these algorithms to various initial arrangements, we can often arrive at the ultimate sum 19874, but never to any lower sum. However, there appear to be three distinct arrangements with this sum (up to rotations and reflections). Each of them has 1 adjacent to 20, so to compare the arrangements directly we will rotate and reflect them if necessary so that they begin with 20 and 1. With this convention, the three minimal sequences, labeled (a), (b), and (c), are (a) 20 1 11 19 2 12 16 3 14 13 5 15 10 6 17 7 8 18 4 9 (b) 20 1 11 18 2 13 15 4 14 12 5 16 9 7 17 6 8 19 3 10 (c) 20 1 12 17 3 13 14 4 15 11 6 16 8 7 18 5 9 19 2 10 The differences between the (a) and (b) sequences, and between the (c) and (b) sequences, are shown below: 0 0 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 Interestingly, if we reverse the order of the lower differences and then rotate two places to the right, the result is exactly the negative of the upper differences. This is because the (a) and (c) arrangements are the 21-complements of each other (as defined above). The (b) arrangement is "self-dual", i.e., it is its own complement. We also note that (a) and (b) differ by the transpositions (3,4) (6,7) (9,10) (12,13) (15,16) (18,19) whereas (b) and (c) differ by the transpositions (3,2) (6,5) (9,8) (12,11) (15,14) (18,17) Thus the three minimal sequences differ from each other by permutations of six numbers, and no permutations of just five or fewer numbers can transform one of these to the others using the greedy algorithm, if we require the sum to drop or remain constant on each permutation. But if we allow permutations of six numbers it becomes possible to oscillate between these three arrangements in steps with constant sums. This is an interesting example of "symmetry breaking". At lower "energies" (permutations of fewer terms) every sequence of arrangements progresses to one of several different possible stable limiting arrangements, but at higher "energies" (permutations of more terms) these asymptotic arrangements can transform into each other, so the sequence can oscillate between them. (Of course, if we allow permutations of all 20 terms at once, then any arrangement can be transformed to any other in a single step.) Despite the extensive numerical evidence, and the apparently unique symmetry of the (a), (b), and (c) arrangements, one could still question whether our search algorithm based on permutations of five elements is guaranteed to find the global minimum. To prove that the three arrangements (a),(b),(c) presented above are indeed the absolute minimal solutions, note that the sum of the sums of three consecutive elements must be 630, which is three times the sum of the integers from 1 to 20. If we didn't require integer values, the minimal solution would be given by uniformly distributing this, so each sum of three consecutive terms would be 31.5, but since we require integer values, this is ruled out. We could consider arrangements such that every sum of three consecutive terms is either 31 or 32, but it's easy to see that this cannot lead to an acceptable solution. Notice that the two consecutive 3-sums for the four elements n1,n2,n3,n4 are n1+n2+n3 and n2+n3+n4, so if the two 3-sums are equal, it follows that n4=n1, and hence this is not an acceptable solution (the 20 elements are distinct). Similarly we can show that two 3-sums can't alternate more than twice. Hence the flattest possible arrangements that are not ruled out by these simple considerations must have more than two distinct values for the 3-sums Indeed the solutions with 19874 consist of the 3-sum values 30, 31, 32, and 33 with valences 6,4,4,6 respectively. These 3-sums for the (a), (b) and (c) arrangements are as shown below (a) 32 31 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 (b) 32 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 31 (c) 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 32 31 By examining each sequence of the values 30, 31, 32, and 33, checking to see which ones correspond to 3-sums of the integers 1 to 20, we find that indeed the only viable sequences are those corresponding to the arrangements (a), (b), and (c). Thus these are the circular arrangements of the integers 1 through 20 such that the sum of squares of every 3 consecutive terms has the smallest possible value, namely 19874. (If we evaluate the sum of squares of every three consecutive elements of these 3-sum sequences we find that they yield 178614, 178618, and 178614 respectively.) The (a), (b), and (c) sequences each consist of three interleaved arithmetic progressions. If we designate the position of each number by the integers modulo 20, then the positions of the values are as shown in the table below. positions modulo 20 values (a) (b) (c) 3k+1 -3k-3 6k 6k k = 0 to 6 3k+2 6k 6k+3 -3k-3 k = 0 to 6 3k+3 6k+3 -3k-3 6k+3 k = 0 to 5 By the way, to find the arrangement that maximizes (rather than minimizes) the sum, it's fairly intuitive that we would cluster the largest numbers together as tightly as possible. This leads to the arrangement 20 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 which has the sum 25406. Indeed this is the highest sum I've found using the greedy algorithm with permutations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 elements (selecting the highest rather than the lowest at each stage), although it's interesting that there are many initial arrangements from which this algorithm does not lead to this global maximum. In general if H(n,k) and L(n,k) are the highest and lowest sums of squares of every k consecutive elements in a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers, are the values of H(n,k) and L(n,k) well known and/or easily computed? Another possible way of "optimizing" the arrangement of the numbers 1 through 20 on a dart board would be to minimize the sum of the squares of every sum of TWO (rather than three) consecutive numbers. In general, I think the minimum sum of squares of every sum of two consecutive numbers in a cyclical arrangement of the integers 1 through N is S_min(N) = N^3 + 2N^2 + 2N - j where j is 1 if N is odd, and j is 2 if N is even. For the particular case N=20 this formula gives a minimum sum of 8838. For even N the minimum arrangement has the odd and even numbers restricted to separate halfs of the cycle, as illustrated below for N=20 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 19 17 15 13 11 12 14 16 18 20 For odd N the minimum arrangement is very simple, as shown below for N=19. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 This raises some interesting questions. Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of squares of every sum of two contiguous numbers, and let v(n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all n! possible arrangements. Following is a table of the number of distinct values of v(n) n v(n) ----- --------- 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 3 5 8 6 21 7 43 8 69 9 102 10 145 Hugh Montgomery, A. M. Odlyzko, and Bjorn Poonen developed a very nice approach to this problem, showing that the general term with n>6 is given by / (n^3 - 16n + 27)/6 if n is odd v(n) = ( \ (n^3 - 16n + 30)/6 if n is even A whole family of interesting sequences can be produced by generalizing the definition as follows: Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of the qth powers of every sum of k contiguous numbers. Then let v(q,k,n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all possible arrangements. With this nomenclature, the previous sequence is denoted as v(2,2,n). Of course, we have v(1,k,n) = 1 for all k and n, because the sum of the 1st powers is independent of the arrangement. We also have v(q,1,n) = 1 because the sum of any fixed power of the individual numbers is also independent of the arrangement. Also, for fixed values of q and n, the function v is PERIODIC in k. Another generalization is to add some constant integer j to each of the numbers 0 to n-1. Thus, the general function has four indices, v(q,k,j,n). Notice that v is independent of j for q<3, but for larger values of q, j becomes significant. Can v(q,k,j,n) be expressed in closed form as a function of the indices? Which other integer sequences are contained in this family? Which continuous functions (e.g., sin(x), cos(x), exp(x), etc) can be approximated by sequences of this form?
8
Who plays Julia Roberts brutal husband in the 1991 film ‘Sleeping With the Enemy’?
Dice Dice ... ... The dice have 21 points. The numbers 1 to 6 appear on the six sides of a cube. - You throw the dice by hand or by a leather dice cup. You turn the cup upside down and you let the dice roll to a standstill.  It is by chance which number appears on top. This is the attraction of throwing the dice. The dice are used in many board games. They often determine the playing. They give the game unexpected turns and add excitement to the games. There are 30 Dice top ... ... If you give the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 and form all permutations of the six numbers, you get 1*2*3*4*5*6=6!=720 cubes. Now there are also those dice among them, which are the same, because you can get them by turning around 13 axes. There are 24 turnings.  Hence you only have 720:24 =30 different cubes. The following drawing illustrates this. (The numbers under the cubes give you the number of turnings.) Appearance of  the Standard Die    top The die has six sides for six numbers. If you try all possible ways to spread them out, you get 30 dice. - Every die has its reflection. You can find the possibilities if you reverse the numbers beside the 1.  ... ... You can mark every die by a number with six digits: Start with 1, go upwards, go around 1 counter clockwise and add the number that appears opposite the number 1 on the die. - The red die has 123546 for instance. The dice on the left are ordered by these numbers.  You find more about the number 30 at my web page Macmahons Coloured Cubes . There is only the red die in the Western World. ... This die has two characteristics:  >The sides opposite each other always add to 7.  >If you look at the corner with the numbers 1, 2, and 3 they are arranged anticounter clockwise. Most of the dice makers follow these rules. ... ...... There is a way the dice can be different. There are two ways of placing  the points of number 2, 3, or 6, which change into themselves by turning through 180°. This leads to eight pictures.  The red die is the most frequent. But I also found the green ones.  Four puzzles with dice will follow now. Guessing the Sum top ... Build a tower of several dice.  Is it possible to find the sum of the points of the hidden horizontal cube sides? In this case the tower is formed by three dice. Five surfaces would be counted: The under side of the top die, and the top and bottom sides of the two lower dice.  Solution: You take 1 at the top and count the number of the lower cubes. Number 6 is opposite the 1 side. You add 7 for each die. The sum is 6+2x7=20. ... You can make a nice cube puzzle, if you cut the die in nine bars.  The vertical bars are in the middle layer, the horizontal ones on the outside. Then the puzzle is more interesting.  ... ... You can also form a 3x3x3-cube with 9 V-Triominos (drawing) or with Soma cubes. Draw points on them. Rubik's Dice  top Rubik's dice is a black plastic dice 7cm x 7cm x 7cm with circular holes instead of points. There are seven white squared tiles with red circles, which you can lay inside the cube. The tiles directly lying at the holes stick to walls inside. You can remove them with two connected sticks. The tiles close the holes in red or in white. You have found a solution, when all points have become white.  You will soon notice, that you can`t solve the puzzle by trying. There are too many possibilities with seven tiles for closing the holes. Moving the tiles is difficult, too. Act like this: You can look inside the cube and can recognize the patterns of both sides of the tiles. Draw them. The tiles show a number with two digits on the top right (meaning?), which can be used as names. There is the following image: Now the solution is simple. If you like, don't read further and solve the puzzle yourself...  Solution: Tile 78 (left side) only fits on the six, then tile 65 (left side) only fits on the five, then tile 34 (left side) only fits on the four, then tile 58 (right side) only fits on the three, then tile 12 (right side) only fits on the two, and then tile 14 (left side) only fits on the one. Tile 47 is useless. There is only one solution. In the meantime I opened the cube with a saw :-( to scan one side of a tile. Besides I was curious to see how the tiles stick inside. The tiles are made of iron. They are held by six ring magnets. They are inside the cube in the centres. You can see their contours from outside.  ... ... Give eight dice. Build a 2x2x2 cube, so that the sum of the points on each side is the same. Here is one of  20 736 solutions with the sum 14.  You find more at the German magazine <bild der Wissenschaft> 3-1980. More Dice Shapes    top The cube belongs to the five Platonic solids. These are solids, which are only formed by regular polygons. They are called  tetrahedron, hexahedron (cube), octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron.  You can build dice after their model.  You can find 4,6, 8,12 or 20 numbers by throwing the dice. The number at the top counts. The tetrahedron is an exception. The hidden number counts or the one, that is on top as seen in the scan. I found more interesting solids, which are possible to play the dice from the mathematical view.  They are convex, are formed by congruent polygons and have the same position related to the centre of gravity.  ("Properties of Dice", URL below).  There are more dice forms. I chose two of them.  ... ... The die d10 is interesting. It has the shape of a double pyramid with a pentagon as the mutual base. It shows the numbers 0 to 9, the digits of the decimal system. So you can find random numbers with several digits by several dice of this kind.  ... .... The die in ball form is funny:  There is an iron ball inside the die, which only rest in one of the six hollows. So the points lie at the top.  ... ... There are many possibilities to find random numbers. You can lay six balls marked with number 1 to 6 in a box similar to the national lottery. You can mix them and then take one without looking at. The chosen number is the random number. If you play the "dice" a second time, you must put back the ball in the box first.  This is the normal model for a die in mathematics to classify the die in a theory. In spite of the inflation of dice forms:  The normal d6 is and will stay the standard die.  It has several advantages:  >The number 6 is not too small and not too large. You can play well with six random numbers.  >The normal die rolls best, especially if the corners are rounded. It is common. >You can make them easily, because the cube sides are perpendicular to each other. 
i don't know
Which country lies in the Eastern Pyrenees between France and Spain?
Pyrenees | mountain range, Europe | Britannica.com mountain range, Europe Alternative Titles: Pireneus, Pirineos, Pyrénées Related Topics list of cities and towns in France Pyrenees, Spanish Pirineos, French Pyrénées, Catalan Pireneus, mountain chain of southwestern Europe that consists of flat-topped massifs and folded linear ranges. It stretches from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Bay of Biscay on the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The Pyrenees form a high wall between France and Spain that has played a significant role in the history of both countries and of Europe as a whole. The range is some 270 miles (430 kilometres) long; it is barely six miles wide at its eastern end, but at its centre it reaches some 80 miles in width. At its western end it blends imperceptibly into the Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Except in a few places, where Spanish territory juts northward or French southward, the crest of the chain marks the boundary between the two countries, though the tiny autonomous principality of Andorra lies among its peaks. The highest point is Aneto Peak , at 11,169 feet (3,404 metres), in the Maladeta (Spanish: “Accursed”) massif of the Central Pyrenees. Aneto Peak in the Pyrenees. Avh The Pyrenees long have been a formidable land barrier between Spain and Portugal on the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe; as a consequence, these two countries traditionally have developed stronger associations with Africa than with the rest of Europe, and they have become tied to the sea. From Carlit Peak (9,584 feet) near the eastern limit of the Pyrenees to the peaks of Orhy and Anie , a succession of mountains rise nearly 9,800 feet; at only a few places, all well to the west, can the chain be crossed through passes lower than 6,500 feet. In both the lower eastern and northwestern sectors, rivers dissect the landscape into numerous small basins. The range is flanked on both sides by broad depressions—the Aquitaine and Languedoc to the north and the Ebro to the south—both receiving waters from the major rivers flowing out of the mountains, the Garonne of France and the major tributaries of the Ebro of Spain. Physical features World War II Forms of life in the Pyrenees have some remarkable characteristics that cannot be explained merely by the influences of climate and soil. The historical vicissitudes of the chain and its isolation at the southwestern limit of the main European peninsula, far from the centres of dispersion and variation of the various species (including humans), have influenced the structure and character of its population. In the northwest–southeast direction, the vegetation shows a marked and gradually decreasing oceanic influence; the contrary is the case with the Mediterranean influence from southeast to northwest. The exposure of the mountain surfaces and the conditions of local climate caused by mountain relief create special localized enclaves of all kinds. The most characteristic feature of the oceanic influence is the predominance of broad-leaved deciduous trees in the forests of the lower levels and the medium-height mountains, while the Mediterranean influence, represented by evergreen broad-leaved trees, not only is dominant in hot surroundings but also bears drought conditions better. The variety of altitudinal vegetation shows itself in levels. From the medium-height mountain upward, the broad-leaved woods at about 5,200 feet are replaced by needled conifers that require less water. The subalpine level, sometimes as low as 6,500 feet but usually above 7,800 feet, gives way to the more sparsely covered pastures of the alpine level. This altitudinal scheme pertains in the vegetation east of the Orhy and Anie peaks. The oceanic influence, however, with its greater rainfall gives the west of the chain a different pattern. Broad-leaved deciduous beeches may be found as high as 5,850 feet, with some mix of the subalpine conifers, and there the high pastures are more resistant to damp and permanent snow. Overall the landscape is more like that of the high mountains of western Europe. The Mediterranean influence expands through the entire valley of the Ebro, but it acquires marked signs of a more variable continental climate in the Central Pyrenees. There, great quantities of mountain pines , which are more drought-resistant, take the place of deciduous trees in the higher, colder, and drier parts of the medium and higher levels of the southern slopes. Some groups among the fauna, such as the cave-dwelling animals and frogs and toads , represent a migratory wave that came from ancient Tyrrhenia—associated with Corsica and Sardinia—and displaced certain native European species, relegating them to the Cantabrian Mountains. The Pyrenean fauna is rich today in larger herbivores as well as in the variety and abundance of predators. Some species, such as the wolf , lynx , and brown bear , have disappeared or had their numbers severely reduced in the northern Pyrenees, although the marmot has been successfully reintroduced. The southern Pyrenees, however, represent one of the last important reserves for wild European fauna driven out of sectors more heavily populated by humans. The present distribution and differentiation of large, warm-blooded animals is undoubtedly connected with the climate and the landscape, but the central-European origin of Pyrenean fauna is clear; for example, of the two species of desman (a semiaquatic member of the mole family), one inhabits the Pyrenees and the other southwestern Russia . Similar comments may be made as to the origin of all cold-blooded animals as well as of the vegetation. Basic differentiations exist among the latter. Pyrenean flora of tropical origin differentiated without any ancient European competition as the new chain replaced the old Hercynian; flora of Arctic origin, brought southward during relatively recent ice ages, are represented by two different branches of orophiles, or plants adapted to mountain life, from central Europe and from Siberia. Other orophiles have long been differentiated, but they are of Mediterranean origin and are dominant in the drier, sunnier parts of the southern slopes. An Atlantic group of flora predominates in the Western Pyrenees. People and economy The Pyrenees are the home of a variety of peoples, including the Andorrans, Catalans , Béarnais, and Basques . Each speaks its own dialect or language , and each desires to maintain and even augment its own autonomy while at the same time acknowledging a general unity among Pyrenean peoples. Of these groups, only the Andorrans have anything approaching a sovereign state, and even then Andorra is an autonomous principality with close ties to both Spain and France. The Basques, perhaps the best-known Pyrenean people, speak a language that is non-Indo-European and have a long tradition of fiercely defending their autonomy. The people of the Pyrenees traditionally have depended on agriculture and livestock raising for their livelihood. The factors that influenced the development of Pyrenean flora also influenced traditional land usage, the kind of crops raised, and the farming system of each district. Typical Mediterranean products such as wines, vegetables, and fruits predominate in the Eastern Pyrenees and at the foot of the chain’s southern slope, while in the Western and Central Pyrenees, with their abundant rainfall, potatoes, sweet corn, and forage crops are grown. Livestock breeding, the other essential element of the traditional economy, consists of a seasonal process of moving flocks of sheep and cows up and down the mountains and also using as well as possible the meadows of the valley bottoms and the pastures of the higher altitudes, depending on the snow cover. Frequently in winter, the livestock herds travel far from the Pyrenees, moving to the plains of the Ebro, near the Mediterranean Sea in Languedoc, or to the moors of Aquitaine. This traditional organization—in which the common exploitation of forest areas for timber also played a large part—has been disappearing slowly. Few young people have been willing to settle into the old ways. Gradually, the less fertile plots have been deserted, and the landscape has become dotted by patches of brooms and brackens and plantings of resinous trees. Even local breeds of sheep or cows have been superseded by imported breeds, which perhaps are more profitable but are less adapted to the climate and the relief. Except for such areas as the Basque Country of Spain and the Roussillon region of France, the agriculture of the Pyrenees is in serious decline. The growing weakness of the Pyrenean agriculture has not been matched by growth in industry. Although the Pyrenees offer considerable hydroelectric potential, the mining of some resources, and an appreciable and diverse supply of wood , most of the mills ( steel and paper ) and factories ( textiles , chemicals, and shoes) established in the 19th and 20th centuries have faced the threat of closing. Except in the two extremities of the chain, most of the industries are far from any major transportation routes. Scarcely any railroads and no major highways traverse the region, although an express highway is slowly being built between Toulouse, Fr., and Barcelona, Spain. Financed by foreign capital and dependent on the aid of the Spanish and French governments, the remaining factories face an uncertain future. Policies formulated in the 20th century by the two Pyrenean countries helped to both develop and protect the mountains, which have been transformed by a tremendous increase in tourism. Although a boon to the local economy, the crowds of people seeking winter sports, summer sojourns, hunting and fishing, and visits to the national parks of the Central Pyrenees have also contributed to the abandonment of traditional ways of life. Study and exploration For centuries a general lack of knowledge about the Pyrenees permitted repetition of the errors and misconceptions about the mountains that had been propounded by such authors of antiquity as Diodorus Siculus of Sicily and the Greek geographer-historian Strabo (both 1st century bc). In 1582 the first explorations were made, followed by botanical works from the academies at Montpellier-de-Médillan, Fr., and by other studies, including those of the 18th-century Swiss physicist, geologist, and explorer Horace Bénédict de Saussure . The earliest military map of the region dates from 1719, while early topographical studies were the bases of frontier treaties. In the 19th century the first topographical and geologic maps were made of the mountains, the latter beginning a series of geologic interpretations and controversies among French and Spanish scientists. German studies added to the interpretive geology , but only in 1933 was the first study made that was based on modern research methods. Since World War II , scientists and scholars from universities, technical institutes, and national councils for research in France and Spain have thoroughly explored the Pyrenees and have produced a wealth of knowledge about the massif.
Andorra
How many teaspoons in an Imperial tablespoon?
The Pyrenees French Mountains, a Jewel from the Southern France Metric Unit Conversion The Pyrenees French Mountains The Pyrenees are the French mountains located on the Franco-Spanish frontier, with Andorra sandwiched in between. The main exception to this rule is formed by the Val d'Aran, which belongs to Spain but lies on the north face of the range. Where does this Pyrenees name come from? The Pyrenees are named after the Greek mythology: Pyrene (fire in Greek) was the daughter of Bebryx and was raped by Herakles. Terrified at giving birth to a serpent, she fled to the mountains and was either buried or eaten by wild animals. 1255 Geography These French mountains separate the Iberian Peninsula from France, and extend for about 430 km (267 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus). Politically, the French Pyrenees mountains are part of the following French départements, from east to west: Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées and Pyrénées-Atlantiques (the latter two of which include the Pyrenees National Park ). 1256 The Pyrenees mountains are also part of the following Spanish provinces, from east to west: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida, Huesca, Zaragoza, Navarra, and Guipúzcoa. Physically, the Pyrenees are typically divided into three sections: the Central, the Atlantic or Western, and the Eastern Pyrenees. The Central Pyrenees extend eastward from the Somport pass to the Val d'Aran, and include the highest summits of the range: Pico d'Aneto or Pic de Néthou 3,404 m (11,168 ft) in the Maladeta ridge, Mont Posets 3,375 m (11,072 ft), Mont Perdu or Monte Perdido or Mont Perdut 3,355 m (11,007 ft). In the Atlantic Pyrenees the average elevation gradually decreases from east to west, until they merge with the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay. In the Eastern Pyrenees, with the exception of one break at the eastern extremity of the French Pyrénées Ariégeoises, the average elevation is maintained with remarkable uniformity until a sudden decline occurs in the portion of the chain known as the Albères. Skiing in the Pyrenees 1257 Pyrenees are a must to spend your skiing holidays in France. There are 50 ski resorts in the French Pyrenees, please find below the main ones:
i don't know
Who stars as the title characters of the 1925 spoof film ‘Dr Pyckle and Mr Pryde’?
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde ( 1925 ) 21min In Victorian London the esteemed Dr. Pyckle uses himself as a guinea pig when he experiments with a new drug that changes him into a compulsive prankster. Directors: a list of 31 titles created 09 Jun 2012 a list of 294 titles created 07 Nov 2013 a list of 59 titles created 03 Jan 2014 a list of 286 titles created 02 Jan 2015 a list of 28 titles created 01 Oct 2015 Title: Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925) 6.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Dr. Henry Jekyll experiments with scientific means of revealing the hidden, dark side of man and releases a murderer from within himself. Director: John S. Robertson Charles Chaplin, a convict, is given $5.00 and released from prison after having served his term. He meets a man of the church who makes him weep for his sins and while he is weeping takes ... See full summary  » Director: Charles Chaplin A traveller arrives at the Usher mansion to find that the sibling inhabitants, Roderick and Madeline Usher, are living under a mysterious family curse: Roderick's senses have become ... See full summary  » Directors: James Sibley Watson, Melville Webber Stars: Herbert Stern, Hildegarde Watson, Melville Webber After numerous failed attempts to commit suicide, our hero (Lloyd) runs into a lawyer who is looking for a stooge to stand in as a groom in order to secure an inheritance for his client (... See full summary  » Directors: Alfred J. Goulding, Hal Roach Stars: Harold Lloyd, Mildred Davis, Wallace Howe The first film adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's classic novel about a land where prehistoric creatures still roam. Director: Harry O. Hoyt The abandoned home of a wealthy man who supposedly committed suicide five years earlier is taken over by ghoulish figures - could they be vampires? Director: Tod Browning An evil scientist and his hunchbacked assistant escape from prison and encounter Dracula, the Wolf Man and Frankenstein's Monster. Director: Erle C. Kenton A New England home is terrorized by a series of murders, unbeknownst to the guests that a gruesome secret is hiding in the basement. Director: Lucio Fulci The demon Mephisto wagers with God that he can corrupt a mortal man's soul. Director: F.W. Murnau Lester and Orville accidentally launch a rocket which is supposed to fly to Mars. Instead it goes to New Orleans for Mardi Gras. They are then forced by bank robber Mugsy and his pal Harry ... See full summary  » Director: Charles Lamont Directors: Rupert Julian, Lon Chaney, and 2 more credits  » Stars: Lon Chaney, Mary Philbin, Norman Kerry The owner of a Waxmuseum needs for three of his models stories to be told to the audience. For that reason he has hired a writer, who after one look athe owner's pretty daughter, starts ... See full summary  » Directors: Leo Birinsky, Paul Leni Stars: Emil Jannings, Conrad Veidt, Werner Krauss Edit Storyline Dr. Pyckle, a respected British scientist, searches for the correct combination of chemicals for a powerful potion. Once he finds it, he tries it on himself. But instead of the wonderful effect the doctor had hoped for, the potion turns him into the diabolical Mr. Pride, a fiend who outwits police at every turn while scouring London for fresh victims -- of practical jokes. Written by Jim Beaver <[email protected]> 30 July 1925 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Spoof See more  » Company Credits At one point Mr. Pryde bumps into a lamppost which sways noticeably. See more » Quotes Intertitle: [Introducing Dr. Pyckle's female assistant] A Dainty English Miss - Don't Blame England - We All Miss Occasionally... One of Stan's pre-Ollie Best. 26 June 2009 | by JoeytheBrit (www.2020-movie-reviews.com) – See all my reviews I've only seen a few of Stan Laurel's pre-Ollie movies and, truth be told, the ones I've seen aren't that great so I wasn't expecting much going into this one. However, this parody of John Barrymore's 1920 turn as the famous Dr. Jeckyll is fairly amusing. Laurel actually does a good imitation of Barrymore in monster mode, and wrings plenty of laughs out of the fact that his 'evil' deeds mostly consist of childish pranks. Laurel seems to be a good example of a talented actor needing to find the single role that's right for him in order to be successful. He's good here, but he isn't particularly memorable as an actor or comedian in his own right. It's sobering to think that, had he not been teamed with Oliver Hardy, Laurel's name might have been consigned to cinema's forgotten history along with the likes of Larry Semon and John Bunny. 0 of 1 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Stan Laurel
Romano is what type of foodstuff?
Spooky fun continues in Topeka as Hallowen nears Spooky fun continues in Topeka as Hallowen nears Activities include movies, haunted houses and trick-or-treating In "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," the 1920 silent movie which will be the main feature at 7 p.m. Friday, Oct. 30, at this year's Silents in the Cathedral event at Grace Cathedral, 701 S.W. 8th, the famous actor John Barrymore transforms from the idealistic Dr. Henry Jekyll into the menacing Mr. Edward Hyde. The Jayhawk Theatre, 720 S.W. Jackson, will show as a fundraiser at 7 p.m. and midnight Friday and Saturday the 1975 musical parody of horror and sci-fi B movies "The Rocky Horror Picture Show," the cast of which includes, from left: Columbia (Nell Campbell), Magenta (Patricia Quinn), Dr. Frank-N-Furter (Tim Curry) and Riff Raff (Richard O'Brien). Fathom Events and Turner Classical Movies will show at 2 and 7 p.m. Sunday and Wednesday at the Regal Hollywood Stadium 14, 6200 S.W. 6th, a double-feature of the English and Spanish language versions of "Dracula" (1931) starring in the title role, Bela Legosi, left, in the English version shot during the day, and Carlos Villarias in the Spanish version shot at night using the same sets, costumes, props and equipment but a different cast and crew. With Halloween just days away, the season of spooky fun continues in Topeka with movies, haunted houses and trick-or-treating. The movies include the cult classic “The Rocky Horror Picture Show,” which will be shown as a fundraiser at the Jayhawk Theatre, and a double-feature at the Regal Hollywood Stadium 14 of both the English- and Spanish-language versions of “Dracula,” both shot in 1931 using the same sets, costumes, props as equipment but with different casts and crews. Another Halloween tradition returns with the 18th annual Silents in the Cathedral event at which the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library will show the 1920 classic “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” starring John Barrymore in the title roles. Helen Hocker Theater’s haunted houses also continue and will combine their efforts with the Topeka Zoo’s Boo at the Zoo in an effort dubbed Ghoulish Gage Park. Both Downtown Topeka Inc. and Washburn University also will offer trick-or-treating events. Here are the details: ‘The Rocky Horror Picture Show’ Fans of “The Rocky Horror Picture Show” can celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 1975 musical parody of Hollywood horror and science fiction B movies while raising money for the restoration of the Jayhawk Theatre, 720 S.W. Jackson, The cult classic will be shown at 7 p.m. and midnight Friday and Saturday, Oct. 23-24. Admission is $25 and includes a prop bag. Those attending are invited to dress as their favorite character in the story about a young couple, Janet Weiss (Susan Sarandon) and Brad Majors (Barry Bostwick), who stumble into a horde of aliens from planet Transsexual in the distant galaxy of Transylvania, led by a sweet transvestite named Dr. Frank-N-Furter (Tim Curry). There will be a costume contest, and all proceeds from ticket sales, event T-shirts and concessions will go to the restoration effort of the historic theater. Tickets can be purchased online at the events page of www.jayhawktheatre.org or by calling 233-4295. Those attending should bring a lawn chair for seating, which is limited. The event is sponsored by Visit Topeka, Architect One and Advisors Excel. Ghoulish Gage Park Gage Park has unofficially added the adjective “Ghoulish” in front of its name in honor of two Halloween-related activities, the Topeka Zoo’s annual Boo at the Zoo and Helen Hocker Theater’s two haunted house experiences, Project Halloween and Project Terror. From 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 24, and Saturday, Oct. 31, the zoo will invite youngsters to wear costumes as they proceed through the zoo and collect treats and participate in activities at various locations. Zoo admission is $5.75 for adults, $4.75 for seniors 65 and older, $4.25 for children ages 3 to 12 and free for kids 2 and younger or anyone with a membership in the Friends of the Topeka Zoo. Friends of the Zoo volunteers will be selling memberships at the entrance. Meanwhile, Helen Hocker Theater will continue its kid-friendly haunted house experience, Project Halloween, from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday and Saturday, Oct. 23-24; noon to 5 p.m. Sunday, Oct. 25; and 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 31, in the costume storage building just southeast of the theater. Admission is $5 at the door. Project Terror: The Fear Experiment, which is for people 13 and older with “a high tolerance for gory, creepy and spooky,” will be open form 7 p.m. to midnight Friday and Saturday, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 30-31, in Helen Hocker Theater, where admission is $15 at the door. ‘Dracula’ times two In 1931, Universal Studios shot two film adaptations of Bram Stoker’s quintessential vampire novel, “Dracula,” one in English and the other in Spanish. Fathom Events and Turner Classic Movies will show both versions as a double-feature at 2 and 7 p.m. Sunday, Oct. 25, and Wednesday, Oct. 28, at the Regal Hollywood Stadium 14, 6200 S.W. 6th. TCM host Ben Mankiewicz will offer highlights on the movies, which were shot simultaneously using the same sets, costumes, props and equipment, but a different cast and crew. The English version, which stars Bela Lugosi in the title role, was filmed during the day, while the Spanish version with Carlos Villarias as Dracula was shot at night. Some consider the Spanish version, with its more overt sensuality, the better film. Tickets are $13.64 online at www.FathomEvents.com or at the theater’s box office. Trick or Treat Off the Street The Washburn University Residential Council will open residence hall rooms to youths middle school-age or younger at Trick or Treat Off the Street from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. Wednesday, Oct. 28. Costumes are optional at this free and family-friendly Halloween event, which will begin in the lobby of the Living Learning Center. Participants will trick-or-treat the residence rooms and join activities in the LLC’s Blair Room. Free parking is available in the parking lots off the S.W. 17th and Jewell entrance to campus. Boo It Downtown Downtown merchants will hand out candy to costumed trick-or-treaters age 12 and younger from 5:30 to 7 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 29, at Downtown Topeka Inc.’s annual Boo It Downtown. With street construction nearing completion the free event will be back on South Kansas Avenue from 10th to 6th, as well as the numbered side streets. ‘Silents in the Cathedral’ The feature film at the 18th annual Silents in the Cathedral at 7 p.m. Friday, Oct. 30, at Grace Cathedral, 701 S.W. 8th, will be “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” the 1920 screen adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.” The movie stars John Barrymore, who devours the dual title role of the respected Dr. Henry Jekyll whose experiments with separating the good and bad natures of man transforms him into the monstrous Mr. Edward Hyde. Organist Marvin Faulwell and percussionist Bob Keckeisen will accompany the film, which will be preceded by two shorts: a clip of a rival version of the Jekyll and Hyde story, “Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde,” starring Sheldon Lewis, and “Dr. Pyckle & Mr. Pryde,” a 1925 spoof of the story starring Stan Laurel, who is remembered as half of the comedy team of Laurel and Hardy when he teamed with Oliver Hardy. Silents in the Cathedral, admission to which is free, is sponsored the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library and shown at the cathedral as part of its Great Spaces Music & Arts Series. Popcorn and bottled water will be sold by the cathedral’s youth ministry. Advertisement
i don't know
Which band released a 2008 album entitled ‘Konk’?
Buy CD - Kooks : Konk pl:Konk fi:Konk This text has been derived from Konk (album) on Wikipedia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Artist/Band Information The Kooks are an English indie pop band formed in Brighton, East Sussex, in 2004. Formed by Luke Pritchard (vocals/guitar), Hugh Harris (lead guitar), Paul Garred (drums), and Max Rafferty (bass guitar), the lineup of the band remained constant until 2008 and the departure of Rafferty. Dan Logan was drafted in as a temporary replacement, until Peter Denton joined the band on a permanent basis in October 2008. Early in 2010 Pritchard announced the departure of drummer Paul Garred, due to a nerve problem in his arm. A self-described "pop" band, their music is primarily influenced by the 1960s British Invasion movement and post-punk revival of the new millennium. With songs described as "catchy as hell", The Kooks have experimented in several genres including rock, Britpop, pop, reggae, and ska, at times being described as "a less severe Arctic Monkeys". Signed to Virgin Records just three months after forming, The Kooks broke into the musical mainstream with their debut album Inside In/Inside Out (2006). The album was ultimately successful, achieving quadruple platinum status in the UK within a year and also overseas in the form of a platinum certification in Australia and two times platinum in Ireland. The Kooks found themselves entering into mainstream media attention, with the band winning the award for Best UK & Ireland Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2006 and picking up a nomination at The Brit Awards for the single "She Moves in Her Own Way. With their follow up Konk (2008) debuting at number one on the UK Albums Chart it recorded first week sales of 65,000, achieving gold status in both the UK and Ireland. The Kooks are currently working on their third studio album. History Formation and early years (2004–2005) The original members of The Kooks all met as students at the Brighton Institute of Modern Music in 2003. The inspiration to form a band came to Pritchard as he and Garred were out shopping for clothes one day. Speaking to MTV Garred said, "we had this vision on how we wanted the band to look and stuff—so we bought some clothes and these hats." Sharing a love of The Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, The Police, and David Bowie Pritchard got Harris and Rafferty involved under the guise of a school music project. Pritchard himself said "We got together just on a whim, really." With no demo of their material Garred and Pritchard went in search of a gig, and according to Garred, they were able to book their first show simply because the manager liked their hats. "So we went in to get a gig, we don't have a demo, and this guy told us, 'Well, you can't get a gig if you don't have a demo, but I like your hats, so I'm going to give you a gig'", said Garred. However, the band was unable to make the performance as they were making their demo at the time. Taking their name from the David Bowie song "Kooks", they began rehearsing; Pritchard revealed the first song they ever played as a group was a cover version of The Strokes' song "Reptilia". The Kooks recorded an EP demo, sending it out in search of gigs, they instead received offers from managers and record companies. The band had only been together as a group for three months when they signed with Virgin Records, after being spotted by the label at the Brighton Free Butt Festival in 2005. In an interview with musicomh.com, Pritchard revealed "It was really quick how it all happened, we did a demo with a mate of ours in London, which we sent off to one guy to get some gigs, and he turned out to be a manager. He rung us up and it kind of went from there." The members of the band have since revealed that they felt they weren’t ready at the time, "We were way too early to sign a record deal ... We were really young, we'd been together like two or three months, so we really didn't want to sign. But then we thought it's a really good opportunity and Virgin seemed like really cool people - they just seemed to really understand where we were coming from.," said Pritchard, who has also complimented the space the record label allowed for the band to grow, "They were patient with us and let us develop our style, whatever it is." Inside In/Inside Out (2006–2007) The Kooks at Irving Plaza 11-May-2007.jpgthumbThe Kooks at Irving Plaza, 11 May 2007 After they had signed to Virgin Records The Kooks were reluctant to record an album straight away, stating a desire to focus more on their live performances and songwriting. The band has said embarking on their first live tour instead of recording an album initially helped them develop their style and sound. As Pritchard claimed, "We didn’t sit down with a blueprint. We just naturally developed and we didn’t try to shape or mould ourselves to anything." As a result, they went into the studio with hundreds of songs from a variety of genres, and it took an "incredible amount of patience" from producer Tony Hoffer to shape the content into what would become the record. Following their first tour supporting The Thrills, The Kooks recorded their debut album, Inside In/Inside Out, at Konk studios in London in 2005. Though media attention was dominated by the release of the Arctic Monkeys debut album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not on the same day, Inside In/Inside Out recorded first week sales of 19,098. Later speaking to NME Pritchard would thank the Arctic Monkeys for "shielding" The Kooks from the press' scrutiny. "God bless the Arctic Monkeys because if it wasn't for them we wouldn't have been so shielded. We were so overshadowed by the success it (their album) because it was so monster and we crept in behind everybody's back." Entering the UK Album Chart at number nine, it would eventually peak at number two for two weeks. Singles "Eddie’s Gun", "Sofa Song", "You Don’t Love Me", "Naïve", "She Moves in Her Own Way" and "Ooh La" achieved chart success in the UK, while "Naïve" and "She Moves in Her Own Way" put The Kooks in the top ten for the first time. Kev Kharas in his review for Drowned in Sound viewed The Kooks as "a less irreverent and more melodic Art Brut, swapping that band’s caustic wit for a far nicer type of honesty." Kharas also noted traces of "emo" in the band’s style. Allmusic's Tim Sendra noted that the band's direction was "heavily indebted to classic rock", in particular Thin Lizzy and the Dexys, ultimately though Sendra felt "the band sounds like the Kooks and no one else". Calling The Kooks "an important reminder that there are just as many mediocre bands in the UK as there are in the United States" reviewer Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone claimed the album was "utterly forgettable, shoddily produced retro rock that at its worst sounds like a Brighton-accented version of the Spin Doctors". Brian Belardi of Prefix gave a positive review, describing Inside In/Inside Out as "An almost-perfect blend of '60s-style Britpop, '90s-style Britpop, and the post-punk of the new millennium". The album went on to be certified quadruple platinum in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) within a year and certified platinum across Europe by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). The success of their debut album brought the band into mainstream media attention, winning the award for best UK and Ireland act at the MTV Awards in 2006 and picking up a Brit Awards nomination for "She Moves in Her Own Way", in 2007. Rafferty's departure and Konk (2008–present) Rafferty left the band on 31 January 2008, after a series of absences due to illness and long-standing rumours about his place in the band; drug addiction was also quoted as one of the reasons for his departure. Dan Logan, bassist with a local Brighton band Cat the Dog, was drafted in as a temporary replacement for Rafferty. After the departure of Rafferty, the band had considered splitting up. Singer Luke Pritchard had told The Sun's Something for the Weekend that "Splitting does go through your mind. It's hard to let go of something you care about so much. We have fans to think of." Pritchard also discussed the possibility of Dan Logan joining the band as their new bassist, "It's been really strange for us but it's something that had to happen. Dan hasn’t joined the band properly yet. We're trying him out, but I love playing with him." In the end, Logan did not join the band on a permanent basis, instead in October 2008, Peter Denton was drafted into the band and has become the permanent bassist. The Kooks 1.jpgthumbuprightalt=Harris and Pritchard at Summercase 2008 in Barcelona The Kooks released their second album, Konk, in April 2008. The record was named after the studio where it was recorded and produced by Tony Hoffer, who worked on the band's debut album, Inside In/Inside Out. Prior to releasing the album, in an interview with NME, lead singer Luke Pritchard had claimed to have 80-90 songs written for the album, stating, "I want this album to be big……I've got an ego, I want the album to do well. I want our singles to come on the radio and for people to literally have their heads blown off by them". Recorded over a total of seven weeks in London and Los Angeles Pritchard told NME the band had wanted more input into their second album. "Tony's a genius, but this time we wanted more involvement in the production," said Pritchard. Konk went on to debut on the UK Albums Chart at number one with first week sales of 65,901 units. The album also spawned three top 50 hits including their highest chart performer to date, "Always Where I Need to Be", which peaked at number three. In the United States, it reached number 41 on the Billboard 200 and the album's first single, "Always Where I Need to Be", peaked at number 22 on the Alternative Songs chart. The album was certified gold in both the UK and Ireland. A second limited edition two disc version of Konk entitled RAK was also released. The name was taken from the London studio where The Kooks recorded seven new live tracks along with the Arctic Monkeys and Mike Crossey, producer for The Zutons. Allmusic said with Konk, The Kooks "explores pop and rock in all their glory," while BBC Music described their sophomore album as "a little contrived with the recycling of old guitar lines and intros." NME suggested the departure of Max Rafferty affected Konks production, stating "Konk is the sound of a band in disarray, unsuccessfully attempting to hold things together." In April 2009, The Kooks revealed to BBC's Newsbeat that they were working on their third studio album. Pritchard told Newsbeat, "We kind of barricaded ourselves in the countryside for a few weeks—stayed at some friend's who have a cottage in Norfolk." The band were said to be rehearsing and "writing new stuff." The band is also set to return to touring, with shows scheduled in the UK throughout the summer. Drummer Paul Garred left the band in late 2009, due to a nerve problem in his arm. Pritchard said although "It was quite crazy for us within the band" where there has been "a lot of times where it's felt like it's all going to fall apart", there had been no thought of the band splitting. In January 2011, Luke Pritchard announced that they had recorded fourteen new tracks. Musical style and influences It's just like an idea, like a chorus, and then we just jam on it - it happens in loads of different ways. The best songs I find always come from the subconscious, like when you don't think. Not to be pretentious about it, but usually songs just blurt out rather than thinking about it. I never write lyrics and then do a song, I find that really hard - that's like a real skill.. — Pritchard on The Kooks' song-writing Self described "musical whores" The Kooks have drawn on a number of varied sources to create their indie pop sound. Listing The Rolling Stones, The Beatles, Bob Dylan and Chris de Burgh among their influences the band have gradually developed both their song writing style and musical presentation over the course of their two albums. The band's debut album Inside In/Inside Out was touted as a typical Britpop record, owing influence to The Libertines, Thin Lizzy, The Police and containing elements of the 60’s Britpop movement. Furthermore Pritchard’s lyrical style was compared to that of a "younger, less pathetic version of Pete Doherty's mush-mouth style". The band themselves felt the album was not consistent in its direction. "The first record was definitely genre-hopping. The first album was finding its feet, it was gadabout," claimed Harris in an interview with Nadine Regan for The Sunday Business Post. On the follow up Konk the band attempted to find a more mature and polished sound. Drawing on a much wider choice of material for the album (about 80 to 90 songs were written), the band began to incorporate more a hard-edged rock focus into their music. Critics drew comparisons to the work of The Kinks throughout the album, it being recorded at the studio owned by Ray Davies. Also noted were the band’s growing similarities in musical direction to The Fratellis’ and the Arctic Monkeys. The band commented on the album’s style, "I think we've made a dynamic album," Pritchard said. "Every song has its own character. It's a good pop album." Controversy Since gaining mainstream media attention The Kooks have incited a number of rivalries with other bands, most notably with Razorlight and Arctic Monkeys. In an interview with NME in 2006, Razorlight's lead singer Johnny Borrell claimed that The Kooks were simply copying their style; furthermore he claimed The Kooks were creating singles simply for the purpose of gaining radio airplay. Borrell stated, "The Kooks sound like they’re rolling over and begging Radio 1 to fuck them." In response, The Kooks dedicated their single "Naïve" to Borrell live onstage during their final concert at London's Astoria. However Pritchard, in an attempt to end the feud, spoke with Borrell at the Q Awards in 2006, to which Borrell replied "Who are you again?". In 2008, The Kooks revealed an ongoing dispute with Arctic Monkeys. The feud arose from Pritchard kicking Alex Turner, lead singer for Arctic Monkeys, in the face whilst onstage. Pritchard claimed that Turner had been attempting to disrupt his performance. "I had to kick Alex in the face after he tried to pull the leads out of my guitar pedals while we were on stage." Pritchard spoke to The Daily Mail about his efforts to apologise for the incident later on. "I saw them recently in a studio and tried to patch things up. I asked Alex if he wanted to have a bit of a jam in the studio, but he just turned his back and walked away." Pritchard went on to describe the Arctic Monkeys as "arrogant" but conceded that Turner is "a genius musician, and a really talented song writer, but now we've got this beef. But he shouldn't have touched my guitar." Personnel * Luke Pritchard – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2004–present) * Hugh Harris – lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–present) * Chris Prendergast – drums (2010–present) * Peter Denton – bass, backing vocals (2008–present) Former * Max Rafferty – bass, backing vocals (2004–2008) * Dan Logan – bass, backing vocals (2008) * Paul Garred – drums (2004–2010) Discography
The Kooks
Mount Apo is the highest point in which Asian country?
Konk: Kooks: Amazon.ca: Music 5.0 out of 5 stars Great addition March 21 2015 By Arily22 - Published on Amazon.com Format: Audio CD Verified Purchase I really enjoyed this album, great to get my creative juices flowing before I paint. Or just when I want to unwind after work. I will say it is different from their first album, not as much pop or ska influence in my opinion, still super catchy.My favorite songs from this album were "Sway" and "Love it all". Overall truly enjoyable. 4.0 out of 5 stars Album starts out strong with songs like Mr. Maker and Do You Wanna March 18 2015 By Cameron Michael Pickrel - Published on Amazon.com Format: Audio CD Verified Purchase Album starts out strong with songs like Mr. Maker and Do You Wanna, fades out in the middle until it hits the low of Shine On, then slowly picks up until the album is over with. Overall its okay and youll probably get your value out of it, but it lacks the energy and consistency of inside in/outside out 4.0 out of 5 stars Great Brit-flavoured rock (see what I did there Oct. 7 2015 By James - Published on Amazon.com Verified Purchase Great Brit-flavoured rock (see what I did there?). If you like The Fratellis, Arctic Monkeys, Oasis, etc., you will probably dig these guys. I love the singer's accent. Cool songs, with poppy hooks and youthful swagger. 5.0 out of 5 stars This is a Cool Album April 22 2011 By Starbugary - Published on Amazon.com Format: Audio CD Verified Purchase If your into this band then this is the CD you need to buy. If your just getting into this band then this CD is a great first purchase. You will recognize some of their songs from TV commercials, Mr. Maker is my favorite song on this album, then Always where I need to be. This is a great band, with a great sound and clever lyrics. Once you buy this album you will want to buy their others, I did. 5.0 out of 5 stars What an incredible album. Sept. 5 2014 By Joshua Ballard - Published on Amazon.com Verified Purchase I only review the things I love. I have listened to this album now for 3 months. Incredible. The Kooks never cease to simply bring me joy. I love it. Keep making albums, please.
i don't know
In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, what is the name of the headmaster of Lowood Institution?
Lowood in Jane Eyre Essay - 594 Words LOWOOD Elain showalter said: ‘The lowood school where Jane is sent by her aunt is the penitentiary for which the red room was the tribunal. Lowood represents sexual diminishment and sensual discipline thee he girls are systematically starved and deprived of all sensory gratification In 1824 both Charlotte & Emily attended the clergy daughter’s school at Cowan Bridge for 10 months. The recollection of childhood at this school forms the model of lowood institution which Jane attended for eight years in the novel Jane Eyre. Jane is sent away by Mrs. Reed to lowood institution a boarding school for orphaned girls where the next battle of education us containment would occur. At lowood which was surrounded with walls so high as to exclude every glimpse of prospect’ Jane receives a scholastic education but is very much contained by strict discipline and lifestyle as well as harshness of Mrs. Scatchrd and the proprietor Mr. Brockelhurst. Here she meets Helens burns another how in Jane’s story Helen burns name signifies that she is burning with a passion for heaven and her fate is to die of a fever Burns is based on Charlotte Bronte ‘s oldest sister Maria who died when she was twelve year old after contracting consumption at the clergy Daughters school. Like Helens Maria was known for the precocity of her thinking Mr. Bronte said that he could converse with Maria on any of the leading topics of the day with as much freedom and pleasure as with any grown up person Like Jane Helen is a poor lonely child but her method of dealing with her problems contrasts to that of Jane. Jane is fascinated by Helen’s self possession which signals a depth of character that is new to her. The significant differences between them become apparent. While Jane is always read for fight against her enemies, Helens practices a doctrine of patient endurance . Although Helens accepts all punishment without a tear, the ‘spectacle’ of her friends suffering causes Jane to quiver with... jane eyre as a bildungsroman Essay ... Bronte’s Bildungsroman: Jane Eyre From a seed to a flower, Spreading itself like a weed Through the world. From a chick-let to a hawk, Spreading it’s wings and soaring high Through the heavens. A rose unfolding its petals, Showing its beauty to the world. A sponge soaking up water, Like a mind with the knowledge Of the world. I am here And I am ready to take on the world. Such are the aspirations of Charlotte Bronte’s... 7425  Words | 21  Pages Jane Eyre Essay ...Reason vs. Passion in Jane Eyre Reason and passion are two emotions that are shown by most of the characters in Jane Eyre. Some people´s behaviour is governed by rationality and they think carefully about all what they do. The opposite happens with impulsive people who follow their feelings, prevailing passion to reason. Passionate people do not think before performing their actions, because of that they are considered more authentic... 1426  Words | 4  Pages Essay on Jane Eyre ...Teacher Support Programme Jane Eyre While reading Chapters 1–5 1 What happened first? Put the sentences in order and number them, 1–10. a c Jane faints and wakes up in her bed. b c John Reed throws a book at Jane. c c Mrs Reed tells Mr Brocklehurst that Jane is a bad child. d c Jane is frightened while in the red room. e c Jane says goodbye to Bessie. f c... 1735  Words | 7  Pages Jane Eyre Essay ...treated unfair. One kind of injustice is abuse. In the novel Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, the main character is abused at a young age. Injustices occurred everywhere in the main character, Jane Eyre's life. Jane lived at different places throughout her life which include Gateshead, Lowood, and Thornfield. Gateshead is the location where the orphan Jane grew up with her cousins, the Reeds.... 1176  Words | 3  Pages Jane Eyre Essay ... Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre emerges with a unique voice in the Victorian period for the work posits itself as a sentimental novel; however, it deliberately becomes unable to fulfill the genre, and then, it creates an altogether divergent novel that demonstrates its superiority by adding depth of structure in narration and character portrayal. Joan D. Peters’ essay, Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse of Dialogue in the Narration of Jane... 2395  Words | 7  Pages JANE EYRE Essay ...A. Jane Eyre is described as plain rather than beautiful. Would the plot of the novel still make sense if Jane were beautiful? How would the story be different if Jane were not poor? Why does it matter? In the novel Jane Eyre by Jane Austin, the main character Jane is continually described throughout the book as “plain” and not naturally attractive. However, her kindred and... 879  Words | 2  Pages Jane Eyre Essay ...Critical Examination of Jane Eyre as a Bildungsroman Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte boasts a multitude of themes such as gothic, romance, fantasy, social class, religion, morality and the supernatural. However, first and foremost it is a novel of growth and development within a restricted social order. It follows the protagonist, Jane’s ‘coming of age’ story in a chronological order from Gateshead to Lowood to Thornfield... 2231  Words | 5  Pages Jane Eyre Essay ...* * Food for Thought * * In Jane Eyre, authored by Charlotte Bronte, Jane is the protagonist character who undergoes struggles and successes which are consistently accompanied by hunger and physical fulfillment. Specifically, there are two instances in which Jane is subject to a troublesome predicament and her food deprived state is described. When Jane was sent off to the boarding school in... 1075  Words | 3  Pages
Jane Eyre
What is the US state capital of Utah?
Book Summary Book Summary    Bookmark this page    Manage My Reading List Orphaned as an infant, Jane Eyre lives with at Gateshead with her aunt, Sarah Reed, as the novel opens. Jane is ten years old, an outsider in the Reed family. Her female cousins, Georgiana and Eliza, tolerate, but don't love her. Their brother, John, is more blatantly hostile to Jane, reminding her that she is a poor dependent of his mother who shouldn't even be associating with the children of a gentleman. One day he is angered to find Jane reading one of his books, so he takes the book away and throws it at her. Finding this treatment intolerable, Jane fights back. She is blamed for the conflagration and sent to the red-room, the place where her kind Uncle Reed died. In this frightening room, Jane thinks she sees her uncle's ghost and begs to be set free. Her Aunt Reed refuses, insisting Jane remain in her prison until she learns complete submissiveness. When the door to the red-room is locked once again, Jane passes out. She wakes back in her own room, with the kind physician, Mr. Lloyd, standing over her bed. He advises Aunt Reed to send Jane away to school, because she is obviously unhappy at Gateshead. Jane is sent to Lowood School, a charity institution for orphan girls, run by Mr. Brocklehurst. A stingy and mean-hearted minister, Brocklehurst provides the girls with starvation levels of food, freezing rooms, and poorly made clothing and shoes. He justifies his poor treatment of them by saying that they need to learn humility and by comparing them to the Christian martyrs, who also endured great hardships. Despite the difficult conditions at Lowood, Jane prefers school to life with the Reeds. Here she makes two new friends: Miss Temple and Helen Burns. From Miss Temple, Jane learns proper ladylike behavior and compassion; from Helen she gains a more spiritual focus. The school's damp conditions, combined with the girls' near-starvation diet, produces a typhus epidemic, in which nearly half the students die, including Helen Burns, who dies in Jane's arms. Following this tragedy, Brocklehurst is deposed from his position as manager of Lowood, and conditions become more acceptable. Jane quickly becomes a star student, and after six years of hard work, an effective teacher. Following two years of teaching at Lowood, Jane is ready for new challenges. Miss Temple marries, and Lowood seems different without her. Jane places at advertisement for a governess position in the local newspaper. She receives only one reply, from a Mrs. Fairfax of Thornfield, near Millcote, who seeks a governess for a ten-year old girl. Jane accepts the job. At Thornfield, a comfortable three-story country estate, Jane is warmly welcomed. She likes both her new pupil, Adèle Varens, and Mrs. Fairfax, the housekeeper at Thornfield, but is soon restless. One January afternoon, while walking to Millcote to mail a letter, Jane helps a horseman whose horse has slipped on a patch of ice and fallen. Returning to Thornfield, Jane discovers that this man is Edward Fairfax Rochester, the owner of Thornfield and her employer. He is a dark-haired, moody man in his late thirties. Although he is often taciturn, Jane grows fond of his mysterious, passionate nature. He tells Jane about Adèle's mother, Céline, a Parisian opera-singer who was once his mistress. Adèle, he claims, is not his daughter, but he rescued the poor girl after her mother abandoned her. Jane also discovers that Thornfield harbors a secret. From time to time, she hears strange, maniacal laughter coming from the third story. Mrs. Fairfax claims this is just Grace Poole, an eccentric servant with a drinking problem. But Jane wonders if this is true. One night, Jane smells smoke in the hallway, and realizes it is coming from Rochester's room. Jane races down to his room, discovering his curtains and bed are on fire. Unable to wake Rochester, she douses both him and his bedding with cold water. He asks her not to tell anyone about this incident and blames the arson on Grace Poole. Why doesn't he press charges on Grace, or at least evict her from the house, Jane wonders. Following this incident, Rochester leaves suddenly for a house party at a local estate. Jane is miserable during his absence and realizes she is falling in love with him. After a weeklong absence, he returns with a party of guests, including the beautiful Blanche Ingram. Jane jealously believes Rochester is pursing this accomplished, majestic, dark-haired beauty. An old friend of Rochester's, Richard Mason, joins the party one day. From him, Jane learns that Rochester once lived in Spanish Town, Jamaica. One night, Mason is mysteriously attacked, supposedly by the crazy Grace Poole. Jane leaves Thornfield for a month to attend her aunt, who is on her deathbed following her son John's excessive debauchery and apparent suicide. Jane tries to create a reconciliation with her aunt, but the woman refuses all Jane's attempts at appeasement. Before dying, she gives Jane a letter from her uncle, John Eyre, who had hoped to adopt Jane and make her his heir. The letter was sent three years ago, but Aunt Reed had vindictively kept it from Jane. Sarah Reed dies, unloved by her daughters. When Jane returns to Thornfield, the houseguests have left. Rochester tells Jane he will soon marry Blanche, so she and Adèle will need to leave Thornfield. In the middle of this charade, Jane reveals her love for him, and the two end up engaged. Jane is happy to be marrying the man she loves, but during the month before the wedding she is plagued by strange dreams of a destroyed Thornfield and a wailing infant. Two nights before the wedding, a frightening, dark-haired woman enters her room and rips her wedding veil in two. Although Jane is certain this woman didn't look like Grace Poole, Rochester assures her it must have been the bizarre servant. The morning of the wedding finally arrives. Jane and Rochester stand at the altar, taking their vows, when suddenly a strange man announces there's an impediment to the marriage: Rochester is already married to a woman named Bertha Antoinetta Mason. Rochester rushes the wedding party back to Thornfield, where they find his insane and repulsive wife locked in a room on the third story. Grace Poole is the woman's keeper, but Bertha was responsible for the strange laughter and violence at Thornfield. Rochester tries to convince Jane to become his mistress and move with him to a pleasure villa in the south of France. Instead, Jane sneaks away in the middle of the night, with little money and no extra clothing. With twenty shillings, the only money she has, she catches a coach that takes her to faraway Whitcross. There, she spends three days roaming the woods, looking for work and, finally, begging for food. On the third night, she follows a light that leads her across the moors to Marsh End (also called Moor House), owned by the Rivers family. Hannah, the housekeeper, wants to send her away, but St. John Rivers, the clergyman who owns the house, offers her shelter. Jane soon becomes close friends with St. John's sisters, Diana and Mary, and he offers Jane a humble job as the schoolmistress for the poor girls in his parish at Morton. Because their father lost most of his money before he died, Diana and Mary have been forced to earn a living by working as governesses. One day, St. John learns that, unbeknownst to her, Jane has inherited 20,000 pounds from her uncle, John Eyre. Furthermore, she discovers that St. John's real name is St. John Eyre Rivers, so he, his sisters, and Jane are cousins. The Rivers were cut out of John Eyre's will because of an argument between John and their father. Thrilled to discover that she has a family, Jane insists on splitting the inheritance four ways, and then remodels Moor House for her cousins, who will no longer need to work as governesses. Not content with his life as a smalltime clergyman, St. John plans to become a missionary in India. He tries to convince Jane to accompany him, as his wife. Realizing that St. John doesn't love her but just wants to use her to accomplish his goals, Jane refuses his request, but suggests a compromise by agreeing to follow him to India as a comrade, but not as a wife. St. John tries to coerce her into the marriage, and has almost succeeded, when, one night Jane suddenly hears Rochester's disembodied voice calling out to her. Jane immediately leaves Moor House to search for her true love, Rochester. Arriving at Millcote, she discovers Thornfield a burned wreck, just as predicted in her dreams. From a local innkeeper, she learns that Bertha Mason burned the house down one night and that Rochester lost an eye and a hand while trying to save her and the servants. He now lives in seclusion at Ferndean. Jane immediately drives to Ferndean. There she discovers a powerless, unhappy Rochester. Jane carries a tray to him and reveals her identity. The two lovers are joyfully reunited and soon marry. Ten years later, Jane writes this narrative. Her married life is still blissful; Adèle has grown to be a helpful companion for Jane; Diana and Mary Rivers are happily married; St. John still works as a missionary, but is nearing death; and Rochester has regained partial vision, enough to see their first-born son.
i don't know
In the game of Scrabble, how many points is a ‘P’ tile worth?
How many of each letter are there in Scrabble? | Reference.com How many of each letter are there in Scrabble? A: Quick Answer In Scrabble, J, K, Q, X and Z have one tile each; there are two B, C, F, H, M, P, V, W and Y tiles; there are three G tiles, four D, L, S and U tiles, six N, R and T tiles, eight O tiles, nine A and I tiles and 12 E tiles. There are 100 tiles total. Full Answer In Scrabble, players earn points by making words. Each letter is worth a specific number of points, and there are special squares on the board that increase the value of letters or words that are placed on those squares. The most common letters are worth the least amount of points. For example, all of the letters that have four or more tiles in the game are worth only one point. The letter D is the only exception to this rule, and D is worth two points. The rarest letters in the game are J, K, Q, X and Z, and these letters are worth 8, 5, 10, 8 and 10 points respectively. If a Scrabble player has all of a word except a letter or two, he can use this list of tiles to figure out whether or not his desired tile might be in the bag. For instance, if the player needs an M, and there are already two on the board, that means that there are no M tiles in the bag.
three
Who does John Wayne play in the 1960 film ‘The Alamo’?
Scrabble FAQ: Answers to Your Scrabble Questions | Hasbro (8 points)- J, X (10 points)-Q, Z I looked up a legitimate word using the SCRABBLE online dictionary and it wasn't there. Why not? The SCRABBLE online dictionary offers only words found in the The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, Fourth Edition which lists over 100,000 playable two- to eight-letter words. For a word to be included in The Official SCRABBLE Players Dictionary, it must be found in two of the five most popular American dictionaries. Additionally, The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary lists shorter words and longer words are included as inflections of the shorter word. The SCRABBLE online dictionary is only able to search the shorter listings. For example, searching for FOCUS in our online dictionary will also turn up FOCUSED and FOCUSING, but searching for either of the longer words will turn up no results. What are acceptable plays in SCRABBLE? In SCRABBLE, it is acceptable to simply add one or more letters to a word, to either the front or back or to both the front and back. If you want, you can add just an S to a word already on the board. You may play at right angles to a word. You may play parallel to a word as long as adjacent letters form words horizontally and vertically. What is an unacceptable play in SCRABBLE? You may not play tiles diagonally across the board in SCRABBLE. Note: The tiles you play must be contained in one word or played in a straight line. Can you extend a word in two directions simultaneously in one turn? For instance, ARM is on the board, and I'd like to extend it to CHARMED in one turn? Is that within the rules of SCRABBLE? Yes, it is perfectly acceptable to extend in front of and/or at the end of a word in one turn, as long as all the letters are played in the same turn. So, in this case, since the C, H, E and D are all used to spell CHARMED, it's well within the rules of SCRABBLE to do so. Can I exchange tiles whenever I want? A player may exchange tiles (from one to seven) as long as there are at least seven tiles still in the bag. Decide which tiles you want to exchange first. Then remove them from your rack and place them facedown on the table. Only then may you draw your new tiles, place them on your rack, and replace the exchanged tiles back into the pool. When playing Scrabble, how do I challenge a word played by another player? When can I challenge? What is the outcome if the challenge is incorrect? Any play may be challenged before the next player starts a turn. If the play challenged is unacceptable, the challenged player takes back his/her tiles and loses that turn (and any score.) If the play challenged is acceptable, the challenger loses his/her next turn. All words (not just one) made in one play are challenged simultaneously. If any word is unacceptable, the entire play is unacceptable. Only one turn is lost on any challenge. When do bonus squares increase the score of a play in SCRABBLE? The bonus is only scored for the player who originally covers the bonus square, and only for the one turn. Subsequent turns that use a letter already covering a bonus square don’t score the bonus points. For example, suppose FAZE is placed with the Z on the Double Word Score square and scores a total of 32 pt. If someone later adds an S to form FAZES, the Double Word Score is NOT counted. How do the remaining or unplayed tiles in SCRABBLE affect scoring? When the game of SCRABBLE ends, each players' total is reduced by the sum of his or her unplayed letters. In addition, if a player used all letters, the sum of the other players' unplayed letters is added to that player's score. Where can I find a copy of the Official Scrabble Tournament rules? The Official SCRABBLE Tournament rules are available on the SCRABBLE Tournaments page . How much time do players have to make a play during a SCRABBLE game at a club or tournament? There are two commonly accepted methods for controlling the time of a SCRABBLE game. First, a three-minute hourglass may be used to time each play. After 54 minutes the game is over and both players now have one more play before totaling the final scores. Second, chess clocks are set up so that each person is given 25 minutes to complete all his/her turns. That way, a player may play quickly for easy plays and save up time in order to take five or more minutes for the difficult plays. If a player uses more than 25 minutes, then s/he is penalized 10 pt. every minute or fraction of a minute used more than the original 25. Can I purchase a new set of tiles or other replacement parts for my SCRABBLE game? SCRABBLE replacement parts order forms for both Standard SCRABBLE and SCRABBLE Deluxe Edition for U.S. customers can be found on the Hasbro Customer Care web page. Canadian customers may contact our offices in Canada at 450-670-9820 to discuss the availability and cost of replacement parts. How can I purchase SCRABBLE replacement score pads in the United States and Canada? SCRABBLE replacement score pads can be ordered through Hasbro Customer Care .
i don't know
The ‘Rodney Riots’ took place on which Caribbean island in October 1968?
Party Paramountcy and Dr. Rodney King - The St. Lucia STARThe St. Lucia STAR Party Paramountcy and Dr. Rodney King Written by Wayne Kublasigh | August 6, 2016 ← Go Back | bbApp | Local | pulse On February 8 this year the Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Circumstances Surrounding the Death of the Late Dr Walter Rodney was submitted to the President of Guyana, David Granger. The commissioners—Sir Richard Cheltenham, QC; Mr Seenath Jairam, SC; and Mrs Jacqueline Samuels-Browne, SC—met for two years. The following is based on the report and video footage of the Inquiry. Walter Rodney was sitting in a car on the night of 13 June 1980 in Georgetown, Guyana. Next to him was his brother, Donald. On Rodney’s lap was a walkie-talkie. Inside the walkie-talkie was a fragment of explosive. By switching the walkie-talkie to a specific frequency, an electronic charge was created. This charge ignited the explosive, blowing up on Rodney’s lap. The report found that Rodney was killed “by an agent of the State having been aided and abetted to do so by individuals holding positions of leadership in State agencies and committed to carrying out the wishes of the PNC administration.” Deceased Guyana President Forbes Burnham (left) and Dr. Walter Rodney, whose untimely death in 1980 remains a highly charged topic. Walter Rodney was a scholar; a historian; a political activist. He was born in Georgetown on 23 March 1942. His father and mother, a tailor and a seamstress, were not supporters of Burnham’s PNC; they supported Cheddi Jagan’s PPP. Rodney studied history at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica and graduated with first class honours in 1963. He pursued his PhD in African History at the School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London. His thesis was A History of the Upper Guinea Coast (Oxford University Press, 1970). Rodney returned to Jamaica in 1968 where he lectured at the History Department of UWI. He also made friends with ordinary Jamaicans, particularly with the Rastafari, “grounding”—Groundings With My Brothers—with his brethren in an era of Black Power, Black Consciousness; a Renaissance of African ideas, art and activism in the Americas. He was banned from re-entering Jamaica by Prime Minister Huge Shearer, after attending the Black Writers Conference in Canada. This led to riots in Kingston in October 1968; the Rodney Riots. Debarred from entering Jamaica, he went to Tanzania to teach from 1968-1974. In 1974 Rodney returned to Guyana to accept a position as Professor of History at the University of Guyana. The academic board had appointed him but the university’s political wing, the University Council rescinded his appointment. Rodney was married to Dr Patricia Rodney; they produced two daughters and a son, and founded the Working People’s Alliance that challenged the paramountcy of Prime Minister Forbes Burnham. The Guyanese people knew of him, his work in Jamaica and Africa, his firing; and he began with his lucid debating style to fire the imaginations and hearts of his compatriots. Guyana was at this time a heart of darkness. The CIA and the British Government had engineered a coup in 1964 and placed Forbes Burnham’s PNC at Guyana’s helm. Burnham ruled Guyana using his publicly proclaimed euphemism: “party paramountcy.” The party, not the State, controlled the arms of the Guyana Defence Force, the Guyana Police, departments of government; and in critical matters, parts of the judiciary, the electoral machinery, the media, the trade unions. Burnham possessed two additional arms: the “Death Squad,” that were officers in plain clothes—and Rabbi Washington’s House of Israel. They conducted surveillance, and viciously smashed opposition elements using hockey sticks and batons. The second were enforcers, bullies, extortionists, hit squads, strike-breakers, anti-union operators, deacons, black Jews and nuts and plantain-chip vendors in one. Rodney’s broad appeal bridged ethnic divides in Guyana. He developed a fraternal working relationship with Jagan’s opposition PPP. He joined in marches against extra-judicial killings of members of the clergy, opposition parties and trade unions. Two members of his WPA were murdered. He responded with militant calls for Burnham’s removal. He engaged an electronics engineer, a sergeant in the Guyana Defence Force, to develop a radio network for the WPA. This man was Gregory Smith. On July 1979, Burnham’s PNC’s headquarters was destroyed by fire. Rodney was charged, along with Drs Omawale and Roopnarine and others. In August 1979, following the fire, Burnham warned: “We promise to match steel with steel and fire with fire . . . So comrades, let us deal now with another of them—the Worst Possible Alternative . . . What does WPA stand for? Comrades, they had better make their wills, because . . . we are not asking them for quarter and we will not give them any. The battle is joined, no holds are barred . . . Comrades, we are now in the Roman amphitheatre. The lion and the gladiator cannot both survive; one must die. And we know that the People’s National Congress will live.” Gregory Smith, Guyana Defence Force soldier and electronics engineer, was persuaded to kill Rodney using a walkie-talkie, given to the Rodney brothers on the evening of the explosion. It was a death caused and covered up by leading figures in the GDF, Guyana Police, and Immigration services. All the cover-up, the spiriting of Smith and his women partners and children out of Guyana, on GDF aircraft, the bogus immigration papers and passports, the alias (Cyril Johnson), the disappeared files, police indifference and malpractice, were done, variously, by these persons. Forbes Burnham ruled Guyana from 1964 to 1985, first as Prime Minister, then as President (1980-1985). The killers adhered to party line—the post-Colonial Caribbean malaise: party paramountcy. By Wayne Kublasingh
Jamaica
What was the name of Adolph Hitler’s German Shepherd dog?
Caribbean History | Caribya! The history of the Caribbean region is fascinating but tumultuous Photo credit: © Slidepix | Dreamstime.com   The history of the Caribbean is rich with adventurous tales, blended cultures, and natural diversity. The impact of colonialism and slavery can still be seen in many of the island cultures today; so much so, in fact, that travelers often note a sense of living with the near-tangible history that permeates the region. This overview article covers the main themes and events of Caribbean history, however, more detailed, in-depth articles about the region can be found chronologically . A time line can also help you learn more about any event or time period you're interested in. Themes of slavery and warfare have dominated throughout the region's past. Caribbean Indians When European explorers first traveled to the New World, there were primarily two races of American Indians living in the Caribbean : the Taínos (often called Arawaks), who originally settled in the Windwards and Leewards and eventually inhabited the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas; and the Caribs who came from Venezuela in South America and lived throughout the Lesser Antilles. History tells us that before both of those groups, the Ciboneys came to the Caribbean islands nearly four or five thousand years ago. The Taínos (which translates to "peace") began populating the region around a few hundred years B.C. European explorers noted separate Arawak tribes occupied several islands: the Borinquens were in Puerto Rico and the Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas, while other Taínos were on the islands of Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Cuba. The Taínos slept in hammocks, held celebratory rituals and worshiped a male and a female god using icons called "zemis," which were stone and wood figurines. Their main food sources were the land and ocean: fish, parrots, manatee, doves, and small land animals provided sustenance along with crops like cassava and maize, and various wild fruits. They considered rain, wind, fire, and hurricanes their natural spiritual forces and believed the afterlife was in a place called "coyaba"--a hallowed land of dancing that was free of sickness, hurricanes, or hunger. Eventually, the Carib tribesmen began systematically forcing the Taínos off the islands. However, it was the Spaniard explorers who ultimately exterminated the Taíno. During their quest for gold, the Spaniards eradicated the tribe in fewer than fifty years. The conquistadors sent the Taíno to South Africa to work in the gold mines and pearl beds, but many Taínos committed suicide to escape this enslavement. The gold plundering continued until 1521 when larger reserves were discovered in Mexico. Although the Caribs had superstitions, they were largely uninterested in religion. A warrior tribe, the Caribs wore their dark, black hair oiled and long. Their native dress consisted of parrot feathers, necklaces made of victims' teeth, and red body paint. While the males fished and hunted for food, the females tended the "carbet," a circular, thatched shelter which was their primary dwelling. As many of the women were actually Arawak captives, they spoke their own language among themselves. The Carib people cultivated foods such as "yucca" and sweet potatoes. The Caribs were also said to be an expert and aggressive hunting tribe; the men were excellent shots with bows and arrows but their rapid-fire hunting was not limited to the land: With 100-men "piragua" canoes they would attack vessels on ocean waters. Almost no indigenous Caribbean Indians survive today. There is a lasting legacy of their history, however, in Arawak features found in the faces of some Cubans and Dominicans. Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus' voyages , although sometimes controversial, certainly set the mark for New World exploration. After the fall of Constantinople, the previously safe routes to the Far East were sealed off, putting a tremendous hindrance on the ancient spice trade. There was an increased desire to explore the west and forge new routes that would reopen the spice trade. This was the motivation for Columbus' historic voyages to the west and he called the islands he stumbled upon the Indies because he thought he'd found the western passage to Asia and maintained such until his death in 1506. For his inaugural trek, Columbus solicited funds from all the major European kings until King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor his travels to the western world. In 1492, he readied his vessels - the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria--and set off with his crew from Palos. Columbus first spotted land on October 12, 1492. He christened this Bahamian island San Salvador. He would eventually touchdown in Cuba before crashing the Santa Maria off the coast of Hispaniola, known today as the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Columbus abandoned thirty-eight of his crew members on Hispaniola and returned to Spain where he proclaimed that he had reached Asia. Columbus made his way to Trinidad in 1498, then returned to a tumultuous Hispaniola where he contended with island rebels. Despite being sent back to Spain in shackles, Columbus secured a fourth commission from the Spanish monarchy in 1502, but with the stipulation that he not return to Hispaniola. When he set sail this time, he discovered Central America's gold coffers. This journey ended, however, when he shipwrecked off the coast of Jamaica. Colonization and Independence Some islands changed hands more than twenty times during the Caribbean wars. European imperialists waged war among themselves and with the Carib Indians. Spanish explorers wiped out the Taíno as they plundered the Caribbean for gold in the 16th century. It wasn't until the Emancipation Act of 1834 ended slavery and Europe no longer relied on the islands for sugar production that the Caribbean became less of a fighting prize; however, the lasting European influence on the history of the Caribbean can be seen by this colonization time line: 1496
i don't know
What is the family surname in the 2003 film ‘Cheaper By The Dozen’, starring Steve Martin?
Cheaper by the Dozen (2003) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) PG | With his wife doing a book tour, a father of twelve must handle a new job and his unstable brood. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC How ‘Arrival’ And ‘Stranger Things’ Could Help Bring Shawn Levy’s 21 Laps Racing Toward The Oscars And Emmys 21 November 2016 5:08 PM, -08:00 | Deadline TV a list of 27 images created 09 Mar 2013 a list of 46 titles created 14 Apr 2013 a list of 26 titles created 29 Jan 2014 a list of 23 titles created 3 months ago a list of 23 titles created 3 weeks ago Title: Cheaper by the Dozen (2003) 5.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards  » Videos The Bakers, while on vacation, find themselves competing with a rival family of eight children. Director: Adam Shankman Two men get laid off and have to become stay-at-home dads when they can't find jobs. This inspires them to open their own day-care center. Director: Steve Carr An overworked mother and her daughter do not get along. When they switch bodies, each is forced to adapt to the other's life for one freaky Friday. Director: Mark Waters Disgraced Navy SEAL Shane Wolfe is handed a new assignment: Protect the five Plummer kids from enemies of their recently deceased father -- a government scientist whose top-secret experiment remains in the kids' house. Director: Adam Shankman The Little family adopt a charming young mouse named Stuart, but the family cat wants rid of him. Director: Rob Minkoff Identical twins Annie and Hallie, separated at birth and each raised by one of their biological parents, later discover each other for the first time at summer camp and make a plan to bring their wayward parents back together. Director: Nancy Meyers Mia Thermopolis has just found out that she is the heir apparent to the throne of Genovia. With her friends Lilly and Michael Moscovitz in tow, she tries to navigate through the rest of her 16th year. Director: Garry Marshall Now settled in Genovia, Princess Mia faces a new revelation: she is being primed for an arranged marriage to an English suitor. Director: Garry Marshall An NFL quarterback living the bachelor lifestyle discovers that he has an 8-year-old daughter from a previous relationship. Director: Andy Fickman Lizzie McGuire has graduated from middle school and takes a trip to Rome, Italy with her class. And what was supposed to be only a normal trip, becomes a teenager's dream come true. Director: Jim Fall George Banks must deal not only with the pregnancy of his daughter, but also with the unexpected pregnancy of his wife. Director: Charles Shyer With his oldest daughter's wedding approaching, a father finds himself reluctant to let go. Director: Charles Shyer Edit Storyline The Bakers, a family of 14, move from small-town Illinois to the big city after Tom Baker gets his dream job to coach his alma mater's football team. Meanwhile, his wife also gets her dream of getting her book published. While she's away promoting the book, Tom has a hard time keeping the house in order while at the same time coaching his football team, as the once happy family starts falling apart. Written by Anonymous Growing pains? They've got twelve of them! See more  » Genres: Rated PG for language and some thematic elements | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 25 December 2003 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Im Dutzend billiger See more  » Filming Locations: $27,557,647 (USA) (26 December 2003) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia In the part where they catch the frog. A Homer Simpson lunchbox could be seen when the lunchboxs falls down. See more » Goofs When Nora's boyfriend Hank struts into the Baker yard, we see him remove his left glove and arrogantly snap it. In the next shot, the glove is back on his left hand. See more » Quotes Mark : Mom, Beans is dead. Sarah Baker : Nobody cares about your stupid frog right now, FedEx, OK? Mark : Stop calling me that! Over the first part of the credits, we see outtakes. See more » Connections Written by Lea Longo, Dan Cinelli and Rad Crasto Performed by Lea Longo (United States) – See all my reviews A fairly amusing family comedy, with almost no relation to the book or the earlier film with this title. Steve Martin plays the father of the group of 12 kids who uproots them all to move to the big city where a football coaching job awaits.. suddenly the mom (an amusingly bemused Bonnie Hunt) gets called away on a book tour and dad has to raise all the kids himself. Interesting casting has Piper Perabo (star of the gloriously underrated "Coyote Ugly") as the oldest daughter, Hillary Duff as the teenage daughter, Tom Welling (of TV's "Smallville") as the oldest son and Ashton Kutcher taking an unbilled role as Piper's live-in boyfriend.. and poking fun at himself in the process. The rest of the kids are mostly of the unknown but cute variety,... and the kids get most of the laughs with their various schemes and screw ups along with Martin's reactions to it all. The ending drags a bit as things start to get serious and the family is on the verge of falling apart, but as long as it sticks to the pratfalls the film can be very amusing. GRADE: B 28 of 47 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Baker
‘Ionawr’ is Welsh for which month of the year?
Cheaper By The Dozen - Movies & TV on Google Play Cheaper By The Dozen Item added to wishlist. Item removed from wishlist. You will receive an email when your movie becomes available. You will not be charged until it is released. ( 325) Synopsis Comedy superstar Steve Martin pairs up with Bonnie Hunt in this family comedy about two loving parents trying to manage careers and a household amid the chaos of raising 12 rambunctious kids! When the middle-aged couple decides to pursue more demanding careers -- he as a "Big Ten" university football coach, and she as an author on book tour, they discover that big families and big careers are a difficult mix! My review 2 9 1 7 Levy directs what amounts to an almost plotless - and entirely pointless - slice of controlled chaos as if it were an expensive pilot for a TV sitcom. Ruthe Stein It's not just a feel-good holiday movie, though audiences, especially youngsters, will certainly walk out of it feeling good. Desson Thomson This is a movie that knows its audience and realizes it doesn't need much of a story to hit that audience, literally, where it lives. Ann Hornaday Martin and Hunt give the production a mellow warmth. And Levy has cast an appealingly diverse bunch of kids to play the young Bakers. Claudia Puig So calculatedly cast with popular kid stars that it seems a focus group was guiding all the choices. Geoff Pevere We are not only asked to find the barbarian Baker brood a model of familial loyalty and unconditional devotion, we're also asked to regard with contempt everyone else who does not share the Bakers' unbridled consumerist anarchy. Critic reviews Levy directs what amounts to an almost plotless - and entirely pointless - slice of controlled chaos as if it were an expensive pilot for a TV sitcom.
i don't know
The 1950 FIFA World Cup was held in which country?
1950 FIFA World Cup | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia 1950 FIFA World Cup 1954 → The 1950 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Brazil in 1950. This competition was special compared to other FIFA World Cup tournaments as the winner was decided by winning a mini-league instead of a knock-out game. Uruguay won the trophy after finishing higher than Brazil , Sweden and Spain in the final group stage.
Brazil
Who played Dolly Levi in the 1969 film ‘Hello Dolly’?
History of FIFA - The first FIFA World Cup™ - FIFA.com History of FIFA - The first FIFA World Cup™ © FIFA.com The success of the Olympic Football Tournament intensified FlFA's wish for its own world championship. Questionnaires were sent to the affiliated associations, asking whether they agreed to the organisation of a tournament and under what conditions. A special committee examined the question, with President Jules Rimet the driving force. He was aided by the untiring Secretary of the French Football Federation, Henri Delaunay. Following a remarkable proposal by the Executive Committee, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam on 28 May 1928 decided to stage a world championship organised by FIFA. Now, the organising country had to be chosen. Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden submitted their candidatures. Right from the start, Uruguay was the favourite and not simply for its Olympic gold medal wins in 1924 and 1928 - the country was celebrating its 100th anniversary of independence in 1930 at great expense. Moreover, its national association was willing to cover all the costs, including the travel and accommodation of the participating teams. Any possible profit would be shared, while Uruguay would take on the deficit. These arguments were decisive. The FIFA Congress in Barcelona in 1929 assigned Uruguay as first host country of the FIFA World Cup ™. The other candidates had withdrawn. With Europe in the midst of an economic crisis, not everything went to plan during the countdown to these first finals. Participation did not only involve a long sea journey for the Europeans; the clubs would have to renounce their best players for two months. Consequently, more and more associations broke their promise to participate and it took much manoeuvring by Rimet to ensure at least four European teams - France, Belgium, Romania and Yugoslavia - joined him on the Conte Verde liner bound for Buenos Aires. The first FIFA World Cup opened at the brand-new Estadio Centenario in Montevideo on 18 July 1930. It was the beginning of a new era in world football and the inaugural event proved a remarkable success, both in a sporting and a financial sense. Of course, the organisers were disappointed that only four European sides had participated. The anger in Montevideo was so intense in fact that four years later, world champions Uruguay became the first and only team to refuse to defend their title. When the Congress convened in Budapest in 1930, it thanked Uruguay for staging the world championship for the first time in difficult conditions. It also noted its regret at seeing only a minimum number of teams participating from Europe. The significance of the new tournament only increased following the setback FIFA suffered in the lead-up to the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. After failing to settle differences of opinion over the amateur status of footballers with the International Olympic Committee regarding the amateur status of football players, plans to organise the Olympic Football Tournament were abandoned. FIFA chose Italy ahead of rival candidates Sweden to host the second FIFA World Cup and this time it took qualifying matches to arrive at the 16 finalists. Unlike in 1930 there were no groups and only knockout rounds, meaning Brazil and Argentina went home after playing just one match each. Once again, the home team prevailed, Italy winning the Final against Czechoslovakia in extra time. For the first time, the Final was transmitted on the radio. Four years later, Rimet saw his wish fulfilled when the third FIFA World Cup took place in France, his home country. Again not everything ran according to plan: Austria had disappeared from the scene and so Sweden did not have an opponent in the first round. Uruguay still did not wish to participate and Argentina withdrew. This is why the national teams from Cuba and the Dutch East Indies came to France. This time, there was no home victory and Italy successfully defended their title. The FIFA World Cup should have taken place for the fourth time in 1942 but the outbreak of World War Two meant otherwise. Although FIFA maintained its Zurich offices throughout the conflict, it was not until 1 July 1946 in Luxembourg that the Congress met again. Thirty-four associations were represented and they gave Rimet, who had been President for a quarter of a century already, a special Jubilee gift. From now on, the FIFA World Cup trophy would be called the Jules Rimet Cup. As the only candidate, Brazil was chosen unanimously to host the next FIFA World Cup, to be staged in 1949 (and postponed to 1950 for time reasons). At the same time, Switzerland was given the option for 1954. History of FIFA
i don't know