question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
English artist Ben Nicholson married which British sculptor in 1938? | Raising the Flag of Modernism: Ben Nicholson’s 1938 | NGV
Raising the Flag of Modernism: Ben Nicholson’s 1938
Sophie Matthiesson
The National Gallery of Victoria has recently added to its collection a painting that encapsulates one of the most complex, dynamic and contested moments in the history of modern British art. Painted by Ben Nicholson, the heroic figure of the abstract movement in England, the composition of 1938 (fig. 1) is disquietingly simple. Geometric zones of unmodulated hues, red and yellow, blacks, white and greys delineated by lightly ruled pencil lock into a perfect, seemingly static, matrix. Two expansive circles to the right relieve the work’s rectangular severity without disrupting it: a floating white disc at the top, anchored by a crimson circle offset below.
Despite its ‘landscape’ format, 1938 bears no conceivable relation to natural topography. Indeed there is little in this picture to link it to the landscape genre with which English national identity remained so closely bound in the aftermath of the First World War. Named simply for the year of its making, 1938 refuses both the motifs and perspective of naturalism. It denies narrative. It withholds, even, the comfort of a descriptive title to rescue it from generic anonymity. Alien it may seem, yet 1938 is an unmistakeable tour de force, its design equally legible from up close and far away. Even if the viewer knows nothing of its origins, the composition is unusually clear, certain and resolved, and it has an impact that far exceeds its modest dimensions. It could be said, in fact, to possess many of the iconic qualities of a national flag. One question that in 1938 might well have been asked is, whose national flag?
The making of a renegade
In a carefully posed portrait by Paul Laib from c.1933 (fig. 2), Nicholson presents as an unsmiling figure, wearing black with a beret. Turning athletically to challenge the viewer, he does not seem English, but rather, conveys the air of a revolutionary, artist or intellectual of the Parisian Left Bank. If, then, it could be said that 1938 seems deliberately provocative in its enigmatic assertiveness, so too does its maker.
Coming from an artistic background (the son of the successful Edwardian painter William Nicholson) and steeped in an appreciation of the seen object, Nicholson always struggled to resist his father’s seductive example as a supreme still-life painter. Nicholson’s discovery of Christian Science in 1918 and Cubism soon after, gave him the means to reach an alternative world beyond appearances. He quickly outgrew any association he joined, starting with the Seven and Five Society, an idiosyncratic group of artists mostly inspired by nature. Aware of theory, yet scornful of dependence on it, throughout the 1930s Nicholson both joined and formed artistic groups intending to convert them to his own intuitively defined version of abstraction, and to provoke them out of what the critic Herbert Read called the ‘slumbering provincialism’ of British art. 1 Herbert Read, Art in Britain 1930–40 Centred around Axis, Circle, Unit One, Marlborough Fine Art, London, 1965, p. 5.
A key ally in this was a fellow artist (later to be his second wife), the sculptor Barbara Hepworth, who he met in 1931. Nicholson joined her at the colony of artists and art writers living in the leafy lanes of Hampstead, North London, a community that included the already prominent sculptor Henry Moore. The heart of this community was a complex of purpose-built studios at The Mall. Built in 1873 along a lane off Parkhill Road, they were unheated and barely six metres square, with tiny doors and large east windows facing onto a garden. The Frenchman Jean Hélion described the enclave as an ‘English bateau-lavoir where Ben and many other young enthusiasts were working out a new [abstract] art of restraint and subtlety’. 2 Jean Hélion, quoted in Maurice de Sausmarez, Ben Nicholson: A Studio International Special, Studio International, London, p. 13.
The eminent art critic Herbert Read, who joined them in 1933, later called the community a ‘nest of gentle artists’, 3 Read, ‘A nest of gentle artists’, Apollo, vol. 77, no. 7, Sept. 1962, pp. 565–9. a perception confirmed by another neighbour, H. S. (Jim) Ede, then assistant keeper at the Tate Gallery: ‘All these artists were familiars, constantly coming in and out, and what is more, bringing their work, hot from its making, to show or give’. 4 Harold Stanley (Jim) Ede, A Way of Life, University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge, 1984, p. 57. The equilibrium changed with Nicholson’s arrival. While still primarily Cubist in 1931, his paintings by 1933 had suddenly reduced to hand-drawn circles and squares, painted and sometimes carved, reflecting his and Hepworth’s new affiliation with the strict new Parisian abstract group, Abstraction-Création. This quantum leap announced to fellow artists that Nicholson had no further use for the figurative image, far less for Surrealism, which he felt was only serving to extend the life of figuration. The choice seemed clear: join Nicholson or else prove that Surrealism was not obsolete but was, rather, the more completely human (and thus fitter) destiny for modern art. Among the followers Nicholson attracted were the painter John Piper, his neighbour Cecil Stephenson and a ‘pupil’, Arthur Jackson (Hepworth’s cousin).
Until this time, the self-appointed stabilising figure of the community at Hampstead had been the older Surrealist artist Paul Nash, a veteran of the First World War and an authoritative writer, but given to depression and chronic illness. In 1932 Nash sought to cement over the fissures emerging among this gifted cluster of artists and to boost its fortunes with a new group, Unit One. Its optimistic aim was to advance the cause of modern art through a united exploration of the ‘truly contemporary spirit’ in art. 5 For a recent treatment of this group’s activities, see Ted Gott, Laurie Benson & Sophie Matthiesson, Modern Britain 1900–1960, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, 2007, pp. 197–206. Aware of the domineering mission of Ben and ‘Ben’s boys’ (as he called them), Nash excluded Nicholson until the membership was established. 6 ‘I feel we represent the most stable & least biased members of the rather difficult collection of people who are likely to constitute a group … I heard from Ben & I shall write to him more guardedly until Barbara is decided upon! … Ben is a good fellow but I do not regard his judgement as entirely sound – & I believe you agree on this’. Paul Nash to Henry Moore, 17 Jan. 1933, quoted in James King, The Last Modern: A Life of Herbert Read, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1990, p. 130. Nash’s concerns were shared by Herbert Read, a staunch supporter of Nicholson and then-editor of the Burlington Magazine. Like Nash, Read upheld a vision of diversity in the arts, based on a British paradigm of liberal democracy. Although they eventually included Nicholson in Unit One, Read, who would write the foreword for the group’s 1934 exhibition catalogue, also entertained the thought of excluding him in the name of collective harmony. 7 ‘His confusion would confuse the public, and Ben being so vital and energetic, would inevitably lead to the creation of a new group, to division & back biting when unity is so necessary and desirable’. Read to Paul Nash, 23 Nov. 1934, quoted in Jeremy Lewison, Ben Nicholson, Tate Gallery Publications, 1993, p. 48. ‘I tried’, as Read later wrote, ‘to argue, and I still believe, that such dialectical oppositions are good for the progress of art’. 8 Read, ‘A nest of gentle artists’, p. 53.
Clearly, by 1932 Nicholson’s impatient sense of purpose had made itself felt. His goal, although it was more intuited then articulated, was to make an English contribution to the new ‘non-objective art’ being forged on the Continent. Little known in England, the progress of this new art form was mainly charted in non-English avant-garde publications, with a notable exception being a short-lived English magazine, Ray-Art Miscellany, published by Seven and Five member Sydney Hunt. Nicholson, on the other hand, during his visits to Paris (where his first wife Winifred lived), gained first-hand knowledge of abstract art and the international figures making it. Nicholson’s unwillingness to wait for critics – even well-disposed ones like Read – to catch up with or disseminate his views impeded at times his public reception. 9 J Read, for example, accurately predicted that the lack of a critical vocabulary would mar the reception of Nicholson’s white reliefs (see Jeremy Lewison, Ben Nicholson: The Years of Experiment 1919–39, Kettle’s Yard Gallery, Cambridge, 1983, p. 33). His aversion also to holding back in the interests of fellow artists whose vision did not precisely match his own complicated the support he received among his peers.
Nash and Read became the first in a succession of British avant-garde figures who resorted to fostering surrealisms in the name of balance. 10 John and Myfanwy Piper also began to do so from 1936 onwards (see Joanna Gardner-Huggett, ‘Myfanwy Evans: “Axis” and a voice for the British avant-garde’, Woman’s Art Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001, pp. 22–6, esp. p. 24). See also Brian Foss, War Paint: Art, War, State and Identity in Britain, 1939–1945, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2007, p. 186. For Moore’s concerns about ‘the purely constructivist abstract people’ gaining too much ground, see King, p.165. Later on when conservative critics singled out Nicholson’s abstraction as hostile, foreign and doctrinaire, Surrealism, despite its irrational tendencies, was conversely praised for its supposed humanity and individualistic grounding in emotion. As a result of this (at times artificial) promotion of Surrealism in the name of creating a ‘dialectical’ balance, the assimilation and production in Britain of Surrealist art (and its later offshoot Neo-Romanticism) was accelerated; its progress, in a sense, pegged to the extraordinary pace at which Nicholson, almost single-handedly, was developing geometric abstraction.
For all its sophisticated interest in artistic developments on the Continent, Unit One stayed very much a British affair. It did not attempt to harness the talent of the foreign artists and intellectuals who, since 1933, had started to arrive in London in flight from Nazism. This does not seem to reflect any nationalist chauvinism on Nash’s part (despite Britain’s prevalence in the interwar period under Stanley Baldwin), but rather, reflects the difficult balance that Nash was already attempting to maintain between the group’s eleven existing members. 11 They comprised the architects Wells Coates and Colin Lucas, painters John Armstrong, Edward Burra, John Bigge, Tristram Hillier, Paul Nash, Ben Nicholson and Edward Wadsworth, and sculptors Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. As Read explained, ‘anything much larger would have been unworkable’. 12 Read, ‘Unit One’, Architect Review, 6 Oct. 1933, reprinted in Unit One: Spirit of the 30s, Mayor Gallery, London, 1984, p. 49.
Nicholson had become a frequent visitor to France during the 1930s and joined a number of groups there. Among the figures he met were Brancusi, Braque, Giacometti, Lipchitz, Man Ray, Picasso and Zadkine; he also made links with leading Paris dealers and publishers including Kahnweiler, Pierre Loëb, Léonce Rosenberg, and Christian Zervos, editor and publisher of Cahiers d’art. In 1933 he and Hepworth were willingly recruited into Abstraction-Création, an exclusive non-figurative group formed by Jean Hélion after the demise of its predecessor, Cercle et Carré (Circle and Square). Through Hélion they were introduced to the Arps, Calder, Kandinsky, Miró and Antoine Pevsner and, most critically, the De Stijl painter Piet Mondrian. Nicholson’s revelatory encounter with space and whiteness in Mondrian’s light-filled studio in April 1934 is now a matter of record. It apparently confirmed for him the value of a series of white paintings and carved reliefs that he had recently commenced in an attempt to radically distil form. 13 ‘Have had a most lovely painting day. My last ptgs are completely white’ (Ben Nicholson to Winifred Nicholson, 2 Feb. 1934, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 44). The first reliefs slightly pre-date this trip, as Nicholson showed examples at the Seven and Five Society’s exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in Mar. 1934, prompting David Gascoyne to describe Nicholson as ‘performing the death rites of painting’ (David Gascoyne, Art, New English Weekly, vol. 5, no. 3, 3 May 1934). It may further have inspired his adoption of compass and ruler for plotting shapes in the quest for a transcendent precision, which finds its ultimate expression in Nicholson’s abstract works of mid 1937 to 1939.
Through these interactions Nicholson quickly became the main conduit for ideas and news between his colleagues on either side of the Channel. In true revolutionary style, he proclaimed himself ‘a kind of Paris–London liaison’, reporting back to ‘our small Belsize Pk group’. 14 Nicholson, quoted in Sarah Checkland, Ben Nicholson: The Vicious Circles of his Life and Art, John Murray, London, 2000, p. 119. It was due in part to Nicholson’s liaising, and in part to the growing international influence of Herbert Read’s writings, that leading foreign figures came to know of Hampstead and to choose London over America as a destination. The Bauhaus architect Walter Gropius was an early arrival, followed by his colleague Marcel Breuer, the Hungarian Moholy-Nagy, the sculptor Naum Gabo and others. As the balance of creativity started tilting from Paris towards London, Nicholson seized the opportunity to recruit new arrivals to his own projects. He also sought to accommodate them in their new artistic world, as Hélion had done for him in Paris.
Elected head of the formerly landscape-oriented Seven and Five Society, and backed by fellow abstractionists, by 1934 Nicholson had eliminated its figurative artists and replaced them with non-figurative ones. Changing its name to the more Constructivist-sounding 7 & 5 Abstract Group, he also invited foreign colleagues to join. 15 In a letter to Conrad Aiken, 31 Jan. 1935, Paul Nash wrote that Nicholson was planning an international exhibition for the next 7 & 5 exhibition: ‘all the most important foreign abstract artists will be represented by their latest work. This should be rather a swell show and very stimulating to the young idea in London’ (quoted in Charles Harrison, English Art and Modernism 1900–1939, Allen Lane, London, 1981, p. 273, n. 28). Symbolically at least, the gesture must have appeared to some ousted members of this once archetypically English group as a callous act of invasion.
The arrival of triplets for Hepworth and Nicholson in October 1934 exacerbated the couple’s poverty but it did not impede their work, which they needed more than ever to sell. It was shortly after this event that Nicholson reported to Ede that he had met the director of the National Gallery, Kenneth Clark, and that ‘He & Mrs between them bought a white relief & a ptg’. 16 Nicholson to Jim Ede, Dec. 1934, quoted in Checkland, pp. 149, n. 36. In September 1935 Nicholson held his first one-man show of all-white reliefs at the gallery of his dealers, Reid & Lefevre, at King Street, St James. It has recently been referred to as ‘the most coherent one-man modernist exhibition by an English artist before the Second World War’, 17 King, p. 153. but at the time it was described by the Daily Mail as ‘London’s strangest exhibition’. 18 Quoted in Checkland, p. 148. Although Herbert Read valiantly pointed out the reliefs’ resonant spirituality, viewed en masse it was shockingly apparent that they represented a comprehensive break with all that had gone before in English art. 19 See Read, ‘Ben Nicholson and the future of abstract painting’, The Listener, 9 Oct. 1935, pp. 604–5. Despite owning an example himself, Clark, as head of the art establishment, felt compelled to speak up for naturalism, narrative and expressivity. In the Listener Clark denounced the white series for its ‘fatal defect of purity’ and exposure of ‘the poverty of human invention when forced to spin a web from its own guts’. 20 Kenneth Clark, ‘The future of painting’, The Listener, 2 Oct. 1935, pp. 554–5.
Still recovering from the impact of the all-white exhibition, critics and the curious public were presented in the next month with the 7 & 5 Abstract Group’s final exhibition, again entirely abstract. Commentators recoiled at the campaign-like onslaught. With no means of understanding the ‘purely constructivist abstract people’, as Henry Moore called them, their work appeared like the product of a ‘foreign ideology [and] the epitome of continental audacity’. 21 Virginia Button, Ben Nicholson, Tate Publishing, London, 2007, p. 38.
It cannot be denied that Nicholson deliberately cultivated a militant persona in his engagement with the art world and surrounded himself with a platoon of followers. But aggressive posturings had been fairly standard for the self-styled avant-garde since the First World War starting with the combative rhetoric of the Vorticist Wyndham Lewis. In 1933 Nash and Read had advertised the Mayor Gallery as the ‘headquarters of Unit One’, while their architectural colleagues in an equivalent group called themselves MARS, a title which, as one member recalled, ‘nicely combined a sense of militancy with a vision of planetary exploration’. 22 John Summerson, ‘The MARS group and the thirties’, in John Bold & Edward Chaney (eds), English Architecture Public and Private: Essays for Kerry Downes, Hambledon Press, London, 1993, p. 305. The full name was the Modern Architecture Research Group. Formed in the same year (1933) as Unit One, MARS was the English arm of the avant-garde Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne. Although he was interested in world events and identified with Left politics, Nicholson contemplated but never went so far as joining the Communist party, unlike Henry Moore and Picasso. 23 Nicholson was cautiously admiring of the fact that Moore and Picasso had both joined the party (see Margaret Gardiner, Barbara Hepworth: A Memoir, Salamander Press, Edinburgh, 1982, pp. 50–1).
By 1936 the need for Nicholson to project a formidable image of himself and the movement he represented had in fact become strategically vital. A level of tactical shrewdness had also become necessary in his dealings with ostensible allies such as John Piper. A former follower and now occasional critic of Nicholson, in May 1936 Piper had taken issue with Nicholson about his tendency to ‘force’ artistic movements. ‘You can’t encourage history while it’s going on’, Piper told him, ‘you can only recognize it when it becomes history’. 24 Checkland, p. 168. But Piper’s observation was somewhat disingenuous as he, like Clark, was simultaneously engaged in steering Surrealism and not Constructivism into the history books.
The International Surrealist Exhibition took place in London that summer, organised by Herbert Read and others. It attracted huge attention, in no small part due to stunts, which included Salvador Dalí lecturing in a diving suit. It upstaged completely a significant travelling exhibition of international abstract art, Abstract and Concrete, mounted in the preceding months by Nicholson’s friend Nicolete Gray. 25 Abstract and Concrete ran between February and June 1936 in Oxford, Liverpool, Cambridge and, finally, London (Lefevre Gallery) and included works by Hepworth, Nicholson, Moore, John Piper and many leading European artists such as Moholy-Nagy, Miró, Mondrian, Gabo, Calder, and Giacometti. Nicholson may have viewed the sideshow into which Surrealism had degenerated as a chance to garner respect for abstraction as a dignified alternative for modern art. Public credibility was particularly important at this juncture as he and Read were seriously contemplating establishing a Museum of Living Art devoted to non-figurative art. 26 Conversations had begun in 1935 between Nicholson, Nicolete Gray, J. L. Martin and Herbert Read (see King, p. 178). Paul Laib’s portrait of Nicholson, dated c.1933, suggests that Nicholson was already cultivating many of the qualities that might be expected of a leader of the new abstract art movement: courage, control, simplicity, seriousness and a reserved sophistication. 27 On the derisive comments occasioned in 1934 by Nicholson’s and Hepworth’s wearing of berets, see Checkland, p. 133.
Marshalling a theoretical alternative of gravitas and breadth to the Surrealist exhibition was slower. In 1936 Nicholson, the architect J. L. Martin and the Russian sculptor Naum Gabo conceived an International Constructivist manifesto, which aimed to define and give coherence to the spectrum of Constructivism as it was being practised across disciplines and nationalities. Entitled Circle: An International Survey of Constructivist Art, it represented in key respects a dialectical opposite to André Breton’s Surrealist Manifesto of 1925, in which Surrealism had been defined as ‘dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern’. 28 André Breton, First Manifesto of Surrealism [1924], in Charles Harrison & Paul Wood, Art in Theory 1900–1990, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, p. 438. Circle was published in July 1937 to coincide with an eponymous exhibition, and its typographically severe cover design featured a list of sixty-eight ‘signatories’: painters, sculptors, architects and writers. 29 See John Leslie Martin, Nicholson & Naum Gabo (eds), Circle: International Survey of Constructive Art, Faber & Faber, London, 1937. Over a thousand copies were sold in Britain and the United States in the first year. On the production of Circle, see Norbert Lynton, Ben Nicholson, Phaidon, London, 1993, pp. 121–2. Inside, essays and illustrations by contributors demonstrated the expressive powers of line, colour and shape, independent of any association with the seen world. Whereas the architects, designers and town planners showed how Constructivism’s universal and rational principles could be applied for utopian ends, Gabo spoke for Nicholson and himself in maintaining that creative art, while similarly controlled, was free of such utilitarian obligations.
Against a background of rising fascism and communism in Europe, critics viewed this sudden solidarity among Constructivists with alarm. Commentators from Left and Right attacked their purist, ‘ivory tower’ agenda, Bolshevik-style manifesto and ‘rigid’, ‘inhuman’ and ‘conformist’ rules, and likened their art to an aesthetic equivalent of the Nuremberg and Moscow rallies. 30 Checkland, p. 167. In particular, leftists, shaken by Stalin’s purging of his own intellectuals in the 1936–38 Moscow Trials, viewed the exclusionary zeal of the Constructivists with apprehension. Buckling under the strain of supporting both Surrealists and Constructivists amid this volatile political climate, Herbert Read retreated from the North London scene. ‘Guns’, he said, ‘were being fired at him from every side’. 31 Read, quoted in Checkland, p. 169. Undeterred, Nicholson continued working on his white abstract reliefs while editing Circle. Then, in mid 1937, with Circle completed, Nicholson embarked upon a series of paintings in which the unmodulated primary colours of De Stijl and the architectural severity of the Bauhaus influence merge. It is out of this chaotic and distracting context of artistic and global contestations that the poised and magnificently static painting, 1938, emerged.
Mondrian
As the situation in Paris deteriorated, Nicholson’s first wife, Winifred, evacuated her children to England and, in late September 1938, with the urging of Nicholson and Hepworth, persuaded Piet Mondrian to accompany her to safety. Nicholson found Mondrian accommodation and studio space on the first floor of 60 Parkhill Road, Hampstead, where he retained a studio in the garden (fig. 3). For the next eleven months the two artists worked intensively in their austere adjacent studios. Hepworth later recalled how in that period ‘Piet Mondrian became a pillar of strength’ to Nicholson and herself. 32 Barbara Hepworth, ‘Mondrian in London’, Studio International, vol. 172, no. 884, Dec. 1966, p. 288.
The impact of Mondrian’s London visit upon Nicholson’s work at this time has often been discussed. The actual process of the change it effected upon Nicholson’s work has not. New scientific analysis of 1938 suggests that the painting may have been partially, if not fully, undertaken during Mondrian’s time in Hampstead. What is most immediately apparent is Nicholson’s decision to introduce a strong element of pure yellow. This was a colour that Winifred, as Nicholson was fully aware, considered to be Mondrian’s own discovery. 33 Nicholson held Winifred’s views on colour in the highest regard. Winifred pointed out to Mondrian that ‘“You are the first person who has ever painted Yellow … pure lemon yellow like the sun”. He denied it, but next time I saw him, he took up the remark. “I have thought about it” he said, “and it is so, but it is merely because Cadmium yellow pigment has been invented”’ (Winifred Nicholson, ‘Mondrian in London’, Studio International, vol. 172, no. 884, Dec. 1966, p. 286). While its use does not in itself prove that Nicholson painted 1938 after September of that year, infrared reflectography now reveals that this yellow was initially used to form vertical and horizontal bars of different widths to divide the canvas both horizontally and vertically, with the horizontal yellow line joining the yellow vertical to the left and co-terminating with the right edge of the lower white rectangle. The result was a grid-like structure, unusual in Nicholson’s oeuvre (fig. 4). 34 During the 1930s Nicholson is known to have used the commercial primer Coverine as a quick-drying substitute for gesso and the French white house paint Ripolin as a top coat on white reliefs. In 1938 the ground layer has been freely applied in sweeping circular strokes, the wide brush marks visible in the areas around the two circles.
It seems possible that this structural innovation may correspond to a tentative breakthrough in Mondrian’s own work that took place in the London studio in late 1938 in which Mondrian revisited an isolated work from 1933 entitled Lozenge composition with four yellow lines. Around October it appears that Mondrian resurrected his earlier idea of employing yellow lines of varying thickness. From late 1938 onwards Mondrian began to incorporate them into his grid paintings to the eventual exclusion of the dark lines for which he was formerly known. This experimental shift, which is widely believed to have taken place after Mondrian’s transferral to New York, is recorded in drawings and a painting started in London. The latter, New York City, 3, is now in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid. 35 Mondrian continued to work on New York City, New York 3 after he relocated to New York in 1940. These transitional works later become the foundation of his last major paintings before his death, the famous New York series of 1941–42. Joosten states that New York City, New York 3 is ‘possibly one of the two greater pictures mentioned in Mondrian’s letter of 10 December 1938 to Harry Holtzman’ (Joop M. Joosten, Piet Mondrian: Catalogue Raisonné, vol. II, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998, p. 398).
Another compositional element in Nicholson’s painting that may have been affected was his use of the circle, a key feature in his oeuvre that above all maintained his independence from Mondrian. Nicholson’s identity had became so inseparable from this motif that he had, earlier in the year, placed a small red disc beside his signature in the poster he designed for the Shell Oil Company. 36 1938 (You can be sure of Shell), poster for Shell Mex and BP Ltd, V&A Museum, reproduced in Lynton, p. 168. Nicholson’s ideas about how different circles functioned in his painting were also well developed, even before 1941, when he described how, when two squares are placed in proximity to a pencilled circle, ‘you can create a most exciting tension between these forces and, if at any time, this tension becomes too exciting, you can easily, by the smallest mark made by a compass in its centre, transfix the circle like any butterfly!’ 37 See Nicholson, ‘Notes on abstract art’ [Oct. 1941], Horizon, London; revised version in Read, ‘Introduction’, Ben Nicholson, Paintings, Reliefs, Drawings, Lund Humphries, London, 1948.
The same infrared photograph (fig. 4) now shows that a third circle exists beneath the pale grey paint layer in the upper left of the canvas. At its centre is a small compass hole (digitally highlighted in red). This in itself might not be particularly surprising, given Nicholson’s tendency not to make preliminary drawings. However, in this instance Nicholson’s decision to alter the position of his circles may have been a result of Mondrian’s advice, which the younger artist had formed a habit of soliciting. Mondrian, who was described in 1941 as ‘probably the only painter in the world who hasn’t drawn a curved line in 20 years’, 38 Geoffrey T. Hellman, The Talk of the Town, ‘Lines and rectangles’, The New Yorker, 1 Mar. 1941, p. 7. nevertheless took an interest in how Nicholson used circles. He wrote in 1940, ‘I do like your photo of relief only I should like the big round a little otherwise placed: it goes to the left’. 39 Piet Mondrian to Nicholson, 13 Sept. 1940, quoted in Sophie Bowness, ‘Mondrian in London: Letters to Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth’, The Burlington Magazine, vol. 132, no. 1052, Nov. 1990, pp. 782–8.
The evident increased influence of Mondrian’s work upon Nicholson cannot simply be ascribed to Nicholson’s knowledge of his friend’s theoretical writings, despite the fact that Nicholson had recently edited Mondrian’s essay on Neo-Plasticism in Circle. It seems instead more likely to have come about through his close proximity to the older figure, which until now had been limited by the geographical distance between them. By late 1938 Nicholson had also come to own a painting by Mondrian, which he greatly prized. 40 Mondrian initially placed Composition en rouge, bleu et blanc: II, 1937 (now in Musée d’Art Moderne, Paris), on consignment with Nicholson and later gave it to him (see Sophie Bowness, p. 785, n. 6). There seems no need to doubt Nicholson when he states: ‘I could not be bothered to read Mondrian’s theories. What I got from him – and it was a great deal – I got direct from his paintings’. 41 Nicholson, quoted in Sausmarez, p. 7.
In March 1939 in the months following the publication of Circle, Reid & Lefevre held another one-man show of Nicholson’s work, rivalling that of the all-white reliefs exhibition they had staged four years earlier. It unveiled the results of the most rigorous phase yet in Nicholson’s career. In it were displayed forty-one works: nineteen chromatic paintings, sixteen white reliefs, two gouaches and four drawings. Although not previously noted in the painting’s exhibition history, 1938 was included in this exhibition, probably no. 8 in the catalogue. 42 Sir Alan Bowness has deduced that the painting is most likely no. 8 in the catalogue, ‘from the evidence of the prices in relation to dimensions – 70 guineas according to Lefevre’s archive’ (email correspondence with the writer, 15 Sept. 2008). It is fascinating to see in an archival photograph of the show (fig. 5) how Nicholson’s paintings and white reliefs (which were almost equal in number) were hung alternately, as though to stress the fact that the white reliefs had not been an icy, monolithic end in themselves at the expense of colour – a criticism often voiced by the art press.
The overwhelming impression of grand unity created in the Lefevre Gallery showroom is assisted through the elegantly uniform presentation of the works in simple timber frames, without cluttering labels. Nicholson exercised great control over the presentation of his reliefs and paintings, and it has often been assumed, because of his comments on the subject, that he always made his own frames. 43 ‘I have considered the frame which surrounds a work of mine as a vital part of its presentation. Therefore, I have always seen to the framing of my work myself … Frames should be made of natural wood with little graining and of a colour which is not too hot, nor too yellow, and which is not stained or varnished. The corners of the frame should not be mitred diagonally. The four sides should abutt [sic] each other, aligned so that the top side extends over the left side vertical and that the right-side vertical rises so as to extend over the side of the top lateral. Similarly, the left-side vertical is to extend across the end of the bottom lateral while the bottom lateral is to extend across the end of the right-side vertical.’ Ben Nicholson to Tate Gallery, 28 June 1979, quoted in Stephen Hackney, Rica Jones & Joyce Townsend (eds), Paint and Purpose: A Study of Technique in British Art, Tate Gallery Publishing, London, 1999, p. 162. In the 1930s, however, Nicholson was having his paintings and reliefs framed by a Mr Arthur Colley in Haverstock Hill, who worked to his instructions. His neighbours, the artist Cecil Stephenson and his wife, Sybil, also occasionally made his frames. Cecil, who was a trained engineer, had a well-equipped workshop in which he could machine mouldings to Nicholson’s specifications, while Sybil possibly finished them and fitted the works. 44 In a diary entry of October 1932, Cecil Stephenson wrote that he was ‘making large track for pictures for Ben Nicholson’ (see Checkland, p. 107, n. 49). In February 1939 Sybil left Stephenson for E. L. T. Mesens, publisher of Nicholson’s catalogue for the Reid & Lefevre Gallery exhibition, Mar. 1939. On Sybil Stephenson, see Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 52, n. 33; Checkland, p.178.
Reid & Lefevre’s undertaking to stage an exhibition of such uncompromisingly abstract art shows a degree of boldness that no publicly funded gallery could have risked in 1939. To display so many works, named only for the year in which they were made, and to present them without labels, was to court criticism from uninitiated viewers. The ‘public’ towards whom the exhibition was directed was the London cognoscenti, a significant portion of whom comprised progressive architects and architectural critics associated with the MARS group, Unit One and Circle. 45 The organisers’ intention to target an elite audience is reflected by their decision to publish the catalogue in the London Bulletin, the short-lived modern art journal edited by the Belgian Surrealist dealer, E. L. T. Mesens (see n. 45). It was this fraternity who consistently purchased, commissioned and wrote about Nicholson’s most ‘difficult’ Constructivist works from 1935 onward, and found ways to incorporate them into their interiors. 46 Nicholson’s long and fruitful association with the architect J. L. Martin has been recently explored by Alice Strang, ‘Circle of friends: Ben Nicholson and Leslie Martin’ (unpublished paper), Ben Nicholson conference, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, 18–19 May 2007. One of these patrons was John Summerson, who had married Hepworth’s sister, Elizabeth, in 1938. Summerson also became the first owner of 1938. 47 The painting possibly cost 70 guineas (see n. 43). It is not yet known whether Summerson purchased the painting or whether it was a gift or even an ‘in kind’ payment for the Listener review. In a key review of the 1939 exhibition, Summerson extolled the sensual appeal of Nicholson’s new coloured works:
Some of Nicholson’s new paintings seem to me irresistible. Their apparent simplicity lays bare the complexity which results from placing together areas of different proportion, different texture, different colour – a complexity which the painter controls and makes eloquent in an extraordinary way. 48 John Summerson, ‘Abstract painters’, The Listener, 16 Mar. 1939, pp. 574.
For Nicholson’s admirers, the Reid & Lefevre exhibition was his most groundbreaking show yet, for it proved that he was literally bursting out of his monochromatic ‘ivory tower’ to embrace the emotional dimensions of colour. Their optimism, and perhaps relief, was expressed by Herbert Read who announced, ‘Now that form has been freed from its representational functions, [for example, in the white reliefs] colour too is released for experimentation’. 49 Read, ‘The development of Ben Nicholson’, London Bulletin, no. 11, Mar. 1939, p. 9. See also T. McGreevy, London Round-up, London Studio, vol. CXVII, no. 553, Apr. 1939, p. 224. The palpable excitement generated by the Reid & Lefevre show was possibly heightened by news just circulating that the American heiress Peggy Guggenheim had declared her intention to open a London museum of modern art. This museum, which was to be devoted to all modernisms, was to be headed by Herbert Read, a proposal that both Clark and Nicholson greeted with delight. 50 See Nicholson to Read, c.Apr. 1939, in King, p. 326, n. 26 & pp.178–85. The collection was to be made up of loans and donations; however, Guggenheim abandoned the scheme at an early stage.
War
The Reid & Lefevre exhibition was to be Nicholson’s last major showing before the outbreak of war. In May Nicholson and Cecil Stephenson dug a bomb shelter in the garden at The Mall, 51 See Checkland, p. 179. and in August 1939, when Hitler and Stalin signed a treaty of non-aggression, Nicholson and Hepworth took their family to Cornwall. Elizabeth Summerson packed up their studios. Living in St Ives on the generosity of their friends Adrian and Margaret Stokes, the Nicholsons needed to re-establish a source of income far from the art market in London. With England under threat, that market had changed; the public had started buying English landscapes and little else. In March 1940 Nicholson’s dealer McNeill Reid informed him that he had no hope of getting another abstract show and suggested some semi-representational works would do better instead:
I don’t think from our point of view that pure abstract painting is any use; we never sell much of it, and no matter how great our interest one of our problems today is to keep ourselves alive and to find what might sell, without reducing our artistic standards any more than we can help. 52 McNeill Reid to Nicholson, 18 Mar. 1940, quoted in Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 97, n. 21.
Faced with no alternative, Nicholson evolved a commercially successful hybrid genre of abstract painting that incorporated landscape elements and delicate secondary tones such as pink and green. Although he called these lyrical works his ‘potboilers’, they clearly convey the artist’s appreciation of his new Cornish surroundings. For this factor alone many critics were mollified, as the new St Ives paintings clearly manifested, in common with the landscapes of artists such as Paul Nash and Graham Sutherland, a sense of genius locus, much vaunted by figures such as Clark in this period of crisis, and which paintings such as 1938 so conspicuously lacked.
Despite what looks like an embracing of Neo-Romanticism, Nicholson continued to make Constructivist works, even if he could not easily exhibit them. Kenneth Clark’s use of his official role in the War Artists’ Advisory Committee to further kill off geometric abstract art was yet another obstacle. In 1935 Clark had implied that abstraction was ‘essentially German’ for its over-reliance on theory. 53 Clark, ‘The future of painting’, p. 544. Now, in 1939, Clark held that abstract art involved a wilful denial of painful actualities, causing ‘our indignation … to overflow and swamp our detached contemplation of shapes and colours. To be a pure painter seems almost immoral’. 54 Clark (ed.), ‘Preface’, Roger Fry: Last Lectures, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1939, p. vi.
From the very first list of artists that Clark drew up in September 1939 to undertake paid artistic projects in the national interest until his last, drawn up in February 1940, Clark left out Nicholson. That it was his intention to destroy abstract art seems patently clear from a remark he made to Herbert Read in November 1939. With Nicholson safely four hundred and fifty kilometres away in the south, Clark observed that abstract art and so-called functional architecture were dead ‘and a damned good job too’. 55 Clark, quoted in Checkland, p. 189.
For those like Clark who chose Surrealism over abstraction when opting for a stream of modern art, this destruction of the Constructivist cause was one of the most positive outcomes of the war. ‘The Death of Abstract Art’, crowed Geoffrey Grigson in the Listener in 1940. Grigson then went on, condescendingly, to pronounce:
War is emphatic; it may not innovate, but it emphasises inclinations which were concealed by fashion or familiarity … war was only the climax of a total state of affairs which was helping to scotch the drift towards abstract art. Still, abstraction is not something to be buried dishonourably and then forgotten. It was one of the ways taken, up to a point, by the livelier artists of the last 30 or 40 years. 56 Geoffrey Grigson, ‘The death of abstract art’, The Listener, 12 Sept. 1940, p. 373.
Encouraged by Read, Mondrian and Summerson, Nicholson ignored provocations of this kind. Although Nicholson’s dogged attempts to re-insert Constructivist paintings back into his dealer’s stock were met with reproach in March 1944, 57 See Duncan MacDonald to Nicholson, 28 Mar. 1944, in Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, pp. 58–9. by this time his abstract work was finally starting to be shown in the public gallery sector. 58 Six works by Nicholson were included in the exhibition New Movements in Art. Contemporary Work in England: An Exhibition of Recent Painting and Sculpture at the London Museum, Mar.–May 1942. In September 1944 Philip Hendy, director of the Leeds City Art Gallery, mounted the first non-commercial retrospective of Nicholson’s work at Temple Newsam, a stately home on the city’s outskirts to which Hendy had relocated the Leeds art collection for the duration of the war. 59 Philip Hendy, ‘Introduction’, Paintings by Ben Nicholson, Temple Newsam, Leeds, 1944. An exhibition of this kind was impossible at the Tate, which remained closed during the war until 1946. But even had it been open, its director, John Rothenstein, felt nothing for abstract art. As he stated: ‘I fail, beyond a certain point, to respond to the uncommunicative forms and relationships which constitute at the same time the language and message of abstract art’. 60 T John Rothenstein, Modern English Painters, vol. II, ‘Lewis to Moore’, Macdonald, London, 1956, p. 261. Rothenstein’s assistant keeper, Robin Ironside, who had succeeded Ede in 1936 and was himself a Surrealistic and Neo-Romantic painter, was actively hostile to Nicholson’s abstraction, which to him represented a ‘continental reliance upon theory over the British preference for empiricism and was thus unwelcomely foreign and barren’. 61 Robin Ironside, Painting since 1939, Longmans, Green, London, 1947, quoted in Foss, pp. 187–8.
Herbert Read opened the Temple Newsam exhibition and Summerson travelled up to Leeds, reporting back to Nicholson who was too unwell to attend. 62 The extent of detail in Summerson’s report suggests that he himself may have been present at the installation of the exhibition (see Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 57, n. 14). The Times covered the event: in measured but positive terms, its writer called Nicholson ‘the doyen of abstract art in England’, and observed how well the show illustrated the logical unfolding of Nicholson’s career, from still-life painter to abstract painter by 1933, and finally to Constructivist: ‘From then [1933] it is a very short time before he has reduced painting to its barest essentials: to rectangles of primary colours flatly painted on large areas of grey and white’. 63 ‘Paintings by Ben Nicholson: Exhibition at Temple Newsam, Leeds’, The Times, 14 Sept. 1944, p. 6.
The Leeds retrospective marked a turning of the tide for Nicholson in so far as it heralded a more rational era in which abstract art could once again be addressed. It also brought together three people who were to become a powerful triumvirate in championing Nicholson’s art in the postwar era. Herbert Read and John Summerson were both to produce monographs on Nicholson in 1948. In the meantime, Hendy’s influence on the art world was increasing, as a year later (in 1945) he was appointed director of the National Gallery, replacing Sir Kenneth Clark at the pinnacle of the art establishment.
Polemic 1946
In the more liberal culture of the immediate postwar era, 1938 suddenly become a poster-child for a fresh British outlook. The painting shot to fame in a new philosophical journal of the highest profile. Polemic, edited by Humphrey Slater (a former artist and communist who had distinguished himself in the Home Guard), was created to ‘commission essays by writers who are opposed to the drift back to Romance’. It showcased the new thinking of the most famous British philosophers of the day, George Orwell, Bertrand Russell and A. J. Ayer. Nicholson was invited to design the covers of its first two issues. The maiden issue sold out in just two days, ‘such was the hunger for serious reading matter at the end of the war’. 64 Stefan Collini, Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006, p. 396.
In the second issue of Polemic Slater dedicated a three-page article to Nicholson arguing that abstract art could elicit emotion and was therefore capable of heightening human experience. One of the works he reproduced in colour to illustrate his case was 1938. Slater’s decision to champion Nicholson ‘in an anguished world at a moment of trembling peace’, and at a time ‘when abstract painting is now not in vogue’, 65 Humphrey Slater, ‘A note on the importance of Ben Nicholson’, Polemic, no. 2, 1946, pp. 49–51. reflects the concerted push on the part of its editor and his eminent authors to put British intellectual and aesthetic debate back onto an analytic and speculative footing after a period of seven years in which a sentimental nationalism had dominated British cultural life. Slater’s desire to revive and stimulate wider understanding and acceptance of Nicholson’s abstraction was part of a plan to draw the artist, after an era of conservatism, into a high-profile, united front for literary and visual experimenters.
This was the first time that Nicholson’s Constructive paintings were reproduced in colour, an event all the more notable in light of the ongoing restrictions on wartime printing. It fulfilled a supreme wish on the part of the artist, who had become convinced that the public’s inability to appreciate his abstract paintings was due to a lack of good colour reproductions. 66 Nicholson attributed the critical reviews of his 1944 Temple Newsam retrospective to the unavailability of colour reproductions of his Constructivist works (see Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 67). The impact of 1938 was immediate. In the fourth issue, another piece appeared on Nicholson in Polemic, this time by Stefan Themerson, an avant-garde Russian-Polish refugee and filmmaker turned philosopher with links to the Constructivist Moholy-Nagy. In his article Themerson echoed Slater’s endorsement of Nicholson, but went further to demonstrate that Nicholson’s pictures, which Themerson called ‘still-lifes’, referred to objects, squares and circles, as realistically as other still-life painters depicted fish. To illustrate his point, Themerson used a caricature of Nicholson’s 1938 (fig. 6). Its visual quotation of the work is powerful proof that 1938 had acquired recognition within this distinguished philosophical context, following from its reproduction in colour in the same series two issues earlier.
In representing the qualities of a particular shape, Themerson argued, Nicholson, importantly, was not dabbling in universals but in particular realities. This was a claim that Nicholson himself might not have made about his work previously, although it was an idea that he was gradually coming around to. 67 ibid., p. 62, n. 34. It was an ingenious point to make at this particular moment because, with the Second World War just over and another seeming imminent with the build-up to Cold War, the credibility of universal concepts had come under question following their abuse in the hands of ideologues. To praise a notion of ‘whiteness’ in Nicholson’s work was, in Themerson’s view, tantamount to validating other generalities, such as ‘the State’, ‘Fatherland’, ‘God’, ‘Race’ and ‘discipline’, in the name of which conflicts continued to be justified. 68 Stefan Themerson, ‘Circles and cats’, Polemic, no. 4, July–Aug. 1946, p. 36.
Themerson’s article and whimsical diagram (possibly the work of his illustrator wife, Franciszka,) deliberately adopted the plain, expository mode of his mentor Bertrand Russell to put Nicholson’s art squarely back into the realm of British empiricism. It also evoked the simple pictograms that champions of modern art had begun to use to make links between old masters and contemporary art, and to clearly explain the developmental stages between them. This ‘new rationalisation of modern art’, as Virginia Button has called it, had been inaugurated by the director of New York’s Museum of Modern Art, Alfred H. Barr’s now-famous flow diagram of 1936 in which he showed the evolution of abstract art (fig. 7). 69 Button, ‘Spreading the word’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 68. According to Button, Nicholson particularly admired Barr’s diagram.
While Nicholson had been appreciated since the early 1930s by intellectual figures abroad, Polemic was crucial to him for regaining respectability as a prominent voice within the vanguard of liberal British thinkers. Polemic also lifted the heavy stigma of adjectives such as ‘alien’, ‘doctrinaire’, ‘unfeeling’ and ‘crypto-fascist’ from Nicholson’s abstract works, and repositioned these same works within a new discourse of ‘cool, liberal rationalism, sympathetic to science, hostile to the intellectual manifestations of romanticism, and markedly anti-Communist’ that Polemic represented. 70 Collini, p. 396. Nicholson’s painting was chosen as the visual analogue of the positions promoted by figures such as Orwell, Russell and Ayer.
Nicholson himself thought hard about the concessions he would need to make to assume the new role of ambassador of liberalism now open to him, and he sought ways to align his artistic ideas with the new order. Already in 1941 he had speculated that ‘liberation of form and colour is closely linked with all other liberations one hears about’, and that therefore abstract art ‘ought, perhaps, to come into one of our lists of war-aims’. 71 Nicholson, ‘Notes on abstract art’, p. 272. In the aftermath of the war and the escalating hostility between the USSR and its former Western allies, Nicholson came to the view that recent world events had rendered extreme positions in art, as well as politics, repugnant. 72 See Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 62. He also claimed to welcome the co-existence of modern Romantic art, and to find a positive value in the contrasts between different artistic approaches, 73 Nicholson to E. H. Ramsden, 1944, quoted in Button, ibid. a pluralist position remarkably close to the one espoused by Read and Nash in 1933. The greatest concession of all, however, was Nicholson’s decision to disavow the term Constructivist, to free himself of its associations with his old friend Naum Gabo and the Russian movement. 74 Nicholson to George L. K. Morris, 19 Mar. 1949, quoted in Button, ibid., n. 36.
The two monographs by Summerson and Read on Nicholson that appeared in 1948 also did much to reinvent the artist as a liberal humanist. Read’s book featured 1938 among the handful of works illustrated in colour. 75 Read, Ben Nicholson: Paintings, Reliefs, Drawings, Lund Humphries, London, 1948, cat. 75. According to Norbert Lynton, Read had to place pressure on Clark before he would agree in 1943 to a Penguin monograph on Nicholson. Problems with paper supplies and colour blocks further delayed its production (see Lynton, p. 221, n. 13). Quickly then, in the aftermath of the war, 1938 was becoming linked in the public mind with the new values being ascribed to Nicholson’s work, and was shedding its former associations with aggressive and doctrinaire foreign art. In his preface to the popular and accessibly priced Penguin Modern Painters volume, John Summerson dismissed the notion that Nicholson was influenced by Constructivism, stating that he had only ever been influenced by individuals, not ‘trends’. 76 Summerson, 1948, p. 12. This series cost 2/6d or the equivalent of 12 pence. Herbert Read’s larger, more expensively produced two-volume work was designed to cement Nicholson’s importance in the international art field. It was, as one artist later put it, the monograph ‘that went into the museum library [throughout] the world’. 77 Patrick Heron, conversation with Jeremy Lewison, 8 Mar. 1993, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 71, n. 23. In his introduction Read emphasised Nicholson’s individualism, writing that ‘no painter could be less ideological, in the sense of using his craft to illustrate a thesis’ and that ‘Ben Nicholson has never accepted such an extreme position’ as Mondrian’s Neo-Plasticism. 78 Read, Ben Nicholson, pp. 17, 20.
The remaking of Nicholson as an ‘apolitical’, liberal artist has particular implications for the Melbourne painting. In 1950 the Museum of Modern Art in New York asked Nicholson to comment on a closely related version, also entitled 1938. 79 At least two closely related works from this year, also entitled 1938, were in private collections in the 1940s: 1938 (Painting – version I), later owned by Mrs Neville Burston, and 1938 (Painting – version II) owned by Alexander Calder. Possibly sensing a trap, given the climate of Cold War paranoia, in his reply Nicholson avoided all mention of the Constructivist, internationalist milieu in which he had painted the 1938 works. 80 Museum of Modern Art, Department of Painting and Sculpture: Ben Nicholson, Painted Relief, 1939, Collection file [artist’s questionnaire]. Instead he cautiously compared the painting to an 1895 poster entitled Girl reading by the Beggarstaff Brothers (his father William Nicholson and uncle James Pryde), thereby furnishing the work with a conceptual provenance that was purely British, and a Victorian (pre-Russian Revolutionary) one at that. 81 Curiously, Nicholson’s explanation of the Burston painting has been accepted without scepticism. See, for example, Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 222, cat. no. 71.
In 1948 Hendy and Read were appointed to the Fine Arts Advisory Committee (FAAC), a branch of the British Council, on a board now weighted in favour of contemporary art. In the three years since the end of the war, the British Council had adapted from being an overt propagandistic body into an ‘unacknowledged arm of foreign affairs supported through a velvet glove of high culture’. 82 Margaret Garlake, New Art New World: British Art in Postwar Society, Yale University Press / Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, New Haven, 1998, p. 17. The FAAC’s role was to use art to build bridges with former enemies and to promote Britain as an exemplary model of democracy and diverse cultural excellence. The decision to appoint Hendy and Read ensured that between 1947 and 1960 Nicholson was selected for forty international exhibitions, including São Paulo in 1941 and Australia in 1949. Then, in 1954, he was selected along with Lucian Freud and Francis Bacon for the British Pavilion in that year’s Venice Biennale.
1938 was included among the fifty-three works by Nicholson at this international exhibition. 83 Exhibition of Works by Nicholson, Bacon, Freud, XXVII Biennale, Venice, British Council, 1954, cat. no. 11. Nicholson received the ‘Ulisse’ acquisition prize. Despite postwar paper restrictions, the British Council managed to publish a separate catalogue of its trio of artists at the pavilion. Nicholson received top billing on the cover and his section led the catalogue with an introduction by Herbert Read. The painting then travelled with the Nicholson section as part of a stand-alone monographic exhibition to the premier art venues of the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Switzerland. 84 Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam), Musée National d’Art Moderne (Paris), Palais des Beaux-Arts (Brussels) and Kunsthaus (Zürich). The Council also arranged for a black and white illustration of 1938 to be included in the Stedelijk catalogue. For the Paris leg, the most prestigious of the tour, the catalogue was translated and produced in colour. In 1955, when the show returned to British soil, it was mounted once again in an amended form at the Tate Gallery. This invitation, made at the instigation of the director, John Rothenstein, who had been on the same panel as Hendy and Read, was a surprise to Nicholson, who thought it very ‘broad-minded of the Trustees bec. my work is surely not at all up the street of those I know’. 85 Nicholson to Patrick Heron, 22 Jan. 1954, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 76, n. 29.
Although Nicholson’s work still inspired the same kinds of criticisms in Britain that had been heard in the 1930s, the Tate Gallery, swayed by his success abroad, now finally acquired an example of Nicholson’s Constructivist painting. This was part of an even-handed attempt by Rothenstein to fill some of the glaring gaps in the collection of English modernism after the Treasury awarded the Tate acquisition funds for the first time. 86 See Garlake, p. 14. By 1955 1938 and its two closest cognate works were out of reach, but the Tate was able to purchase directly from Nicholson a large horizontal painting made up of squares and rectangles, June 1937, which had been shown at the 1939 exhibition but which the artist had always retained (fig. 8). 87 June 1937 (painting) had remained unsold after the 1939 Reid & Lefevre exhibition. It was stored in The Mall studio until the Blitz, when it was relocated to a garage in Cornwall. The Tate also acquired a 1935 relief in this year, assisted by the Contemporary Art Society. In 1953 Nicholson wrote to Phillip James of the Arts Council that June 1937 ‘is a particularly complete ptg – it is in fact one of the ‘major’ works of that period, & certainly one of my few so called major works’. 88 Nicholson to Philip James, after 20 Nov. 1953, p. 52, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, cat. no. 69, p. 221.
It seems worthy of note that, from 1948, Nicholson had repeatedly sought to pair June 1937 with 1938 or one of its related versions in catalogues and monographs. They were also hung together in this combination at the Venice Biennale, in the subsequent post-Biennale tour venues and in the Tate retrospective of 1955.
American success
In Paris in October 1956 a $10,000 international painting award granted to Nicholson at the Guggenheim Prize exhibition was decisive in sealing his success with American art audiences. 89 It was awarded for August 1956 (Val d’Orcia). See ‘$10,000 for Ben Nicholson’, Manchester Guardian, 30 Nov. 1956. Charles and Kay Gimpel of Gimpel Fils, who had been his London dealers since December 1954, had worked hard to promote Nicholson’s work in the United States. Described in 1957 as ‘the most authoritative purveyors of the art of the avant-garde’, 90 Basil Taylor, ‘In the bazaar’, Spectator, 16 Aug. 1957, p. 231. Charles’s brother and partner, Peter Gimpel, has recalled how the gallery in the mid 1950s did as much as ninety per cent of their business with Americans. 91 See Lewison, Ben Nicholson, p. 83. It was also unique at this time for its practice of keeping stock of its artists, in some cases by strategically buying earlier work from collectors. Peter Gimpel has further observed that the efforts of Read and the British Council in promoting Nicholson made a great difference to its ability to sell his work. ‘Every big prize … was important … it helped enormously’. 92 Peter Gimpel, conversation with Jeremy Lewison, 23 Mar. 1993, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, p. 83. Nicholson’s work had reached a peak of market desirability when John Summerson decided in 1956 or early 1957 to place 1938 with the Gimpels.
On 1 February 1957 the Gimpels sold the painting to the American philanthropist and collector of twentieth-century art Richard S. Zeisler, who was already an established admirer of Nicholson’s work. 93 Other works by Nicholson in Zeisler’s collection included 1933 (Coin and musical instruments) and Untitled,1950, later gifted to the Columbia Museum. Only twenty-six days later, 1938 appeared on the walls of the Contemporary Arts Museum of Houston in a landmark US exhibition of International Constructivism, The Sphere of Mondrian. The exhibition was the brainchild of the museum’s newly appointed curator, Jermayne MacAgy. Such a swift sequence of events suggests that MacAgy and Zeisler may have planned to acquire 1938 specifically for her exhibition, and it seems possible that the Gimpels even approached Summerson to part with the painting on their behalf. Zeisler, who died in 2007, kept 1938 for almost fifty years before bequeathing it to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, to provide funds for the acquisition of further works of art. The painting was placed back on the market in 2007, following which the Melbourne benefactors Loti and Victor Smorgon generously acquired it for the National Gallery of Victoria. In so doing, they fulfilled a long-held ambition of the NGV to own an outstanding example of Nicholson’s Constructivist period.
As this article has shown, 1938 is much more significant in the development of Nicholson’s Constructivism than has so far been recognised in the extensive literature on this phase of the artist’s work. The picture’s unique historical value is based on a combination of three factors: first, its subtle registration of Mondrian’s influence upon Nicholson’s practice in 1938; second, its presence at the 1939 Reid & Lefevre Gallery exhibition, which was the most unified body of Constructivist works that Nicholson ever showed; and finally, its utilisation by the philosophical journal Polemic to radically re-orient public perceptions of geometric abstraction at a crucial moment after the Second World War.
This discussion began by asking ‘whose flag’ was the abstract painting 1938. It was a deliberately rhetorical question, given that Constructivism, which the painting represents, refutes all reference to the external world and hence to a literal object such as a flag. Yet, at the same time, flags themselves do not represent a literal world but use pure form and colour to denote ideas of identity, place and ideology. In this sense their function is not so far removed from one of the capacities of Constructivist art. I have argued that it was anxieties about precisely these types of issues that complicated the reception of Nicholson’s abstract art during the politically unstable years around the Second World War. However, as has also been shown, the abstract qualities of Ben Nicholson’s 1938 are – like those of a flag – so general as to render it endlessly polyvalent, subject to continual shifts of meaning and renewal, dependent upon the historical conditions in which it was, is and may in the future be viewed.
Sophie Matthiesson, Curator, International Art, National Gallery of Victoria (in 2008)
Notes
I would like to register my gratitude to the following people for their generous assistance in the preparation of this article: Geraldine Aramanda, Laurie Benson, AnneMarie de Boni, Sir Alan Bowness, Sophie Bowness, Jane Bramwell, Predrag Cancar, Ted Gott, James Lomax, Kay Matthiesson, Rosie Micklewright, Jennie Moloney, John Payne, Benedict Read, Judith Ryan, Jessemyn Schippers, Garry Sommerfeld, Timothy Summerson, Angus Trumble, Dianne Waite, Nayia Yiakoumaki, and also the Hyman Kreitman Research Centre, London.
1 Herbert Read, Art in Britain 1930–40 Centred around Axis, Circle, Unit One, Marlborough Fine Art, London, 1965, p. 5.
2 Jean Hélion, quoted in Maurice de Sausmarez, Ben Nicholson: A Studio International Special, Studio International, London, p. 13.
3 Read, ‘A nest of gentle artists’, Apollo, vol. 77, no. 7, Sept. 1962, pp. 565–9.
4 Harold Stanley (Jim) Ede, A Way of Life, University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge, 1984, p. 57.
5 For a recent treatment of this group’s activities, see Ted Gott, Laurie Benson & Sophie Matthiesson, Modern Britain 1900–1960, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, 2007, pp. 197–206.
6 ‘I feel we represent the most stable & least biased members of the rather difficult collection of people who are likely to constitute a group … I heard from Ben & I shall write to him more guardedly until Barbara is decided upon! … Ben is a good fellow but I do not regard his judgement as entirely sound – & I believe you agree on this’. Paul Nash to Henry Moore, 17 Jan. 1933, quoted in James King, The Last Modern: A Life of Herbert Read, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1990, p. 130.
7 ‘His confusion would confuse the public, and Ben being so vital and energetic, would inevitably lead to the creation of a new group, to division & back biting when unity is so necessary and desirable’. Read to Paul Nash, 23 Nov. 1934, quoted in Jeremy Lewison, Ben Nicholson, Tate Gallery Publications, 1993, p. 48.
8 Read, ‘A nest of gentle artists’, p. 53.
9 Read, for example, accurately predicted that the lack of a critical vocabulary would mar the reception of Nicholson’s white reliefs (see Jeremy Lewison, Ben Nicholson: The Years of Experiment 1919–39, Kettle’s Yard Gallery, Cambridge, 1983, p. 33).
10 John and Myfanwy Piper also began to do so from 1936 onwards (see Joanna Gardner-Huggett, ‘Myfanwy Evans: “Axis” and a voice for the British avant-garde’, Woman’s Art Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001, pp. 22–6, esp. p. 24). See also Brian Foss, War Paint: Art, War, State and Identity in Britain, 1939–1945, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2007, p. 186. For Moore’s concerns about ‘the purely constructivist abstract people’ gaining too much ground, see King, p.165.
11 They comprised the architects Wells Coates and Colin Lucas, painters John Armstrong, Edward Burra, John Bigge, Tristram Hillier, Paul Nash, Ben Nicholson and Edward Wadsworth, and sculptors Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth.
12 Read, ‘Unit One’, Architect Review, 6 Oct. 1933, reprinted in Unit One: Spirit of the 30s, Mayor Gallery, London, 1984, p. 49.
13 ‘Have had a most lovely painting day. My last ptgs are completely white’ (Ben Nicholson to Winifred Nicholson, 2 Feb. 1934, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 44). The first reliefs slightly pre-date this trip, as Nicholson showed examples at the Seven and Five Society’s exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in Mar. 1934, prompting David Gascoyne to describe Nicholson as ‘performing the death rites of painting’ (David Gascoyne, Art, New English Weekly, vol. 5, no. 3, 3 May 1934).
14 Nicholson, quoted in Sarah Checkland, Ben Nicholson: The Vicious Circles of his Life and Art, John Murray, London, 2000, p. 119.
15 In a letter to Conrad Aiken, 31 Jan. 1935, Paul Nash wrote that Nicholson was planning an international exhibition for the next 7 & 5 exhibition: ‘all the most important foreign abstract artists will be represented by their latest work. This should be rather a swell show and very stimulating to the young idea in London’ (quoted in Charles Harrison, English Art and Modernism 1900–1939, Allen Lane, London, 1981, p. 273, n. 28).
16 Nicholson to Jim Ede, Dec. 1934, quoted in Checkland, pp. 149, n. 36.
17 King, p. 153.
18 Quoted in Checkland, p. 148.
19 See Read, ‘Ben Nicholson and the future of abstract painting’, The Listener, 9 Oct. 1935, pp. 604–5.
20 Kenneth Clark, ‘The future of painting’, The Listener, 2 Oct. 1935, pp. 554–5.
21 Virginia Button, Ben Nicholson, Tate Publishing, London, 2007, p. 38.
22 John Summerson, ‘The MARS group and the thirties’, in John Bold & Edward Chaney (eds), English Architecture Public and Private: Essays for Kerry Downes, Hambledon Press, London, 1993, p. 305. The full name was the Modern Architecture Research Group. Formed in the same year (1933) as Unit One, MARS was the English arm of the avant-garde Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne.
23 Nicholson was cautiously admiring of the fact that Moore and Picasso had both joined the party (see Margaret Gardiner, Barbara Hepworth: A Memoir, Salamander Press, Edinburgh, 1982, pp. 50–1).
24 Checkland, p. 168.
25 Abstract and Concrete ran between February and June 1936 in Oxford, Liverpool, Cambridge and, finally, London (Lefevre Gallery) and included works by Hepworth, Nicholson, Moore, John Piper and many leading European artists such as Moholy-Nagy, Miró, Mondrian, Gabo, Calder, and Giacometti.
26 Conversations had begun in 1935 between Nicholson, Nicolete Gray, J. L. Martin and Herbert Read (see King, p. 178).
27 On the derisive comments occasioned in 1934 by Nicholson’s and Hepworth’s wearing of berets, see Checkland, p. 133.
28 André Breton, First Manifesto of Surrealism [1924], in Charles Harrison & Paul Wood, Art in Theory 1900–1990, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, p. 438.
29 See John Leslie Martin, Nicholson & Naum Gabo (eds), Circle: International Survey of Constructive Art, Faber & Faber, London, 1937. Over a thousand copies were sold in Britain and the United States in the first year. On the production of Circle, see Norbert Lynton, Ben Nicholson, Phaidon, London, 1993, pp. 121–2.
30 Checkland, p. 167.
31 Read, quoted in Checkland, p. 169.
32 Barbara Hepworth, ‘Mondrian in London’, Studio International, vol. 172, no. 884, Dec. 1966, p. 288.
33 Nicholson held Winifred’s views on colour in the highest regard. Winifred pointed out to Mondrian that ‘“You are the first person who has ever painted Yellow … pure lemon yellow like the sun”. He denied it, but next time I saw him, he took up the remark. “I have thought about it” he said, “and it is so, but it is merely because Cadmium yellow pigment has been invented”’ (Winifred Nicholson, ‘Mondrian in London’, Studio International, vol. 172, no. 884, Dec. 1966, p. 286).
34 During the 1930s Nicholson is known to have used the commercial primer Coverine as a quick-drying substitute for gesso and the French white house paint Ripolin as a top coat on white reliefs. In 1938 the ground layer has been freely applied in sweeping circular strokes, the wide brush marks visible in the areas around the two circles.
35 Mondrian continued to work on New York City, New York 3 after he relocated to New York in 1940. These transitional works later become the foundation of his last major paintings before his death, the famous New York series of 1941–42. Joosten states that New York City, New York 3 is ‘possibly one of the two greater pictures mentioned in Mondrian’s letter of 10 December 1938 to Harry Holtzman’ (Joop M. Joosten, Piet Mondrian: Catalogue Raisonné, vol. II, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998, p. 398).
36 1938 (You can be sure of Shell), poster for Shell Mex and BP Ltd, V&A Museum, reproduced in Lynton,
p. 168.
37 See Nicholson, ‘Notes on abstract art’ [Oct. 1941], Horizon, London; revised version in Read, ‘Introduction’, Ben Nicholson, Paintings, Reliefs, Drawings, Lund Humphries, London, 1948.
38 Geoffrey T. Hellman, The Talk of the Town, ‘Lines and rectangles’, The New Yorker, 1 Mar. 1941, p. 7.
39 Piet Mondrian to Nicholson, 13 Sept. 1940, quoted in Sophie Bowness, ‘Mondrian in London: Letters to Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth’, The Burlington Magazine, vol. 132, no. 1052, Nov. 1990, pp. 782–8.
40 Mondrian initially placed Composition en rouge, bleu et blanc: II, 1937 (now in Musée d’Art Moderne, Paris), on consignment with Nicholson and later gave it to him (see Sophie Bowness, p. 785, n. 6).
41 Nicholson, quoted in Sausmarez, p. 7.
42 Sir Alan Bowness has deduced that the painting is most likely no. 8 in the catalogue, ‘from the evidence of the prices in relation to dimensions – 70 guineas according to Lefevre’s archive’ (email correspondence with the writer, 15 Sept. 2008).
43 ‘I have considered the frame which surrounds a work of mine as a vital part of its presentation. Therefore, I have always seen to the framing of my work myself … Frames should be made of natural wood with little graining and of a colour which is not too hot, nor too yellow, and which is not stained or varnished. The corners of the frame should not be mitred diagonally. The four sides should abutt [sic] each other, aligned so that the top side extends over the left side vertical and that the right-side vertical rises so as to extend over the side of the top lateral. Similarly, the left-side vertical is to extend across the end of the bottom lateral while the bottom lateral is to extend across the end of the right-side vertical.’ Ben Nicholson to Tate Gallery, 28 June 1979, quoted in Stephen Hackney, Rica Jones & Joyce Townsend (eds), Paint and Purpose: A Study of Technique in British Art, Tate Gallery Publishing, London, 1999, p. 162.
44 In a diary entry of October 1932, Cecil Stephenson wrote that he was ‘making large track for pictures for Ben Nicholson’ (see Checkland, p. 107, n. 49). In February 1939 Sybil left Stephenson for E. L. T. Mesens, publisher of Nicholson’s catalogue for the Reid & Lefevre Gallery exhibition, Mar. 1939. On Sybil Stephenson, see Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 52, n. 33; Checkland, p.178.
45 The organisers’ intention to target an elite audience is reflected by their decision to publish the catalogue in the London Bulletin, the short-lived modern art journal edited by the Belgian Surrealist dealer, E. L. T. Mesens (see n. 45).
46 Nicholson’s long and fruitful association with the architect J. L. Martin has been recently explored by Alice Strang, ‘Circle of friends: Ben Nicholson and Leslie Martin’ (unpublished paper), Ben Nicholson conference, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, 18–19 May 2007.
47 The painting possibly cost 70 guineas (see n. 43). It is not yet known whether Summerson purchased the painting or whether it was a gift or even an ‘in kind’ payment for the Listener review.
48 John Summerson, ‘Abstract painters’, The Listener, 16 Mar. 1939, pp. 574.
49 Read, ‘The development of Ben Nicholson’, London Bulletin, no. 11, Mar. 1939, p. 9. See also T. McGreevy, London Round-up, London Studio, vol. CXVII, no. 553, Apr. 1939, p. 224.
50 See Nicholson to Read, c.Apr. 1939, in King, p. 326, n. 26 & pp.178–85. The collection was to be made up of loans and donations; however, Guggenheim abandoned the scheme at an early stage.
51 See Checkland, p. 179.
52 McNeill Reid to Nicholson, 18 Mar. 1940, quoted in Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 97, n. 21.
53 Clark, ‘The future of painting’, p. 544.
54 Clark (ed.), ‘Preface’, Roger Fry: Last Lectures, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1939, p. vi.
55 Clark, quoted in Checkland, p. 189.
56 Geoffrey Grigson, ‘The death of abstract art’, The Listener, 12 Sept. 1940, p. 373.
57 See Duncan MacDonald to Nicholson, 28 Mar. 1944, in Button, ‘The war years’,
in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, pp. 58–9.
58 Six works by Nicholson were included in the exhibition New Movements in Art. Contemporary Work in England: An Exhibition of Recent Painting and Sculpture at the London Museum, Mar.–May 1942.
59 Philip Hendy, ‘Introduction’, Paintings by Ben Nicholson, Temple Newsam, Leeds, 1944.
60 John Rothenstein, Modern English Painters, vol. II, ‘Lewis to Moore’, Macdonald, London, 1956, p. 261.
61 Robin Ironside, Painting since 1939, Longmans, Green, London, 1947, quoted in Foss, pp. 187–8.
62 The extent of detail in Summerson’s report suggests that he himself may have been present at the installation of the exhibition (see Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 57, n. 14).
63 ‘Paintings by Ben Nicholson: Exhibition at Temple Newsam, Leeds’, The Times, 14 Sept. 1944, p. 6.
64 Stefan Collini, Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006, p. 396.
65 Humphrey Slater, ‘A note on the importance of Ben Nicholson’, Polemic, no. 2, 1946, pp. 49–51.
66 Nicholson attributed the critical reviews of his 1944 Temple Newsam retrospective to the unavailability of colour reproductions of his Constructivist works (see Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 67).
67 ibid., p. 62, n. 34.
68 Stefan Themerson, ‘Circles and cats’, Polemic, no. 4, July–Aug. 1946, p. 36.
69 Button, ‘Spreading the word’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 68. According to Button, Nicholson particularly admired Barr’s diagram.
70 Collini, p. 396.
71 Nicholson, ‘Notes on abstract art’, p. 272.
72 See Button, ‘The war years’, in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 62.
73 Nicholson to E. H. Ramsden, 1944, quoted in Button, ibid.
74 Nicholson to George L. K. Morris, 19 Mar. 1949, quoted in Button, ibid., n. 36.
75 Read, Ben Nicholson: Paintings, Reliefs, Drawings, Lund Humphries, London, 1948, cat. 75. According to Norbert Lynton, Read had to place pressure on Clark before he would agree in 1943 to a Penguin monograph on Nicholson. Problems with paper supplies and colour blocks further delayed its production (see Lynton, p. 221, n. 13).
76 Summerson, 1948, p. 12. This series cost 2/6d or the equivalent of 12 pence.
77 Patrick Heron, conversation with Jeremy Lewison, 8 Mar. 1993, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 71, n. 23.
78 Read, Ben Nicholson, pp. 17, 20.
79 At least two closely related works from this year, also entitled 1938, were in private collections in the 1940s: 1938 (Painting – version I), later owned by Mrs Neville Burston, and 1938 (Painting – version II) owned by Alexander Calder.
80 Museum of Modern Art, Department of Painting and Sculpture: Ben Nicholson, Painted Relief, 1939, Collection file [artist’s questionnaire].
81 Curiously, Nicholson’s explanation of the Burston painting has been accepted without scepticism. See, for example, Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 222, cat. no. 71.
82 Margaret Garlake, New Art New World: British Art in Postwar Society, Yale University Press / Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, New Haven, 1998, p. 17.
83 Exhibition of Works by Nicholson, Bacon, Freud, XXVII Biennale, Venice, British Council, 1954, cat. no. 11. Nicholson received the ‘Ulisse’ acquisition prize.
84 Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam), Musée National d’Art Moderne (Paris), Palais des Beaux-Arts (Brussels) and Kunsthaus (Zürich).
85 Nicholson to Patrick Heron, 22 Jan. 1954, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, p. 76, n. 29.
86 See Garlake, p. 14.
87 June 1937 (painting) had remained unsold after the 1939 Reid & Lefevre exhibition. It was stored in The Mall studio until the Blitz, when it was relocated to a garage in Cornwall. The Tate also acquired a 1935 relief in this year, assisted by the Contemporary Art Society.
88 Nicholson to Philip James, after 20 Nov. 1953, p. 52, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, 1993, cat. no. 69, p. 221.
89 It was awarded for August 1956 (Val d’Orcia). See ‘$10,000 for Ben Nicholson’, Manchester Guardian, 30 Nov. 1956.
90 Basil Taylor, ‘In the bazaar’, Spectator, 16 Aug. 1957, p. 231.
91 See Lewison, Ben Nicholson, p. 83.
92 Peter Gimpel, conversation with Jeremy Lewison, 23 Mar. 1993, quoted in Lewison, Ben Nicholson, p. 83.
93 Other works by Nicholson in Zeisler’s collection included 1933 (Coin and musical instruments) and Untitled, 1950, later gifted to the Columbia Museum.
| Barbara Hepworth |
In 2002, who was the first athlete to win FHM’s ‘Sexiest Woman in the World’ award? | Biography of Ben Nicholson - BLOUIN ARTINFO, The Premier Global Online Destination for Art and Culture | BLOUIN ARTINFO
“Ivory,” 1979
Early Life
Ben Nicholson’s parents were the artists William Nicholson and Mabel Pryde. His father had a decisively formative influence on his art. He went to school in Hampstead and Norfolk, joining the Slade School of Fine Art in London in 1910.
Influences
Nicholson traveled to France and Italy between 1911 and 1914, and was introduced to Post-Impressionist and Cubist work. He was exempted from military service during World War I and traveled to the United States, living in California briefly between 1917 and 1918. He slowly incorporated different influences into his work, moving away from his early style that focused primarily on still lifes and landscapes. Meeting the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian further inspired him to experiment with an Abstract style that he continued to use through the rest of his career. Nicholson incorporated these influences to create a distinct body of work. He produced his first Abstract and Figurative works in the early 1920s.
Major Work
In 1924, Nicholson joined the art group, the Seven and Five Society, and in 1926, he was made chairman, remaining in this position till the group ceased to exist. His first solo exhibition was held at Twenty-one Gallery in London in 1924. In 1928, he made his first trip to St. Ives in Cornwall with his friend, the painter Christopher Wood, and met Alfred Wallis, the painter and fisherman. It was after this trip that the fishing port began to develop into an artist’s colony, which came to be known as the St. Ives School.
In 1933, Nicholson made his first wood relief, “White Relief,” which became one of his best-known works. The piece was geometrically designed and consisted of a number of circles and angles. He was among a group of editors who worked on the landmark book titled, “Circle: International Survey of Constructive Art,” in 1937. It was his belief that abstract art should be accessible to all viewers and not limited to connoisseurs, made evident through his mural the “Nicholson Wall” in Surrey. This is a white wall with sculpted geometric reliefs on its surface.
In 1939, Nicholson moved back to Cornwall, and his style underwent some change. He painted landscapes and made his abstract reliefs more colorful. In 1945-46, he shifted from reliefs to linear abstract painting. He lived a large part of his life alternating between England and Switzerland. He moved to Castagnola, Switzerland, in 1958. After returning to England in 1971, he lived for some time in Cambridge and finally, in Pilgrim’s Lane, Hampstead.
The first retrospective of Nicholson’s work was held at London’s Tate Gallery in 1955. In 1952, he was awarded the first prize at the Carnegie International in Pittsburgh, followed by the first Guggenheim International painting prize in 1956, and the International Prize for Painting at the Sao Paolo Biennale in 1957. He was also awarded the British Order of Merit in 1968.
Personal Life
In 1920, Nicholson married the painter Winifred Roberts and had three children by her. The couple divided their time between Lugano (Switzerland), London, and Cumberland. In 1931, he began a relationship with the sculptor Barbara Hepworth and married her in 1938, after divorcing Winifred. They too had three children together, but divorced in 1951. Nicholson’s third marriage was to the German photographer Felicitas Vogler in 1957, and this marriage ended in divorce in 1977.
Death and Legacy
Nicholson died in Hampstead on February 6, 1982. His painting style encapsulates the epitome of British Modernist work, along with the work of Henry Moore. His participation in the artists’ community at St. Ives helped greatly to promote the place as an important art center.
Timeline
‘The Knaepen Collection: A Passion for Art’ at Annely Juda Fine Art, London
By Amanda Avery | November 25, 2016
An exhibition of the art critic and patron Jos Knaepen’s personal collection, titled 'A Passion for Art', is on display at Annely Juda Fine Art, London, through December 23, 2016.The show is...
Auction Preview: Christie’s Modern British & Irish Art Day Sale, London, Nov 24
By Amanda Avery | November 21, 2016
The sale features works by some of the most outstanding British and Irish artists of the past one century. These are the artists who gave a definite direction and distinct identity to British and...
Auction Preview: Christie’s Modern British & Irish Art Evening Sale, London, Nov 23
By Amanda Avery | November 21, 2016
What: Evening sale of Modern British & Irish ArtWhere: Christie’s, 8 King Street, St. James's, London SW1Y 6QT, UKWhen: November 23, 6PMPublic Viewing: November 21,...
Auction Preview: Sotheby’s Modern & Post-War British Art, London, Nov 22-23
By Amanda Avery | November 18, 2016
An oil on canvas by Sir Winston Churchill, painted in 1935 while visiting the Riviera in south of France, is one of the highlights of Sotheby’s Modern & Post-War British Art, to be held in...
A Century of Modern British Art with Hockney, Moore, and Others at Jerwood Gallery
By Samuel Spencer | October 27, 2016
The latest exhibition at Jerwood Gallery in Hastings brings together 100 Modern British artists, including big names such as David Hockney, Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore, and Ben Nicholson, and...
Auction Preview: Top Five at 'Made In Britain' Sale, Sotheby’s London, Sep 28
By Archana Khare-Ghose | September 26, 2016
This sale showcases the very best of creativity from Britain over the past 100 years — from fine art and prints to sculpture, photography, studio ceramics and design. Also watch out for a range...
| i don't know |
Halifax is the capital of which Canadian province? | Halifax, the Capital of Nova Scotia, Canada
Updated: 11/29/2014
About Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia , Canada. The largest urban area in the Atlantic provinces , Halifax looks out over one of the world's largest natural harbours and is an important seaport. Nature lovers will find sandy beaches, beautiful gardens and hiking, birding and beachcombing. Urbanites can enjoy the symphony, live theatre, art galleries and museums, and a lively nightlife. Halifax is an affordable city that provides a mix of Canadian history and modern living, with the constant influence of the sea.
Location of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax is located in the centre of the east coast of Nova Scotia facing the North Atlantic Ocean.
Area of the Halifax Regional Municipality
5,490.28 sq. km (2,119.81 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census)
Population of the Halifax Regional Municipality
390,096 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census)
Date Halifax Incorporated as a City
Halifax was incorporated as a city in 1841.
In 1996 it was amalgamated with neighbouring communities into the Halifax Regional Municipality.
Government of Halifax
Halifax municipal elections are held every four years on the third Saturday in October.
Date of the last Halifax municpal election: Saturday, October 20, 2012
Date of the next Halifax municpal election: Saturday, October 15, 2016
The Halifax Regional Council is the main governing and legislative body for the Halifax Regional Municipality. The Halifax Regional Council is made up of 17 elected representatives: the mayor and 16 municipal councillors.
Trans Canada Trail
Weather in Halifax
Halifax weather is influenced by the ocean. Winters are mild and summers are cool. Halifax is foggy and misty, with fog on more than 100 days of the year, especially in spring and early summer.
Winters in Halifax are moderate, but wet with both rain and snow. The average high temperature in January is 2°C (29°F). Spring comes slowly, and eventually arrives in April. It too brings rain and fog.
Summers in Halifax are short, but beautiful. In July the average high temperature is 23°C (74°F). By late summer or early fall, Halifax may feel the tail end of a hurricane or tropical storm.
| Nova Scotia |
Hamida Djandoubi was the last person in France to be executed by what method, in September 1977? | Nova Scotia | history - geography - province, Canada | Britannica.com
Nova Scotia
"Munit haec et altera vincit (One defends and the other conquers)"
Provincial flower
Time zone
Atlantic (GMT − 4 hours)
Nova Scotia, Canadian province located on the eastern seaboard of North America , one of the four original provinces (along with New Brunswick , Ontario , and Quebec ) that constituted the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Roughly 360 miles (580 km) long but not more than about 80 miles (130 km) wide at any point, the province comprises the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island (separated from the mainland to the southwest by the narrow Strait of Canso ), and a number of small adjacent islands. Along the narrow Chignecto Isthmus , which seems to thrust the peninsula into the Atlantic Ocean , runs the province’s only land boundary, with New Brunswick to the west. Two arms of the Gulf of St. Lawrence , the Northumberland and Cabot straits, separate Nova Scotia respectively from Prince Edward Island to the north and the island of Newfoundland to the northeast. To the east and south lies the Atlantic and to the northwest the Bay of Fundy . Halifax is the capital.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Harbour at Peggy’s Cove, N.S., Can.
© Creatas/JupiterImages
Nova Scotia is one of Canada’s Maritime Provinces (along with New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island), and both its past and its present are tied closely to the maritime life of fishing , shipbuilding, and transatlantic shipping. It became the site of the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida when the French established a fur-trading post at Port Royal (near present-day Annapolis Royal) in 1605. Early explorers gave the area the name Acadia (French: Acadie), probably a corruption of the word used by the native Mi’kmaq. The province’s present name, which means “New Scotland” in Latin, was the result of brief Scottish claims to the region in the 1620s. Area 21,345 square miles (55,284 square km). Pop. (2011) 921,727.
Land
Relief, drainage, and soils
Nova Scotia’s upland regions reach a maximum elevation of more than 1,700 feet (520 metres) above sea level in the Cape Breton Highlands . The most important lowlands lie along the Bay of Fundy and the Minas Basin in the southwest and along the Northumberland Strait. Many of the tens of thousands of acres of marshland created by the tremendously high tides—among the highest in the world—of the Bay of Fundy have been turned to agricultural use by dikes, which were begun in the mid-17th century by the early French settlers, the Acadians.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Yarmouth
Forests occupy about four-fifths of the land area. About one-quarter of the woodland is held as crown, or public, land. Softwoods are by far the most numerous, led by species of balsam, spruce, hemlock, and pine; birch and maple make up most of the hardwoods. Animal life includes such game species as deer and moose and, among the birds, partridge, pheasant, and duck.
People
Population composition
The Mi’kmaq people had occupied the area for centuries before the arrival of the first Europeans in the late 15th century. Primarily hunters and gatherers, the Mi’kmaq ranged over the Maritime Provinces and into the Gaspé Peninsula and later spread to Newfoundland and New England . Their Algonquian language is reflected in such Nova Scotian place-names as Musquodoboit, Pugwash, and Shubenacadie. Many of Nova Scotia’s Mi’kmaq people now live on reservations.
About one-eighth of Nova Scotia’s population is at least partially descended from the Acadian French, some of whom returned from exile after the end of French-English conflict in North America in 1763. Acadian communities , with a lively Acadian culture , are located in southwestern Nova Scotia and on Cape Breton Island.
Most of the remaining people are descended from settlers from the British Isles and from what is now the United States . In the second half of the 18th century, settlers from New England (known as Planters) and, later, American colonists loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution (known as United Empire Loyalists) settled much of western and northern Nova Scotia, with scattered settlements elsewhere. Settlers from England (Yorkshire) and Scotland populated northern and eastern Nova Scotia; the Scots, who settled in substantial numbers in Cape Breton, gave the province a strong Gaelic culture. Irish migration, especially in the 19th century, greatly expanded the population of the Halifax region, among others. German immigrants in the 1750s founded the seaport of Lunenburg .
Lunenburg, N.S., Can.
© Creatas/JupiterImages
Beginning in the 20th century, there were smaller migrations of Dutch, Italian, Polish, Arab, Chinese, South Asian, and other peoples, especially to the urban centres of Halifax and Sydney . The small black population in the province includes the descendants of slaves brought into the colony in the 18th century as well as the descendants of black loyalists; West Indian immigrants have bolstered the black population.
Connect with Britannica
Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest
English is the only spoken language of the vast majority of the people. Nova Scotians who speak only French are few. However, both Gaelic and the native language of the Mi’kmaq have experienced a renaissance in recent years. Approximately one-third of Nova Scotians are Roman Catholics; among the Protestant denominations, the United Church of Canada is the largest, followed by the Anglican and Baptist churches.
Settlement patterns and demographic trends
Urbanization was an important trend during the 20th century, but nearly one-half of Nova Scotians still live outside major population centres. The early European settlement tended to hug the coastline; the sea provided the main means of transportation, and the economy was based on fisheries, the fur trade, and farming. Yet even with the development of railways and better roads in the 19th and 20th centuries, the interior of the province has remained sparsely settled. With the decline in the late 19th century of shipbuilding and shipping, the coal, steel, and textile industries drew workers to the major centres of Sydney and Halifax, while such smaller towns as Yarmouth , Windsor, Truro, and Amherst developed smaller-scale manufacturing and processing industries. The last century and a half has seen a major out-migration of Nova Scotians, first to New England and later to Ontario and the Canadian West.
Skyline of Halifax, N.S., Can.
© Creatas/JupiterImages
Economy
Nova Scotia has a diversified economy based on both land and sea resources. Traditional industries such as fishing, forestry, and mining are in decline, while tourism and other service industries are becoming much more significant components of the economy.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Farming has tended to focus on dairy products, livestock, poultry and eggs, and fruit. Extensive forestry resources supply large pulp and paper mills, numerous sawmills, and the expanding Christmas tree and maple syrup industries.
Related Topics
Dalhousie University
The catching, processing, and exporting of fish continue as important but declining industries. The near-complete destruction of cod stocks has decimated this traditional component of the fisheries. However, lobster , scallops, and other shellfish, along with haddock and herring, remain important catches in Nova Scotian waters. Aquaculture is an increasingly significant facet of the fishing industry.
Lobster fishing off the coast of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Can.
Eric Hayes/© Comstock
Resources and power
Mining is another major industry in Nova Scotia. Traditionally, coal was the leading mined product, but many coal mines closed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Salt and anhydrite production meet a wide demand, and the provincial gypsum deposits yield about three-fourths of Canada’s supply. There are significant resources of barite and construction materials, such as sand and gravel. The continent’s first tidal energy project, completed in 1984 near Annapolis Royal, harnesses the tides of the Bay of Fundy to enhance the province’s hydroelectric energy output. Natural gas is pumped from wells located off Sable Island and carried to the mainland via pipeline.
Manufacturing, services, labour, and taxation
Food processing, wood- and paper-related industries, metal production, and many smaller industries provide a solid manufacturing base to the provincial economy. However, most of the labour force is employed in public and private services. Tourism is a particularly strong service industry, with more than a million people visiting the province each year. More than one-fourth of provincial workers are employed in knowledge-based service industries, such as telecommunications, computer technology, and education. In fact, more Nova Scotians work as teachers and university professors than as fish-processing, forestry, and construction workers combined. Also significant for the economy are several Canadian Forces military bases located within the province.
Provincial income is derived from two main sources: various provincial taxes and fees and the federal government. Important taxes levied by the province include personal and corporate income taxes, a sales tax, and a fuel tax.
Transportation and telecommunications
Shipping remains a major enterprise in Nova Scotia. Point Tupper accommodates the world’s largest oil carriers, and Halifax, a railroad terminus and year-round ice-free port, has facilities for all types of vessels, including huge container ships. Other transportation needs are served by a network of paved highways, by a trucking industry that has largely displaced local rail service, and by an international airport at Halifax and several smaller airports. Car and passenger ferries operate between Nova Scotia and ports in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the U.S. state of Maine .
Ships docked in Halifax Harbour at Dartmouth, N.S.
K. Wright/Comstock
Nova Scotia has a highly developed, fully digital telecommunications system that features a provincewide fibre-optic network. Cellular telephone service and high-speed Internet access are widely available.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Nova Scotia’s governmental structure is similar to that of all Canadian provinces. A lieutenant governor appointed by the federal government serves as representative of the crown and titular head of state. The premier, who is the leader of the party in power in the provincial assembly, selects a cabinet from among the elected party. While judges of the province’s higher courts are federally appointed, the provincial government appoints judges to lower courts; judges normally serve until retirement. Government employees are recruited through a nonpolitical civil service.
Since Canadian confederation there have been two major political parties in Nova Scotia: the Liberals and the Conservatives (later known as the Progressive Conservatives ). The New Democratic Party experienced dramatic growth in the late 20th century.
Health and welfare
In 1969 Nova Scotia joined the federal medical care program. The premium is paid from the province’s general revenues, and insured services include all medically necessary procedures and care. The province provides facilities for mental health, dental care, tuberculosis control, and other public health services. Nova Scotia’s welfare services, similar to those in other provinces, cover old-age assistance, allowances for the blind and disabled, social assistance, social development, child welfare and adoptions, and services for single parents.
Education
The nondenominational system of compulsory, free public education, dating from the mid-19th century, provides Nova Scotians with high-quality education from kindergarten through grade 12. In areas of the province where demand is sufficient, education is available in French as part of the publicly funded school system. Higher education is offered by a system of technical schools and community colleges, as well as by the largest number of universities per capita of any province in Canada. Dalhousie University in Halifax is the largest; it offers a variety of programs, including law, medicine, nursing, and dentistry. Sainte-Anne University is Nova Scotia’s only French-language university. St. Francis Xavier University , in Antigonish, has attracted international interest in its adult-education programs, while Acadia University , in Wolfville, has become a leader in Canada in the use of technology in learning. With many programs designed specifically for women, Mount Saint Vincent University, in Halifax, is the only university in Canada to make the education of women its focus.
Cultural life
The cultural life of Nova Scotia is rich and varied, reflecting both the cultural diversity of its people and the strong sense of its past. Traditional aspects of Scottish and Acadian culture are particularly vibrant. A number of provincial organizations do much to encourage cultural and artistic development.
In the last decades of the 20th century a major revival of interest in Celtic music began, with singers and musicians (especially fiddlers) from Cape Breton becoming well known nationally and internationally. St. Francis Xavier University offers courses in Celtic studies, and the Gaelic College in St. Ann’s, Cape Breton, teaches Celtic piping, singing, dancing, and handicrafts. Clan gatherings take place annually at St. Ann’s to celebrate the Gaelic Mod, a festival of Highland folk arts.
Children participating in a Highland dancing competition, Antigonish, N.S., Can.
Jan Butchofsky-Houser/Corbis
Acadian culture, fostered by a French-language school system, French-language radio and television stations, and local festivals, remains an important part of the life of the province. The late 20th century witnessed a renewed interest in the culture and traditions of the Mi’kmaq. Nova Scotia’s black community has retained a strong sense of its own traditions as well.
Major cultural institutions include the Neptune Theatre and the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, both in Halifax, and the Nova Scotia Museum system. Live theatre flourishes in many centres in the province, especially during the summer months. Artists and writers have found the province both a congenial place in which to live and a stimulating climate in which to work.
Several impressive historic sites belonging to Canada’s national parks system reflect the rich history of the region. These include a reconstruction of the 1605 French habitation at Port Royal, the reconstructed fortress of Louisbourg , the Halifax Citadel, the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site at Baddeck (where the Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell had a summer home), and the Grand-Pré National Historic Site in the Annapolis Valley (a centre of Acadian settlement and deportation in the 18th century). Another significant historic site is Old Town Lunenburg, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. In addition, there are a number of provincial museums, and most communities have museums reflective of local history.
Restored fortress of Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
© E. Otto/Comstock Photofile Limited
Cape Breton Highlands National Park and Kejimkujik National Park provide popular scenic and wilderness experiences. There is also an extensive system of provincial parks. Popular sporting and recreational activities include football (soccer), golf , hockey, kayaking and canoeing, walking, and gardening.
There are a great many community newspapers and a number of local radio stations in the province. The region also is well served by the provincial newspaper The Chronicle Herald of Halifax as well as by radio and television affiliates of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and Canadian Television (CTV) networks.
History
After thousands of years of occupation by aboriginal peoples, the region came to the attention of Europeans, perhaps during the Viking voyages of c. ad 1000 and certainly by the late 15th century. The rich fisheries of the coast provided the major impetus for European involvement in the area. In the early 17th century, a group of French merchants led by Pierre du Gua, sieur de Monts, and assisted by the explorer Samuel de Champlain , established trading posts in the region; one founded at Port Royal (near present-day Annapolis Royal) in 1605 was the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida. In 1621 the English king James I granted the area to a Scottish nobleman, Sir William Alexander . This led to a brief, unsuccessful Scottish settlement at Port Royal (1629–32).
French settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, from a map by Marc Lescarbot, 1609.
Library of Congress, Rare Book Division
For the next century and a half, the region was a focal point for French-English rivalry for control of North America. This struggle for control retarded European settlement of the region and greatly altered the lives of the French settlers, or Acadians. The territory passed back and forth between France and England until 1713, when one of the treaties of Utrecht conveyed mainland Nova Scotia to the English for the last time, although conflict continued for another 50 years. The French retained Cape Breton Island , where they built the powerful fortress of Louisbourg , which the English attempted to counter by the founding in 1749 of Halifax as the new administrative and military centre of their colony. In the 1750s the English expelled the Acadians from the region—an event romanticized and popularized by the New England poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his narrative poem Evangeline.
Offers of free land attracted immigrants from the British Isles, the Germanic states, and New England; these newcomers gave the colony its first substantial Protestant population. By the time of the American Revolution , New Englanders constituted roughly two-thirds of Nova Scotia’s population. In spite of some support for the revolution, the colony remained largely passive during the conflict, and approximately 35,000 loyalists immigrated to the province from the revolting colonies to the south. Meanwhile, Prince Edward Island had split off from Nova Scotia in 1769, and New Brunswick and Cape Breton followed in 1784; the last was reunited with Nova Scotia in 1820. In 1848 Nova Scotia became the first British colony in which the administration of government was responsible to the majority in the House of Assembly, the representative branch of colonial government. Despite opposition from some economic and political leaders, confederation with the colonies of New Brunswick and Canada (present-day Quebec and Ontario ) was carried out in 1867.
As a separate British colony, Nova Scotia had prospered from its forestry, fisheries, and shipbuilding for the first two-thirds of the 19th century. Under the Reciprocity Treaty (1854) between the Canadian colonies and the United States, the north-south flow of commerce and Nova Scotia’s normal market and supply source in New England seemed secure. The colony benefited further from the increased demand by both the North and the South of the United States during the American Civil War . However, the termination of reciprocity in 1866 and changing continental and world trade patterns eroded much of Nova Scotia’s traditional economy. The linking of Nova Scotia with central Canada via the railway did not bring all the expected benefits to the region; rather, it helped to make the province more economically dependent on Quebec and Ontario. The late 19th century witnessed the extensive industrialization of parts of Nova Scotia, but in general the early 20th century saw the consolidation of financial and industrial power in Montreal and Toronto . The extensive out-migration of Nova Scotians, mainly to the New England states and western Canada, was a sign of the troubled economy.
During both of the 20th-century World Wars, Halifax played a key role in the transportation of men and supplies to Europe; the city experienced unprecedented prosperity as a result. During World War I , much of the city was destroyed when two ships collided in Halifax Harbour on Dec. 6, 1917. The collision resulted in the largest man-made explosion in history prior to the advent of the atomic bomb. More than 1,500 Haligonians were killed.
At the turn of the 21st century, Nova Scotia’s population and economy continued to experience modest growth. The large potential of offshore gas reserves and an expanding technology-based industrial sector augured well for the future of the province, as did the tourism industry. However, increasing difficulties posed by border security and the high cost of gasoline led to a decline in the number of American tourists visiting the province.
Nova Scotia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
The sea is always close at hand in Nova Scotia, one of the four original Canadian provinces. Except for a narrow isthmus connecting it with New Brunswick, the province is surrounded by salt water. The Bay of Fundy, the Atlantic Ocean, or the Northumberland Strait is never more than 35 miles (56 kilometers) away from any spot in Canada’s "Ocean Playground." Noel, a village on the Minas Basin, has one of the world’s highest tides. The tides bring in fish, wash amethysts and agates from cliffs, and uncover dulse-a coarse red seaweed that when dried is eaten like popcorn.
Article Contributors
| i don't know |
The coffee shop ‘Central Perk’ features in which US television series? | BBC - Travel - Friends' Central Perk café finally a reality
Food & Drink
Friends' Central Perk café finally a reality
Through 18 October fans of the hit TV series can sit and sip on the famous orange couch at a pop up created to celebrate the show’s 20th anniversary.
By Liz Borod Wright
19 September 2014
Few fans of the Friends television show may have dared to dream that one day they would sit and sip on the famous orange couch at Central Perk, the coffeehouse where the character Rachel worked at the start of this culturally defining show. But through 18 October in New York City, devotees will have the opportunity to do just that – with free coffee, no less – at the Central Perk pop-up created by Warner Bros and Eight O’Clock Coffee to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the show's premiere.
Operating in trendy Soho, about a mile east of the West Village, where Central Perk was supposedly located on the show, the coffee shop features the official couch from the Friends set (get there early to nab a seat), as well as the original neon signage and ornate espresso maker. With its bright lights and colour palette, the set has been replicated so closely that James Michael Tyler, who played the barista Gunther, said he found it surreal to be there.
View image of James Michael Tyler, who played the barista Gunther (Credit: ©2014 WBEI. All Rights Reserved.)
“I walked in yesterday morning and I was like, ‘Oh wow, this is really a little too close,’ and it started flooding back all of the memories,” he said. “And the smell of coffee… It brought me back, and I had my white hair for the first time in 10 years.” Tyler had bleached his medium-brown hair every week for the show's 10-year run.
Tyler will be making special appearances throughout the pop up's life, but the dates have not been announced. There will also be weekly in-store performances in homage to Phoebe’s well-known “Smelly Cat” tune, in addition to frequent contests and giveaways.
View image of Iconic costumes and props on display (Credit: ©2014 WBEI. All Rights Reserved.)
The space itself is a mini-museum. There’s a costume section with Phoebe’s polka-dot suede jacket, among others, that also includes Joey’s Pat the Dog statue and Phoebe’s guitar. A glass-encased display showcases detailed props such as Ross’ Freebie List, Rachel’s sonogram and Monica and Chandler’s wedding invitation and rings.
View image of Detailed props on display (Credit: Liz Borod Wright)
Fans who can’t make a pilgrimage to New York City can view – but not enter – the Central Perk set on the Warner Bros VIP Studio Tour in Los Angeles. Or fans can go to the other two permanent, official Central Perks in England: Liverpool opened in April 2012 and Chester in April 2013. Entrepreneur and superfan Du Xin opened a Central Perk in Beijing in 2010 on the sixth floor of an apartment building and also made a replica of Joey’s apartment. The coffee shop was such a success that Xin opened a second café in Shanghai in 2012.
| Friends |
What were the first names of Scottish author A J Cronin? | Central Perk Is Real! You Can Hang Out at Friends' Iconic Coffee Shop in NYC | E! News
Central Perk Is Real! You Can Hang Out at Friends' Iconic Coffee Shop in NYC
By
Email
NBC
It's no secret that Friends is one of the best shows that has ever graced our TV sets...ever. And if you don't agree, you can leave now, kthanksbye.
It's one of our wildest dreams to get to live in the Friends version of New York City, drink coffee in Central Perk and hang out on the orange couch with six of our closest friends: Monica, Rachel, Phoebe, Ross, Chandler and Joey.
And now, our dream is finally becoming our reality!
Well, almost. We can't actually hang out with Monica, Rachel, Phoebe, Ross, Chandler and Joey since they're fictional characters. (Don't you hate it when that happens?) But we can go to Central Perk!
VIDEO: A Friends reunion will never happen, co-creator Marta Kauffman says
Warner Bros. TV is teaming up with coffee brand Eight O'Clock Coffee to grant our ultimate wish of living in the Friends universe by opening up a Central Perk pop-up shop to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Friends premiere. (Yeah, it's been 20 years...let that sink in for a moment!)
The event, perfectly titled "The One With the Free Coffee," features a pop-up replica of the neighborhood coffee shop we all know and love from 10 seasons of the hit comedy, which will be serving free cups of Eight O' Clock Coffee—including their limited-edition Central Perk Roast, specially created for the occasion.
Any lucky Friends fans who live in NYC can stop by the fully functioning pop-up Central Perk coffee shop at 199 Lafayette Street at the corner of Broome Street in Manhattan's SoHo neighborhood. Doors open to the public on Wednesday, Sept. 17, following a special media preview Monday and Tuesday, Sept. 15-16, and will remain open through Saturday, Oct. 18. Central Perk will be open Mondays-Fridays, 8 a.m.-8 p.m., and Saturdays-Sundays, 10 a.m.-8 p.m.
NEWS: Wait a minute! Were Friends, Seinfeld and Mad About You connected?
Plus, the pop-up shop features more than just free coffee (which is already a huge win in our book). Fans can also check out signature props from the show in the decorated storefront, relax on the iconic orange couch, listen to life performances à la "Smelly Cat," win prizes through in-store promotions and contests and even hang out with Friends star James Michael Tyler, aka Gunther! Come on, Central Perk wouldn't be Central Perk without its iconic barista. (But before you ask, no, he won't be serving the coffee, just enjoying it.)
If you're a Friends fan who doesn't live in New York, time to book your flights and get yourself to Central Perk ASAP! This is seriously a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. But there's also a cheaper option to enjoy the Friends anniversary, as fans all over the country can buy bags of the limited edition coffee at grocery and mass merchandise stores nationwide and online .
Brazil
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our US edition?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Canadian edition?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our UK edition?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Australian edition?
E! ist überall
Dieser Inhalt ist für internationale Besucher verfügbar. Möchtest du ihn in der deutschen Version anschauen?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our German edition?
E! est partout
Une version adaptée de ce contenu est disponible pour notre public international. Souhaitez-vous voir ça dans notre édition française ?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our French edition?
Yes!
| i don't know |
What type of weather condition was known as a ‘London Particular’? | Weather Glossary – Terms & Definitions
Home Weather Weather Glossary – Terms & Definitions
Weather Glossary – Terms & Definitions
Below is a list of weather terms that are described in weather reports, forecasts and readings. This data is collected from: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service; the Met Office in the United Kingdom; Canada’s Weather Office; and the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology.
Top
Acid rain
Cloud or rain droplets containing pollutants, such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, to make them acidic (eg. pH < 5.6).
Afternoon
Noon to sunset.
Arctic air
A mass of very cold, dry air that usually originates over the Arctic Ocean north of Canada and Alaska.
Arctic high
Top
Ball lightning
A relatively rarely seen form of lightning, generally consisting of an orange or reddish ball of the order of a few cm to 30cm in diameter and of moderate luminosity, which may move up to 1 m/s horizontally with a lifetime of a second or two.
Barber pole
A thunderstorm updraft with a visual appearance including cloud striations that are curved in a manner similar to the stripes of a barber pole. The structure typically is most pronounced on the leading edge of the updraft, while drier air from the rear flank downdraft often erodes the clouds on the trailing side of the updraft.
Barometer
An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Barometric pressure
The actual pressure value indicated by a pressure sensor.
Bitterly cold
In winter, bitterly cold or very cold, refers to more than seven degrees Celsius below normal.
Black ice
Thin, new ice that forms on fresh water or dew covered surfaces; it is common on roadways during the fall and early winter and appears "black" because of its transparency.
Blizzard
Includes winter storm conditions of sustained winds or frequent gusts of 35 mph or more that cause major blowing and drifting of snow, reducing visibility to less than one-quarter mile for 3 or more hours. Extremely cold temperatures often are associated with dangerous blizzard conditions. In Canada, a blizzard described as a severe storm that lasts three or more hours, and brings low temperatures, strong winds and poor visibility due to blowing snow. In Australia, it is described as a violent and very cold wind which is loaded with snow, some of which has been raised from snow covered ground.
Blocking high
A high pressure area (anticyclone), often aloft, that remains nearly stationary or moves slowly compared to west-to-east motion. It blocks the movement eastward movement of low pressure areas (cyclones) at its latitude.
Blowing Dust
Dust that is raised by the wind to moderate heights above the ground to a degree that horizontal visibility decreases to less than seven miles. Visibilities of 1/8 mile or less over a widespread area are criteria for a Blowing Dust Advisory.
Blowing sand
Sand particles picked up from the surface of the earth by the wind to moderate heights above the ground, reducing the reported horizontal visibility to less than seven statute miles.
Blowing snow
Wind driven snow that reduces visibility to six miles or less causing significant drifting. Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground picked up by the wind. In Canada, it is described as snow that is lifted by the wind from the earth's surface to a height of two meters or more.
Blowing spray
Water droplets torn by the wind from a body of water, generally from the crests of waves, and carried up into the air in such quantities that they reduce the reported horizontal visibility to less than seven statute miles.
Blustery
Descriptive term for gusty winds that accompany cold weather.
Breezy
Wind in the range of 15 miles per hour to 25 mile per hour with mild or warm temperatures.
Brisk
Wind in the range of 15 to 25 miles per hour when the temperature is cold.
Broken clouds
The absence of apparent motion in the air.
Celsius
A temperature scale in which zero is the freezing point of water and one hundred is the boiling point.
Chinook
A Chinook is a warm, dry, gusty wind that occasionally occurs to the leeward side of a mountain range, particularly the Rocky Mountains.
Cirrus cloud
High cloud, delicate, hair-like and feathery looking.
Clear
Sky condition of less than 1/10 cloud coverage. In the United Kingdom, clear is defined as “No cloud”, and in Australia, it is defined as “Virtually cloud-free”.
Clear slot
A local region of clearing skies or reduced cloud cover, indicating an intrusion of drier air; often seen as a bright area with higher cloud bases on the west or southwest side of a wall cloud.
Climate
The prevalent long term weather conditions in a particular area. Climatic elements include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind velocity and phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms. Climate cannot be considered a satisfactory indicator of actual conditions since it is based upon a vast number of elements taken as an average.
Cloudburst
A sudden, intense rainfall that is normally of short duration.
Cloudy
Cloudy means that clouds cover more than 60 percent of the sky.
Coastal flood warning
Issued when there is widespread coastal flooding expected within 12 hours, more than just a typical overwash.
Cold
In the winter, cold refers to four to seven degrees Celsius below normal.
Cold Advection (CAA)
Transport of cold air into a region by horizontal winds.
Cold front
A narrow transition zone separating advancing colder air from retreating warmer air. The air behind a cold front is cooler and typically drier than the air it is replacing.
Cold low
A low pressure system with cold air mass from near the surface to all vertical levels (also called a cold core low).
Cold-air-funnel
A funnel cloud or (rarely) a small, relatively weak tornado that can develop from a small shower or thunderstorm when the air aloft is unusually cold (hence the name). They are much less violent than other types of tornadoes.
Collar cloud
Frequently used as a synonym for wall cloud, although it actually is a generally circular ring of cloud surrounding the upper portion of a wall cloud.
Combined seas
The combined height of swell and wind waves.
Condensation
The process by which water vapor becomes a liquid; the opposite of evaporation, which is the conversion of liquid to vapor. In Australia, it is described as a change from a gas to a liquid.
Confluence
A pattern of wind flow in which air flows inward toward an axis oriented parallel to the general direction of flow. It is the opposite of difluence. Confluence is not the same as convergence. Winds often accelerate as they enter a confluent zone, resulting in speed divergence which offsets the (apparent) converging effect of the confluent flow.
Congestus (or Cumulus congestus)
A large cumulus cloud with great vertical development, usually with a cauliflower-like appearance, but lacking the characteristic anvil shaped top of a Cb (Cumulonimbus cloud).
Continental air mass
A dry air mass originating over a large land area.
Convection
The transfer of heat within the air by its movement. The term is used specifically to describe vertical transport of heat and moisture, especially by updrafts and downdrafts in an unstable atmosphere.
Convergence
An atmospheric condition that exists when the winds cause a horizontal net inflow of air into a specified region. Divergence is the opposite, where winds cause a horizontal net outflow of air from a specified region.
Cumulonimbus Cloud
A vertically developed cloud, often capped by an anvil shaped cloud. Also called a thunderstorm cloud, it is frequently accompanied by heavy showers, lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail or gusty winds. In Australia, it is described as a heavy, puffy, heaped, dark cloud of great vertical depth, often bringing rain. Some have a distinctive anvil shaped head.
Cumulus cloud
A cloud in the shape of individual detached domes, with a flat base and a bulging upper portion resembling cauliflower. In Australia, it is described as a cloud with a woolly, heaped appearance that often produces rain.
Cumulus congestus
A large cumulus cloud with great vertical development, usually with a cauliflower-like appearance, but lacking the characteristic anvil shaped top of a Cb (Cumulonimbus cloud).
Cyclone
An area of low pressure around which winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Also the term used for a hurricane in the Indian Ocean and in the Western Pacific Ocean. In Australia, it is described as atmospheric circulations that rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere, and anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere. Cyclones are areas of lower pressure and generally associated with stronger winds, unsettled conditions, cloudiness and rainfall.
Day of the week (eg. Monday)
Midnight to midnight.
Debris cloud
A rotating "cloud" of dust or debris, near or on the ground, often appearing beneath a condensation funnel and surrounding the base of a tornado.
Dense fog
A fog in which the visibility is less than one-quarter mile.
Depression
A region of low atmospheric pressure that is usually accompanied by low clouds and precipitation.
Dew point
The temperature to which the air must be cooled for water vapor to condense and form fog or clouds.
Diamond dust
A fall of non-branched (snow crystals are branched) ice crystals in the form of needles, columns, or plates.
Difluence
A pattern of wind flow in which air moves outward (in a "fan-out" pattern) away from a central axis that is oriented parallel to the general direction of the flow. It is the opposite of confluence.
Disturbance
A disruption of the atmosphere that usually refers to a low pressure area, cool air and inclement weather.
Downburst
A strong downdraft resulting in an outward burst of damaging winds on or near the ground. Downburst winds can produce damage similar to a strong tornado.
Downdraft
A column of generally cool air that rapidly sinks to the ground, usually accompanied by precipitation as in a shower or thunderstorm.
Downslope wind
Air that descends an elevated plain and consequently warms and dries. Occurs when prevailing wind direction is from the same direction as the elevated terrain and often produces fair weather conditions.
Draft
A draft is a small gusty air current that moves upward or downward abruptly; hence the terms updraft and downdraft.
Drifting snow
Uneven distribution of snowfall caused by strong surface winds. Drifting snow does not reduce visibility. In Canada, it is defined as snow blown to a height of less than two meters.
Drizzle
Small, slowly falling water droplets, with diameters between .2 and .5 millimeters. In Australia, it is defined as fairly uniform precipitation (rain) composed exclusively of very small water droplets (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) very close to one another.
Drought
Abnormally dry weather in a region over an extended period sufficient to cause a serious hydrological (water cycle) imbalance in the affected area. This can cause such problems as crop damage and water-supply shortage. In Australia, it is defined as the prolonged absence or marked deficiency of precipitation (rain).
Dry
Free from rain. Normally used when preceding weather has also been relatively dry and dry weather is expected to continue for a day or so.
Dust storm
An area where high surface winds have picked up loose dust, reducing visibility to less than one-half mile. In Australia, it is described as a storm which carries large amounts of dust into the atmosphere.
A basic forecast of general weather conditions three to five days in the future.
Extratropical cyclone
A storm that forms outside the tropics, sometimes as a tropical storm or hurricane changes. See table below for differences between extratropical and tropical cyclones.
Top
Fahrenheit
The standard scale used to measure temperature in the United States; in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212 degrees.
Fair
Describes weather in which there is less than 4/10ths of opaque cloud cover, no precipitation, and there is no extreme visibility, wind or temperature conditions.
Fall wind
A strong, cold, downslope wind.
Fine
No rain or other precipitation (hail, snow etc.). The use of fine is generally avoided in excessively cloudy, windy, foggy or dusty conditions. In particular note that fine means the absence of rain or other precipitation such as hail or snow - not 'good' or 'pleasant' weather.
Flash flood
A flood that occurs within a few hours (usually less than six) of heavy or excessive rainfall, dam or levee failure or water released from an ice jam.
Flood
A condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or artificial confines of a stream or river; the water also may accumulate by drainage over low-lying areas.
Flood crest
The highest stage or flow occurring in a flood.
Flurry
A flurry or snow shower is a snowfall that suddenly stops and starts and changes rapidly in intensity; the accumulation and extent of the snow are limited.
Fog
Water that has condensed close to ground level, producing a cloud of very small droplets that reduces visibility to less than one km (three thousand and three hundred feet). In Canada, fog is defined as a cloud at ground level, and occurs when air is cooled to its dew point and below, or when atmospheric moisture increases through evaporation from water that is warmer than the air. In the United Kingdom, fog is described to occur when visibility less than one kilometer. In Australia, it is defined as a dense mass of small water droplets or particles in the lower atmosphere.
Fogbow
A rainbow that has a white band that appears in fog, and is fringed with red on the outside and blue on the inside.
Forecast
A forecast provides a description of the most significant weather conditions expected during the current and following days. The exact content depends upon the intended user, such as the Public or Marine forecast audiences.
Freeze
Occurs when the surface air temperature is expected to be 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below over a widespread area for a significant period of time. In Australia, the term “freeze” is defined as the change from a liquid to a solid.
Freezing
The change in a substance from a liquid to a solid state.
Freezing drizzle
Drizzle that falls in liquid form and then freezes upon impact with the ground or an item with a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit or less, possibly producing a thin coating of ice. Even in small amounts, freezing drizzle may cause traveling problems.
Freezing fog
A suspension of numerous minute ice crystals in the air, or water droplets at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, based at the Earth's surface, which reduces horizontal visibility; also called ice fog.
Freezing level
The altitude in the atmosphere where the temperature drops to 32F.
Freezing rain
Rain that freezes on objects such as trees, cars and roads, forming a coating or glaze of ice. Temperatures at higher levels are warm enough for rain to form, but surface temperatures are below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, causing the rain to freeze on impact. In Canada, freezing rain is described to occur when the air temperature is below zero Celsius near the ground but above zero Celsius higher up.
Front
The boundary or transition zone between two different air masses. The basic frontal types are cold fronts, warm fronts and occluded fronts.
Frost
The formation of thin ice crystals on the ground or other surfaces. Frost develops when the temperature of the exposed surface falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit and water vapor is deposited as a solid.
Frost point
When the temperature to which air must be cooled to in order to be saturated is below freezing.
Fujita scale
System developed by Dr Theodore Fujita to classify tornadoes based on wind damage. Scale is from F0 for weakest to F5 for strongest tornadoes.
Fujiwhara effect
The Fujiwhara effect describes the rotation of two storms around each other.
Funnel cloud
A rotating, cone-shaped column of air extending downward from the base of a thunderstorm but not touching the ground. When it reaches the ground it is called a tornado.
Sustained wind speeds from 34 to 47 knots (39 to 54 mph).
Glaze
a layer or coating of ice that is generally smooth and clear, and forms on exposed objects by the freezing of liquid raindrops.
Global warming
A theory that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing an elevation in the Earth's surface temperature.
Good visibility
More than 10 kilometers.
Greenhouse effect
The warming of the atmosphere by the trapping of longwave radiation (heat) being radiated to space. The gases most responsible for this effect are water vapor and carbon dioxide.
Ground fog
Shallow fog (less than twenty feet deep) produced over the land by the cooling of the lower atmosphere as it comes in contact with the ground. Also known as radiation fog.
Gust
A brief sudden increase in wind speed. Generally the duration is less than 20 seconds and the fluctuation greater than 10 miles per hour. In Canada, gust is defined as a sudden, brief increase in wind speed that generally lasts less than 20 seconds. In Australia, gust is defined as any sudden increase of wind of short duration, usually a few seconds.
Gustnado
Gust front tornado. A small tornado, usually weak and short-lived, that occurs along the gust front of a thunderstorm. Often it is visible only as a debris cloud or dust whirl near the ground.
Top
Hail
Precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice produced by liquid precipitation, freezing and being coated by layers of ice as it is lifted and cooled in strong updrafts of thunderstorms.
Haze
Fine dust or salt particles in the air that reduce visibility. In Canada, haze is defined to consist of fine particles of dust and pollution suspended in the atmosphere, and is distinguished from fog by its bluish or yellowish tinge.
Heat balance
The equilibrium existing between the radiation received and emitted by a planetary system.
Heat index
An index that combines air temperature and humidity to give an apparent temperature (how hot it feels).
Heat island
A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban area caused by the heat absorbed by structures and pavement.
Heat lightning
Lightning that can be seen, but is too far away for the thunder to be heard.
Heat wave
A period of abnormally hot weather lasting several days.
Heavy snow
Depending on the region of the USA, this generally means that four or more inches of snow has accumulated in 12 hours, or six or more inches of snow in 24 hours.
Heavy snow warning
Older terminology replaced by winter storm warning for heavy snow. Issued when seven or more inches of snow or sleet is expected in the next 24 hours. A warning is used for winter weather conditions posing a threat to life and property.
Heavy surf
the result of large waves breaking on or near the shore resulting from swells or produced by a distant storm.
High
An area of high pressure, usually accompanied by anticyclonic and outward wind flow. Also known as an anticyclone. In Canada, a high is described as an area of high atmospheric pressure with a closed, clockwise movement of air.
High cloud
High risk (of severe thunderstorm)
Severe weather is expected to affect more than 10 percent of the area.
High wind warning
Issued when sustained winds from 40 to 73 mph are expected for at least one hour; or any wind gusts are expected to reach 58 miles per hour or more.
High wind watch
Issued when conditions are favorable for the development of high winds over all of or part of the forecast area but the occurrence is still uncertain. The criteria of a high wind watch are listed under the high wind warning and should include the area affected, the reason for the watch and the potential impact of the winds.
Hot or very warm
In summer, hot or very warm means more than seven degrees Celsius above normal.
Hot spot
Typically large areas of pavement, these "hot spots" are heated much quicker by the sun than surrounding grasses and forests. As a result, air rises upwards from the relatively hot surface of the pavement, reaches its condensation level, condenses, and forms a cloud above the "hot spot".
Humidity
The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. In Canada, it is described as the amount of moisture in the air.
Hurricane
A severe tropical cyclone with sustained winds over 74 miles per hour (64 knots). Normally applied to such storms in the Atlantic Basin and the Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line.
Hygrometer
Top
Ice crystals
Ice crystals are tiny sprinkles that sparkle in the sunshine like diamond dust and hang in the air.
Ice fog
A suspension of numerous minute ice crystals in the air, or water droplets at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, based at the Earth's surface, which reduces horizontal visibility. Usually occurs at -20 degrees Fahrenheit and below.
Ice pellets
Precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, which are round or irregular, rarely conical, and which have a diameter of 0.2 inch (five millimeters), or less. There are two main types. Hard grains of ice consisting of frozen raindrops and pellets of snow encased in a thin layer of ice.
Ice storm
Liquid rain falling and freezing on contact with cold objects creating ice build-ups of 1/4th inch or more that can cause severe damage.
Ice storm warning
Older terminology replaced by winter storm warning for severe icing. Issued when 1/2 inch or more of accretion of freezing rain is expected. This may lead to dangerous walking or driving conditions and the pulling down of power lines and trees. A warning is used for winter weather conditions posing a threat to life and property.
Indian summer
An unseasonably warm period near the middle of autumn, usually following a substantial period of cool weather.
Inflow bands (or feeder bands)
Bands of low clouds, arranged parallel to the low-level winds and moving into or toward a thunderstorm.
Insolation
Incoming solar radiation. Solar heating; sunshine.
Instability
A state of the atmosphere in which convection takes place spontaneously, leading to cloud formation and precipitation.
Intermittent rain
Intermittent rain stops and starts repeatedly, although not as abruptly or as frequently as showers.
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
The region where the northeasterly and southeasterly trade winds converge, forming an often continuous band of clouds or thunderstorms near the equator.
Inversion
An increase in temperature with height. The reverse of the normal cooling with height in the atmosphere. Temperature inversions trap atmospheric pollutants in the lower troposphere, resulting in higher concentrations of pollutants at ground levels than would usually be experienced.
Iridescence
Brilliant patches of green or pink sometimes seen near the edges of high- or medium-level clouds.
Isentropic lift
Lifting of air that is traveling along an upward-sloping isentropic surface. Situations involving isentropic lift often are characterized by widespread stratiform clouds and precipitation.
Top
Jet stream
Strong winds concentrated within a narrow band in the upper atmosphere. It normally refers to horizontal, high-altitude winds. The jet stream often "steers" surface features such as front and low pressure systems.
Wind blowing down an incline, such as down a hillside; downslope wind.
Katafront
A front (usually a cold front) at which the warm air descents the frontal surface.
Killing frost
Frost severe enough to end the growing season. This usually occurs at temperatures below 28 degrees Fahrenheit. In Canada, a killing frost is described as a frost severe enough to destroy annual plants and new growth on trees (in the spring) or to end the growing season (in the fall).
Knot
A measure of speed. It is one nautical mile per hour (1.15 miles per hour). A nautical mile is one minute of one degree of latitude.
A cooling of the equatorial waters in the Pacific Ocean.
Land breeze
A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. Also known as an offshore breeze. It occurs when the land is cooler than the water.
Late
From sunset (winter), from two hours before sunset (summer).
Leeward
Situated away from the wind; downwind - opposite of windward.
Left Mover
A thunderstorm which moves to the left relative to the steering winds and to other nearby thunderstorms; often the northern part of a splitting storm.
Lifting
The forcing of air in a vertical direction by an upslope in terrain or by the movement of a denser air mass.
Lifting condensation level
The level in the atmosphere where a lifted air parcel reaches its saturation point, and as a result, the water vapor within condenses into water droplets.
Lightning
Any form of visible electrical discharges produced by thunderstorms.
Likely
In probability of precipitation statements, the equivalent of a 60 or 70 percent chance.
Low
An area of low pressure, usually accompanied by cyclonic and inward wind flow. Also known as a cyclone.
Low cloud
Stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus and cumulonimbus.
Low-level jet
Top
Mainly cloudy
More than half cloud cover but with some breaks in the cloud. It can also be described as cloudy with some sunny periods.
Mainly sunny
Mainly sunny means sunny with some cloudy periods.
Mammatus (or mamma clouds)
These clouds appear as hanging, rounded protuberances or pouches on the under-surface of a cloud. With thunderstorms, mammatus are seen on the underside of the anvil. These clouds do not produce tornadoes, funnels, hail, or any other type of severe weather, although they often accompany severe thunderstorms.
Maritime air mass
An air mass that forms over water. It is usually humid, and may be cold or warm.
Maximum temperature
The highest temperature during a specified time period.
Mean temperature
The average of a series of temperatures taken over a period of time, such as a day or a month.
Medium cloud
Altostratus, altocumulus and nimbostratus.
Meteorology
The study of the physics, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere and the direct effects of the atmosphere upon the Earth's surface, the oceans, and life in general.
Mild
In winter, mild refers to four to seven degrees Celsius above normal.
Minimum temperature
The lowest temperature during a specified time period.
Mist
Consists of microscopic water droplets suspended in the air, which produces a thin grayish veil over the landscape. It reduces visibility to a lesser extent than fog. In Australia, it is described as similar to fog, but visibility remains more than a kilometer.
Moderate risk
Severe thunderstorms are expected to affect between five and 10 percent of the area.
Moderate visibility
Five to 10 kilometers’ visibility.
Monsoon
A persistent seasonal wind, often responsible for seasonal precipitation regime. It is most commonly used to describe meteorological changes in southern and eastern Asia.
Morning
Sunrise to noon or midnight to noon depending on context.
Mountain breeze
System of winds that blow downhill during the night.
Muggy
Colloquially descriptive of warm and especially humid weather.
Multivortex tornado
A tornado in which two or more condensation funnels or debris clouds are present at the same time, often rotating about a common center or about each other. Multiple-vortex tornadoes can be especially damaging.
Mushroom
No weather information available for this time slot.
Normal
The long-term average value of a meteorological element for a certain area. For example, "temperatures are normal for this time of year" Usually averaged over 30 years.
Top
Offshore breeze
A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. Also known as a land breeze.
Offshore forecast
A marine weather forecast for the waters between 60 and 250 miles off the coast.
Onshore breeze
A wind that blows from a body of water towards the land. Also known as a sea breeze.
Outflow
Air that flows outward from a thunderstorm.
Outflow winds
Winds that blow down fjords and inlets from the land to the sea.
Overcast
Sky condition when greater than 9/10ths of the sky is covered by clouds. In Canada overcast means grey and dull skies, with extensive cloud cover.
Overrunning
A condition that exists when a relatively warm air mass moves up and over a colder and denser air mass on the surface. The result is usually low clouds, fog and steady, light precipitation.
Ozone
A form of oxygen in which the molecule is made of three atoms instead of the usual two. Ozone is usually found in the stratosphere, and responsible for filtering out much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is also a primary component of smog.
Ozone hole
Top
Partly cloudy
Sky condition when between 3/10ths and 7/10ths of the sky is covered. Used more frequently at night. In the United Kingdom, it is defined as less than half cloud cover.
Partly sunny
Similar to partly cloudy. Used to emphasize daytime sunshine.
Permafrost
A soil layer below the surface of tundra regions that remains frozen permanently.
Polar air
A mass of very cold, very dry air that forms in polar regions.
Polar front
The semi-permanent, semi-continuous front that encircles the northern hemisphere separating air masses of tropical and polar origin.
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
High altitude clouds that form in the stratosphere above Antarctica during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Their presence seems to initiate the ozone loss experienced during the ensuing southern hemisphere spring.
Polar vortex
A circumpolar wind circulation which isolates the Antarctic continent during the cold Southern Hemisphere winter, heightening ozone depletion.
Poor visibility
One to five kilometers’ visibility.
POP
Probability of Precipitation. Probability forecasts are subjective estimates of the chances of encountering measurable precipitation at some time during the forecast period.
Popcorn convection
Clouds, showers and thundershowers that form on a scattered basis with little or no apparent organization, usually during the afternoon in response to diurnal heating.
Precipitation
Liquid or solid water that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground.
Pressure
The force exerted by the interaction of the atmosphere and gravity. Also known as atmospheric pressure.
Pressure change
The net difference between pressure readings at the beginning and ending of a specified interval of time.
Pressure falling rapidly
A decrease in station pressure at a rate of 0.06 inch of mercury or more per hour which totals 0.02 inches or more.
Pressure rising rapidly
An increase in station pressure at a rate of 0.06 inch of mercury or more per hour which totals 0.02 inches or more.
Pressure tendency
The character and amount of atmospheric pressure change during a specified period of time, usually the three-hour period preceding an observation.
Prevailing westerlies
Winds in the middle latitudes (approximately 30 degrees to 60 degrees) that generally blow from west to east.
Prevailing wind
The direction from which the wind blows most frequently in any location.
Pulse storm
A thunderstorm within which a brief period (pulse) of strong updraft occurs, during and immediately after which the storm produces a short episode of severe weather. These storms generally are not tornado producers, but often produce large hail and/or damaging winds. See overshooting top, cyclic storm.
Top
Qualitative forecasts
Forecasts that provide only a categorical value for the predicted variable. Examples of this include “rain/no rain” and “cloudy/partly cloudy”.
Quantitative forecasts
Forecasts in which the “amount” of the forecast variable is specified.
Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF)
A forecast of rainfall, snowfall or liquid equivalent of snowfall.
Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)
Periodic variation in the direction, either easterly or westerly, of tropical lower stratospheric winds. The direction changes every 26 months.
Quasi-nonhydrostatic (QNH)
Pilots, air traffic control (ATC) and low frequency weather beacons use this pressure setting to refer to the barometric altimeter setting that causes the altimeter to read altitude above mean sea level within a certain defined region.
Quasi-stationary front
A front which is nearly stationary or moves very little since the last synoptic position. Also known as a stationary front.
Top
Radar
An instrument used to detect precipitation by measuring the strength of the electromagnetic signal reflected back. (RADAR= Radio Detection and Ranging).
Radiation
Energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves. Radiation has differing characteristics depending upon the wavelength. Radiation from the Sun has a short wavelength (ultra-violet) while energy re-radiated from the Earth's surface and the atmosphere has a long wavelength (infra-red).
Radiation fog
Fog produced over the land by the cooling of the lower atmosphere as it comes in contact with the ground. Also known as ground fog.
Rain
Liquid water droplets that fall from the atmosphere, having diameters greater than drizzle (0.5 mm). In Canada the term "rain", used alone, means liquid precipitation of significant duration and extent.
Rain gauge
An instrument used to measure rainfall amounts.
Rain showers
Rain showers stop and start suddenly and vary widely in intensity, and are gone in less than an hour.
Rainbow
Optical phenomena when light is refracted and reflected by moisture in the air into concentric arcs of color. Raindrops act like prisms, breaking the light into the colors of a rainbow, with red on the outer, and blue on the inner edge.
Relative humidity
The amount of water vapor in the air, compared to the amount the air could hold if it was totally saturated. It is expressed as a percentage.
Return flow
South winds on the back (west) side of an eastward-moving surface high pressure system. Return flow over the central and eastern United States typically results in a return of moist air from the Gulf of Mexico (or the Atlantic Ocean).
Ridge
An elongated area of high pressure in the atmosphere. Opposite of a trough.
River flood warning
Issued when main stem rivers are expected to reach a level above flood stage.
Roll cloud
A relatively rare, low-level horizontal, tube-shaped accessory cloud completely detached from the cumulonimbus base. When present, it is located along the gust front and most frequently observed on the leading edge of a line of thunderstorms. The roll cloud will appear to be slowly "rolling" about its horizontal axis. Roll clouds are not and do not produce tornadoes.
Top
Sandstorm
Particles of sand carried aloft by a strong wind. The sand particles are mostly confined to the lowest ten feet, and rarely rise more than fifty feet above the ground.
Saturation
A condition of the atmosphere in which a certain volume of air holds the maximum water vapor it can hold at a specific temperature.
Scattered
A cloud layer that covers between 3/8ths and 1/2 of the sky.
Scud clouds
Small, ragged, low cloud fragments that are unattached to a larger cloud base and often seen with and behind cold fronts and thunderstorm gust fronts. Such clouds generally are associated with cool moist air, such as thunderstorm outflow.
Sea breeze
A wind that blows from a sea or ocean towards a land mass. Also known as an onshore breeze. It occurs when the land is warmer than the water.
Sea-level pressure
The pressure value obtained by the theoretical reduction or increase of barometric pressure to sea-level.
Secondary cold front
A front that follows a primary cold front and ushers in even colder air.
Severe thunderstorm
A strong thunderstorm with wind gusts in excess of 58 mph (50 knots) and/or hail with a diameter of 3/4 inch or more.
Shallow fog
Fog in which the visibility at 6 feet above ground level is 5/8ths of a mile or more.
Shelf-cloud
A low-level horizontal accessory cloud that appears to be wedge-shaped as it approaches. It is usually attached to the thunderstorm base and forms along the gust front.
Short-fuse warning
A warning issued by the National Weather Service for a local weather hazard of relatively short duration. Short-fuse warnings include tornado warnings, severe thunderstorm warnings, and flash flood warnings. Tornado and severe thunderstorm warnings typically are issued for periods of an hour or less, flash flood warnings typically for three hours or less.
Shower
Precipitation that is intermittent, both in time, space or intensity.
Sky condition
The state of the sky in terms of such parameters as sky cover, layers and associated heights, ceiling, and cloud types.
Sleet
Rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet usually bounces when hitting a surface and does not stick to objects. Forms when snow enters a warm layer of air above the surface and melts and then enters a deep layer of sub freezing air near the surface and refreezes. In Australia, sleet refers to a mixture of rain and snow or falling snow that is melting into rain.
Slight chance
In probability of precipitation statements, usually equivalent to a 20 percent chance.
Slight risk (of severe thunderstorms)
Severe thunderstorms are expected to affect between two and five percent of the area. A slight risk generally implies that severe weather events are expected to be isolated.
Smog
Pollution formed by the interaction of pollutants and sunlight (photochemical smog), usually restricting visibility, and occasionally hazardous to health.
Smoke
A suspension in the air of small particles produced by combustion. A transition to haze may occur when smoke particles have traveled great distances (25 to 100 statute miles or more) and when the larger particles have settled out and the remaining particles have become widely scattered through the atmosphere.
Snow
Frozen precipitation composed of ice particles in complex hexagonal patterns. Snow forms in cold clouds by the direct transfer of water vapor to ice.
Snow burst
Very intense shower of snow, often of short duration, that greatly restricts visibility and produces periods of rapid snow accumulation.
Snow flurries
Light snow showers, usually of an intermittent nature and short duration with no measurable accumulation.
Snow grains
Light snow showers, usually of an intermittent nature and short duration with no measurable accumulation. In Canada, Snow grains are described as minute, white and opaque grains of ice. When they hit hard ground, they do not bounce or shatter. They usually fall in very small quantities, and never in the form of a shower.
Snow pellets
Precipitation of white, opaque grains of ice. The grains are round or sometimes conical. Diameters range from about 0.08 to 0.2 inch (2 to 5 mm). In Canada, snow pellets are brittle and easily crushed; when they fall on hard ground, they bounce and often break up. They always occur in showers and are often accompanied by snowflakes or rain drops, when the surface temperature is around zero degrees Celsius.
Snow shower
Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time. Some accumulation is possible.
Snow squalls
Intense, but of limited duration, periods of moderate to heavy snowfall, accompanied by strong, gusty surface winds and possible lightning. In Canada, it is described that a snow squall brings strong winds, flurries and poor visibility.
Snowfall
The depth of new snow that has accumulated since the previous day or since the previous observation.
Snowflake
White ice crystals that have combined in a complex branched hexagonal form.
Special marine warning
Issued for brief or sudden occurrence of sustained wind or frequent gusts of 34 knots or more. This is usually associated with severe thunderstorms or waterspouts.
Spray
An ensemble of water droplets torn by the wind from an extensive body of water, generally from the crests of waves, and carried up into the air in such quantities that it reduces the horizontal visibility.
Squall
A strong wind characterized by a sudden onset in which the wind speed increases at least 16 knots and is sustained at 22 knots or more for at least one minute. In Canada, a squall is defined as a strong, sudden wind which generally lasts a few minutes then quickly decreases in speed. In Australia, it is described as a sudden increase of the mean wind speed which lasts for several minutes at least before the mean wind returns to near its previous value.
Stability
An indication of how easily a parcel of air is lifted. If the air is very stable it is difficult to make the parcel rise. If the air is very unstable the parcel may rise on its own once started.
Stable air
Air with little or no tendency to rise, usually accompanied by clear dry weather.
Steam fog
Fog that is formed when water vapor is added to air which is much colder than the vapor's source. This is most common when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water.
Steering winds (steering currents)
A prevailing synoptic scale flow which governs the movement of smaller features embedded within it.
Storm
In marine usage, winds 48 knots (55 miles per hour) or greater.
Storm surge
A rise of the sea level alone the shore that builds up as a storm (usually a hurricane) moves over water. It is a result of the winds of the storm and low atmospheric pressures.
Storm warning
A marine wind warning for sustained winds greater of 48 knots (55 miles per hour) or more from a non-tropical system.
Straight line winds
Thunderstorm winds most often found with the gust front.
Subtropical storm
A low pressure system that develops in subtropical waters (north of 20 north degrees latitude) and initially has non-tropical features (see table below for a list of tropical features) but does have some element of a tropical cyclone's cloud structure (located close to the center rather than away from the center of circulation).
Sunny
Sunny or a few clouds means that less than half the sky has clouds.
Supercell
A severe thunderstorm whose updrafts and downdrafts are in near balance allowing the storm to maintain itself for several hours. Supercells often produce large hail and tornadoes.
Supersaturation
Top
Temperature
A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to a standard value.
Thunder
The sound caused by a lightning stroke as it heats the air and causes it to rapidly expand.
Thunderstorm
A storm with lightning and thunder produced by a Cumulonimbus cloud, usually producing gusty winds, heavy rain and sometimes hail. In Australia, they are described to be usually short-lived and hit on only a small area.
Tilted storm or tilted updraft
A thunderstorm or cloud tower which is not purely vertical but instead exhibits a slanted or tilted character. It is a sign of vertical wind shear, a favorable condition for severe storm development.
Today
Sunset to midnight.
Tornado
A violent rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud. A tornado does not require the visible presence of a funnel cloud. It has a typical width of tens to hundreds of meters and a lifespan of minutes to hours.
Trade winds
Persistent tropical winds that blow from the subtropical high pressure centers towards the equatorial low. They blow northeasterly in the northern hemisphere.
Tropical storm
An organized low pressure system in the tropics with wind speeds between 38 and 74 miles per hour. In Australia, it is a term used in the northern hemisphere for a tropical cyclone.
Tropical storm warning
A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours.
Trough
A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours. In Canada, it is described as an elongated area of relatively low pressure extending from the centre of a region of low pressure.
Trough
A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours. In Canada, it is described as an elongated area of relatively low pressure extending from the centre of a region of low pressure.
Turbulence
A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours.
Twister
A colloquial term for a tornado.
Typhoon
A hurricane that forms in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is a term used in Australia for a tropical cyclone in the northwestern Pacific with maximum winds above 117 kilometers per hour (63 knots).
In summer, warm refers to four to seven degrees Celsius above normal.
Warm front
A narrow transitions zone separating advancing warmer air from retreating cooler air. The air behind a warm front is warmer and typically more humid than the air it is replacing. In Canada, it is defined as the trailing edge of a retreating cold air mass and moves in such a way that the warmer air replaces the colder air.
Wave
In meteorology any pattern identifiable on a weather map that has a cyclic pattern or a small cyclonic circulation in the early stages of development that moves along a cold front. In Canada, A wave, in meteorology, is the intersection of warm and cold fronts.
Weather
State of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness. Also, weather is the meteorological day-to-day variations of the atmosphere and their effects on life and human activity. It includes temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, wind, precipitation and fog.
Wind
Wind is the horizontal movement of air relative to the earth's surface and is caused by variations in temperature and pressure (for instance, air rises as it warms and a cool breeze moves in to take the place of the rising air.) Wind is also known as moving air.
Wind chill
The additional cooling effect resulting from wind blowing on bare skin. The wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by the combined effects of wind and cold. The (equivalent) wind chill temperature is the temperature the body "feels" for a certain combination of wind and air temperature.
Winter storm
A heavy snow event. A snow accumulation of more than six inches in 12 hours or more than 12 inches in 24 hours.
Winter storm warning
Issued when seven or more inches of snow or sleet is expected in the next 24 hours, or 1/2 inch or more of accretion of freezing rain is expected. A warning is used for winter weather conditions posing a threat to life and property.
| Fog |
Which two words are inscribed on the Victoria Cross? | Climate / Weather Terms Glossary
Climate and Weather Terms Glossary
A
Absolute humidity The mass of water vapor in a given volume of air. It represents the density of water vapor in the air.
Absolute zero A temperature of -273ºC, -460ºF, or 0ºK. Theoretically, there is no molecular motion at this temperature.
Absorptivity The efficiency of radiation absorption.
Acclimatization The gradual adjustment of the body to new climatic or other environmental conditions, for example, the adjustment to low levels of oxygen at high altitudes.
Accretion The growth of a precipitation particle by the collision of an ice crystal or snowflake with a supercooled liquid droplet that freezes upon impact.
Actual evapotranspiraton The rate of water lost from vegetation and soil, ordinarily at a slower rate than the potential rate.
Actual vapor pressure See vapor pressure.
Adiabatic process A process that takes place without a transfer of heat between the system (such as an air parcel) and its surroundings. In an adiabatic process compression always results in warming, and expansion results in cooling.
Advection The horizontal transfer of any atmospheric property by the wind.
Advection fog Occurs when warm, moist air moves over a cold surface and the air cools to below its dew point.
Aerovane A device that resembles a wind vane with a propeller at one end. Used to indicate wind speed and direction.
Air density Mass per unit volume of air; about 1.275 km per cubic meter at 0ºC and 1000 millibars.
Air mass A large expanse of air having similar temperature and humidity at any given height.
Air pressure The cumulative force exerted on any surface by the molecules composing air.
Albedo The percent of radiation returning from a surface compared to that which strikes it.
Altimeter An instrument that indicates the altitude of an object above a fixed level. Pressure altimeters use an aneroid barometer with a scale graduated in altitude instead of pressure.
Altocumulus A middle cloud, usually white or gray. Often occurs in layers or patches with wavy, rounded masses or rolls.
Altocumulus castellanus An altocumulus showing vertical development, individual cloud elements have towerlike tops, often in the shape of tiny castles.
Altocumulus lenticularis A lens-shaped altocumulus cloud; a mountain-wave cloud generated by the disturbance of horizontal airflow caused by a prominent mountain range.
Altostratus A middle cloud composed of gray or bluish sheets or layers of uniform appearance. In the thinner regions, the sun or moon usually appears dimly visible.
Ambient air The air surrounding a cloud, or the air surrounding rising or sinking air parcels.
Ambient temperature Temperature of the surrounding (ambient) air.
Anemometer An instrument designed to measure wind speed.
Aneroid barometer An instrument designed to measure atmospheric pressure. It contains no liquid.
Annual range of temperature The difference between the warmest and coldest months at any given location.
Anomalies Departures of temperature, precipitation, or other weather elements from long-term averages.
Arctic air A very cold and dry air mass that forms primarily in winter and the northern interior of North America.
Atmospheric window A region of the electromagnetic spectrum from 8 to 12 µm where the atmosphere is transparent to radiation.
Autumnal equinox The equinox at which the sun approaches the Southern Hemisphere and passes directly over the equator. Occurs around September 23.
B
Barograph A recording instrument that provides a continuous trace of air pressure variation with time.
Barometer An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure. The two most common barometers are the mercury barometer and the aneroid barometer.
Beaufort scale A scale of wind strength based on visual assessment of the effects of wind on seas and vegetation.
Black body A hypothetical object that absorbs all of the radiation that strikes it. It also emits radiation at a maximum rate for its given temperature.
Blizzard A severe weather condition characterized by low temperatures and strong winds (greater than 32 mi/hr) bearing a great amount of snow. When these conditions continue after the falling snow has ended, it is termed a ground blizzard.
Bora A cold katabatic wind that originates in Yugoslavia and flows onto the coastal plain of the Adriatic Sea.
Bowen ratio The ratio of energy available for sensible heating to energy available for latent heating.
Boyle's law When the temperature is held constant, the pressure and density of an ideal gas are directly proportional.
C
Ceilometer An instrument that automatically records cloud height.
Centrifugal force A force directed outward, away from the center of a rotating object; equal in magnitude to the centripetal force but in the opposite direction.
Centripetal force An inward-directed force that confines an object to a circular path; equal in magnitude to the centrifugal force but in the opposite direction.
Charles's law With constant pressure, the temperature of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the density of the gas.
Chinook A warm, dry wind on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. In the Alps, the wind is called a Foehn.
Cirrocumulus A high cloud that appears as a white patch of cloud without shadows. It consists of very small elements in the form of grains or ripples.
Cirrostratus A high cloud appearing as a whitish veil that may totally cover the sky. Often produces halo phenomena.
Cirrus A high cloud composed of ice crystals in the form of thin, white, featherlike clouds in patches, filaments, or narrow bands.
Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. A description of aggregate weather conditions; the sum of all statistical weather information that helps describe a place or region.
Cloud base The lowest portion of a cloud.
Cloudburst Any sudden and heavy rain shower.
Cloud cover The amount of the sky obscured by clouds when observed at a particular location.
Cloud deck The top of a cloud layer, usually viewed from an aircraft.
Cloud seeding The introduction of artificial substances (usually silver iodide or dry ice) into a cloud for the purpose of either modifying its development or increasing its precipitation.
Coalescence The merging of cloud droplets into a single larger droplet.
Cold fog See Supercooled cloud.
Cold front The leading edge of a cold air mass.
Condensation Process by which water changes phase from a vapor to a liquid.
Condensation nuclei Small particles in the atmosphere that serve as the core of tiny condensing cloud droplets. These may be dust, salt, or other material.
Conduction The transfer of heat by molecular activity from one substance to another, or through a substance. Transfer is always from warmer to colder regions.
Continental air mass An air mass that forms over land; it is normally relatively dry.
Continental Climate A climate lacking marine influence and characterized by more extreme temperatures than in marine climates: therefore, it has a relatively high annual temperature range for its latitude.
Continental polar air Relatively dry air mass that develops over the northern interior of North America; very cold in winter and mild in summer.
Continental tropical air Warm, dry air mass that forms over the subtropical deserts of the south-western United States.
Contrail (condensation trail) A cloudlike streamer frequently seen forming behind aircraft flying in clear, cold, humid air.
Convection Motions in a fluid that result in the transport and mixing of the fluid's properties. In meteorology, convection usually refers to atmospheric motions that are predominantly vertical, such as rising air currents due to surface heating. The rising of heated surface air and the sinking of cooler air aloft is often called free convection. (Compare with forced convection.)
Convective condensation level (CCL) The level above the surface marking the base of a cumiliform cloud that is forming due to surface heating and rising thermals.
Convergence An atmospheric condition that exists when the winds cause a horizontal net inflow of air into a specified region.
Cooling degree-day A form of degree-day used in estimating the amount of energy necessary to reduce the effective temperature of warm air. A cooling degree-day is a day on which the average temperature is one degree above a desired base temperature.
Coriolis effect A deflective force arising from the rotation of the earth on its axis; affects principally synoptic-scale and global-scale winds. Winds are deflected to the right of the initial direction in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Crepuscular rays Alternating light and dark bands of light that appear to fan out from the sun's position, usually at twilight.
Cumulonimbus An exceptionally dense and vertically developed cloud, often with a top in the shape of an anvil. The cloud is frequently accompanied by heavy showers, lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail. It is also known as a thunderstorm cloud.
Cumulus A cloud in the form of individual, detached domes or towers that are usually dense and well defined. It has a flat base with a bulging upper part that often resembles cauliflower. Cumulus clouds of fair weather are called cumulus humilis. Those that exhibit much vertical growth are called cumulus congestur or towering cumulus.
Cumulus Congestus An upward building convective cloud with vertical development between that of a cumulus cloud and a cumulonimbus.
Cup anemometer An instrument used to monitor wind-speed. Wind rotation of cups generates and electric current calibrated in wind speed.
Cutoff high Anticyclonic circulation system that separates from the prevailing westerly airflow and therefore remains stationary.
Cutoff low Cyclonic circulation system that separates from the prevailing westerly airflow and therefore remains stationary.
D
Daily range of temperature The difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures for any given day.
Degree days Computed from each day's mean temperature (max+min/2). For each degree that a day's mean temperature is below or above a reference temperature is counted as one degree day.
Density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it.
Deposition A process that occurs in subfreezing air when water vapor changes directly to ice without becoming a liquid first. (Also called sublimation in meteorology.)
Deposition nuclei Tiny particles in the atmosphere that serve as the core of tiny ice crystals as water vapor changes to the solid form. These are also called ice nuclei.
Desert One of two types of dry climate-the driest of the dry climates.
Dew Water that has condensed onto objects near the ground when their temperatures have fallen below the dew point of the surface air.
Dew point (dew-point temperature) The temperature to which air must be cooled (at constant pressure and constant water vapor content) for saturation to occur. When the dew point falls below freezing it is called the frost point.
Diffraction The bending of light around objects, such as cloud and fog droplets, producing fringes of light and dark or colored bands.
Diffuse insolation Solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components (clouds, for example) to the earth's surface.
Direct insolation Solar radiation that is transmitted directly through the atmosphere to the earth's surface without interacting with atmospheric components.
Divergence An atmospheric condition that exists when the winds cause a horizontal net outflow of air from a specific region.
Downbursts A severe localized downdraft that can be experienced beneath a severe thunderstorm. (Compare Microburst)
Downdraft Downward moving air, usually within a thunderstorm cell.
Drainage basin A fixed geographical region from which a river and its tributaries drain water.
Drizzle Small drops between 0.2 and 0.5 mm in diameter that fall slowly and reduce visibility more than light rain.
Drought A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently long enough to cause serious effects on agriculture and other activities in the affected area.
Dry adiabatic rate The rate of change of temperature in a rising or descending unsaturated air parcel. The rate of adiabatic cooling or warming is 10ºC per 1000 m (5.5ºF per 1000 ft).
Dry climate A climate in which yearly precipitation is not as great as the potential loss of water by evaporation.
Dust devil (or whirlwind) A small but rapidly rotating wind made visible by the dust, sand, and debris it picks up from the surface. It develops best on clear, dry, hot afternoons.
E
Eddy A small volume of air (or any fluid) that behaves differently from the larger flow in which it exists.
Effective emissivity A correction factor, dependent on the radiational characteristics of the earth -atmosphere system, that permits application of black body radiation laws to the earth-atmosphere system
Emissivity The fractional amount of radiation emitted by a given object or substance in comparison to the amount emitted by a perfect emitter.
Emittance The rate at which a black body radiates energy across all wave-lengths.
Entrainment The mixing of environmental air into a preexisting air current or cloud so that the environmental air becomes part of the current or cloud.
Environmental lapse rate The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation. It is most often measured with a radiosonde.
Equilibrium vapor pressure The necessary vapor pressure around liquid water that allows the water to remain in equilibrium with its environment. Also called saturation vapor pressure.
Equinox The time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator occurring about March 21 and September 22.
Evaporation The process by which a liquid changes into a gas.
Evapotranspiration Vaporization of water through direct evaporation from wet surfaces and the release of water vapor by vegetation.
Evaporation fog Fog produced when sufficient water vapor is added to the air by evaporation. The two common types are steam fog, which forms when cold air moves over warm water, and frontal fog, which forms as warm raindrops evaporate in a cool air mass.
Exosphere The outermost portion of the atmosphere.
Fall Freeze date The date of occurrence in the fall of the first minimum at or below a temperature threshold.
Fall streaks Falling ice crystals that evaporate before reaching the ground.
Foehn See Chinook.
Fog A cloud with its base at the earth's surface. It reduces visibility to below 1 km.
Forced convection On a small scale, a form of mechanical stirring taking place when twisting eddies of air are able to mix.
Free convection Convection triggered by intense solar heating of the earth's surface.
Freeze A condition occurring over a widespread area when the surface air temperature remains below freezing for a sufficient time to damage certain agricultural crops. A freeze most often occurs as cold air is advected into a region, causing freezing conditions to exist in a deep layer of surface air. Also called advection frost.
Freeze free season The number of days between the last spring freeze date and the first fall freeze date.
Freezing rain and freezing drizzle Rain or drizzle that falls in liquid form and then freezes upon striking a cold object or ground. Both can produce a coating of ice on objects which is called glaze.
Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses.
Frontal fog See Evaporation fog.
Frost (also called hoarfrost) A covering of ice produced by deposition (sublimation) on exposed surfaces when the air temperature falls below the frost point (the dew point is below freezing).
Frost point See Dew point.
Frozen dew The transformation of liquid dew into tiny beads of ice when the air temperature drops below freezing.
Funnel cloud A rotating conelike cloud that extends down-ward from the base of a thunderstorm. When it reaches the surface it is called a tornado.
G
Geostrophic wind A theoretical horizontal wind blowing in a straight path, parallel to the isobars or contours, at a constant speed. The geostrophic wind results when the Coriolis force exactly balances the horizontal pressure gradient force.
Glaciation The conversion of all the supercooled liquid water in a cloud into ice crystals, thus reducing the growth rate of ice crystals and hail.
Glaciated cloud A cloud or portion of a cloud where only ice crystals exist.
Glaze A coating of ice on objects formed when supercooled rain freezes on contact. A storm that produces glaze is called an icing storm.
Glory Colored rings that appear around the shadow of an object.
Graupel See Snow pellets
Green flash A small, green color that occasionally appears on the upper part of the sun as it rises or sets.
Ground fog See Radiation fog.
Growing degree-day A form of the degree-day used as a guide for crop planting and for estimating crop maturity dates.
Growing season The number of days between the last spring freeze date and the first fall freeze date.
H
Haboob A dust or sandstorm that forms as cold downdrafts from a thunderstorm turbulently lift dust and sand into the air.
Hail Solid precipitation in the form of chunks or balls of ice with diameters greater than 5 mm. The stones fall from cumulonimbus clouds.
Hailstones Transparent or partially opaque particles of ice that range in size from that of a pea to that of golf balls.
Hair hygrometer An instrument used to monitor relative humidity by measuring the changes in the length of human hair that accompany humidity variations.
Halos Rings or arcs that encircle the sun or moon when seen through an ice crystal cloud or a sky filled with falling ice crystals. Halos are produced by refraction of light.
Haze Fine dry or wet dust or salt particles dispersed through a portion of the atmosphere. Individually these are not visible but cumulatively they will diminish visibility.
Heat A form of energy transferred between systems by virtue of their temperature differences.
Heat capacity The ratio of the heat absorbed (or released) by a system to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall).
Heat index (HI) An index that combines air temperature and relative humidity to determine an apparent temperature-how hot it actually feels.
Heat of fusion Heat released when water changes phase from liquid to solid; 80 calories per gram
Heat of melting Heat required to change the phase of water from solid to liquid; 80 calories per gram.
Heating degree-day A form of the degree-day used as an index for fuel consumption. Needed on days when average air temperature falls below 69 ºF (18 ºC); computed by subtracting the day's average temperature from 65 ºF.
Heat lightning Distant lightning that illuminates the sky but is too far away for its thunder to be heard.
Heiligenschein A faint white ring surrounding the shadow of an observer's head on a dew-covered lawn.
Heterosphere The atmosphere above 80 km (50 mi) where gases are stratified, with concentrations of the heavier gases decreasing more rapidly with altitude than concentrations of the lighter gases.
High inversion fog A fog that lifts above the surface but does not completely dissipate because of a strong inversion (usually subsidence) that exists above the fog layer.
Highland climate Complex pattern of climate conditions associated with mountains. Highland climates are characterized by large differences that occur over short distances.
Hoarfrost Fernlike crystals of ice that form by deposition of water vapor on twigs, tree branches, and other vegetation.
Homosphere The atmosphere up to 80 km (50 mi) in which the proportionality of principal gaseous constituents, such as oxygen and nitrogen, is constant.
Humid continental climate A relatively severe climate characteristic of broad continents in the middle latitudes between approximately 40 and 50º north latitude. This climate is not found in the southern hemisphere, where the middle latitudes are dominated by the oceans.
Humid Subtropical Climate A climate generally located on the eastern side of a continent and characterized by hot, sultry summers and cool winters.
Hurricane A severe tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr).
Hydrograph An instrument that provides a continuous trace of relative humidity with time.
Hygrometer An instrument designed to measure the air's water vapor content. The sensing part of the instrument can be hair (hair hygrometer), a plate coated with carbon (electrical hygrometer), or an infrared sensor (infrared hygrometer).
Hypothermia The deterioration in one's mental and physical condition brought on by a rapid lowering of human body temperature.
I
Ice Cap Climate A climate that has no monthly means above freezing and supports no vegetative cover except in a few scattered high mountain areas. This climate, with its perpetual ice and snow, is confined largely to the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.
Ice fog A type of fog composed of tiny suspended ice particles that forms at very low temperatures.
Ice nuclei Particles that act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere.
Ice pellets See Sleet
Indian summer An unseasonably warm spell with clear skies near the middle of autumn. Usually follows a substantial period of cool weather.
Infrared radiation Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between about 0.7 and 1000 µm. This radiation is longer than visible radiation but shorter than microwave radiation.
Insolation The incoming solar radiation that reaches the earth and the atmosphere.
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) The boundary zone separating the northeast trade winds of the Northern Hemisphere from the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere.
Inversion An increase in air temperature with height.
Ion An electrically charged atom, molecule, or particle.
Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist.
Iridescence Brilliant spots or borders of colors, most often red and green, observed in clouds up to about 30º from the sun.
Isobar A line connecting points of equal pressure
Isotach A line connecting points of equal wind speed.
Isotherm A line connecting points of equal wind temperature.
January thaw A period of relatively mild weather around January 20 to 23 that occurs primarily in New England; an example of a singularity in the climatic record.
Jet stream Relatively strong winds concentrated within a narrow band in the atmosphere.
L
Lake breeze A wind blowing onshore from the surface of a lake.
Lake-effect snows Localized snowstorms that form on the downwind side of a lake. Such storms are common in late fall and early winter near the Great Lakes as cold, dry air picks up moisture and warmth from the unfrozen bodies of water.
Land breeze A coastal breeze that blows from land to sea, usually at night.
Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.)
Latent heat The heat that is either released or absorbed by a unit mass of a substance when it undergoes a change of state, such as during evaporation, condensation, or sublimation.
Lenticular cloud A cloud in the shape of a lens.
Lightning A visible electrical discharge produced by thunderstorms.
Longwave radiation A term most often used to describe the infrared energy emitted by the earth and the atmosphere.
Magnetosphere The region around the earth in which the earth's magnetic field plays a dominant part in controlling the physical processes that take place.
Mammatus clouds Clouds that look like pouches hanging from the underside of a cloud.
Marine climate A climate dominated by the ocean, because of the moderating effect of water, sites having this climate are considered relatively mild.
Maritime air mass An air mass that originates over the ocean. These air masses are relatively humid.
Maritime polar air Cool, humid air mass that forms over the cold ocean waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic.
Maritime tropical air Warm, humid air mass that forms over tropical and subtropical oceans.
Mean annual temperature The average temperature at any given location for the entire year.
Mesoscale The scale of meteorological phenomena that ranges in size from a few km to about 100 km. It includes local winds, thunderstorms, and tornadoes.
Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. Located at an average elevation between 50 and 80 km above the earth's surface.
Meteorology The study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena as well as the atmosphere's interaction with the earth's surface, oceans, and life in general.
Microburst A strong localized downdraft less than 4 km wide that occurs beneath severe thunderstorms. A strong downdraft greater than 4 km across is called a downburst.
Microclimate The climate structure of the air space near the surface of the earth.
Microscale The smallest scale of atmospheric motions.
Millibar(mb) A unit for expressing atmospheric pressure. Sea level pressure is normally close to 1013 mb.
Mirage A refraction phenomenon that makes an object appear to be displaced from its true position. When an object appears higher than it actually is, it is called a superior image. When an object appears lower than it actually is, it is an inferior mirage.
Mist Very thin fog in which visibility is greater than 1.0 km (0.62 mi).
Mistral A katabatic wind that flows from the Alps down the Rhone River Valley of France to the Mediterranean coast.
Mixing ratio The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air to the mass of dry air.
Moist adiabatic rate The rate of change of temperature in a rising or descending saturated air parcel. The rate of cooling or warming varies but a common value of 6ºC per 1000 m (3.3ºF per 1000 ft) is used.
Molecular viscosity The small-scale internal fluid friction that is due to the random motion of the molecules within a smooth-flowing fluid, such as air.
Mountain and valley breeze A local wind system of a mountain valley that blows downhill (mountain breeze) at night and uphill (valley breeze) during the day.
N
Nacreous clouds Clouds of unknown composition that have a soft, pearly luster and that form at altitudes about 25 to 30 km above the earth's surface. They are also called mother-of-pearl clouds.
Nimbostratus A dark, gray cloud characterized by more or less continuously falling precipitation. It is not accompanied by lightning, thunder, or hail.
Noctilucent clouds Wavy, thin, bluish-white clouds that are best seen at twilight in polar latitudes. They form at altitudes about 80 to 90 km above the surface.
Nocturnal inversion See Radiation inversion.
Offshore breeze A breeze that blows from the land out over the water. Opposite of an onshore breeze.
Onshore breeze A breeze that blows from the water onto the land. Opposite of an offshore breeze.
Orographic uplift The lifting of air over a topographic barrier. Clouds that form in this lifting process are called orographic clouds.
Orographic precipitation Rainfall or snowfall from clouds, induced by topographic uplift.
Permafrost A layer of soil beneath the earth's surface that remains frozen throughout the year.
Photodissociation The splitting of a molecule by a photon.
Photon A discrete quantity of energy that can be thought of as a packet of electromagnetic radiation traveling at the speed of light.
Pileus cloud A smooth cloud in the form of a cap. Occurs above, or is attached to, the top of a cumuliform cloud.
Polar air mass A cold air mass that forms in a high-latitude source region.
Polar climates Climates in which the mean temperature of the warmest month is below 10ºC; climates that are too cold to support the growth of trees.
Potential energy The energy that a body possesses by virtue of its position with respect to other bodies in the field of gravity.
Potential evapotranspiration (PE) The amount of moisture that, if it were available, would be removed from a given land area by evaporation and transpiration.
Potential temperature The temperature that a parcel of dry air would have if it were brought dry adiabatically from its original position to a pressure of 1000 mb.
Precipitable water vapor The depth of water that would result if all the vapor in the atmosphere above a location were condensed into liquid water.
Precipitation Any form of water particles-liquid or solid-that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground.
Prevailing wind The wind direction most frequently observed during a given period.
Probability forecast A forecast of the probability of occurrence of one or more of a mutually exclusive set of weather conditions.
Psychrometer An instrument used to measure the water vapor content of the air. It consists of two thermometers (dry bulb and wet bulb). After whirling the instrument, the dew point and relative humidity can be obtained with the aid of tables.
Pyranometer An instrument that measures the amount of radiation.
Q R
Radar An instrument useful for remote sensing of meteorological phenomena. It operates by sending radio waves and monitoring those returned by such reflecting objects as raindrops within clouds.
Radiant energy (radiation) Energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves. These waves do not need molecules to propagate them, and in a vacuum they travel at nearly 300,000 km per sec.
Radiation fog Fog produced over land when radiational cooling reduces the air temperature to or below its dew point. It is also known as ground fog and valley fog.
Radiation inversion An increase in temperature with height due to radiational cooling of the earth's surface. Also called a nocturnal inversion.
Radiosonde A balloon-borne instrument that measures and transmits pressure, temperature, and humidity to a ground-based receiving station.
Rain Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops that have diameters greater than that of drizzle.
Rain gage A device-usually a cylindrical container-for measuring rain-fall.
Rain Shadow The region on the leeside of a mountain where the precipitation is noticeable less than on the windward side.
Rawinsonde An instrument carried by weather balloons to measure the temperature, humidity, pressure, and winds of the atmosphere.
Reflection The process whereby a surface turns back a portion of the radiation that strikes it.
Refraction The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
Refractive index The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a transparent medium.
Relative humidity The ratio of the amount of water vapor actually in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air can hold at the particular temperature and pressure. The ratio of the air's actual vapor pressure to its saturation vapor pressure.
Rime ice A white, granular deposit of ice formed by the freezing of water drops when they come in contact with an object.
S
Santa Ana The local name given a foehn wind in southern California.
Saturation vapor pressure The maximum amount of water vapor necessary to keep moist air in equilibrium with a surface of pure water or ice. It represents the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at any given temperature and pressure. (See Equilibrium vapor pressure.)
Scattering The process by which small particles in the atmosphere deflect radiation from its path into different directions.
Scintillation The apparent twinkling of a star due to its light passing through regions of differing air densities in the atmosphere.
Sea breeze A coastal local wind that blows from the ocean onto the land. The leading edge of the breeze is termed a sea breeze front.
Sea level pressure The atmospheric pressure at mean sea level.
Semiarid See Steppe.
Sensible heat transfer Movement of heat from one place to another as a consequence of conduction or convection or both.
Sensible temperature The sensation of temperature that the human body feels in contrast to the actual temperature of the environment as measured with a thermometer.
Shear See wind shear.
Sheet lightning A fairly bright lightning flash from distant thunderstorms that illuminates a portion of the cloud.
Shortwave radiation A term most often used to describe the radiant energy emitted from the sun, in the visible and near ultraviolet wavelengths.
Shower Intermittent precipitation from a cumuliform cloud, usually of short duration but often heavy.
Sleet A type of precipitation consisting of transparent pellets of ice 5 mm or less in diameter. Same as ice pellets.
Smog Originally smog meant a mixture of smoke and fog. Today, smog means air that has restricted visibility due to pollution, or pollution formed in the presence of sunlight-photochemical smog.
Snow Solid precipitation in the form of minute ice flakes that occur below 0ºC.
Snowflake An aggregate of ice crystals that falls from a cloud
Snow flurries Light showers of snow that fall intermittently.
Snow grains Precipitation in the form of very small, opaque grains of ice. The solid equivalent of drizzle.
Snow pellets White, opaque, approximately round ice particles between 2 and 5 mm in diameter that form in a cloud either from the sticking together of ice crystals or from the process of accretion.
Snow rollers A cylindrical spiral of snow shaped somewhat like a child's muff and produced by the wind.
Snow squall (shower) An intermittent heavy shower of snow that greatly reduces visibility.
Solstice Either of the two times of the year when the sun is the greatest distance from the celestial equator, occurring about June 22 and December 22. See winter solstice and summer solstice.
Southern oscillation The reversal of surface air pressure at opposite ends of the tropical Pacific Ocean that occur during El Nino events.
Specific heat The ratio of the heat absorbed (or released) by the unit mass of the system to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall).
Specific humidity The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given parcel to the total mass of air in the parcel.
Spontaneous nucleation (freezing) The freezing of pure water without the benefit of any nuclei.
Spring freeze date The date of occurrence in the spring of the last minimum at or below a temperature threshold.
Squall line Any nonfrontal line or band of active thunderstorms.
Station pressure The actual air pressure computed at the observing station.
Steam fog See Evaporation fog.
Steppe One of the two types of dry climate. A marginal and more humid variant of the desert that separates it from bordering humid climates. Steppe also refers to the short-grass vegetation associated with this semiarid climate.
Storm surge An abnormal rise of the sea along a shore. Primarily due to the winds of a storm, especially a hurricane.
Stratocumulus A low cloud, predominantly stratiform with low, lumpy, rounded masses, often with blue sky between them.
Stratopause The boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere.
Stratosphere The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere (between 10 km and 50 km), generally characterized by an increase in temperature with height.
Stratus A low, gray cloud layer with a rather uniform base whose precipitation is most commonly drizzle.
Subarctic climate A climate found north of the humid continental climate and south of the polar climate and characterized by bitterly cold winters and short cool summers. Places within this climatic realm experience the highest annual temperature ranges on earth.
Sublimation The process whereby ice changes directly into water vapor without melting. In meteorology, sublimation can also mean the transformation of water vapor into ice. (See Deposition.)
Subsidence The slow sinking of air, usually associated wit high-pressure areas.
Subsidence inversion A temperature inversion produced by the adiabatic warming of a layer of sinking air.
Summer solstice Approximately June 22 in the Northern Hemisphere when the sun is highest in the sky and directly overhead at latitude 23.5º N, the Tropic of Cancer.
Sundog A colored luminous spot produced by refraction of light through ice crystals that appears on either side of the sun. Also called parhelion.
Sun pillar A vertical streak of light extending above (or below) the sun. It is produced by the reflection of sunlight of ice crystals.
Supersaturated air A condition that occurs in the atmosphere when the relative humidity is greater that 100 percent.
Surface inversion See Radiation inversion
Synoptic scale The typical weather map scale that shows features such as high- and low-pressure areas and fronts over a distance spanning a continent. Also called the cyclonic scale.
T
Taiga The northern coniferous forest; also a name applied to the subarctic climate.
Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance as measured by a thermometer. It is also a measure of the average speed or kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.
Temperature inversion An extremely stable air layer in which temperature increases with altitude, the inverse of the usual temperature profile in the troposphere.
Terminal velocity The constant speed obtained by a falling object when the upward drag on the object balances the downward force of gravity.
Thermal A small, rising parcel of warm air produced when the earth's surface is heated unevenly.
Thermograph A recording instrument that gives a continuous trace of temperature with time.
Thermometer An instrument used to measure temperature.
Thermosphere The atmospheric layer above the mesosphere. It extends from 90 km to outer space.
Thunder The sound due to rapidly expanding gases along the channel of a lightning discharge.
Tipping bucket rain gage A device that accumulates rainfall in increments of 0.01 in. by containers that alternately fill and empty (tip).
Tornado An intense, rotating column of air that protrudes from a cumulonimbus cloud in the shape of a funnel or a rope and touches the ground. (See Funnel cloud.)
Trade winds The winds that occupy most of the tropics and blow from the subtropical highs to the equatorial low.
Transpiration The release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants.
Tropical air mass A warm-to-hot air mass that forms in the subtropics.
Tropical depression A mass of thunderstorms and clouds generally with a cyclonic wind circulation of between 20 and 34 knots
Tropical disturbance An organized mass of thunderstorms with a slight cyclonic wind circulation of less than 20 knots.
Tropical storm Organized thunderstorms with a cyclonic wind circulation between 35 and 64 knots.
Tropopause The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Troposphere The layer of the atmosphere extending from the earth's surface up to the tropopause (about 10 km above the ground).
Tundra Climate Found almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere or at high altitudes in many mountainous regions. A treeless climatic realm of sedges, grasses, mosses, and lichens that is dominated by a long, bitterly cold winter.
Turbulence Any irregular or disturbed flow in the atmosphere that produces gusts and eddies.
Twilight The time immediately before sunrise and after sunset when the sky remain illuminated.
Typhoon A hurricane that forms in the western Pacific Ocean.
Ultraviolet radiation Electromagnetic radiation with wave-lengths longer than X-rays but shorter than visible light.
Upslope fog Fog formed as moist, stable air flows upward over a topographic barrier.
Upslope precipitation Precipitation that forms due to moist, stable air gradually rising along an elevated plain. Upslope precipitation is common over the western Great Plains, especially east of the Rock Mountains.
Upwelling The rising of water (usually cold) toward the surface from the deeper regions of a body of water.
Urban heat island The increased air temperatures in urban areas as contrasted to the cooler surrounding rural areas.
Valley breeze See Mountain breeze.
Valley fog See Radiation fog.
Vapor pressure The pressure exerted by the water vapor molecules in a given volume of air.
Vernal equinox The equinox at which the sun approaches the Northern Hemisphere and passes directly over the equator. Occurs around March 20.
Virga Precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates before reaching the ground. (See Fall streaks.)
Virtual temperature An adjustment applied to the real air temperature to account for a reduction in air density due to the presence of water vapor.
Viscosity The resistance of fluid flow.
Visibility The greatest distance an observer can see and identify prominent objects.
Visible light That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from 0.4 to 0.7 µm wavelengths that is visible.
Vorticity A measure of the spin of a fluid, usually small air parcels. Absolute vorticity is the combined vorticity due to the earth's rotation and the vorticity due to the air's circulation relative to the earth. Relative vorticity is due to the curving of the air flow and wind shear.
W
Wall Cloud A localized, persistent, often abrupt lowering from a rain-free base. Wall clouds can range from a fraction of a mile up to nearly five miles in diameter, and normally are found on the south or southwest (inflow) side of the thunderstorm. "Wall cloud" also is used occasionally in tropical meteorology to describe the inner cloud wall surrounding the eye of a tropical cyclone, but the proper term for this feature is eyewall.
Warm front The leading edge of a warm air mass.
Water balance The comparison of actual and potential evapotranspiration with the amount of precipitation, usually on a monthly basis.
Water budget Balance sheet for the inputs and outputs of water to and from the various global water reservoirs.
Water equivalent The depth of water that would result from the melting of a snow sample. Typically about 10 inches of snow will melt to 1 inch of water, producing a water equivalent of 10 to 1.
Weather The state of the atmosphere in terms of such variables as temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, and radiation.
Weighing bucket rain gage A device that is calibrated so that the weight of rainfall is recorded directly in terms of rainfall in millimeters or in inches.
Wet-bulb depression The difference in degrees between the air temperature (dry-bulb temperature) and the wet-bulb temperature.
Wet-bulb temperature The lowest temperature that can be obtained by evaporating water into the air.
White frost Ice crystals that form on surfaces instead of dew when the dew point is below freezing.
Wind chill equivalent temperature A theoretical air temperature at which the heat loss from exposed skin under calm conditions is equivalent to the heat loss at the actual air temperature and under the actual wind speeds.
Wind-chill factor The cooling effect of any combination of temperature and wind, expressed as the loss of body heat. Also called wind-chill index.
Wind shear A difference in wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere.
Wind Vane An instrument used to determine wind direction.
Windsock A large, conical, open bag designed to indicate wind direction and relative speed; usually used at small airports.
Winter solstice Approximately December 22 in the Northern Hemisphere when the sun is lowest in the sky and directly overhead at latitude 23.5ºS, the Tropic of Capricorn.
| i don't know |
Which two cities did the Orient Express originally travel between? | A history of the Orient Express - the truth behind the legend...
The truth behind the legend...
The Orient Express . . .
London to Central Asia & China via The Silk Route
London to India overland
Resident in France? Try www.seat61.fr
Comments? Feedback? Need help? Email the Man in Seat Sixty-One!
Sign the
Thank you for visiting my site...
An LX-series sleeping-car, built in 1929 for the Wagons-Lits Company, now restored for the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express. Is this the real Orient Express?
On this page...
The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express (VSOE) from London to Venice.
The end of the Orient Express: 12 Dec 2009...
On 12 December 2009, EuroNight train number 469 Orient Express left Strasbourg on its final overnight run to Vienna, and on 13 December the celebrated name Orient Express disappeared forever from the official European timetables after 126 years. True, the Orient Express may have been the ultimate example of a knife that's had its blade and its handle replaced many times, but this train was indeed the true descendant of that first 1883 Express d'Orient and it officially carried the name Orient Express. You can trace its evolution from timetable to timetable, year to year from 1883 to 2009. On its last run, the Orient Express had evolved into an Austrian Railways (�BB) EuroNight train, with one Austrian Railways air-conditioned sleeping-car (1 & 2 bed compartments, including two deluxe compartments with toilet and shower), two modern air-conditioned couchette cars with 4 & 6 berth compartments, and an Austrian seats car. The Orient Express was cut back to start in Strasbourg rather than Paris in June 2007 when the Paris-Strasbourg high-speed TGV line opened, so that it could no longer be attached to a French domestic train between Paris & Strasbourg. Although a TGV connection from Paris was provided, the writing was on the wall for this train when it stopped directly linking the French and Austrian capitals. It had lost its Paris-Budapest Hungarian couchette car and Paris-Bucharest Romanian sleeping-car in June 2001, and it hadn't carried any through cars for Istanbul since the 1960s.
You might now be a bit confused...
...because you thought that the Orient Express was a special luxury train, and that it originally stopped running in 1977, was then beautifully restored and put back into service and runs from London & Paris to Venice and costs a fortune to travel on and people like David Suchet & Terry Wogan travel on it and do TV programmes about it... The train you're probably thinking of is the privately-run Venice Simplon-Orient-Express (VSOE), which uses vintage restored sleeping-cars & dining-cars and costs around �2,000 per person between London & Venice. Wonderful though the VSOE is - you'll find more information about the VSOE here - it is certainly not the 'original' Orient Express (as there's no such thing) or the 'real' Orient Express (that's the train referred to above, withdrawn on 12 December 2009). This page attempts to clear up some myths, put the Orient Express in context, and explain what the Orient Express really was.
The destination board on the final (2009) incarnation of the Orient Express. Photo courtesy of Olivier Pierard
The Orient Express about to leave Strasbourg for Vienna in summer 2009. It's ended its days as an Austrian Railways sleeper train. Photo courtesy of Olivier Pierard.
Yes, the ( real ) Orient Express continued to run until 12 December 2009...
The Orient Express referred to here and shown in these photographs was the real Orient Express, the actual true descendant of that first Express d'Orient that left Paris in October 1883. It was a normal scheduled EuroNight express, run by the Austrian national railways (�BB), and you could travel on it with normal tickets including InterRail and Eurail passes. Until 8 June 2007 it left Paris every evening at 17:16 and arrived in Vienna at 08:30 next morning. From June 2007 onwards you needed to leave Paris around 17:54 by high-speed TGV train to connect with the Orient Express at Strasbourg. The Orient Express left Strasbourg at 20:37 and arrived in Vienna at 06:40 next morning. You can still travel from Paris to Vienna or Budapest by train today, see here . You can trace the history of the train pictured above from one year's railway timetable to the next all the way from 1883 to 2009, so the pedigree of this train is quite genuine - more so than either of the two expensive tourist trains of restored vintage rolling stock claiming to be the Orient Express (the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express and the Nostalgic Orient Express), beautiful though they are.
The photographs above show the real Orient Express about to leave Strasbourg for Vienna in summer 2009. The photos below date from around 2005 and show the Orient Express before being cut back to Strasbourg, about to leave Paris Gare de l'Est. The gentleman is boarding the Paris-Vienna sleeping-car, which was staffed by personnel of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL), the company that operated the original Orient Express from its inception. However, since 1971 the Wagon-Lits Company has simply staffed the sleeping-car as a contractor instead of owning and operating the sleeping-car in their own right - they provide the attendant, the room service catering, bed linen, etc. for all OBB's sleeping-cars. The coach to the right marked liegewagen is one of the two modern Austrian Railways couchette cars, also as it happen staffed by the CIWL. The right-hand photo is a close-up of the destination label, clearly announcing the train as the EuroNight train Orient Express.
I've used the Orient Express myself on many occasions over the years, the last occasion being a journey from Vienna to Paris on my return from Petra, Damascus, Aleppo, and (appropriately enough) Istanbul in September 2005.
The Orient Express about to leave Paris for Vienna circa 2005, before being cut back to start in Strasbourg. The car on the left is the sleeping-car, with carpeted 1, 2 & 3-bed rooms with washbasin. It's a type MU, built 1964-1974. The car on the right is one of two modern couchette cars with more basic 4- & 6-bunk compartments.
A few other things you didn't know about the Orient Express...
Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express isn't set on the Orient Express, it's set on the Simplon Orient Express. By the 1920s and 30s there were a whole inter-connecting network of Wagons-Lits company trains with Orient Express as part of their name in addition to the Orient Express itself. The Orient Express has always run from Paris Gare de l'Est via Munich, Vienna & Budapest, whereas the Simplon Orient Express started running in April 1919, taking a Southerly route from Calais and Paris Gare de Lyon to Milan, Venice, Trieste, Zagreb, Belgrade, Sofia and Istanbul, with a portion for Athens. In the 1920s and 30s the Simplon Orient Express linked Calais, Paris and Istanbul every day, whereas the (plain) Orient Express only carried Paris-Istanbul cars three times a week, although both Orient and Simplon Orient would have been one combined train east of Belgrade. You can see the summer 1939 timetable for this train below.
Graham Greene's book Stamboul Train isn't set on the Orient Express either - It's set on the 'Oostende-Vienna Orient Express'. This train ran from Oostende & Brussels via Frankfurt to Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and beyond, combining with cars of the Orient Express east of Vienna and with those of the Simplon Orient Express between Belgrade & Istanbul. In the 1960s its 3-times-a-week through sleeping car from Oostende to Istanbul was withdrawn, and the 'Oostende-Vienna Orient Express' became just plain 'Oostende-Vienna Express'. In 1991 the train's name was changed to 'Austria Nachtexpress', and in 1993 it was renamed again as the 'DonauWalzer'. With the coming of Eurostar in 1994 and the ceasing of all Dover-Oostende ferry service, the Donauwalzer was cut back to start in Brussels rather than Oostende. The DonauWalzer survived as the Brussels-Vienna overnight train until December 2003 when it was withdrawn along with the Brussels-Milan, Brussels-Switzerland & Brussels-Copenhagen overnight trains as Belgian Railways finally pulled out of the long-distance sleeper train business. Today, Brussels-Vienna passengers need to change in Cologne onto an Austrian Nightjet sleeper train - which funnily enough has the sleeper attendant and on-board catering & service provided by a company called Newrest, a subsidiary of what's left of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, erstwhile operator of the Orient Express.
In 1962 the daily Simplon Orient Express was replaced by a slower train, called the Direct Orient Express, which had a twice-weekly sleeping-car Paris to Istanbul. With typical inaccuracy, most journalists reported the withdrawal of the Direct Orient Express in May 1977 as the withdrawal of the Orient Express. Wrong. The (plain) Orient Express continued to run until 2009, as the main overnight train between Paris and Vienna (Strasbourg & Vienna from June 2007). Until 2001, it also had through cars to Budapest and (in the form of a through sleeper on certain days of the week) Bucharest. You can see the summer 1965 timetable for the Direct Orient Express below.
Don't confuse the real Orient Express (a scheduled railway service between Paris and Vienna which ran until 2009) with the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express (VSOE) run by VSOE Ltd, a special train of restored vintage ex-Wagon-Lits Company sleeping cars, or the Nostalgic Orient Express, a similar operation. The VSOE is the one most people have heard of, costing about �2,000 or more per person from London to Venice. See the VSOE page .
The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express website ( www.belmond.com/venice-simplon-orient-express ) actually lists an FAQ 'Is the VSOE train the original Orient Express?' and suggests that the answer is 'yes'.
Let's get one thing clear. There isn't, and cannot be, any such thing as the 'original' Orient Express, for a very good reason. Take air travel. Suppose there's a British Airways flight to New York called 'Flight BA123'. Is there an actual unique aircraft called 'Flight BA123'? Of course not. 'Flight BA123' is a abstract concept, a service, a departure, something which appears in the timetable, in the reservation system and on your ticket. BA own a whole fleet of whichever type of aircraft is required to operate flight BA123 to New York, and any of these might be used to run that flight on any given day. And if flight BA123 existed in the timetables 30 years ago, I bet it would have been operated with different design of aircraft than it is today. So it is with the Orient Express. It was and is a service, and not a particular set of rolling stock. In any case, it would have used different rolling stock at different periods in its history, and at any given time it would have required several sets of rolling stock to operate. Think about it - in its heyday in the 1930s, it ran daily from Paris to Istanbul, a journey that took three nights. On any given night, there must have been one Simplon Orient Express leaving Paris, another on its second night out from Paris, a third approaching Istanbul on the last night of its journey, and another three Simplon Orient Expresses travelling in the other direction towards Paris. So there must have been at least six sets of rolling stock!
Furthermore, both the Venice Simplon Orient Express and Nostalgic Orient Express use LX-type sleeping-cars dating from 1929, the most spacious and luxurious cars built for the Wagon-Lits company. However, the real Orient Express and its sister trains didn't in fact use LX sleepers, at least not for the through cars from Calais to Istanbul & Athens. Before the war, the Orient Express used S-type sleeping-cars on the Calais-Istanbul and Calais-Athens run (dating from 1922, a few years older than the LX's with slightly smaller compartments and without all the wood marquetry of the LX sleepers), and after the war the Z-type . LX sleepers were used on the trains such as the Train Bleu between Calais/Paris and the South of France, the Rome Express from Calais/Paris to Rome and on the Paris-Berlin-Warsaw-Riga Nord Express. The Calais-Trieste sleeping car attached to the Simplon Orient Express and the Paris-Istanbul and Paris-Athens sleepers would have been LX-types in the 1930s.
The Orient Express in its heyday - What was it really like?
This might give you an idea of what travelling on the Orient Express was like in its heyday.
Departure from Istanbul...
Imagine it is the mid-1930s, and you are in Istanbul. You dine at the Pera Palas Hotel , the hotel established by the Wagons-Lits Company in 1894 specifically to cater for Orient Express clientele, and still a great hotel today. About 9pm, you head down to Sirkeci station for the 22:00 departure of the Orient Express. You need to eat beforehand, because there is no restaurant car attached to the Orient Express when it leaves Istanbul - this isn't attached until Kapikule on the Turkish/Bulgarian border, in time to serve breakfast.
At Sirkeci station, under the station lights, you catch you first glimpse of the blue and gold sleeping-cars of the Orient Express. It's a very short train - Just four sleeping-cars, with a baggage van (fourgon in French) at either end. The train isn't so much a train as a collection of through sleeping cars, made up as follows:
Two sleeping-cars make up the Simplon Orient Express from Istanbul to Paris Gare de Lyon via Sofia, Belgrade, Zagreb, Trieste, Venice, Milan, Lausanne, and Dijon. Just one of these two sleepers goes through to Calais for the London connection.
Depending on the day of the week, the third sleeping-car is either the 3-times-a-week Orient Express sleeping-car for Paris Gare de l'Est via Sofia, Belgrade, Budapest, Vienna, Munich and Strasbourg, or the 3-times-a-week Oostende-Vienna Orient Express sleeper for Brussels and Oostende (with a boat connection for Dover for the train to London) via Sofia, Belgrade, Budapest, Vienna, Frankfurt and Cologne.
Depending on the day of the week, the fourth sleeping-car is either Istanbul-Berlin (4 times a week) or Istanbul-Prague (3 times a week).
On board the Orient Express sleeping-cars...
Each S-type sleeping-car has 10 wood-panelled compartments with either one or two beds (one above the other) plus a washbasin - there are no baths or showers on board. The sleeper compartments convert for daytime use into a compact carpeted sitting room with sofa and small table. There is no lounge car or seats car, at least not this side of Trieste. Agatha Christie needed a 'pullman' salon car for dramatic purposes in 'Murder on the Orient Express', so uses some dramatic licence and writes one into her story. Very wealthy passengers travelling alone might pay for sole occupancy of a 2-bed compartment, but other passengers would share a compartment with another passenger of the same sex.
Shunting around at Belgrade...
At Belgrade the following day, the sleepers bound for Berlin or Prague and Oostende or Paris Gare de l'Est are detached and shunted on to a train for Budapest. Meanwhile, the Istanbul-Paris and Istanbul-Paris-Calais sleeping-cars of the 'Simplon Orient Express' (plus one of the baggage vans) are attached to an Athens-Paris and an Athens-Paris-Calais sleeping-car that have arrived in Belgrade from Greece a little earlier. Hercule Poirot's situation will now be clear to aficionados of 'Murder on the Orient Express' - he is travelling to London, so needs to reach Calais. However, he is unable to get a berth in the Istanbul-Calais sleeper of the Simplon Orient Express 'because the whole world travels tonight...'. Instead, he takes a spare berth in the SOE's Istanbul-Paris sleeper, but it is '...for one night only...' as he will transfer to a spare berth in the Athens-Calais sleeper when it is attached at Belgrade. Agatha Christie knew her trains..!
The Simplon Orient Express gains some more cars along the way - for example, another sleeping-car (a luxurious 'LX' type) for Calais is added at Trieste. Locomotives are changed at every frontier where one national railway system hands over to another, and also at other places in between - for example, Milan Centrale is a terminus, so the train reverses there and gets a fresh locomotive on the other end.
Arrival in Paris
At Paris Gare de Lyon, three nights out of Istanbul, the Simplon Orient Express terminates. The through sleepers to Calais are shunted around the Paris 'ceinture' (literally 'belt' line) from the Gare de Lyon to the Gare du Nord, where they are attached to a train for Calais.
All change at Calais for the London connection...
No, the sleeping cars aren't loaded onto the ferry at Calais! The only passenger coaches ever to be physically ferried across the Channel were the London-Paris (and for a while, London-Brussels) sleeping cars of the Night Ferry , which started in 1936, was suspended a few years later for World War II, then ran after the war until withdrawal in 1980. Orient Express passengers for London have to leave their sleeping-cars at Calais Maritime and board a ferry for Dover. At Dover, a British Southern Railway 'boat train' is waiting to take them non-stop to London Victoria.
Orient Express, Arlberg Orient Express...
Incidentally, you can see that in the 1930s the Orient Express itself (as opposed to the Simplon Orient Express) ran three times a week from Paris Gare de l'Est - Munich - Vienna - Budapest - Belgrade - Istanbul. It also conveyed a Paris - Budapest - Bucharest sleeper, and a Calais - Budapest - Bucharest sleeper. On three days of the week when it wasn't running, its departure slot from the Gare de l'Est was taken up by the Arlberg Orient Express, which took a Southerly route through Switzerland (via Basel and Innsbruck) to reach Vienna. It also had Paris - Vienna - Budapest - Bucharest and Calais-Bucharest sleepers, maintaining an almost daily Wagons-Lits service between these cities. You can begin to see how the network fitted together...
Direct Orient Express, 1965...
Below: The 1965 timetable for the Direct Orient Express, which replaced the Simplon Orient Express in 1962. You can see from the long list of through cars that this train isn't a whole train running from A to B either, but an assortment of through carriages between different points. You can see that it now includes ordinary seats cars (the carriage symbol) and couchettes ('CC') as well as sleeping-cars (the bed symbol). Note that the departure time shown against London is the departure time of a train+ferry connection. The actual Direct Orient Express starts in Paris with a few through cars from Calais.
Reproduced with kind permission from the 1965 edition of the Thomas Cook Continental Timetable, � Thomas Cook.
A chronology of the Orient Express...
1876: A Belgian, Georges Nagelmackers, founds La Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, to operate luxury sleeping cars and dining cars all over Europe, much as George Mortimer Pullman was doing in the USA... The various national railway companies provide the track, the stations and the locomotives. The Wagons-Lits company provides and staffs the sleeping-cars and dining cars. Passengers pay for a 1st class ticket plus a Wagons-Lits supplement. The railway companies get the ticket revenue, the Wagons-Lits company get the revenue from the supplement.
1883: Nagelmackers' flagship, the 'Express d'Orient', starts running, twice a week, Paris (Gare de l'Est) - Strasbourg-Munich-Vienna-Budapest-Bucharest-Giurgiu. At Giurgiu, passengers cross the Danube by ferry to Ruse in Bulgaria, where a second train would be waiting for the 7-hour journey to Varna on the Black Sea. An Austrian Lloyd steamer then connects for the 14-hour sea voyage to Constantinople (Istanbul).
1885: Service increases to daily over the Paris-Munich-Vienna section. The Orient Express continues to operate on two days a week beyond Vienna to Giurgiu for the ferry to Ruse, the connecting train to Varna and ship to Istanbul, and on a third day each week it runs beyond Vienna to Belgrade and Nis. As the railway was incomplete in Bulgaria, horse-drawn carriages took passengers from Nis across the mountains to Plovdiv, where the rail journey resumed for Istanbul.
1889: The line is completed, and direct Paris-Constantinople operation starts in June 1889. The Orient Express leaves Paris (Gare de Strasbourg, now renamed Gare de l'Est) every night at 18:25. It has daily sleepers for Vienna, twice-weekly sleepers on Sundays & Wednesdays for Constantinople, and twice-weekly sleepers on Monday & Friday for Bucharest. Arrival in Constantinople was at 16:00, 3 nights (67.5 hours) from Paris.
1891: 'Express d'Orient' is officially renamed 'Orient Express'.
1909: The Orient Express trainsets are re-equipped with new sleepers and restaurant cars. The new sleepers feature softer suspension and an upper berth which folds more completely away for day use.
1914: The Orient Express is suspended from July 1914, due to the war. The Germans try to run a Berlin-Constantinople train, the 'Balkanzug', without much success.
1919: In February 1919 the Orient Express is reinstated, twice a week from Paris to Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest, but via Zurich and the Arlberg Pass into Austria to avoid Germany. It resumes operation through Germany in 1920, although suspended again 1923-24 with the occupation of the Ruhr.
1919: On 11 April 1919 the Simplon Orient Express starts running in addition to the Orient Express, using the Southerly route from Paris (Gare de Lyon) to Lausanne, Milan, Venice, Trieste, Belgrade, and (from 1920 onwards) Istanbul. This route has the advantage of avoiding Germany (which the Allies still didn't trust), and it rapidly becomes the main route from Calais and Paris to Istanbul. The Treaty of Versailles has a specific clause requiring Austria to accept this train - previously, Austria had insisted that international trains could not pass through their territory (which then included Trieste) unless they ran via Vienna.
1922: From 1922 onwards, the pre-war wooden R-class sleepers are progressively replaced by new steel S-type sleeping-cars. The new cars are painted blue with gold lining and lettering, replacing the varnished teak of earlier Wagons-Lits cars. Blue and gold all-steel dining cars replace the older restaurant cars from 1925 onwards.
1929: The westbound Orient Express becomes stuck in snow for 5 days at Tcherkesskeuy (spelt �erkezk�y in today's timetables), some 130km from Istanbul. The incident inspired Agatha Christie's plot in Murder on the Orient Express.
1930s: By the 1930s, a complete network of through sleeping cars was in operation between Western and Central/Eastern Europe, involving the Orient Express and several sister trains with 'Orient' as part of their name. The trains inter-connected and swapped sleeping-cars at various points such as Budapest and Belgrade:
Simplon Orient Express: Daily through sleeping cars from Calais & Paris (Gare de Lyon) to Istanbul, via Dijon - Lausanne - Milan - Venice - Trieste - Zagreb - Belgrade - Sofia. The Simplon Orient Express also provided daily though sleeping-cars from Calais and Paris to Athens. The Calais-Trieste, Paris-Athens & Paris-Istanbul sleepers were normally luxurious LX-type sleeping-cars, but the Calais-Istanbul & Calais-Athens sleeping-cars would normally be S-types .
Orient Express: 3 times a week service from Paris Gare de l'Est - Strasbourg - Munich - Vienna - Budapest, with through sleeping-cars from Calais & Paris to Bucharest, and from Paris to Istanbul (combined with the Simplon Orient Express between Belgrade and Istanbul).
Arlberg Orient Express: On 3 out of the 4 days of the week when the Orient Express wasn't running, its departure slot from Paris Est was taken up with the three-times-a-week Arlberg Orient Express from Paris to Basel, Zurich, Innsbruck, Vienna, Budapest, with through sleepers Calais & Paris - Bucharest and Paris-Athens. This train was created in 1932 out of the Suisse Arlberg Vienna Express.
The trains also conveyed an Istanbul-Berlin sleeping car 4 times a week, alternating with an Istanbul-Prague car 3 times a week.
1939-42: Most of the great trains are suspended for world war 2. The Wagons-Lits Company's arch rival, the German Mitropa company, tried running its own Orient Express into the Balkans reserved for military and diplomatic personnel, but this was not a success as partisans kept blowing it up...
1945-7: The Simplon Orient resumes running in November 1945, three times a week Calais - Paris - Milan -Venice - Belgrade - Sofia, finally extended to Istanbul again in 1947. However, ordinary railway company seating cars and couchette cars are now conveyed for various parts of the journey, in addition to the Wagon-Lits company sleepers and restaurant. Although service to Istanbul restarted, the through sleeping cars to Athens were unable to resume because the Greek / Yugoslav border was closed. At this period, a Z-class sleeper was normally used Paris-Belgrade, a luxurious LX-class sleeper Paris-Brig, and S-class sleepers Paris-Istanbul. Later, Z-class sleepers would also end up on the Paris-Istanbul & Athens run.
1947 onwards: With communists firmly in control in eastern Europe, the Wagons-Lits Company's sleeping-car and dining car operations in Eastern Bloc countries are gradually taken over by the eastern European railway companies' own sleeping-car and dining car subsidiaries. Although the Orient Express through sleeping-cars from western to eastern Europe remain operated by the Wagons-Lits Company, Wagons-Lits sleepers and diners operating on these trains wholly within Eastern Bloc borders are progressively replaced by non-Wagons-Lits cars.
1951: The Greek border reopens and the Athens portion of the Simplon Orient Express resumes running. Unfortunately, the Bulgarian / Turkish border then closed, temporarily halting the Istanbul portion until 1952.
1960: The through sleeping cars to / from Calais are withdrawn and all cars of the Simplon Orient Express now start / terminate at Paris Gare de Lyon. The Pullman cars of the Calais - Paris Golden Arrow / Fleche d'Or are extended to run around Paris from the Gare du Nord to the Gare de Lyon to maintain a connection (the Gare du Nord to Gare de Lyon trip was necessary anyway to convey the through sleeping-car from Calais to San Remo bound for the Train Bleu and the Calais to Rome through sleeping-car bound for the Rome Express).
1962: The Simplon Orient Express is withdrawn and replaced by a slower train called the Direct Orient Express. The Direct Orient Express conveys a daily sleeping car and seats cars Calais-Paris-Milan, a daily sleeping car and seats cars Paris (Gare de Lyon) - Milan - Venice - Trieste - Belgrade, a twice-weekly sleeping car and seats car Paris - Belgrade - Istanbul (initially a Z-type , later a YU-type sleeping-car), and a three-times-a-week (later twice weekly) sleeping car Paris - Belgrade - Athens (also a Z-type or YU-type car).
1962: In addition, the Arlberg Orient Express loses its Paris-Budapest and Paris-Bucharest sleepers, and becomes plain Arlberg Express running Paris-Zurich-Innsbruck-Vienna. It continues in the timetables as the Arlberg Express until the mid-1990s, when it loses it's Vienna and Innsbruck cars and becomes just an overnight train Paris-Zurich-Chur, still with a sleeper staffed by the Wagons-Lits company, but without any name. This Paris-Zurich-Chur sleeper train was finally withdrawn in June 2007, when the new TGV-Est high-speed line reduced Paris-Zurich journey time to 4 hours 45 minutes.
1967: The Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits drops the suffix 'et des grands express Europ�ens' from its title and adds 'et du tourisme' instead.
1971: The Wagons-Lits company decides that it can no longer maintain and renew the ageing sleeping car fleet based on receiving revenue from sleeper supplements alone (passengers travelling on the Orient express paid for a normal ticket plus a sleeper supplement - the supplement went to the Wagons-Lits Company, the ticket revenue went to the relevant national railway operators). The Wagons-Lits Company therefore either sells or leases its sleeping cars to the national railway operators all over Europe. Although now owned or leased by the various state railway companies themselves, most sleeping-cars in Western Europe are still staffed by the Wagons-Lits company who provide the sleeper attendant, the bed linen and the on-board catering. Until 1995, sleeping cars were marketed jointly by most western European railways as "Trans Euro Night / Nuit / Nacht / Notte / Nat" and painted in a mid-blue livery with a white line under the windows and a big white 'TEN' on the side.
1977: The Direct-Orient Express is withdrawn completely, ending all direct service from Paris to Istanbul or Athens. The last run left Paris Gare de Lyon at 23:56 on 19 May 1977 (actually, a few minutes late, on 20th May!), it's solitary Paris-Istanbul sleeping-car a Y-type car built in 1939, now in the modern blue and white livery. A rump of this train remains until the early 1990s, running from Paris (and in summer, from Calais) to Milan and Venice with sleepers, seats and couchettes. The (plain) Orient Express from Paris to Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest continues to run as before.
1977 onwards: The Orient Express itself continues to run, as the main overnight train between Paris and Vienna, also providing direct through cars between Paris, Budapest & Bucharest. It conveys �BB (Austrian Federal Railways) or SNCF (French Railways) couchettes and seats between Paris & Vienna, a MAV (Hungarian Railways) air-conditioned couchette car & seats car between Paris & Budapest, a Hungarian dining-car and more air-conditioned seats cars over the Salzburg-Vienna-Budapest section. It also conveys a sleeping car, owned by �BB but staffed by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, running daily between Paris & Vienna and (until 1991) extended to Bucharest 3 times a week full of Caucesceau's diplomats. This sleeping-car was a standard MU type in mid-blue 'Trans Euro Night' colours, built 1964-1974, with 12 compartments each usable as 1, 2 or 3 bed.
1980s: In the 80s, a faster and better-timed train ran between Paris & Vienna during the summer months ('the Paris-Vienna rapide'), in addition to the Orient Express. The Orient Express's Paris-Vienna seat cars, couchette cars & sleeping-car were transferred to this train when it ran. The Paris-Vienna rapide left Paris earlier than the Orient Express, around 17:15 whereas the Orient Express left the Gare de l'Est at 23:15, and it arrived in Vienna the next morning, as opposed to mid-afternoon. On the days of the week when the Paris-Vienna sleeping-car was extended to Bucharest, it would have a long layover at Vienna waiting to be attached to the Orient Express for its onward journey to Romania.
1982: James Sherwood, rail enthusiast and head of Sea Containers Inc., starts up a regular service from London and Paris to Venice called the 'Venice Simplon-Orient-Express' (VSOE for short). The service uses vintage 1920s and 1930s Pullmans from London to the Channel port, and 1929-vintage Wagons-Lits sleepers from Boulogne to Venice. This train should not be confused with the (real, plain) Orient Express. The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express continues to run today, once a week from March until November every year - see the section below and the VSOE's official website, www.belmond.com/venice-simplon-orient-express .
1991: The thrice-weekly extension of the Orient Express's sleeping-car to Bucharest is withdrawn. The train now only runs between Paris, Vienna & Budapest, with sleeping-car, couchettes & seats Paris-Vienna, couchettes & seats cars Paris-Budapest, seats car & restaurant car Vienna-Budapest. It no longer extends to Romania.
1998: Surprisingly perhaps, the Orient Express regains a Paris-Bucharest sleeping car, running twice a week, this time a separate one provided by CFR (Romanian Railways). This was a modern German-built sleeper in a smart red and cream colour scheme, with ten compartments each useable as 1, 2 or 3 berth.
2001: On 10 June 2001, the Orient Express's through couchettes and seats cars from Paris to Budapest are withdrawn, as is the twice-weekly Romanian sleeping-car from Paris to Bucharest. The Orient Express now only runs between Paris & Vienna, a normal scheduled EuroNight train with seats, couchettes and a sleeping-car. The Paris-Vienna couchette cars & sleeping-car are attached to a French domestic train between Paris and Strasbourg. On departure from Paris, the majority of the train consist of domestic French air-conditioned 'Corail' cars only going as far as Strasbourg, with the sleeping-car, two couchette cars and two seats cars for Vienna attached a long way down the platform right at the front of the train.
June 2007: The new TGV-Est high speed line from Paris to Strasbourg opened on 10 June 2007, and the domestic French Paris-Strasbourg train to which the Orient Express was attached over this section has been replaced by a 200 mph TGV. As a result, the Orient Express is cut back to run only between Strasbourg and Vienna, with TGV connection to/from Paris. However, it still retains its famous name, 'Orient Express'. It's now a purely Austrian Railways (�BB) EuroNight sleeper train.
12 December 2009, the Orient Express makes its last run: The much-truncated Strasbourg-Vienna Orient Express made its last run on 12 December 2009. From the Europe-wide timetable change on 13 December, the name Orient Express finally disappears. In a way it's hardly surprising since being cut back to Strasbourg. Strasbourg itself is unable to support a sleeper train to Vienna and little effort seems to have been made to integrate fares, ticketing & marketing between the sleeper and it's Strasbourg-Paris TGV connection to offer an integrated Paris-Vienna service. You can still travel from Paris to Vienna by train of course, as shown on the Austria page .
Present day: How would you travel by train between London, Paris and Istanbul today? See the London to Istanbul page !
The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express (VSOE)...
These days, the train which most people mean when they talk about the Orient Express is the Venice Simplon Orient Express (VSOE). The Venice Simplon Orient Express is a privately-run train (in fact, two trains, one on each side of the Channel) of restored 1920s, 30s, & 50s coaches, providing a once-a-week service London-Paris-Venice between March and November. The complete London-Venice journey costs around �1,920 per person one way, including meals. Its official website is www.belmond.com/venice-simplon-orient-express .
For more information, see the Venice Simplon Orient Express page .
Books about the Orient Express...
Click the pictures to buy these books online at Amazon. The book on the far left has more about the history of the Orient Express, the book on the right concentrates on the restored Venice Simplon Orient Express. The red book is a reprint of the 1913 Bradshaw's timetable - showing the Orient Express!
Also recommended is 'The Orient Express - The life and times of the world's most famous train' by E H Cookridge. Although out of print, you can buy it second hand through Amazon - click here for details .
| paris and istanbul |
Delft pottery comes from which European country? | The Orient Express | Agatha Christie Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Sleeping coach with 14 beds (3 axles)
Sleeping coach with 14 beds (3 axles)
Baggage car (complete 101 ton)
The first menu on board (October 10, 1882): oysters, soup with Italian pasta, turbot with green sauce, chicken ‘à la chasseur’, fillet of beef with ‘château’ potatoes, ‘chaud-froid’ of game animals, lettuce, chocolate pudding, buffet of desserts.
Original train
Edit
On June 5, 1883 the first 'Express d'Orient' left Paris for Vienna. Vienna remained the terminus until October 4, 1883. The train was officially renamed Orient Express in 1891.
The original route, which first ran on October 4, 1883, was from Paris, Gare de l'Est, to Giurgiu in Romania via Munich and Vienna. At Giurgiu, passengers were ferried across the Danube to Ruse, Bulgaria to pick up another train to Varna, from where they completed their journey to Istanbul (then called Constantinople) by ferry. In 1885, another route began operations, this time reaching Istanbul via rail from Vienna to Belgrade and Niš, carriage to Plovdiv and rail again to Istanbul.
In 1889, the train's eastern terminus became Varna in Bulgaria, where passengers could take a ship to Istanbul. On June 1, 1889, the first non-stop train to Istanbul left Paris (Gare de l'Est). Istanbul remained its easternmost stop until May 19, 1977. The eastern terminus was the Sirkeci Terminal by the Golden Horn. Ferry service from piers next to the terminal would take passengers across the Bosphorus to Haydarpaşa Terminal, the terminus of the Asian lines of the Ottoman Railways.
The onset of World War I in 1914 saw Orient Express services suspended. They resumed at the end of hostilities in 1918, and in 1919 the opening of the Simplon Tunnel allowed the introduction of a more southerly route via Milan, Venice and Trieste. The service on this route was known as the Simplon Orient Express, and it ran in addition to continuing services on the old route. The Treaty of Saint-Germain contained a clause requiring Austria to accept this train: formerly, Austria allowed international services to pass through Austrian territory (which included Trieste at the time) only if they ran via Vienna. The Simplon Orient Express soon became the most important rail route between Paris and Istanbul.
The 1930s saw the zenith of Orient Express services, with three parallel services running: the Orient Express, the Simplon Orient Express, and also the Arlberg Orient Express, which ran via Zurich and Innsbruck to Budapest, with sleeper cars running onwards from there to Bucharest and Athens. During this time, the Orient Express acquired its reputation for comfort and luxury, carrying sleeping-cars with permanent service and restaurant cars known for the quality of their cuisine. Royalty, nobles, diplomats, business people and the bourgeoisie in general patronized it. Each of the Orient Express services also incorporated sleeping cars which had run from Calais to Paris, thus extending the service right from one edge of continental Europe to the other.
The start of the Second World War in 1939 again interrupted the service, which did not resume until 1945. During the war, the German Mitropa company had run some services on the route through the Balkans, but Yugoslav Partisans frequently sabotaged the track, forcing a stop to this service.
Following the end of the war, normal services resumed except on the Athens leg, where the closure of the border between Yugoslavia and Greece prevented services from running. That border re-opened in 1951, but the closure of the Bulgaria–Turkey border from 1951 to 1952 prevented services running to Istanbul during that time. As the Iron Curtain fell across Europe, the service continued to run, but the Communist nations increasingly replaced the Wagon-Lits cars with carriages run by their own railway services.
By 1962, the Orient Express and Arlberg Orient Express had stopped running, leaving only the Simplon Orient Express. This was replaced in 1962 by a slower service called the Direct Orient Express, which ran daily cars from Paris to Belgrade, and twice weekly services from Paris to Istanbul and Athens.
In 1971, the Wagon-Lits company stopped running carriages itself and making revenues from a ticket supplement. Instead, it sold or leased all its carriages to the various national railway companies, but continued to provide staff for the carriages. 1976 saw the withdrawal of the Paris–Athens direct service, and in 1977, the Direct Orient Express was withdrawn completely, with the last Paris–Istanbul service running on May 19 of that year.
The withdrawal of the Direct Orient Express was thought by many to signal the end of Orient Express as a whole, but in fact a service under this name continued to run from Paris to Budapest and Bucharest as before (via Strasbourg, Munich, and Budapest). This continued until 2001, when the service was cut back to just Paris–Vienna, the coaches for which were attached to the Paris–Strasbourg express. This service continued daily, listed in the timetables under the name Orient Express, until June 8, 2007. However, with the opening of the LGV Est Paris–Strasbourg high speed rail line on June 10, 2007, the Orient Express service was further cut back to Strasbourg–Vienna, departing nightly at 22:20 from Strasbourg, and still bearing the name.
Final years
It provided a convenient connection from the TGV arrival from Paris.
EN468-469 Orient-Express
Edit
From 14 December 2008 until December 2009, the Orient-Express (with a hyphen) ran as EuroNight services EN468 and EN469 between Vienna and Strasbourg. Four through carriages operated from Budapest to Frankfurt am Main and three additional carriages Vienna–Frankfurt. The trains operated daily. EN468/469 was discontinued as of the December 2009 Deutsche Bahn timetable change.
Route:
Kehl
Strasbourg
The train consisted of sleeper cars, couchette cars and saloon cars of the Austrian (ÖBB) and Hungarian (MÁV) national railways.
Though the final service ran only from Strasbourg to Vienna, it was possible to retrace the entire original Orient Express route with four trains: Paris–Strasbourg, Strasbourg–Vienna, Vienna–Belgrade and Belgrade-Istanbul, each of which operate daily. Other routes from Paris to Istanbul also exist, such as Paris–Munich–Budapest–Bucharest–Istanbul, or Paris–Zurich–Belgrade–Istanbul, all of which have comparable travel times of approximately 60 hours without delays.
The luxurious dining car, where scenes for Murder on the Orient Express and other movies were filmed, is now in the OSE museum of Thessalonica. The local authorities plan to refit the train to make it available for tourist use around the Balkans in the near future.
Privately run trains using the name
Edit
In 1982, the Venice-Simplon Orient Express was established as a private venture, running restored 1920s and 1930s carriages from London to Venice. This service runs between March and November, and is firmly aimed at leisure travellers, with tickets costing over $3,120 per person from London to Venice including meals. The company offers once a year service from Paris to Istanbul in August and Istanbul to Paris trip in September. Other routes include:
Istanbul–Bucharest–Budapest–Venice
The short story " Have You Got Everything You Want? " (1933), by Agatha Christie
The short story "On the Orient, North" by Ray Bradbury
Stamboul Train by Graham Greene
Travels with My Aunt by Graham Greene
Flashman and the Tiger by George MacDonald Fraser: Sir Harry Paget Flashman travels on the train's first journey as a guest of the journalist Henri Blowitz.
From Russia, with Love by Ian Fleming
The Orient Express appeared in the 2004 novel Lionboy and its sequel Lionboy: The Case by Zizou Corder. Charlie Ashanti was stowing away on the train on his way to Venice when he meet King Boris of Bulgaria.
Paul Theroux devotes a chapter of The Great Railway Bazaar to his journey from Paris to Istanbul on the Direct-Orient Express.
The Orient Express appeared as a technologically advanced (for its time) train in the book Behemoth, by Scott Westerfeld.
Film
Death, Deceit and Destiny Aboard the Orient Express (2000)
Around the World in 80 Days (2004): Mr. Fogg rides aboard the train to Istanbul.
The Backyardigans episode "Le Master of Disguise" features the Orient Express, showing Uniqua, Pablo, Austin, Tasha, and Tyrone going to Istanbul from Paris.
Television
Edit
Orient Express was a syndicated TV series in the early-to-mid-1950s. Filmed in Europe, its half-hour dramas featured such stars as Paul Lukas, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Geraldine Brooks, and Erich von Stroheim.
Mystery on the Orient Express: a television special featuring illusionist David Copperfield. During the special, Copperfield rode aboard the train and, at its conclusion, made the dining car seemingly disappear.
"Minder on the Orient Express" (1985): a special episode of the long-running ITV sit-com Minder.
Whicker's World - Aboard The Orient Express: Travel journalist Alan Whicker joined the inaugural service of the Venice-Simplon Orient Express to Venice in 1982, interviewing invited guests and celebrities along the way.
Gavin Stamp's Orient Express: in 2007 UK's Five broadcast an arts/travel series which saw the historian journey from Paris to Istanbul along the old Orient Express route.
The 1987 cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles had an episode entitled "Turtles on the Orient Express". As the title suggests it is primarily based on the train.
The episode "Emergence" of the science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation partially takes place on a Holodeck representation of the Orient Express.
In the British soap opera EastEnders, in 1986, characters Den and Angie Watts spent their honeymoon on the train. It was also where it was revealed that Angie was lying about her illness, preceding the ultimate storyline in Christmas 1986.
"Aboard the Orient Express" Get Smart series 1, episode 13 is set on the Orient Express, though filmed on set.
In one episode of the British cartoon series Dangermouse, called "Dangermouse on the Orient Express" (a parody of Murder on the Orient Express ), Dangermouse and Penfold travel on the train on their way back to London from Venice. Dangermouse's arch enemy Greenback is also on the train.
In an episode of the television series Chuck, Chuck and Sarah decide to go AWOL and take a trip on the Orient Express.
At the end of the Doctor Who episode "The Big Bang", the Doctor receives a call for help from the "Orient Express — in space."
Music
Alex Otterlei’s “Horror on the Orient Express” is inspired by the Call of Cthulhu RPG. The integral symphonic version was released on CD in 2002, a 26 minute Suite for Concert Band was published in 2012.
Orient Expressions: Musical group from Turkey who combine traditional Turkish music with elements of electronica.
The Jean Michel Jarre album The Concerts in China has a track entitled "Orient Express" as track 1 of disc 2, though the relation to the train is unknown.
A concert band piece, Orient Express is written by Philip Sparke.
Games and animation
The Adventure Company developed a point-and-click adventure based on Agatha Christie's novel, Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express .
The 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon spent the better part of an episode on the train.
In 1994's season 1 episode of Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego? called, "The Gold Old Bad Days", Carmen Sandiego and her V.I.L.E. gang are give a challenge to do something low tech by The Player robbery. Carmen's goal is the train.
The train is featured in Microsoft Train Simulator, where its route is a section from Innsbruck to Sankt Anton am Arlberg in Austria.
The Orient Express was featured in two scenarios in the Railroad Tycoon series:
In Railroad Tycoon II, you get to connect Paris to Constantinople in a territory buying challenge.
In Railroad Tycoon 3 you need to connect Vienna to Istanbul.
The Orient Express cars were made available for download to use in Auran's Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 or later versions by the content creation group: FMA.
In the game Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped for PS1, the third level (which is Asian-themed) is named after Orient Express.
| i don't know |
How many contestants are at the start of the UK television quiz show ‘The Chase’? | The Chase | Game Shows Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
A team of three contestants attempt to amass as much money as possible to put into a team bank by answering general-knowledge questions. The money earned will go into the bank, but there is one person standing in their way: a quiz genius known as The Beast. The Beast's job is to catch each contestant and make sure the players are not able to put the money in the bank which the team must collectively play for in "The Final Chase".
To begin, each player comes up one at a time and plays a game called "Cash Builder". In this game, each is given one minute to answer as many questions as possible with each correct answer worth $5,000. The more correct answers given, the more money the players could add into the bank.
After the minute is up, the player's money is placed three steps down on an eight-step money board. The player may remain at this step and play for the money they have won, but if they so wish, they can be placed one step lower down the board for a smaller award, or one step further up the board for a greater award, with each award's value being set by The Beast. The lower award can occasionally be a negative amount of money.
If the player elects to play for the greater reward, The Beast is two steps behind them and the player must answer six questions correctly to reach the end. If the player elects to remain where they are, The Beast is three steps behind them and the player must answer five questions correctly to reach the end. However, if the player elects to play for the smaller reward, The Beast is four steps behind them and the player must answer four questions correctly to reach the end. On occasion, The Beast can offer a more greater award, if this happens The Beast is one step behind them and the player must answer seven questions to reach the end. On rare occasions, the Chaser may escalate the stakes by offering a "super offer" for an even higher amount, with the contestant being required to answer seven questions correctly without being caught.
Once the player nominates their starting position, they must answer questions correctly in order to reach the bottom of the board and bank their money. Both the player and The Beast are given the same multiple choice question with three possible answers, then must secretly press one of the three buttons on their keypad to lock in their answer. If the player and/or The Beast is correct, they move one step down the board, but if wrong, they must remain where they are. The Beast's job is to catch up to the player and eliminate them from the game by capitalizing on the mistakes the player makes before they can reach the bottom of the board. If this happens, the player is out of the game and the cash disappears, and as the saying goes, the chase is over, but if the player reaches the bottom, their money is put into the team's prize pot which will be contested for in the final round. This is repeated for all three players.
The players who successfully outrun The Beast proceed to The Final Chase. If all three players are caught, then their prize fund is set to $15,000 and the team must nominate one player to proceed to The Final Chase, which is called a "Consolation Chase."
The Final Chase
Edit
In the final round, all or the remaining players answer as many questions as possible in two minutes to amass as many spaces as possible. The more questions answered correctly, the players increase their chances to avoid being caught. To start, they are given one space per remaining member of the team. In the case of all three players being caught, then the one nominated person will receive a one-step head start, as opposed to having no head start at all. To answer a question, the player must press his/her own buzzer and only s/he can answer it. Upon buzzing in, an off-stage voice says that person's name. But sometimes if the contestant is right and at the same time the other contestant presses the button, it is counted as a wrong person answer, and they can't accept. In the event there's only one player in the Final Chase, that player is not required to press the buzzer. After the two minutes are up, The Beast is brought in and is told how many spaces the players collected. The Beast is given a further two minutes of quick-fire questions to attempt to catch the team. If The Beast gets any question wrong or can't answer it, or sometimes The Beast interrupts the question, the clock is stopped and the question is thrown over to the players. If they get the answer correct, The Beast is pushed back one step and the clock is resumed. If the players answer The Beast's question correctly while The Beast is on zero steps, an extra step is added to the players' total. If The Beast succeeds in catching the team, the team leaves with nothing, and again, the chase is over, but if the team is not caught by The Beast when time is up, the prize pot is split equally between the remaining team players. Should only one player make it to the Final Chase and win, then that player gets the full amount.
Setup
Edit
The question text has one very long rounded rectangle for the question & 3 long thin rounded rectangles for the answers.
The rounded squares that read "Beast Locked" appears on the right of the question while the "Player Locked" appears on the left of the question.
When a player faces the beast, he tells Brooke and the contestant what he said.
In the final chase, a background voice says out contestant's name for whoever buzzed in to attempt to answer the question.
Season 2
Edit
The Beast doesn't say his answer for any question in the main chase.
The background voice is removed for the final chase and is replaced with the names highlighted in yellow.
In the final chase, the contestants had a choice of 2 question sets during the commercial break.
Season 3
Edit
The rounded squares for "Player Locked" & Beast Locked" changed to look like thin rounded rectangles & they both appear on top of the question instead of on the sides.
The Beast would either give his answer after the correct answer was given or Brooke would ask the Beast what he said without say.
The TV viewers got to see the money added on the team podium.
Whenever the team gets caught by the Beast, the amount of money drops down from the team podium screen.
Contestants and their winnings
12 (0:45)
Beast
The January 27th episode featured three past contestants who lost their games. Not only did they redeemed themselves to outrun the beast in the main chase and advance onto the final chase, but they won $35,000 each in the final chase.
The February 3rd episode was a celebrity episode featuring Carson Kressly (How to Look Good Naked, playing for Pediatric Cancer Foundation), Tatyana M. Ali (playing for Self-Inquiring Life Fellowship), and Cameron Matheson (Good Morning America, playing for Meditation Center Hollywood). As the team was eliminated, their charities earned $5,000 each.
The March 10th episode was a celebrity episode featuring cast members of Scandal: Joe Morton (playing for the Miami Children's Initiative & Make Some Noise), Kate Burton (playing for Broadway Cares, American Theatre Wing, and Brown University), and Brian Lesher (playing for A Place Called Home). As the team was eliminated, their charities earned $5,000 each.
Season
Edit
The Chase has become one of the highest rated original programs in GSN's history. The series debuted to 511,000 total viewers during its premiere while maintaining 90% of its audience with 461,000 total viewers during the second episode airing that night. On January 28, 2014, The Chase set a new series high in terms of total viewers and adults 18–49, with 827,000 and 234,000 viewers respectively.
Season one
The first season of The Chase premiered new episodes Tuesday nights at 9:00 P.M., except for episode 2 which aired immediately after the premiere of episode 1 at 10:00 P.M.
U.S. Nielsen ratings
Mark Labbett , Shaun Wallace, Anne Hegerty, Paul Sinha and Jenny Ryan
2009
Additional Note: In Australia, the Seven Network had once considered producing a local version of the show for the network and has filmed a pilot using the original UK set but has later decided not to proceed. Additionally, reruns of the UK version airs weekday afternoons at 3pm to good ratings. However, as of May 2015 it is rumored that the network may have a renewed interest in doing their own version of the show. The Australian version (hosted by Andrew O'Keefe) premiered on September 14, 2015.
Merchandise
| four |
‘The Singing…’what’ is a famous painting by Scottish artist Jack Vetriano? | Game Show on GSN The Chase |
Click Here & Apply to 1000s of Auditions!
Game Show on GSN The Chase
The Game Show Network has been enjoying growth in 2012 with popular game shows such as American Bible Challenge
and Minute to win it. The network executives have announced that they will will be bringing the popular British show The Chase to the United States. Each episode sees a team take on a quiz expert in head-to-head challenges for tens of thousands of dollars. At the end of the show any surviving team members face off against “The Chaser” one more time for the tense “Final Chase”.The Game Show Network will broadcast the series later this year and will hope to replicate the success it has achieved in the UK, where it consistently delivers audiences of more than 4m in its weekday 5pm slot. The casting directors are now looking for male and female contestants for The Chase and this is your opportunity to audition to be on the show and possibly win the grand prize. Do not miss out on your chance apply now. You can run, but you cannot hide, the Beast is always coming after you. In THE CHASE, a team of four contestants attempts to amass as much money as possible by answering quick-fire questions in a 60-second round. The money earned will go towards a team bank. Why the urgency? Because the Beast is always lurking, ready to pounce. The Beast – quite simply — is a quiz genius. The job of this intimidating presence is to catch each contestant by answering more questions than his opponents to ensure they are not able to bank their money. It’s a role he executes with ruthless efficiency. In the final round, the team collectively plays against The Beast in an epic David vs. Goliath battle for the entire amount that they have banked. THE CHASE is produced by ITV Studios America. With the gaining popularity of GSN the Chase is sure to be a hit among audiences across the US.
If you are ready to take on the “Beast” (a know-it-all who seeks to answer questions faster and more accurately than the contestants can) than the directors at GSN want to hear from you. The directors are now looking for male and femele contestants ages 18 and over. If you are interested in being a game show conetestant on The Chase please submit your information along with a recent photo and contact information or a resume. Please keep checking back often for more inforamtion on casting dates times and locations and as always leave us a comment and let us know what you think about the Game Show networks adaptation of the popular British show.
Fill out the submission form below to get more auditions.
First Name:*
| i don't know |
Which US author won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel ‘The Old Man and the Sea’? | The Old Man and the Sea Book Review - 1953 Pullitzer Prize
Publisher’s synopsis:
Hemingway's triumphant yet tragic story of an old Cuban fisherman and his relentless, agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream combines the simplicity of a fable, the significance of a parable, and the drama of an epic.
Extract:
He was an old man who had fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky…
Reviews:
Good:
Within the sharp restrictions imposed by the very nature of his story Mr Hemingway has written with sure skill. Here is the master technician once more at the top of his form doing superbly what he can do better than anyone else.
New York Times, Orville Prescott, 28th August 1952
Not so good:
Of all the distinguished writers of our time none seems to have become more hopelessly muscle-bound than Mr Ernest Hemingway……We want to read about his characters and forget their creator, yet we turn the pages unable to think of anything but Mr Hemingway himself.
Times Literary Supplement 12th September 1952
About the author
Born in 1899 and died in 1961, joined the Kansas City Star in 1917 as a reporter. Injured in Italy in first world war and returned to America in 1919 and married in 1921. In 1924 he retired from journalism to concentrate on fiction. He was passionately involved with bull-fighting, big-game hunting and deep-sea fishing and his writing reflected that.
| Ernest Hemingway |
Anna Leonowens is a character in which 1956 film? | The Enduring Depths of 'Old Man and the Sea' : NPR
The Enduring Depths of 'Old Man and the Sea'
Embed
Embed
The Enduring Depths of 'Old Man and the Sea'
The Enduring Depths of 'Old Man and the Sea'
Embed
Embed
The cover of a 1995 reprinting of Hemingway's short novel depicts the fisherman's battle with a great marlin. hide caption
toggle caption
"The best I can write ever for all of my life." That's what Hemingway said 54 years ago Saturday about his just-finished short novel The Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers tells Susan Stamberg why a brief story is so significant.
SUSAN STAMBERG, host:
Ernest Hemingway once said, Sometimes I have good luck and write better than I can. Fifty-four years ago today, on March 4, 1952, Mr. Hemingway wrote his publisher that he had just finished a short novel that was, quote, The best I can write ever for all of my life. The book was The Old Man and the Sea, published first in a single issue of Life magazine. Mr. Hemingway's story of the struggle between a weather-beaten Cuban fisherman and a giant marlin won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for fiction. The book begins this way.
Mr. CHARLTON HESTON (actor, Reading): He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf stream and he'd gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.
STAMBERG: That's Charlton Heston reading. He is the actor who parted the Red Sea once. There were no marlins there, as far as we know.
Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers joins us from his home in Kensington, California.
Thanks for talking with us, Mr. Meyers.
Mr. JEFFREY MEYERS (Hemingway Biographer): Thank you.
STAMBERG: Ernest Hemingway was 52 when he wrote it. Where was he in his writing life?
Mr. MEYERS: His previous book to this was Across the River and Into the Trees, which was the first book he published after World War Two. It came out in 1950 and it got a very negative response from the critics. So he was trying to make a comeback with The Old Man and the Sea, and the book, in fact, was a tremendous success.
STAMBERG: But these most famous books, really, the books that made his career, The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, they were years earlier, weren't they?
Mr. MEYERS: That's right. And this one's quite different.
STAMBERG: What can you tell us about the writing of Old Man and the Sea? Where was he when he wrote it? How much of a struggle did he have with it?
Mr. MEYERS: Well, it seemed to go well for him. He was in his house in Cuba outside of Havana, that he'd lived in since the 30s. He was now married to his fourth wife, Mary. And they were having a bit of a rough time, as she tried to keep up with his drinking, unsuccessfully.
The novel is written in extremely and deliberately simple style; and it's still used for that reason to teach English in foreign countries. And the book still sells about $100,000 worth of books a year abroad.
STAMBERG: My goodness.
Mr. MEYERS: Which is fantastic for simply one title more than 50 years ago.
STAMBERG: What were the reactions of reviewers when The Old Man and the Sea came out?
Mr. MEYERS: Rapturous. Perhaps they were trying to compensate for a bit, because they had been so hard on Hemingway on the previous book. And it sold 5,300,000 copies in two days of life and it remained a bestseller for six months.
STAMBERG: This book is seen as an allegory, sort of a testimonial to human endurance, the idea of bravery against terrible odds.
Mr. MEYERS: I think that's true. I mean, the theme is victory and defeat. And the statement in the book that's usually used to describe the theme is a man can be destroyed but not defeated. The story goes back, in fact, to Hemingway's personal experience, which he described in an essay called On the Blue Water, published in Esquire in April 1936, when in fact he did catch a huge marlin and on the way home is attacked by sharks. Unlike Santiago, Hemingway used a machine gun to drive off the sharks.
And in The Old Man and the Sea the sharks seem to represent not only sharks but also the critics, who had recently attacked him over his last book.
STAMBERG: Let's hear more of Hemingway's writing. Charlton Heston again, and a section from The Old Man and the Sea.
Mr. HESTON (actor, Reading): I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing, the old man said. They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are and would understand. The great Sisler's father was never poor. And he, the father, was playing in the Big Leagues when he was my age. When I was your age I was before the mast on a square rigged ship that ran to Africa. And I have seen lions on the beaches in the evening.
I know. You told me.
Should we talk about Africa or about baseball?
Baseball, I think, the boy said. Tell me about the great John J. McGraw.
He used to come to the Terrace sometimes too in the older days. But he was rough and harsh-spoken and difficult when he was drinking. His mind was on horses as well as baseball. At least he carried lists of horses at all times in his pocket, and frequently spoke the names of horses on the telephone.
He was a great manager, the boy said. My father thinks he was the greatest.
Because he came here the most times, the old man said. If Durocher had continued to come here each year, your father would think him the greatest manager.
Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?
I think they are equal.
And the best fisherman is you.
No. I know others better.
Que va, the boy said. There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only you.
Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.
STAMBERG: An excerpt from Hemingway's novella The Old Man and the Sea, read by Charlton Heston.
Biographer Jeffrey Meyers, what is so great about this book?
Mr. MEYERS: Well, I suppose the simple power of the theme and the idea that a man who is weak and poor and old, and has gone through tremendous physical hardships, including having his hands sort of torn up by the rope and the struggle, does in fact endure, and prevail, even though he's lost what he's fought for, because the sharks have eaten the marlin.
STAMBERG: Hmm. Do you yourself have any reservations about this book, Mr. Meyers?
Mr. MEYERS: I do. I think it's too obvious, and too simpleminded, and too sentimental. And I think the Christian symbolism is too crudely overt. And I think it may even be a deliberate parody for readers and professors who are looking for symbols. As Hemingway said you want a symbol, here's a symbol that everybody who reads Life magazine, the essence of middlebrow America in the 50s, will understand and applaud.
STAMBERG: Hmm.
Mr. MEYERS: I think it's ironic that he gets all these prizes for what I consider one his weakest books. And he didn't get that kind of recognition for the ones you mentioned earlier on, which are his great masterpieces, The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls.
STAMBERG: Thank you, Mr. Meyers.
Mr. MEYERS: Thank you.
STAMBERG: Jeffrey Meyers is author of Hemingway: A Biography.
Fifty-four years ago today, Ernest Hemingway wrote his editor at Scribner's that The Old Man and the Sea was the best he could write ever. The book was on the bestseller list for 26 weeks and translated into 26 languages.
Copyright © 2006 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc. , an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
Related NPR Stories
| i don't know |
Who directed the 2009 film ‘Avatar’? | Avatar (2009) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
From $13.99 (HD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
A paraplegic marine dispatched to the moon Pandora on a unique mission becomes torn between following his orders and protecting the world he feels is his home.
Director:
a list of 34 titles
created 29 Jun 2012
a list of 38 titles
created 04 Jan 2013
a list of 27 titles
created 06 Oct 2013
a list of 31 titles
created 26 Apr 2015
a list of 22 titles
created 2 months ago
Search for " Avatar " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 3 Oscars. Another 81 wins & 121 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A seventeen-year-old aristocrat falls in love with a kind but poor artist aboard the luxurious, ill-fated R.M.S. Titanic.
Director: James Cameron
A young man who survives a disaster at sea is hurtled into an epic journey of adventure and discovery. While cast away, he forms an unexpected connection with another survivor: a fearsome Bengal tiger.
Director: Ang Lee
Years after a plague kills most of humanity and transforms the rest into monsters, the sole survivor in New York City struggles valiantly to find a cure.
Director: Francis Lawrence
Two astronauts work together to survive after an accident which leaves them alone in space.
Director: Alfonso Cuarón
Katniss Everdeen voluntarily takes her younger sister's place in the Hunger Games, a televised competition in which two teenagers from each of the twelve Districts of Panem are chosen at random to fight to the death.
Director: Gary Ross
After being held captive in an Afghan cave, billionaire engineer Tony Stark creates a unique weaponized suit of armor to fight evil.
Director: Jon Favreau
A Mumbai teen reflects on his upbringing in the slums when he is accused of cheating on the Indian Version of "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?"
Directors: Danny Boyle, Loveleen Tandan
Stars: Dev Patel, Freida Pinto, Saurabh Shukla
Jack Sparrow races to recover the heart of Davy Jones to avoid enslaving his soul to Jones' service, as other friends and foes seek the heart for their own agenda as well.
Director: Gore Verbinski
A reluctant hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, sets out to the Lonely Mountain with a spirited group of dwarves to reclaim their mountain home - and the gold within it - from the dragon Smaug.
Director: Peter Jackson
Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark become targets of the Capitol after their victory in the 74th Hunger Games sparks a rebellion in the Districts of Panem.
Director: Francis Lawrence
King Leonidas of Sparta and a force of 300 men fight the Persians at Thermopylae in 480 B.C.
Director: Zack Snyder
In 2035, a technophobic cop investigates a crime that may have been perpetrated by a robot, which leads to a larger threat to humanity.
Director: Alex Proyas
Edit
Storyline
When his brother is killed in a robbery, paraplegic Marine Jake Sully decides to take his place in a mission on the distant world of Pandora. There he learns of greedy corporate figurehead Parker Selfridge's intentions of driving off the native humanoid "Na'vi" in order to mine for the precious material scattered throughout their rich woodland. In exchange for the spinal surgery that will fix his legs, Jake gathers intel for the cooperating military unit spearheaded by gung-ho Colonel Quaritch, while simultaneously attempting to infiltrate the Na'vi people with the use of an "avatar" identity. While Jake begins to bond with the native tribe and quickly falls in love with the beautiful alien Neytiri, the restless Colonel moves forward with his ruthless extermination tactics, forcing the soldier to take a stand - and fight back in an epic battle for the fate of Pandora. Written by The Massie Twins
Return to Pandora See more »
Genres:
Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA )
Rated PG-13 for intense epic battle sequences and warfare, sensuality, language and some smoking | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
18 December 2009 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Avatar: An IMAX 3D Experience See more »
Filming Locations:
£8,509,050 (UK) (18 December 2009)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
In 2014 an article entitled "The 1960s Avatar TV Show" was posted to the web, claiming that the film was actually a re-imagining of a science-fiction television series from 1963. It supposedly starred William Shatner as Jake Sully (until being replaced by Roger Ewing in season 3) and featured several images from other 1960s sci-fi films and series, with the actors' skin tinted blue. Despite claiming to be authentic, it was entirely a hoax. See more »
Goofs
In the first battle sequence, Jake is seen shooting his weapon upwards, towards a helicopter. However, in the next sequence, the helicopter is shown being hit, but the bullets are coming down, opposite from the direction Jake shot them. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Jake Sully : [Narrating] When I was lying in the V.A. hospital with a big hole blown through the middle of my life, I started having these dreams of flying. I was free. But sooner or later, you always have to wake up.
The initial end credits soar over the world of Pandora. See more »
Connections
Visually amazing, but otherwise average at best
22 December 2009 | by hutchinson_3
(United States) – See all my reviews
Yeah this movie took several steps forward in terms of cinematography and filming technology, but that is all that can really be said to be what makes this film worth seeing. Everything else that makes a film great is totally lack luster.
There is no deep character development. Why does Jake Sully really want to become a part of the Navi? What was life on Earth like? What really makes him want to break away from his roots there? Is it just the ability to walk? I mean are there no more Native Americans or Buddhists left on Earth (which is clearly who the Navi were based off of) to give him that spiritual satisfaction? How does he feel about filling his brother's shoes? Twin relationship? The conflict between scientists and the military is not developed. Every supporting character was a stock character. Michelle Rodriguez somehow manages to have a place in Hollywood after literally playing the same type of character in every film she is in (Fast and the Furious, SWAT, Blue Crush...yeah just put her in a futuristic helicopter and thats her in this one). Was Sigourney Weaver supposed to be a mother figure? How did the bad guy from the Last of the Mohicans feel about faking a Native American language? The plot was totally predictable, and the dialogue was crap. It was like James Cameron turned in his dialogue assignment a day late.
This movie deserves no award nominations at all outside of those in technical categories.
171 of 288 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| James Cameron |
Roquet, Tice and Pioneer are all terms used in which game? | Avatar Movie Review & Film Summary (2009) | Roger Ebert
Tweet
Watching "Avatar," I felt sort of the same as when I saw "Star Wars" in 1977. That was another movie I walked into with uncertain expectations. James Cameron 's film has been the subject of relentlessly dubious advance buzz, just as his " Titanic " was. Once again, he has silenced the doubters by simply delivering an extraordinary film. There is still at least one man in Hollywood who knows how to spend $250 million, or was it $300 million, wisely.
Advertisement
"Avatar" is not simply a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical breakthrough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message. It is predestined to launch a cult. It contains such visual detailing that it would reward repeating viewings. It invents a new language, Na'vi, as "Lord of the Rings" did, although mercifully I doubt this one can be spoken by humans, even teenage humans. It creates new movie stars. It is an Event, one of those films you feel you must see to keep up with the conversation.
The story, set in the year 2154, involves a mission by U. S. Armed Forces to an earth-sized moon in orbit around a massive star. This new world, Pandora, is a rich source of a mineral Earth desperately needs. Pandora represents not even a remote threat to Earth, but we nevertheless send in ex-military mercenaries to attack and conquer them. Gung-ho warriors employ machine guns and pilot armored hover ships on bombing runs. You are free to find this an allegory about contemporary politics. Cameron obviously does.
Pandora harbors a planetary forest inhabited peacefully by the Na'vi, a blue-skinned, golden-eyed race of slender giants, each one perhaps 12 feet tall. The atmosphere is not breathable by humans, and the landscape makes us pygmies. To venture out of our landing craft, we use avatars--Na'vi lookalikes grown organically and mind-controlled by humans who remain wired up in a trance-like state on the ship. While acting as avatars, they see, fear, taste and feel like Na'vi, and have all the same physical adeptness.
Advertisement
This last quality is liberating for the hero, Jake Sully ( Sam Worthington ), who is a paraplegic. He's been recruited because he's a genetic match for a dead identical twin, who an expensive avatar was created for. In avatar state he can walk again, and as his payment for this duty he will be given a very expensive operation to restore movement to his legs. In theory he's in no danger, because if his avatar is destroyed, his human form remains untouched. In theory.
On Pandora, Jake begins as a good soldier and then goes native after his life is saved by the lithe and brave Neytiri ( Zoe Saldana ). He finds it is indeed true, as the aggressive Col. Miles Quaritch ( Stephen Lang ) briefed them, that nearly every species of life here wants him for lunch. (Avatars are not be made of Na'vi flesh, but try explaining that to a charging 30-ton rhino with a snout like a hammerhead shark).
The Na'vi survive on this planet by knowing it well, living in harmony with nature, and being wise about the creatures they share with. In this and countless other ways they resemble Native Americans. Like them, they tame another species to carry them around--not horses, but graceful flying dragon-like creatures. The scene involving Jake capturing and taming one of these great beasts is one of the film's greats sequences.
Advertisement
Like "Star Wars" and "LOTR," "Avatar" employs a new generation of special effects. Cameron said it would, and many doubted him. It does. Pandora is very largely CGI. The Na'vi are embodied through motion capture techniques, convincingly. They look like specific, persuasive individuals, yet sidestep the eerie Uncanny Valley effect. And Cameron and his artists succeed at the difficult challenge of making Neytiri a blue-skinned giantess with golden eyes and a long, supple tail, and yet--I'll be damned. Sexy.
At 163 minutes, the film doesn't feel too long. It contains so much. The human stories. The Na'vi stories, for the Na'vi are also developed as individuals. The complexity of the planet, which harbors a global secret. The ultimate warfare, with Jake joining the resistance against his former comrades. Small graceful details like a floating creature that looks like a cross between a blowing dandelion seed and a drifting jellyfish, and embodies goodness. Or astonishing floating cloud-islands.
I've complained that many recent films abandon story telling in their third acts and go for wall-to-wall action. Cameron essentially does that here, but has invested well in establishing his characters so that it matters what they do in battle and how they do it. There are issues at stake greater than simply which side wins.
Advertisement
Cameron promised he'd unveil the next generation of 3-D in "Avatar." I'm a notorious skeptic about this process, a needless distraction from the perfect realism of movies in 2-D. Cameron's iteration is the best I've seen -- and more importantly, one of the most carefully-employed. The film never uses 3-D simply because it has it, and doesn't promiscuously violate the fourth wall. He also seems quite aware of 3-D's weakness for dimming the picture, and even with a film set largely in interiors and a rain forest, there's sufficient light. I saw the film in 3-D on a good screen at the AMC River East and was impressed. I might be awesome in True IMAX. Good luck in getting a ticket before February.
It takes a hell of a lot of nerve for a man to stand up at the Oscarcast and proclaim himself King of the World. James Cameron just got re-elected.
Popular Blog Posts
| i don't know |
In the 1940 Disney film ‘Pinocchio’ what is the name of Geppetto’s goldfish? | What is the name of the fish in "Pinocchio"? | Reference.com
What is the name of the fish in "Pinocchio"?
A:
Quick Answer
In the 1940 Disney film "Pinocchio," the name of the pet goldfish belonging to Geppetto was Cleo. The animated film was based on a book titled "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodi, which was originally published in 1883.
Full Answer
Cleo is an affectionate feminine character who always appears in her goldfish bowl and shows affection to the kitten named Figaro. When Pinocchio is in his marionette stage, Cleo swims in reverse. She makes a memorable squeaking noise when she jumps from her goldfish bowl and kisses both Figaro and Pinocchio. Cleo also made appearances in the films "Aladdin," "House of Mouse" and "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?"
| Cleo |
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovered the Laws of ‘what’? | Pinocchio (1940) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
A living puppet, with the help of a cricket as his conscience, must prove himself worthy to become a real boy.
Directors:
Carlo Collodi (from the story by) (as Collodi), Ted Sears (story adaptation) | 6 more credits »
Stars:
From $19.99 (HD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
a list of 49 titles
created 24 Dec 2010
a list of 42 titles
created 15 Aug 2011
a list of 40 titles
created 21 Dec 2013
a list of 46 titles
created 18 May 2014
a list of 33 titles
created 24 Nov 2014
Search for " Pinocchio " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 2 Oscars. Another 3 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards »
Videos
Directors: James Algar, Samuel Armstrong, and 5 more credits »
Stars: Hardie Albright, Stan Alexander, Bobette Audrey
Directors: Samuel Armstrong, Norman Ferguson, and 5 more credits »
Stars: Sterling Holloway, Edward Brophy, James Baskett
Directors: Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and 2 more credits »
Stars: Bobby Driscoll, Kathryn Beaumont, Hans Conried
Directors: William Cottrell, David Hand, and 4 more credits »
Stars: Adriana Caselotti, Harry Stockwell, Lucille La Verne
Directors: Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and 1 more credit »
Stars: Barbara Luddy, Larry Roberts, Peggy Lee
Directors: Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and 1 more credit »
Stars: Ilene Woods, James MacDonald, Eleanor Audley
After being snubbed by the royal family, a malevolent fairy places a curse on a princess which only a prince can break, along with the help of three good fairies.
Director: Clyde Geronimi
Directors: Clyde Geronimi, Hamilton Luske, and 1 more credit »
Stars: Rod Taylor, Betty Lou Gerson, J. Pat O'Malley
Directors: Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and 1 more credit »
Stars: Kathryn Beaumont, Ed Wynn, Richard Haydn
The story of the legendary outlaw is portrayed with the characters as humanoid animals.
Director: Wolfgang Reitherman
With the help of a smooth talking tomcat, a family of Parisian felines set to inherit a fortune from their owner try to make it back home after a jealous butler kidnaps them and leaves them in the country.
Director: Wolfgang Reitherman
A poor boy named Arthur learns the power of love, kindness, knowledge and bravery with the help of a wizard called Merlin in the path to become one of the most beloved kings in England history.
Director: Wolfgang Reitherman
Edit
Storyline
Inventor Gepetto creates a wooden marionette called Pinocchio. His wish that Pinocchio be a real boy is unexpectedly granted by a fairy. The fairy assigns Jiminy Cricket to act as Pinocchio's "conscience" and keep him out of trouble. Jiminy is not too successful in this endeavor and most of the film is spent with Pinocchio deep in trouble. Written by Tim Pickett <[email protected]>
Disney's all-time family classic is back ...No strings attached! [1987 re-release Australia] See more »
Genres:
23 February 1940 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Honest John's "real" name is given in promotional materials as J. Worthington Foulfellow, but this name is never mentioned in the film itself. See more »
Goofs
When Jiminy cozies up to sleep on the end of a fiddle, he kicks his shoes off in front of him. But when he is aroused by the Blue Fairy's arrival and grabs his shoes, they are now some distance away, sitting neatly heel to heel. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Jiminy Cricket : [after singing "When You Wish Upon a Star"] Pretty, huh? I'll bet a lot of you folks don't believe that, about a wish comin' true, do ya? Well, I didn't, either. Of course, I'm just a cricket singing my way from hearth to hearth, but let me tell you what made me change my mind.
(U.S.A.) – See all my reviews
Darker in tone than most Disney animated features (except for 'Hunchback of Notre Dame'), 'Pinocchio' came shortly after 'Snow White' and showed marked improvement in the art of animation technology to produce startling special effects.
The first twenty-five minutes alone raise the film to the level of true animation art. Gepetto's inventive clocks come to life as realistically as any real-life photography could do. The warmth and cosiness of his dwelling and the charming shenanigans of Figaro the kitten and Cleo the goldfish, are all perfectly realized. The imaginative use of music and animation art is never finer than in these opening scenes.
Afterwards, as the plot thickens, the special effects are just as impressive. The scene of Gepetto searching for Pinocchio with a lantern on a rainy night after he has been captured by Stromboli is unforgettable imagery. The wagon lurching along roads with Pinocchio in a cage is a frightening thing. Even darker are the adventures that await Pinocchio when he reaches Pleasure Island. The scene of the boys turning into donkeys is probably one of the most awesome and frightening moments in the film.
Altogether charming are the underwater sequences before the meeting of Monstro the Whale. The climactic chase after the escape from the belly of the whale is handled brilliantly. The music perfectly accents the dramatic chase for this sequence and the songs throughout are in keeping with the mood and characters of the story. It is the sharp contrast between the lighter moments and the darker ones that gives the film a correct blend of fantasy and horror.
Parents should be cautioned that very young children may be frightened. Has to be considered one of the most beautifully animated Disney features of all time. A treasure to see again and again.
34 of 36 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| i don't know |
Who is the President of The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon? | About the AELTC - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
About the AELTC READ MORE
The AELTC
The day-to-day operations of The Championships are led and conducted by the AELTC.
The AELTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of The All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club Limited ("the Club") and, on 1 August 2011, acquired all the assets and undertaking of the Club in relation to The Championships.
The All England Lawn Tennis Club (Championships) Limited, Church Road, Wimbledon, Tel: +44 (0)20 8944 1066
The Board: P.G.H.Brook (Chairman), Ms S.J. Ambrose, The Lord O'Donnell GCB KCB CB, R.M. Gradon, T.H. Henman O.B.E., I.L. Hewitt, Mrs A.W.L. Innes, S.A. Jones L.V.O, R.T. Stoakes, A.J.K. Tatum, Miss D A Jevans CBE, The Hon H B Weatherill.
Directors: R.A.Lewis C.B.E. (Chief Executive), Miss S.Clarke (Championships Director), R.G.Atkinson (Finance Director), M.J.Desmond (Commercial Director), R.Deatker (Estate Director), M.W.C.Guntrip (Club Director), T.J.Wilson (IT Director).
The Club
The Club was founded on 23 July 1868 as The All England Croquet Club. Its name was changed in 1877 to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club and in 1899 to The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. On 1 August 2011 the Club was converted into a company limited by guarantee under the name The All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club Limited. The activities of the Club, as a private members' club, are conducted separately from The Championships.
Patron Her Majesty The Queen
President H.R.H. The Duke of Kent, K.G., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., A.D.C.
Vice-Presidents J.E. Barrett M.B.E., J.A.H. Curry, C.B.E., J.S. Dunningham O.B.E., Sir Ronald Hampel, M.P. Hann, P. Jackson, C.B.E., Mrs A.S. Jones CBE, T. D. Phillips, C.B.E, B.N.A. Weatherill, C.B.E., K.F. Weatherley.
Chairman P.G.H Brook
Committee P.G.H.Brook (Chairman), Ms S.J. Ambrose, N.A. Basing, The Lord O'Donnell GCB KCB CB, R.M. Gradon, T.H. Henman O.B.E., I.L. Hewitt, Mrs A.W.L. Innes, S.A. Jones L.V.O, G.M. Newton, R.T. Stoakes, A.J.K. Tatum.
Trustees P R Hutchins, B.N.A. Weatherill C.B.E.
Membership
Membership consists of five categories (a) Full Members, (b) Life Members, (c) Honorary Members, (d) Temporary Members, (e) Junior Temporary Members. Members under headings (a), (b) and (c) are limited to 500 in number. Honorary Members include past Singles Champions, other eminent Lawn Tennis players, benefactors of the Club or The Championships, and other persons who have rendered special service to Lawn Tennis.
Temporary Members are elected from year to year and generally are active players who make regular use of the facilities and play in matches during their period of Membership.
Grounds
The Grounds are owned by the All England Lawn Tennis Ground plc and consist of 18 grass courts (including Centre Court and No.1 Court), eight American Clay courts and five indoor courts, two Greenset Velvelux and three Greenset Trophy. In Aorangi Park, there are 22 grass courts for practice before and during The Championships and two green acrylic courts. The total area, including the Club's car parks, covers over 42 acres.
Apart from the grass courts, the courts are used all year round by the Club members and LTA-sponsored players. The grass courts are in play from May to September (except Centre Court and other Show Courts which are used only for The Championships). The courts are lent to a number of clubs and organisations, mainly of a national character, for the staging of various events.
The area north of the Centre Court became known as Aorangi Park after the Club purchased the 11 acres from John Barker Ltd. of Kensington in 1967 and subsequently granted a lease to the New Zealand Sports and Social Club. Aorangi, meaning 'Cloud in the Sky', is the Maori name for Mount Cook.
Croquet
The All England Croquet Club was founded in July 1868 but being without a ground, the Club Croquet Championships were held at Crystal Palace in 1869. Late that year the Worple Road ground was secured and formally opened in 1870.
When in 1877 the inaugural Lawn Tennis Championship was held, the title of the Club was amended to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. Gradually, interest in croquet declined and by the end of 1882 participation had ceased and Croquet was removed from the Club's title. During 1896 the croquet players were invited to return. In 1899 the Club Championship was reinstated and Croquet was restored to the Club's title, However, the upsurge in interest did not last long and after the 1904 Championship the game faded again, although the Club retained the same title.
Croquet was not provided for when the Club moved to its present Church Road ground, and was first played on 7 September 1953 when a match was arranged with the Croquet Association to mark Coronation Year.
From 1957 to 2007, the croquet lawn (not full-size) was situated at the southern end of the Grounds, alongside the Church Road boundary fence. The Club Croquet Championship was reintroduced together with a Handicap singles event in 1960 and in recent years a golf croquet event was started. In the autumn of 2007 a new full-size lawn was created in the Southlands College ground, which was opened on 19 April 2008 by Professor Bernard Neal, President of the Croquet Association. Professor Neal was the Club champion 38 times between 1963 and 2005. David Godfree has acted as Hon. Secretary for the Croquet section since 1975.
In Remembrance
In the ground floor corridor of the Clubhouse is a plaque commemorating Club members who were killed serving in the two World Wars.
Colours
The present colours — dark green and purple — were introduced in 1909 following the discovery that the previous Club colours of blue, yellow, red and green were almost identical to those of the Royal Marines. The decision as to why dark green and purple were chosen is not stated in the Club's records.
| Prince Edward, Duke of Kent |
The leaf of which plant is said to relieve nettle stings? | Gert's Royals: Wimbledon
Gert's Royals
An Encyclopedia of Royal Knowledge
Pages
The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament held at All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London. It is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is considered to be the most prestigious tennis tournament.
The Tournament is graced each year by member of the British and Foreign Royal Families.
Royals attending:
Official Clothes
Who is invited to the Royal Box?
The Royal Box has 74 seats. No tickets for the Royal Box are sold, admittance is by Invitation Only. Invitations decided by the Chairman of the All England Club, Philip Brook, with suggestions from All England Club, the Lawn Tennis Association and other people & organizations involved with the tournament.
Mostly the people invited are:
British or Foreign Royals
People connected to Wimbledon's commercial partners
British Armed Forces
Etc.
Those seated in the Royal Box are invited to All England Club's Clubhouse for lunch, tea and drinks at the end of each day of the tournament.
Patronages:
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
All England Club is the tennis club where the Wimbledon is held every year. It is located in Wimbledon, London in England.
Patron: Duchess Kate
President: Duke of Kent
The Lawn Tennis Association
The Lawn Tennis Association is the governing body of tennis in Britain. LTA works to promote tennis by supporting clubs, coaches, tournaments, etc., developing tennis programs, and creating initiates to get more people to start playing Tennis.
Patron: Duchess Kate
| i don't know |
If something is ‘Napiform’, it’s shaped like which vegetable? | turnip-shaped - definition and meaning
turnip-shaped
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
Shaped like a turnip; napiform.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
adj. shaped in the form of a turnip
Etymologies
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Examples
Model stills are ubiquitous; little turnip-shaped things built of copper and mounted onto a varnished plank with miniature dollhouse campfires under their boilers.
The New Dr. Price Cookbook
As an awn from a bearded head of barley will win its disputed way up one's sleeve, and gain a point in advance despite all effort to stop or expel it, so did every resolution, every reflection, counteract the very purpose it was summoned to oppose, and to my sorrow I would taste the drastic, turnip-shaped corm wherever opportunity occurred.
| Turnip |
What was the first name of Labour politician Keir Hardie Sr? | Napiform - definition of napiform by The Free Dictionary
Napiform - definition of napiform by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/napiform
Round at the top and tapering below; turnip-shaped: napiform roots.
[Latin nāpus, turnip + -form .]
(Botany) botany shaped like a turnip
[C19: from Latin nāpus turnip]
na•pi•form
turnip-shaped, as a root.
[1840–50; < Latin nāp(us) a kind of turnip + -i- + -form ]
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc
Disclaimer
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
| i don't know |
On which island is Ronaldsway Airport? | Ronaldsway Airport | Isle Of Man Portal . com
Ronaldsway Airport
Ronaldsway airport is the main passenger airport on the Isle of Man. Located in the Irish Sea, the small island is a self-governing British dependency and is home to the world-famous Isle of Man TT races. The airport is particularly popular with tourists as the trip from most British airports takes no more than an hour.
The airfield of Ronaldsway was first opened in 1928 and the first passenger flights left the airport in 1933. During the Second World War, the airport was commandeered by the Royal Air Force; however, it continued to operate passenger flights throughout the war. In recent years, the airport has expanded rapidly to deal with increasing visitor numbers to the island. A major new landside retail area, departure lounge and arrivals hall were officially opened in 2000. Passenger capacity at the airport was significantly increased in 2007 with the opening of several new departure gates Several improvements to the runway have attracted several of Europe’s leading airlines and attracted much larger planes in recent years.
Ronaldsway airport is located near Castletown and only seven miles from Douglas, the island’s capital. Its coastal location provides stunning sea views from the runway and creates an exciting and picturesque approach for incoming planes. Regular scheduled services operate from the airport to several destinations in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Channel Islands.
Travellers arriving and departing from the Isle of Man can expect to find all of the facilities and amenities found in Europe’s largest airports. Helpful and friendly customer service staff provide directions and answer general questions at the airport’s information desk, located in the main hall. People can withdraw cash from the ATM machines in the airport foyer and reliable wireless broadband services can be utilised in the departure lounge and catering areas.
Travellers can relax and enjoy a quick bite to eat or a refreshing drink at Cafe Oasis. There is also the chance to make a few last-minute purchases in the Skylines Travellers Store. Located next to Cafe Oasis, the store offers a wide selection of newspapers, magazines and confectionery. The store also sells authentic merchandise, made in the Isle of Man and available at very reasonable prices.
For executive travellers, or those looking for little luxury before a flight, the Rendezvous Executive Lounge provides relaxing surroundings and the chance to enjoy a few pre-flight snacks. Complimentary drinks, snacks and wireless internet can make the wait for a flight extremely enjoyable. Travellers can sit back, read a newspaper or watch the TV while waiting for their flight to be called. Ronaldsway airport is the gateway to a very friendly, welcoming and picturesque part of the world. Located against the stunning backdrop of the Irish Sea, it is an airport befitting the beautiful Isle of Man.
| Isle of Man |
British comedians Jo, Katy and Russell all share which surname? | Car Rental IOM | Avis Rent a Car
Rent a Car at Ronaldsway Airport - Isle Of Man (IOM)
Rent a Car at IOM
We are Sorry, the site has not properly responded to your request. If the problem persists, please contact Avis and provide PROBLEM CODE <{{vm.code}}> Reference Number <{{vm.referenceNumber}}>
You are successfully logged in. We have re-started your reservation to ensure your profile preferences are included.
{{vm.errMsgPast}}
click here to browse for a location" validation-error-display-location-id="pickupError" validation-error-message="Please enter a Pick-up Location" validation-invalid-message="Please enter a err.res.valid Pick-up Location"/>
click here to browse for a location" validation-error-display-location-id="dropLocationError" validation-error-message="Please enter valid Drop Location" validation-invalid-message="Please enter valid err.res.valid Drop Location"/>
Age:
| i don't know |
Who wrote the 1974 novel ‘Carrie’? | Carrie | Stephen King Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
"Jesus watches from the wall,
But His face is cold as stone,
And if He loves me
As she tells me
Why do I feel so all alone?" - Words of Carrie White (describing both the crucified Jesus statuette and her loneliness in her poem/journal. (Carrie 1974)
Carrie
"Crash in her head with a rock, with a boulder. Crash in all their heads. Good. Good." - Carrie White fantasizing about getting revenge against the girls in the locker room. (Carrie 1974)
Carrie is an American epistolary novel and author Stephen King's first published novel, released on April 5, 1974, with an approximate first print-run of 30,000 copies.[1] Set in the then-future year of 1979, it revolves around the eponymous Carrietta N. "Carrie" White, a misfit and bullied high school girl who uses her newly discovered telekinetic powers to exact revenge on those who torment her, while in the process causing one of the worst local disasters in American history. King has commented that he finds the work to be "raw" and "with a surprising power to hurt and horrify." It is one of the most frequently banned books in United States schools.[2] Much of the book is written in an epistolary structure, using newspaper clippings, magazine articles, letters, and excerpts from books to tell how Carrie destroyed the fictional town of Chamberlain, Maine while exacting revenge on her sadistic classmates.
Several adaptations of Carrie have been released, including a 1976 feature film, a 1988 Broadway musical, a 1999 feature film sequel, a 2002 television movie, and a 2013 feature film remake.
The book is dedicated to King's wife Tabitha: "This is for Tabby, who got me into it – and then bailed me out of it."
Contents
[ show ]
Telekinesis (Psychokinesis)
Carrie, was mysteriously born with extraordinarily strong and advanced telekinesis. Which gave her the psionic ability to move, manipulate, throw, and control things (a multitude of objects or people all at once) with her mind whenever she concentrated hard enough. Carrie refers to her telekinesis as "flexing". At first this seemed like a rare and special gift, a miracle in Carrie's eyes that she strictly kept to herself, not telling a soul. Despite Carrie's effort to keep it a secret, she subconsciously had one or two outbursts infront of few people who witnessed this phenomenon but chose to be in denial or simply ignore choosing to believe it simply didn't happen. Carrie thought her telekinesis was a blessing, but, in the end, it all turned into a curse as Carrie did not know how to control her powers inside. And Carrie finally let it take over her mind, body and spirit, which lead not only to her eventual demise but sadly many others also. In the book, Carrie was also telepathic and could sometimes read people's thoughts when they were near her, but had only been utilized once. Such as Ms. Desjardins, her Physical Education teacher, which were a mixed feeling of sympathy and disgust in all of her lying compassion. She also had the telepathic ability to let other people read her thoughts, specifically after the prank on the night of her prom, which people later said were of hatred, venom, and vengeance.
Months after the incident and town tragedy occurred, one witness stated that, when he saw Carrie White on the street, he could read her thoughts rather clearly. The thoughts of which consumed her thinking she would never get the pig's blood off of her dress, and that she was going to pour blood on the town of Chamberlain Maine and make everyone pay.
It is hinted that Carrie's deceased father was telekinetic in his own life, but never knew it or tapped into the full strength and potential his own telekinetic, telepathic abilities. It is arguably possible, he might have known he was telekinetic, if so, he kept it to himself like Carrie would. Despite her eventually turning into a homicidal, sadistic and destructive force to be reckoned with, Carrie was not a monster in the beginning. Throughout her story in both the book and the movie, Carrie was a loner, shown as a shy and timid young woman with no confidence. Carrie was a fractured young soul, in need of support and love. But it was only handed to her in small amounts, and at a very high cost. Carrie was a girl who had a traumatizing childhood and longed for a friend and someone who truly understood her pain and suffering. Alas, she let her powers get the better of her and this, coupled with all the abuse she suffered, caused her to undergo a villainous transformation.
Notably, even after her descent into villainy and unfathomable madness, Carrie is usually shown to still not be completely bereft of redeeming qualities. In several versions, she spares Miss Desjardin's life due to appreciating the kindness she had shown to her earlier and also chooses to let Sue Snell live even when she does not forgive her. Finally, she sought comfort in her mother following her rampage, suggesting that she still loved her and wanted to be loved by her even after all of the abuse Margaret showed to her.
Prior to snapping, Carrie was very sensitive and misunderstood. She would cry silently in her room late at night, dreading the next day of school. When she had her period for the first time, she was hysterically frightened, because she thought she was bleeding to death internally and was going to die. She appeared to be a mysterious student, who kept to herself much of the time and never bothered anyone. Thus, leaving an intriguing mystery which fascinated and intrigued many people long after her death, as everyone wondered "who was Carrie White, really?"
A Stephen King Fairytale:
While reading the original book, notice that it is Stephen King's version of Cinderella, there are many similarities in the horror story of King's that reflect as a metaphor to the classic fairytale of fairy godmothers and pumpkins transforming into carriages. For example: After the prank, Carrie rushes out of the school auditorium before midnight, just like Cinderella ran out of the castle ballroom as the clock stroke twelve and broke the magic's spell, turning Cinderella's beautiful ball gown back into old rags. And like Cinderella's glass slipper, a blood drenched Carrie loses both her prom slippers as well when fleeing down a flight of steps as the magic of that special night, for both characters is officially over.
Sadly, unlike Cinderella, Carrie unluckily never got that second chance to have her own happily ever after.
Crowned in Blood
The story continued with carrie wearing a beautiful homemade dress of rich crushed red velvet that shows off her cleavage and is adorned with a matching corsage and high heels, Carrie White arrives at the Prom and at first is taken back by the glamour of it all. But things look as if they are turning around for her at last. She's accompanied by Tommy Ross, the most athletic and popular boy in school, who, surprisingly, forms a small crush for Carrie in secret. Carrie talks to some of the cool and popular kids and even cracks a few jokes, that makes her peers actually laugh with her and finally not just at her. The night seems to be going fairly well, as she gets complimented on her appearance. It is stated that Carrie looked really beautiful and normal for the first time in her short life. The social anxiety within her slowly begins to lift, letting Carrie radiate with high hopes and glow, as she was free to finally feel normal and out of her shell to enjoy herself.
For Carrie this is a long awaited dream come true. For everyone else it will be a real life Nightmare.
Carrie's wishful fantasy is ultimately shattered, as fate steps in, when she is tricked and humiliated by vindictive and sociopathic students into being elected as Queen of the Prom by one vote. Due to phony ballots, that were rigged in plans to successfully out number all the other contestants and runner ups, Carrie is crowned on stage with Tommy, as the audience below cheers and congratulates her as they all sing the school song. Strangely no one questions the surprising odds of Carrie winning.
While sitting on the Queen's throne, suddenly a banging metallic sound is heard that cuts through the music. Seconds later, Carrie is showered in what feels to her at first like a cold, thick, wet blanket which comes to find out was very smelly rotting blood from a pig. After the blood is dumped on her from a metal bucket high above, Carrie is drenched from head to toe in front of the entire school, everything and everyone turns dead silent as time seems to stand still, as if in slow motion. Her red velvet dress she made for the special night is completely ruined. It is stated, that Carrie looked, as if someone had dipped her in a red bucket of paint.
Carrie's date, Tommy Ross, unfortunately is also showered in pig's blood as he's beside Carrie sitting on the King's throne with a second bucket above as his own. There were two buckets above, one for the Queen, another for the King. Despite this Carrie gets soaked the worst. Still, Tommy's bucket falls later and hits him right on the top of his head. He is knocked out cold, hitting the floor unconscious and dies. She feels Tommy´s death. The prank was followed later by a rain of cruel laughter, yet the laughter crept in slowly at first, a chuckle here, a chuckle there. Then more began to follow after it, growing louder and louder, until it became one. Like a giant tidal wave of laughter that swallowed Carrie whole and ate her alive. Carrie's dream had been crushed by a reality beyond her worst nightmare.
"Oh...I..., COVERED- with it, ....they're LOOKING at ME!" Carrie thinks to herself. (Carrie 1974)
The laughter was only getting louder by the second, one voice after the other, like a chain reaction. A voice joined the first, and was followed by a third - girl's soprano giggle - a fourth, a fifth, six, a dozen, all of them, all laughing. The laughter was accompanied by even the teachers, including Ms. Desjardin, the teacher who was nice to Carrie, like a trusted friend before. Ms. Desjardin's face was still frozen, but Carrie could see it, she could see just the same as everyone else in the room, deep down, the laughter was in her also, hidden deep behind professionalism, but there just the same. Inside, she wanted to laugh. Ms. Desjardin tries to comfort Carrie who is reading her thoughts, which are of lying compassion, accompanied by a mixed with guilt and disgust. Carrie strikes out at Desjardin using her telekinetic energy without having to physically touch Desjardin, who flies across the gym room so very hard and so forcefully, she gets a bloody nose in the process of her fall.
In utter embarrassment, Carrie then tries to flee the stage, and is reported to be hopping like a frog with her hands in front of her face, trying to hide the humiliation and shame. To add insult to injury, an anonymous student in the crowd of prom-goers sticks their foot out to trip Carrie as she passes by. Carrie's feet tangle together and lose coordination causing her to fall clumsily, leaving a big streak of blood behind her as she slides on all fours across the room and the laughter grows louder. Carrie then expects someone to kick her in the backside next, but no one does. While on the floor, Carrie looks up and into the faces of the many people crowded around her. Carrie knows everyone is hysterical and laughing uncontrollably. Some people are said to be laughing so hard they are crying and rolling on the floor holding they're tummies. But they are all dressed in glittering ball gowns and expensive tuxedos, with perfect hairdos, attractive smiles and clear skin. They are all wrapped within the warm, bright and luminous light of popularity and social acceptance, a rite of passage of belonging, a light that Carrie will never be a part of. Humiliated, Carrie is still on the floor, crawling like a pig.
Carrie gets back up on her feet and runs out of the school so fast and ungainly that she loses her prom slippers like Cinderella on the way out. She finally makes it to the school's front lawn to collapse on the wet moist grass outside to catch her breathe as she realizes she has just been tricked and made a fool of once again. They tricked her again.
Carrie's Venom
While a barefoot Carrie is all alone outside in a state of utter shock, she tries to come to terms and accepts what has happened. Carrie plans to just slip away into the dark night and take the back streets, so no one will see her, but just as she decides to go home and admit to Momma that she was right, her mind snaps.
Something snaps within Carrie's mind, like a dark epiphany. A psychological breaking point inside of her is released after so many years of repression. It quickly takes over Carrie, as she remembers her telekinesis. It's time to teach them all a lesson or two. So she pulls herself together, returning to the school with a deep and ruthless vengeance. It´s time to teach everyone a lesson. Carrie locks everyone inside the auditorium and turns on the sprinkler system to wet everyone and ruin their prom outfits and nice hairdos. What seems to be just innocent fun to Carrie, wetting everyone, the sprinklers water gets to close to all the electrical cords on the stage. Carrie looks in through the windows of the gymnasium doors and smiles, as she see's everyone inside panicking as sparks fly everywhere and people are getting electrocuted one by one. Carrie even laughs when one female student is electrocuted and her body moves like a crazed puppet as volts of electricity dance through her body. Students are still desperately trying to open the doors and even looking back at Carrie through the thick glass. As the building quickly catches fire and spreads. Carrie looks happy and smiling as she seeks her revenge and watches her fellow classmates and peers electrocuted to a crisp and ultimately burned alive before leaving to destroy the town next. Back in the gym, they were all trying to get out the doors again, the few who were not on fire or cooked yet. A dozen or so, pushing on the doors, like cockroach's trapped in a roach-motel. But she held the doors shut easily with her power. That alone was no strain. Some obscure sense tells that a few were getting out the fire doors, but let them. She would get them later. She would get all of them. Every last one of them! Carrie descends down the street and slowly approaching the town all while still holding the gymnasium doors closed. It was easy. For Carrie, all you had to do was see them in your mind being shut and held shut. The towns emergency whistle begins to go off as the entire school by this time is completely up in flames with only a few people inside left to die.
For a moment the town whistle interrupts her train of flexing. Carries mind's eye lost sight of the gymnasium doors and some of them almost, just almost got out free. NO, NO!!! Naughty, naughty. Carrie slams them shut again, this time even tighter, catching somebody's fingers in the jamb and severing one of them. Good. Good. Carrie thinks...
Only a few lucky students and one teacher survived the night of "The Black Prom."
The Black Prom
From "We Survived the Black Prom" by Norma Watson (Published in the August, 1980, issue of The Reader's Digest as a 'Drama in Real Life' article): "... and it all happened so quickly that no one really knew what was happening. We were all standing and applauding and singing the school song. Then - I was at the usher's table just inside the main doors, looking at the stage - there was a sparkle as the big lights over the stage apron reflected on something metallic. I was standing with Tina Blake and Stella Horan, and I think they saw it, too.
All at once there was a huge red splash in the air. Some of it hit the mural and ran in long drips. I knew right away, even before it hit them, that it was blood. Stella Horan thought it was paint, but I had a premonition, just like the time my brother got hit by a hay truck.
They were drenched. Carrie got it the worst. She looked exactly like she had been dipped in a bucket of red paint. She just sat there. She never moved. The band that was closest to the stage, Josie and the moonglows, got splattered. The lead guitarist had a white instrument, and it splattered all over it.
I said: 'My God, that's blood!'
When I said that, Tina screamed. It was very loud, and it rang out clearly in the auditorium.
People had stopped singing and everything was completely quiet. I couldn't move. I was rooted to the spot. I looked up and there were two buckets dangling high over the thrones, swinging and banging together. They were still dripping. All of a sudden they fell, with a lot of loose string paying out behind them. One of them hit Tommy Ross on the head. It made a very loud noise, like a gong.
That made someone laugh. I don't know who it was, but it wasn't the way a person laughs when they we something funny and gay. It was raw and hysterical and awful.
At the same instant, Carrie opened her eyes real wide.
That was, when they all started laughing. I did too, I admit, I confess...yes, I laughed at Carrie White. God help me. It was so...weird.
When I was a little girl I had a Walt Disney storybook called Song of the South, and it had that Uncle Remus story about the tar baby in it. There was a picture of the tar baby sitting in the middle of the road, looking like one of those old-time Negro minstrels with the blackface and great big white eyes. When Carrie opened her eyes it was like that. They were the only part of her that wasn't completely red. And the light had gotten in them and made them glassy. God help me, but she looked for all the world like Eddie Cantor doing that pop-eyed act of his.
That was what made people laugh. We couldn't help it. It was one of those things where you laugh or go crazy. Carrie had been the school goat, the butt of every prank and joke for so very long, and we all felt that we were part of something special that night. It was as if we were watching a person rejoin the human race, to be sent back into reality and put back in their proper place. I for one thanked the Lord for it. And that happened. That horror.
And so there was nothing else to do. It was either laugh or cry, and who could bring himself to cry over Carrie White after all those years?
She just sat there, staring out at them, at us, and the laughter kept swelling, getting louder and louder. People were holding their bellies and doubling up and pointing at her. Tommy was the only one, who wasn't looking at her. He was sort of slumped over in his seat, as if lied gone to sleep. You couldn't tell he was hurt, though he was splashed too bad.
And then her face ... broke, I don't know how else to describe it. She put her hands up to her face and half-staggered to her feet. She almost got tangled in her own feet and fell over, and that made people laugh even more. Then she sort of ... hopped off the stage. It was like watching a big red frog hopping off a lily pad. She almost fell again, but kept on her feet.
Miss Desjardin came running over to her, and she wasn't laughing any more, but it looked like she wanted to burst out at any given moment. She was holding out her arms to her. She went to hug Carrie, I think. But then she veered off and hit the wall really hard and fast, the wall beside that stage - It was the strangest thing. She didn't stumble or anything. It was as if someone had pushed her, but there was no one there.
Carrie ran through the crowd with her hands clutching her face, and somebody put his foot out. I don't know, who it was, but she went sprawling on her face. leaving a long red streak on the floor. And she said, 'Ooof!' I remember that. It made me laugh even harder, hearing Carrie say Oof like that. She started to crawl along the floor like a dog and then she got up and ran out after looking up at everyone crowded around her. She ran right past me. You could smell the vile scent of that blood. It smelled like something sick and rotted.
She went down the stairs two at a time and then out the doors. And was gone.
The laughter just sort of faded off, a little at a time. Some people were still hitching and snorting. Lennie Brock had taken out a big white handkerchief and was wiping his eyes. Sally McManus looked all white, like she was going to throw up, but she was still giggling and she couldn't seem to stop. Billy Bosnan was just standing there with his little conductor's stick in his hand and shaking his head. Mr Lublin was sitting by Miss Desjardin and calling for a Kleenex. She had a bloody nose.
You have to understand that all this happened in no more than two minutes. Nobody could put it all together. We were stunned. Some of them were wandering around, talking a little, but not much. Helen Shyres burst into tears, and that made some of the others start up.
Then someone yelled: 'Call a doctor! Hey, call a doctor quick!'
It was Josie Vreck. He was up on the stage, kneeling by Tommy Ross, and his face was white as paper. He tried to pick him up, and the throne fell over and Tommy rolled on to the floor.
Nobody moved. They were all just staring. It's like everyone came to the realization that Tommy might have been a goner. I felt like I was frozen in ice. My God, was all I could think. My God, my God, my God. And then this other thought crept in, and it was, as if it wasn't my own at all. I was thinking about Carrie. And about God. It was all twisted up together, and it was awful.
Stella looked over at me and said: 'Carrie's back.'
And I said: 'Yes, that's right.'
The lobby doors all slammed shut at the exact same time and it startled us all. The sound was like hands clapping. Somebody in the back screamed, and that started the stampede. They ran for the doors in a rush. I just stood there, not believing it. And when I looked, just before the first of them got there and started to push, I saw Carrie looking in, her face all smeared, like an Indian with war paint on.
She was smiling.
They were pushing at the doors, hammering on them, but they wouldn't budge. As more of them crowded up to them, I could see the first ones to get there being battered against them, grunting and wheezing. They wouldn't open. And those doors are never locked. It's a state law.
Mr. Stephens and Mr. Lublin waded in, and began to pull them away, grabbing jackets, skirts, anything. They were all screaming and burrowing like cattle. Mr Stephens slapped a couple of girls and punched Vic Mooney in the eye. They were yelling for them to go out the back fire doors. Some did. Those were the ones who lived.
That's when it started to rain ... at least, that's what I thought it was at first. There was water falling all over the place. I looked up and all the sprinklers were on, all over the gym. Water was hitting the basketball court and splashing. Josie Vreck was yelling for the guys in his band to turn off the electric amps and mikes quick, but they were all gone. He jumped down from the stage.
The panic at the doors stopped. People backed away, looking up at the ceiling. I heard somebody - Don Farnham, I think - say: 'This is gonna wreck the basketball court.'
A few other people started to go over and look at Tommy Ross. All at once I knew I wanted to get out of there. I took Tina Blake's hand and said, 'Let's run. Quick.'
To get to the fire doors, you had to go down a short corridor to the left of the stage. There were sprinklers there too, but they weren't on. And the doors were open - I could see a few people running out. But most of them were just standing around in little groups, blinking at each other. Some of them were looking at the smear of blood where Carrie fell down. The water was washing it away.
I took Tina's hand and started to pull her toward the exit sign. At that same instant there was a huge flash of fight, a scream, and a horrible feedback whine. I looked around and saw Josie Vreck holding on to one of the mike stands. He froze, he couldn't let go. His eyes were bugging out and his hair was on end and it looked like he was dancing. He looked like a scarecrow or a marionette doll with strings attached to his body...just wiggling all about, up and down. But it wasn't a funny type of wiggle dance, it was the dance of death. His feet were sliding around in the water and smoke started to come out of his shirt.
He fell over on one of the amps - they were big ones, five or six feet high - and it fell into the water. The feedback went up to a scream that was head-splitting, and then there was another sizzling flash and it stopped. Josie's shirt was on fire.
'Run!' Tina yelled at me. 'Come on, Norma. Please!'
We ran out into the hallway, and something exploded backstage - the main power switches, I guess. For just a second I looked back. You could see right out on to the stage, where Tommy's body was, because the curtain was up. All the heavy light cables were in the air, flowing and jerking and writhing like snakes out of an Indian fakir's basket. Then one of them pulled in two. There was a violet flash when it hit the water, and then everybody was screaming at once.
Then we were out the door and running across the parking lot. I think I was screaming. I don't remember very well. I don't remember anything very well after they started screaming. After those high-voltage cables hit that water-covered floor."
The Devil comes to Chamberlain, Maine
By now Carrie's velvet dress is tattered and ripped to shreds. It is said, that she appeared, as if she had crawled out of a fatal car accident. Her feet are raw and bleeding and the blood that covers her body, has began to dry and clot. Carrie is now in a deep catatonic trance and has descended into complete madness. Carrie proceeded to go on a hellish rampage of rage and insanity while walking home to Momma. Destroying everything and anything in her path of rage. Witnesses see Carrie burning cars and houses with people trapped inside and blowing up gas stations. She knocks over electric poles causing sparks to fly into the smokey air and she even is seen breaking fire hydrants which flood the streets. Carrie sets a good majority of the small town of Chamberlain, Maine ablaze and kills as many people as she can rather if they are guilty or not.
Innocent bystanders are running and screaming through the streets in all of the chaos and confusion throughout the town as fire trucks, cop cars and sirens wail. The wild fire in the town becomes uncontrollable as the high flames are so fierce that a bright orange glow can be seen high up into the sky even from a far off distance.
Meanwhile, Carrie begins to think about God and believes, that this is all of his doing just as much as hers.
Carrie then goes to pray at the town's Cathedral. Carrie then returns home finally, determined to kill her mother, and from her mother learns the truth about how she was conceived. Though at first Margaret appears to comfort her bloody distraught daughter, she tricks Carrie and brutally stabs her in the back, hitting an artery, which she had planned all along for being a witch and having gone to the Prom, which Carrie, deep down knew. Carrie defended herself and retaliated by stopping her mother's heart, until Margaret died from a heart attack. A tired and drained Carrie makes her way outside again to finish, what she started and kills the two main antagonists who were the ringleaders of the prank, Chris Hargensen and her boyfriend Billy Nolan. Chris and Billy know what Carrie has done, and underestimate her by stupidly attempting to kill her by running her over. Carrie uses her strongly advanced telekinesis once again and crashes the oncoming vehicle into the building of a nearby strip club and destroys it as the car explodes in flames of fire.
After killing Chris and Billy, Carrie becomes drained of most her strength and loss of blood. She is found lying in the middle of a dirt road near the town by Sue Snell, her former classmate. Carrie is nearly dead by this point, but has a final deep conversation with Sue (via telepathy) before her dying minutes later. Carrie does not forgive Sue and chooses to hold a grudge. Carrie, however, does believe her when she states she had nothing to do with the prank at the Prom. Thus, Carrie leaves her alive showing her some mercy, but also shows Sue all of the soul crushing torment she received as an outsider throughout her life. Sue finally sees and feels the misery of Carrie's sad life, that she would not have ever known about otherwise, Sue's heart breaks for Carrie in a selfless and honest way.
Carrie cries out loud for her mother, wanting to be comforted and held, as she dies in Sue's arms. Seconds later, as Sue gets up to call for help she strangely has her period on herself which was late, as the menstrual blood runs down her leg. Earlier in the story Sue believed she might have been pregnant with her boyfriend Tommy Ross's baby. But her period coming confirms she either had a miscarriage or she was never pregnant to began with. It hints that Sue received the "Curse of Blood" from Carrie as an act of forgiveness. Rather Sue's period coming at the exact same time of Carrie's death was coincidental or caused by Carrie's telepathic abilities herself is left to the unknown.
The authorities found her later and took her body away for investigation after she was identified by Sue Snell.
The cause of Carrie's death remains an open mystery. Carrie either died due to a combination of exhaustion, severe brain hemorrhaging from overusing her exceptionally strong telekinesis, blood loss from her wounds, or she used her telekinetic abilities to shut her own body down and committed suicide, after realizing what she had done. And the monster that she became. It also is very possible that Carrie couldn't live with herself knowing she killed her own mother, whom she loved unconditionally and died to possibly be with Margaret in the afterlife in either Heaven or Hell.
The Aftermath
458 people died in the disaster, 99 of them were at the Junior-Senior Prom and 67 of them were Seniors. Carrie's controversial story becomes a widely discussed subject, one that is immediately taken to the Supreme Court, where witnesses are asked to tell everything they knew about Carrie or saw during the night of the tragedy.
Some people insist it was a natural disaster and Carrie White was not a monster, yet simply at the wrong place at the wrong time, therefore being used as the scapegoat even in death. Others say it was a conspiracy of some sort with Carrie being used as a scapegoat. Finally others insist that Carrie was responsible for the wildfire, possessing a type of unexplainable strength and power. No one can prove this true nor false. If Carrie is truly guilty for the tragic deaths of so many people remains a cold case.
Carrie's story becomes so popular that it is eventually made into a movie. This disgusts Sue, because she feels that the tragedy is being glamorized so people can forget about it. But Sue warns and advices everyone that forgetting Carrie White and tarnishing her memory may be a much bigger mistake than anyone may realize.
Meanwhile, Chamberlain, Maine, is a nearly abandoned ghost town. The tragedy by now has made headlines across America. The Night of The Black Prom has hit the nation bigger than the JFK Assassination. Science begins to take telekinesis very seriously. Miss. Desjardin resigns as a teacher due to her guilt over Carrie as well as Principal Grayle and a heartbroken Sue Snell goes on to write a memoir about her high school experiences and her involvement with Carrie White. titled "My Name is Sue Snell". It is implied, she has begun embracing death because of the experience and the attempts of the White Commission to make her a scapegoat.
The majority of the few survivors and their families are grieving over the tragic deaths of loved ones, who were killed at the prom, when Carrie White telekinetically locked everyone inside, or were caught in the chaos of the wildfire and explosions and didn't evacuate quick enough. They are also haunted by the guilt of having caused, one way or the other the rampage of Carrie and the fact of being seen as fools and assholes by the rest of the world makes matters even worse. Even looking at each other forces them to remember, what happened. After the funeral services are held for the dead, people are packing up and leaving town for good, never to return. Chamberlain therefore turns gradually into a ghost town. It is also implied, that the ghost town has become a tourist attraction since then for all those, who want to know everything regarding Carrie White. With all the destruction intact, it was also easy to achieve that.
The White Commission, however, plays, to a certain extent, the catastrophe down and the book closes with a letter written by a woman in Tennessee, where it is implied her niece is developing very strong, advanced telepathic and telekinetic abilites of her own. This, however, could also indicate that Carrie's hurt and lonely spirit had been reborn and reincarnated into a more loving family to start over again in the hope of having a real friend.
Cameo Appearance
| Stephen King |
Musician and composer Ravi Shankar was associated with which musical instrument? | Carrie by King, Stephen
Carrie
KING Stephen
1974. First Edition . Signed. KING, Stephen. Carrie. Garden City: Doubleday, 1974. Octavo, original burgundy cloth, original dust jacket. $5500.First edition of the novel that launched Kings phenomenal career, boldly inscribed by him, ""For M D with best, Stephen King 9/24/80.""Carrie inaugurated King's reign as ""the best-selling American author during the final quarter of the 20th century"" (Chronology of American Literature). When he wrote it, however, he was living in a trailer and working at a laundromat for $60 a week. ""Two unrelated ideas, adolescent cruelty and telekinesis, came together
I did three single-spaced pages of a first draft, then crumpled them up in disgust and threw them away
[The next night, my wife] Tabby had the pages
'You've got something here,' she said. 'I really think you do"" (King, On Writing, 67-68). Tabitha King was right. ""Life in the trailer ended in 1973 when Doubleday bought Carrie for a $2500 advance. Hardcover sales were not spectacular, but the paperback sales-boosted by the [1976] film of the novel-were nearly 4,000,000 copies. 'The movie made the book, and the book made me,' King says"" (New York Times). ""First Edition"" stated on copyright page; code ""P6"" on page 199; price of $5.95 on front dust jacket flap. Ketchum, Levack and Levin 1. Fantasy and Horror 6-193. Currey, 227. Horror Literature 4-129. A fine copy, very scarce inscribed.
Carrie
King. Stephen
Doubleday 1974 (1st US) Wonderful example of King's first book in bright dustjacket with almost no wear. These points are for a true first trade edition. Year: 1974 (printed on title page) Publisher: Doubleday Dust Jacket Price: C $5.95 Copyright Page: states "First Edition" Date Code: "P6" on inner margin of page 199 Binding: full maroon cloth Endpaper Color: black clayback First Issue dustjacket is vibrant in color, with NO fading, chips or pieces missing. The book is in wonderful shape. The binding is tight with NO cocking or leaning and the boards are crisp. The pages are exceptionally clean with NO marks or bookplates in the book. King's first published novel, set in the then-future year of 1979 and revolving around a shy high school girl who uses her newly discovered telekinetic powers to exact revenge on those who torment her. Fine in a Fine d/w.
Carrie.
King, Stephen
England: PS Publishing, 2014. First edition of the 40th Anniversary edition of the author's first book. Octavo, original illustrated glossy boards, original slipcase. Although not called for signed by Stephen King on the title page. Signed by Glenn Chadbourne, James Lovegrove and Kim Newman. Fine in a fine dust jacket. The slipcase is in fine condition. Illustrated by Glenn Chadbourne; Introduction by Glenn Chadbourne and the preface by Kim Newman. Stephen King has been read by more people than any living author, and more than most dead ones. As Don Heron commented in "The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural," King specializes in "contemporary American scenes, everyday parents and kids and teenagers, vulgarly realistic language - a believable setting awaiting the coming of terror." He has become the most popular horror writer of all time. Several adaptations of Carrie have been released, including a 1976 feature film, a 1988 Broadway musical, a 1999 feature film sequel, a 2002 television movie, and a 2013 feature film remake.
CARRIE
King, Stephen
Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1974. First Edition. First Printing, with publisher's "P6" code in the lower gutter of p.199. Octavo; full maroon cloth, with titles stamped in gilt on spine; 199pp. Several small, faint brown stains scattered along upper edge of text, and two small soiled spots in lower margins of pp.4-5; Near Fine. Dustjacket is unclipped, lightly rubbed, with some minute chipping at spine ends and corner tips, a small chip to front flap fold, and a few faint dampstains along joints, flap folds, and lower edge of rear panel; one small (and unnecessary) clear tape mend verso; Very Good, perhaps a bit better. Basis for the classic 1976 Brian De Palma film starring Cissy Spacek and Piper Laurie, as well as a 2013 remake starring Chloe Grace Moretz and Julianne Moore.
CARRIE (ORIGINAL FIRST EDITION)
King, Stephen
Doubleday. Very Good in Very Good dust jacket. 1974. 1st Edition; 1st Printing. Hardcover. 199 pp; Doubleday, 1974 First Edition. Original dust jacket. Book's gilt lettering on the spine is quite worn but readable, otherwise boards a little spotted. Pages are clean, no names or other marks. Page 199 has gutter code P6 indicating first printing. Dust Jacket is also the original with the price of $5.95 - marked out with a Sharpie. The price can be read using backlighting and is clearly $5.95. Jacket has light wear to the front edge and corners and a 1 inch taped repair on the back top edge. This is a nice, clean, tight and attractive copy. .
Carrie
King, Stephen
Garden City: Doubleday, 1974. Book. N-Fine. Hardcover. Signed by Author(s). Book Club (BCE/BOMC). A square solid tight clean un-read un-opened copy. This copy has an un-used bookplate tipped to the back side of the front board else fine. An early bookclub in the small book format as originally released, not the larger size that is now published. The jacket has some light rubbing wear, very minor edgewear, browning at extremities. Very nice copy. If you didn't already know, the basis for the Sissy Spacek and John Travolta movie, one of the better adaptations of a King book. Directed by Brian DePalma. This copy has been inscribed and signed by King. THIS COPY IS IN MY POSSESSION AND NORMALLY SHIPS NEXT DAY..
Carrie [Signed 27" x 41" Theatrical Release Movie Poster]
King, Stephen
1976. CARRIE Original Theatrical Release One Sheet. Signed and inscribed: "For Kim - Carrie says hello - Big Steve King". Rare early inscription contemporaneous with film's release and King's first popular success. Genuine U.S. one sheet, movie poster issued by studio for theatrical display. Vintage classic; code 76/222. Beautifully presented in satin black frame with front loaded, spring-hinge display. Preserved behind non-glare/UV blocking, PVC lens. Insured, oversize post; over 11 lbsl packaged. Carrie knew she should not use the terrifying power she possessed... But one night at her senior prom, Carrie was scorned and humiliated just one time too many, and in a fit of uncontrollable fury she turned her clandestine game into a weapon of horror and destruction... Stephen King's monumental and highly influential first movie adaptation of psychic terror. This was King's entry into popular culture shortly after the initial success of his first novel. In SK's first popular tale, Carrie was the odd one at school; the one whose reflexes were always off in games, whose clothes never really fit, who never got the point of a joke. And so she became the joke, the brunt of teen-aged cruelties that puzzled her as much as they wounded her. If You've Got A Taste For Terror... Take Carrie To The Prom.... Signed by Author(s). First Edition. Very Good.
| i don't know |
Bufonophobia is the fear of which creatures? | Bufonophobia– Fear of toads | Phobia Source
Home » Phobia List
Bufonophobia– Fear of toads
Toads are amphibians that are slimy, slithery and some can be even dangerous. These creatures are different from frogs but most people can’t tell the difference between them. Toads may have dry skin that feel leathery but most people with fear of toads also have fear of frogs because of their similarity.
Causes of this fear include the knowledge that some toads can be poisonous. Cane Toads for instance emit a poison that has killed a lot of people and animals. Thus some people might generalize that all toads are poisonous. The horny toad is also one reason for this phobia. Although this is actually a lizard, the horny toad looks frightening and some people get scared at even the mere thought or sight of it.
Another probable reason for bufunophobia is the association of toads with witchcraft and sorcery. Toads are usually used in potions, and people who have offended the witches have been said to be turned into toads thus this fear develops.
Patients with this fear might tremble when they see toads, or even frogs. They may exhibit other symptoms of anxiety and will run away from it.
Treatment includes psychotherapy. Medical treatment with anti-psychotics or antidepressants are not necessary.
| Toad |
What was the name of British singer Lulu’s 1960’s backing group? | Creature Discomforts: 16 Unusual Animal Phobias | The Weather Channel
Creature Discomforts: 16 Unusual Animal Phobias
By Michele Berger and Edecio Martinez
Apr 11 2014 02:13 PM EDT
weather.com
Next
Animal Phobias
Fear of dogs is a very common phobia. The best way to get over it, said expert Robin Zasio, Psy.D., LCSW, is through exposure. (Digital X/Thinkstock)
Follow @MicheleWBerger
Alektorophobia. Bufonophobia. Lutraphobia.
Nope, those aren’t a foreign language or spells from Harry Potter. Rather, they’re honest-to-goodness fears, phobias of chickens, toads and otters. They and the many other animal phobias are sometimes so severe they’re paralyzing, Robin Zasio, Psy.D., LCSW, told weather.com.
“I’m treating a little boy that’s terrified of bees,” she said. “He can’t go to camp because of it.” Another person was so scared of snakes she couldn’t walk on the grass or go on hikes. (After intensive treatment, she can now hold the serpents, but it was a process.)
On the following pages, we detail 16 different animal phobias. Fear of dogs, cats, spiders, snakes and birds are the most common, according to Zasio, who hosts the television program My Extreme Animal Phobia and has been treating people with these anxiety disorders for nearly two decades. David L. Kupfer, Ph.D., a clinical psychologist who specializes in this type of phobia, would also include spiders in that list.
The best way to get over them, both agree: Exposure. “When we’re fearful of something, our tendency is to avoid it,” Zasio said. “The more you avoid it, the more fearful you become.” So when someone comes to her afraid of birds, say, the process starts by introducing anxiety-provoking words like “beak” or “feathers,” followed by images, then video, then real-life examples far away and finally in-person experiences up close.
That exposure is necessary, Kupfer added. “The thing that’s most unique about animal phobias is that a lot of them are avoidable,” he told weather.com. As in, someone fearful of horses can say no thanks to going horseback riding. But Kupfer instead encourages this tactic: “If you fear it, approach it.”
Both have come across some unique fears — butterflies, worms, moths — but rarely encounter anyone afraid (in the phobia sense of the word) of large creatures like grizzlies, elephants or giraffes; the likelihood of random encounter is too low.
“A lot of the fears people have of animals are totally irrational, but we’re not rational creatures,” Kupfer said. “We fear things like fish or cats that aren’t really dangerous. Phobias are learned and they be unlearned.”
Click through to read about some of the most common animal phobias and some that might surprise you. Beware, there are several pictures of each animal; if you think you may have one of these phobias, you may be in for a little exposure therapy.
| i don't know |
What colour is the ‘Little Corvette’ in the 1983 single by Prince? | Single: Little Red Corvette - Prince Vault
Single: Little Red Corvette
Little Red Corvette (Dance Remix Edit)
(4:32)
USA: Billboard Dance/Disco Top 80
9 Apr. 1983
This single has not received any certifications in the USA
Awards
This single has not received any awards in the USA
See also
Little Red Corvette
(sheet music)
Little Red Corvette was the second single to be released from Prince 's fifth album 1999 . It was released three and a half months after the album, and received a release around the world. It was re-released in late 1983 in the UK following Prince 's increased success.
The single reached number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 Chart, and number 15 on the Billboard Black Singles Chart.
Track listing
| Red |
The port of Dover is in which English county? | PRINCE - LITTLE RED CORVETTE - YouTube
PRINCE - LITTLE RED CORVETTE
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Nov 1, 2007
pantomime lip-sync of the prince song little red corvette - this is a silent protest to prince for his punishment of his fans for posting tribute videos to YouTube which has resulted in a lawsuit ( lol-suit ) by prince.
this video will be pulled down - even though it does not violate copyright or YouTube TOS. i will then attempt to get it re-instated.
finally i want to say hi to Mike Hunt the Web Sherriff - xxxooo from the karaokeman
Category
| i don't know |
During which month of the year is Hogmanay celebrated? | Did You Know? - New Year's Eve - Hogmanay
Did You Know?
- New Year's Eve - Hogmanay
What does Hogmanay actually mean and what is the derivation of the name? Why do the Scots more than any other nation celebrate the New Year with such a passion? Why should a tall dark stranger be a welcome first foot visitor after midnight, carrying a lump of coal and a slice of black bun?
Read on ����
The Origins of Hogmanay
A guid New Year to ane an` a` and mony may ye see!
While New Year's Eve is celebrated around the world, the Scots have a long rich heritage associated with this event - and have their own name for it, Hogmanay.
There are many theories about the derivation of the word "Hogmanay". The Scandinavian word for the feast preceding Yule was "Hoggo-nott" while the Flemish words (many have come into Scots) "hoog min dag" means "great love day". Hogmanay could also be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon, Haleg monath, Holy Month, or the Gaelic, oge maidne, new morning. But the most likely source seems to be the French. "Homme est né" or "Man is born" while in France the last day of the year when gifts were exchanged was "aguillaneuf" while in Normandy presents given at that time were "hoguignetes". Take your pick!
In Scotland a similar practice to that in Normandy was recorded, rather disapprovingly, by the Church.
"It is ordinary among some Plebians in the South of Scotland, to go about from door to door upon New Year`s Eve, crying Hagmane."
Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, 1693.
Hogmanay Traditional Celebrations
Historians believe that we inherited the celebration from the Vikings who, coming from even further north than ourselves, paid even more attention to the passing of the shortest day. In Shetland, where the Viking influence was strongest, New Year is called Yules, from the Scandinavian word.
It may not be widely known but Christmas was not celebrated as a festival and virtually banned in Scotland for around 400 years, from the end of the 17th century to the 1950s. The reason for this has its roots in the Protestant Reformation when the Kirk portrayed Christmas as a Popish or Catholic feast and therefore had to be banned. Many Scots had to work over Christmas and their winter solstice holiday was therefore at New Year when family and friends gathered for a party and exchange presents, especially for the children, which came to be called hogmanay.
There are traditions before midnight such as cleaning the house on 31st December (including taking out the ashes from the fire in the days when coal fires were common). There is also the superstition to clear all your debts before "the bells" at midnight.
Immediately after midnight it is traditional to sing Robert Burns' "For Auld Lang Syne" . Burns claimed it was based on an earlier fragment and certainly the tune was in print over 80 years before he published his version in 1788.
"Should auld acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind?
Should auld acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne
For auld lang syne, my dear, for auld lang syne,
We'll take a cup o kindness yet, for auld lang syne."
An integral part of the Hogmanay partying, which continues very much today, is to welcome friends and strangers, with warm hospitality to wish everyone a Guid New Year. The underlying belief is to clear out the vestiges of the old year, have a clean break and welcome in a young, New Year on a happy note.
"First footing" (that is, the "first foot" in the house after midnight) is not as common as it used to be in Scotland. To ensure good luck for the house, the first foot should be male, dark (believed to be a throwback to the Viking days when blond strangers arriving on your doorstep meant trouble) and should bring symbolic coal, shortbread, salt, black bun and whisky. These days, however, whisky and perhaps shortbread are the only items still prevalent (and available).
"Handselling" was the custom of gift giving on the first Monday of the New Year but this has died out.
Torch and Bonfire Ceremonies
The magical Firework display and torchlight procession in Edinburgh - and throughout many cities in Scotland - is reminiscent of the ancient custom at Scottish Hogmanay pagan parties hundreds of years ago.
The traditional New Year ceremony of yesteryear would involve people dressing up in the hides of cattle and running around the village being hit by sticks. The festivities would also include the lighting of bonfires, rolling blazing tar barrels down the hill and tossing torches. Animal hide was also wrapped around sticks and ignited which produced a smoke that was believed to be very effective to ward off evil spirits. The smoking stick was also known as a Hogmanay.
Some of these customs do continue, especially in the small, older communities in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland where tradition, along with language and dialect are kept alive and well. On the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, the young boys form themselves into opposing bands, the leader of each wears a sheep skin, while a member carries a sack. The bands move through the village from house to house reciting a Gaelic rhyme. On being invited inside, the leader walks clockwise around the fire, while everyone hits the skin with sticks. The boys would be given some bannocks - fruit buns - for their sack before moving on to the next house.
One of the most spectacular Fire ceremonies takes place in Stonehaven, just south of Aberdeen on the North East coast. Giant fireballs, weighing up to 20 pounds are lit and swung around on five feet long metal poles, requiring 60 men to carry them as they march up and down the High Street. The origin of the pre-Christian custom is believed to be linked to the Winter Solstice of late December with the fireballs signifying the power of the sun, to purify the world by consuming evil spirits.
And it is worth remembering that January 2nd is a holiday in Scotland as well as the first day of the year - to give us all time to recover from a week of merry-making and celebration, all part of Scotland's fascinating cultural legacy of ancient customs and traditions surrounding the pagan festival of Hogmanay.
Use the "Back" button on your browser or click here to return to the Index of "Did You Know?"
Where else would you like to go in Scotland?
Links Pages
| December |
In which Andrew Lloyd Webber musical does the cast wear roller skates? | Hogmanay Festival in Scotland | By Scotland Channel
City finder
The Annual Hogmanay Festival
The Hogmanay Festival is essentially a New Year celebration with a dash of Scottish flair. This festival takes place on the 31st of December every year and is phenomenally well supported and raucous. Hogmanay generally starts quite early in the evening, reaching its peak as expected at midnight with the ringing of bells, the singing of the old folk song "Auld Lang Syne" and plenty of good wishes, accompanied by kissing, being showered on all and sundry.
Depending on where you are in Scotland, activities for this festival may vary from folk song singing, dancing, torch light processions, the swinging of fireballs and a number of other activities, which are all combined with lots of laughter and fun for the whole evening and well into the next morning.
This celebration dates back as far as the Vikings. Its roots are found in the pagan practice of fire and sun worship during the dark months of winter. Later this became the Roman celebration of 'Saturnalia' where the people celebrated without any inhibitions or restraint. The Vikings celebrated a variation of this festival and called it 'Yule' which later became the 12 days of Christmas or 'Daft Days'.
The symbolism of fire at these festivals is quite profound and it stands for a number of things. Some view it as shining light on the unknown year to follow, putting light on a bright new horizon full of enlightenment.
Although this festival is held in most Scottish cities , the largest groups of people will be found at the Edinburgh Hogmanay and Glasgow Hogmany where typically up to 100,000 tickets are sold.
Tags:
| i don't know |
Which sign of the Zodiac is represented by the fish? | Zodiac Signs
Home > Astrology > Zodiac > Signs
Signs of the Zodiac
A number, 1-12, marks each sign's place in the zodiac and each sign is identified by both an image and a symbol as well as its constellation in the heavens. A person's star sign is determined by the location of the Sun in relation to the zodiac at the time of their birth.
The spring signs of Aries the ram, Taurus the bull, and Gemini the twins are the first group of the signs of the zodiac.
1. Aries (March 21-April 19)
Image: the ram
Element: Fire
Aries begins on the vernal equinox, which marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. Aries is a small constellation that represents the ram that Jason and the Argonauts sought to capture for its Golden Fleece. Those born under the sign of Aries are called Arians13.
2. Taurus (April 20–May 20)
Image: the bull
Element: earth
Mythology recognizes Taurus as the white bull disguise that Zeus assumed when presenting himself to Europa 12. A person born under the sign of Taurus is called a Taurean13.
3. Gemini (May 21–June 21)
Image: the twins
Element: Air
Gemini represents the sons of Zeus, the twins Castor and Pollux, whose names are given to the constellation's two brightest stars. Those born under the sign of Gemini are called Geminians13.
The summer signs of the zodiac are Cancer the crab, Leo the lion, and Virgo the virgin.
4. Cancer (June 22–July 22)
Image: the crab
Element: water
Cancer begins on the summer solstice, the time of year when the sun reaches its northernmost point. The sign of Cancer represents the crab crushed under the foot of Hercules. Cancer is most noted for the globular star cluster of Praesepe, the Beehive cluster. Cancerians are also called "moon children"7.
5. Leo, the lion (July 23–August 22)
Image: the lion
Element: fire
Egyptian, Babylonian, Arab, and Greek mythology all represent this well-defined constellation as a lion. The western part of the constellation, a curved line known as the Sickle, represents the lion's head15. In Greek mythology, Leo is the Nemean lion slain by Hercules. The Nemean lion was invulnerable to all weapons until Hercules strangled it with his bare hands. Zeus put the lion in the sky as a constellation14. Those born under the sign of Leo are simply known as "Leos".
6. Virgo (August 23–September 22)
Image: the virgin
Element: the earth
Virgo, the last of the summer signs, is a large constellation, represented by a maiden who holds a sheaf of grain. Virgo is also identified with goddesses of fertility such as such as Ishtar or Persephone. Those born under the sign of Virgo are called Virgoans13.
The signs of autumn are Libra the balance, Scorpio the scorpion and Sagittarius the archer.
7. Libra (September 23–October 23)
Image: the balance or scales
Element: Air
Sometimes identified with Astraea, the Roman goddess of justice15, Libra brings balance as she marks the second equinox of the year, the autumnal equinox. Her image is either a woman holding a balance or the balanced scale alone. One born under the sign of Libra is called a Libran13.
8. Scorpio (October 24–November 21)
Image: the scorpion
Element: water
Scorpius is one of the most vivid constellations in the sky with the bright red star Antares positioned in its heart16. In astrology, the constellation Scorpius is called Scorpio. Its image refers to the Greek myth of the scorpion that stung Orion, a tale that explains why the constellation of Orion sets as Scorpius rises in the sky15. Those born under the sign of Scorpio are simply called "Scorpios".
9. Sagittarius (November 22–December 21)
Image: the archer
Element: fire
From the Latin sagitta for arrow8, Sagittarius is the last of the autumn signs of the zodiac. Sagittarius is set in a large constellation that represents a centaur (half man, half horse) carrying a bow and arrow11. His arrow points at the red heart of Scorpio. One who is born
under the sign of Sagittarius is called a Sagittarian2.
The winter signs of the zodiac are Capricorn the goat, Aquarius the water bearer, and Pisces the fish.
10. Capricorn (December 22–January 19)
Image: the goat
Element: earth
At the time when it's at the southernmost point, the Sun enters the sign of Capricorn, heralding the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemishphere. Identified with the Greek god, Pan, the constellation Capricornus (the Sea Goat) is called Capricorn only in Astrology6. Those born under the sign of Capricorn are called Capricornians13.
11. Aquarius (January 20–February 18)
Image: the water bearer
Element: Air
From Latin "of water", when used as a noun Aquarius means "water carrier" or "water bearer"8. The dim constellation of Aquarius depicts a man pouring water from a jar, which flows into the mouth of the fish, Fomalhuat, the brightest star in the constellation of Pisces16. Those born under the sign of Aquarius are called Aquarians13.
12. Pisces (February 19–March 20).
Image: the fish
Element: water
Pisces, the final constellation of the zodiac, represents two fish5. In Sanskrit, Pisces was the name of the daughter of the goddess of dawn, also called Meenakshi. The short version of the name, Meena means "having eyes shaped like a fish"17. In one version of a Greek myth, Aphrodite and Eros jumped into a river to escape the monster Typhon and were changed into fish. In another version, two fish carried them to safety. Those born under the sign of Pisces are called Pisceans13.
Related Categories:
| Pisces |
What is 255 divided by 5? | astrology signs – Starlight Aids Astrological
astrology signs
What are the Different Astrology Zodiac Signs?
If you are interested in astrology, then one of the parts of it you must understand are the zodiac signs. These can be found in the daily newspaper under horoscopes and all over the internet. Here are all of the different zodiac signs and a little bit you should know about each.
Aquarius
If you were born between January 20th and February 18th, then you are Aquarius. This sign is ruled by Uranus and represented by water. Sincere, charming, intellectual, and independent are some of the traits associated with Aquarius. This sign matches best with Gemini, Libra, and Aries.
Pisces
Those born from February 19th to March 19th are considered Pisces. This is a Neptune sign and is represented by fish. These people are loving, dreamy, sensitive, and also very timid. They tend to be impractical and they match best with Cancer and Scorpio.
Aries
Aries are those born from March 20th to April 18th and this sign is ruled by Mars. The astrology of Aries is represented by the Ram and these people can be very arrogant, but also competitive, courageous, adventurous, independent, and even impulsive. They are born leaders that strive for success. Aries match best with Leo, Libra, Scorpio, and even Gemini.
Taurus
If you were born between April 19th and May 20th you are considered Taurus. This sign is represented by the planet Venus and the bull. Very practical, living, reliable and stubborn are Taurus and they match well with Scorpio, Libra, and Capricorn.
Gemini
Born between May 21st and June 20th Gemini are ruled by Mercury and represented by twins. These people tend to be very expressive, versatile, curious, adaptable and good communicators. They can also be very pessimistic and they match well with Virgo, Libra, and Sagittarius.
Cancer
Those born between June 21st and July 22nd are ruled by the Moon and represented by the Crab. They are Cancer and are romantic, lazy, shy, and sensitive. They match well with Pisces, Aquarius, and Scorpio
Leo
If you were born between July 23rd and August 22nd you are a Leo. The sun rules this sign and it is represented by the lion. Loyal, creative, boastful, confident and matching well with Leo, Capricorn, and Scorpio the Leo is.
Virgo
Born between August 23rd and September 22nd the Virgo is ruled by Mercury and represented by the virgin. They match well with Taurus, Gemini, and Pisces and are usually rational, picky and intelligent.
Libra
Libras are born between September 23rd and October 22nd and are ruled by Venus. They are represented by scales and tend to be very loyal, devoted, and indecisive. They match well with Taurus, Aries, and Aquarius.
Scorpio
If you are born between October 23rd and November 21st you are a Scorpio. Pluto is the planet that rules and the scorpion represents this sign. These people are typically very passionate, clever, suspicious, motivated, and intuitive. They also have a love for money and match well with Capricorn, Leo, and Pisces.
Sagittarius
Born between November 22nd and December 21st Jupiter rules and the archer represents the Sagittarius. Astrology says these people are faithful, blunt, and enthusiastic. They match well with Virgo, Aries, Gemini, and Taurus.
Capricorn
The final sign is the Capricorn and they are born between December 22nd and January 19ty. Ruled by Saturn and the goat represents these very shy, responsible, and practical people. They match well with Virgo, Cancer, Leo, and Taurus.
Now you know all the signs and you can use astrology zodiac signs to help you understand your friends and family better.
| i don't know |
Which fictional character uses the expression ‘Eat my shorts’? | Bart Simpson - Wikisimpsons, the Simpsons Wiki
Bart Simpson
"Don't have a cow man!"
―Bart's catchphrase
Artwork of Bart by Matt Groening
Character Information
Blond (yellow), naturally pale red [1]
Occupation:
v • d • e • h
Bartholomew JoJo [3] "Bart" Simpson (born April 1 [3] or February 23 [4] ), also known as El Barto and Bartman , is the mischievous, rebellious, misunderstood, and "potentially dangerous" eldest child of Homer and Marge Simpson , and the brother of Lisa and Maggie Simpson .
Contents
Biography
Bart's character folder in the Hall of Records on The Simpsons website.
Bart is a self-proclaimed underachiever who is constantly in detention. He is easily distracted (even, strangely enough, by algebraic equations). His penchant for shocking people began before he was born: Bart "mooned" Dr. Hibbert while he performed a sonogram on Marge, and moments after being born he set fire to Homer's tie. His blood type is the very rare Double O Negative (OO-); [5] only he and Mr. Burns are known to have it.
Bart's interests include Krusty the Clown (he is "Krusty Buddy" number 16302), skateboarding, reading comic books (especially Radioactive Man ), watching television (especially the Krusty the Clown Show and The Itchy & Scratchy Show ), terrorizing Lisa , playing video games, helping Lisa solve various problems (e.g. reuniting Krusty with his estranged Father ), and pulling off various pranks (such as mooning unsuspecting people and prank calling Moe at his tavern ).
Bart with his mother and sisters
Bart also sprays graffiti under the alias 'El Barto', and regularly frequents the Kwik-E-Mart (for bubblegum and Squishees ) and The Android's Dungeon . Bart hinted that his favorite movies are Jaws and the Star Wars trilogy. [6] His best friend is Milhouse Van Houten .
Bart is a polyglot and can speak several languages with varying degrees of fluency. Though he has not demonstrated the ability since his trip to France as an exchange student, he speaks near-perfect French. [7] He also learned Spanish in a matter of hours in preparation for the family's trip to Brazil . [8] Upon learning that Brazilians speak Portuguese and not Spanish, Homer orders his son to forget what he learned, prompting Bart to strike himself over the head until he forgot the language. Bart also speaks Japanese (which he also learned in a couple of hours in prison along with Homer, and is also shown speaking Japanese, [9] Cantonese and Latin. His advanced linguistic skills may be inherited from Homer, who also speaks advanced languages, including penguin. He was also shown to be a skilled drummer. [10] He was a player in the Mighty Pigs Peewee Hockey League Team. He is also quite capable of firing advanced firearms with a frighteningly immense amount of accuracy, as evidenced when, while at Military School as a result of a prank involving bullhorns, he was given a RGB6 Grenade Launcher by the firing range instructor due to his belief that Bart would have most likely known how to operate handguns, and managed to destroy four out of five targets before one of his shots missed and ended up hitting Principal Skinner's car just as he was about to unlock it, to which Bart implied that he deliberately missed the fifth target and was actually aiming for Skinner's car that time. [11] He later displayed a similar proficiency towards weapons when he managed to hijack a tank by stealing the keys, drive it over to the park, and managed to shoot down a MLB satellite with surprising accuracy all by himself, although at that point, he was also under the effects of an experimental drug that was supposed to suppress his Attention Deficit Disorder. [12]
Homer strangling Bart
Bart can also drive vehicles with surprising skill for his age. He has his own driving license, given to him after saving Springfield from a fire, [13] although he has been seen driving before with a fake license at times. [14] He still possesses it, using it to steal Principal Skinner 's car to get to Jimbo 's house. [15]
He is the most misunderstood of the family, constantly frustrated by the narrow-minded people of Springfield , who judge him merely by his thoughts and actions.
Bart is also a skilled chef. He cooked a three course meal for his parents and made a dessert. [16]
When he was made Hall Monitor, he also had a great degree of skill in enforcing the law and rules. [17] This trait was later exemplified when he, in a similar fashion to a bouncer, removed Homer Simpson from the premises of the La Maison Derrière after he continuously heckled Marge's ventriloquist performance. [18]
Behavior
"I can't believe that it was physically possible, but this both sucks and blows"
―Bart
Artwork of Bart from season 25
Artwork of Bart from Animation Domination
Bart is considerably motivated in disrupting the routine at Springfield Elementary , and his pranks are often elaborately complex, but can lead to unfortunate consequences. Despite his behaviour, his actions and speech frequently show considerable mental agility, street-smarts, and understanding. When Bart became a hall monitor for Springfield Elementary, his grades went up, showing that he only struggles because he does not pay any attention. [19] Bart suffers from Attention Deficit Disorder [12] On the other hand, Bart often seems to have trouble understanding even the simplest concepts, such as the word "irony", what the equator is and that the logo on his globe ("Rand McNally") is not actually a country. It was also once implied that his mischievous behavior may have been a result of Marge accidentally ingesting a droplet of champagne while pregnant with him. [20]
Labeled as an "underachiever" by authority figures, Bart rides an academic rollercoaster, his grades, running the Loop-the-Loop from "F" to "D-" and back again. But he can be ingenious when the chips are down—as long as his ingenuity is not applied to anything school-related. He once learned portions of the Talmud to help reunite his idol, Krusty the Clown , with his father, Rabbi Hyman Krustofsky . Once, after an incident where Bart unleashed a surf wave across the school damaging property (and also saving Ned Flanders who was on fire at the time), he was given an experimental drug for Attention Deficit Disorder called Focusyn, causing his intellectual potential to reach its maximum, to the extent that he was even capable of tutoring a Navajo boy. Unfortunately, the drug also shortly thereafter drove him paranoid as a side effect, where he started sensing that Major League Baseball is actually spying on them with a satellite, and ended up going beserk when the prospect of being taken off of Focusyn became apparent, sneaking into Fort Fragg and stealing keys to one of its tanks, causing a wake of destruction by driving in the process, and later used its cannon to blow away a MLB satellite, proving his suspicions correct. [12]
Although he gets into endless trouble and is sometimes shallow and selfish, Bart also exhibits many qualities of high integrity. He has, on a few occasions, helped the love life of his school Principal and his teacher , despite the fact he often terrorizes them, and he often befriends outcasts like Milhouse . One example of his quasi sense of honor is when Bart stands up for Ralph Wiggum at the cost of peer popularity. [21] He was once sent to a juvenile detention center when he played a serious prank involving faux wedding gifts and a fake wedding. [22] He also has legitimate guilt whenever he got either Krabappel or Principal Skinner fired, especially if it was not his intention to do so, like in the former case where he and his classmates plan on getting her laid back by spiking her drink backfired when she ended up getting herself fired, [23] and the latter case where his dog ended up in the ventilation shafts and got trapped along with Willie when he intended to use Santa's Little Helper for show and tell. [24]
Appearance
Bart's natural red hair
Bart has yellow/blond spiky hair, although it is actually naturally pale red (but it stays yellow when he's out in the sun). He wears an orange short-sleeved shirt, blue short pants, and blue-white shoes. In some of the earlier series, he is seen wearing a light blue short-sleeved shirt. He sometimes wears his "lucky" red baseball cap and often carries around his skateboard or a slingshot. In the winter, he wears long pants with a jacket. On special events, Bart wears a dark blue suit with matching shorts or pants with a purple tie with his hair sometimes combed and parted in the middle.
Alter Egos & Aliases
Bart sprays graffiti around Springfield using the name " El Barto ", and his superhero alter-ego is Bartman . He called himself Cupcake Kid [25] when Homer became Pieman . Bart is also known as "The Devil in Blue Shorts" [26] by the organizers of the Teacher of the Year Awards, but he was believed to be an urban legend.
Bartman
Main article: Bart Simpson/Relationships
Non-canon
The contents of this article or section are considered to be non-canon and therefore may not have actually happened or existed.
Treehouse of Horror
In Treehouse of Horror VII, Bart learns that he has a twin brother named Hugo .
Future
As with other characters, his future follows no defined and logical pattern and simply changes to suit the episode. At the age of 18, Bart is a senior at Springfield High School . He styles his hair and wears an earring. He speaks three languages, apparently one being armpit noises, and one is hinted to be French. He pursues a relationship with a girl named Jenda who denies his proposal because he doesn't have a steady career plan. As a result, Bart pursues a career at the Kwik-E-Mart : Whether he kept the job is not mentioned. After saving Mr. Burns from a robbery, he is awarded a scholarship to Yale, which was meant to go to Lisa. He gives the scholarship back to her so she doesn't have to suffer a bleak future with Milhouse. At the age of 25, he is a building demolisher and vehicle crusher, and also attends law school. He is more kind in general, as opposed to his modern-day disposition. At age 32, he is taken to the hospital after eating too many fish logs. He seems to have lost his building demolishing company and works at a construction site. He got the "Mother" tattoo which Marge prevented him from getting , as well as a tattoo of Krusty the Clown on his chest. He receives a digestive tract transplant from Uter Zorker which saves his life. At age 40, he is a poor guitarist and alcoholic that dropped out of the DeVry Institute. He lives in a ratty beach house alongside Ralph, the only other member of Bart's band. He is addicted to a form of drug, likely marijuana. He helps Lisa, who is President, get out of debt with other countries. In return, Lisa legalizes the use of cannabis. At age 50, Bart appears to have straightened up and graduated law school, as he is Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. At the age of 70, he lives at the Springfield Retirement Castle with Milhouse . At the age of 83, he finds true love, and dies one minute later (according to Professor Frink). Marge has also imagined Bart being a sleazy male stripper.
The Simpsons: Tapped Out
Bart's height is 4 ft. 0, he weighs 85 pounds and has blue eyes. [14]
Behind the Laughter
Creation
The first appearances of Homer and Bart Simpson in " Good Night ", a short from The Tracey Ullman Show .
Matt Groening first conceived the Simpson family in the lobby of James L. Brooks ' office. He had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts, and had intended to present his Life in Hell series. When he realized that animating Life in Hell would force him to rescind publication rights for his life's work, Groening decided to go in another direction. He hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, and named the characters after various members of his own family, substituting "Bart" for his own name, as he decided it would have been too obvious for him to have named the character Matt. Bart then made his debut with the rest of the Simpsons clan on 19 April 1987 in the Tracey Ullman short " Good Night ". The name "Bart" is an anagram of the word "brat". Groening conceived Bart as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the negative traits of characters such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person. Groening's older brother Mark provided most of the inspiration for Bart. Groening has also said that he found the premise of Dennis the Menace disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace.
The name of Bart was originally going to be "Mort". However, this was changed during the planning stage.
Voice Catchphrases
Nancy Cartwright originally auditioned for the role of Lisa, but soon thought that her voice was too deep for Lisa. Matt Groening let her try out for the part, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Bart's catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was at college. His other catchphrases included "¡Ay, caramba!" and "Don't have a cow man!" - the former being his first words after seeing Homer and Marge 'enjoying themselves' in bed - but these dropped out of use as the series progressed (as mentioned in " Summer of 4 Ft. 2 ", when Bart complains that Lisa stole his line). Whenever he introduces himself, he often says, "I'm Bart Simpson, who the hell are you?"
Reception
Bart Simpson on South Park episode, " Cartoon Wars Part II ".
In 1998, Time magazine selected Bart as 46th of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century — the only fictional character to make the list. He had previously appeared on the cover the December 31, 1990 edition. Both Bart and Lisa ranked #11 in TV Guide's "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".
During the show's early years, Bart was rebellious and frequently escaped without punishment, which led some parents' groups and conservative spokespeople to believe he provided a poor role model for children. This prompted George H. W. Bush to rally, "We're going to keep trying to strengthen the American family. To make them more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons.", to which Bart replied with "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too."
Bart's catchphrases, "¡Ay, caramba!", "Don't have a cow, man!" and "Eat my shorts!" were featured on t-shirts in the early days of the show's run. The latter two phrases were rarely actually spoken on the show itself until after they became popular through merchandise, and the use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode " Bart Gets Famous " in which Bart gets famous on the Krusty show for saying the line "I didn't do it."
In his book Planet Simpson, Chris Turner describes Bart as a nihilist. Bart's character traits of rebelliousness and disrespect for authority have been likened to that of America's founding fathers, rendering him an updated version of American icons Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, rolled into one. Bart is the most depicted Simpsons character on various memorabilia such as toys, books, comics, T-shirts, car decals, and even graffiti art. Bart, and other Simpsons characters, appeared in numerous commercials for Butterfinger candy bars from 1990–2001, with the slogan "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!". This association was parodied in an episode when he discovered that he was in a TV commercial when he was a baby; Bart says that he doesn't remember being in a commercial, then holds up a Butterfinger and eats it. Bart briefly appears in the entrance video used by World Wrestling Entertainment Superstar Shawn Michaels Bart has appeared in several other shows. He is featured in the South Park episode " Cartoon Wars Part II ". He is not referred to by name, nor do any of the characters react to him as if he were a well known personality, but the character specifically mentions the events of " The Telltale Head " when Eric Cartman asks him to name the "most badass thing" he has done.
Foreign dubs
In There's No Disgrace Like Home , Mr. Burns mistakenly reads Bart's name as 'Brat.'
Bart is allergic to cauliflower, [27] butterscotch, imitation butterscotch, glow-in-the-dark monster make-up [5] and shrimp. [28] However, Bart has been seen eating shrimp before [29] and once stated that he "ate so much shrimp". [30] so it is unknown why he was allergic to shrimp.
Bart's middle name is JoJo, as mentioned in The Bart Book . It is likely he is named after his great-uncle, JoJo Bouvier .
Bart was not seen nor mentioned in the episode Four Great Women and a Manicure . Bart is the only of the main characters to not be seen nor mentioned in an episode.
Appearances
| Bart Simpson |
In Greek mythology who is the messenger god? | Bart Simpson Biography | Picture | Simpsons Character | Cartoon | Trivia | Quote
Bart Simpson Biography
Hate
1
It's been almost 15 years since the world first met Bart Simpson, and he's been everybody's favorite troublemaker ever since. When he's not hanging out with his best friend Milhouse, he's dreaming up new ways to make Homer mad and torment Lisa .
Bart Simpson - Little Devil
It probably wasn't a surprise to anybody when Bart's first words were "aye carumba," an expression he's become famous for (along with "eat my shorts," of course). Even as a small baby , Bart's been getting into trouble; seconds after he was born, he lit Homer's tie on fire ! He had the Simpson household to himself for a while, until his baby sister Lisa was born. Bart didn't like all the attention that Lisa began getting, until it became obvious that Lisa really loved her big brother (her first word was "Bart").
Bart Simpson - Friends and Enemies
Bart spends a lot of his free time hanging out with friends, including Milhouse, Martin, and even schoolhouse bully Nelson . He's also found time for crushes , particularly a new neighbor named Laura (who, unfortunately for Bart, didn't return his affections). Bart spends a lot of time in detention (just look at all the things he's been forced to write on the blackboard!), much to the satisfaction of Principal Skinner. Bart's had his revenge on several occasions, though, most notably by spray painting a portrait of Principal Skinner with the words "I am a wiener" written underneath. And, of course, there's Bart's idolization of Krusty the Clown - and his understandable fear of former Krusty sidekick, Sideshow Bob (who has tried to kill Bart on several occasions)!
Bart Simpson - A Busy Life
When Bart isn't in school or at home, he's finding other ways to amuse himself. He worked as a bartender for Fat Tony for a while, and became famous on Krusty's show as the "I Didn't Do It" kid. Bart suffers from a lack of ambition, something made abundantly clear by his goal to become a drifter when he grows up.
Bart Simpson - Did U Know?
Bart's middle name is Jojo.
His graffiti nickname is El Barto.
Bart was once caught for stealing a video game called Bonestorm.
Marge was in labor with Bart for 53 hours.
| i don't know |
How high is the crossbar of a FIFA rules football goal in feet? | Football goal - definition of Football goal by The Free Dictionary
Football goal - definition of Football goal by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Football+goal
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
goal line
n.
1. Sports A line located at either end and typically running the width of a playing area, on which a goal is positioned.
2. Football A line at either end of the playing field over which the ball must be carried or passed to a receiver to score a touchdown.
goal line
n
(Team Sports, other than specified) sport the line marking each end of the pitch, on which the goals stand
goal′ line`
the line that bounds a goal, esp. the front line.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun
1.
goal line - a line marking each end of the playing field or pitch; where the goals stand
line - in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area
Translations
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
Yogi: We've earned our big day out; SCOTTISH CUP Hughes hails Caley heroes
Predominantly made up of fat, grease and paper, the blockage in the sewer underneath Mill Lane in the city centre was part of the 80 tonnes of rubbish that Welsh Water has removed from Cardiff's sewer system in the past year In recent years, such items as a minimotorbike, a football goal net, a pair of trousers, and a chair leg have been recovered from Wales' ageing sewer network, which is made up of more than 30,000km of piping - enough to stretch to Australia and back if laid end-to-end.
| eight |
How many letters are on the bottom letters row of a QWERTY keyboard? | BBC SPORT | Football | Laws & Equipment | Pitch dimensions
Laws & Equipment
Find out the size details of a football pitch.
Did you know that not all pitches are the same size?
The length of a pitch must be between 100 yards (90m) and 130 yards (120m) and the width not less than 50 yards (45m) and not more than 100 yards (90m).
And what about where most of the action happens - the penalty box?
It is also known as the 18-yard-box, with the smaller area - marked out inside it - called the six-yard-box.
This is where some of the world's best strikers earn their living.
And for all you penalty takers - or savers - out there, the most famous spot in football sits 12 yards (11m) from goal.
Last, but not least, that wooden thing at each end of the pitch they call the goal.
Think you know how big it is? It's eight feet high (2.44m) and eight yards wide (7.32m).
| i don't know |
Which US city is known as The Windy City? | Why is Chicago Called the "Windy City"? | Mental Floss
Why is Chicago Called the "Windy City"?
ThinkStock
Like us on Facebook
Travelers to Chicago may experience the wind gusts that come off Lake Michigan, get tossed around a bit and think, “So this is why it’s called the Windy City.” The nickname, which dates back to the late 1870s, is deceiving: Chicago is literally a windy city, but that’s not what the phrase was intended to reference.
Talk to different people and you’ll get different answers, but most fingers point to Charles A. Dana, once the editor of the New York Sun—a paper published between 1833 and 1950—who wrote an editorial that said Chicago was windy because of its full-of-hot-air politicians. The Chicago Tribune even published a column in 2004 , which they hold as the “definitive article on the term,” giving Dana credit. During the time of Dana’s proclamation, Chicago and New York were competing to host the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition. The Tribune’s column writes that the famous phrase comes from when Dana advocated against the “nonsensical claims of that windy city. Its people could not hold a world’s fair even if they won it.”
The problem with using Dana as a source is that no one has ever been able to find this legendary editorial. Not even a date of publication.
According to Barry Popik , a New York City parking-ticket judge by day and a word sleuth by night, he has found the true origins of the phrase . He came across an entry in a May 9, 1876 Cincinnati Enquirer article with the headline, “THAT WINDY CITY. Some of the Freaks of the Last Chicago Tornado.” Popik said the headline used innuendo to comment on the speakers who were full of wind and that there was a windstorm. This is the earliest found reference of Chicago being called the Windy City, predating Dana’s use of the phrase by a little more than a decade.
Still, both the Tribune and the Chicago Public Library stand by the fact that Dana popularized the term, even if he didn’t coin it.
| Chicago |
How many toes does a cat have on each front paw? | Chicago travel guide - Wikitravel
Understand[ edit ]
Chicago was known as a fine place to find a wild onion if you were a member of the Potawatomi tribe, who lived in this area of Illinois before European settlers arrived. It was mostly swamps, prairie and mud long past the establishment of Fort Dearborn in 1803 and incorporation as a town in 1833. The city later undertook civil engineering projects of unprecedented scale to establish working sewers, even reversing the flow of the Chicago river to keep unclean water out of the city's drinking supply, and stop buildings from sinking back into the swamps — and that was just the first few decades.
By 1871, the reckless growth of the city was a sight to behold, full of noise, Gothic lunacy, and bustling commerce. But on October 8th, Mrs. O'Leary's cow reportedly knocked over a lantern in the crowded immigrant quarters in the West Side, and the Great Chicago Fire began. It quickly spread through the dry prairie, killing 300 and destroying virtually the entire city. The stone Water Tower in the Near North area is the most famous surviving structure. But the city seized this destruction as an opportunity to rebuild bigger than before, even inventing the skyscraper in Chicago; which of course, would be picked up and utilized in cities worldwide in the modern day. In addition, several architects and urban planners of Chicago would go on to become legends of modern architecture.
During the late 1800s, Chicago was the fastest growing city in the world. At the pinnacle of its rebirth, Chicago was known as The White City. Cultures from around the world were summoned to the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which Chicago beat New York to host, to bear witness to the work of Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, and the future itself. Cream of Wheat, soft drinks, street lights and safe electricity, the fax machine, and the new invention called the Ferris Wheel bespoke the colossus now resident on the shores of Lake Michigan.
As every road had once led to Rome, every train led to Chicago. Carl Sandburg called Chicago the Hog Butcher for the World for its cattle stockyards and place on the nation's dinner plate. Sandburg also called it the City of the Big Shoulders, noting the tall buildings in the birthplace of the skyscraper — and the city's "lifted head singing so proud to be alive and coarse and strong and cunning." But Chicago is a city in no short supply of nicknames. Fred Fisher's 1922 song (best known in Frank Sinatra's rendition) calls it That Toddlin' Town, where "on State Street, that great street, they do things they don't do on Broadway." It's also referenced by countless blues standards like Sweet Home Chicago.
Chicago is also known as The Second City, which refers to its rebuilding after the fire — the current city is literally the second Chicago, after the one that nearly burned down in 1871. The moniker has stuck as Chicago had long-held the position of the nation's second-largest city. And many know the nickname from Chicago's great comedy theater Second City located in Old Town which has supplied countless talent to television's Saturday Night Live and many sitcoms.
During the Prohibition era, Chicago's criminal world, emblemized by names like Al Capone, Baby Face Nelson, and later Sam Giancana, practically ran the city. The local political world had scarcely more legitimacy in a town where voter turnout was highest among the dead and their pets, and precinct captains spread the word to "vote early, vote often." Even Sandburg acknowledged the relentless current of vice that ran under the surface of the optimistic city.
Chicago is also known as The Windy City. Walking around town, you might suspect that this nickname came from the winds off Lake Michigan which can, on occasion, make for some windy days. Truth be told, Chicago is far from being excessively windy. In fact, according to the United States National Climatic Data Center, Chicago does not rank high on the list of windy cities. The origin of the saying Windy City comes from politics; some saying it may have been coined by rivals like New York City as a derogatory reference; at the time the two cities were battling for the 1893 World's Fair, which Chicago ultimatley won. Others say that the term originated from the city's strong political climate.
Finally, the city is also known as the The City That Works as promoted by long-time Mayor Richard M. Daley, which refers to Chicago's labor tradition and its willingness to tackle grand civic projects. Daley and his father, former Mayor Richard J. Daley, were continous voted into office for many terms and governed the city for decades. As other manufacturing cities like Cleveland , Detroit , and Buffalo went into decline, Chicago thrived, transforming from a city of culture and manufacturing to a city of culture and finance. Chicago now houses the world's largest future exchanges (the Chicago Mercantile Exchange). With Richard M. Daley deciding not to run for mayor again due to his ailing wife, and former White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel resigning from that post to become mayor of Chicago, the city elected its first Daley-less administration with Emanuel since Mayor Richard M. Daley was in office from April 1989 to May 2011.
While the city has many great attractions in its huge central/downtown area, lots of Chicagoans live and play outside of the central district as well. Travelers also go to the city's vibrant neighborhoods to soak up the local nightlife, sample the wide range of fantastic dining, and see other sights that are a part of Chicago. Thanks to the city's massive public transit system, which includes over 140 Chicago Transit Authority subway/elevated train stations, a separate city/suburban Metra rail network, and bus routes criss-crossing the city every few blocks apart, all parts of Chicago are indeed accessible.
Check Chicago's 7 day forecast at NOAA
Winter view in Chicago.
As far as Chicago's weather goes, well let's just say that Chicago is an enormous city so things tend to get blown out of porportion more than they would in other cities, that includes the weather. The winters in Chicago are indeed cold, but the same could be said for most of the United States from Maine to Utah, with the exception of the extreme south. In fact, Chicago receives less precipitation (snow and rain) in the winter than East Coast cities like New York City or Boston. And although Chicago is cold in winter, its Midwestern neighbor Minneapolis is generally colder in the winter. Chicago's summers are not much hotter than the East Coast, and definitely not as hot as the southern U.S. There is a good time to be had in any season in Chicago, and the summer offers an array of parades, festivals, and events.
The winter months from December to March will see cold temperatures with cold wind chill factors. Snow is usually limited to a handful of heavy storms per season, with a few light dustings in-between and a little more along the lakefront —in the local parlance, that's "lake effect snow". Chicago is a city that's well-accustomed to winter season, so city services and public transportation are highly unlikely to ever shut down.
A little-known fact: there are more days with a maximum temperature of 80-84°F (27-29°C) than any other five-degree range, this includes winter months. Chicago's summer days can feel as warm as Honolulu or as humid and sticky as Miami. During any random summer, temperatures in July or August may go above the normal average of 83°F and become hot and humid with dewpoints that can be similar to those found closer to the Gulf of Mexico. However, these heatwaves are not for the entire duration of the summer, but usually in patches of days. Summer nights are usually reasonable and you'll get a few degrees' respite along the lakefront — in the local parlance again, that's "cooler by the lake."
Chicago does have several months of nice weather. June and September are very pleasant; April and May are quite fine, although thunderstorms can occur suddenly. July and August are okay as long as a heatwave hasn't hit the entire country. Although there may be a slight chill in the air, October rarely calls for more than a light coat and some days that's not even necessary. And in some years, prolonged mild summer-like temperatures overlap into November.
Literature[ edit ]
Chicago literature found its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. Consequently, most notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. Here is a selection of Chicago's most famous works about itself:
Karen Abbott's Sin in the Second City is a recent best-seller about Chicago's vice district, the Levee, and some of the personalities involved: gangsters, corrupt politicians, and two sisters who ran the most elite brothel in town.
Nelson Algren's Chicago: City on the Make is a prose poem about the alleys, the El tracks, the neon and the dive bars, the beauty and cruelty of Chicago. It's best saved for after a trip, when at least twenty lines will have you enraptured in recognition.
Saul Bellow's Adventures of Augie March charts the long drifting life of a Jewish Chicagoan and his myriad eccentric acquaintances throughout the early 20th century: growing up in the then Polish neighborhood of Humboldt Park , cavorting with heiresses on the Gold Coast , studying at the University of Chicago, fleeing union thugs in the Loop , and taking the odd detour to hang out with Trotsky in Mexico while eagle-hunting giant iguanas on horseback. This book has legitimate claim to be the Chicago epic (for practical purposes, that means you won't finish it on the plane).
Gwendolyn Brooks' A Street in Bronzeville was the collection of poems that launched the career of the famous Chicago poetess, focused on the aspirations, disappointments, and daily life of those who lived in 1940s Bronzeville . It is long out of print, so you'll likely need to read these poems in a broader collection, such as her Selected Poems.
Sandra Cisneros' The House on Mango Street is a Mexican-American coming-of-age novel, dealing with a young Latina girl, Esperanza Cordero, growing up in the Chicago Chicano ghetto.
Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie is a cornerstone of the turn of the 20th century Chicago Literary Renaissance, a tale of a country girl in the big immoral city, rags-to-riches and back again.
Stuart Dybek's The Coast of Chicago is a collection of fourteen marvelous short stories about growing up in Chicago (largely in Pilsen and Little Village ) in a style blending the gritty with the dreamlike.
John Guzlowski's Lightning and Ashes chronicles the author's experiences growing up in the immigrant and DP neighborhoods around Humboldt Park in Chicago, talking about Jewish hardware store clerks with Auschwitz tattoos on their wrists, Polish cavalry officers who still mourned for their dead horses, and women who walked from Siberia to Iran to escape the Russians.
Erik Larson's Devil in the White City is a best-selling pop history about the 1893 Colombian Exposition; it's also about the serial killer who was stalking the city at the same time. For a straight history of the Exposition and also the workers' paradise in Pullman, try James Gilbert's excellent Perfect Cities: Chicago's Utopias of 1893.
Audrey Niffenegger's The Time-Traveler's Wife is a recent love story set in Chicago nightclubs, museums, and libraries.
Mike Royko's Boss is the definitive biography of Mayor Richard J. Daley and politics in Chicago, written by the beloved late Tribune columnist. American Pharaoh (Cohen and Taylor) is a good scholarly treatment of the same subject.
Carl Sandburg's Chicago Poems is without a doubt the most famous collection of poems about Chicago by its own "bard of the working class."
Upton Sinclair's The Jungle sits among the canon of both Chicago literature and US labor history for its muckraking-style depiction of the desolation experienced by Lithuanian immigrants working in the Union Stockyards on Chicago's Southwest Side .
Richard Wright's Native Son is a classic Chicago neighborhood novel set in Bronzeville and Hyde Park about a young, poor, black boy hopelessly warped by the racism entrenched in American society at the time.
Movies[ edit ]
Union Station. This train station is used in a scene in the film The Untouchables. Hold on to your baby carriages!
Chicago is America's third most prolific movie industry after Los Angeles and New York, and there have been scores upon scores of films and television series filmed here. Here is a very small list of some very Chicago-centric movies that have been produced in the city. These are just a few:
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (John Hughes, 1986). The dream of the northern suburbs: to be young, clever, and loose for a day in Chicago. Ferris and friends romp through the old Loop theater district, catch a game at Wrigley Field, and enjoy the sense of invincibility that Chicago shares with its favorite sons when all is well.
Adventures in Babysitting (Chris Columbus, 1987). The flip side of Ferris Bueller — the dangers that await the suburbanite in the Loop at night, including memorable trips to lower Michigan Avenue and up close with the Chicago skyline.
The Blues Brothers (John Landis, 1980). Probably Chicago's favorite movie about itself: blues music, white men in black suits, a mission from God, the conscience that every Chicago hustler carries without question, and almost certainly the biggest car chase ever filmed.
The Untouchables (Brian De Palma, 1987). With a square-jawed screenplay by David Mamet, this is a retelling of Chicago's central fable of good vs. evil: Eliot Ness and the legendary takedown of Al Capone. No film (except perhaps The Blues Brothers) has made a better use of so many Chicago locations, especially Union Station (the baby carriage), the Chicago Cultural Center (the rooftop fight), and the LaSalle Street canyon.
High Fidelity (Stephen Frears, 2000). John Cusack reviews failed relationships from high school at Lane Tech to college in Lincoln Park and muses over them in trips through Uptown, River North, all over the city on the CTA, his record store in the rock snob environs of Wicker Park, and returning at last to his record-swamped apartment in Rogers Park.
Batman Begins (Christopher Nolan, 2005) and its sequel The Dark Knight (2008). Making spectacular use of the 'L', the Chicago Board of Trade Building, Chicago skyscrapers, the Loop at night, and lower Wacker Drive, the revived action series finally sets the imposing power and intractable corruption of Gotham City where it belongs, in Chicago.
Some others include Harrison Ford vs. the one-armed man in The Fugitive, the CTA vs. true love in While You Were Sleeping, Autobots vs. Decepticons in Transformers 3, the greatest Patrick Swayze hillbilly ninja vs. Italian mob film of all time, Next of Kin, and the humble John Candy film Only The Lonely which captures the south side Irish mentality, the love and comfort of neighborhood dive bars, as well as the Chicago working class, and political power, theme with the repeated line "Sometimes it's good to be a cop".
Smoking[ edit ]
Smoking is prohibited by state law at all restaurants, bars, nightclubs, workplaces, and public buildings. It's also banned within fifteen feet of any entrance, window, or exit to a public place, and at CTA train stations. The fine for violating the ban can range from $100 to $250.
Tourist information[ edit ]
Chicago's visitor information centers offer maps, brochures and other information.
Chicago Cultural Center Visitor Information Center, 77 E Randolph St, ☎ +1 312 744-8000, [1] . M-Sa 10AM-5PM, Su 11AM-4PM (closed 1 Jan, 4th Th of Nov (Thanksgiving), 25 Dec). A centrally located place to pick up a host of useful, free materials. The Cultural Center itself makes a good first stop on your tour, with free, worthwhile art and historical exhibits throughout the year. edit
Macy's on State Street Visitor Information Center, 111 State St, ☎ +1 877 244-2246, [2] . Same as Macy's store hours (closed 1 Jan, 4th Th of Nov (Thanksgiving), 25 Dec). edit
By plane[ edit ]
Chicago ( IATA : CHI for all airports ) is served by two major airports: O'Hare International Airport and Midway Airport . There are plenty of taxis both to and from the city center, but they are quite expensive, especially during rush hours. Expect upwards of $40 for O'Hare and $30 for Midway. CTA trains provide direct service to both larger airports for $2.25 from anywhere in the city — faster than a taxi during rush hour and a lot less expensive.
Many large hotels offer complimentary shuttle vans to one or both airports, or can arrange one for a charge ($15-25) with advance notice.
O'Hare[ edit ]
O'Hare International Airport ( IATA : ORD) is 17 miles (27km) northwest of downtown and serves many international and domestic carriers. United Airlines has the largest presence here (about 50%) followed by American Airlines with about 40%, transatlantic carriers include British Airways and Virgin Atlantic . Most connecting flights for smaller cities in the Midwest run through O'Hare. It's one of the biggest airports in the world, and it has always been notorious for delays and cancellations. Unfortunately, it's too far northwest for most travellers who get stuck overnight to head into the city. As a result, there are plenty of hotels in the O'Hare area. See the O'Hare article for listings.
The CTA Blue Line runs between the Loop and O'Hare every 15 minutes, 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. A lot of repair work has been completed on the Blue line and the trip from O'Hare to the Loop now takes 35-50 minutes. The O'Hare station is the end of the line and is essentially in the basement of O'Hare airport. Walking from the platform to the ticket counters should take 5-10 minutes for Terminals 2 or 3, slightly more for Terminal 1, and a great deal longer for the International Terminal 5 (It is necessary to take the free people mover for transfer). The fare to board the train at O'Hare is $5 - as opposed to $2.25 anywhere else - but it is still a bargain compared to a taxi and can even be faster when traffic is bad.
Midway[ edit ]
Midway International Airport ( IATA : MDW) is 10 miles (16km) southwest of downtown. Midway primarily serves low-cost carriers, with the exception of a handful of Delta flights, and is the largest airport for Southwest Airlines. If it's an option for your trip, Midway is more compact, less crowded, has fewer delays, and usually cheaper. And, of course, it's significantly closer to downtown.
Airlines serving Chicago-Midway (MDW):
Volaris
The CTA Orange Line train runs between the Loop and Midway in around 25 minutes. There is an enclosed tunnel that links the station and airport but it takes approximately 10-15 minutes to walk from one to the other. There are a number of hotels clustered around Midway, too — see the Southwest Side article for listings.
Others[ edit ]
Chicago Executive Airport ( IATA : PWK) is nine miles north of O'Hare, serves the general and business aviation sector, and is the third busiest airport in Illinois. Approximately three hundred aircraft are based on the field and approximately 200,000 take-offs and landings occur annually. Air taxi and air charter companies such as Jetset Charter , Monarch Air Group , Mercury Jets fly a variety of private charter aircraft and jets, from charter luxury Gulfstream's down to economical piston twins for small groups and individuals.
Milwaukee 's General Mitchell International Airport [3] ( IATA : MKE) is served by 7 Amtrak trains per day (6 on Sunday), and the Hiawatha Service has a 95% on-time rating. The trip from Chicago Union Station to Mitchell Airport Station is about one hour and 15 minutes. There are also buses from Mitchell Airport to Chicago O'Hare Airport.
By bus[ edit ]
Burlington Trailways, 630 W Harrison St, [4] . 24 hours. Several daily buses headed to Davenport, Iowa City, Des Monies and Omaha at competitive prices. Onward connections to Denver. edit
Greyhound, 630 W Harrison St, ☎ +1 312 408-5800, [5] . 24 hours. Very frequent service to destinations throughout the Midwest with connections to most of the US, Canada and Mexico. The main terminal is near the southwestern corner of the Loop. There are secondary terminals at the 95th/Dan Ryan red line station and the Cumberland blue line station. edit
Indian Trails, (at the Greyhound Station), [6] . Frequent service to East Lansing, Grand Rapids with onward destinations availible. Daily service to Michigan's Upper Peninsula connecting via Greyhound in Milwaukee. Wifi and power outlets onboard. edit
By train[ edit ]
Three-level streets in the Loop
Chicago is historically the rail hub of the entire United States. Today, Amtrak , ☎ +1 800 872-7245, uses the magisterial Union Station (Canal St and Jackson Blvd) as the hub of its Midwestern routes, making Chicago one of the most convenient U.S. cities to visit by train, serving the majority of the passenger rail company's long-distance routes, with options from virtually every major U.S. city. With its massive main hall, venerable history, and cinematic steps, Union Station is worth a visit even if you're not coming in by train.
Most (but not all) Metra suburban trains run from Union Station and nearby Ogilvie/Northwestern Station (Canal St and Madison St), which are west of the Loop. Some southern lines run from stations on the east side of the Loop. The suburban trains run as far as Kenosha , Aurora , and Joliet , while the South Shore line runs through Indiana as far as South Bend . Several CTA buses converge upon the two stations, and the Loop CTA trains are within walking distance.
By car[ edit ]
Chicagoans refer to some expressways by their names, not the numbers used to identify them on the signs you'll see posted on the U.S. interstate highway system. So you'll have to commit both name and number to memory. I-55 (the Stevenson Expressway) will take you from the southwest city and the southwest suburbs to downtown Chicago. I-90/94 (called The Dan Ryan south of downtown) comes in from Indiana to the east (via the Chicago Skyway - I-90 and Bishop Ford Freeway - I-94) and from central Illinois (via I-57). I-90 (called The Kennedy north of downtown) comes in from the northwest city and northwest suburbs. I-94 (called the Edens Expressway) comes in from the North Side and the northern suburbs to downtown. I-80 runs south of the city in an east-west direction, linking with several north-south expressways.
The Illinois tollway, which in addition to I-90, consists of I-88 which serves the west suburbs, I-355 (called The Vets or The Veterans Memorial Tollway) which connects Joliet with Schaumburg, and I-294 - The Tri-State which runs from the South Side to the far Northwest Side and passes next to O'Hare Airport. Be prepared for toll booths off to the right hand side of the tollway which will cost about $1.50 per booth, a much lower cost than you will find on tolls in New York City or the Los Angeles area. When traveling the tollway, always have a few dollars in cash and coins to pay at the booths, which are staffed on mainline toll plazas.
If arriving downtown from the south on I-94 or I-90, or from the north on I-90/94, great views can be seen as you approach the downtown skyline. If arriving on I-55 from the southwest, or on I-290 (the Eisenhower Expressway, formerly and sometimes still called The Congress Expressway) from the west, the skyline is also visible. If arriving from north or south on Lake Shore Drive (U.S. Highway 41) a scenic introduction will be provided, day or night, on what has to be the most beautiful thoroughfare in the world.
Get around[ edit ]
CTA trains route map
Navigating Chicago is easy. Block numbers are consistent across the whole city. Standard blocks, of 100 addresses each, are roughly 1/8th of a mile long. (Hence, a mile is equivalent to a street number difference of 800.) Each street is assigned a number based on its distance from the zero point of the address system, the intersection of State Street and Madison Street. A street with a W (west) or E (east) number runs north-south (indicating how many blocks East or West of State St. it falls), while a street with a N (north) or S (south) number runs east-west (indicating how many blocks North or South of Madison St. it falls). A street's number is usually written on street signs at intersections, below the street name. Major thoroughfares are at each mile (multiples of 800) and secondary arteries at the half-mile marks. Thus, Western Ave at 2400 W (3 miles west of State Street) is a north-south major thoroughfare, while Montrose Ave at 4400 N is an east-west secondary artery.
In general, "avenues" run north-south and "streets" run east-west, but there are numerous exceptions. (e.g., 48th Street may then be followed by 48th Place). In conversation, however, Chicagoans rarely distinguish between streets, avenues, boulevards, etc.
Several streets follow diagonal or meandering paths through the city such as Clark St, Broadway, Milwaukee Ave, Archer Ave, Vincennes Ave, and South Chicago Ave to name a few. Interestingly, many of the angled streets in Chicago (including Archer Ave., Clark Street and Lincoln Ave.) were originally Native American trails established long before Chicago was a city.
On foot[ edit ]
Downtown Chicago is very walkable, with wide sidewalks and minimal congestion. Walkers looking to avoid cold, heat, rain and snow find the Chicago Pedway System to be helpful. It is a system of underground, ground-level, and above-ground passages that connect downtown buildings.
By public transit[ edit ]
The best way to see Chicago is by public transit. It is cheap (basically), efficient (at times), and safe (for the most part). The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) oversees the various public transit agencies in the Chicagoland area. You can plan trips online with the RTA trip planner or get assistance by calling 836-7000 in any local area code between 5am and 1am. The RTA also has an official partnership with Google Maps, which can provide routes with public transit.
CTA[ edit ]
The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) operates trains and buses in the city of Chicago and some of the suburbs. Put simply, the CTA is Chicago. It is a marvel and a beast, convenient and irreplaceable. Even if you have the option of driving while you're in town, no experience of Chicago is complete without a trip on the CTA.
Fares are paid with a card system called Ventra . Passes can be bought and re-filled at kiosks in the lobby of every CTA station, or online. The kiosks accept cash and credit cards. You have the option of buying a pass, good for unlimited rides for a set number of days, or simply putting cash on the card. A Ventra card costs $5, but you can get that amount back as credit on your card if you register the card online. With an online account, you can add more credit to your card or buy additional unlimited ride passes as needed. Note that the system will use an unlimited rides pass before it uses any transit credit that's already on the card. Unlike many cities' rail system that are set up on zone fares, Chicago's L network, regardless of how many miles you're travelling, only cost $2.25. At many stations, you can transfer to another L line at no additional cost. If you have exited the turnstiles, entering another CTA station or boarding a CTA bus costs an additional $0.25 with your transit card, and transferring a third time is free provided it is still within two hours of when you started the trip.
Locals refer to Chicago's public train system as the "L". (Most lines run on el-evated tracks — get it?) All train lines radiate from the Loop to every corner of the city. The "Loop" name originally referred to a surface-level streetcar loop, which pre-dated the elevated tracks.
A CTA bus - note the number/destination and symbol for wheelchair accessibility
CTA train lines are divided by colors: Red, Green, Brown, Blue, Purple, Yellow, Orange and Pink. All lines lead to the Loop except the Yellow Line, which is a shuttle between the suburb of Skokie and the northern border of Chicago. The Red and Blue lines run 24/7, making Chicago and New York City the two American cities that offer 24-hour rail service running throughout their city limits. Hours for the other lines vary somewhat by the day, but as a general rule run from about 4:30am-1am.
Before you travel, find out the name of the train station closest to your destination, and the color of the train line on which it is located. Once you're on-board, you'll find route maps in each train car, above the door. The same map is also available online . The name signs on platforms often have the station's location in the street grid, e.g. "5900 N, 1200 W" for Thorndale.
There should be an attendant on duty at every train station. They cannot provide change or deal with money, but they can help you figure out where you need to go and guide you through using the machines.
A CTA bus stop: note the symbols for wheelchair accessibility and late-night hours.
Buses run on nearly every major street throughout the entire city, and in many cases, every four blocks apart. Look for the blue and white bus stop sign, which should show the route that the bus will take. Once inside, watch the front of the bus, a red LED display will list the names of the streets as they pass by, making it easy to know that your stop is approaching if you're unfamiliar with the city. Rides of any length cost $2 with a transit card or Chicago Card or $2.25 in cash.
Chicago has a large and comprehensive bus system, and buses typically run frequently. This allows Chicagoans to go to bus stops and wait for the bus without even looking at bus schedules, as buses usually run every few minutes apart. The major bus routes run every 7-15 minutes apart during the morning and afternoon hours. In the evening, these same routes run about every 15-20 minutes apart. The less traveled bus routes may run about 15-20 minutes apart during the day. There are many bus routes that run 24 hours a day; these are called OWL routes and the bus stop sign usually has a picture of an owl to belabor that point. Overnight OWL service is approximately every 30 minutes. (See individual district articles for major bus routes through different parts of the city.)
If you have a web-enabled mobile device, the CTA runs a little godsend called the CTA Bus Tracker , which uses GPS to provide reliable, real-time tracking information for almost all bus routes.
CTA buses accept transit cards but do not sell them. They also accept cash but do not provide change. Like any bus system, you pay exact fare or forfeit your change.
In compliance with the Americans With Disabilities Act, all CTA buses and some train stations are accessible to wheelchairs. Wheelchair-accessible 'L' stations are indicated by the international wheelchair symbol and have elevators or are at ground level. If you are trying to get to a place with a non-accessible station, there will be alternate routes by bus so contact the CTA for more information.
Crime on the CTA is low, but as with any major urban area, travellers should be aware of their surroundings, especially when travelling in the wee hours of the night. Some L cars have a button and speaker for emergency communication with the driver, located in the center aisle of the car on the wall next to the door. This is for emergencies only: do not press this just to ask questions, as the driver is required to halt the train until the situation has been confirmed as resolved, and your fellow passengers will not be amused.
Metra and South Shore[ edit ]
Metra train on the way to the Loop
Metra system map
Metra ☎ +1 312 322-6777, runs commuter trains for the suburbs, providing service within Illinois, to Kenosha , Wisconsin , out west, and to the South Shore railroad, which provides service to South Bend , Indiana . Metra trains are fast, clean, and punctual, but unpleasantly crowded during rush hour. Generally, every car or every other car on the train has a bathroom.
Metra's Electric Line provides service to the convention center (McCormick Place), Hyde Park (Museum of Science and Industry, University of Chicago), and the Far Southeast Side 's Pullman Historic District and Rainbow Beach. The Electric Line is fast, taking at most 15 minutes to reach Hyde Park from the Loop. Unfortunately, service outside of rush hours is infrequent (about once/hour), so be sure to check the schedules while planning your trip.
Although there are plans to change this in the future, none of the commuter trains currently accept CTA transit cards as payment. The fare to McCormick Place and Hyde Park, however, is only $2. Buy your tickets before boarding the train at a window or one of the automated vending machines. You can buy a ticket on the train, but that comes with an extra $3/ticket surcharge if the station you're leaving from had an open ticket window or an operational ticket machine.
Ten-ride, weekly, and monthly passes are available. If you have a group of four or more people, it may be cheaper to purchase a ten-ride card and have all of your fares punched from that one card. If using Metra on Saturday and/or Sunday, you can purchase an unlimited ride weekend pass for just $7. Keep in mind that Metra only accepts cash at this time.
Pace[ edit ]
Pace runs buses in the suburbs, although some routes do cross into the city, particularly in Rogers Park at the Howard (Red/Purple/Yellow Line) CTA station and the Far Northwest Side at the Jefferson Park (Blue Line) CTA station. Pace provides paratransit services should you need to go somewhere inconvenient via CTA.
By car[ edit ]
Avoid driving in downtown Chicago if at all possible.
Traffic is heavy and garages in the Loop can cost as much as $35 per day. Free websites like ParkWhiz.com and ParkingPanda.com let you book off-street parking in advance after searching by location and price, which is often discounted. Other sites like ChiParking.com provide tips about where to park in different parts of Chicago.
Although downtown streets are laid out on the grid, some streets have multiple levels which can confuse even the most hardened city driver. Even outside of the city center, street parking may not be readily available. If you do find a spot, check street signs to make sure that a) no residential permit is required to park, and b) parking is not disallowed during certain hours for street cleaning, rush hour or something along those lines. Parking restrictions are swiftly enforced in the form of tickets and towing — be especially wary during snowy weather.
On-street parking is handled by one-per-block kiosks, which will issue a slip for you to put in your front window. The kiosks will accept cash or credit cards. If the kiosk fails for any reason (such as the printer running out of paper), there should be a phone number to call to report it and ensure you don't receive a ticket.
Be advised: talking on a handheld cell phone while driving is illegal, and the police will write you a ticket. If you need to take or make a call, use a hands-free headset — or better yet, pull over.
Drivers on the city expressways can be very aggressive. For those used to driving on expressways in the Northeast US or Southern California, this may simply be a reminder of home. For everyone else, though, it may be intimidating.
Rental cars are available at both airports (O'Hare and Midway) as well as from numerous rental offices in the Loop as well as other locations scattered throughout various neighborhoods and in the suburbs. O'Hare has the most and largest rental car offices, with many agencies operating 24 hours.
O'Hare hasn't built any sort of consolidated rental car facility, so you'll need to proceed out the door from baggage claim and find the shuttle bus belonging to the rental company you're renting with and ride it to their office a few minutes away. (Check rates and book a reservation before boarding a bus.) Some companies are closer than others--the better companies are located just up the main airport access road, while the lower-end discount agencies might be several miles away around the other side of the airport. When returning, be sure to allow plenty of time to find the rental lot, return the car, and ride the bus back to the terminal.
Midway now has a consolidated rental facility hosting the rental counters and parking areas for all major companies. A dedicated rental facility bus for all companies picks up from the lower level of the main terminal building; once you arrive, find the counter for the company you're renting with.
By taxi[ edit ]
Your Name Here
As in most cities, "naming rights" are all the rage. While official city tourism guides rush to comply, using the new names will earn an eye roll or an oblivious look from most Chicagoans (and cab drivers). A few of the worst offenders:
Sears Tower — 36 years after it was built, the Western Hemisphere's tallest building was renamed the Willis Tower. For most Chicagoans, however, it is still and will always be the Sears Tower.
Comiskey Park — Winning the city's first World Series in nearly a century helped earn some acceptance for the "US Cellular Field" moniker (nicknamed "the Cell"), but it's still regarded as profanity by the old-timers in Bridgeport , where the first Comiskey Park was built in 1910.
Hollywood Beach — The favorite beach of Chicago's gay and lesbian community was renamed Kathy Osterman Beach for one of the mayor's Edgewater -based political friends who died of cancer. But more than a decade later only city signage knows it by that name; everyone else still calls it by its original name, Hollywood Beach.
Chicago has some of the least expensive taxi fares in the US for a major city. Taxis can be hailed from the street throughout the entire city, and are most plentiful in the downtown and North Side areas. Rates are regulated by the city; fares are standard and the initial charge ("flag pull") is $2.25 for the first 1/9 mile, then $0.20 for each additional 1/9 mile or $0.20 for each elapsed 36 seconds. There is a $1.00 fuel surcharge added to the initial charge. There is also a flat $1.00 charge for the second passenger, and then a $0.50 charge for each additional passenger after that (for example, if four people take a taxi together, there will be $2.00 in additional flat fees).
Rides from O'Hare and Midway to outer suburbs cost an additional 50% over the metered fee. Give the driver the nearest major intersection to which you are heading (if you know it) and then the specific address. There is no additional charge for baggage or credit card use, although some drivers discourage credit card payments if the distance travelled is short.
If you are outside of Downtown, North Side, Near West, or Near South neighborhoods, it may be less easy to find cabs from the street and easier just to call one. Taxis typically take 10-15 min from the time you call to arrive. The principal companies are:
American-United Taxi, ☎ +1 773 248-7600
Checker Cab, ☎ +1 312 243-2537
Flash Cab, ☎ +1 773 561-1444 [10]
Yellow Cab, ☎ +1 312 829-4222 [11]
The above applies only to Chicago taxis. Suburban taxi cabs have their own fares and rates, depending on the laws and regulations of the town in which they are based.
By shuttle[ edit ]
Shuttlewizard, To / From O'Hare Airport, ☎ +1 310-626-0067, [12] . Offers airport transportation rides with shuttles, private sedans, SUVs, and limos. edit
By bicycle[ edit ]
Chicago has bike paths along the north shores of Lake Michigan, making north/south travel convenient near the lake as long as the weather is favorable. Riding off the bike paths is very inadvisable as Illinoisans drive very recklessly and without regard, and will rear end a cyclist and keep right on going. Do not ride on either the street or sidewalk in the city. However, you can legally and safely ride in some of the alleys as Chicago has a lot of them. The mid and inner city, especially including the west and south sides, also has many high crime areas where cyclists get shot and murdered while riding through and then their bikes stolen out from under them, even in broad daylight.
If you really want to take bicycle trips and be safe, it is wise to head to the western suburbs. The Illinois Prairie Path is a bicycle trail that runs through DuPage and Kane Counties where it connects with the Fox River Trail, both of which make for some very scenic bicycle riding. Most other areas of DuPage and Kane County are crisscrossed with bicycle trails. There is also the Salt Creek Trail that starts around west suburban Brookfield and goes west to around Interstate 294.
By water taxi[ edit ]
In the summer, water taxis are sometimes more convenient than the CTA, if you are traveling around the fringes of downtown. They are also a relatively cheap way to take in some offshore views. Two private companies operate water taxi services around the Loop.
Chicago Water Taxi (Wendella Boats) [13] ☎ +1 312 337-1446, uses yellow boats and has three stops (Michigan Ave, LaSalle/Clark, Madison St), plus Chinatown on weekends ($2, $4 Chinatown/all day pass). Taxis run roughly M-F 6:30AM-6:30PM, Sa-Su 10:30AM-6:30PM.
Shoreline Sightseeing [14] ☎ +1 312 222-9328, has blue and white boats. It is more expensive ($5-7), but it serves seven destinations including some on Lake Michigan (Union Station/Sears Tower, Wells & Wacker, Michigan Ave Bridge, Navy Pier-Ogden Slip, Navy Pier-Dock St, Buckingham Fountain, and Museum Campus). Shoreline taxis run 10AM-6PM every twenty minutes and 6PM-9PM every half hour Memorial Day–Labor Day, with occasional and less frequent service in the spring and fall.
Itineraries[ edit ]
Along the Magnificent Mile — one day and night in Chicago, with skyscrapers, shopping, food, parks, and amazing views of the city from high and low.
Loop Art Tour — a 2 to 4 hour walking tour of downtown Chicago's magnificent collection of modern sculptures.
Museums[ edit ]
Penguin triumphant, Lincoln Park Zoo
Chicago's set of museums and cultural institutions are among the best in the world. Three of them are located within a short walk of each other in the Near South , on what is known as the Museum Campus, in a beautiful spot along the lake: the Adler Planetarium, with all sorts of cool hands-on space exhibits and astronomy shows; the Field Museum of Natural History, which features SUE, the giant Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton, and a plethora of Egyptian treasures; and the Shedd Aquarium, with dolphins, whales, sharks, and the best collection of marine life east of California. A short distance away, in Hyde Park , is the most fun of them all, the Museum of Science and Industry — or, as generations of Chicago-area grammar school students know it, the best field trip ever.
In the Loop , the Art Institute of Chicago has a handful of iconic household names among an unrivaled collection of Impressionism, modern and classical art, and tons of historical artifacts. And in Lincoln Park , a short trip from the Loop, the cheerful (and free) Lincoln Park Zoo welcomes visitors every day of the week, with plentiful highlights like the Regenstein Center for African Apes.
Also, Chicago has some knockout less well-known museums scattered throughout the city like the International Museum of Surgical Science and the Loyola University Museum of Art in Gold Coast , Chicago History Museum in Lincoln Park , DuSable Museum of African American History in Washington Park , National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen , the Polish Museum of America in Wicker Park , the Museum of Photography in the Loop, and the Driehaus Museum in Near North . The University of Chicago, in Hyde Park , has several cool (and free) museums that are open to all visitors, showcasing a spectacular collection of antiquities and modern/contemporary art.
Discount packages like the Chicago CityPASS [15] and the Go Chicago Card [16] can be purchased before you arrive in town. They cover admission to some museums and other tourist attractions, allowing you to cut to the front of lines, and may include discounts for restaurants and shopping. Also, programs such as Bank of America's Museums to Go offer free admission at multiple Chicago museums for designated times which can save you a small fortune on admission fees. Ticket comparison sites like Trevii, [17] automatically calculates you the best ticket option for your trip itinerary with consideration of various discount options, such as CityPASS, Bank of America's Museums to Go, age-dependent discounts, and etc.
Prairie School Style Home, Oak Park
From the sternly classical to the space-age, from the Gothic to the coolly modern, Chicago is a place with an embarrassment of architectural riches. Frank Lloyd Wright fans will swoon to see his earliest buildings in Chicago, where he began his professional career and established the Prairie School architectural style, with numerous homes in Hyde Park/Kenwood , Oak Park , and Rogers Park — over 100 buildings in the Chicago metropolitan area! Frank Lloyd Wright learned his craft at the foot of the lieber meister, Louis Sullivan, whose ornate, awe-inspiring designs were once the jewels of the Loop , and whose few surviving buildings (Auditorium Theater, Carson Pirie Scott Building, one in the Ukrainian Village ) still stand apart.
The 1871 Chicago Fire forced the city to rebuild. The ingenuity and ambition of Sullivan, his teacher William Le Baron Jenney (Manhattan Building), and contemporaries like Burnham & Root (Monadnock, Rookery) and Holabird & Roche/Root (Chicago Board of Trade) made Chicago the definitive city of their era. The world's first skyscrapers were built in the Loop as those architects received ever more demanding commissions. It was here that steel-frame construction was invented, allowing buildings to rise above the limits of load-bearing walls. Later, Mies van der Rohe would adapt Sullivan's ethos with landmark buildings in Bronzeville (Illinois Institute of Technology) and the Loop (Chicago Federal Center). Unfortunately, Chicago's world-class architectural heritage is almost evenly matched by the world-class recklessness with which the city has treated it, and the list is long of masterpieces that have been needlessly demolished for bland new structures.
Today, Chicago boasts three out of America's five tallest buildings: the Sears Tower (1st), the Trump Tower (2nd), and the Aon Center (5th) (although the local favorite is actually #6: the John Hancock Center ). For years, the Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world, but it has since lost the title. Various developers insist they're bringing the title back with proposed skyscrapers. Until they do, Chicago will have to settle for having the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere with the Sears Tower, although the Hancock has a better view and is quite frankly better-looking.
Chicago is particularly noted for its vast array of sacred architecture, as diverse theologically as it is artistically. There were more than two thousand churches in Chicago at the opening of the twenty-first century. Of particular note are the so-called Polish Cathedrals like St. Mary of the Angels in Bucktown and St. Hyacinth Basilica in Avondale , as well as several treasures in Ukrainian Village — beautifully crafted buildings with old world flourishes recognized for their unusually large size and impressive scope. The National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini in Lincoln Park is the masterpiece of renowned architect Leonard Gliatto.
Architectural tours cover the landmarks on foot and by popular river boat tours, or by just standing awestruck on a downtown bridge over the Chicago River; see individual district articles for details. For a tour on the cheap, the short trip around the elevated Loop train circuit (Brown/Purple Lines) may be worth every penny of the $2 fare.
African-American history[ edit ]
Chicago's African-American history begins with the city's African-American founder, Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable. Born to a Haitian slave and a French pirate, he married a woman from the Potawatomi tribe, and built a house and trading post on the Chicago River on the spot of today's Pioneer Court (the square just south of the Tribune Tower in the Near North ). Du Sable lived on the Chicago River with his family from the 1770s to 1800, when he sold his house to John Kinzie, whose family and friends would later claim to have founded the city.
Relative to other northern cities, African-Americans constituted a fairly large part of Chicago's early population because of Illinois' more tolerant culture, which was inherited from fervent anti-slavery Mormon settlers. As a non-slave state generally lacking official segregation laws, Illinois was an attractive place to live for black freedmen and fugitive slaves.
By the 1920s, Chicago had a thriving middle class African-American community based in the Bronzeville neighborhood, which at the time became known as "The Black Metropolis," home to a cultural renaissance comparable to the Harlem Renaissance of New York. African-American literature of the time was represented by famous and local poetess Gwendolyn Brooks and the novelist Richard Wright, most famous for his Native Son, nearly all of which takes place in Chicago's Bronzeville and Hyde Park/Kenwood . The Chicago school of African-American literature distinguished itself from the East Coast by its focus on the new realities of urban African-American life. Chicago became a major center of African-American jazz, and the home for the blues. Jazz great Louis Armstrong got his start there; other famous black Chicagoans of the day included Bessie Coleman — the world's first licensed black pilot, the hugely influential African-American and women's civil rights activist Ida B. Wells, the great pitcher/manager/executive of Negro League Baseball Andrew "Rube" Foster, and many more.
Helping to fuel Chicago's black renaissance was one of the single most influential parts of African-American history: the Great Migration. African-Americans from the South moved to the industrial cities of the North (particularly Chicago) due to the post-WWI shortage of immigrant industrial labor, and to escape the Jim Crow Laws and racial violence of the South. The massive wave of migrants increased Chicago's black population alone by more than 500,000. With it came southern food, Mississippi blues, and the challenges of establishing adequate housing for so many recent arrivals.
Black Chicago's renaissance was halted momentarily, as was the entire world, by the Great Depression. In 1937 came the creation of the Chicago Housing Authority which sought to build affordable public housing for the city. However well-intentioned, the results were not good. The largest housing projects by far were the 1940 Ida B. Wells projects; the Cabrini Green projects, which developed a reputation as the most violent housing projects in the nation; and the massive 1962 Robert Taylor Homes, which stretched for several miles. In the beginning, the housing projects were indeed decent. As the years passed, unsavory people and less maintenance proved to be the downfall of the projects. The Black Metropolis was unable to cope with this development, and surrounding neighborhoods fell with it. Today, the city has torn down most of these structures and replaced them with lower rise, mixed used buildings; which has shown to have more success than the previous dwellings.
Further damaging to Chicago's black population was the phenomenon of "white flight" that took place across the nation. Unwilling to live beside black neighbors, many white Chicagoans fled desegregation to the suburbs. This trend was accelerated by the practice of "blockbusting," where unsavory real estate agents would fan racist fears in order to buy homes on the cheap. As a result, most of Chicago neighborhoods never truly integrated at that time, and the social, educational, and economic networks that incoming non-whites had hoped to join disintegrated in the wake of fleeing white citizens.
Today, integration has come a long way and integration exists in many Chicago neighborhoods including the communities on the entire eastern half of the North Side that border the lakefront, as well as communities such as Hyde Park/Kenwood , Logan Square , Little Italy , Auburn Gresham, Beverly , and Hegewisch. However, there are still parts of the city that are predominantly composed of one race.
In 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. decided to come north and chose Chicago as his first destination. However, from the moment of his arrival on the Southwest Side , King was utterly confounded. The death threats that followed his march through Marquette Park were challenge enough, but nowhere in the South was there a more expert player of politics than Chicago's Mayor Richard J. Daley. King left town frustrated and exhausted, but Rev. Jesse Jackson continued civil rights efforts in Chicago through his Operation PUSH. The 1983 election of Mayor Harold Washington, the first black mayor of Chicago, was a watershed event for Chicago's African-American population, and although long battles with obstructionist and racist white politicians lay ahead, it marked the moment when Black elected officials became major, independent forces in Chicago.
Today, comprising well over a third of the city, Chicago's black population is the country's second largest in overall numbers, after New York City. However, blacks make up a larger percentage of Chicago than they do of New York City. The large South Side is the cultural center of Chicago's black community. The South Side along with the adjoining south suburbs constitutes the largest single Black region in the entire country, and boasts the country's greatest concentration of black-owned businesses. Some Chicagoans and outsiders from other parts of the country who are ignorant of this area may tell you that it is dangerous. North Siders in general do not think much of the West Side or the South Side (similar to the way Manhattanites in New York City do not think much of the other four boroughs of that city). Although the West Side of Chicago does contain many economically challenged neighborhoods, the reality of the South Side is more complex. On the South Side there are affluent, middle class, and economically challenged neighborhoods. Affluent and upper-middle class areas on the South Side include the South Loop , Hyde Park/Kenwood , upper Bronzeville , Chatham , South Shore , Beverly , Mount Greenwood , West Lawn , and western Morgan Park . Chicago is a very large city and the South Side is large, thus, many people outside the South Side may not be familiar with these affluent/upper-middle class areas on the South Side. The local newscasts also have a bad habit: When a crime happens on the North Side, the commentator will put an emphasis on the neighborhood in which it happened, which tends to not give the entire North Side a bad image. However, when a crime happens on the South Side, the emphasis is put on South Side, thus giving the entire South Side a bad image.
For those interested in African-American history, Bronzeville is a top destination. The Kenwood area also boasts interesting recent history, as it has been (or is) home to championship boxer Muhammad Ali, Nation of Islam leaders Elijah Muhammad and Louis Farrakhan, and President Barack Obama. No one should miss the DuSable Museum of African-American History in Bronzeville , adjancent to Hyde Park, the first museum of African-American history in the United States. And if your interest is more precisely in African-American culture than history, head down to Chatham and South Shore to enter the heart of Chicago's black community.
Ethnic neighborhoods[ edit ]
Wentworth Ave, Chinatown's main street
Chicago is among the most diverse cities in America, and many neighborhoods reflect the character and culture of the immigrants who established them. Some, however, do more than just reflect: they absorb you in a place that can make an entire neighborhood feel like a chunk of another country. The best of Chicago's ethnic neighborhoods are completely uncompromised, and that makes them a real highlight for visitors.
Chicago's Chinatown is among the most active Chinatowns in the world. It even has its own stop on the CTA Red Line. It's on the South Side near Bridgeport , birthplace of the Irish political power-brokers who have run Chicago government for most of the last century. More Irish communities exist on the Far Southwest Side , where they even have an Irish castle to seal the deal. The Southwest Side houses enormous populations of Polish Highlanders and Mexicans, as well as reduced Lithuanian and Bohemian communities.
No serious Chicago gourmand would eat Indian food that didn't come from a restaurant on Devon Avenue in Rogers Park . It's paradise for spices, saris, and the latest Bollywood flicks. Lawrence Avenue in Albany Park is sometimes called Seoul Drive for the Korean community there, and the Persian food on Kedzie Avenue nearby is simply astonishing. At the Argyle Red Line stop, by the intersection of Argyle and Broadway in Uptown , you'd be forgiven for wondering if you were still in America; Vietnamese, Thais, and Laotians share space on a few blocks of restaurants, grocery stores, and even dentists. Neither the Swedish settlers who built Andersonville or the Germans from Lincoln Square are the dominant presence in those neighborhoods any more, but their identity is still present in restaurants, cultural centers, and other discoveries to be made. Likewise, Little Italy and Greektown on the Near West Side survive only as restaurant strips.
A more contemporary experience awaits in Pilsen and Little Village , two neighborhoods on the Lower West Side where the Spanish signage outnumbers the English; in fact, Chicago has the second largest Mexican and Puerto Rican populations outside of their respective home countries. Pilsen and its arts scene is an especially an exciting place to visit.
It's hard to imagine displacement being a concern for the Polish community on the city's Far Northwest and Southwest sides. The Belmont-Central business district is what you might consider the epicenter of Polish activity. Bars, restaurants, and dozens of other types of Polish businesses thrive on this strip, and on a smaller section of Milwaukee Avenue (between Roscoe and Diversey) in the vicinity of St. Hyacinth Basilica which bears the Polish name of Jackowo - Chicago's Polish Village . Polish Highlanders, or Górals, on the other hand dominate the city's Southwest Side with a cuisine and culture that is decidedly Balkan. A host of restaurants and cultural institutions visibly display the rustic touch of their Carpathian craft such as the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America at Archer Avenue just northeast of its intersection with Pulaski Road. Taste of Polonia, held over Labor Day weekend on the grounds of the Copernicus Foundation at the historic Gateway Theatre , draws an annual attendance of about 50,000 people and is touted as the city's largest ethnic fest.
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Shedd Aquarium (Shedd Aquarium), 1200 S. Lake Shore Dr. Chicago, IL 60605, ☎ (312) 939-2438, [18] . 9 am - 5pm. Chicago's Shedd Aquarium is the city's premier location for aquatic life and family fun! With over 32,000 creatures, ranging from fish to crustaceans and everything in between, Shedd is the perfect place for children to learn and inspire curiosity about oceanic and aquatic life! Various exhibits include Aquatic Shows, Amazon Rising, Caribbean Reef, Jellies, Abbott Oceanarium, Polar Play Zone, Waters Of The World, Wild Reef, and A Holiday Fantasea. General Admission Adults - $8, Children - $6, special exhibits cost extra. (41.8676° N,87.6140° W) edit
Chicago Architecture Foundation (CAF), 224 S. Michigan Avenue (at Michigan and Jackson), ☎ 312-922-3432, [19] . 9-6. provides over 90 tours by boat, bike, trolley, bus and on foot of Chicago's architecture. Tours offered every day except Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's Day. Multiple walking tours through out the day; one bus or trolley tour daily, Chicago River Cruise from April thru November. prices vary. edit
Beaches[ edit ]
The five Great Lakes together form one of the largest masses of freshwater on Earth, containing around 20% of the world's surface fresh water alone, and Chicagoans enjoy flocking to the beaches of Lake Michigan. Chicago has great beaches and anyone can show up and swim. There are no admission fees on the city's miles upon miles of beaches, and nearly the entire waterfront is open as public beach and parkland; what amounts to terrific planning by the city. The water is quite warm in the summer and early fall (check with the NOAA for temperatures [20] ). The Chicago shore has been called the second cleanest urban waterfront in the world, and that's really saying something for a metropolitan area of nearly 10 million people. Bacteria levels in the water do force occasional closures, but they are very rare. Lifeguards will be posted when the beach is officially open.
Oak Street Beach and North Avenue Beach (in the Near North and Lincoln Park ) are the fashionable places to sun-tan and be seen and are usually crowded due to their proximity to downtown and area hotels. Rogers Park , Edgewater , and 35th Street Beach allow visitors more individual space and an enjoyable vibe as well. Hyde Park's Promontory Point is beautiful, and offers skyline views from its submerged beach by the rocks, although a swim there is technically against city rules. Hollywood Beach in Edgewater is the main gay beach. Montrose Beach in Uptown is the city's largest beach and hosts a large dog beach and a full service, outdoor restaurant in addition to July 3 fireworks and a variety of live music events. A large bird sanctuary and one of the few hills in Chicago are also located near Montrose Beach.
Volleyball tournaments are occassionally held at Chicago beaches. The city has 33 beaches of various sizes within the city limits alone. There are additional beaches in the northern suburbs as well.
Parks[ edit ]
The Osaka Garden on Jackson Park's Wooded Isle
Where there are beaches, there are waterfront parks. During the summer months, the parks are a destination for organized and impromptu volleyball and soccer games, chess matches, and plenty more, with tennis and basketball courts dotted along the way.
There are also terrific parks goin inland. In the Loop , Grant Park hosts music festivals throughout the year, and Millennium Park is a fun destination for all ages, especially during the summer. In Hyde Park , Midway Park offers skating, and summer and winter gardens in the shadow of the academic giant, the University of Chicago, and Jackson Park has golf, more gardens and the legacy of the city's shining moment, the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition. In Bronzeville , Washington Park is one of the city's best places for community sports. Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. And that's just a brief overview. Almost every neighborhood in Chicago has a beloved park.
Chicago is also home to the Bloomingdale Trail/606. This is a linear park in the sky. This elevated greenway, created from railroad right-of-ways and its viaducts, is 2.7 miles, running through several Chicago neighborhoods, and complete with walking paths, bike lanes, benches, flowers and plants. This type of linear park, over former rail lines, is the third such type in the entire world, after a nearly 3 mile long version in Paris, and a 1 mile long version in New York City.
Events & Festivals[ edit ]
The Lollapalooza Music Festival
If you're absolutely determined and you plan carefully, you may be able to visit Chicago during a festival-less week. It's a challenge, though. Most neighborhoods, parishes, and service groups host their own annual festivals throughout the spring, summer, and fall [21] . And the city has several in the winter. There are a few can't-miss city-wide events, though. In the Loop , Grant Park hosts Taste of Chicago in July, the largest outdoor food festival in the world; and there are four major music festivals: Blues Fest and Gospel Fest in June, Lollapalooza in August, and Jazz Fest in September. All but Lollapalooza are free. The Chicago-based music website Pitchfork Media also hosts their own annual three day festival of rock, rap, and more in the summer at Union Park on the Near West Side .
Sports[ edit ]
With entries in every major professional sports league and several universities in the area, Chicago sports fans have a lot to keep them occupied. The Chicago Bears play football at Soldier Field in the Near South from warm September to frigid January. Since the baseball teams split the city in half, nothing seizes the Chicago sports consciousness like a playoff run from the Bears. Aspiring fans will be expected to be able to quote a minimum of two verses of the Super Bowl Shuffle from memory, tear up at the mention of Walter Payton, and provide arguments as to how Butkus, Singletary, and Urlacher represent stages in the evolution of the linebacker, with supporting evidence in the form of grunts, yells, and fists slammed on tables.
The Chicago Bulls play basketball at the United Center on the Near West Side . They are an exciting team to watch, led by star Derrick Rose. The Chicago Blackhawks share quarters with the Bulls. As one of the "Original Six" teams in professional hockey, the Blackhawks have a long history in their sport, and the team is experiencing a renaissance after capturing the Stanley Cup in 2010 for the first time in 49 years and winning two more championships in 2013 and 2015. Home games for both teams tend to sell out, but tickets can usually be found if you check around. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play from the end of October to the beginning of April.
It's baseball, though, in which the tribal fury of Chicago sports is best expressed. The Chicago Cubs play at Wrigley Field (the oldest National League ballpark and the second oldest active major league ballpark) on the North Side, in Lakeview , and the Chicago White Sox play at U.S. Cellular Field (Comiskey Park, underneath the corporate naming rights) on the South Side, in Bridgeport . Both franchises have more than a century's worth of history, and both teams play 81 home games from April to the beginning of October. Everything else is a matter of fiercely held opinion. The two three-game series when the teams play each other are the hottest sports tickets in Chicago during any given year. If someone offers you tickets to a game, pounce.
There are plenty of smaller leagues in the city as well, although some play their games in the suburbs. The Chicago Fire (Major League Soccer) and Chicago Red Stars (National Women's Soccer League) play soccer in the suburb of Bridgeview, the Chicago Sky play women's professional basketball at the UIC Pavilion on the Near West Side , and the Windy City Rollers skate flat-track roller derby in neighboring Cicero . Minor league baseball teams dot the suburbs as well.
While college athletics are not one of Chicago's strong points, Northwestern football (in Evanston ) and DePaul basketball (off-campus in Rosemont ) show occasional signs of life. If you find yourself in Hyde Park , ask someone how the University of Chicago football team is doing — it's a surefire conversation starter.
Theater[ edit ]
The Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park , seat of the Copernicus Foundation. The theater's Baroque spire is a replica of the Royal Castle in Warsaw .
Modern American comedy — the good parts, at least — was born when a group of young actors from Hyde Park formed The Compass Players, fusing intelligence and a commitment to character with an improvisational spark. One strand of their topical, hyper-literate comedy led, directly or indirectly, to Shelly Berman, Mike Nichols & Elaine May, Lenny Bruce, M*A*S*H and The Mary Tyler Moore Show; another strand, namely The Second City, led to Saturday Night Live and a pretty huge percentage of the funny movies and television of the last thirty years. Still in Chicago's Old Town (and few other places as well), still smart and still funny, Second City does two-act sketch revues followed by one act of improv. If you only see one show while you're in Chicago, Second City is a good choice.
Improvisational comedy as a performance art form is a big part of the Chicago theater scene. At Lakeview and Uptown theaters like The Annoyance Theater, I.O., and The Playground, young actors take classes and perform shows that range from ragged to inspired throughout the week. Some are fueled by the dream of making the cast of SNL or Tina Fey's latest project, and some just enjoy doing good work on-stage, whether or not they're getting paid for it (and most aren't). There's no guarantee that you'll see something great on any given night, but improv tends to be cheaper than anything else in town, and it can definitely be worth the risk. Another popular theater experience is the comedy/drama hybrid Too Much Light Makes The Baby Go Blind, offering 30 plays in 60 minutes every weekend in Andersonville .
Steppenwolf, in Lincoln Park , is Chicago's other landmark theater. Founded in 1976, they have a history of taking risks onstage, and they have the ensemble to back it up, with heavyweights like Joan Allen, John Malkovich, and Gary Sinise. Steppenwolf isn't cheap any more, but they mix good, young actors with their veteran ensemble and still choose interesting, emotionally-charged scripts. It's the best place in town to see modern, cutting-edge theater with a bit of "I went to..." name-drop value for the folks back home.
Most of the prestige theaters, including the Broadway in Chicago outlets, are located in the Loop or the Near North . Tickets are expensive and can be tough to get, but shows destined for Broadway like The Producers often make their debut here. For the cost-conscious, the League of Chicago Theatres operates Hot Tix [22] , which offers short-notice half-price tickets to many Chicago shows.
One theater to see, regardless of the production, is The Auditorium in the Loop . It's a masterpiece of architecture and of performance space. Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, who were on a commission from syndicate of local business magnates to bring some culture to the heathen city, it was the tallest building in Chicago and one of the tallest in the world at the time of its opening in 1889, and it's still an impressive sight, inside and out.
Learn[ edit ]
The University of Chicago's Gothic campus is in Hyde Park , which is, famously, "home to more Nobel Prizes per square mile than any other neighborhood on Earth."
Work[ edit ]
The iconic L rumbling overhead in the Loop
Chicago still loves Carl Sandburg and his poems, but the city shucked off the hog butcher's apron a long time ago. In terms of industry, there's little that distinguishes Chicago from any other major city in America, save for size. The Chicago Board of Trade and Chicago Mercantile Exchange are among the biggest employers, with stables of traders and stock wizards. Boeing moved its headquarters to Chicago amid much fanfare a few years ago; United Airlines , Abbott Laboratories , and AbbVie are other international companies with headquarters in town. The Big Five consulting firms all have one or more offices in the Loop . And there's always construction work in the city; the city has a strong union presence.
For younger workers, the museums in the downtown area are always looking for high-enthusiasm guides, and the retail outlets on the Magnificent Mile and State Street are also good options. And with so many colleges and universities in the city, study abroad opportunities abound.
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
Whatever you need, you can buy it in Chicago, on a budget or in luxury. The most famous shopping street in Chicago is a stretch of Michigan Avenue known as The Magnificent Mile, in the Near North area. It includes many designer boutiques, and several multi-story malls anchored by large department stores like 900 N Michigan and Water Tower Place. Additional brands are available from off-strip shops to the south and west of Michigan.
State Street used to be a great street for department stores in the Loop , but it's now a shadow of its former self, with Carson Pirie Scott's landmark Louis Sullivan-designed building now a Target store, and invading forces from New York holding the former Marshall Field's building hostage under the name Macy's (Most locals still insist that it is "Marshall Field's"). Even Filene's Basement, the famous discount location, is now closed, though a few other discount shops persist.
For a classic Chicago souvenir, pick up a box of Frango Mints, much-loved mint chocolates that were originally offered by Marshall Field's and are still available at Macy's stores. Although no longer made in the thirteenth-floor kitchen of the State Street store, the original recipe appears to still be in use, which pleases the loyal crowds fond of the flavor — and too bad for anyone looking to avoid trans-fats.
However, for a more unique shopping experience, check out the fun, eclectic stores in Lincoln Square , or the cutting-edge shops in Bucktown and Wicker Park , which is also the place to go for music fiends — although there are also key vinyl drops in other parts of the city as well. Southport in Lakeview and Armitage in Lincoln Park also have browser-friendly fashion boutiques.
For art or designer home goods, River North is the place to go. Centered between the Merchandise Mart and the Chicago Avenue Brown Line "L" stop in the Near North , River North's gallery district boasts the largest arts and design district in North America outside of Manhattan. The entire area is walkable and makes for fun window-shopping.
Goods from around the world are available at the import stores in Chicago's many ethnic neighborhoods; check See for descriptions and district articles for directions.
If you are the type that loves to browse through independent bookstores, Hyde Park has a stunning assortment of dusty used bookstores selling beat-up-paperbacks to rare 17th century originals, and the world's largest academic bookstore. Printer's Row in the Near South is also a great stop for book lovers.
Groceries and other basics[ edit ]
The major supermarket chains in Chicago are Jewel Osco, Mariano's, Food 4 Less, Aldi, Whole Foods Market, and Trader Joe's. In addition, the nation's three largest discount store chains Walmart, Target, and Kmart have several stores in Chicago as well. 7-Eleven convenience stores are usually found every couple of blocks and are always open 24-7, but have limited selection and high prices. The Walgreens drug store chain which is based in the city are also ubiquitous throughout Chicago with many locations open twenty four hours a day. Competitor CVS also has many locations in the area.
Due to its huge expat and immigrant population, Chicago also features a large variety of ethnic grocery stores, including Indian, Pakistani, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Polish, and Mexican.
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
Chicago's love affair with Polish sausages runs deep. As Hyde Park is to academics, and Near North is to department stores, so Avondale is to Polish sausages. Cavernous delis line the streets here, particularly up Milwaukee Avenue
Chicago is one of the great restaurant towns in America. If you're looking for a specific kind of cuisine, check out the neighborhoods . Greektown , the Devon Ave Indian corridor, Chinatown , and Chatham 's soul food and barbecue are just the tip of the iceberg. Other areas are more eclectic: Lincoln Square and Albany Park have unrivaled Middle Eastern, German, and Korean food, while Uptown offers nearly the whole Southeast Asian continent with Ghanaian, Nigerian, contemporary American, stylish Japanese, and down-home Swedish a few blocks away.
If you're interested in celebrity chefs and unique creations, Lincoln Park and Wicker Park have plenty of award-winners. River North has several good upscale restaurants, but don't waste your time on tourist traps like Rainforest Cafe, Cheesecake Factory, or the Hard Rock Cafe. In fact, you should never submit to standing in line — there are always equally good restaurants nearby. No matter what you enjoy, you'll have a chance to eat well in Chicago, and you won't need to spend a lot of money doing it — unless you want to, of course.
But while Chicago has a world class dining scene downtown, it is the low-end where it truly distinguishes itself. No other city on earth takes fast food so seriously; for those who don't concern themselves with calorie counting, Chicago is cheap, greasy heaven. Head northwest and you'll find sausage shops and old-style Polish restaurants that carry on as if health food and celebrity chefs never happened in Jackowo - Chicago's Polish Village , as well as at Belmont-Central - an Eastern European culinary heaven. The suburb of Des Plaines on the northwest side of the city near O'Hare is where you can find the world's first McDonalds. Quite a few other local "culinary specialties" in particular deserve further description.
The city's three most iconic dishes are Chicago-style hot dogs, deep dish pizza, and Italian beef. However, there are other unique fast foods that are local favorites (particularly in the South Side). These lesser-known include the Maxwell Street Polish (a grilled kielbasa served on a hot dog bun with grilled onions), the pork chop sandwich (a tender pork chop with grilled onions and hot pepper on a hamburger bun; be advised, this tasty sandwich has a bone in the pork chop), and Chicago-style thin-crust pizza (which has a much crispier crust than that of a New York thin-crust pizza). Maxwell Polishes and pork chop sandwiches are available throughout "Maxwell"-style eateries in the city, but are much more prevalent in the West Side and the South Side; the three most popular Maxwell-style eateries are Jim's Original (1250 S. Union Ave.), Express Grill (1260 S. Union Ave.) and the Maxwell Depot (411 W. 31st St.). Chicago-style thin-crust pizza is available in almost every pizzeria in the South Side.
Chicago pizza[ edit ]
Chicago's deep dish pizza is incredible
Chicago's most prominent contribution to world cuisine might be the deep dish pizza. Delivery chains as far away as Kyoto market "Chicago-style pizza," but the only place to be sure you're getting the real thing is in Chicago. To make a deep dish pizza, a thin layer of dough is laid into a deep round pan and pulled up the sides, and then meats and vegetables — Italian sausage, onions, bell peppers, mozzarella cheese, and more — are lined on the crust. At last, tomato sauce goes on top, and the pizza is baked. It's gooey, messy, not recommended by doctors, and delicious. When you dine on deep dish pizza, don't wear anything you were hoping to wear again soon. Some nationally-known deep dish pizza hubs are Pizzeria UNO and DUE, Gino's East, Giordano's, and Lou Malnati's, but plenty of local favorites exist. Ask around — people won't be shy about giving you their opinion.
But deep dish is not the end of the line in a city that takes its pizza so seriously. Chicago also prides itself on its distinctive thin-crust pizza and stuffed pizzas. The Chicago thin crust has a thin, cracker-like, crunchy crust, which somehow remains soft and doughy on the top side. Toppings and a lot of a thin, spiced Italian tomato sauce go under the mozzarella cheese, and the pizza is sliced into squares. If you are incredulous that Chicago's pizza preeminence extends into the realm of the thin crust, head south of Midway to Vito and Nick's, which is widely regarded among local gourmands as the standard bearer for the city.
The stuffed pizza is a monster, enough to make an onlooker faint. Start with the idea of a deep dish, but then find a much deeper dish and stuff a lot more toppings under the cheese. Think deep-dish apple pie, but pizza. Allow 45 minutes to an hour for pizza places to make one of these and allow 3-4 extra notches on your belt for the ensuing weight gain. Arguably the best stuffed pizza in town is at Bella Bacino's in the Loop , which somehow is not greasy, but other excellent vendors include Giordano's, Gino's, and Edwardo's.
The Chicago hot dog[ edit ]
A charred Chicago-style hot dog with all the trappings
This may come as a surprise to New Yorkers, but the Chicago hot dog is the king of all hot dogs — indeed, it is considered the perfect hot dog. Perhaps due to the city's history of Polish and German immigration, Chicago takes its dogs way more seriously than the rest of the country. A Chicago hot dog is always all-beef (usually Vienna beef), always served on a poppy-seed bun, and topped with what looks like a full salad of mustard, tomato slices, a dill pickle spear, sport (chili) peppers, a generous sprinkling of celery salt, diced onion, and a sweet-pickle relish endemic-to-Chicago that is dyed an odd, vibrant bright-green color. It's a full meal, folks.
Ketchup is regarded as an abomination on a proper Chicago-style hot dog. Self-respecting establishments will refuse orders to put the ketchup on the dog, and many have signs indicating that they don't serve it; truly serious hot dog joints don't even allow the condiment on the premises. The reason for Chicago's ketchup aversion is simple — ketchup contains sugar, which overwhelms the taste of the beef and prevents its proper enjoyment. Hence, ketchup's replacement with tomato slices. Similarly, Chicagoans eschew fancy mustards that would overwhelm the flavor of the meat in favor of simple yellow mustard. And for the hungry visiting New Yorkers, the same goes for sugary sauerkraut — just no.
At most hot dog places, you will have the option to try a Maxwell Street Polish instead. Born on the eponymous street of the Near West Side , the Polish is an all-beef sausage on a bun, with fewer condiments than the Chicago hot dog: usually just grilled onions, mustard, and a few chili peppers.
In a tragic, bizarre twist of fate, the areas of Chicago most visited by tourists (i.e., the Loop ) lack proper Chicago hot dog establishments. If you are downtown and want to experience a Chicago hot dog done right, the nearest safe bet is Portillo's . Although, if you're up for a little hot dog adventure, you can eat one right at the source, at the Vienna Beef Factory deli . Sadly, both baseball parks botch their dogs, although the 2011 return of Vienna Beef as the official hot dog of Wrigley Field is a step in the right direction.
Italian Beef[ edit ]
The Italian Beef sandwich completes the Chicago triumvirate of tasty greasy treats. The main focus of the sandwich is the beef, and serious vendors will serve meat of a surprisingly good quality, which is slow-roasted, and thinly shaved before being loaded generously onto chewy, white, Italian-style bread. Two sets of options will come flying at you, so prepare yourself: sweet peppers or hot, and dipped or not. The "sweet" peppers are sautéed bell peppers, while the hots are a mixed Chicago giardiniera. The dip, of course, is a sort of French dip of the sandwich back into the beef broth. (Warning: dipped Italian Beefs are sloppy!) If you are in the mood, you may be able to get an Italian Beef with cheese melted over the beef, although travelers looking for the "authentic Italian Beef" perhaps should not stray so far from tradition.
The Italian Beef probably was invented by Italian-American immigrants working in the Union Stockyards on the Southwest Side , who could only afford to take home the tough, lowest-quality meat and therefore had a need to slow-roast it, shave it into thin slices, and dip it just to get it in chewable form. But today the sandwich has found a lucrative home downtown, where it clogs the arteries and delights the taste buds of the Chicago workforce during lunch break. Some of the city's favorite downtown vendors include Luke's Italian Beef in the Loop and Mr. Beef in the Near North , while the Portillo's chain is another solid option.
Four fried chickens and a coke...
With the Great Migration came much of what was best about the South: blues, jazz, barbecue — but following a legendary meal at which a young, hungry Harold Pierce saw the last piece of bird flee his grasp into the mouth of the local preacher, Harold made it his mission to add fried chicken to that prestigious list, and to ensure that no South Side Chicagoan ever run out.
Harold's Chicken Shack, a.k.a. the Fried Chicken King, is a South Side institution like no other. The Chicago-style fried chicken is considered by many connoisseurs to be some of the nation's best (certainly in the North), and it is fried in a home-style mix of beef tallow and vegetable oil, then covered with sauce (hot or mild). Crucially, it is always cooked to order — ensuring that essential layer of grease between the skin and the meat. A half chicken meal can come as cheap as $4 and includes coleslaw, white bread, and sauce-drenched fries — make like a local and wrap the fries in the bread.
Initially, the fried chicken chain spread throughout black neighborhoods, which were ignored by other fast food chains, but in later years the franchise has extended its greasy fingers to the West and North Sides, as well as downtown. While chances are you will not find better fried chicken outside of Harold's walls, the quality, pricing, and character vary between individual locations. Your safest bets are on the South Side — if you are served through bullet-proof glass under signs bearing a chef chasing a chicken with a hatchet, rest assured you are getting the best.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Chicago is a drinking town, and you can find bars and pubs in every part of the city. It is believed that Chicago has the second highest bars-per-capita in the U.S. (after San Francisco ). Chicagoans have their choice of the hottest clubs or the best dive bars in town. Most areas that thrive on the bar culture do so for the variety, and bar hopping is quite common. Grab a drink or two, have a good time, and then try another place. It is all about variety. Be prepared to be asked for identification to verify your age, even at neighborhood dive bars. Smoking is banned in Chicago bars (and restaurants).
The best places to drink for drinking's sake are Wicker Park and neighboring Logan Square and Bucktown , which have a world-class stock of quality local breweries and dive bars, which can be reached by the CTA Blue Line. These two areas are where the majority of Chicago's hipsters live, with the effect that most of the bars are considered Hipster Bars. North Center and Roscoe Village are also great destination for the art of the beer garden. Just to the west of the Addison CTA Red Line stop and near Wrigley Field in Lakeview is the Wrigleyville district with bars that are popular with twenty-somethings. These bars are crowded on weekends and whenever the Cubs are playing. One block to the East of the Addison stop on Halsted Street, is the center of Chicago's gay community, known as Boystown. Boystown centers around Halsted street and stretches from Belmont Avenue to the south to Irving Park Road on the North. Clark Street runs at an angle through the area. This district is filled with many trendy shops, bars, clubs, and restaurants. Housing is at a premium rate in this area. Boystown is busy most nights of the week and very busy on weekends. Just to the south, the Lincoln Park neighborhood has bars and beer gardens, and some trendy clubs for the neighborhood's notorious high-spending Trixies. This is another very expensive neighborhood.
Tourists and locals also converge upon the nightclubs of Rush and Division St . This area remains very popular although other areas of the city are becoming increasing popular as nightlife destinations as well. For the last few years the West Loop's warehouse bars were the place to be, but more recently the River North neighborhood has become popular. Still, the Rush/Division bars do huge business. Streeterville, immediately adjacent, exchanges the dance floors for high-priced hotel bars and piano lounges.
Although good dance music can be found in Wicker Park and the surrounding area, the best places to dance in the city are the expensive see and be seen clubs in River North and the open-to-all (except perhaps bachelorette parties) clubs in gay-friendly Boystown , which are a lot of fun for people of any sexual orientation. Halsted St in Boystown has many LGBT bars and nightclubs, for every age and type of music. Take the Redline train and get off at Belmont station.
Jazz and Blues[ edit ]
See The Jazz Track for a wealth of information about current and historic jazz clubs in Chicago.
The Lower Mississippi River Valley is known for its music; New Orleans has jazz, and Memphis has blues. Chicago, though located far away from the valley, has both. Former New Orleans and Memphis residents brought jazz and blues to Chicago as they came north for a variety of reasons: the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 brought a lot of itinerant musicians to town, and the city's booming economy kept them coming through the Great Migration . Chicago was the undisputed capital of early jazz between 1917-1928, wih masters like Joe King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Jimmie Noone, Johnny Dodds, Earl Hines, and Jelly Roll Morton. Most of Chicago's historic jazz clubs are on the South Side, particularly in Bronzeville , but the North Side has the can't-miss Green Mill in Uptown .
The blues were in Chicago long before the car chase and the mission from God, but The Blues Brothers sealed Chicago as the home of the blues in the popular consciousness. Fortunately, the city has the chops to back that up. Maxwell Street [23] ( Near West Side ) was the heart and soul of Chicago blues, but the wrecking ball, driven by the University of Illinois at Chicago, has taken a brutal toll. Residents have been fighting to save what remains. For blues history, it doesn't get much better than Willie Dixon's Blues Heaven Foundation ( Near South ), and Bronzeville , the former "Black Metropolis," is a key stop as well. Performance venues run the gamut from tiny, cheap blues bars all over the city to big, expensive places like Buddy Guy's Legends ( Loop ) and the original House of Blues ( Near North ).
But don't let yourself get too wrapped up in the past, because Chicago blues is anything but. No other city in the world can compete with Chicago's long list of blues-soaked neighborhood dives and lounges. The North Side's blues clubs favor tradition in their music, and are usually the most accessible to visitors, but offer a slightly watered down experience from the funkier, more authentic blues bars on the South and Far West Sides, where most of Chicago's blues musicians live and hang. If one club could claim to be the home of the real Chicago blues, Lee's Unleaded Blues in Chatham-South Shore would probably win the title. But there are scores of worthy blues joints all around the city (many of which are a lot easier to visit via public transport). A visit to one of these off-the-beaten-path blues dives is considerably more adventurous than a visit to the touristy House of Blues, but the experiences born of such adventures have been known to reward visitors with a life-long passion for the blues.
Although playing second fiddle to the blues in the city's collective consciousness, jazz thrives in Chicago, too, thanks in no small part to members of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) and their residencies at clubs like The Velvet Lounge and The Jazz Showcase (both of which see regular national acts) ( Near South ), The New Apartment Lounge ( Chatham-South Shore ) and The Hideout ( Bucktown ), with more expensive national touring acts downtown at The Chicago Theater ( Loop ). If you are staying downtown, the Velvet Lounge will be your best bet, as it is an easy cab ride, and its high-profile performances will rarely disappoint.
Fans should time their visits to coincide with Blues Fest in June, and Jazz Fest over Labor Day Weekend. Both take place in Grant Park ( Loop ).
Concerts[ edit ]
Wicker Park and Bucktown are the main place to go for indie rock shows: the Double Door and the Empty Bottle are the best-known venues, but there are plenty of smaller ones as well. In Lakeview , the Metro is a beloved concert hole, with Schubas, Lincoln Hall, The Vic, and the Abbey Pub nearby (the latter on the Far Northwest Side ). Other mid-sized rock, hip-hop and R&B shows take place at the Riviera and the awesome Aragon Ballroom in Uptown . The Near South has become an underrated destination for great shows as well.
The legendary Chicago Theater
The Park West in Lincoln Park has light jazz, light rock, and other shows you'd sit down for; so does Navy Pier ( Near North ), particularly in the summer. The venerable Chicago Theater in the Loop is better-known for its sign than for anything else, but it has rock, jazz, gospel, and spoken-word performances by authors like David Sedaris. The world-renowned Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is the main bulwark in the city for classical and classy jazz, with occasional curve-balls like Björk. You'll find musicians from the CSO doing outreach all over the city, along with their counterparts at the Lyric Opera. Both are in the Loop .
A few big concerts are held at the UIC Pavilion, the Congress Theater, and the United Center on the Near West Side every year, and some huge concerts have taken place at Soldier Field ( Near South ). The Petrillo Bandshell in Grant Park and the Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park, both in the Loop , tend to host big, eclectic shows and festivals in the summer, which are sometimes free.
Otherwise, most big shows are out in the suburbs, primarily at the Allstate Arena and the Rosemont Theater in Rosemont , the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates, the First Midwest Bank Amphitheatre in Tinley Park, Star Plaza in Indiana , and the Alpine Valley Music Theater over the Wisconsin border in Elkhorn . You'll also have to head out to the suburbs for Ravinia, which features upscale classical, jazz, and blues outdoors throughout the summer. See Chicagoland for details on suburban venues.
Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ]
Chicago hosts many major conventions each year and has plenty of places to stay. The majority are either at O'Hare Airport or downtown in the Loop and the Near North (near the Magnificent Mile). If you want to explore the city, aim for downtown — a hotel near O'Hare is good for visiting one thing and one thing only, and that's O'Hare (although the CTA Blue Line is walking distance from most of them, so access to the city is easy, aside from 30 minutes). However, if you have a specific interest in mind, there are hotels throughout the city, and getting away from downtown will give you more of a sense of other neighborhoods. You'll appreciate that if you're in town for more than a couple of days. Make sure that where you're staying is within your comfort level before committing to stay there, though. More far flung transient hotels will be suitable for those seeking to relive Jack Kerouac's seedy adventures around the country, but may alarm and disgust the average traveler.
Budget-priced places are usually pretty far from the Loop , so when you're booking, remember that Chicago is vast. Travelers on a budget should consider accommodations away from the city center which can be easily reached via any of the several CTA train lines. There is a hostel in the Loop , a hostel in Greektown within walking distance to Union Station, a hostel by Wrigley Field and three others near the universities in Lincoln Park , Rogers Park and in Wicker Park, all of which are interesting neighborhoods in their own right, and close to the L for access to the rest of the city. For deals on mid-range hotels, there are good options far out from the center by Midway and in North Lincoln .
Embassy Suites Chicago – North Shore/Deerfield, 1445 Lake Cook Road Deerfield, IL 60015, ☎ 1-847-945-4500, [24] . edit
IHSP Chicago Hostel, 1616 North Damen (Damen on the Blue Line), ☎ 3127314234, [25] . checkin: 2PM; checkout: 11 AM. Rooftop deck, common room, free breakfast, social atmosphere. $20 -200 USD. edit
Hilton Garden Inn Chicago Downtown/Magnificent Mile, 10 E. Grand Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, ☎ 312-595-0000, [26] . edit
Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago (Trump Hotel Chicago), 401 N Wabash Ave (Downtown), ☎ 312.588.8000, [27] . 5 star, luxury downtown Chicago hotel on Michigan Avenueoffers river, lake and skyline views, accommodations, spa & health club, 5 star Michelin-rated dining, and meeting and wedding venues. edit
Chicago Marriott Downtown Magnificent Mile, 540 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, IL 60611, ☎ +1-312-836-0100 (fax: +1-312-836-6139), [28] . checkin: 16:00; checkout: 12:00. Located on Magnificent Mile within walking distance of Navy Pier, American Girl Place, Shedd Aquarium, Millennium Park, Theater and Museum Districts. Hotel has indoor pool, fitness center, on-site bar, coffee shop and restaurant. $199 USD and above. edit
JW Marriott Chicago, 151 West Adams Street Chicago, IL 60603, ☎ +1-312-660-8200 (fax: +1-312-660-8201), [29] . checkin: 15:00; checkout: 12:00. Located at LaSalle and Adams, this Chicago Loop hotel features an on-site spa, restaurant and bar. $229 USD and above. edit
Renaissance Chicago Downtown Hotel, 1 West Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60601, ☎ +1-312-372-7200 (fax: +1-312-372-0093), [30] . checkin: 16:00; checkout: 12:00. Situated on the north edge of the Loop, this downtown Chicago, IL hotel is steps from upscale shopping, fine dining and Millennium Park. On-site spa, fitness center, indoor pool, bar and restaurant. $209 USD and above. edit
Renaissance Blackstone Chicago Hotel (The Blackstone), 636 South Michigan Ave Chicago, IL 60605, ☎ +1-312-447-0955 (fax: 1-312-765-0545), [31] . checkin: 16:00; checkout: 12:00. Conveniently located next to Grant Park and the downtown Chicago Loop, the Blackstone offers luxury accommodations and upscale dining. $179 USD and above. edit
Chicago Marriott O'Hare, 8535 West Higgins Road Chicago, IL 60631, ☎ +1-773-693-4444 (fax: +1-773-693-3164), [32] . checkin: 15:00; checkout: 12:00. Newly renovated and conveniently located three miles from Chicago O'Hare International Airport, 15 miles from downtown and 'L'-train access just one block away. Features indoor pool, fitness center, on-site bar, coffee shop and restaurant. $119 USD and Up. edit
Renaissance Chicago O'Hare Suites Hotel, 8500 West Bryn Mawr Avenue Chicago, IL 60631, ☎ +1-773-380-9600 (fax: +1-773-380-9601), [33] . checkin: 16:00; checkout: 12:00. Features indoor pool, fitness center, on-site bar, coffee shop and restaurant. Located steps from the "L" Chicago Blue Line-O’Hare and offering complimentary 24-hour shuttle service to Chicago O'Hare International Airport. $119 USD and above. edit
Chicago Getaway Hostel, 616 W. Arlington Pl., ☎ +1 (773) 929-5380. Backpackers Hostel in a residential neighborhood, providing dorm and private rooms. edit
Wyndham Grand Chicago Riverfront ',71 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, 60601, phone 1-312-346-7100, Formaly Hotel 71, this hotel is located near the intersection of Michgan Avenue and Wacker Drive. Near The Loop and the Magnificent Mile. On site restaurant and an event room that can seat 250 people. Rates $129 and above.
Courtyard Chicago Downtown Magnificent Mile, 165 E Ontario Street, ☎ 312-573-0800, [34] . checkin: 3pm; checkout: 12pm. With spectacular shopping, world-class museums, dynamic corporations and breathtaking architecture, the Windy City has it all and this hotel is located right in the heart of everything! edit
Stay safe[ edit ]
Violent crime rates by neighborhood
As in almost the entire United States, dial 911 to get emergency help. Dial 311 for all non-emergency situations in Chicago.
Despite a big decline in the crime rate from the 1970s and 1980s, Chicago is still a big city with big city problems. There are run-down areas within a few blocks of some well-travelled places such as near the United Center and US Cellular Field. The majority of the city's violent crimes occur within a relatively small number of neighborhoods well off the beaten path in the South and West Sides, but given the chance nature of crime, you should exercise the usual precautions wherever you go.
While on the South Side ,in general, one should preferably avoid, or at the very least be extra vigilant in the area bounded by King Drive on the East, 43rd St on the North, 79th on the South, and Western Ave on the West. On the West Side, with the exception of visiting the Garfield Conservatory, the same advise applies to the area bounded roughly by Western Ave to the East, Central Ave to the West, Harrison Street to the South, and Chicago Ave to the North. Additionally, the North section of Lawndale, the East section of Chatham, the Northeast section of Auburn Gresham, and the Southern section of Roseland are inadvisable for visitors to enter unless one is headed to a specific restaurant/site in those areas. Even in a neighborhood with a bad reputation, though, you might still have a perfectly good time, as long as it falls within your comfort level.
Take caution in the Loop at night; after working hours, the Loop gets quiet and dark in a hurry west of State Street, but you'll be fine near hotels and close to Michigan Avenue and the lake. When disembarking a crowded CTA train, especially in the downtown-area subways, be wary of purse snatchers and Apple pickers (thieves who snatch your smart phone--iPhones are a particular favorite--out of your hand and exit the train just before the doors close).
Homelessness is a problem in the city and seeing people ask for help is common downtown . They are very unlikely to pose any kind of problem, though. Most are either holding up a sign asking for some type of assistance while others will actively solicit you for spare change. If you ignore them, they will ignore you. Some do sell a local newspaper called Streetwise to make a living. These people should be wearing a badge of some kind to indicate they sell the newspaper and they keep all the profits they make. If you're feeling generous but want to be safe, those selling Streetwise are your best bet.
A common scam is for a beggar to come up to you and make remarks about how your shoes need to be cleaned or polished. They can be very friendly though very pushy to the unsuspecting tourist. Before you know it, your shoe is up on their knee and they are asking you for some amount they claimed they told you before they started. If you simply ignore them and walk away they should leave you alone. Not often, but some will continue to follow and harass you. If this happens, go inside any restaurant or store until they leave.
In general, common sense will keep you safe in Chicago: avoid unfamiliar side streets at night, stay out of alleys at night, know where you're going when you set out, stick to crowded areas, and keep a $20 bill on hand for cab fare as a bail-out option.
Dress appropriately for the weather. Chicago's winter is famously windy and cold, so cover exposed skin and wear layers in the winter, but heat exhaustion is an equal risk in the summer months, especially July and August.
After snowfalls[ edit ]
Stay off the road during a snowstorm. Chicago's streets and sanitation department generally does a good job clearing the major roads in the center of the city, but the neighborhoods can take longer, and the construction-littered expressways are anyone's guess.
If you happen to be driving in Chicago during or right after a snowstorm, be aware that certain areas have a tradition of parking "dibs" where residents place debris on the street to mark their cleared parking spots when their cars aren't present. If you see broken furniture or wooden crates covering up a potential parking spot, don't move the debris to park as this might result in a serious altercation with residents or deliberate damage to your vehicle (eg slashed tires, broken windows, key scratches, etc).
Respect[ edit ]
Chicago has a reputation of being a segregated city, yet this image has finally started to erode somewhat. In many ways, it is like any other city: What may be okay behavior on one side of the city may get you into trouble on another side of the city. Homosexuality, accepted through downtown and the North Side, and parts of the South Side, may not be as well received elsewhere.
There are many neighborhoods in Chicago where various races live in harmony, and race isn't an issue whatsoever. There are also neighborhoods that are mainly white, black, or latino and outsiders may be looked at with a curious eye.
If you get lost, it is recommended that you try and flag down a police officer, as the Chicago Police Department can be quite helpful. You should also have a map with you of the city or area of the city that you intend to explore in case you get lost, so you don't have to bother someone for directions.
Internet[ edit ]
The first Internet cafe in the United States was opened in Chicago, but they never really caught on here. There are still a few, though; check individual district articles. If you have a computer with you, free wireless Internet access is now standard-issue at coffee shops throughout the city including major ones like Starbucks. Most hotels above the transient level offer free Wi-Fi, too.
The good news is that all branches of the Chicago Public Library system offer free internet access, via public terminals and free, password-free, public wireless. If you do not have a Chicago library card, but you have a photo ID that shows you do not live in Chicago, you can get a temporary permit from the library information desk. (If you are from Chicago and don't have a library card, though, all you can get is a stern look and a brief lecture on how Chicagoans need to support the library system.) The most centrally located branch is the giant Harold Washington Library in the Loop , but there are branch libraries in every part of the city — again, see individual district articles. Only Harold Washington and the two regional libraries ( Sulzer and Woodson ) are open on Sundays.
Telephones[ edit ]
312 was the area code for all of Chicago for a long time; it's still the code of choice for the Loop , and most of the Near North and Near South . 773 surrounds the center, covering everything else within city limits.
Suburban areas close to the city use 847 (north/northwest), 224 (north/northwest), 708 (south), 815 (southwest), 630 (west), and 219 (northwest Indiana).
Publications[ edit ]
The Chicago Tribune (The Trib), [35] . The Tribune is Chicago's oldest daily, recently converted into a tabloid format for newsstand purchases. New ownership has shed much of the Trib's former prestige with a debt-leveraged purchase and forced bankruptcy, widespread staff layoffs, and an ill-advised redesign. edit
The Chicago Sun-Times, [36] . The Sun-Times is Chicago's other "major" newspaper. It has a long-standing reputation for aggressive (some might say "sensationalist") investigative journalism. It has also been teetering on the verge of oblivion for some time. edit
The Redeye, [37] . Redeye is a free weekdays-only newspaper produced by the Tribune. Although its covers appear to report from some parallel universe where topics like sandwiches and being tired at work are the top stories of the day, it does have basic news coverage inside along with entertainment gossip. edit
The Chicago Defender, [38] . The Defender is Chicago's biggest African-American daily, and it played a major role in the city's African-American history. Its distribution network today is comparatively small, though. edit
Hola Hoy, [39] . Hola Hoy produces a free Spanish-language newspaper with wide distribution. edit
The Chicago Reader, [40] . The Reader is a free weekly newspaper distributed throughout the city each Wednesday. It includes extensive listings of arts, music, and events. Nobody knows more about Chicago than the Reader, but it's definitely oriented toward locals. edit
Crain's Chicago Business, [41] . Crain's is a long-standing weekly newspaper covering the Chicago area business community, with a dash of politics and lifestyle — definitely worth a look if you're in town on business. edit
New City, [42] . New City is a free weekly alternative arts and entertainment magazine, distributed every Wednesday. Event listings and local content are skimpy, but it is free. edit
Time Out Chicago, [43] . Time Out produces a weekly magazine available at most newsstands and bookstores. Its listings for events, bars, and restaurants are by far the most comprehensive and easiest to use for visitors to the city. edit
Windy City Times, [44] . Free weekly LGBT newspaper. edit
The Daily Herald. The Daily Herald is wide serving suburban newspaper based in Arlington Heights, a Chicago suburb. edit
Religious services[ edit ]
The spectacular Bahá'í Temple
There are places of worship all over the city; the front desk of your hotel will almost certainly be able to direct you to one nearby. Otherwise, the following are centrally located in either the Loop or the Near North , unless otherwise noted.
For churches of specific Orthodoxies, check in neighborhoods that feature communities with ties to that region. There's a majestic Orthodox church in Ukrainian Village , for example. Evangelical Christian ministries are mostly on the South Side, with some historic churches in Bronzeville . For the Baha'i faith, visit the Baha'i Temple in Wilmette , easily accessible by the CTA Purple Line.
Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel, 540 W Melrose St (Belmont Red Line), ☎ +1 773 248-9200, [45] . Modern Orthodox Judaism. In a remarkably beautiful building by the lake. Shacharit Su 8:30AM, M, Th 6:45AM, Tu W, F 7AM; Mincha Su-Th 7:45PM. edit
Armitage Baptist Church, 2451 N Kedzie Blvd. (Logan Square Blue Line), ☎ +1 773 384-4673, [46] . Sunday worship 9:30AM, 11AM, and 6PM. edit
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, 4N739 IL Route 59, Bartlett, ☎ +1 630 213 2277, [47] . Everyday worship 11:30 AM Aarti. Free. edit
Chicago's Central Synagogue, 15 W Delaware Place (Chicago Red Line), ☎ +1 312 787-0450, [48] . Conservative Judaism. Shabbat services Sa 9:15AM. edit
Chicago Loop Synagogue, 16 S Clark St (Madison/Wabash Brown/Purple/Green/Orange/Pink Line), ☎ +1 312 346-7370, [49] . Traditional Judaism. Shachris Sa 9AM, Su 9:30AM; Mincha Sa 3:45PM, Su 4:15PM, M-F 1:05PM; Maariv 4:45PM. edit
Chicago Sinai Congregation, 15 W Delaware Pl (Chicago Red Line), ☎ +1 312 867-7000, [50] . Liberal Reform Judaism. Torah study Sa 10:30AM; Shabbat Eve service F 6:15PM, Sunday service 11AM. edit
Christ the Savior Orthodox Church, 927 N LaSalle Dr (Chicago Red and Brown line), ☎ +1 312 202-0423 (fax: +1 312 202-0427), [51] . OCA parish with services in English. Saturday Great Vespers 4:30pm. Sunday Liturgy 9:15am. Wednesday Daily Vespers 6:30pm. edit
Downtown Islamic Center, 231 S State St (Jackson Red Line), ☎ +1 312 939-9095, [52] . M-F 10:30AM-5:30PM. Friday prayers: Khutba 1:05PM / Aqama 1:30PM (1st Friday Jamaa), Khutba 2:05pm / Aqama 2:30pm (2nd Friday Jamaa). edit
Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago, 10915 Lemont Rd, Lemont, IL, ☎ +1 630 972-0300, [53] . M-F 10AM-8PM. 25 miles southwest of Chicago. Call temple to schedule priest services. edit
Holy Name Cathedral, 735 N State St (Chicago Red Line), [54] . Open for private prayer or reflection from 5:30am-7pm. Flagship of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. Sunday Masses at 7am, 8:15am, 9:30am (incl sign language), 11am, 12:30pm, and 5:15pm. See website for Saturday, weekdays, and Holy Days schedules, as well as other sacraments. edit
Saint James Cathedral, 65 E Huron St (Chicago Red Line), ☎ +1 312 787-7360, [55] . Episcopalian services. Office hours M-F 9am-4pm. Eucharist Su 8am, 10:30am; W 5:30pm; Th,F 12:10pm edit
Foreign consulates[ edit ]
Here's a quick list of foreign consulates in Chicago:
Argentina, 205 N Michigan Ave, #4208/9, ☎ +1 312 819-2610 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 819-2612), [56] . edit
Australia, 123 N Wacker Dr, ☎ +1 312 419-1480 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 419-1499), [57] . edit
Austria, 400 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 222-1516. edit
Bahamas, 8600 W Bryn Mawr Ave, ☎ +1 312 693-1500. edit
Belgium (Honorary), 1703 N Randall Rd, Elgin, ☎ +1 847 214-4670 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 847 787-5486), [58] . edit
Bolivia, 1111 Superior St, #309, ☎ +1 708 343-1234. ( Melrose Park ) edit
Bosnia & Herzegovina, 151 E Chicago Ave, ☎ +1 951-1245. edit
Brazil, 401 N Michigan Ave, #1850, ☎ +1 312 464-0244 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 464-0299), [59] . edit
Bulgaria, 737 N Michigan Ave, #2105, ☎ +1 312 867-1904. edit
Canada, Two Prudential Plaza, 180 N Stetson Ave, #2400, ☎ +1 312 616-1860 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 616-1878), [60] . edit
Chile, 875 N Michigan Ave, #3352, ☎ +1 312 654-8780. edit
China, 100 E Erie St, #500, ☎ +1 312 803-0095, [61] . edit
Colombia, 500 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 923-1196. edit
Costa Rica, 203 N Wabash Ave, ☎ +1 312 263-2772. edit
Croatia, 737 N Michigan Ave, #1030, ☎ +1 312 482-9902. edit
Czech Republic, 205 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 861-1037. edit
Denmark, 875 N Michigan Ave Ste 3950, ☎ +1 312 787-8780 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 787-8744), [62] . edit
Dominican Republic, 3228 W N Ave, ☎ +1 312 236-2447. edit
Ecuador, 30 S Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 338-1002. edit
Egypt, 500 N Michigan Ave, #1900, ☎ +1 312 828-9162. edit
El Salvador, 104 S Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 332-1393. edit
Estonia, 410 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 595-2527. edit
Finland, 2246 West Homer St, ☎ +1 708 442-0635. edit
France, 205 N Michigan Ave, #3700, ☎ +1 312 327-5200. edit
Germany, 676 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 202-0480. edit
Greece, 650 N Saint Clair St, ☎ +1 312 335-3915 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 335-3958), [63] . edit
Guatemala, 205 N Michigan Ave #2350, ☎ + 1 312 332 1587. edit
Haiti, 220 S State St, #2110, ☎ +1 312 922-4004. edit
Honduras, 4506 W Fullerton Ave, ☎ +1 773 342-8281. edit
Hungary, 500 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 670-4079. edit
India, 455 N Cityfront Plaza Dr, NBC Tower Bldg Ste 850, ☎ +1 312 595-0405 (+1 312 595-0409), [64] . edit
Indonesia, 211 W Wacker Dr, ☎ +1 312 920-1880. edit
Ireland, 400 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 337-1868 (fax: +1 312 337-1954), [65] . edit
Israel, 111 E Wacker Dr, #1308, ☎ +1 312 297-4800. edit
Italy, 500 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 467-1550. edit
Jamaica, 4655 S Martin Luther King Dr, ☎ +1 773 373-8988. edit
Japan, 737 N Michigan Ave, #1100, ☎ +1 312 280-0430. edit
Jordan, 12559 S Holiday Dr, ☎ +1 708 272-6666. ( Alsip ) edit
Republic of Korea, 455 N Cityfront Plaza Dr, #2700, ☎ +1 312 822-9485. edit
Latvia, 3239 Arnold Ln, ☎ +1 847 498-6880. ( Northbrook ) edit
Lithuania, 211 E Ontario St, #1500, ☎ +1 312 397-0382. edit
Luxembourg, 1417 Braeborn Ct, ☎ +1 847 520-5995. ( Wheeling ) edit
Malaysia, 875 N Michigan Ave, #4101, ☎ +1 312 280-9632. edit
Mexico, 204 S Ashland Ave, ☎ +1 312 738-2531, [66] . edit
Montenegro, 201 E Ohio St, ☎ +1 312 670-6707. edit
Nepal, 100 W Monroe St, #500, ☎ +1 312 263-1250. edit
Netherlands, 303 E Wacker Dr Ste 2600, ☎ +1 312 856-0110 (toll free: +1 877-DUTCHHELP, [email protected] , fax: +1 312 856-9218), [67] . edit
New Zealand (Honorary), 8600 W Bryn Mawr Ave, ☎ +1 773 714-9461 (fax: +1 773 714-9483), [68] . edit
Norway, 900 Lively Blvd, ☎ +1 847 364-7374. ( Elk Grove ) edit
Pakistan, 333 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 781-1831. edit
Panama, 9048 S Commercial Ave, ☎ +1 773 933-0395. edit
Philippines, 30 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 332-6458 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 312 332-3657), [69] . edit
Peru, 180 N Michigan Ave, #1800, ☎ +1 312 782-1599. edit
Poland, 820 N Orleans St, #335, ☎ +1 312 337-8166. edit
Portugal (Honorary), 1955 N New England Ave, ☎ +1 773 889-7405 (fax: +1 312 493-2433), [70] . edit
Romania, 737 N Michigan Ave, ☎ +1 312 573-1315. edit
Serbia, 201 E Ohio St, ☎ +1 312 670-6707. edit
Singapore, 10 South Dearborn St, #4800, ☎ +1 312 853-7555. edit
South Africa, 200 S Michigan Ave, #600, ☎ +1 312 939-7929 (fax: +1 312 939-2588), [71] . edit
Spain, 180 N Michigan Ave, #1500, ☎ +1 312 782-4588. edit
Sweden, 150 N Michigan Ave, #1951, ☎ +1 312 781-6262. edit
Switzerland, 737 N Michigan Ave, #2301, ☎ +1 312 915-0061 (+1 312 915-0061, [email protected] , fax: +1 312 915-0388), [72] . (closed in December 2013) edit
Taiwan, 180 N Stetson Ave, ☎ +1 312 616-0100. edit
Thailand, 700 N Rush St, ☎ +1 312 644-3129. edit
Turkey, 360 N Michigan Ave, #1405, ☎ +1 312 621-3340. edit
Ukraine, 10 E Huron St, ☎ +1 312 642-3129. edit
United Kingdom, 400 N Michigan Ave, #1300, ☎ +1 312 970-3800, [73] . edit
Uruguay, 875 N Michigan Ave, #1422, ☎ +1 312 642-3430. edit
Venezuela, 20 N Wacker Dr, #750, ☎ +1 312 236-9655. edit
Chicago Suburbs[ edit ]
Forest preserves are prevelant on the far north, northwest, and southwest sides, and into the nearby Chicagoland suburbs. They are excellent for biking, jogging, picnics, and various outdoor activities.
Toyota Park in Bridgeview, IL is an outdoor stadium that hosts several sporting events and concerts including the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer. It is located on Harlem Avenue south of the Stevenson Expressway/Interstate 55. An express bus runs from the Midway station on the CTA Orange Line on event days.
The Brookfield Zoo, which is Chicagoland's other world-class zoo, is loacted in nearby Brookfield, IL. Though not accessible via the CTA, the Hollywood station on METRA's Burlington Northern line is 2 blocks away. It is located on 31st Street close to the Eisenhower Expressway/Interstate 290.
Evanston is over the northern border of Chicago. In addition to Northwestern University, the city has a vibrant downtown area, some historical homes scattered about, and a lovely lakefront. Just beyond that is Wilmette , with the fascinating Baha'i Temple. Both suburbs are accessible via the CTA Purple Line.
The Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, IL is a 385 acre garden featuring 25 display gardens, four natural habitats, and 2.5 million plants. Though not accessible by the CTA, the Braeside station along METRA's Union Pacific North line is nearby. It is located on Lake Cook Road near the Edens Expressway/Interstate 94 and US Route 41.
In the same category as the Chicago Botanic Garden is the Morton Arboretum in western suburb of Lisle, IL. It hosts over 186,000 catalogued plants, the largest restored Prairie in Chicagoland, 16 miles (26 km) of hiking trails and nine miles (14 km) of roadways for driving/bicycling on 1700 acres. The Lisle station on METRA's Burlington Northern line is about 2 miles away. It is located on IL Route 53 near the Reagan Tollway/Interstate 88.
Naperville has a wonderful and trendy downtown area. It boasts numerous restaurants, shops, and a riverwalk. It is located on The Reagan Tollway/Instertate 88 or near the Naperville Station on METRA's Burlington Northern line.
Schaumburg is the shopping hub of Chicago's Northwest Suburbs. It's home to one of the top 10 largest malls in the United States, Woodfield Mall, and has a wide range of shopping and entertainment offerings. It is located off of the Jane Adams (I-90, Kennedy from O'Hare Airport to Chicago) about 15 miles northwest of the Chicago O'Hare International Airport.
Oak Park was the home of architecture legend Frank Lloyd Wright. The village boasts many houses that were designed by him and his home and studio are now a museum. Walking tours to see his designs are a must for anyone who appreciates architecture. The museum and beautiful downtown Oak Park are located near the Oak Park CTA Green Line station or not too far from the Eisenhower Expressway/Interstate 290.
Ravinia is the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The arts and crafts style architecture coupled with a dazzling array of acts make this a classic summer destination for Chicagoans and tourists. Bring food, a blanket, wine, and a citronella candle; buy anything you forgot on-site. The Ravinia Park station on METRA's Union Pacific North line stops at the park gates and a return train waits for late-ending concerts. It is located on Half-Day Road about a mile from the Edens Expressway/Interstate 94 and US Route 41.
Elsewhere in Illinois[ edit ]
Six Flags Great America has the biggest and wildest roller coasters in Illinois. It is located off of Interstate 94 in Gurnee .
Historic Galena , is great for hiking, sightseeing, and antiquing. Drive here in just over 3 hours via Interstate 90 and US Route 20.
Peoria is in some ways a miniature Chicago. It is located about about 3 hours southwest of Chicago via Interstates 55 and 74.
Springfield is the Illinois state capital and a city closely tied to Abraham Lincoln. This final resting place of the 16th president of the United States is located about 3 1/2 hours south of Downtown Chicago on Interstate 55.
Starved Rock State Park, defined by its numerous canyons and waterfalls, sits on over 2600 acres. It is located near the junction of Interstates 39 and 80, about 2 hours southwest of Downtown Chicago.
The Quad Cities bridge the Mississippi River forming a unique metropolitan area on the border of Iowa and Illinois. They sit about 3 hours west of Downtown Chicago on Interstates 80 and 88.
Indiana[ edit ]
The Indiana Dunes are a moderate drive away, and are also accessible via the South Shore commuter rail. If you've enjoyed the beaches in Chicago, you owe the Indiana Dunes a stop — that's where all the sand came from. Taking the Skyway/Interstate 90 to the Indiana Toll Road is the easiest way to visit.
Gary is just over the border on the Skyway, with a skyline that rivals Chicago's for strength of effect — industrial monstrosity, in this case — with casinos, urban ruins, and a few entries by Prairie School architects Frank Lloyd Wright and George Maher. You can drive to Gary on the Indiana Toll Road/Interstates 80/90.
South Bend is about a two hour drive to the east or a simple ride on the South Shore from Millennium Station. It is most famous as the home of the University of Notre Dame but also has a history as the location of former automobile manufacturer Studebaker. Another half an hour drive east to Elkhart County will land you in Northern Indiana Amish country. Both are accessible via the Indiana Toll Road/Interstates 80/90. The South Shore terminates at the South Bend Airport.
Indianapolis is about a three hour drive southeast of Chicago and is worth a visit if you have time. Just follow Interstate 94 to Interstate 65.
Also just over the Skyway (before you reach Gary) is East Chicago's bizarre 19th century planned community, Marktown, which looks like a small English village totally incongruous with the gigantic steel mills and the world's largest oil refinery which surround it.
Michigan[ edit ]
Further along the lake from the Indiana Dunes are Michigan's dunes and summer resorts in Harbor Country . Keep your eyes open because notables such as former Mayor Richard M. Daley, University of Chicago President Robert Zimmer, and others summer here. This region, well-known for its wineries and fresh fruit, is about an hour and a half drive from Chicago on Interstate 94.
Saint Joseph & Benton Harbor are two towns about 2 hours northeast of Chicago. St. Joseph sits on a bluff that overlooks Silver Beach State Park and Lake Michigan. The view will knock your socks off - especially at sunset. St. Joseph has numerous shops and various festivals throughout the summer. It is easily accessible via Interstate 94.
Grand Rapids is the second-largest metro area in Michigan and is home to a thriving craft beer industry. Annual festivals such as ArtPrize and Laugh Fest draw thousands to the area. Additionally, many great restaurants and activities populate this growing city and Lake Michigan's picturesque beaches are only 30 minutes away. Take Interstate 94 to Interstate 196.
Detroit has many of Chicago's most hated sports rivals. Although it has fallen on hard times, it has a musical and architectural heritage comparable to the Windy City. It is a little over 4 hours away on, you guessed it, Interstate 94.
Wisconsin[ edit ]
Lake Geneva , across the Wisconsin border, is the other big summer getaway. Nearby are the Kettle Moraine state parks, with good mountain biking.
Madison is located about two and half hours from Chicago on I-90 and via Van Galder buses. It is a vibrant city home to the giant University of Wisconsin and is known for its lively downtown, thriving culture, and beautiful scenery.
Milwaukee and its venerable breweries are less than two hours from Chicago on I-94, via Amtrak, and by intercity bus services.
Spring Green is an easy weekend trip from Chicago, about three and a half hours from town on I-90. It's the home of two unique architectural wonders: Frank Lloyd Wright's magnificent estate Taliesin, and Alex Jordan's mysterious museum The House on the Rock.
The Wisconsin Dells are another (wet) summer fun destination, just three hours north of the city by car (I-90/94), also accessible by Amtrak train.
Cedarburg is a popular festival town with a charming downtown featured on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located 20 miles north of downtown Milwaukee. Take 1-94 to Milwaukee and continue north on I-43.
Routes through Chicago
| i don't know |
Single-Line, U-Shaped and Island are all designs of which room in the house? | U-Shaped Kitchen with an Island Design Ideas & Remodel Pictures | Houzz
Oakley Home Builders
310K Saves | 242 Questions
This kitchen features Venetian Gold Granite Counter tops, White Linen glazed custom cabinetry on the parameter and Gunstock stain on the island, the vent hood and around the stove. The Flooring is American Walnut in varying sizes. There is a natural stacked stone on as the backsplash under the hood with a travertine subway tile acting as the backsplash under the cabinetry. T... More
L the cabinets for prep panty entry to square — Zach Morehead
| Kitchen |
What is the title of late actor Steve McQueen’s last film? | U-Shaped Kitchens | Kitchen Designs - Choose Kitchen Layouts & Remodeling Materials | HGTV
See All Photos
Design That Works With Traffic
The horseshoe, or U-shaped, layout has three walls of cabinets and appliances. An island is often added in large kitchens. The design allows for traffic flow and workflow around the island. Design by Rate My Space user SANDCASTLES
The Island Wall
An evolved version of the horseshoe design is an L-shaped kitchen with an island forming the third "wall," as seen in this kitchen. A small island becomes a casual dining area. Design by Jennifer Duneier
Photo By: Designer, Jennifer Duneier
Small Yet Efficient Kitchen
In this U-shaped kitchen, the sink, range and oven are positioned to allow the cook to easily move from one to the other. Two windows and an opening over the stove keep the space from feeling closed in. Design by Tanya Griffin
From: Tanya Griffin
Outdoor Access
A door leading to the backyard gives this small U-shaped kitchen a more open feel, takes advantage of the natural light and makes outdoor entertaining convenient. Design by Yvonne Landivar
Room for a Pantry
This European-inspired kitchen has a classic horseshoe layout with the sink on one wall, the stove on the second wall and the refrigerator on the third wall. The homeowner also added a walk-in pantry and island. Design by Lori Dennis
Fun and Functional Kitchen
Designed by Lou Ann Bauer, this horseshoe-shaped kitchen features a unique, colorful design and a spacious, functional layout. The central island offers a lower countertop for prepping food and a higher countertop for casual dining. Photo by David Duncan Livingston
Bright and Open
Vaulted ceilings make this horseshoe-shaped kitchen feel spacious and airy, while a large window floods the room with light. Varied cabinet heights prevent an artificial ceiling line from isolating the vaulted ceiling, allowing it to flow more naturally. Design by James Howard
Smart Kitchen Storage
In this cozy English Country-style kitchen, designer Shane Inman took the cabinetry all the way to the ceiling to maximize storage space. Even the ends of the cabinet runs are utilized for shelving and a small desk.
| i don't know |
The ‘Aurora Australis’ is also known by what name? | Aurora Borealis: What Causes the Northern Lights & Where to See Them
Aurora Borealis: What Causes the Northern Lights & Where to See Them
By SPACE.com Staff |
February 10, 2015 08:15pm ET
MORE
Skywatcher Shawn Malone took this photo of the aurora March 15-16, 2012. She writes: "[A]urora activity picking up casts a bright reflection off of Lake Superior, Marquette, MI."
Credit: Shawn Malone
The northern lights, or aurora borealis, offer an entrancing, dramatic, magical display that fascinates all who see it — but just what causes this dazzling natural phenomenon?
At the center of our solar system lies the sun, the yellow star that sustains life on our planet. The sun's many magnetic fields distort and twist as our parent star rotates on its axis. When these fields become knotted together, they burst and create so-called sunspots . Usually, these sunspots occur in pairs; the largest can be several times the size of Earth's diameter.
This image from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory shows the sun as it appeared in extreme ultraviolet wavelengths on March 5, 2012 just after a major solar flare.
Credit: NASA/SDO/AIA
At the center of the sun, the temperature is 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius). As the temperature on its surface rises and falls, the sun boils and bubbles. Particles escape from the star from the sunspot regions on the surface, hurtling particles of plasma, known as solar wind, into space. It takes these winds around 40 hours to reach Earth. When they do, they can cause the dramatic displays known as the aurora borealis. [Infographics: How the Northern Lights Work & Anatomy of Sun Storms & Solar Flares ]
Sunspots and cycles
The sunspots and solar storms that cause the most magnificent displays of the northern lights occur roughly every 11 years. The solar cycle peaked in 2013, but it was the weakest solar maximum in a century. [ Photos: Amazing Auroras of 2014 ]
"This solar cycle continues to rank among the weakest on record," Ron Turner of Analytic Services, Inc. who serves as a Senior Science Advisor to NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts program, said in a statement.
Since record-keeping of the ebb and flow of the sun's activity began in 1749, there have been 22 full cycles. Researchers monitor space weather events because they have the potential to affect spacecraft in orbit, knock out power grids and communications infrastructure on Earth, and amp up normal displays of the northern and southern lights. Scientists are also investigating how fluctuations in the sun's activity affect weather on our planet.
Particles and polar attraction
Earth is constantly bombarded with debris, radiation and other magnetic waves from space that could threaten the future of life as we know it. Most of the time, the planet's own magnetic field does an excellent job of deflecting these potentially harmful rays and particles, including those from the sun.
Particles discharged from the sun travel 93 million miles (around 150 million km) toward Earth before they are drawn irresistibly toward the magnetic north and south poles. As the particles pass through the Earth's magnetic shield , they mingle with atoms and molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and other elements that result in the dazzling display of lights in the sky.
An Expedition 30 crew member took this photo of the North Atlantic with an aurora on March 28, 2012.
Credit: NASA
The auroras in Earth's Northern Hemisphere are called the aurora borealis. Their southern counterpart, which light up the Antarctic skies in the Southern Hemisphere, are known as the aurora australis .
What causes the colors?
The colors most often associated with the aurora borealis are pink, green, yellow, blue, violet, and occasionally orange and white. Typically, when the particles collide with oxygen, yellow and green are produced. Interactions with nitrogen produce red, violet, and occasionally blue colors.
The type of collision also makes a difference to the colors that appear in the sky: atomic nitrogen causes blue displays, while molecular nitrogen results in purple. The colors are also affected by altitude. The green lights typically in areas appear up to 150 miles (241 km) high, red above 150 miles; blue usually appears at up to 60 miles (96.5 km); and purple and violet above 60 miles.
These lights may manifest as a static band of light, or, when the solar flares are particularly strong, as a dancing curtain of ever-changing color.
History of the auroral lights
For millennia, the lights have been the source of speculation, superstition and awe. Cave paintings in France thought to date back 30,000 years have illustrations of the natural phenomenon.
In more superstitious times, the northern lights were thought to be a harbinger of war or destruction, before people really understood what causes them. Many classic philosophers, authors and astronomers, including Aristotle, Descartes, Goethe and Halley, refer to the northern lights in their work.
As early as 1616, the astronomer Galileo Galilei used the name aurora borealis to describe them, taking the name of the mythical Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for wind of the north, Boreas.
The aurora australis, or the southern lights, occur around the south polar region. But, since the South Pole is even more inhospitable than the North Pole, it is often trickier to view the southern lights.
Astrophotographer Antti Pietikäinen took this aurora photo on Jan. 24, 2012 in Muonio, Lapland, Finland.
Credit: Antti Pietikainen
Where to see the lights
The best places to see the northern lights are Alaska and northern Canada, but visiting these vast, open expanses is not always easy. Norway, Sweden and Finland also offer excellent vantage points. During periods of particularly active solar flares, the lights can be seen as far south as the top of Scotland and even northern England. [ A Guide for Watching Earth's Auroras ]
On rare occasions, the lights are seen farther south. They were first observed by European settlers in New England in 1791. In "Historical Storms of New England," published in 1891, Sidney Perley wrote, "May 15, 1719, the more beautiful and brilliant aurora borealis was first observed here as far as any record or tradition of that period inform us, and it is said that in England it was first noticed only three years before this date. In December of the same year the aurora again appeared, and the people became greatly alarmed, not dreading it so much as a means of destruction but as precursor of the fires of the last great day and a sign of coming dangers."
When to see the lights
The northern lights are always present, but winter is usually the best time to see them, due to lower levels of light pollution and the clear, crisp air. September, October, March and April are some of the best months to view the aurora borealis. The lights are known to be brighter and more active for up to two days after sunspot activity is at its highest. Several agencies, such as NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , also monitor solar activity and issue aurora alerts when they are expected to put on a particularly impressive show.
Additional reporting by Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor
Additional resources
| Aurora |
The disease rickets is caused by the lack of which vitamin? | What is Aurora?
What is Aurora?
Aurora
Aurora (astronomy) – Coloured light in the night sky near the Earth’s magnetic poles, called aurora borealis (‘northern lights’) in the northern hemisphere and aurora australis (‘southern lights’) in the southern hemisphere. Although auroras are usually restricted to the polar skies, fluctuations in the solar wind occasionally cause them to be visible at lower latitudes. An aurora is usually in the form of a luminous arch with its apex towards the magnetic pole, followed by arcs, bands, rays, curtains, and coronae, usually green but often showing shades of blue and red, and sometimes yellow or white. Auroras are caused at heights of over 100 km/60 mi by a fast stream of charged particles from solar flares and low-density ‘holes’ in the Sun’s corona. These are guided by the Earth’s magnetic field towards the north and south magnetic poles, where they enter the upper atmosphere and bombard the gases in the atmosphere, causing them to emit visible light.
Northern lights is the name of a light phenomenon often seen in the northern regions. The lights have been around since Earth formed an atmosphere -the dinosaurs saw it, early humans saw it and our descendants will se it. The scientific name for the phenomenon is “Aurora Borealis”, aurora for short.
Aurora australis, Invercargill
This photograph of the southern lights or aurora australis, most commonly seen in southern New Zealand, was taken in September 2002 from Invercargill. It shows a typical red and green aurora, the nearly vertical rays tracing the earth’s magnetic field lines. The M?ori name for Stewart Island, at the south of the South Island, is Rakiura, which means ‘glowing skies’. This may allude to the aurora australis, or simply to the dramatic southern sunsets.
Aurora from Space
From space, the aurora is a crown of light that circles each of Earth’s poles. The IMAGE (below) satellite captured this view of the aurora australis (southern lights) on September 11, 2005, four days after a record-setting solar flare sent plasma—an ionized gas of protons and electrons—flying towards the Earth. The ring of light that the solar storm generated over Antarctica glows green in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, shown in this image. The IMAGE observations of the aurora are overlaid onto NASA’s satellite-based Blue Marble image. From the Earth’s surface, the ring would appear as a curtain of light shimmering across the night sky.
An aurora (plural aurorae/auroras) is an electro-static phenomenon, characterised by a bright glow and caused by the collision of charged particles in the magnetosphere with atoms in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. An aurora is usually observed in the night sky, particularly in the polar zone. For this latter reason, some scientists call it a “polar aurora” (or “aurora polaris”). In northern latitudes, it is known as the aurora borealis, which is named after the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for north wind, Boreas. Especially in Europe, it often appears as a reddish glow on the northern horizon, as if the sun were rising from an unusual direction. The aurora borealis is also called the northern lights since it is only visible in the North sky from the Northern Hemisphere. The aurora borealis most often occurs from September to October and from March to April. Its southern counterpart, aurora australis, has similar properties. Australis is the Latin word for “of the South”.
The Aurora Australis as seen from the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-39. The payload bay and tail of Discovery can be seen on the left hand side of the picture. Auroras are caused when high-energy electrons pour down from the Earth’s magnetosphere and collide with atoms. Red aurora occurs from 200 km to as high as 500 km altitude and is caused by the emission of 6300 Angstrom wavelength light from oxygen atoms. Green aurora occurs from about 100 km to 250 km altitude and is caused by the emission of 5577 Angstrom wavelength light from oxygen atoms. The light is emitted when the atoms return to their original unexcited state.
NASA-Johnson Space Center: “The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.”
Aurora Australis Observed From the International Space Station
Among the views of Earth afforded astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS), surely one of the most spectacular is of the aurora. These ever-shifting displays of colored ribbons, curtains, rays, and spots are most visible near the North (aurora borealis) and South (aurora australis) Poles as charged particles (ions) streaming from the Sun (the solar wind) interact with Earth’s magnetic field.
While aurora are generally only visible close to the poles, severe magnetic storms impacting the Earth’s magnetic field can shift them towards the equator. This striking aurora image was taken during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on May 24, 2010. The ISS was located over the Southern Indian Ocean at an altitude of 350 kilometers (220 miles), with the astronaut observer most likely looking towards Antarctica (not visible) and the South Pole.
The aurora has a sinuous ribbon shape that separates into discrete spots near the lower right corner of the image. While the dominant coloration of the aurora is green, there are faint suggestions of red left of image center. Dense cloud cover is dimly visible below the aurora. The curvature of the Earth’s horizon (the limb) is clearly visible, as is the faint blue line of the upper atmosphere directly above it (at image top center). Several stars appear as bright pinpoints against the blackness of space at image top right.
Auroras happen when ions in the solar wind collide with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. The atoms are excited by these collisions, and they typically emit light as they return to their original energy level. The light creates the aurora that we see. The most commonly observed color of aurora is green, caused by light emitted by excited oxygen atoms at wavelengths centered at 0.558 micrometers, or millionths of a meter. (Visible light is reflected from healthy (green) plant leaves at approximately the same wavelength.) Red aurora are generated by light emitted at a longer wavelength (0.630 micrometers), and other colors such as blue and purple are also sometimes observed.
What causes the showers of charged particles that create the northern lights?
Ultimately, the source lies in the solar wind, a fast-moving stream of particles constantly flowing from the Sun that carries the Sun’s magnetic field out into space. The solar wind, typically moving at 250 miles (400 kilometers) per second, flows past Earth’s magnetic field and molds it into an elongated bubble or cavity, compressing its sunward side and stretching its night side far beyond the Moon’s orbit. Under certain conditions, the solar wind’s magnetic field can merge with Earth’s, creating electrical currents that drive protons and electrons into the polar atmosphere. Powerful events occurring on the Sun can drive enormous changes in the solar wind, increasing both its speed and density and enhancing its effect on Earth.
Understanding just how Earth’s magnetic field responds to such events is now a focus of much solar and space research. We are increasingly dependent on technologies that are extremely sensitive to changes in the space environment, changes often collectively referred to as “space weather.” The story of Galaxy 4, a heavily used communications satellite, serves as a good example. At 22h UT on May 19, 1998, while in geostationary orbit above the central United States, Galaxy 4 lost its primary and backup attitude control systems. At the time, Galaxy 4 handled about 80 percent of all U.S. pager traffic. Controllers could no longer maintain a stable link between the satellite and Earth, resulting in a loss of pager service to an estimated 45 million customers. Researchers believe the incident occurred because a sequence of solar events about two weeks prior to the failure created an extremely energetic cloud of electrons that wreaked havoc with the satellite.
| i don't know |
What is the capital of Ecuador? | Capital Of Ecuador, Ecuador Capital
Online Quiz
Quito, Capital Of Ecuador
The national Capital of Ecuador is Quito which was the first town to be discovered by the Spaniards in 1934. Quito has a rich cultural background and is known as the "cultural heritage site" of the world.
Geographical Location of Quito
The Capital of Ecuador is located in the south of Equator at an altitude of 285m. Quito lies on the northern part of Ecuador in the Guayllabamba basin which is situated in the eastern base of base of the Pichincha Volcano. Quito is an earthquake prone city, the reason being its geographical location. The whole of Quito is divided into three separate parts by mountains.
History of Quito
Being the Capital of Ecuador, Quito has passed through a rich history that really brings out the essence of this city. From the very early days of its existence, Quito has been an important "centre of power". It has been inhabited by a number of important races and tribes the most important among them being the Quitus. The very first rulers of Quito were the Incas. Quito was built from the leftover ruins of Inca capital. After Ecuador gains its official independence, Quito was announced to be the official Capital of Ecuador in 1832.
Quito, Capital of Ecuador is the second largest city of Ecuador and is also the second highest capital in the world.
| Quito |
How many players are on the field in a hockey team? | The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency
Background:
What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the "Republic of the Equator." Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections were held in February 2013, and voters reelected President Rafael CORREA.
Geography :: ECUADOR
Languages:
Spanish (Castilian) 93% (official), Quechua 4.1%, other indigenous 0.7%, foreign 2.2%
note: (Quechua and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relations; other indigenous languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas they inhabit) (2010 est.)
Roman Catholic 74%, Evangelical 10.4%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.4% (includes Mormon Buddhist, Jewish, Spiritualist, Muslim, Hindu, indigenous religions, African American religions, Pentecostal), atheist 7.9%, agnostic 0.1%
note: data represents persons at least 16 years of age from five Ecuadoran cities (2012 est.)
Demographic profile:
Ecuador's high poverty and income inequality most affect indigenous, mixed race, and rural populations. The government has increased its social spending to ameliorate these problems, but critics question the efficiency and implementation of its national development plan. Nevertheless, the conditional cash transfer program, which requires participants' children to attend school and have medical check-ups, has helped improve educational attainment and healthcare among poor children. Ecuador is stalled at above replacement level fertility and the population most likely will keep growing rather than stabilize.
An estimated 2 to 3 million Ecuadorians live abroad, but increased unemployment in key receiving countries - Spain, the United States, and Italy - is slowing emigration and increasing the likelihood of returnees to Ecuador. The first large-scale emigration of Ecuadorians occurred between 1980 and 2000, when an economic crisis drove Ecuadorians from southern provinces to New York City, where they had trade contacts. A second, nationwide wave of emigration in the late 1990s was caused by another economic downturn, political instability, and a currency crisis. Spain was the logical destination because of its shared language and the wide availability of low-skilled, informal jobs at a time when increased border surveillance made illegal migration to the US difficult. Ecuador has a small but growing immigrant population and is Latin America's top recipient of refugees; 98% are neighboring Colombians fleeing violence in their country.
0-14 years: 27.52% (male 2,257,535/female 2,168,198)
15-24 years: 18.47% (male 1,508,341/female 1,461,207)
25-54 years: 39.38% (male 3,086,599/female 3,245,266)
55-64 years: 7.39% (male 581,560/female 606,821)
65 years and over: 7.25% (male 554,371/female 610,880) (2016 est.)
population pyramid:
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Jorge GLAS Espinel (since 24 May 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Jorge GLAS Espinel (since 24 May 2013)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 February 2013 (next to be held in 2017)
election results: President Rafael CORREA Delgado reelected president; percent of vote - Rafael CORREA Delgado (Alianza PAIS Movement) 57.2%, Guillermo LASSO (CREO) 22.7%, Lucio GUTIERREZ (PSP) 6.8%, Mauricio RODAS (SUMA) 3.9%, other 9.4%
Legislative branch:
description: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (137 seats; 116 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 15 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote, and 6 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies for Ecuadorians living abroad by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 17 February 2013 (next to be held in 2017)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAIS 100, CREO 11, PSC 6, AVANZA 5, MUPP 5, PSP 5, other 5; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties
Judicial branch:
highest court(s): National Court of Justice or Corte Nacional de Justicia (consists of 21 judges including the chief justice and organized into 5 specialized chambers); Constitutional Court or Corte Constitucional (consists of 9 judges)
judge selection and term of office: justices of National Court of Justice elected by the Judiciary Council, a 9-member independent body of law professionals; judges elected for 9-year, non-renewable terms, with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the executive, legislative, and Citizen Participation branches of government; judges appointed for 9-year non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years
subordinate courts: Fiscal Tribunal; Election Dispute Settlement Courts, provincial courts (one for each province); cantonal courts
Alianza PAIS movement [Rafael Vicente CORREA Delgado]
Avanza Party or AVANZA [Ramiro GONZALEZ]
Creating Opportunities Movement or CREO [Guillermo LASSO]
Institutional Renewal and National Action Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]
Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement or MUPP [Rafael ANTUNI]
Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua]
Popular Democracy Movement or MPD [Luis VILLACIS]
Roldosist Party or PRE
Social Christian Party or PSC [Pascual DEL CIOPPO]
Socialist Party [Fabian SOLANO]
Society United for More Action or SUMA [Mauricio RODAS]
Warrior's Spirit Movement [Jaime NEBOT]
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Humberto CHOLANGO]
Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN, president]
National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN
National Teacher's Union or UNE [Mariana PALLASCO]
International organization participation:
CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Francisco BORJA Cevallos (since 18 May 2015)
chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200
FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New Haven (CT), New Orleans, New York, Newark (NJ), Phoenix, San Francisco
chief of mission: Ambassador Todd CHAPMAN (since 14 April 2016)
embassy: Avenida Avigiras E12-170 y Avenida Eloy Alfaro, Quito
mailing address: Avenida Guayacanes N52-205 y Avenida Avigiras
telephone: [593] (2) 398-5000
name: "Salve, Oh Patria!" (We Salute You, Our Homeland)
lyrics/music: Juan Leon MERA/Antonio NEUMANE
note: adopted 1948; Juan Leon MERA wrote the lyrics in 1865; only the chorus and second verse are sung
Economy :: ECUADOR
Economy - overview:
Ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately 25% of public sector revenues in recent years.
In 1999/2000, Ecuador's economy suffered from a banking crisis, with GDP contracting by 5.3% and poverty increasing significantly. In March 2000, the Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the US dollar as
Economic policies under the CORREA administration - for example, an announcement in late 2009 of its intention to terminate 13 bilateral investment treaties, including one with the US - have generated economic uncertainty and discouraged private investmen
The level of foreign investment in Ecuador continues to be one of the lowest in the region as a result of an unstable regulatory environment, weak rule of law, and the crowding-out effect of public investments. Faced with a 2013 trade deficit of $1.1 bill
$2.163 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$2.496 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
$33.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$30.79 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$17.83 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$15.63 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
$6.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
$6.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
the US dollar became Ecuador's currency in 2001, 1 (2016 est.), 1 (2015 est.)
Energy :: ECUADOR
23 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
21 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
47 million kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
800 million kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
6.3 million kW (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
57.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
41.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
1.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 81 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Telephone system:
general assessment: elementary fixed-line service but increasingly sophisticated mobile-cellular network
domestic: fixed-line services provided by multiple telecommunications operators; fixed-line teledensity stands at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular use has surged and subscribership has reached 80 per 100 persons
international: country code - 593; landing points for the PAN-AM and South America-1 submarine cables that provide links to the west coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite (2015)
Broadcast media:
multiple TV networks and many local channels, as well as more than 300 radio stations; many TV and radio stations are privately owned; the government owns or controls 5 national TV stations and multiple radio stations; broadcast media required by law to g (2007)
1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 52
Merchant marine:
total: 44
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 9, petroleum tanker 28, refrigerated cargo 1
registered in other countries: 4 (Panama 3, Peru 1) (2010)
country comparison to the world: 72
major seaport(s): Esmeraldas, Manta, Puerto Bolivar
river port(s): Guayaquil (Guayas)
Transportation - note:
the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen
Military and Security :: ECUADOR
| i don't know |
Which fictional scarecrow has a set of interchangeable turnip, mangel worzel and swede heads? | THE ACTORS ON TV AND STAGE: Worzel Gummidge
THE ACTORS ON TV AND STAGE
Friday, 3 February 2012
Worzel Gummidge
Worzel Gummidge is a British children's fictional character who originally appeared in a series of books by the novelist Barbara Euphan Todd. A walking, talking scarecrow, Gummidge has a set of interchangeable turnip, mangel worzel and swede heads, each of which suit a particular occasion or endow him with a specific skill.
The books were adapted for radio and television a number of times, most successfully with former Doctor Who actor Jon Pertwee taking the lead role in 1979 on ITV; originally produced in the UK, but later in New Zealand, where the character was extremely popular. The series was written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, adapted from the original books by Barbara Euphan Todd. It was produced and directed by James Hill, and credit really ought to be given to Jon Pertwee, who apart from starring in it, was responsible for getting it off the ground in the first place. Worzel Gummidge was a scarecrow that could come to life. He befriended John and Susan, two children who often had to cover up after him.
Worzel Gummige Down Under!
Worzel Gummidge Down Under is a spin-off of the First four previous seasons. However this time it is set is New Zealand (Worzel describes it as Zew Nealand).
Aunt Sally is taken to New Zealand with the owner of a cultural museum in Piwakawaka, to be displayed there as an xample of British culture. Howver Worzel finds out and is determined to follow her there. Which he does.
Worzel Gummidge Down Under is considered to be not as sucessful as the first four season set in britain, but it is still regarded as a sucess on its own. It explores more of Worzels bravery and affections for "his Intended Aunt Sally". One of the episodes that stands out for most people is called "Worzel to the rescue" which uses Worzels fears to create a feel of unease for the aundience, which is quite a strong thing to do, considering that the program is aimed at children. It also contains scenes of "living dead scarecrows" who only exist to do the travelling scarecrow makers bidding. Which is why the DVD release class it as PG
| Worzel Gummidge |
Tennis player Mary Pierce was born in which country in January 1975? | Bod, Bagpus and Worzel Gummidge | Phoenix FM
Bod, Bagpus and Worzel Gummidge
facebook.com/GR80sRadioShow @Gr80sRadioShow
What were your favourite children’s TV shows in the 80’s? I loved Bod! The Bod TV series was based on four original Bod books by Joanne and Michael Cole. Bod was a boy who lived in a town with Aunt Flo, PC Copper, Frank the Postman and Farmer Barleymow.
Kathie Williams messaged to say she loved Worzel Gummidge and Aunt Sally, and Noel Mac asked ‘ do you remember the scarecrow fixer that came on a bike to sort poor old Worzel out, he had a raven with him…”
Worzel Gummidge originally appeared in the books by Barbara Euphan Todd. A walking, talking scarecrow, Gummidge had a set of interchangeable turnip, mangel worzel and swede heads. The books were adapted for television with former Doctor Who actor Jon Pertwee taking the lead role from 1979 to 1981, and Una Stubbs as Aunt Sally.
Peter Firmin, the co-creator of beloved children’s animations The Clangers and Bagpuss, is to be honoured at the Bafta Children’s Awards.
Bagpuss, about a pink and white striped cat in a shop of lost and broken objects, made his first appearance in 1974. Only 13 episodes were ever made but it was voted the UK’s favourite children’s programme in a BBC poll in 1999.
SONGS PLAYED
Style Council – Shout to the Top
Communards – Don’t Leave Me This Way
Madonna – Open Your Heart
A-Ha – The Sun Always Shines On TV
Tight Fit – The Lion Sleeps Tonight
Adam Ant – Goody Two Shoes
J Geils Band – Centerfold
Police – Don’t Stand So Close To Me
Queen & David Bowie – Under Pressure
Chaka Khan – I Feel For You
Duran Duran – The Reflex
Pet Shop Boys – Always On My Mind
Walk Like an Egyptian
| i don't know |
An ortolan is what type of creature? | And I Think to Myself...What A Wonderful World.: "They Actually Eat That:" Ortolan.
You do not have to escape to a fantasy realm. This world is plenty fantastic. Go outside and be inspired. あなたは。。。妖精の存在を信じますか。
There was an error in this gadget
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
"They Actually Eat That:" Ortolan.
The French have some really weird cuisine. Most of it tastes good (y'know, unlike 'cuisine' in America, which is a death sentence if one can taste trans fats), but really, some of the things that France considers cuisine -as well as how said things are prepared- are enough to keep people off of meat and/or join PETA.
Ortolan's name does not immediately clue one in on what it is. That is, of course, unless one is French; the word "ortolan," deriving from the Latin word for "garden" ("hortus," see "horticulture") can refer to many species of bunting, a type of songbird similar to (but distinct from) finches. The particular species used for Ortolan is Emberiza hortulana, simply called the "Ortolan" or "Ortolan Bunting."
They Actually Eat That?!
Take off an Ortolan's feathers and you get this:
Or, rather, catch the wild bird in a net, fatten it up overnight, then drown it in brandy and bake it for 5 minutes. Add a potato. Then you get that. The taste is often described as being a little gamey, like quail, but with bones and blood to go along with it. Ortolan is so good that the bird that is killed for it is protected by law due to overhunting and cannot be legally sold anywhere in Europe.
What? You think I'm just an American raging at Ortolan because it's different? Even the BBC - the British Broadcasting Company - had a complaint with this one. Argue all you like that it's just because they're British, too; part of the ritual of eating Ortolan involves covering one's face with a napkin to hide one's disgrace from God (among other explanations, including "nobody wants to see you eat a songbird"). You can't say that a dish is sane when God disapproves.
I can't see what you're doing beneath that napkin!
This is the first time that one of my reviewed dishes has been considered unholy. Illegal, sure; cruel, yes (factory farming is a LOT worse than Ortolan, as are lobster and ikizukuri); possibly an invention of Satan? That's a first. You don't have to be religious to agree with this one.
Posted by
| Bird |
Who created the fictional character Harry Lime? | Ortolans, Anthony Bourdain and Larousse Gastronomique
Ortolans, Anthony Bourdain and Larousse Gastronomique
Anthony Bourdain, in his book, Medium Raw, describes a life-altering meal he was lucky enough to be invited to. Many great chefs were invited to a top flight restaurant for a late night dinner. No names are mentioned as they are about to taste forbidden fruits. I will not discuss the preliminary food other than to say that the dishes were old French standards, largely out of favor in today’s “hip” culinary environment.
Ortolan
But, the main course, the reason they were invited in the first place, was something called Ortolan. Francis Mitterrand ate Ortolan for his last meal as he was dying. It is illegal in the US and illegal to sell even in France, although you can make it and eat it. The only reason it is illegal is that the bird is a threatened species. The ortolan for this New York dinner was smuggled in, according to Bourdain.
So, what is this life altering meal? It is Ortolan, a small bird in the bunting family. It is a traditional French delicacy going back to Roman times. The birds are caught in nets and placed in cages covered to make the bird think it is night all the time. They are fed millet, oats and figs and gorge themselves as they feed at night. When they are two to three times their normal size, they are killed, plucked and roasted.
Bourdain describes this orgasmic meal as follows:
Eating Posture
The flames in the cocottes burn down, and the Ortolans are distributed, one to each guest. Everyone at this table knows what to do and how to do it. We wait for the sizzling flesh and fat before us to quiet down a bit. We exchange glances and grins and then, simultaneously, we place our napkins over our heads, hiding our faces from God, and with burning fingertips lift our birds gingerly by their hot skulls, placing them feet-first into our mouths – only their heads and beaks protruding.
Roasted Ortolan
In the darkness under my shroud, I realize that in my eagerness to fully enjoy the experience, I’ve closed my eyes. First comes the skin and the fat. It’s hot. So hot that I’m drawing short, panicky, circular breaths in and out – like a high-speed trumpet player, breathing around the ortolan, shifting it gingerly around my mouth with my tongue so I don’t burn myself. I listen for the sounds of jaws against bone around me but hear only others breathing, the muffled hiss od rapidly moving air through teeth under a dozen linen napkins. There’s a vestigal flavor of Armagnac, low-hanging fumes of airborne fat particles, an intoxicating dekicious miasma. Time goes by. Seconds? Moments? I don’t know. I hear the first snap of tiny bones from somewhere near and decide to brave it. I bring my molars down and through my bird’s rib cage with a wet crunch and am rewarded with a scalding hot rush of burning fat and guts down my throat. Rarely have pain and delight combined so well. I’m giddily uncomfortable, breathing in short, controlled gasps as I continue slowly – ever so slowly – to chew. With every bite, as the thin bones and layers of fat, meat, skin, and organs compact in on themselves, there are sublime dribbles of varied and wonderous ancient flavors: figs, Armagnac, dark flesh slightly infused with the salty taste of my own blood as my mouth is pricked by the sharp bones. As I swallow, I draw in the head and beak, which, until now, have been hanging from my lips, and blithely crush the skull.
Yes, I know this sounds barbaric, but is it compared to any other meat we kill, cook and eat? Or is it just too far out of most people’s comfort zones? Think about it.
Just for fun, I decided to see if Ortolan was in any of my cookbooks that focus on French cuisine. The only one I thought might have it was my 1961 edition of Larousse Gastronomique. I was right. I don’t have the recent updated versions of Larousse (and I don’t want one), but I would be surprised to find Ortolan.
In the 1961 Larousse, there is an extensive entry, with the following recipes:
Ortolans a la Brissac
Ortolans in cases a la royale
Cold Ortolans
| i don't know |
In the 1977 film ‘Smokey and the Bandit’, which brand of beer is to be transported to Georgia? | Smokey and the Bandit (1977) - Plot Summary - IMDb
Smokey and the Bandit (1977)
Plot Summary
Showing all 3 plot summaries
Bandit and Cledus are two truck-driving southerners who accept a dare from big-shots Big and Little Enos to pick up a truckload of beer from Texas and return it to them within a specified amount of time. Picking it up is simple enough, but as they are leaving Texas, Bandit unwittingly picks up Carrie, a hitchhiking bride-to-be who just left her groom, Junior, at the altar. Junior, however, is the son of Sheriff Buford T. Justice. And when Buford and Junior discover what has happened, they go on a "high-speed pursuit" across the Southeast to catch the bandit.
- Written by <[email protected]>
In the summer of 1976 "Big Enos" Burdette, a flamboyant Texan aspiring to political office in Georgia, needs a vast quantity of beer for a rally, but the brand of beer he wants is Coors which at this time cannot be legally transported across the Mississippi, and at least one attempted shipment has already been intercepted by police. To get this job done, Burdette recruits modern day moonshiner Bo Darville, nicknamed Bandit for his previous exploits, for a hefty six-figure payment. Darville in turn recruits his pal Cledus Snow and his eighteen-wheeler for the job, entailing driving from Georgia to Texas, picking up 400 crates of Coors beer, and returning to Georgia, all in a span of twenty-eight hours. To draw off the heat of snooping state police, Darville will drive interference for Cledus in a hot Pontiac Trans-Am, the two of them maintaining contact via citizen's-band radios and the seemingly bizarre lingo used within. The trip to Texas and loading of beer goes without interruption, but the trip back to Georgia begins to pick up complications when Darville is stopped by a runaway bride, Carrie, who is fleeing a forced marriage to the son of a full-of-himself Texas county sheriff, Buford T. Justice. Sheriff Justice's pursuit of his prospective daughter-in-law soon becomes an interstate high-speed pursuit involving police from four states and also the intervention of varied interstate truckers aiding Darville and Cledus as they close on Enos Burdette's Georgia bash.
- Written by Michael Daly
The Bandit is hired on to run a tractor trailer full of beer over county lines in hot pursuit by a pesky sheriff.
| Coors |
Carl XVI Gustav became king of which European country in September 1973? | “How’s That for Hijinks!”: Smokey and the Bandit’s High Stakes Beer Run | Emory Cinémathèque
“How’s That for Hijinks!”: Smokey and the Bandit’s High Stakes Beer Run
• Pedro Doreste
When famous Hollywood stuntman Hal Needham decided to dabble in directing, little did he and the many skeptical studio bigwigs who rejected his project know that they had a classic piece of cinematic Americana on their hands. The 1977 film, Smokey and the Bandit, tells the fast-paced tale of the Bandit, played by Burt Reynolds, and his high stakes beer run across the Deep South, eluding police and enamoring hitchhikers in the process. The film, made almost entirely in Georgia, snagged an Academy Award nomination for Best Editing. Reynolds’ million-dollar salary alone was one-third of the film’s budget, but strong slapstick performances by the supporting cast of Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, and Jerry Reed balanced out a movie that would come to be known by its outrageous stunts, prolific cursing, and playful one-liners. The soundtrack, a series of catchy country-rock tunes, was written and performed by Reed himself, and is no doubt one of the film’s many lasting contributions to American pop culture. The others are in the way of its dangerous high-speed chases, crashes, and stunts, which in retrospect, it could be argued that the whole thing couldn’t have been written by anyone other than a professional stuntman.
The film follows outlaw/gearhead Bandit and his propensity for accepting high-risk, low-reward bootlegging jobs. Bandit is a regular of something called “truck rodeo” and is well-known on citizens band radio for his law-defying feats and fearless driving. The cargo in question is Coors Banquet beer, notoriously unavailable east of the Mississippi in the 1970s, yet prized by discerning beer lovers nationwide willing to pay extra for its Rocky Mount–err, lack of preservatives. Bandit is commissioned by two local businessmen to drive to Texarkana, TX and haul back 400 cases of beer (or in his words, “redneck heaven”) in less than 24 hours, lest then preservative-free beer spoil during the unrefrigerated trek. Smokey enlists the talents of Snowman, fellow truck-driving friend and partner-in-crime, to drive the big rig transporting the contraband, while Smokey drives a ’77 Pontiac Grand Am in order to deflect attention from the precious stockpile of watered-down beer. Surely not the dumbest thing done in the name of beer. Now, let’s assume all of these historical tidbits make the plot slightly more plausible, because it only gets crazier from here.
Nothing major.
The Bandit and company come across the stubborn (some would say obsessive) Smokey, or Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice of Portague County as he kindly reminds you upwards for 10 times during the film. The crotchety old cop prides himself in having detained past perpetrators of bootlegging jobs, but the legend of taking down the Bandit proves all too enticing, so much so that he is willing to embark on a crazy vehicle pursuit across three state lines (and waaay out of his jurisdiction). He becomes even more resolute in this undertaking after the Bandit picks up a bride-to-be stranded in the middle of a road, which turns out to be Smokey’s dimwitted son’s fiancé, or ex-fiancé if we’re going for accuracy. The Bandit’s obvious cowboy charms leave a strong impression on Carrie, now code-named “Frog” for brevity’s sake. On the strength of insane driving skills and a silver tongue–sweet nothings on a word count–the pair build a relationship driving through the backwoods and dirt roads of the rural South and stopping at so-called “choke-n-pukes” for now-culturally inappropriate, always ill-advised drinks, leaving a trail of mangled cars and a few ruffled feathers in their wake.
…and looking great doing it.
Smokey and the Bandit was a huge success when first released, shattering box office expectations and ushering a number of film and TV sequels and spinoffs. In fact, the series, along with Moonrunners, also inspired the CBS television series Dukes of Hazzard, seeing as the market for irresponsible driving and law-breaking was ripe. The film is also a tour of the Southern U.S., although it was filmed almost exclusively in Georgia–you’ve got truck rodeo, souped-up American cars, a high-school football game, southern drawl (Smokey’s famous “Sum’bitch!”), cowboy attire, and a conspicuous Confederate flag license plate. Now, the joy in watching Smokey and the Bandit comes from its nostalgic quality as well as its crude humor; from relishing in watching a Pontiac sports car tear through dirt roads on a screen now that the company has been defunct for half a decade to, conversely, being baffled at Southerners gushing over a beer brand you wouldn’t go out of your way to fetch were a case of it sitting right outside your front door.
OK, maybe I wouldn’t take it that far.
| i don't know |
How wide is a volleyball court in feet? | Volleyball Court Dimensions & Measurements
Bowling
Volleyball Court Dimensions & Measurements
Volleyball court dimensions and measurements are pretty easy to remember. In fact, the most complicated part of the court is actually the volleyball net. But we've got that covered, too! Check out the diagram below or view our Quick Facts About Volleyball Court Measurements .
Volleyball Court Details
Quick Facts About Volleyball Court Measurements
Q: How tall are the poles that hold the volleyball net?
A: They are 8 feet 4 inches. Please see the dimensions above for how high the net should be off the ground.
Q: What are the dimensions of a volleyball net?
A: A net is typically 39 inches tall. It is 32 feet long, which provides one foot of netting on each side of the court.
Q: What is the dimensions of a volleyball court?
A: 60 feet long by 30 feet wide. These measurements are to the outside of the court's lines.
Q: How tall is the volleyball net?
A: 7 feet 11 5/8 inches for men's competition and 7 feet 4 1/8 inches for women's competition.
Q: How far is the pole from the sideline?
A: Three feet.
Q: How wide should the lines be?
A: Two inches, except the center line is four inches.
A History of Volleyball
Whether it is being played on a sandy beach or inside a spacious gymnasium, volleyball is a thrilling sport to watch and tons of fun to play. Few individual scoring plays in sports are as exciting as a spike in a volleyball match, but the sport also contains a team element that is crucial on both offense and defense.
While beach volleyball is immensely popular today as both as a pastime and a professional sport, volleyball was originally designed as an indoor sport by William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895. In its original form, volleyball could be played by any number of players and incorporated characteristics from tennis and handball. Morgan originally called the game Mintonette. Matches consisted of nine innings, with three serves for each team in each inning and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents' court. After its first exhibition match was held at the International YMCA Training School in 1896, Mintonette became known as “volley ball” and spread around the country to other YMCAs.
The first country outside of the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900. Much of volleyball's international growth came in 1919, when 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by American Expeditionary Forces and their allies to people all over the world. Team volleyball was established, with the number of players on each team limited to six. Beach volleyball is played with only two players on each team. The winning score of a game was changed in 1917 from 21 to 15 points.
Since appearing as an American demonstration event at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, volleyball has provided more than its fair share of thrilling Olympic moments. American players such as Karch Kiraly, Steve Timmons, Kerri Walsh-Jennings, and Misty May-Treanor have helped elevate the sport of beach volleyball through their Olympic success, while the team sport has seen several countries take home gold medals over the years. According to some fan estimates, volleyball is the fifth-most popular sport in the world. Simplicity and flexibility continue to be hallmarks of the sport, and volleyball seems poised to retain its popularity for years to come.
Terms of Service & Disclaimer: The measurements, dimensions and layouts depicted on this site should not be used for official organizational sporting events, including events sanctioned by, but not limited to, the NBA, NFL, MLS, MLB, IOC, NCAA, NAIA, or any other sporting organization that exists. This site's primary purpose is to provide measurements and dimensions for general sporting activities and games and should not be used for official sporting events. Images on this site may not be reproduced electronically. By accessing this website you agree to our Terms of Service & Disclaimer.
| 30 distance |
Which novel by A J Cronin is credited with laying down the foundation in Great Britain for the introduction of the National Health Service? | Volleyball Court Dimensions
Volleyball Court Dimensions
Volleyball court dimensions for USAV, NCAA, and National Federation.
Do you know the correct court dimensions?
Not just officials , but also coaches should know the correct volleyball court dimensions.
Know the Correct Volleyball Court Dimensions
NCAA
The playing court is 18 meters (59 feet) long by 9 meters (29 feet, 6 inches) wide.
USAV
The court dimensions ofr each team's side are 8x8 (26"3") square feet. The length of each short diagonal is subsequently 11.31m (37'1") and that of the long diagonal is 17.89m (58'8").
National Federation
The court shall be 60 feet (18 meters) long and 30 feet (9 meters) wide, measured to the outer edges of the boundary lines.
Playing Surface
NCAA
The playable surface consists of the court & at least 2 meters surrounding it, which must be flat & smooth. Additional playing area can have a lower surface by up to ½ as long as both surfaces are safe.
USAV
Entire playing surface must be flat, horizontal, & uniform (e.g. playing surface ends at the edge of the Sport Court). The ball may be retrieved from beyond the free zone when the surface is lower by up to ½ or less and the entire area surrounding the court is free of obstructions.
National Federation
There must be at least 6 feet (preferably 10 feet) of unobstructed space outside the boundary lines. The court and the adjacent playable area must be flat, smooth and free of obstructions other than required equipment and padding.
Spiking in Volleyball
May have any or all of the following characteristics:
A solid (uninterrupted) line.
A solid interrupted line: 4-inch line, 2-inch break, 4-inch line, 2-inch break, etc.
A shadow-bordered line with .64-centimeter (¼-inch) borders.
USAV
Must be a solid line.
National Federation
May be solid or shadow-bordered. The border or outlines must be at least ¼ wide and within the total 2 width.
Crossing the Centerline
NCAA
Player can touch opponents court with feet or hands, providing some part of extremity is on or above the center line. Players may also touch the opponents court with an entire foot or hand or any other body part(s), provided the encroachment does not present a safety hazard, does not interfere with the opponents, and some body part is on/over the center line.
USAV
Player can touch opponents court with feet providing some part of foot/feet is in contact with or directly above the center line, and the penetration does not interfere with the opponents' play. Players may touch the opponents court with any body part above the feet provided the penetration does not interfere with the opponents play.
National Federation
Player can touch opponents court with feet or hands, providing some part of the extremity is on or above the center line.
Playing Restrictions
NCAA
A player must be touching the playable surface to legally play a ball over a non-playable area.
USAV
Ball may be retrieved from beyond the free zone when the surface change is lower by ½ or less and the area is free of obstructions.
National Federation
A player must be touching the playable surface to legally play a ball over a non-playable area.
Attack Line Extensions
| i don't know |
In which English city is Temple Meads Railway Station? | National Rail Enquiries - Station facilities for Bristol Temple Meads
Impaired mobility set down / pick up points available
Yes
Set- Down / Pick up Points are available at the station entrance. Assisted travel meeting point located at the customer information office - Platform 3. Please notify a member of staff.
Airport
Bristol International Airport 'Flyer 330 & 331' luxury coach service runs daily every 20 -30 minutes, from Bristol Temple Meads station forecourt, direct to the airport in around 25 minutes. Through-ticketing from National Rail stations to Bristol Airport is available - ask for a ""BRISTOL AIR BUS"" ticket (destination code H712).For 'Flyer' details visit: http://flyer .bristolairport.co.uk/
Ticket buying and collection
| Bristol |
What is the official language of Liberia? | Car Hire Bristol Templemeads Railway Station - Hertz Car Rental
Home › UK › Bristol › Bristol Templemeads Railway Station
Car Hire Bristol Templemeads Railway Station
00:00
I have promotional code
Why Hertz
Best price guarantee - in the unlikely event you find a lower Hertz price, we'll refund the difference
No cancellation or amendment fees**
No hidden extras to pay - theft and damage cover included
No credit card fees
**(Calls cost 7p per minute plus your phone company's access charge)
Pickup Locations
Get DirectionsPlease wait ......
Hertz at Bristol Templemeads Railway Station
The city of Bristol is located in southwest England and was granted its city status by Royal Charter in 1155. As a hub of maritime history, shopping and local specialities, it's a great place to explore. Car hire from Bristol Temple Meads railway station allows you to get around at your own convenience and discover what the locality has to offer. Historically one of the most prosperous port cities in the whole of the UK, Bristol was streets ahead of other cities until the Industrial Revolution which swept over the north. Many of Bristol's fascinating exhibits are dedicated to their rich maritime history.
Bristol has over 4,000 listed buildings to see and several Georgian-era squares to explore. Hiring a car from Bristol Temple Meads railway station gives you the chance to explore some great attractions in and around the city. The Clifton Suspension Bridge and Brunel's SS Great Britain – one of many magnificent ships you'll find in dock - are just two of the most significant sites; if you rent a car from Bristol you'll reach these stunning locations with ease. Bristol has come on in cultural leaps and bounds thanks to its booming music scene, food festivals and art exhibitions springing up all year round.
Car Collections
With a wide range of travellers passing through our locations every day, we've got a wide range of vehicles on offer to suit your needs - from smart executive saloons to compact family hatchbacks. ***
***Specific cars may not be available when booking
** When the booking is cancelled within seven days of being made.
Hertz.co.uk
© 2016 The Hertz Corporation - All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Conciliation Service | Manage my cookies
Use of Cookies
You will see this message only once on this Hertz website. You may see it again if you use another of Hertz's websites.
We use cookies on this website to store information in your computer or mobile device to improve your online experience. Cookies are small text files which let you navigate between pages efficiently, remember your preferences, help us understand how this website is performing and generally improve your browsing experience. Cookies can also help ensure marketing you see online is more relevant to you.
If you would like to disable cookies on this website, please go to Manage my cookies for more information and to record your preferences.
By closing this message you consent to our use of cookies in accordance with your preferences (if any).
If you want to change your settings at any time in future visits, simply click the Manage my cookies link at the bottom of the webpage.
We use cookies to improve user experience. By continuing to browse, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Please visit Manage my cookies , if you want to change these settings.
close
Hertz Car Rental Locations
close
Please note that from 15 Nov to 15 Apr many cities are required by law to restrict the circulation to only vehicles equipped with snow chains or winter tyres. For a summary of the orders, please visit www.poliziadistato.it . To comply with the regulations, in specific locations subject to this requirement , vehicles are equipped with snow chains - the price is included in the rental charges through the cost of "Winterization Fee". At pick-up if you decide to bring your own snow chains or do not intend on driving on the roads subject to this requirement, you may decline the equipment by signing the appropriate release form. This change will be reflected in the rental charges. For more information on the fees, please click here . In all other regions, we recommend that you check before renting if your journey includes one of the roads subject to this requirement and therefore request the snow chains, if necessary.
OK
| i don't know |
In 1966, which African-American revolutionary socialist organization was founded in California by Huey P Newton and Bobby Seale? | Black Panther Party History: Huey Newton, Bobby Seale Founded Black Panther Party On This Day In 1966 | News One
Huey Newton, Bobby Seale Founded Black Panther Party On This Day In 1966
Leave a comment
168 reads
As one of the most-storied African-American groups during the turbulent late 1960s, the Black Panther Party For Self Defense (or the Black Panther Party) stood out not only for their militant appearance but also for their work in impoverished neighborhoods as well. As students at Oakland’s Merritt College (formerly Oakland City College), Huey Newton (pictured right) and Bobby Seale (pictured) were inspired by the teachings of Malcolm X, who was slain just a year before they began the Party. Newton and Seale, growing tired of police brutality and other forms injustice against Blacks, formed the Black Panther Party on this day in 1966.
SEE ALSO: Iconic Comedian, Entertainer Redd Foxx Passed Away On This Date In 1991
Fashioning themselves as left-wing revolutionaries, the Black Panthers felt that Blacks in America needed protection against police, underscoring their emphasis on self-defense. Since Newton was a reader of Karl Marx, Frantz Fanon, Vladimir Lenin, and other revolutionary figures, the Black Panthers taught socialist and Marxist ideology to its members.
Newton maintained the title of defense minister while Seale was recognized as the group’s chairman. Along with forming the party, the group’s landmark “Ten Point Program” was also introduced after being inspired by Stokely Carmichael (aka Kwame Toure) and his activism in Alabama.
The Party’s platform called for equal rights for Blacks, a call for jobs for the community, housing, education, and other demands. Party members were also famous for being armed publicly, after Newton learned that a loophole in California law allowed them to bear guns in plain sight as long as they weren’t aimed.
The Panthers claimed Oakland as a “territory” with the police being enemies of their land and acted as both a community support system and militia-like force.
With racial tensions rising, so did the Panther’s activity. After first denying his involvement, Newton admitted to the killing of Officer John Frey, which galvanized the Panthers even further. H. Rap Brown (now serving life in prison for the 2000 killing of Georgia officer Ricky Kinchen) and James Forman used the moment to stage a huge “Free Huey” rally months later, calling for violence and the assassination of public officials if their leader was not set free. Newton fled trial and escaped to Cuba but still led the Panthers as much as he could from afar.
Beyond their many conflicts with law enforcement officials, the Panthers’ “survival programs” were the stuff of legend. The group provided free food, self-defense training, tutoring, first aid, clothing, drug and alcohol rehab, and many more social programs for those in need. This would land the Party on the radar of the FBI and the insidious “COINTELPRO” program, which then-director J. Edgar Hoover enacted to halt the growth of the group. The FBI infiltrated the inner workings of the Panthers and pitted other similar groups against them, according to documents and personal accounts regarding the matter.
The Black Panther Party dealt with criticism of its violent nature, which often overshadowed the group’s good works. Some members wanted a focus on the socialist aspect, while others wanted to be even more confrontational. The decline of the party was readily apparent in the 1970s, especially in 1974 when Newton appointed Elaine Brown as the Party’s first chairwoman.
Watch the history of the Black Panther Party here:
The group became more involved in the electoral process from this point on, and more women increased their visibility and involvement as a result. Brown, however, would leave the party after Newton ordered the beating of a female Panther member.
The official end of the party was marked by the closing of its sponsored school in 1982, after Newton was discovered embezzling funds from the school to fuel his drug addiction needs. Newton was later fatally wounded by gunshot in 1989 at the age of 47 by a rival Black nationalist group member and drug dealer.
The Black Panther Party’s legacy lives on, and while a new version of the group has been erected, they have not enjoyed the same success as their predecessors. Some Panthers have gone on to great careers since their involvement, such as Congressman Bobby Rush; singer Chaka Khan; and Father to superstar rapper Kanye West, psychologist Ray West.
No matter what stories have been told about the Black Panther Party, the group’s legendary ascent and unfortunate demise still stands as an important piece in our history.
SEE ALSO:
| Black Panther Party |
Jack Nicholson received his second Oscar for which 1983 film? | 1000+ images about Black Panther Party on Pinterest | The california, Murders and Consciousness
Forward
Huey & Elaine -Berkeley Black Panther Party The Black Panther party burst upon our consciousness when Bobby Seale and other Panthers marched upon the California State Capitol in Sacramento—armed with guns. This approach electrified a generation of black youth. But the Panthers did not encourage hatred. Their “black pride” was not based on denigrating whites, but on showing the black community that they were in control of their own destiny. The Black Panther Party sought to build a community
See More
| i don't know |
In the nursery rhyme, who ‘Went to Gloucester in a shower of rain’? | Doctor Foster Went to Gloucester - English Children's Songs - England - Mama Lisa's World: Children's Songs and Rhymes from Around the World
Doctor Foster Went to Gloucester
Doctor Foster Went to Gloucester
Nursery Rhyme
Doctor Foster went to Gloucester
In a shower of rain,
He stepped in a puddle,
Right up to his middle,
And never went there again.
Doctor Foster Went to Gloucester
Nursery Rhyme
Doctor Foster went to Gloucester
In a shower of rain,
He stepped in a puddle,
Right up to his middle,
And never went there again.
| Doctor Foster |
According to Greek mythology, who opened a jar out of curiosity and let out all the evils of humanity? | Doctor Foster - Sheet Music - Mother Goose Club
Activity Curly Locks Nursery Rhyme Sheet Music
Ride a Cock-Horse to Banbury Cross – Sheet Music
Activity Nursery Rhyme Ride a Cock-Horse to Banbury Cross Sheet Music
To Market, To Market – Sheet Music
Activity Nursery Rhyme Sheet Music To Market, to Market
Cackle, Cackle, Mother Goose – Sheet Music
Activity Cackle Cackle Mother Goose Nursery Rhyme Sheet Music
Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling – Sheet Music
Activity Diddle, Diddle, Dumpling Nursery Rhyme Sheet Music
Skip to My Lou – Sheet Music
Activity Nursery Rhyme Sheet Music Skip to My Lou
There Was a Crooked Man – Sheet Music
Activity Nursery Rhyme Sheet Music There Was a Crooked Man
More "Doctor Foster" Nursery Rhyme Videos & Downloads
Doctor Foster – Coloring Page
| i don't know |
How many houses are there in a game of Monopoly? | Monopoly/Official Rules - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Monopoly/Official Rules
Preparation[ edit ]
To begin with, each player selects a token. Then they place their token on the table near Go, placing it on Go only when his/her first turn to move arrives. One player becomes the Banker, who distributes assets from the Bank to the players. Only the player in question can use their money, money can only be lent via the Banker or by the player mortgaging an asset, money cannot be lent by another player. Each player receives two $500, two $100, two $50, six $20, five $10, five $5, and five $1. Each player thus begins the game with $1500. The Bank begins the game with 32 houses and 12 hotels. It never runs out of money; if it runs out of bills, players can use any convenient items as substitutes until the Bank gets enough money.
"General"[ edit ]
On a player's turn, he or she must roll the dice and move his or her token forward the number of spaces as rolled on the dice.
If the player lands on an unowned property, he or she may buy it for the price listed on that property's space. If he or she agrees to buy it, he or she pays the Bank the amount shown on the property space and receives the deed for that property. If he or she refuses to buy it for the amount stated on the deed, the property is auctioned. Bidding must start at half of the price of the property, and all players may bid. The highest bidder wins the property and pays the Bank the amount bid and receives the property's title deed. Railroads and utilities are also considered properties.
If the player lands on an unmortgaged property owned by another player, he or she pays rent to that person, as specified on the property's deed. It is the property owner's responsibility to demand rent, and he or she has until the beginning of the second following player's turn to do so.
If the player lands on his or her own property, or on property which is owned by another player but currently mortgaged, nothing happens.
If the player lands on Luxury Tax/Super Tax, he or she must pay the Bank $100 (in some editions of the game, only $75).
If the player lands on Income Tax he or she must pay the Bank either $200 or 10% of his or her total assets (cash on hand, property, houses and hotels). In some editions of the game, this is a flat rate of $200.
If the player lands on a Chance or Community Chest, the player takes a card from the top of the respective pack and performs the instruction given on the card.
If the player lands on the Jail space, he or she is "Just Visiting". No penalty applies.
If the player lands on the Go to Jail square, he or she must move his token directly to Jail .
If the player lands on or passes Go in the course of his or her turn, he or she receives $200 from the Bank. A player has until the beginning of his or her next turn to collect this bonus.
If a player does not have sufficient funds to pay off a rent or fee, he or she may take a loan from the Bank by mortgaging one or more properties, sell houses back to the Bank for half the purchase price or sell property deeds to other players in the game.
Players may not loan money to other players, only the Bank can loan money, This loan must be paid in full including any other debt owed to the Bank before the player advances to Go → or the player will be determined bankrupt.
If a player skips another player's turn and is caught, the turn is transferred back to the player whose turn was skipped.
Doubles[ edit ]
When doubles are rolled, the player moves the number indicated by the dice, then rolls the dice again. The player moves forward as directed by the dice, and if this was doubles, rolls again. After the third roll of doubles, rather than landing on the square the dice led you to, you immediately go to jail and thus do not enact the appropriate action of landing on that square. If you roll doubles and land on somebody else's property you still have to pay rent.
Properties, Rents, and Construction[ edit ]
If a player lands on property he may buy it at the listed price. If the player refuses to buy it, the Bank sells it at auction to the highest bidder. Any player, including the one who refused to buy it in the first place, may bid on the property. Properties are arranged in "color groups" of two or three properties. Once a player owns all properties of a color group (a monopoly), the rent is now doubled on all unimproved lots of that color group, even if some of the properties are mortgaged to the Bank. The player may purchase up to four houses or one hotel per property (and only if there are properties to hold the houses), which raise the rents that must be paid when other players land on the property. The properties in a color group must be developed evenly, i.e. each house that is built must go on a property in the group with the fewest number of houses on it so far. You cannot buy houses if you are not on the property. If you sell your property to another player you the one who sold it doesn't need to pay the buyer if you land on it. A hotel may be built on a color group only after all properties in the group have four houses. A player purchases a hotel by paying the price of an additional house, and returning the four houses on that property to the Bank in exchange for a hotel. If there are not enough houses in the Bank for a player to build four houses on each property before building a hotel, the player may not skip directly to buying a hotel by paying the full price at one go. If a property is owned by a player and another player lands on the property and the owner does not realize it before the second following player rolls the dice then the player does not have to pay the owner. At any time a player may, to raise cash, sell hotels and houses back to the Bank for half of the purchase price of the houses. Also, properties with no houses or hotels may be mortgaged for half of the property price. A property does not collect rent while mortgaged and may not be developed. To de-mortgage a property a player must pay interest of 10% in addition to the mortgage price. Whenever a mortgaged property changes hands between players, either through a trade, sale or by bankruptcy, the new owner must immediately pay 10% interest on the mortgage and at their option may pay the principal or hold the property. If the player holds the property and later wishes to lift the mortgage they must pay the 10% interest again as well as the principal.
Sharing the ownership of any property is not allowed.
Railroad[ edit ]
The rent a player owes for landing on a railroad varies with the number of railroads that are owned. The rent is as follows: Charge $25 if one owned, $50 if two owned, $100 if three owned, $200 if all owned.
Utility Rent[ edit ]
For utilities, after a player lands on one to owe rent, the rent is 10 times the amount rolled if the both are owned, or 4 times if not. One player does not have to possess both in order for the rent to be 10 times the amount.
Property Values Table[ edit ]
| 32 |
In the UK, who was hanged in April 1962 for the A6 murder of scientist Michael Gregston? | Monopoly | Monopoly Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
History
The history of Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. In 1904, a Quaker woman named Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George (it was supposed to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies). Her game, The Landlord's Game, was commercially published a few years later. Other interested game players redeveloped the game and some made their own sets. Lizzie herself patented a revised edition of the game in 1904, and similar games were published commercially. By the early 1930s, a board game named Monopoly was created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies throughout the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st. The Parker Brothers' version was created by Charles Darrow . Several people, mostly in the U.S. Midwest and near the U.S. East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution.
In 1941 the British Secret Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game outside the U.S., create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis. Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by the International Red Cross.
By the 1970s, the game's early history had been lost (and at least one historian has argued that it was purposely suppressed - see below), and the idea that it had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore. This was stated in the 1974 book The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game, by Maxine Brady, and even in the instructions of the game itself. As Professor Ralph Anspach fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the trademarks of the Monopoly board game, much of the early history of the game was "rediscovered."
Because of the lengthy court process, and appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' trademarks on the game was not settled until the mid-1980s. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements. Parker Brothers' current corporate parent, Hasbro, again acknowledges only the role of Charles Darrow in the creation of the game. Anspach published a book about his research, called The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle (and republished as Monopolygate), in which he makes his case about the purposeful suppression of the game's early history and development.
Board
This is the original version produced by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties, three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail, Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, as of September 2008, the layout of the board has been modified to more closely match the foreign-released versions, as shown in the two board layouts below. The notable changes are the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changing from purple to brown, the colors of the GO square from red to black, and the adaptation of the flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of 10% of their total holdings OR $200; players had to make a decision before calculating their total holdings) and increased $100 Luxury Tax (upped from $75) amounts. Similar color/amount changes are used in the U.S. Edition of the "Here And Now: World Edition" game , and are also used in the most recent version of the McDonald's Monopoly promotion.
US Board
($60)
US Info
A player who reaches the Jail space by a direct roll of the dice is said to be "just visiting", and continues normal play on the next turn.
Marvin Gardens , a yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. Marven Gardens is not a street, but a housing area outside Atlantic City. The housing area is said to be derived from Margate City and Ventnor City in New Jersey (emphasis added). The misspelling was introduced by Charles Darrow when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. [2] Another change made by Todd and duplicated by Darrow, and later Parker Brothers, was the use of South Carolina Avenue. North Carolina Avenue was substituted for this street on the board.
Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. Saint Charles Place no longer exists, as the Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran. [3]
Short Line is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City. [4] The B. & O. Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid 1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad . The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority.
The other versions of the game have different property names, and the prices may be denominated in another currency, but the game mechanics are almost identical.
The original income tax choice from the U.S. version is replaced by a flat rate in the UK version, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space. The same is true of current German boards, with a €200 for the Income Tax space on the board, and a €100 Add-on tax in place of the Luxury Tax. An Austrian version, released by Parker Brothers/Hasbro in 2001, does allow for the 10% or $200 for Income Tax and has a $100 Luxury Tax. The choice of London main line stations is that of the four stations within the London and North Eastern Railway group. Starting with the September 2008 release, the U.S. Edition now also uses the flat $200 Income Tax value and the upped $100 Luxury Tax amount.
In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.
The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning - transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that in order for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but an area of North London named after a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s the inn had become a Lyons Corner House (it is now a Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson who is also named Victor.
The standard English board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries.
UK Board
In the cases where the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged.
Standard (UK Edition) Monopoly game board layout
For a list of some of the localized versions, including the UK "Here & Now" edition, and the names of their properties.
Recent variations
Starting in the UK in 2005, an updated version of the game entitled Monopoly Here and Now was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with modern equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash - the later US "Electronic Banking" edition has unbranded debit cards.
The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro US to allow online voting for 26 landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar websites, and secondary game boards per popular vote to be created in the UK, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations.
Hasbro opened a new website in January 2008, for online voting of the Monopoly Here and Now: World Edition. The colored property spaces will be worldwide cities, going by the same vote/popularity formula as established for national editions.
In 2006, Winning Moves Games released another edition, the Mega Edition, with a larger game board (50% bigger) and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per a color group) were included, along with a third "utility", the Gas Company. In addition, $1000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' "Monopoly: The Card Game") are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City Standard Edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces.
This edition was adapted for the UK market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves UK. After the initial US release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website.
In 2009, Winning Moves Games introduced "The Classic Edition", with a pre-2008 game board and cards, re-inclusion of the " sack of money " playing piece, and a plain MONOPOLY logo in the center of the board, with neither the 1985 or 2008 version of "Mr. Monopoly" present.
World editions
In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions with sponsored squares.
Winning Moves struggled to raise the sponsorship deals for the game boards, but did so eventually. A Nottingham Graphic Design agency, TMA, produced the visual design of the Monopoly packaging. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few WHSmith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the 4 weeks leading up to Christmas. Winning Moves still produce new city and regional editions annually. Nottingham based designers Guppi have been responsible for the games' visual design since 2001.
In 2008, Hasbro released a world edition of Monopoly Here & Now. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008.
Dark Blue: Montreal, Riga
Light Blue: Athens, Barcelona, Tokyo
Brown: Taipei, Gdynia
Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game will not use any particular currency; it uses millions and thousands. As seen above, there is no Dark Purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown.
It's also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China, while the other cities all only represent one country.
Equipment
Each player is represented by a small metal token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured at left (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999–2007 editions), a horse and rider, a car, a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a howitzer, an old style shoe (sometimes called a boot), a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat.
Many of the tokens came from companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage. [5] Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy.
Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden head-shaped tokens identical to those in Sorry! [6] Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s.
Other items included in the standard edition are:
A pair of six-sided dice . (NOTE: Since 2007, a third "Speed Die" has been added--see ADD-ONS below.)
A Title Deed for each property. A Title Deed is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include:
22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a color group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. If a player wants to mortgage one property of a color-group, not only must any houses or hotels be removed from that property, but from the others in the color-group as well.
4 railways. Players collect $25 rent if they own one station, $50 if they own two, $100 if they own three and $200 if they own all four. These are usually replaced by railway stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.
2 utilities. Rent is four times dice value if player owns one utility, but 10 times dice value if player owns both. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations.
A supply of paper money. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand (one such site has created a $1,000 bill for the game; it is not one of the standard denominations). In the original U.S. standard editions, the supply generally starts with $15,140. The winner of the quadrennial Monopoly World Championship receives the same amount in United States dollars. [7] [NOTE: This base money amount has changed--see below.]
The term "Monopoly money" has been used to refer to currencies which cannot be used to purchase goods and services on the free market, such as exchange certificates printed by the Burmese government which must be used by foreign aid organizations. [8]
32 wooden or plastic houses and 12 wooden or plastic hotels (the original and the current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current "base set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed.
A deck of 16 Chance cards and a deck of 16 Community Chest cards. Players draw these cards when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.
Hasbro also sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink.
In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-Chocolate edition of Monopoly through its "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600.
In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000. [9] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:
18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels
Rosewood board
street names written in gold leaf
emeralds around the Chance icon
sapphires around the Community Chest
rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space
the money is real, negotiable United States currency
The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced. [10]
The distribution of cash in the U.S. version has changed with the newer release versions. Older versions had a total of $15,140 in the following amounts/colors:
20 $500 Bills (orange)
40 $5 Bills (pink)
40 $1 Bills (white)
The newer (Sept. 2008) editions have a total of $20,580, with 30 of each bill denomination. In addition, the colors of some of the bills have been changed; $10's are now blue instead of yellow, $20's are a brighter color green than before, and $50's are now purple instead of blue.
Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1500 (or 1500 of a localized currency) in play money. Prior to Sept. 2008, the money was divided as follows in the U.S. standard rules:
Two each of:
One x $/£5
Five x $/£1
Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations (abbreviated as "M."), and later used seven denominations of the "Deutsche Mark" ("DM."). In the classic Italian game, each player receives ₤350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but ₤50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. At least one Spanish edition (the Barcelona edition) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version.
All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. Free passes may be issued if the owner of the property is using free passes as a transaction.
Rules
Main Article: Rules
Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game; with each player rolling the dice and the player who rolled the highest number going first. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. Landing on Chance or Community Chest, a player draws the top card from the respective pile. If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, he can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If he declines this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, he must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a monopoly or its level of development. If a player rolls doubles, he rolls again after completing his turn. Three sets of doubles in a row, however, land the player in jail. During a turn, players may also choose to develop or mortgage properties. Development involves the construction, for given amounts of money paid to the bank, of houses or hotels. Development must be uniform across a monopoly, such that a second house cannot be built on one property in a monopoly until the others have one house. No merges between players are allowed. All developments must be sold before a property can be mortgaged. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property, which must be repaid with interest to unmortgage. Houses are returned to the bank for half their purchase price.
Parker Brothers' official instructions have long encouraged the use of House Rules, specific additions to or subtractions from the official rule sets. Many casual Monopoly players are surprised to discover that some of the rules that they are used to are not part of the official rules. Many of these house rules tend to make the game longer by randomly giving players more money. Some common house rules are listed below:
At the start of the game $2000 is given out to each of the players instead of $1500. Each player gets 2 500s, 4 100s, 6 50s, 8 20s, 8 10s, 10 5s, and 10 1s
Free Parking jackpot, which usually consists of an initial stake (typically $500, or $5 million in the Here & Now Edition) plus collections of fines and taxes otherwise paid to the bank. A player who lands on Free Parking wins the jackpot, which may then be reset with the initial stake (if any). The jackpot is usually put in the center of the board. Since the jackpot forms an additional income for players in this set of house rules, games can take a much longer time than under normal rules.
Eliminating the auction if a player decides not to purchase a property.
Requiring that every property be put up for auction (this eliminates some of the luck in the game of landing on particular squares and forces players to strategize more).
Allowing an unlimited number of houses to be available from the bank. When this house rule is implemented, substitute counters or written tallies are often employed to allay the actual shortage of house tokens in a standard game box.
Agreeing that each player be allowed to collect all of a color group once they have 'staked a claim' by buying only one of those properties. The same agreement may or may not be carried over to the rail stations and utilities.
Players in jail cannot collect rent, build houses, or conduct trades. This can be combined with increasing the price to get out of jail considerably (normally $50, or $500,000 in the Here & Now Edition). Together, these rules make jail a far more significant burden than that listed in the normal rules. Other players may bail the player out of jail but only if the player agrees.
A bonus for landing directly on Go by dice roll (commonly an additional $200 or $500). This may or may not include cards that send the player to Go.
Delayed Start: Players must pass Go (or circle the board at least once, or rarely twice) before they can buy property.
Only allowing houses (or hotels) to be built when the owner lands on the group
A bonus for rolling snake eyes (a pair of ones), often $500, $100, or one of each bill.
All properties are handed out evenly to all players before the game begins, or one or two are dealt to each player. This variation is in the official US and UK rules as a short game option.
In trades, players may offer "rent immunity" from their own properties (someone does not have to pay rent for landing on that property) as part of a deal (this can be good for a certain number of landings or the entire game).
Unlimited amounts of hotels on each space.
House rules, while unofficial, are not wholly unrecognized by Parker Brothers. George S. Parker himself created two variants, to shorten the length of game play. Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. House rules that have the effect of randomly introducing more money into the game have a side-effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment. House rules which increase the amount of money in the game may change the strategies of the players, such as changing the relative value of different properties- the more money in the game, the more one may wish to invest in the higher value properties.
Strategy
Monopoly involves a portion of luck, with the roll of the dice determining whether a player gets to own key properties or lands on squares with high rents. Even the initial misfortune of going last is a significant disadvantage because one is more likely to land on property which has already been bought and therefore be forced to pay rent instead of having an opportunity to buy unowned property. There are, however, many strategic decisions which allow skilled players to win more often than the unskilled. Hasbro also offers a helpful strategy guide and different insights on their site. According to the laws of probability, seven is the most probable roll of two dice, with a probability of 1 in 6, whereas 2 and 12 are the least probable rolls, each with a probability of one in 36. For this reason, Park Place/Park Lane is one of the least landed-on squares as the square seven places behind it is Go to Jail.
In consequence, some properties are landed upon more than others and the owners of those properties get more income from rent. The board layout factors include the following:
Jail: Since players are frequently directed to "Go To Jail", they will move through the magenta, orange, and red property groups immediately after leaving Jail. The two properties with the highest probability of being landed upon after leaving jail are the two cheaper orange properties (St James Place and Tennessee Avenue in North America and Bow Street and Marlborough Street outside North America). This makes the orange property set highly lucrative.
Go to…: One square — Go To Jail — plus a number of Chance and Community Chest cards will cause the player to advance a distance around the board. Thus, the squares immediately following Go To Jail and the take-a-card squares have a reduced probability of being landed upon. The least-landed upon property in this situation is the cheaper dark blue property (Park Place or Park Lane) because it sits in the lee of both Go to Jail and Community Chest (the Chance directly before it would not affect its odds because it is impossible to roll a one).
Go to (property): Several properties are blessed with Chance cards which draw players to them. St Charles Place (Pall Mall), Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), Boardwalk (Mayfair), all of the railroads except Short Line (Liverpool Street Station), and both of the utilities benefit from this feature. Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) has the fortune of having both a "go to" dedicated card plus the card advancing to the nearest railroad.
Advance to Go: A player may be directed to the Go square by a Chance or a Community Chest card, thus lowering the probability of being landed-upon of every square in-between. The properties most affected by this are the yellow, green, and dark blue sets. It also marginally raises the probability for each square in the wake of Go, including the purple and orange sets which will be reached two or three rolls after being on Go.
Go Back Three Spaces: This directive comes from a Chance card. A quick look at the board shows that there are three Chance squares and hence three other squares which are 3 spaces behind (one being a Community Chest space, another being Income Tax, and the third being the leading orange property). The leading orange property (New York Avenue or Vine Street) gains the most benefit from this card since the Chance square nestled amongst the red properties is itself the most landed-upon Chance square.
According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, there is an overwhelming case for having the orange sites, because you land on them more often, the reason for that being the cards in Chance like Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall ), Advance to Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces.
In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road) and Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road) are the least-landed-upon properties.
Limited number of houses and hotels
In order to put a cap on total development of property sets in the game, there are only 12 hotels and 32 houses. This limitation is in place to ensure that property sets cannot be developed unless there are houses or hotels available to purchase from the bank. This cap allows a certain amount of dominance to be developed by some players, because if every set of property were fully developed there would be enough rent collected between different players to allow the game to drag on for an extended period. This limitation on numbers of houses and hotels leads to an advantage for one player. Simply building each lot out to a maximum of 4 houses and then refusing to upgrade to hotels ensures that nearly the maximum amount of rent is collected for each property, and the monopolization of the houses from the game prevents opponents from developing their property. It is conceivable that a single player could end up owning all 32 houses near the end of the game, and the refusal to upgrade to hotels makes these houses unavailable for opponents to purchase for any property they may own.
Much of the skill comes from knowing how to make the best use of a player's resources and above all knowing how to strike a good bargain. Monopoly is a social game where players often interact and must deal with each other in ways similar to real world real estate bargaining. Note that the best deal is not always for the most expensive property; it is often situational, dependent on money resources available to each player and even where players happen to be situated on the board. When looking to deal, a player should attempt to bargain with another player who not only possess properties he or she needs but also properties the other player needs. In fact, offering relatively fair deals to other players can end up helping the player making the offer by giving him or her a reputation as an honest trader, which can make players less wary of dealings in the future. What is more, most people play Monopoly with the same group repeatedly. For this reason, such a reputation can have effects far beyond the game being played.
The end game
One common criticism of Monopoly is that it has carefully defined yet almost unreachable termination conditions. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers , is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around." However, the problem of time can be resolved by playing with a time limit and counting each player's net worth when the time is up. In fact, tournament play calls for a 90-minute time limit. [11] Two hour time limits are used for international play. [12] The Lord of the Rings edition gives players the option of creating a random time limit using the included One Ring token and specialized dice. The SpongeBob SquarePants game board includes a Plankton piece that moves every time someone rolls snake eyes with the dice, and the game is over when it reaches the end of the board.
Played strictly to the rules, many games will be effectively decided when one player succeeds in bankrupting another because the bankrupt player gives all his property to the one to whom he could not pay his debt. A player who thus gains a fistful of properties will virtually control the game from that point onwards since other players will be constantly at risk. On the other hand, if a player is bankrupted by being unable to meet his debt to the bank (e.g., a fine or tax or other debt that is not rent), then his property is auctioned off; this can open up new possibilities in a game which was evenly set or in which a lot of property sets were divided among the players.
The Monopoly Mega Edition is geared towards faster play by incorporating more squares and enabling players to build without the full color-group.
Another path to a faster ending is by a key property bargain, whether it be a very shrewd trade which sets one player up with a well-positioned set or a very rash trade where an inexperienced player gives his experienced opponent an underpriced gem. Either way, a deal which pays off for one player is most often the turning point of the game.
A third way to finish the game is to wait for all of the property to be bought. Once this has occurred, the player with the highest value of money and assets is victorious.
Another way is to remove the $200 bonus gained by passing "Go". This ensures that players run out of money quickly.
Some players, in an attempt to lessen the huge advantage gained by the first player to bankrupt another player, have the bankrupted player pay what he can to the player he is indebted to (including the money from mortgages), and then forfeit the properties, so that they are back on the market and open to purchase by other players.
Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2 1/3 months). [13]
Add-ons
Numerous add-ons have been made for Monopoly, both before its commercialization and after. Three such official add-ons are discussed below.
Stock Exchange
The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook ). The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to "Advance to Stock Exchange".
The add-on also included thirty stock certificates, five for each of the six different stocks, differing only in the purchase price (or Par Value), ranging from $100 to $150. Shares, like properties, are tradeable material, and could also be mortgaged for half their purchase price. Shareholders could increase the value of their shares by buying up more of the same company's shares.
When a player moves onto Free Parking/Stock Exchange, stock dividends are paid out to all players on their non-mortgaged shares. The amount to be paid out to each player is determined based on the number and kind of shares owned. Specifically, a player receives dividends from each stock based on the following formula:
(par value of share / 10) × (number of shares owned)2
EXAMPLE: Owning one share of "Motion Pictures" (par value $100) pays dividends of $10. Owning two shares pays $40 ($10 x 2 x 2), owning three pays $90 ($10 x 3 x 3) and owning four pays $160 ($10 x 4 x 4). A player owning all five receives $250 ($10 x 5 x 5).
The player who lands on Free Parking/Stock Exchange can also choose to buy a share if any remain. Should the player decline, the share is auctioned to the highest bidder by the Bank.
The Stock Exchange add-on serves to inject more money into the game, in a similar manner to railroad properties, as well as changing the relative values of properties. In particular, the Orange and Light Purple properties are more valuable due to the increased chance of landing on Free Parking, at the expense of the Red and Yellow groups.
The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. [14] This version included ten new Chance cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and six other related cards; the regular Community Chest card "From sale of stock you get $45" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the "Advance to Stock Exchange" cards to each deck).
A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the US), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built. [15]
Playmaster
Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, was an electronic device that kept track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages that will be advantageous for some players and a punishment for others, making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur, for example when a player lands on a railroad it will play I've Been Working on the Railroad. [16]
Speed Die
In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version of Monopoly with a new addition to gameplay--the Speed Die. ( http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/00009.pdf ) First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third die alters gameplay by allowing players to increase their move up to 3 spaces (rolling one of the 3 numbered sides); move immediately to the next unowned property OR to the next property on which they would owe money (rolling one of 2 "Mr. Monopoly" sides); or "Get Off The Bus Early" (rolling the "Bus" side), allowing the player to use the total from one die or both dice to move (i.e. A roll of 1-5-BUS would let the player choose from moving 1, 5 or 6 spaces). Usage of the die in the regular game differs slightly from use in the Mega Edition (i.e. Players use the Speed Die from the beginning in Mega; players can only use the Speed Die in the regular game AFTER their first time going past GO). [17]
Spinoffs
Feature Film
On June 19, 2007, Ridley Scott announced that he was directing a futuristic comedy-thriller based on the game, featuring a variety of young actors to generate interest in the game. Scarlett Johansson and Kirsten Dunst have been considered so far. [18] However, that version of the film ended up being shelved and Emmet Furla Productions took over the project, with production slated to commence in Summer 2015. It is now described as being in the vein of Goonies.
Other games
Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g. Windows-based PC, Macintosh, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Sega Genesis, Commodore 64, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created.
Monopoly Tycoon is a PC game in the Tycoon series that makes strategy and speed into determining factors for winning the game, eliminating completely the element of luck inherent in the dice rolls of the original. The game uses the U.S. standard Atlantic City properties as its basis, but the game play is unique to this version. The game also allows for solo and multi-player online games.
Monopoly Casino is also a PC game, simulating a casino full of Monopoly-based adaptations of various casino games (most notably, slot machines). This program was released in both standard and "Vegas" editions, each featuring unique games.
Monopoly: Star Wars is another PC game based on the standard Monopoly board but with Star Wars characters and locations.
Here and Now Electronic Edition : Eliminates the need for money, using credit cards instead.
Monopoly Slots, a mobile app slot machine game with a Monopoly theme
Monopoly Hotels, a mobile social app game
Monopoly Casino, a mobile app gambling game with a Monopoly theme
Game show versions
Main article: Monopoly (TV game show)
A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings during mid-1990 on ABC. The show was produced by Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! creator Merv Griffin, and was hosted by former Jeopardy! contestant Mike Reilly. Three contestants competed by answering crossword puzzle-style clues to acquire the many properties on the board and money equivalent to the values of said properties (with bonuses added for getting monopolies). After the properties were acquired and players used the earned money to improve them with houses and hotels, a timed "Monopoly Game Round" was played, allowing players to earn even more money by landing on their properties and answering more word clues. When time was up, the player with the most money won the game, and then went on to play the Bonus Game. In the Bonus Game, the contestant had to choose 4 properties on the board to convert to "Go To Jail" spaces. Along with the actual "Go To Jail" space, the contestant rolled the dice up to five times (with extra rolls added for each double rolled) and had to pass GO without landing on a "Go To Jail" space. If the contestant passed GO before running out of rolls or landing on a "Go To Jail" space, they won $25,000; however if the contestant landed EXACTLY on GO, they would win $50,000. The show was paired on ABC with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament!
Monopoly Millionaires' Club
Main article: Monopoly Millionaires' Club (TV game show)
A new Monopoly game show based on the short-lived lottery game will be airing on TV stations in selected cities and on GSN beginning this March. As of October 2014, it had been sold to stations in the 44 states and the District of Columbia (including non-MMC states) where lotteries are held. [22] [23] Taped at The Rio in Las Vegas , each episode will feature five contestants playing Monopoly-inspired games to win up to $100,000 each, and the possibility to risk their winnings for a chance to win $1 million. Despite the suspension of the lottery game, the series and a second set of tapings proceeded. [24] [22]
Texas Lottery players who "won" a trip-for-two prize package received $10,000 instead; contestants and audience members chosen for the first two series of tapings represent the other 22 MMC members.
Nine additional episodes are planned to be filmed in summer 2015 to accommodate participants of the scratch-off game.
Gambling games
In North America, a variety of slot machines and lotteries have been produced with a Monopoly theme. In Europe, there were also Monopoly "fruit machines", some of which remain popular through emulation. The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a £20 jackpot, although this is very rarely won. There is also an online slot machine version of the game made by WMS which is a 19 reel traditional style casino game.
There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game.
Commercial Promotions
Main article: McDonald's Monopoly
The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. The game mimics the game of Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens only come with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board. When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money or prizes There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food, money, or other prizes.
Variants
Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. Most of these are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Many of these are listed at "Localized versions of the Monopoly game". Details, including box cover art, can be seen in the "List of licensed Monopoly game boards". Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced.
Several published games are similar to Monopoly. These include:
Totopoly , created by Waddingtons in 1938, is based around horse racing.
Anti-Monopoly , created by Ralph Anspach in 1974.
Triopoly , designed by Jeffrey W. Berndt, Chris Hornbaker, & Jeremy Parish, published by Reveal Entertainment, Inc. in 1997
Late for the Sky , has produced a large number of Monopoly style games, called "___ in a box" or "___ -opoly" , the blank being filled in with the theme.
Chômageopoly, "Unemployment Monopoly", a board game created by the Lip factory in the 1970s
Dinosauropoly, a version using prehistoric motifs and rules.
Easy Money , published by Milton Bradley, also in the 1930s.
The Farming Game is a board game in which the goal is to run a financially successful farm, and like Monopoly the heart of the game is economics. The game's website draws comparisons to Monopoly.
Fast Food Franchise is a board game by TimJim games which shares Monopoly's core mechanic, but through careful design guarantees that it will actually end.
La gran Capital, published by several Chilean factories, is a Chilean version of the game, with neighborhoods from Santiago de Chile. The title means "the big capital", other versions are even named "Metropolis"
The Fascinating Game of Finance, later shortened to Finance, first marketed in 1932 by Knapp Electric, and later by Parker Brothers.
Go For Broke, the exact opposite of Monopoly, has the players trying to spend all their money before anyone else. Bad bets at the casino, real estate, stock market, race track, and giving to the poor house lowers your account balance. This was a Milton Bradley game originally published in the mid-1960s.
Ghettopoly, released in 2003, caused considerable offense upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer. [25] [26]
Greekopoly, a college-themed version using fraternities and sororities as properties.
Potopoly, A marijuana-themed version, using a five-sided board, and bags instead of houses.
Itadaki Street, also called Fortune Street in North America, and Boom Street in Europe, is a series of board games for video game consoles from Square-Enix.
Poleconomy, a board game designed in New Zealand incorporating real-world companies as well as political and economic strategy.
The Mad Magazine Game, a Mad Magazine themed board game in which the object of the game is for player to lose all their money, play is counter-clockwise, and the dice must be rolled with the left hand. Released by Parker Brothers in 1979.
Make Your Own Opoly is a game set sold by TDC Games of Itasca, Illinois. Using a Microsoft Windows-based PC, a person can print out his or her own property cards, labels to place on the board and the box, and play money. [27]
Solarquest, a popular space-age adaptation, was released by Golden in 1986.
Strictly Pittsburgh, a variant based around the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In addition to properties being replaced with local Pittsburgh sites and businesses, it contained a somewhat different board layout and replaced houses and hotels with skyscrapers.
Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages didn't exist. So the monopoly theme was changed to a horse races theme. Complete rules and game plan (in Czech)
Petropolis, a copy of Monopoly based in buying into the oil industry, using oilfields. The game uses 'telex messages' instead of Chance cards and the playing board snakes round into the middle before continuing round the edge.
Turista, a Mexican copy of Monopoly made by Montecarlo board game manufacturer. It is based in buying Mexican States. In each state it is possible to build gas stations and hotel to increase the rent amount.
Gallery
| i don't know |
Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto are all moons of which planet in our solar system? | Solar System Moon Facts - Titan, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Triton, Charon
Check out our amazing space and astronomy facts for kids. Learn about different space objects and enjoy a range of cool trivia.
Solar System Moon Facts
Enjoy a range of interesting solar system moon facts. Learn about the variety of moons that orbit around planets such as Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune. What makes moons like Titan, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Triton, Charon, Phobos and Deimos unique? Read on and find out!
While we usually think of the Earth’s Moon there are many other moons in the Solar System .
As of 2009, there were 336 moons in the Solar System. 168 of these orbit planets, 6 orbit dwarf planets, while the rest orbit asteroids and other Solar System objects (many yet to be classified).
Jupiter’s four main moons are named the Galilean moons (after Galileo Galilei). Their names are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
Io features over 400 active volcanoes.
Some scientists believe that water could exist below the surface of Europa.
Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System.
Callisto has a similar diameter to the planet Mercury but only one third of its mass.
Saturn’s largest moon is named Titan, it is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere.
Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, is similar in size to Earth’s moon. Discovered in 1846 it is the seventh largest moon in the Solar System.
The largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto is named Charon, it was discovered in 1978 and has a diameter that is around half as wide as Pluto’s.
Mars has two moons named Phobos and Deimos, both were discovered in 1877.
| Jupiter |
Which controversial Indian-born author won the 1981 Man Booker Prize? | APOD Search Results for "Ganymede"
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Search Results for "Ganymede"
APOD: 2016 July 10 - Moon Meets Jupiter
Explanation: What's that next to the Moon? Jupiter -- and its four largest moons. Skygazers around planet Earth enjoyed the close encounter of planets and Moon in 2012 July 15's predawn skies . And while many saw bright Jupiter next to the slender, waning crescent, Europeans also had the opportunity to watch the ruling gas giant pass behind the lunar disk, occulted by the Moon as it slid through the night. Clouds threaten in this telescopic view from Montecassiano , Italy , but the frame still captures Jupiter after it emerged from the occultation along with all four of its large Galilean moons. The sunlit crescent is overexposed with the Moon's night side faintly illuminated by Earthshine . Lined up left to right beyond the dark lunar limb are Callisto, Ganymede, Jupiter, Io, and Europa. In fact , Callisto, Ganymede, and Io are larger than Earth's Moon, while Europa is only slightly smaller. Last week, NASA's Juno became the second spacecraft ever to orbit Jupiter.
APOD: 2016 March 3 - Moons and Jupiter
Explanation: Some of the Solar System's largest moons rose together on February 23. On that night, a twilight pairing of a waning gibbous Moon and Jupiter was captured in this sharp telescopic field of view . The composite of short and long exposures reveals the familiar face of our fair planet's own large natural satellite, along with a line up of the ruling gas giant's four Galilean moons. Left to right, the tiny pinpricks of light are Callisto , Io , Ganymede , [Jupiter], and Europa . Closer and brighter, our own natural satellite appears to loom large. But Callisto, Io, and Ganymede are actually larger than Earth's Moon, while water world Europa is only slightly smaller. In fact, of the Solar System's six largest planetary satellites , only Saturn's moon Titan is missing from the scene. (Editor's note: Composite corrected for orientation and field of view posted on March 7.)
APOD: 2015 May 15 - Jupiter, Ganymede, Great Red Spot
Explanation: In this sharp snapshot, the Solar System's largest moon Ganymede poses next to Jupiter, the largest planet. Captured on March 10 with a small telescope from our fair planet Earth, the scene also includes Jupiter's Great Red Spot, the Solar System's largest storm. In fact, Ganymede is about 5,260 kilometers in diameter. That beats out all three of its other fellow Galilean satellites, along with Saturn's Moon Titan at 5,150 kilometers and Earth's own Moon at 3,480 kilometers. Though its been shrinking lately , the Great Red Spot's diameter is still around 16,500 kilometers. Jupiter, the Solar System's ruling gas giant, is about 143,000 kilometers in diameter at its equator . That's nearly 10 percent the diameter of the Sun.
APOD: 2014 September 19 - Potentially Habitable Moons
Explanation: For astrobiologists , these may be the four most tantalizing moons in our Solar System. Shown at the same scale, their exploration by interplanetary spacecraft has launched the idea that moons, not just planets, could have environments supporting life. The Galileo mission to Jupiter discovered Europa's global subsurface ocean of liquid water and indications of Ganymede's interior seas. At Saturn, the Cassini probe detected erupting fountains of water ice from Enceladus indicating warmer subsurface water on even that small moon, while finding surface lakes of frigid but still liquid hydrocarbons beneath the dense atmosphere of large moon Titan . Now looking beyond the Solar System, new research suggests that sizable exomoons, could actually outnumber exoplanets in stellar habitable zones . That would make moons the most common type of habitable world in the Universe.
APOD: 2013 February 15 - Shadows Across Jupiter
Explanation: Two dark shadows loom across the banded and mottled cloud tops of Jupiter in this sharp telescopic view. In fact, captured on January 3rd, about a month after the ruling gas giant appeared at opposition in planet Earth's sky , the scene includes the shadow casters. Visible in remarkable detail at the left are the large Galilean moons Ganymede (top) and Io. With the two moon shadows still in transit, Jupiter's rapid rotation has almost carried its famous Great Red Spot (GRS) around the planet's limb from the right. The pale GRS was preceded by the smaller but similar hued Oval BA , dubbed Red Spot Jr., near top center. North is down in the inverted image.
APOD: 2012 July 20 - Moon Meets Jupiter
Explanation: Skygazers around planet Earth enjoyed the close encounter of planets and Moon in July 15's predawn skies . And while many saw bright Jupiter next to the slender, waning crescent, Europeans also had the opportunity to watch the ruling gas giant pass behind the lunar disk, occulted by the Moon as it slid through the night. Clouds threaten in this telescopic view from Montecassiano, Italy, but the frame still captures Jupiter after it emerged from the occultation along with all four of its large Galilean moons. The sunlit crescent is overexposed with the Moon's night side faintly illuminated by Earthshine . Lined up left to right beyond the dark lunar limb are Callisto, Ganymede, Jupiter, Io, and Europa. In fact , Callisto, Ganymede, and Io are larger than Earth's Moon, while Europa is only slightly smaller.
APOD: 2012 March 2 - Jupiter Unplugged
Explanation: Five hand drawn sketches of Jupiter were used to create this beautifully detailed flat map of the ruling gas giant's turbulent cloud tops . Made with colored pencils at the eyepiece of a 16 inch diameter telescope, the original drawings are about 5 inches (12.5 cm) in diameter. The drawn planisphere map dimensions are 16x8 inches (40x20 cm). Observing on different dates in November and December of 2011, astronomical artist Fred Burgeot has relied on Jupiter's rotation to cover the planet's complete circumference. Digital animator Pascal Chauvet has also translated Burgeot's drawings into an intriguing video (vimeo) , synthesizing a telescopic view of the rotating planet with a tilt and phase appropriate for the observing dates. The video includes the Galilean moons moving along their orbits, beginning with Ganymede and Io casting shadows as they glide in front of Jupiter, followed by Europa and Callisto passing behind the planet's banded disk.
APOD: 2011 October 22 - Jupiter Near Opposition
Explanation: On October 29 (UT) , Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet , will be at opposition, opposite the Sun in planet Earth's sky, shining brightly and rising as the Sun sets. That configuration results in Jupiter's almost annual closest approach to planet Earth, so near opposition the gas giant offers earthbound telescopes stunning views of its stormy, banded atmosphere and large Galilean moons . This sharp snapshot of Jupiter was captured on October 13 with the 1 meter telescope at the Pic Du Midi mountain top observatory in the French Pyrenees . North is up in the image that shows off oval shaped vortices and planet girdling dark belts and light zones . Also seen in remarkable detail, Jupiter's icy Ganymede , the solar system's largest moon, is emerging from behind the planet (top) while volcanic Io enters the frame near the lower left edge.
APOD: 2010 October 8 - Two Planet Opposition
Explanation: In late September, two planets were opposite the Sun in Earth's sky, Jupiter and Uranus. Consequently closest to Earth, at a distance of only 33 light-minutes and 2.65 light-hours respectively, both were good targets for telescopic observers. Recorded on September 27, this well-planned composite of consecutive multiple exposures captured both gas giants in their remarkable celestial line-up accompanied by their brighter moons. The faint greenish disk of distant planet Uranus is near the upper left corner. Of the tilted planet's 5 larger moons , two can be spotted just above and left of the planet's disk. Both discovered by 18th century British astronomer Sir William Herschel and later named for characters in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Oberon is farthest left, with Titania closer in. At the right side of the frame is ruling gas giant Jupiter, flanked along a line by all four of its Galilean satellites . Farthest from Jupiter is Callisto , with Europa and Io all left of the planet's disk, while Ganymede stands alone at the right.
APOD: 2009 September 20 - Ganymede Enhanced
Explanation: What does the largest moon in the Solar System look like? Ganymede , larger than even Mercury and Pluto , has a surface speckled with bright young craters overlying a mixture of older, darker, more cratered terrain laced with grooves and ridges . Like Earth's Moon, Ganymede keeps the same face towards its central planet, in this case Jupiter. In this historic and detailed image mosaic taken by the Galileo spacecraft that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003, the colors of this planet-sized moon have been enhanced to increase surface contrasts. The violet shades extending from the top and bottom are likely due to frost particles in Ganymede 's polar regions. Possible future mission s to Jupiter are being proposed that can search Europa and Ganymede for deep oceans that may harbor elements thought important for supporting life .
APOD: 2009 January 6 - Jupiter Eclipsing Ganymede
Explanation: How hazy is Jupiter's upper atmosphere? To help find out, astronomers deployed the Hubble Space Telescope to watch Jupiter eclipse its moon Ganymede . Although Ganymede circles Jupiter once a week, a particularly useful occultation occurs more rarely. Such an occultation was captured in great visual detail in April 2007. When near Jupiter's limb, Ganymede reflects sunlight though Jupiter's upper atmosphere, allowing astronomers to search for haze by noting a slight dimming at different colors. One result of this investigation was the above spectacular image , where bands of clouds that circle Jupiter are clearly visible, as well as magnificent swirling storm systems such as the Great Red Spot . Ganymede, at the image bottom, also shows noticeable detail on its dark icy surface . Since Jupiter and Ganymede are so bright, many eclipses can be seen right here on Earth with a small telescope.
APOD: 2007 August 24 - Astronomer's Moon
Explanation: Jupiter is an astronomer's planet -- its large size and contrasting global cloud belts and zones allow detailed studies with a range of earthbound telescopes . On the other hand, most telescopic views of Jupiter's moons usually show only featureless, tantalizing points of light hovering near the ruling gas giant. But this impressive picture from a small, ground-based telescope reveals a stunning amount of detail on Ganymede, a jovian moon about the same size as Earth's moon but at least 1,500 times farther away. The image was carefully constructed by combining and processing only the 409 sharpest frames from a total of 10,000 recorded at 30 frames per second by a digital camera. Ganymede's radius is about 2,600 kilometers indicating that the surface markings visible are as small as around 900 kilometers across.
APOD: 2007 March 29 - Jupiter Moon Movie
Explanation: South is toward the top in this frame from a stunning movie featuring Jupiter and moons recorded last Thursday from the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. In fact, three jovian moons and two red spots are ultimately seen in the full video as they glide around the solar system's ruling gas giant. In the early frame above, Ganymede , the largest moon in the solar system, is off the lower right limb of the planet, while intriguing Europa is visible against Jupiter's cloud tops, also near the lower right. Jupiter's new red spot junior is just above the broad white band in the planet's southern (upper) hemisphere. In later frames, as planet and moons rotate (right to left), red spot junior moves behind Jupiter's left edge while the Great Red Spot itself comes into view from the right. Also finally erupting into view at the right, is Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io . To download the full 2 megabyte movie as an animated gif file, click on the picture.
APOD: 2004 December 9 - Jupiter and the Moon's Shadowed Horizon
Explanation: Early Tuesday morning, December 7th, June Croft thought the southeastern sky above Atmore, Alabama, USA was beautiful. Watching the Moon rise through gossamer clouds, she noted, " ... the crescent Moon looked like it was held in the sky by a star just off its shadowed horizon." What was that star? Bright Jupiter of course, and some watched as the Moon actually occulted or passed in front of the Solar System's reigning gas giant planet. For astronomer Jimmy Westlake in Colorado, Jupiter was already hidden at moonrise that morning, but later he was able to record this lovely image, not unlike the view that inspired Croft. Seen through gossamer clouds, Jupiter along with large Jovian satellites Ganymede and Callisto (bottom to top) has emerged from behind the crescent Moon's shadowed horizon .
APOD: 2004 November 11 - Pastel Planet, Triple Eclipse
Explanation: This false-color image of banded gas giant Jupiter shows a triple eclipse in progress on March 28 - a relatively rare event, even for a large planet with many moons. Captured by the Hubble Space Telescope's near-infrared camera are shadows of Jupiter's moons Ganymede (left edge), Callisto (right edge) and Io, three black spots crossing the sunlit Jovian cloud tops. In fact, Io itself is visible as a white spot near picture center with a bluish Ganymede above and to the right, but Callisto is off the right hand edge of the scene. Viewed from Jupiter's perspective, these shadow crossings would be seen as solar eclipses, analogous to the Moon's shadow crossing the sunlit face of planet Earth. Historically , timing the eclipses of Jupiter's moons allowed astronomer Ole Roemer to make the first accurate measurement of the speed of light in 1676.
APOD: 2003 February 27 - When Moons and Shadows Dance
Explanation: It's no wonder Jupiter is a favorite target for even modest earthbound telescopes. The most massive planet in the solar system with four of the largest moons also boasts the famous Great Red Spot , a giant hurricane-like storm system over three hundred years old. Recorded on December 15, 2002 between 7:19 and 8:40 UT, over a thousand digital images were processed and stacked to create this spectacular 21 frame animation of the Jovian system . South is up and as the Great Red Spot tracks across the face of Jupiter, innermost Galilean moon Io enters the scene at the far right. Io occults (passes in front of) the edge of the more sedately orbiting Ganymede with Io's shadow moving quickly across the gas giant's cloud tops, just below the Red Spot. While the moon Callisto is outside the field of view, its large, dark shadow is also visible crossing the Jovian disk at the upper left. Viewed from Earth, the orbits of the Galilean moons presently lie nearly edge-on, offering many chances to observe similar dances of Jupiter's moons .
APOD: 2003 February 16 - Southwest Mercury
Explanation: The planet Mercury resembles a moon. Mercury 's old surface is heavily cratered like many moons. Mercury is larger than most moons but smaller than Jupiter 's moon Ganymede and Saturn 's moon Titan . Mercury is much denser and more massive than any moon, though, because it is made mostly of iron. In fact, the Earth is the only planet more dense. A visitor to Mercury's surface would see some strange sights. Because Mercury rotates exactly three times every two orbits around the Sun , and because Mercury 's orbit is so elliptical, a visitor to Mercury might see the Sun rise, stop in the sky, go back toward the rising horizon , stop again, and then set quickly over the other horizon . From Earth , Mercury's proximity to the Sun causes it to be visible only for a short time just after sunset or just before sunrise.
APOD: 2001 December 15 - Ganymede: Torn Comet Crater Chain
Explanation: This striking line of 13 closely spaced craters on Jupiter's moon Ganymede was photographed by the Galileo spacecraft in 1997. The picture covers an area about 120 miles wide and the chain of craters cuts across a sharp boundary between dark and light terrain. What caused this crater chain? Remarkably, the exploration of the Solar System , has shown that crater chains like this one are not unique , though they were considered mysterious until a dramatic object lesson was offered by comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. In 1994 many denizens of planet Earth watched as huge pieces of this torn comet slammed into Jupiter itself in a spectacular series of sequential impacts . It is very likely that similar torn comets from the early history of the Solar System are responsible for this and other crater chains .
APOD: 2001 July 31 - Oceans Under Jupiters Callisto
Explanation: Why does Jupiter 's moon Callisto alter the magnetic field of Jupiter in its vicinity? Callisto itself does not have a strong magnetic field. One possible answer is that Callisto harbors sub-surface oceans of electrically conducting salt-water . This hypothesis was bolstered recently by a new analysis of how Callisto creates and dissipates heat. Callisto is thought to create heat by the radioactive decay of internal rock -- a process that keeps the Earth's mantle molten. Callisto may not be able to dissipate this heat very efficiently, however, as it has thick layers of ice and rock on its surface. Perhaps this heat is enough to keep sub-surface water from freezing into ice. With this hypothesis , Callisto joins two other of Jupiter's moons, Europa and Ganymede , in candidates for sub-surface oceans. Callisto's oceans, however, might prove too hostile to support Earth-like life .
APOD: 2001 January 16 - Europa Rotating
Explanation: Evidence has been mounting that beneath the vast planes of ice that cover Europa lies water -- liquid oceans that might be home to alien life . The smallest of Jupiter 's Galilean Moons (which include Io , Ganymede , and Callisto ), Europa's deep interior is composed of mostly of silicate rock . Upon close inspection, many surface cracks stop abruptly only to continue on somewhere else -- indicating surface plates that might be sliding . The above time-lapse sequence is a composite of images taken during the Voyager spacecraft flyby of the moon twenty years ago. Not all regions are resolved in high detail. The movie shows Europa during a complete rotation, which corresponds to a complete revolution around Jupiter since Europa always keeps the same face toward the giant planet. The cause of many of the surface colors on Europa also remains a topic of research .
APOD: 2001 January 2 - Jupiter, Europa, and Callisto
Explanation: As the robot Cassini spacecraft rounds Jupiter on its way toward Saturn , it has taken a sequence of images of the gas giant with its four largest moons . Previously released images have highlighted Ganymede and Io . Pictured above are the two remaining Galilean satellites : Europa and Callisto . Europa is the bright moon superposed near Jupiter's Great Red Spot , while Callisto is the dark moon near the frame edge. Callisto is so dark that it would be hard to see here if its brightness was not digitally enhanced. Recent evidence indicates that both moons hold salt-water seas under surface ice that might be home to extra-terrestrial life. By noting the times that moons disappeared and reappeared behind Jupiter in 1676, Ole Roemer was able to make the first accurate estimation of the speed of light .
APOD: 2000 December 19 - A Close Up of Aurora on Jupiter
Explanation: Jupiter has aurorae . Like Earth , the magnetic field of the gas giant funnels charged particles released from the Sun onto the poles. As these particles strike the atmosphere, electrons are temporarily knocked away from existing gas molecules . Electric force attracts these electrons back. As the electrons recombine to remake neutral molecules, auroral light is emitted. In the above recently released photograph by the Hubble Space Telescope taken in ultraviolet light , the aurorae appear as annular sheets around the pole. Unlike Earth's aurorae , Jupiter's aurorae include several bright streaks and dots . These marks are caused by magnetic flux tubes connecting Jupiter to its largest moons . Specifically, Io caused the bright streak on the far left, Ganymede caused the bright dot below center, and Europa caused the dot to its right.
APOD: 2000 December 18 - Oceans Under Jupiter's Ganymede
Explanation: The search for extraterrestrial life came back into our own Solar System last week with the announcement that there may be liquid oceans under the surface of Jupiter 's moon Ganymede . Ganymede now joins Callisto and Europa as moons of Jupiter that may harbor seas of liquid water under layers of surface ice . The ocean hypothesis surfaced as an explanation for Ganymede's unusually strong magnetic field . Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar System, also has the largest measured magnetic field of any moon. Some exobiologists hypothesize that life may be able to emerge in such an ocean, much as it did in the oceans of ancient Earth . Above , a frame from a computer simulation shows what it would look like to fly over the surface of Ganymede, as extrapolated from photographs of the grooved moon taken by the robot spacecraft Galileo currently orbiting Jupiter.
APOD: 2000 December 12 - Jupiter Eyes Ganymede
Explanation: Who keeps an eye on the largest moon in the Solar System ? This moon, visible on the lower right, is Ganymede , and the planet it orbits, Jupiter , seems to be keeping a watchful eye, as its Great Red Spot appears serendipitously nearby. This recently released enhanced-contrast image from the robot spacecraft Cassini captures new details of the incredible intricacies of Jupiter's complex cloud patterns. Features as small as 250 kilometers can be seen. Counter-clockwise rotating high-pressure white ovals that are similar to the Great Red Spot appear in the red band below the spot. Between these spots are darker low-pressure systems that rotate clockwise. The hydrogen and helium that compose most of Jupiter's clouds is nearly invisible - the trace chemicals that give Jupiter these colors remain unknown . The Cassini spacecraft is using Jupiter to pull it toward Saturn , where it is scheduled to arrive in 2004.
APOD: 2000 November 18 - Jupiter And Family
Explanation: This composite image features classic portraits of members of one of the Solar System's most prominent families - Jupiter and its four large "Galilean" moons. Starting from the top the moons are Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . The top-to-bottom order is also the order of increasing distance from Jupiter. These are big moons indeed which attend the largest planet . The smallest of the lot, Europa, is the size of Earth's moon while Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. In fact, Ganymede with a diameter of 3,100 miles, is larger than the planets Mercury and Pluto . The swirling Great Red Spot appears at the edge of Jupiter. A hurricane-like storm system that has persisted for over 300 years, two to three earths could fit inside it. Battered Callisto's image was recorded during the 1979 flyby of Voyager . The other portraits were taken by the Galileo spacecraft which began exploring the Jovian system in 1995.
APOD: 2000 October 24 - Io Rotating
Explanation: The surface of Io is continually changing. Jupiter's moon is the home to many powerful volcanoes so active they are effectively turning the moon inside out. The above time-lapse sequence is a composite of images taken during two space missions that approached the violent moon: Voyager and Galileo . The sequence shows Io during a complete rotation, which corresponds to a complete revolution around Jupiter since Io always keeps the same face toward the giant planet. The rampant volcanism is thought to be caused by Jupiter's more distant Galilean Moons ( Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto ) pulling on Io and continually distorting its shape, causing internal frictional heating. Io is composed mostly of rock, with the yellow color originating from sulfur . The causes of many of the other colors remain a topic of research .
APOD: 2000 June 20 - Ganymede: The Largest Moon in the Solar System
Explanation: If Ganymede orbited the Sun, it would be considered a planet. The reason is that Jupiter 's moon Ganymede is not only the largest moon in the Solar System , it is larger than planets Mercury and Pluto . The robot spacecraft Galileo currently orbiting Jupiter has been able to zoom by Ganymede several times and snap many close-up pictures. Ganymede, shown above in its natural colors, sports a large oval dark region known as Galileo Regio . In general, the dark regions on Ganymede are heavily cratered, implying they are very old, while the light regions are younger and dominated by unusual grooves . The origin of the grooves is still under investigation .
APOD: 2000 May 8 - Jupiters Moons Thebe, Amalthea, and Metis
Explanation: The robot spacecraft Galileo in orbit around Jupiter has recently photographed the inner moons of Jupiter in greater detail than ever before. These pictures of Thebe , Amalthea , and Metis are shown to scale, and reveal details as small as three kilometers across. Amalthea , by contrast, has a total length of about 200 kilometers. The moons are composed mostly of ice, are much smaller than Jupiter's more famous Galilean satellites ( Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto ), and orbit between Io and Jupiter's rings . Thebe appears dominated by a huge impact crater 40 kilometers across. Astronomers are uncertain of the origin of the unusual white gash at the bottom of Amalthea .
APOD: 2000 February 13 - Southwest Mercury
Explanation: The planet Mercury resembles a moon. Mercury 's old surface is heavily cratered like many moons. Mercury is larger than most moons but smaller than Jupiter 's moon Ganymede and Saturn 's moon Titan . Mercury is much denser and more massive than any moon, though, because it is made mostly of iron. In fact, the Earth is the only planet more dense. A visitor to Mercury's surface would see some strange sights. Because Mercury rotates exactly three times every two orbits around the Sun , and because Mercury 's orbit is so elliptical, a visitor to Mercury might see the Sun rise, stop in the sky, go back toward the rising horizon , stop again, and then set quickly over the other horizon. From Earth , Mercury's proximity to the Sun cause it to be visible only for a short time just after sunset or just before sunrise.
APOD: March 4, 1999 - Ganymede Mosaic
Explanation: Ganymede , one of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, is the largest moon in the Solar System. With a diameter of 5,260 kilometers it is even larger than planets Mercury and Pluto and just over three quarters the size of Mars. Ganymede is locked in synchronous rotation with Jupiter. This detailed mosaic of images from the Galileo spacecraft shows the trailing hemisphere of this planet-sized moon. Speckled with bright young craters, Ganymede's surface shows a mixture of old, dark, cratered terrain and lighter regions laced with grooves and ridges . Ganymede's true colors tend toward subtle browns and grays, but this mosaic's colors have been enhanced to increase surface contrasts. The violet shades extending from the top and bottom are likely due to frost particles in Ganymede's polar regions.
APOD: August 5, 1998 - Ganymede: Torn Comet Crater Chain
Explanation: This remarkable line of 13 closely spaced craters on Jupiter's moon Ganymede was photographed by the Galileo spacecraft in 1997. The picture covers an area about 120 miles wide and the chain of craters cuts across a sharp boundary between dark and light terrain. What caused this crater chain? During the exploration of the Solar System , crater chains like this one have been discovered in several places and were considered mysterious until a dramatic object lesson was offered by comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. In 1994 many denizens of planet Earth watched as huge pieces of this torn comet slammed into Jupiter itself in a spectacular series of sequential impacts . It is very likely that similar torn comets from the early history of the Solar System are responsible for this and other crater chains .
APOD: July 22, 1998 - Dark Craters on Ganymede
Explanation: Ganymede has craters within craters within craters . The old surface of the largest moon in the Solar System shows its age by the large amount of these impact features. The above picture released last week shows two old craters with dark floors located in a relatively bright region known as Memphis Facula , a region itself thought created by an ancient collision. The strange dark floors of these craters were themselves created long ago and now house craters of their own. Crater Chrysor, on the left, spans about 6000 meters, about half that of crater Aleyn on the right. The robot spacecraft Galileo took the above photograph during a flyby of this moon of Jupiter in June 1996.
APOD: May 13, 1998 - Occultations and Rising Moons
Explanation: On April 23, the rising crescent Moon occulted (passed in front of) Venus and Jupiter. The double occultation was a rare event and only visible from certain locations tracing a path across Earth's surface. This dramatic telephoto picture was taken at one such location, Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The sunlit crescent is over-exposed revealing the rest of the lunar surface illuminated by faint earthshine . Venus is emerging just beyond the crescent's tip and Jupiter is trailing above the dark lunar edge with a spot of light, Jupiter's moon Ganymede, between the lunar limb and the planet's disk. Look closely at Jupiter and you can see yet another Jovian moon , Io, just visible against Jupiter's glare!
APOD: May 12, 1998 - Callisto Enhanced
Explanation: Callisto is half rock and half ice. This moon of Jupiter is approximately the size of the planet Mercury , making it the third largest moon in the Solar System , after Ganymede and Titan . Callisto 's icy surface is billions of years old, lacks any sign of volcanic activity , and is densely covered with rifts and craters. These features are particularly apparent in this contrast-enhanced image taken by the Galileo spacecraft , and released last week. Visible near the image center is Valhalla , one of the largest impact craters in the Solar System, measuring about 4,000 kilometers across. The rings and size of Valhalla make its appearance similar to the Caloris Impact Basin on Mercury.
APOD: February 2, 1998 - A Triple Eclipse on Jupiter
Explanation: Part of Jupiter is missing. Actually, three parts appear to be missing. In reality though, the three dark spots seen in the above photograph are only shadows. The unusual alignment of three of Jupiter 's moons between the Jovian giant and the Sun was imaged last November 10th. The shadows of Io , Callisto , and Ganymede move across Jupiter as these moons progress in their orbits. It was by noting the times of eclipse of Jupiter's moons in 1675 that Ole Roemer became the first person to measure the speed of light . When a shadow from Earth's Moon crosses the Earth's surface, the people inside the shadow see an eclipse of the Sun.
APOD: December 9, 1997 - Mysterious Features on Ganymede
Explanation: Where is the rest of the circle? Jupiter 's largest moon Ganymede has some truly unusual terrain, including the pictured half circle above cut by nearly parallel curves. Full circles can be easily explained by impact craters , but partial circles imply that some resurfacing has occurred since the original impact. The diameter of the half circle is about 32 kilometers. Also of interest is a dense linear crater chain that cuts across the top of the half-circle. Mysteries like these are typically solved by the hard work of reconstructing a sequence of natural occurrences, which in this case may yield a better understanding of Ganymede 's interesting past.
APOD: September 29, 1997 - Jupiter And Family
Explanation: This composite image features classic portraits of members of one of the Solar System's most prominent families - Jupiter and its four large "Galilean" moons. Starting from the top the moons are Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . The top-to-bottom order is also the order of increasing distance from Jupiter. These are big moons indeed which attend the largest planet . The smallest of the lot, Europa, is the size of Earth's moon while Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. In fact, Ganymede with a diameter of 3,100 miles, is larger than the planets Mercury and Pluto . The swirling Great Red Spot appears at the edge of Jupiter. A hurricane-like storm system that has persisted for over 300 years, two to three earths could fit inside it. Battered Callisto's image was recorded during the 1979 flyby of Voyager . The other portraits were taken by the Galileo spacecraft which began exploring the Jovian system in 1995.
APOD: June 12, 1997 - Jupiter's Dry Spots
Explanation: Known for its spectacular images of Jupiter's moons, Io , Ganymede , Callisto , and Europa , the robot spacecraft Galileo has also aggressively explored the Jovian atmosphere. In December of 1995 , Galileo's atmospheric probe descended into Jupiter's clouds and reported a surprising absence of water . It is now believed that the probe entered through one of Jupiter's dry spots , similar to the dark region in this image of the swirling Jovian cloud deck . The smallest features visible here are tens of miles in size. These dry regions appear to correspond to locations where winds converge creating downdrafts. The downdrafts generate local cloudless clearings through which Jupiter's deeper warmer layers can be glimpsed. Just as the dark areas are extremely dry , the surroundings are full of moisture. The contrast is analogous to the desert and tropics of Earth .
APOD: December 23, 1996 - The Hills of Ganymede
Explanation: This computer generated 3D close-up view of Jupiter's large moon Ganymede was created using image data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft. Simulating stereo vision by combining two recent images recorded from different angles, 3 dimensional information was reconstructed for a section of Ganymede's surface. The result shows the furrows, craters, and hills in the region appropriately known as "Galileo Regio" with a resolution of about 250 feet. Currently exploring the Jovian System , the Galileo spacecraft just completed a flyby of Europa. It is scheduled to return to Ganymede in April next year.
APOD: November 7, 1996 - Fields of Minerals on Ganymede
Explanation: What treasures lie on the surface of Ganymede ? Last week, NASA released a map of Jupiter's largest moon made by the Galileo Orbiter highlighting ice and minerals deposits. The leftmost photograph by Voyager shows surface features in visible light, but the rightmost photograph , taken in infrared light by Galileo, shows the locations of minerals in red and ice grains in blue. The NIMS team is working to identify these minerals with preliminary hopes of finding emission indicative of montmorillonite and alunite
APOD: October 25, 1996 - A Flyby View of Ganymede
Explanation: This is what it would look like to fly over the surface of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. NASA's robot spacecraft Galileo recently approached only 6000 miles from this frozen ice-ball of a moon. The above image is a digital reconstruction from two images taken during this flyby. The blue color of the sky is artificial. Deep furrows cover Ganymede's surface , and several impact craters are also present. Galileo continues to orbit Jupiter and send back breathtaking photos of Ganymede , Io , Europa , Callisto , and, of course, Jupiter itself.
APOD: October 22, 1996 - The Cracked Ice Plains of Europa
Explanation: What caused the cracks in this giant ice-ball? Jupiter 's moon Europa has smoothest surface in the solar system and is composed mostly of cracked water-ice. In the above false-colored picture released last week by the NASA team in charge of the Galileo mission , blue hues represent ice plains divided by dirty red and brown bands of mottled terrain. As the robot Galileo spacecraft orbits Jupiter, it sends back revealing pictures of Jupiter and its large moons including Europa , Io , Ganymede , and Callisto . The region of Europa highlighted above is known as Minos Linea. The cause for many of the cracks remains unknown but may involve shifting stresses from gravity and temperature variations. The new Galileo pictures have increased evidence that liquid oceans may indeed exist under these giant ice-sheets, a place possibly ripe for the development of life .
APOD: September 13, 1996 - Southwest Mercury
Explanation: The planet Mercury resembles a moon. Mercury 's old surface is heavily cratered like many moons. Mercury is larger than most moons but smaller than Jupiter 's moon Ganymede and Saturn 's moon Titan . Mercury is much denser and more massive than any moon, though, because it is made mostly of iron. In fact, the Earth is the only planet more dense. A visitor to Mercury's surface would see some strange sights. Because Mercury rotates exactly three times every two orbits around the Sun , and because Mercury 's orbit is so elliptical, a visitor to Mercury might see the Sun rise, stop in the sky, go back toward the rising horizon , stop again, and then set quickly over the other horizon. From Earth , Mercury's proximity to the Sun cause it to be visible only for a short time just after sunset or just before sunrise.
APOD: August 5, 1996 - Erupting Volcanoes on Io
Explanation: Jupiter's moon Io has active volcanoes. The Voyager spacecraft caught several erupting when they passed the energetic moon in 1979. In the above picture, several of Io's volcanoes are visible and one is seen actually erupting. Debris from this explosive event can be seen on the upper left of the photo, just beyond Io's edge. Io 's volcanism is thought to be caused by the large tidal distortions raised by Jupiter , Europa , and Ganymede . These tides stretch Io , cause internal friction, and thus heat the interior. The hot interior then expands and forces its way out through volcanoes. Currently, the spacecraft Galileo is orbiting Jupiter and photographing Jupiter's Galilean moons .
APOD: July 19, 1996 - Galileo's First Color Image of Io
Explanation: Above is the first color image of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io released by the Galileo Project. (Io sounds like "eye-oh".) The image was made on June 25 when the Galileo spacecraft approached within 1.4 million miles. It reveals features as small as 14 miles across - comparable to the resolution of the best 1979 vintage Voyager images. The Voyager flybys discovered active volcanos on Io's mottled surface and this image indicates that dramatic changes have occurred since , notably in the region of the Masubi volcano located in Io's southern hemisphere. This region, apparently covered with new deposits of sulfur and sulfur dioxide frost deposited by volcanic eruption, is seen as the pronounced white area at the bottom of the picture. While scientists continue to analyze this image and other recent Galileo data the robot spacecraft will continue to explore Jupiter's moons . Its next scheduled close encounter is set for September 6th with the moon Ganymede . Higher resolution images of Io are also expected during the ongoing mission.
APOD: July 12, 1996 - Ancient Cratered Plains on Ganymede
Explanation: The largest moon in the Solar System shows regions that are ancient and battered. The high density of craters demonstrate that patches of Ganymede are indeed billions of years old. This photo is one of a series released by NASA two days ago from the Galileo spacecraft orbiting Jupiter . The large impact crater on the left is 19 kilometers across, while dark indentations in Ganymede 's crusty surface-ice run diagonally. Ganymede is composed of half rock and half water-ice. The Galileo spacecraft will continue to orbit Jupiter over the next 16 months and send back data about Jupiter and its four largest moons: Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto .
APOD: July 11, 1996 - Ganymede: A Really Groovy Moon
Explanation: Ganymede's surface is a wrinkled mess. As large ice-sheets shift on the moon's surface , parts of the surface buckle causing high ridges, deep furrows, and parallel grooves. This photo , taken by the Galileo spacecraft currently orbiting Jupiter , was released yesterday . The large circular feature near the picture bottom is a large impact crater. The impact that caused this large crater also caused the strange dark ejecta seen to the crater's right. The Sun illuminates the scene from the lower left. The Galileo spacecraft has also just discovered that Ganymede has a region of orbiting charged particles called a magnetosphere - a first for any moon. How Ganymede is able to generate a magnetosphere is a mystery.
APOD: July 10, 1996 - Galileo Photographs Ganymede
Explanation: Ganymede's surface is slowly being pulled apart. This photo of Ganymede was released earlier today by the Galileo team at NASA. The Galileo Spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in December 1995. In late June, the spacecraft passed within 10,000 kilometers of Ganymede 's icy surface, and took pictures showing complex surface details for the first time. The line-like features in this photo are sunlit ridges rising above Ganymede 's ice-plains. The circular features are impact craters. Ganymede is the largest moon of Jupiter and hence the largest of the four Galilean satellites: Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto .
APOD: June 27, 1996 - Voyager's Preview of Galileo at Ganymede
Explanation: NASA's robot spacecraft Galileo began its long voyage to Jupiter in October of 1989. In December of last year it arrived in the Jovian system, beginning its unprecedented, detailed exploration by dropping a probe into the gas giant's atmosphere. By early this morning it will have accomplished another milestone in its ambitious mission. Now in orbit around Jupiter , Galileo will make its first close flyby of Ganymede, Jupiter's (and the solar system's) largest moon at 2:29 a.m. EDT. As planned , approaching to within 524 miles, it will make a series of high resolution images of the surface which will reveal features as small as 33 feet across. This close-up color image from the Voyager 2 flyby in 1979 previews sights Galileo will see in greater detail. Showing features as small as 3 miles across, it reveals a variety of terrain on Ganymede's icy surface, including impact craters with bright rays and long strips of light grooved structures suggesting large scale motions of the frozen crust. Galileo's flyby images will be stored onboard for playback and should be available during the week of July 10.
APOD: December 24, 1995 - Uranus' Moon Miranda
Explanation: NASA's robot spacecraft Voyager 2 passed the planet Uranus and its moons in 1986. While the cloud tops of Uranus proved to be rather featureless, the surface of Miranda , the innermost of Uranus ' large moons, showed several interesting features. Voyager 2 passed closer to Miranda than to any Solar System body and hence photographed it with the clearest resolution. Miranda's heavily cratered terrain shows grooves like Jupiter 's moon Ganymede and several valleys and cliffs. Miranda is made of a roughly equal mix of ice and rock. Miranda was discovered by Gerard Kuiper in 1948.
APOD: November 25, 1995 - Saturn's Cleanest Moon: Enceladus
Explanation: Enceladus orbits Saturn between the smaller Mimas and the larger Tethys . Enceladus is composed mostly of water ice and has the cleanest and purest ice surface in the Solar System . It's surface therefore appears nearly white. The surface also has many unusual groves and relatively few craters, like Jupiter 's moon Ganymede . This indicates that the surface is young and/or newly reformed. To explain this, some astronomers speculate that Enceladus is susceptible to some sort of volcanic activity. Enceladus was originally discovered in 1789 by William Herschel .
APOD: November 3, 1995 - Jupiter's Moon Amalthea
Explanation: Amalthea is Jupiter 's fifth largest moon, much smaller than the four Galilean satellites Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . The orbit of Amalthea is inside of these moons, and with its long axis always pointing toward Jupiter . It's dark surface color is probably due to sulfur being expelled from Io . Amalthea is not massive enough for its internal gravity to make it spherical. Amalthea was discovered in 1892 by Edward Barnard.
APOD: October 13, 1995 - Jupiter, Io, and Ganymede's Shadow
Explanation: Jupiter , the solar system 's largest planet, is seen here next to Io , its closest Galilean moon. On the cloud tops of Jupiter near the left edge of the picture can be seen a dark circular spot which is caused by the shadow of Jupiter 's largest moon Ganymede . Jupiter 's cloud tops show light bands and dark belts. The clouds are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium , but their intense colors are probably caused by very small amounts of heavier elements such as sulfur or organic (carbon-containing) compounds.
APOD: September 6, 1995 - Callisto: Dark Smashed Iceball
Explanation: Callisto is a dirty battered world, showing the most beaten surface of Jupiter 's major moons. Made of a rocky core covered by fractured ice, Callisto 's past collisions with large meteors are evident as large craters surrounded by concentric rings. The four largest moons of Jupiter: Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto were all discovered by Galileo and Marius in 1610 with early telescopes and are now known as the Galilean satellites. The NASA spacecraft Galileo is scheduled to arrive at Jupiter is December of 1995.
APOD: September 4, 1995 - Ganymede: Moonquake World
Explanation: Ganymede probably undergoes frequent ground shaking events not unlike terrestrial earthquakes. Ganymede , the largest moon of Jupiter and the Solar System , has a thick outer coating of water ice. Passing Voyager spacecraft found a large number of cracks and grooves in the ice so it is thought that Ganymede, like the Earth , has large shifting surface masses called tectonic plates. Ganymede was discovered by Galileo and Marius in 1610, and is larger than the planets Mercury and Pluto. The NASA spacecraft Galileo is scheduled to arrive at Jupiter is December of 1995.
| i don't know |
Elapidae Naja is the scientific name for which snake? | Common Cobra (Naja naja) COBRAS Scientific Data / Taxonomy
Scientific Name: Naja Naja
Snake Family : Elapidae
Description: Highly poisonous and larger of the Elapidae family of snakes. Cobras come in a broad range of body coloring ranging from yellows, rust, light browns and greys to even reddish tones and some are banded. Cobras have beautiful "hoods" which when fully spread in a defensive posture displays spots that look like eyes. Highly intelligent species mostly terrestrial. Some snake species like the Rinkhal of Southern Africa (not true cobras) are very coy, known to play dead to entice victims to approach then suddenly attacking. The King Cobra , the largest venomous snake in the world is greatly feared but many scientists believe it is the African Cape Cobra who delivers the most deadly venom of any of the Naja family of snakes.
Characteristics: Cobras are both nocturnal and diurnal creatures. Snakes in the Cobra family will rise to defend themselves and are capable of delivering large amounts of deadly Neurotoxic venom through either a venomous spray aimed at the eyes ( Spitting Cobras ) or envenomation by fang bite. Cobra envenomation is severe, often fatal and should be treated by medical professionals who normally administer Cobra Antivenom inoculations.
Reproduction : Oviparous (egg-laying) with many Cobra species building and maintaining nests for their clutches of between 12-20 baby cobra eggs which hatch out in 50-60 days. Female Cobras are known to viciously defend their nest and eggs from predators.
Length: 1.2-5 meters (Approx. 4.5-16 ft). The largest and longest King Cobra specimen is said to be recorded measuring 18"4" in length.
Habitat Distribution: Mountainous outcrops, grasslands, moist and desert savannas and forested areas throughout their range. Over 270 species inhabit the continents of Africa and Asia. Wide ranging, the African species live from Egypt in the north through equatorial Africa in the Congo Basin to Namibia and extending all the way to South Africa. Asian Cobras can be found in the countries of Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, the islands of Java, Malaysia, Sumatra and the Philippines.
Subspecies: There are several recognized subspecies in the "Naja" family of Cobras. Some of the more widely known are:
African Cobras
Black Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricollis woodi)
Black-Necked Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricollis nigricollis)
Cape Cobra or Yellow Cobra (Naja nivea)
Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje haje)
Forest Cobra (Naja melanoleuca melanoleuca and Naja m. subfulva)
Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja mossambica)
Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida)
Snouted Cobra (Naja annulifera annulifera)
Western Barred Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricollis nigricincta)
Asian Cobras
Burmese Spitting Cobra (Naja manadalayensis)
Central Asian Cobra (Naja oxiana)
Chinese Cobra (Naja atra)
Common Cobra, Asian Cobra, Indian Cobra, Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja)
King Cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah)
Malaysian Spitting Cobra (Naja naja sputatrix)
Nubian Spitting Cobra (Naja nubiae)
Sumatran Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana)
Other Cobra subspecies include:
Water Cobras (Boulengerina species)
Note: Rinkhals ( Hemachatus haemachatus)
Rinkhals (aka Ringhals) are in a class of their own & it warrants mention that this Cobra looking snake is not actually a true Cobra. Although it is poisonous with the associated "hood" there are many differences. Rinkhals, also in the Elapidae family of snakes, are ovoviviparous (bearing live young) with different fang and venom delivery system than that of a true Cobra.
Related Snake Families : Kraits and Sea Snakes ( Laticaudinae & Hydrophidae )
As always, we hope you enjoyed this article featured as part of TigerHomes Sanctuary's continuing Educational Series . We also hope you will take this opportunity to visit our world renowned Animal Cams . You are invited to take your own snapshots and enter your pictures into our Viewer Gallery Contest for a chance to win monthly prizes! The SANCTUARY is a permanent home to Rare White Tigers , Golden Tigers , Bengal Tigers , Siberian Tigers , African Lions and Lemurs . Our residents are quite the characters and simply amazing to watch in their natural habitats. It is our Mission to preserve and protect these Endangered Species. You can help save Endangered Species right now by visiting our Gift Shop . Become a proud Sponsor ! Please help us by sponsoring the animals & our work. TigerHomes Sanctuary welcomes and needs your support!
| Cobra |
What is the title of the 1959 film in which Hayley Mills plays a young girl who befriends a murderous Polish sailor? | Monocled Cobra | Indiansnakes.org
Indiansnakes.org
Naja tripudians var. fasciata (Gray 1830)
Naja naja sputatrix (Bourret 1937)
Naja naja kaouthia (Smith 1940)
Naja kaouthia kaouthia (Deraniyagala 1960)
Naja kaouthia suphanensis (Nutaphand 1986)
Naja (Naja) kaouthia (Wallach et al. 2009)
Regional Names:
»
Distribution:
Found in all North-east states, above Gangetic plains (Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand), Odisha, parts of Chota Nagpur (eastern Chattisgarh, whole of Bihar and Jharkhand), Haryana (probably the western most limit of this species)
Venom Type:
Elapidae
Characteristics for identification:
It can be identified easily only if it shows hood which bears a rounded or mask shaped hood mark. Otherwise its wide range of colorations and banded forms looks close to Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa) and Checkered Keelback (Xenochrophis piscator) which gives confusion many times.
Description:
Maximum length- 230cm.
Dorsal -
Body slender with oval shaped smooth scales. Body colour show wide range of colors including dark Yellow, light or dark brown, reddish-brown, black with reddish or grayish ting etc. Bands present in most of the specimens and have contrasting color with main dorsal color.
Ventral -
Belly color can also range from milky white or white mixed with yellow, gray, brown etc. depends on the color of the dorsal body. Sometimes dark colored patches also present which look like ventral scales of a Rat Snake.
Head -
Head slightly triangular with shiny smooth scales, not broader than neck. Neck appears thick when the hood is unstretched. When angered, it stretches hood to show the famous rounded hood mark. Hood mark design may be in the form of complete rounded spot (like eye or moon), may be open from top(like Spectacled Cobra) or can join with edge of the hood. Eyes have rounded pupil. Tongue colour Reddish or Pinkish, Black on tip.
Tail -
Shorter than typical range and ends with pointed tip. In many individuals underside of tail have darker or lighter color.
Scalation
Head:
Usually more than one cuneate scale exist on each side; supralabial 7; 3rd & 4th in contact with eyes; 3rd supralabial is significantly larger then rest of foreside supralabials; preocular 1, in contact with posterior nasal hence loreal absent; postocular 3; temporal 2+3.
Dorsal:
Males- 26-34 (at 10th ventral): 19-23 (at 20% and 40% ventral): 17-21 (at 60% of ventral): 14-17 (at 80% of ventral): 14-19 (at vent). Females- 24-33 (at 10th ventral): 19-23 (at 20% and 40% ventral): 17-21 (at 60% of ventral): 15-17 (at 80% of ventral): 15-18 (at vent).
Ventral:
48-61 (Male), 46-59 (Female); divided; anal entire.
Habitat:
Lives up to 3300ft elevation in its range. Distributed in rainforests, mixed, moist decidious forest, wet grasslands, mangroves, hill forests etc. Lives in dense & open forests, agricultural lands, rural and urban areas having vegetation and wetland, agricultural lands having mounds and deep hiding places, old woods etc. Hides in mounds, holes, piles, caves, cracks, under fallen wooden logs etc.
Natural History:
Monocled Cobra is a crepuscular and nocturnal species which shows both terrestrial and climbing activity depending upon needs. Behavior alert, aggressive and very quick to respond. On provocation raise its one third of forebody to show famous hood and hiss loudly to give warnings. Unlike Spectacled Cobra (N. naja) it can bite in very first attack which makes it more dangerous than N. naja. To escape it tries to creep slowly by keeping eyes on enemy (many times it displays hood while creeping). It is assumed to capable in reproducing most of the year depending upon geographical area. Mating occurs during winter months to summer. Female lays up to 18 eggs in dry mounds, caves, holes etc. New born seen from Summer to most of the monsoon.
Diet:
Feeds on variety of animals including frogs, toads, rodents, fishes; also feeds on birds, other snakes including venomous, small mammals etc.
Bite symptoms:
Envenoming by N. kaouthia causes local swelling of the bitten part and in a large number of cases also progressive paralysis of the peripheral nervous system, leading to respiratory paralysis and death due to asphyxia. Neurotoxic features of N. kaouthia envenoming are typically reversible by antivenom and anticholinesterase treatment. Local envenoming may result in tissue necrosis and contractures requiring surgical intervention.
Threats:
Direct threats includes killing due to its venom potency, fear due to its aggressive behavior and road kills. This snake is exploited extensively by east Indian snake charmers and comes in pet & skin trade too. Many communities consume this species for edible use. Its venom is used in production of Anti Venom Serum and various research use so venom harvesting is done illegally in some parts of India and many other countries of its range. Other threats in India are wetland loss, pollution and poisoning in agricultural lands etc. Many countries are known for its exploitation for Chinese medicines and snake vine.
Look Alike
Bar-necked Keelback
References
Ao J. M., David P., Bordoloi S., Ohler A. (2004) Notes on a collection of snakes from Nagaland, Northeast India, with 19 new records for this state. Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 155 – 162
Boulenger G. A. (1890) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Taylor and Francis.
Boulenger G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3, London: Taylor and Francis.
Das A., Bhattacharjee P. C. (2005) Reptilian fauna in and around Gauhati University Campus, Assam, India. Reptile Rap, No. 7, pp. 3-6
Das A., Saikia U., Murthy B. H. C. K., Dey S., Dutta S. K. (2009) A herpetofaunal inventory of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent regions, Assam, north-eastern India. Hamadryad Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 117 – 134
Dutta S. K., Acharjyo L. N. (1995) Herpetofaunal resources and their conservation in Orissa, India. Zoos’ Print, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 5-8
Günther A. (1864) The reptiles of British India. London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke
Kyi S. W., Zug G. R. (2003) Unusual foraging behaviour of Naja kaouthia at the Moyingye Wetlands Bird Sanctuary, Myanmar. Hamadryad, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 265-266
Laltanpuia T. C., Lalrinchhana C., Lalnunsanga, Lalrotluanga, Hmingthansanga R., Kumari A., Renthlei V., Lalrintluangi S., Lalremsanga H. T. (2008) Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of Mizoram University Campus, Tanhril, Aizawl with notes on their identification keys. Science Vision 8(4) 112-127 : Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of MiZOram University Campus
Lawson R., Slowinski J. B., Crother B. I., Burbrink F. T. (2005) Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2005) 581–601
Leviton A. E., Wogan G. O.U., Koo M. S., Zug G. R., Lucas R. S., Vindum J. V. (2003) The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar illustrated checklist with keys. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 54 (24): 407–462
Purkayastha J. (2013) An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers(India)
Sawai Y. (1998) Venomous snakes and snakebite treatment in Asia. Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 103 – 112
Slowinski J. B., Wüster W. (2000) A new Cobra (Elapidae: Naja) from Myanmar (Burma). Herpetologica, 56(2), 257-270
Smith M. A. (1943) The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma including the whole of The Indo-Chinese Sub-region, Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol 3 Serpentes. Taylor & Francis, London.
Wallach V., Wüster W., Broadeley D. G. (2009) In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26–36
Whitaker R. (2005) Common Indian Snakes, A Field Guide. Macmillian Publishers
Whitaker R., Captain A. (2004) Snakes of India, The Field Guide. Draco Books
Wüster, W., Thorpe, R. S. (1989) Population affinities of the Asiatic cobra (Naja naja) species complex in south-east Asia: reliability and random resampling. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 36: 391-409
Wüster W., Thorpe R. S. (1990) Systematics and biogeography of the Asiatic cobra (Naja naja) species complex in the Philippine Islands. Vertebrates in the Tropics. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, pp. 333-344
Wüster W., Thorpe R. S. (1991) Asiatic cobras: Systematics and snakebite. Experientia 47: pp. 205-209
Wüster W., Thorpe R. S. (1992) Asiatic Cobras: Population systematics of the Naja naja species complex (Serpentes: Elapidae) in India and Central Asia. Herpetologica, 48(1), 69-85
Wüster W., Thorpe R. S. (1992) Dentitional phenomenon in Cobras revisited: Spitting and fang structure in the Asiatic Species of Naja (Serpents: Elapidae). Herpetologica, 48(4), pp. 424-434
Wüster W. (1993) A century of confusion: Asiatic cobras revisited. Vivarium 4 (4): 14-18
Wüster W., Thorpe R. S. (1994) Naja siamensis, a cryptic species of venomous snake revealed by mtDNA sequencing. Experientia 50, pp. 75-79
Wüster W., Thorpe R. S., Cox M. J., Jintakune P., Nabhitabhata J. (1995) Populuation systematics of the snake genus Naja (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae) in Indochina: Multivariate morphometrics and comparative mitochondrial DNA sequencing (cytochrome oxidase I). J. Evol. Biol. 8: 493-510
Wüster W., (1996) Taxonomic changes and toxinology: Systematic revisions of Asiatic Cobrs (Naja naja species complex). Toxicon, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 399-406
Wüster W., McCarthy C. J. (1996) Venomous snake systematics: Implication for snake bite treatment and toxinology. Envenomings and their treatments, pp. 13- 23
Wüster W., Warrell D. A., Cox M. J., Jintakune P., Nabhitabhata J. (1997) Redescription of Naja siamensis (Serpents: Elapidae), a widely overlooked , spitting cobra from S. E. Asia: geographic variation, medical importance and designation of neotype. J. Zool., Lond. 243, 771-788
Wüsters W. (1998) The cobras of the genus Naja in India. Hamadryad 23 (1): 15-32
Venomous Snakes of Nepal - A photographic Guide
Authors & Contributors:
| i don't know |
In the game of darts, what score is known as ‘Breakfast’ or ‘Bed and Breakfast’? | Darts 501 - Terms and Meanings
The centre of the board. (see also: "SINGLE-BULL" and "DOUBLE-BULL") Score of 50
BUST / BUSTED
Hitting more than you needed in an x01 game. The darts do not count and the player begins his next turn on the same score he had prior to.
C
C
In a Cricket game this refers to high scores base on the number of darts scored. For example a triple-20, single-20, single-20 would be called a C-5 because "5 darts" were scored with three darts.
CHAMPAGNE BREAKFAST
Hitting treble 20, treble 1 and treble 5 in three darts (see "BREAKFAST")
CHALKING
Keeping score / marking the game.
CHIPS
A score of 26. (See also: "BREAKFAST /BED & BREAKFAST")
CHUCKER
A player who just "chucks" the darts at the board, doesn't aim or care.
CIRCLE IT
When a player scores a single digit (less than 10) with three darts, his team-mates would shout out "Circle it!" to the scorekeeper to highlight the terrible throw. A variation on this tradition is to draw a fish around the score, often leading to aquarium-related jokes being aimed at particularly poor or unlucky players.
CLOCK
The dartboard itself, usually in the context of "ROUND THE CLOCK".
CORK
The centre of the board. This comes from the cork in the end of a keg where it is tapped. The ends of kegs were used for targets in the game's early days.
D
DARTITIS
Name given to a mental state of a dart thrower unable to release his / her dart during a throw.
DEVIL
The treble-6, so called due to '666', and the fact that it is often hit in error when going for treble-13 or treble-10.
DIDDLE FOR THE MIDDLE
A throw to see who gets one dart closer to the bullseye to determine who throws first in the game. Also known as a "BULL OFF", "MIDDLE FOR MIDDLE" and "OUT FOR BULL".
DOUBLE
The thin outer ring of the board. In standard x01 games, a double counts for two times the number hit.
DOUBLE-BULL
On dartboards configured with a bullseye consisting of two concentric circles, the outer circle is commonly green and worth 25 and the inner circle is commonly red and worth 50 points. Hitting the innermost ring of this type of bullseye is a "DOUBLE-BULL". (See also: "BULLSEYE")
DOUBLE IN (DI)
A variant of x01 in which a double is needed to start the game.
DOUBLE OUT (DO)
Hitting the double of a number to win a game of 'x01
DOUBLE TOP
Not being able to hit the double needed to win the game.
DOWNSTAIRS
The lower portion of the board, usually in reference to the 19s in a game of x01.
E
A game that requires no special shot to begin scoring.
FAT
The largest portion of a number (the area between the double and triple ring)
FEATHERS
The 'feathers'/ Flights of the dart which makes the dart more aerodynamic
FLIGHTS
The "wings" at the end of a dart that make it fly straight. Also known as feathers.
G
Advises all players that the match has now started
GAME SHOT
Signifies that the match winning double has been hit
GOOD GROUP
A compliment for tight, accurate throwing.
GRAND SLAM
Hitting the T5, T20 & T1 in one throw.
GRANNY
A lose without scoring, see SHUT OUT cricket game
H
HAIL MARY
The third dart that miraculously scores a high treble where the first two combined scored low single numbers
HAT TRICK
A score of three bullseyes in a single throw.
HIGH TON
Scoring between 151-180 points in a game of '01
HOCKEY
The throw or Toe line. See 'Oche' Oche is pronounced as Hockey
I
ISLAND
The actual playable area of a dart board (inside the doubles ring). Missing this area entirely is sometimes referred to as "Off the island".
J
K
KILLER
A game variant where a number of players "own" a number on the dartboard and compete to build up "lives" (by hitting that number) until a threshold is reached (usually 4 or 6) before attempting to "kill" other players by removing the lives they have built up (by hitting those other players' numbers) until a single player is left.
L
LEG
One game of a match. Most professional matches are made up of a number of sets, each of which is split into legs.
LEG SHOT
Signifies that a player has completed (Won) the "leg" as per Game Shot.
LIPSTICK
Name given to the treble twenty made famous by Geordie darts commentator Sid Waddell
LITTLE / SMALL
The single bed between the bull and the triple
LOW TON
Scoring between 100-150 points in a game of '01
M
MAD HOUSE
The double-1. At least two explanations for the term have been proffered; because it can drive you crazy trying to hit one in a game of x01, or because it impossible to "get out" of the mad house - once a player has a score of 2 the only way to finish the game is by hitting a double-1.
MAXIMUM
A score of 170 to end a game. treble-20, treble-20, inner bull
MIDDLE FOR MIDDLE
See "DIDDLE FOR THE MIDDLE".
MONGER
A person who deliberately scores many more points than needed to win the game cricket game not 501.
Motown
Scoring 44 finish i.e single 4 and double 20 (tops). It is a reference to the ' Four Tops' group that were associated with the Motown Music label
MUGS AWAY
Loser of the previous game goes first in the next game.
N
Another word for 1. See "Bucket of Nails" and "Bag of Nails".
NOT OLD
A score of 37 (usually by hitting a 20, a 5 and a 12). The phrase is believed to have its origins in a Monty Python sketch.
O
The throw line you stand behind and to throw the darts. (pronounced 'Hockey')
OUT FOR BULL
The out scoring area of the centre bullseye- score of 25.
P
Least number of darts to win a leg of darts 501 - 9 darts
PERFECT SCORE
When a player scores a maximum 180 points in one throw of three darts.
PERFECT FINISH
When a player finishes a game with a maximum score of 170. This must be done by scoring treble 20, treble 20, double bull, with only three darts. This is considerably more difficult than hitting a perfect score as the player must break focus to change targets and it can only be done if the player has an exact score of 170 remaining.
POINTS
The point of the dart, steel tipped or plastic.
Q
When you throw a dart into the shaft of another.
ROUND OF Terms
Throwing three triples in one turn in Cricket.
ROUTE 66
Scoring 66 points in a throw.
ROUND THE CLOCK
Any of a number of game variants where players compete to be the first to hit all the segments on the board in an agreed order (usually numerical), finishing with the outer bull followed by the bull. In some versions hitting a double entitles the player to skip the next number, with a treble entitling the player to skip two numbers. Also commonly played by single players as a form of practice.
S
The part of a dart behind the barrel when the flights are mounted.
SHANGHAI
A score of a single, double and triple in the same number. "Shanghai" sometimes refers to a checkout of 120 (single, treble and double 20). In some games this is an automatic win i.e in a game of Shanghai.
SHOOTER
American terms for dart thrower
SHUT OUT
When you lose a game without ever scoring in it.
SINGLE BULL
On dartboards configured with a bullseye consisting of two concentric circles, the outer circle is commonly green and worth 25 and the inner circle is commonly red and worth 50 points. Hitting the outermost ring of this type of bullseye is a "SINGLE-BULL". (See also: "BULLSEYE")
SLOP /SLOPPY DARTS
Darts that score, but not where you wanted them. (See also: "SPLASH")
SPIDER or WEB
The dartboard wire assembly which divides the scoring segments of the dartboard.
SPLASH
Darts that score, but not where you wanted them. (See also: "SLOP")
SPLITTING THE 11
Throwing a dart between the digits of the 11 on the number ring. (Split double 1!)
STACKER
Dart landing on top and touching a previous dart thrown forming a stacked effect.
STICKS
STRAIGHT IN / SINGLE IN / STRAIGHT OFF
A game that requires no special shot to begin scoring.
STRAIGHT OUT / SINGLE OUT
Ending a game of '01 without having to hit a double, but hitting the required i.e. ten required 10 hit not necessarily double 5
STRIKING OIL
Hitting a double bull when "DIDDLING FOR THE MIDDLE" - comes from the black centre of some modern dart boards.
T
Three darts in the same number.
THROW LINE
The line you stand behind and throw the darts from also known as the 'Oche' Line / Toe Line.
TOE LINE
The line you stand behind and throw the darts from also known as the 'Oche' Line / Throw Line.
TON
A score of 100 in a game of x01.
TON PLUS
Scoring 100+ points in a throw (Ton 40 would be 140 points)
TOPS
The double 20 bed. As in "he wants tops for the match".
TRIPLE / TREBLE
The thin inner ring of the board, it usually counts for three times the number hit.
TROMBONES
Scoring 76 points in a throw.
TWO & SIX
Scoring 26 points in a throw (Old English money term)
TWO FAT LADIES
Scoring 88 points in a throw.
U
Dart landing underneath and touching a previous dart thrown forming an 'under stacking' effect.
UPSTAIRS
The upper portion of the board, usually in reference to the 20s.
V
| 26 |
Apollo Creed, Clubber Lang and Ivan Drago are all opponents of which fictional boxer? | Darts Phrases
Darts Phrases.
Most sporting activities have words and phrases peculiar to that activity and darts is no exception. A lot of them are colloquial expressions and therefore might not be used outside the Midlands where I live and play darts, but, some of them are used by commentators on the television. Indeed some of them have even arisen because of games on the telly.
Twenty six is referred to as "Bed and Breakfast" and called out as two and six. This goes back to the old coaching days when bed for the night was 2/6d.
The phrase "Highway robbery" is used when a player is at some stage of the game a long way behind the other who gets to a finish and cant get his double allowing the first player to catch up and win the game.
You will often hear television commentators say something like "this player needs shanghai on twenties," meaning he needs to hit treble twenty, single and finish on the double.
Getting your feet wet means that your toes are over the oche or throwing line. If you do this in a match you will get told about it in no uncertain terms. You should "toe the line."
A Bristow refers to an infamous score that Eric Bristow once made on a televised event when he hit three single ones in the same throw.
If you have "got it surrounded" it means that you are very close to your double and could not get any closer without hitting it.
123 Never wins a game again refers to a televised match where a player was well in front and had 123 left but lost the crucial game.
Three in a bed or three in a bed for game usually refers to scoring 3 treble twenties at once where in some parts of the country you can claim the game for such a score.
If you have double trouble it means that you cant get the right double to start or finish a game.
The brush refers to a game where one player can�t get started and the other player is on a finish and gets it first. A brush is often unkindly drawn on one side of the marking board.
Under 11, a penny in the box. This phrase was used a lot when pubs had charity boxes by the dart board and anyone who scored under 11 in one throw had to put a penny in the box.
If you are said to be on form or if you have got your eye in you are playing exceptionally well.
They will give you that in Cannock. This phrase is peculiar to the town of Rugeley and surrounds that has a lot of rivalry with the town of Cannock. It means that you did not hit what you were aiming at,(usually a finishing double) but you were near enough for the people of Cannock who are not very fussy.
A Floater is a lucky dart that goes high and hits a good score such as a double 20 when you were aiming for treble 20.
A good marker is a dart which is very close to the target but not in and not obstructing the target.
A pint for the marker is often shouted when two competing players both have exactly the same score remaining on the board.
If you are in a mess it means that you have left yourself a small odd number after going for a finish and hitting an awkward score.
In the wrong bed means you have hit the wrong double (usually) to finish or start a game.
If someone says you could play better with your eyes closed he means that you are playing very badly.
Muck Spreading is something ladies often do and refers to lucky scores of trebles and doubles that you were not aiming at.
If someone shouts" Quiet please , game on " he is asking for silence as the game is about to start.
You Bull Up at the start of every game when each player takes it in turn to throw one dart at the bull for the nearest to start.
Someone is said to be suffering if they can�t hit what they are aiming at but they are getting close with many attempts. (usually a double)
A raised Oche is usually a piece of wood securely fastened to the floor where the throw line is. Being raised it prevents people from treading over the line.
If a dart bounces out of the board and falls behind the throw line it is often said that you can throw it again. In league rules you cant.
If a dart is on the wire it is actually touching the wire of the required segment but not in.
Shouting check the board is the only time when it is excusable to interrupt a game by shouting. This must be done if the marker has put up the wrong score or added up the score wrongly. It is urgent because the rules state if the throwers both have a throw after the mistake is made the score has to stand whatever the error.
If a player is said to be walking it means that he thought that the last dart he threw at a finishing double was in because it was that close and he has taken a step foreword with darts still to throw.
Arrers or Arrows is of course another name for a set of darts dating back to the old days when players used miniature arrows to throw.
Trebles for show, doubles for dough, refers to the fact that it does not matter what you hit coming down, it is the double at the end that wins the prize.
An extract from a forth coming book.
� Copyright A J Hartley 1/9/03.
| i don't know |
Which English singer appeared in the 1998 film ‘The Wedding Singer’ as himself? | The Wedding Singer (6/6) Movie CLIP - Grow Old With You (1998) HD - YouTube
The Wedding Singer (6/6) Movie CLIP - Grow Old With You (1998) HD
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on May 26, 2011
The Wedding Singer movie clips: http://j.mp/15vNT5d
BUY THE MOVIE: http://bit.ly/2cyWv26
Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr
CLIP DESCRIPTION:
Robbie (Adam Sandler) sings to Julia (Drew Barrymore) on the plane, while Billy Idol helps keep Glenn (Matthew Glave) out of the way.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Mousse up your hair and pull your Missing Persons records out of mothballs for this romantic comedy set in that era of questionable fashion decisions, the '80s. In 1985, Robbie Hart (Adam Sandler) is a vocalist whose rock band stubbornly refuses to get off the ground. In the meantime, he makes a living playing wedding receptions, where his easy charm and ability to schmooze brings him a steady income. Robbie meets Julia Sullivan (Drew Barrymore) when she's working as a waitress at one of his wedding gigs; he immediately takes a shine to her, but since he's engaged, he keeps his distance. Robbie learns that Julia is also engaged; unfortunately, her fiancée Glen Gulia (Matthew Glave) is an obnoxious, self-obsessed yuppie who is chronically unfaithful to her. When Robbie gets stood up at the altar by his fiancée, it's a crushing blow to his ego, and he moves from working weddings to bar mitzvahs to avoid the humiliating issue of matrimony, and he considers giving up on music altogether. In time, Robbie realizes that he needs to step in and stop Julia from marrying Glen before the woman he's come to love ruins her life. Adam Sandler's former Saturday Night Live co-stars Kevin Nealon and Jon Lovitz make cameo appearances, as do Steve Buscemi and Billy Idol -- as himself.
CREDITS:
Cast: Matthew Glave, Adam Sandler
Director: Frank Coraci
Producers: Richard Brener, Jack Giarraputo, Brad Grey, Michelle Holdsworth, Ira Shuman, Robert Simonds, Rita Smith, Sandy Wernick, Brian Witten
Screenwriter: Tim Herlihy
WHO ARE WE?
The MOVIECLIPS channel is the largest collection of licensed movie clips on the web. Here you will find unforgettable moments, scenes and lines from all your favorite films. Made by movie fans, for movie fans.
SUBSCRIBE TO OUR MOVIE CHANNELS:
| Billy Idol |
The Kyat is the basic monetary unit of which country? | The Wedding Singer (1/6) Movie CLIP - A Drunken Toast (1998) HD - YouTube
The Wedding Singer (1/6) Movie CLIP - A Drunken Toast (1998) HD
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on May 26, 2011
The Wedding Singer movie clips: http://j.mp/15vNT5d
BUY THE MOVIE: http://bit.ly/2cyWv26
Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr
CLIP DESCRIPTION:
A drunk best man (Steve Buscemi) almost ruins his brother's wedding.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Mousse up your hair and pull your Missing Persons records out of mothballs for this romantic comedy set in that era of questionable fashion decisions, the '80s. In 1985, Robbie Hart (Adam Sandler) is a vocalist whose rock band stubbornly refuses to get off the ground. In the meantime, he makes a living playing wedding receptions, where his easy charm and ability to schmooze brings him a steady income. Robbie meets Julia Sullivan (Drew Barrymore) when she's working as a waitress at one of his wedding gigs; he immediately takes a shine to her, but since he's engaged, he keeps his distance. Robbie learns that Julia is also engaged; unfortunately, her fiancée Glen Gulia (Matthew Glave) is an obnoxious, self-obsessed yuppie who is chronically unfaithful to her. When Robbie gets stood up at the altar by his fiancée, it's a crushing blow to his ego, and he moves from working weddings to bar mitzvahs to avoid the humiliating issue of matrimony, and he considers giving up on music altogether. In time, Robbie realizes that he needs to step in and stop Julia from marrying Glen before the woman he's come to love ruins her life. Adam Sandler's former Saturday Night Live co-stars Kevin Nealon and Jon Lovitz make cameo appearances, as do Steve Buscemi and Billy Idol -- as himself.
CREDITS:
Cast: Steve Buscemi, Jack Nisbet, Adam Sandler, Paul Thiele, Phyllis Alia
Director: Frank Coraci
Producers: Richard Brener, Jack Giarraputo, Brad Grey, Michelle Holdsworth, Ira Shuman, Robert Simonds, Rita Smith, Sandy Wernick, Brian Witten
Screenwriter: Tim Herlihy
WHO ARE WE?
The MOVIECLIPS channel is the largest collection of licensed movie clips on the web. Here you will find unforgettable moments, scenes and lines from all your favorite films. Made by movie fans, for movie fans.
SUBSCRIBE TO OUR MOVIE CHANNELS:
| i don't know |
If an object is sherardized, what it is coated with? | BS EN 15773-2009 industrial application of powder organic coatings to hot dip galvanized or sherardized steel articles [duplex systems] specifications, recommendations and guidelines - Freestd - British Standards
Price:
Number of Pages:26
Preface:Organic coatings, Plastic coatings, Particulate materials, Coatings, Industrial, Coating processes, Steels, Coated materials, Hot-dip galvanizing, Hot-dip coating, Sherardizing, Zinc, Surfaces, Surface treatment, Consumer-supplier relations, Ordering, Inspection
Description:This European Standard specifies the agreements to be made between the client, the galvanizer / sherardizer, the chemical suppliers and the applicators of the pre-treatment and the powder organic coating systems (if they are not one and the same). It also specifies the quality of the galvanized or sherardized articles to which the powder organic coatings are to be applied and for the pre-treatment and powder organic coatings intended for application to the galvanized or sherardized articles. This standard applies to the application of hot dip galvanized, sherardized and powder organic coatings by controlled industrial processes to articles consisting of or manufactured from steel. The standard applies to hot dip galvanized products, galvanized in accordance with EN ISO 1461 and EN 10240 or products sherardized in accordance with EN 13811, as well as parts of these products manufactured from continuously galvanized sheet and strip galvanized in accordance with EN 10326 or EN 10327, which, after the galvanizing and/or assembly, or sherardizing, will have a powder organic coating system applied. This standard also applies to products which have been hot dip galvanized or sherardized according to specific product standards to which powder organic systems are applied. This standard might also be useful when supplying other organic coating systems (excluding wet paint systems).
Overview:
Cross References:EN 10021; EN 10130; EN 10326; EN 10327; EN 10163-1; EN 10163-2; EN 10163-3; EN 10221; EN 10240; EN 13438; EN 13811; EN ISO 1461; ISO 1461-1999; EN ISO 5817; ISO 5817-2005; ISO 5817-2005/Technical Corrigendum 1-2006; prEN ISO 14713-1; ISO/DIS 14713-1-2008; prEN ISO 14713-2; ISO/DIS 14713-2-2008; prEN ISO 14713-3; ISO/DIS 14713-3-2008; ISO 9223; EN ISO 12944; ISO 12944-1998; EN ISO 8504; ISO 8504-2000; EN ISO 2063; ISO 2063-2005
Catalog:
| Zinc |
A romaine is what variety of foodstuff? | Frank C. Porter Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys 1994 | Zinc | Corrosion
Frank C. Porter Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys 1994
You're Reading a Free Preview
Pages 11 to 20 are not shown in this preview.
You're Reading a Free Preview
Pages 31 to 96 are not shown in this preview.
You're Reading a Free Preview
Pages 107 to 195 are not shown in this preview.
You're Reading a Free Preview
Pages 206 to 389 are not shown in this preview.
You're Reading a Free Preview
Pages 400 to 532 are not shown in this preview.
| i don't know |
In animals, an onychetomy is the removal of which part of the body? | Onychectomy | Cats Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Share
This article is a stub . You can help Cats Wiki by expanding it .
Onychectomy, popularly known as declawing, is an operation to surgically remove an animal's claws by means of amputating all or part of the distal phalanx, or end bones, of the animal's toes. It is performed most often on household cats, though occasionally on other animals such as circus lions or dancing bears. Because the claw develops from germinal tissue deep within the third phalanx, amputation of the bone is necessary to remove the claw. The terms "onychectomy" (origin: Greek ὄνυξ onycho, nail + ἐκτομή ektome, excision) and "declawing" imply mere claw removal, but a more appropriate description would be phalangectomy, excision of toe bone.
Although common in North America , and Asian countries such as Japan , Korea , and China , elective declawing is considered an act of animal cruelty in certain other regions.
Navigation
| Claw |
Which Charles Dickens followed ‘Nicholas Nickleby’? | Mole | Animal Facts | Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust
Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust
Videos
All about moles
The mole is among the most common and widespread of mammals in the UK, but because it spends most of its life in the tunnels which it digs, it is rarely seen. For most people, it is the familiar sight of molehills of soil in woods and fields and even on lawns which is their only experience of these secretive animals.
What to look for
Moles are only about 15cm long, but have stout forearms and broad front paws with strong claws which give the animal its ability to tunnel so effectively underground. Their bodies are roughly cylindrical with no neck and a pointed nose, and they are covered in thick, dark fur.
Did you know?
A mole’s diet mainly consists of earthworms, but they also feed on beetles and other insects, even baby mice and occasionally shrews if they come upon them while on the surface. A mole needs to eat the equivalent of its own bodyweight each day. In autumn they make a store of hundreds of earthworms to last them through the winter. The worms are usually chewed off at the front end so they cannot crawl away, but remain alive and so provide fresh food for several months.
Moles breed between March and May. The gestation period is 30 days and 1-2 litters are born a year. Each litter has 3-6 young which are suckled for 4-5 weeks and become independent of their parents at about 2 months. Outside the mating season, moles lead solitary lives, each one in its own system of tunnels.
Moles are not blind, as most people believe. They do have eyes and internal ears, but these are very small to prevent them being clogged up and damaged during tunnelling. Although they can see, the mole’s eyesight is poor, with no ability to detect colours, just light from dark and movement. However, the mole has a special weapon to help it find other animals underground - an area of bare pink skin on the snout covered in tiny pimples that detect movement and the scents of prey and other moles.
Large molehills mark the position of a nest; a line of small molehills marks the direction of a deep tunnel; a continuous line of earth marks a very shallow tunnel.
Moles are considered as pests where they damage lawns and many methods are used to try to eradicate them, often with only limited success.
Photo gallery
Wild Life Skills #6 - Mole watching
Nick Baker introduces us to an unsual garden visitor - the mole. This is a rare chance to get up close to this elusive and rarely seen creature. Marvel at his flexible pointy nose and massive tunnel digging feet (that’s the mole, not Nick!).
| i don't know |
The Peewee Boyz were Europe’s first all-male what? | NHS in Leeds - Europe’s first all-male cheerleading squad to feature in BBC documentary
Europe’s first all-male cheerleading squad to feature in BBC documentary
07 October 2010
An innovative public health project, supported by NHS Leeds and Leeds City Council, which lead to the creation of Europe’s first all-male cheerleading squad is to be the focus of a BBC documentary to be screened next week.
Dance Action Zone Leeds (DAZL) has been supported by NHS Leeds and Leeds City Council since 2004. The project encourages children to dance their way to health and is part of a wider programme of work to tackle childhood obesity in Leeds.
One of the successes of DAZL has been the number of boys coming through the doors, which helped in setting up Europe’s first ever all-male competitive cheerleading squad - the Peewee Boyz. The squad has already chalked up some notable successes including major trophies at the British Cheerleading Association International Championships.
Their success has seen them become celebrities in their own right with appearances on MTV, Cbeebies (the BBC’s children’s channel) and features in national and international newspapers.
Dr Ian Cameron, Director of Public Health for NHS Leeds, says: “We have been staggered by the success of DAZL and in particular the work of the Peewee Boyz. Their achievements have helped break down some of the barriers that may have stopped young boys from taking part in dance – an activity that may have traditionally been seen as only for girls. This project demonstrates the value of innovative public health interventions that lead to long-term behaviour changes. We are delighted by the success of the programme and hope it continues.”
Sue Pennycook, DAZL’s Director, adds: “We are extremely proud of all the children who have taken part in our sessions for the last 10 years. The Peewee Boyz are in the limelight as Europe’s first all-male cheerleading group but I know all the young people taking part in our programme have done exceptionally well. Finally I would like to thank NHS Leeds and Leeds City Council for supporting the development of the project – a brave and positive step that has paid off.”
The Peewee Boyz squad was founded by Ian Rodley, himself a young DAZL participant, who went onto higher education and now leads several of DAZL’s programmes.
With the support of Cherry Brown, head coach, and Vicky Mawson, tutor, the boys continue to go from strength to strength. This year they have raised £14,000 through benefit performances and bag packing. They have also received support from local businesses including South Leeds and Hunslet Cars and Hesco Bastion.
You can find out more about DAZL, including details of classes available, by calling 0113 270 6903.
The BBC documentary “Wonderland - Boy Cheerleaders” will be shown on Wednesday 13 October 2010 at 9pm on BBC2.
Notes
NHS Leeds
NHS Leeds is responsible for ensuring that the people of Leeds have access to the health services they need. With a budget of over £1.3 billion, it is one of the largest primary care trusts (PCTs) in the country commissioning (planning and funding) healthcare services for over 750,000 Leeds residents.
Dance Action Zone Leeds (DAZL)
DAZL is a community dance project for young people in Leeds, it was established in 2000 as a public Health initiative. It aims to improve the mental and physical health of young women aged 8-25 years through dance activity in disadvantaged communities of Leeds. It also aims to improve the mental and physical health of the wider community of Leeds through dance and performing arts related activity.
Quark Films
Quark Films was founded in 2006 by Anna Higgs and Gavin Humphries, graduates of the UK’s National Film and Television School. Their recent groundbreaking feature documentary ‘The People Vs George Lucas’ explores the love/hate relationship between Star Wars fans and the creator of the franchise, George Lucas, and is set for theatrical release in winter 2010.
They've produced documentaries for Channel 4, BBC Scotland, the UK Film Council and the Scottish Documentary Institute, often dealing proactively with social issues and working in partnership with organisations, such as Kids Company.
Quark has also made numerous successful short films, which have been shortlisted for the Oscars© and selected for prestigious international film festivals, including Sundance, Tribeca and Edinburgh.
| Cheerleading |
Who does a pediatric doctor specialise in treating? | Leeds all male cheerleaders aim for Britain's Got Talent glory - Yorkshire Evening Post
Leeds all male cheerleaders aim for Britain's Got Talent glory
08:11
08:14 Monday 17 January 2011
Europe's first all-male competitive cheerleading squad are hoping to dazzle the Britain's Got Talent judges in their bid for stardom.
Leeds-based Peewee Boyz are hoping to impress judges Amanda Holden, comic Michael McIntyre and David Hasselhoff to be in with the chance to perform at the Royal Variety Show.
* Click here to watch latest YEP news and sport video reports.
It marks the latest success for the boys, part of the DAZL squad, who have already won major trophies at the British Cheerleading Association International Championships and appeared on MTV and the Paul O'Grady Show.
* Click here to sign up to free news and sport email alerts from your YEP.
But in between rehearsing for the ITV1 show the squad have even had the time to star in a music video for dance music producer Tiesto - filmed in the heart of Middleton.
DAZL founder Ian Rodley said: "The boys are just really, really buzzing at the moment but for them to go even further in Britain's Got Talent will mean everything.
"It is one step further for them to achieve their dreams and go to America to compete against the world's best.
"I think being the only male competitive cheerleading group helps to give the boys and edge but it would be amazing for them to perform in front of royalty."
The Middleton-based Peewee Boyz were set up as part of Dance Action Zone Leeds (DAZL), which is supported by NHS Leeds and Leeds City Council.
The project encourages children to dance their way to health and is part of a wider programme of work to tackle childhood obesity in Leeds.
Their music video debut in A Beautiful World will be aired soon and features the boys dancing on the streets of Middleton.
Mr Rodley added: "The video has got a Shameless-eque type of feel to it and it was an amazing production.
"I think that the skills they learn and the life skills they gain are invaluable and is something they can carry on throughout life."
The lads have already enjoyed success winning Community Arts Award in the first YEP's Community Awards.
To find out whether the group managed to wow the judges tune in to Britain's Got Talent next month.
Sign in
| i don't know |
Which ancient Greek is known as ‘The Father of Medicine’? | What Is Ancient Greek Medicine?
Modern Medicine
What Is Ancient Greek Medicine?
As the Egyptian civilization faded, the Greek one emerged around 700 BC. The Greek civilization prevailed until "the end of antiquity" around 600 AD. The Greeks were great philosophers and their physicians lent more towards rational thinking when dealing with medicine, compared to the Egyptians. Ancient Greek medicine is probably the basis of modern scientific medicine.
The first schools to develop in Greece were in Sicilly and Calabria, in what today is Italy. The most famous and influential being the Pythagorean school. Pythagoras, the great mathematician, brought his theory of numbers into the natural sciences - at that time medicine was not yet a definable subject.
Followers of Pythagoras, Pythagoreans, believed that numbers had precise meanings, especially the numbers 4 and 7. They mentioned that the Bible refers to infinity as 70x7, and that 7x4 is the duration of the lunar month as well as the menstrual cycle (28 days), 7x40 is 280 which is how long a pregnancy is when it reaches full term. They also believed that a baby would enjoy better health if he/she was born on the seventh month rather than the 8th.
The 40-day quarantine period to avoid disease contagion comes from the idea that the number forty is sacred.
According to ancient records, another early Greek medical school was set up in Cnidus in 700 BC. Alcmaen worked at this school, where the practice of observing patients began.
Alcmaeon (circa 500BC) of Croton is considered as one of the most eminent medical theorists and philosophers in ancient history. Some believe he was a student of Pythagoras. He wrote widely on medicine; however, some historians say he was probably a philosopher of science, and perhaps not a physician. As far as we know, he was the first person to wonder about the possible internal causes of illness. He put forward the idea that illness may be caused by environmental problems, nutrition and lifestyle.
Greek civilization was very different form the Egyptian one. The Egyptian empire was ruled by a monarch, while the Greek system involved several city-states which were ruled by local governments. Athens was democratic, its people voted rulers in, while Macedon was a dictatorship and Sparta was under military rule. Ancient Greece had a variety of systems.
Apart from being great traders, the Greeks were relatively wealthy; they promoted and enjoyed culture and adored poetry, public debates, politics, architecture, sculpture, comedy and drama. Their writing was phonetic, meaning it could be read out loud; a much more flexible form of written communication compared to the hieroglyphs the Egyptians used.
Their thirst for logic and logically-based discussions meant that mathematics and science could really develop. Aristotle, a mathematician, thrived in the Greek system. Socrates, a teacher, promoted the concept of asking questions into teaching methodologies.
From 600 BC onwards, the Greeks became more and more inquisitive about things around them - their discussions on why things exist, why they happen were approached rationally.
In 600 BC Anaximander put forward the idea that all matter was made up of earth, water, air and fire - which he called elements. It was not long before Greek physicians wondered whether all illnesses and disorders might not have a natural cause, and if so, would they not better respond to natural cures, rather than incantations and attempts at repelling evil spirits, like the Egyptians did.
Around 300 BC Alexander the Great had turned Greece into a massive empire, which spread all over the Middle East. The city of Alexandria was built in Egypt, and became a vast center for education and learning.
Although they still believed in and had their gods, science gradually took over when trying to explain the reason and solution for illness and other things in general.
The ancient Greeks believed medicine revolved around the theory of humors.
The most famous, and probably the most important medical figure in Ancient Greece was Hippocrates, who is known today as "The Father of Medicine".
Hippokrates of Kos, The Father of Western Medicine
Hippocrates (460-370 BC) - The Father of
Western Medicine
Hippocrates of Kos (or Cos) (460 BC - 370 BC) is considered as one of the giants in the history of medicine in recognition for his contributions to the medical field as founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. What was taught at his school revolutionized medicine - it was established as a discipline in its own right. Up until then, medicine was linked to philosophy and the practice of rituals, casting off evil spirits and incantations (Theurgy). It was Hippocrates' and his school's teachings which established medicine as a profession.
The Hippocratic Corpus, written by Hippocrates and colleagues at his school, consisted of about 60 early Ancient Greek medical works. Medical historians say it is impossible to tell what was written by him or other people.
Hippocrates is credited with creating the Hippocratic Oath, a vow taken by medical students when they become qualified doctors. The oath is also taken today by other healthcare professionals. They swear to practice medicine ethically and honestly. Some classical scholars, such as Ludwig Edelstein, believe that the oath was created by Pythagoreans. Nobody is completely sure who wrote it.
It is believed that Hippocrates advanced the systematic study of clinical medicine, i.e. the study of disease by direct examination of the living patient.
Medical historians say that Hippocrates and those practicing or having studied at his school were bound by the Hippocratic Oath and its strict ethical code. Students paid a fee to enter the school and were taken under their teacher's wing almost as if they were of the same family. Medical training would have included oral teaching and practical work as a teacher's assistant - the Oath states that a student must interact with patients.
Hippocrates and those from his school where the first people to describe and properly document several diseases and disorders. Hippocrates is thought to be the first to make a detailed description of clubbing of the fingers, a hallmark sign of chronic suppurative lung disease, cyanotic heart disease, and lung cancer. Some doctors today when making a diagnosis, will write "Hippocratic fingers" when referring to clubbed fingers.
The Hippocratic Face - this is a description of a face not long before death. It is a prognostic description, made by Hippocrates:
"(If the patient's facial) appearance may be described thus: the nose sharp, the eyes sunken, the temples fallen in, the ears cold and drawn in and their lobes distorted, the skin of the face hard, stretched and dry, and the colour of the face pale or dusky.... and if there is no improvement within [a prescribed period of time], it must be realized that this sign portends death."
Hippocrates and his school were the first to use the following medical terms for illnesses and patients' conditions:
Acute
Resolution
How Aristotle and Plato influenced medical practice and research
Two famous Greek philosophers, Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) and Plato (424/423 BC - 348/347 BC) came to the conclusion that the human body had no use in the afterlife. This new way of thinking spread and influenced Greek doctors, who at Alexandria, Egypt, starting dissecting dead bodies and studying them. Sometimes even bodies of live criminals were cut open. It was through this kind of research that the surgeon Herophilus (335-280 BC) came to the conclusion that it was not the heart that controlled the movement of limbs, but the brain. Erasistratus (304 BC - 250 BC) found out that blood moves through the veins - however, he overlooked the fact that it circulates).
Aristotle's and Plato's philosophies, writings and speeches allowed the Greeks to start finding out about the inside of the human body in a systematic way.
Thucydides (circa 460 BC - circa 395 BC), a Greek historian, often called the "Father of Scientific History", came to the conclusion that prayers were totally ineffective against illnesses and plagues. He added that epilepsy had a scientific explanation and had nothing to do with angry gods or evil spirits.
Thycydides wrote, in his work 'History of the Peloponnesian War':
"I shall describe what the plague was like ... At the beginning the doctors were unable to treat the disease because of their ignorance of the right methods. Equally useless were prayers in the temples, consulting the oracles and suchlike."
The great minds of the time pushed science forward, so that medical professionals, scientists and researchers could seek out entirely natural theories for the cause of diseases.
The Four Humors in the Human Body
At that time, everybody thought that natural matter was made of four basic elements - earth, water, air and fire. It was not long that this theory gave them the idea that the human body consisted of the four humors, and that keeping those humors in balance was essential for good health. This theory survived for nearly 2,000 years (up to 1700 AD).
The four humors in the human body were:
Blood
Yellow bile
Black bile
According to Hippocrates in his work "The Constitution of Man", these four humors make up a human's body "through them he feels illness or enjoys health. When all the humors are properly balanced and mingled, he feels the most perfect health. Illness occurs when one of the humors is in excess, or is reduced in amount, or is entirely missing from the body."
Did the Greeks perform surgery?
We know the Greeks dissected dead bodies, and even live ones sometimes to find out what was going on inside. Medical historians doubt whether they performed internal surgical operations.
There were always some Greek states at war, which gave doctors vast experience in practical first aid, and they became skilled experts.
Greek doctors were good at setting broken bones and fixing dislocated ones. They could even cure a slipped disc.
As in Ancient Egypt, the Greeks had no anesthetics, and only some herbal antiseptic mixes. Without anesthetics it is virtually impossible to perform surgery deep inside the human body.
How did Greek doctors diagnose and treat patients?
The methods for reaching diagnoses by Greek doctors were not that different from what happens today. Many of their natural remedies are similar to a number of effective home remedies we currently use. Their theory of the four humors though, was mainly an obstacle to medical practice. About two thousand years later, that theory was found to be false.
Greek doctors would carry out a clinical observation; they performed a thorough physical examination of their patient. They would refer to their Hippocratic books for guidance on how to carry out the examinations and which diseases they should consider or try to rule out.
Over time, magic and appealing to gods gave way to seeking out natural causes for illnesses. This led to researching for natural cures. Greek doctors became expert herbalists and prescribers of natural remedies. They became convinced that the best healer is nature.
Hippocratic books mentioned:
For chest diseases - barley soup, plus vinegar and honey, which would bring up phlegm.
For pain in the side - dip a large soft sponge in water and apply gently. If the pain has reached the collar bone, then bleeding near the elbow is recommended until the blood flows bright red.
For pneumonia - give the patient a bath, it relieves pain and helps him bring up phlegm. The patient must remain completely still in the bath.
By trying to balance the four humors when patients were ill, doctors would sometimes get things right, even if it was for the wrong reasons. When attempting to balance the natural heat of a patient, they:
kept patients warm when they had a cold
kept feverish and sweaty patients dry and cool
bled patients to restore the blood balance
purged patients to restore the bile balance. This would have been done by giving them laxatives, making them vomit, or giving them diuretics
The first two treatments mentioned above make sense in modern medicine, the third one does not, while the fourth depends on the person's illness. If the patient has swallowed something toxic, inducing vomiting might be appropriate.
Despite their apparent period of enlightenment, many doctors would still appeal to their Gods if treatments were not effective. Asklepios was the Greek god of healing, and there was a temple in Epidaurus, called Asklepion.
Some doctors would treat their patients and then take them to the abaton to spend the night asleep; the abaton was a holy place in a temple. They believed that Hygeia and Panacea, daughters of Asklepios would arrive with two holy snakes which would cure the patients. From "Hygeia" we have the word hygiene. The snake today is the symbol of pharmacists.
Did Ancient Greece have a public health system?
Authorities in Greece were not yet aware of the need for public health; the Greek city states did not strive to ensure their people had a good supply of water so they could wash themselves and keep their homes clean. There were no public sewage systems either.
However, the people were great believers in staying healthy. Well off and educated Greeks worked at remaining at a constant temperature, cleaning their teeth, washing regularly, keeping fit, and eating healthily. Their aim was to keep the four humors in balance throughout the year.
Greek doctors were strong believers in doing things in moderations.
Out of every three children born, only two would ever reach the age of two years. The life-expectancy of a healthy Greek adult was about fifty years.
According to Hippocrates, poor people would be too focused on making ends meet to be too concerned about their overall health.
Even though religion was slowly making way to logical reasoning, people still called on their gods to heal them at the Asklepion. Eventually, these temples became health spas, gymnasiums, public baths, and sports stadiums.
On the next page, we look at ancient roman medicine .
| Hippocrates |
In 1975, Junko Tabei became the first woman to reach the summit of which mountain? | Garden of Praise: Hippocrates Biography
Father of Medicine
Born in 460 B.C. - Died in 377 B.C.
Hippocrates (hih POK ruh teez) lived 400 years before the birth of Christ. He is known as the father of medicine because many of the things he discovered are still practiced today.
During the time when Hippocrates lived, people were very superstitious.* They believed there were four fluids in the body which matched four elements; earth, air, fire and water. They would carry sick people to the temple because they thought the god of medicine, Aesculapius (es kyoo LAY pe us) could heal them. They would say magic words over the patient to try and heal them.
Hippocrates taught that diseases came from natural causes. He had observed many patients and carefully recorded their symptoms and the way their illnesses developed. He would look at the color of the skin, and how the eyes looked. He would look for fevers and chills. He described many illnesses including
pneumonia,* tetanus,* tuberculosis,* arthritis,* mumps,*
and malaria.*
He told his students to carefully observe their patients and to learn from the things they had observed. He said the human body could heal itself and could return itself to good health. The patient was given something to relieve pain, but nothing else was done.
He told his patients they should eat a moderate amount of food; not too much and not too little. A moderate amount of exercise was recommended. Patients were encouraged to walk for exercise.
Doctors were told to make sure their hands were clean before they treated patients. He said the operating room should be well lighted and look cheerful. He thought patients in good spirits would heal faster.
Ancient Greek surgical instruments
Doctors were told to make sure their hands were clean before they treated patients. He said the operating room should be well lighted and look cheerful. He thought patients in good spirits would heal faster.
Physicians should be men of honor, according to Hippocrates. He encouraged them to work as hard as possible for the good of the sick.
The Hippocratic (hip uh CRAT ick) Oath was named for him. It included rules of conducts for doctors and even today doctors still honor a form of the oath.
This biography by Patsy Stevens, a retired teacher, was written in 2001.
| i don't know |
Peter Gilchrist is a world champion in which sport? | Peter Gilchrist - 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015
Singapore
SEA Games veteran Peter Gilchrist is poised to add to his medal collection.
Competing as a professional Billiards player for more than 20 years, Peter Gilchrist knows a thing or two about bearing the weight of expectations.
He has three WPBSA World Championships titles, two medals from the Asian Games and six SEA Games medals. In spite of all that success, the 47-year old will take to the table hungry as ever, when the 2015 SEA Games cue sports competition begins at the OCBC Arena.
“I just can’t wait for it. It’s just really good, having the support. Normally, when you go away for the SEA Games, you don’t really know what to expect. Whereas
here, we’ve put on a little test match over the weekend, which I thought was a really good idea, because it gave the rest of players a little bit of insight on what it’ll be like when the SEA Games comes around,” Gilchrist pointed out.
“At least we know what the arena is going to be like, we can practice on the tables, so there shouldn’t be any excuse.”
As defending champion for the Men’s English Billiards event, Gilchrist is naturally the favourite to defend his title, but the England-born Singaporean is hoping to secure victory in another category as well.
“I’ve never won a team gold, in the billiards, or doubles. That’s one that I’ve really wanted to win,” he shared.
“We’ve been really unfortunate, the last few SEA Games. Okay, I’ve managed to win the singles, but I’d like to win the team one, because that would mean just as much as the singles, really.”
The 1988 English Amateur Championship winner’s string of successes has seen him become Singapore’s most recognisable name in cue sports. However, the recent emergence of Aloysius Yapp, winner of the 2014 Under-19 World Junior Championships in nine-ball pool, has the country dreaming of another champion alongside Gilchrist.
“Aloysius Yapp is the world youth champion. He’s a really good player,” Gilchrist stated.
“I hope the occasion isn’t too much for him, because it’s his first SEA Games, and with it being in Singapore, there’s a lot of expectation on him. If he doesn’t perform, he’s got many, many years ahead. This will be a great experience for him. “
A good showing by Gilchrist, Yapp and the rest of the Singapore cue sports team would certainly go a long way to boosting the game’s standing in the country. Support them during the 28th SEA Games billiards and snooker competition from 6th to 10th June 2015.
Billiards & Snooker will be held at the OCBC Arena from June 6 - June 10. Get your tickets here to catch Peter Gilchrist in action!
| Cue sports |
Neossology is the study of which young creatures? | Record-breaking World Billiards champion Advani 'in seventh heaven' - Rediff.com Sports
Rediff.com » Sports » Record-breaking World Billiards champion Advani 'in seventh heaven'
Record-breaking World Billiards champion Advani 'in seventh heaven'
Last updated on: October 25, 2014 14:14 IST
Pankaj Advani is in seventh heaven after adding yet another world title to his kitty following his World Billiards Championship triumph in the 150-up points format.
India's cue sports champion trounced Singapore's Peter Gilchrist 6-2 in the final to pocket his 11th World crown on Friday.
The final scoreline read: 23-151 (145 unfinished), 151 (127)-16, 116-150, 151(108 unfinished)-104, 150(150 unfinished)-0, 151(118)-58, 150-4, 150(77 unfinished)-145(104)
"I'm in seventh heaven! I returned to India to focus on this very event and it has paid off.
"Gilchrist was the most dangerous competitor in the tournament and in a dream final. I am happy with the way I performed," said an elated Advani after clinching the title in the shorter format of the sport.
Advani had lost to Gilchrist in the league stage 2-3, but seemed determined to avenge the defeat in his most crucial match of the tournament.
In 2014, Advani has won three different world titles: the IBSF World 6-Red Snooker, World Team Billiards and World Billiards Championship (points format), an unprecedented record in itself.
With little time to celebrate as the 'Time' format starts on Saturday, Advani is keeping his emotions in check to concentrate on the task at hand.
"The job is only half done. I have to now focus on the longer format and try for a double. I have a match at noon tomorrow, so celebrations will have to wait. But no complaints," said the 29-year-old Bangalore cueist.
Opting out of the professional snooker circuit in the UK, Advani chose to return to India to focus on billiards along with snooker (as opposed to only snooker) and represent India in all the majors, a decision that proved right yet again.
Image: Pankaj Advani
| i don't know |
If a bone is navicular, it is shaped like what? | Navicular - definition of navicular by The Free Dictionary
Navicular - definition of navicular by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/navicular
Related to navicular: Navicular fossa
na·vic·u·lar
n.
1. A comma-shaped bone of the human wrist, located in the first row of carpals.
2. A concave bone of the human foot, located between the talus and the metatarsals. In both senses also called scaphoid.
adj.
Shaped like a boat; scaphoid.
[From Latin nāvicula, boat, diminutive of nāvis, ship; see nāu- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
navicular
(Anatomy) a small boat-shaped bone of the wrist or foot
[C16: from Late Latin nāviculāris, from Latin nāvicula, diminutive of nāvis ship]
na•vic•u•lar
1. boat-shaped, as certain bones.
n.
2. the bone at the radial end of the proximal row of the bones of the carpus.
3. the bone in front of the talus on the inner side of the foot.
[1535–45; < Late Latin nāviculāris of, relating to shipping = Latin nāvicul(a) a small ship (nāvi(s) ship + -cula -cule 1) + -āris -ar 1]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
carpal , carpal bone , wrist bone - any of the eight small bones of the wrist of primates
Adj.
anatomy , general anatomy - the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals
formed - having or given a form or shape
Translations
a. en forma de nave;
___ abdomen → abdomen ___;
___ bone → hueso ___;
___ fossa of urethra → fosa ___ de la uretra.
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
Reports: Yao could miss season
Palpal coxae and trochanters reddish orange, more distal segments orange; second trochanters and femora with white, navicular setae, trochanters and femora with small tubercles, densest on posterior surfaces; coxae with long, white setae, without thickened white setae posteriorly; tibiae with short, stiff setae but without tubercles.
Bones chewed by canids as evidence for human excarnation: a British case study
They also include a recommendation for an x-ray of the foot if there is pain in the mid-foot zone with bony tenderness at either the base of the 5th metatarsal or the navicular, or an inability to weight bear for more than four steps immediately following the injury (Stiell, Greenberg et al.
| Boat (disambiguation) |
In cooking, what is calamares? | Navicular Cases - Sandy JudyEquine Art & Hoofcare
Sandy JudyEquine Art & Hoofcare
Navicular Cases
What is Navicular Disease?
Navicular disease or syndrome (also called caudal heel pain syndrome) is surprisingly misunderstood by horse health professionals and horse owners alike. (And lots of writers too! Read this link )
Due to this widespread disagreement in how navicular syndrome is caused and how it should be treated, many horses have suffered through costly medical and shoeing treatments ultimately ending in euthanasia! The fact that an affected horse can be permanently healed through holistic hoof care is universally ignored. While not all horses affected by navicular syndrome can be cured with restoring proper hoof function and form, many can.
The hoof is designed by nature to work in a very specific way. If it is distorted and deformed by contraction, excess horn growth and/or shoes, it generally reports pain in the heel. If the heels are long/high and the bars are long/high, the pain in the foot reported by the corium above the excess horn and below the navicular bone makes the horse lame. Long toe/low heel syndrome is also another cause. I believe these two causes are very different but both do damage to the navicular bursa, the ligaments and tendon attachments, and ultimately to the navicular bone itself. My belief is based on what I believe to be true about how the hoof works. Basically, if you pinch your finger long enough in the same spot, you are going to do damage to the underlying parts of your finger. This isn't rocket science but it's amazing how many well-educated professionals don't acknowledge this simple fact!
At first it may not even be noticed that the horse is taking short strides and landing toe-first. Shoes, being metal, constrict the expansion of the hoof, prevent proper breakover, and conduct cold into the hoof thus reducing the pain felt until major damage has been done. So-called "orthopedic" shoes and drugs constrict the blood flow and nerve function even more. This fools the owner into thinking her horse is "cured of navicular" with new shoes and drugs. The conventional medical treatment eventually calls for surgically removing the nerves which report the pain. That's the equivalant to shooting the messenger because he is reporting damage. But these nerves eventually grow back and the "treatment" advised then is euthanasia.
Something as simple as hiring a trained hoofcare professional that would trim the foot and rehabilitate the horse is not as costly as dead-end conventional treatments and the horse may come sound, sometimes even after just one trim! (This is if the horse is young and hasn't sustained any significant bone damage.)
HOWEVER....if the hoof has been in a state of deformity for some years, bone spurs form on the navicular bone. The impar ligament which attaches the navicular bone can become stressed to the point of forming ossifications (tension causes bone to form). Combined with the erosion of the inside of the navicular bone from pressure of blood being backed up, the navicular bone shows changes on x ray. The worst navicular damage I've ever seen in a cadaver foot showed the navicular bone fused to the short pastern and the coffin bone.
For more education on Navicular Syndrome, read the new book " Navicular No More" by Hiltrud Strasser, DVM
Holistic treatment differs greatly from pallative (conventional) treatment.
Veterinarians differ widely on their opinions of navicular disease. Some have at least started to call it "caudal heel pain syndrome" which simply says they have figured out that it is a chronic syndrome of pain in the back part of the foot. But some "researchers" have gone so far as to butcher horses while still alive in the effort to surgically remove the navicular bone.
When you understand the purpose of the navicular bone and its normal function in a healthy foot, this is probably the most absurdly inhumane thing that someone sworn to be a health professional could possibly do.
The navicular bone simply acts to provide the deep flexor tendon a way to make the 90 degree bend to attach to the underside of the coffin bone. Anytime you have a tendon that must bend and slide over a joint, you see a bone develop evolutionarily to provide ease of movement. This is mechanically like a rope and pulley system. The navicular bone is the pulley and the flexor tendon is the rope. As the muscles of the shoulder contract to lift the foot, the DDFT (deep digital flexor tendon) slides over the joints of the elbow, metacarpal, fetlock joints and navicular bone, Sesamoids are bones that act in a similar way at the fetlock joint. (the navicular bone is the distal sesamoid)
The navicular bone, being shaped like a little boat (navy) is connected to the coffin bone and the short pastern by ligaments. It also has a little fluid filled pillow, the navicular bursa, which protects it. This bursa can become damaged (loss of fluid). What causes this damage? High sharp bars pushing up and in due to contraction of the hoof! Since the bar horn is very sharp and hard and it is directly below the navicular area, when it grows to excess (which happens when it is contracted or not trimmed or anytime the horse isn't moving 15 miles a day over abrasive terrain) it pinches the corium between the DDFT. There is approximately only 5 mms or 3/16" between the DDFT/navicular bone/bursa and the bar/sole horn. Since horn is very plastic, when the bars are overgrown and not trimmed, they push upwards pinching the corium. This causes pain as the corium is very blood and nerve rich. The ingrown bars can be sharp and cause extreme pain. So the horse evades the pain by putting his front feet back behind the vertical. See photo below.
Contraction: The most damaging cause of Navicular lameness!
This photo shows a severely contracted foot. The blue lines indicate where the walls of the hoof should be. This is a 4 yr old QH which was raised in a stall and shod from an early age (some are shod as early as 1 and half yrs old!!!) The horse has been out of shoes for 2 weeks in this photo and I had not yet trimmed him (Before). His heels are long/high and under-run, bars are high/long and pushed up into the hoof capsule. The bars were also weight-bearing making them extremely painful. The horn quality of the wall horn is extremely poor and thin. The owner was advised by her farrier that there was "nothing to nail to". It's like the Chinese foot-binding practice and shoeing a young horse that is kept in a stall deforms the bones in the feet. This kind of problem is something that may never be resolved to a satisfactory outcome.
A horse experiencing heel pain from high bars, heels and contraction issues
This horse was diagnosed with navicular syndrome. This photo was taken before I trimmed it for the first time and after the shoes had been removed for 2 weeks.
Veterinarians diagnose navicular disease, aside from visible lameness, by the degeneration of the navicular bone showing holes or erosion which can be seen on X-ray. The mistaken belief is that the bone loss is the cause for the pain. Bone spongiosa does not contain nerves! This "mysterious" bone loss is not hereditary or some kind of disease! It is simply the eroding that happens from blood pressure which is backed up into the back part of the foot, including the navicular fossa due to high heels The high heels force the occlusion of the deep digital arteries via pressure on the dorsal laminar corium.
Bone dissolves under pressure! When there is pain from the corium, which is getting pinched from the sharp ingrown high bars, the horse puts his weight on his toe. This allows the heel and bar horn to grow even faster. The dorsal corium is pinched up against the dorsal wall due to the coffin bone being pushed forward and tipped up by high heels. This blood pressure increases in the coffin bone and the navicular bone dissolving the openings. Also the distal edge of the navicular bone is attached to the coffin bone by the impar ligament. This ligament gets overstressed with high heels as it puts the navicular bone in an unnatural position.
So simply put, if the bars are trimmed to remove the pain and the heels are lowered so that the coffin bone is ground parallel, so-called navicular disease can be "cured" in one trim! HOWEVER, if the damaging high bars and heels have existed for many years AND the hoof is deformed and contracted due to shoes, improper trimming and/or not enough movement on abrasive ground, OR if the horse has been treated for lameness by drugs and "orthopedic" shoeing, the damage may be very extensive and include other organ damage. So there is much to consider when trying to holistically fix a very damaged hoof by trimming and rehabilitating. But deciding to start rehabilitating a horse that is mature or aged (in it's teens) is one that ultimately needs to be made by it's owner knowing full-well what is involved.
Stalls and lack of movement can help to cause navicular disease
It has been said that what's best for the inside of the horse is the outside of the stable. Stabling horses in a 12 x 12 foot stall or smaller is like putting your child in a closet or phone booth. It is stressful and causes physical and mental problems that may last a lifetime. When horses are kept with their heads up to see out of a stall door, this causes problems with their feet and lungs. They can also get cast in a stall and hurt themselves, even to the point of breaking a leg.
I do not recommend putting horses in stalls, but sometimes it is a temporary necessity. If you must put your horse in a stall due to circumstances like a show or immediate need, it is best to keep it as clean as possible. The reason for this is that ammonia in filthy bedding breaks down the protein in hoof horn. I like to use the stall time to soak hooves in ACV water. I put the feed or hay at ground level if possible and make sure there is plenty of good ventilation.
Horses do not need blankets but here again you may want to keep the horse clean right before an event or keep a wet horse from getting chilled. Horses should be out 24/7 but this is not always possible. However, limit the time your horse has to spend in the stall and take into consideration the stress you are causing by offsetting it with a homeopathic like Rescue Remedy or put some magnesium in their feed to reduce acid damage.
The horse in a stall is like a fish out of water; it won't die immediately, but it will eventually because it is not in the environment it evolved to live in. When a veterinarian recommends stalling to limit movement, ask yourself if the damage done by stalling is worth the price. Even horses that have had catastrophic injuries like puncture wounds or broken legs can benefit by movement as blood circulation will help to heal the injury.
Typical "Navicular" shod foot that is contracted with high heels
Because the blood flow is restricted to the laminar corium in the dorsal surface of the coffin bone, attachment there will be damaged and the horse, once the shoe is removed and the foot is trimmed properly, will experience inflamation (laminitis) and abscessing. The crack in this foot is in the center of the hoof. The front wall begins to flatten then an inward crack begins. By the way, this is a four year old horse! Navicular "disease" has been diagnosed by veterinarians even in 2 year olds!
Another "navicular" foot
Although this foot has been barefoot for some time, it was shod and then the shoes were removed and a conventional farrier trimmed it every 6 to 8 weeks. It is contracted with high heels and long bars and lateral walls. The coffin bone is tipped forward and down and squeezed tightly forward against the dorsal wall. An inward quarter crack is just beginning (under the R). This is a 5 year old!
Similar to the hoof above
The quarter crack starting can be seen in almost the exact same place as the hoof above. The long heel has begun to collapse under the foot which jacks the bars up. The coffin bone is tipped forward but it does not appear as much because the heel is so long that it has collapsed.
Never shod, regularly trimmed by a farrier
Again it's obvious to see that the heels and lateral walls are long. The difference in this foot and the one above is that the coffin bone has begun to rotate away from its dorsal wall connection. Though this is not a navicular case, I put it here to help people understand that heel pain in a contracted foot and heel pain in a wide foot can manifest as two different "diseases". (Look at this horse's case by clicking here .) The inward quarter crack that is only just forming on the foot above has completely manifested on this foot.
Typical hoof with problems associated with navicular disease
This hoof has similar issues to the ones above. The long heel, bulging profile, and dragged-down toe hairline indicate a coffin bone that has significant rotation. Poor laminar wall attachment is indicated by the toe flare as well as the quarter crack coming from the long lateral walls and high bars. This hoof was significantly more contracted than the other front foot and had medial to lateral imbalances as well. The other front foot was in a simlar state of poor attachment with medial to lateral imbalances too. The sole view shows barely any concavity. This is a 3 yr old warmblood/TB with mostly natural up-bringing (out 24-7) but had gotten this bad with irregular farrier trimming
Medial to lateral imbalance
This photo shows an imbalance in weight distribution on the hoof capsule. You can see that the horse has put more weight on the inside (medial) wall while the lateral wall has flared out. There is ringbone on the lateral side of the pastern joint created from compensating for the imbalanced hoof capsule. These imbalances create problems in the joints all the way up to the shoulder and back. Not only do they cause problems in this limb, but because of compensation, will cause the other three feet to wear abnormally. What is the solution? You guessed it right? Its trimming the hoof to rebalance the coffin bone and grow in a better attachment and suspension with even weight-bearing from side to side and front to back. We can no longer repair the damage done to the coffin bone or the ossifications the body sent in to stabilize the joint from un-natural weight distribution but the joints will adjust to a rebalanced hoof and the health of the attachment will help re-suspend the coffin bone properly.
Damage by shoes and under-run heel
This is the BEFORE. You see how the foot grows forward then the heel collapses and the toe wall in a shod horse stretches the toe wall laminae as in the shod horse above.
Damage comes out later as abscess in toe wall and whole sole
This owner trims this horse with my help (occasionally) But the damage done by years of pressure erupted in a major abscess that encompassed the toe wall and the sole. See subsequent views of this foot below.
Abscess exits at the coronet starting to grow out.
Though abscess exits generally come out at the coronet, people often believe that that is where the damage exists. That is only the exit point. The damage is to the whole dorsal toe wall corium and the damage goes from the toe up. You can actually see this dorsal wall has bulged out and has a channel from the toe up. The horse was lame for several weeks before the abscess popped out. When pressure damages corium to the point of necrosis (tissue death) the body identifies the damaged tissue and cleans it up with an abscess. The abscess itself has enzymes that dissolve the dead tissue and produce pressure which helps it to find an exit out of the hoof capsule. This pressure is extremely painful. If you've ever experienced a boil or a hematoma under your fingernail, you'll have a mild idea what this pain is like.
We once dissected a cadaver foot that looked relatively healthy. When we removed the wall horn, an abscess of black goo was traveling up between the lamella. It was under pressure and must have been the cause for the horse's euthanasia. Imagine if you were given a death sentence because you had a bad blood blister under your finger nail!! If people would just apply common sense to understanding the hoof and how it works, there would be a whole lot less horses put down due to lameness.
Damage from loss of suspension and attachment in the toe cause solar abscess
What you are seeing here is the new sole that has grown underneath the abscess. The white areas are excess bar material which should have been trimmed out as the bars were the ultimate cause of the damage done to the dorsal laminar corium.
New navicular case Right front
Also a quarter horse with one front foot more contracted than the other. He presented with some lameness on his RF. This photo was taken after his first trim. His RF was very much smaller than his LF. The typical "coke can" foot when I started. "Navicular disease" is usually a contraction issue. The bars get pushed up deep within the hoof near the navicular area. If caught very early, say when the horse is less than 2 years old, it can often be fixed in one or two trims. Once contraction has deformed the feet, both bones and joints, it is more difficult to change.
One of the things apparent to me looking at this foot is the "dead" looking white horn. Sometimes the horn will look black even if it is white horn. Sometimes the horn will appear like dried out rubber.
RF starting to decontract
Sometimes things look worse before they look better. But color is starting to come back and as the trim promotes expansion, bruising and separation can be seen in the white line. With the whole foot starting to open up, the vertical wall cracks in the lateral walls and the white line separation are a part of the side effects of opening the foot. The owner said the horse's stride has improved but he continues to favor this foot while standing. De-contracting is painful. But once the foot stabilizes in the new wider capsule, the navicular pain should be resolved. Chances are that this coffin bone is contracted too. What happens when the lateral walls pull on the contracted bone? It sends out ossifications to stabilize itself. Sometimes, as in another case I had, the palmar process fractures then heals in the new better position. This horse has joint adaptation. His pasterns were almost straight up when I started. They have relaxed somewhat, but the hardest thing to fix is not the feet, not even the bone but the joint capsules which hold the foot in an unnatural position. This horse is 9 years old. It has been said that joint adaptation takes as long to fix as it did to make. I'm hoping this isn't entirely true!
Two Fronts starting to look like they belong to the same horse!
When I started trimming this horse, the right front was SOOOOO much more contracted than the left but all four were like Coke cans. This is a recent (3-2010) photo of both fronts and now it's becoming hard to see which foot was the "club" foot.
RF lateral view
This is the same foot after several trims. I am trimming this horse every 2 weeks. I am lowering the heels, digging out the bar and removing displaced heel that is inside the bulb. I haven't done much with the toe wall as I have needed it to help force the joint capsule to stretch. Because the horse was so upright, he had very little toe at all. It is important to leave the toe, no matter how ragged it looks, in a horse that wants to knuckle over. Also important is lots and lots of walking on firm, level ground to help those joint capsules to relax and stretch. The owner is using massage and liniment too along with regular soaking of the hoof and stretching exercises and has made siginficant progress.
Progress in getting pastern at a better angle
This is before my regular every two week trim and as you can see, he is standing with much better angles. The hoof is almost 45 degrees with a 30 degree hairline.. The owner took him to a local horse show and he won 5th out of 10 with a novice rider! His former owners saw him and didn't even recognize him. The owner says his personality has gone from a blank "duh" to an interested happy guy. Horses that seem dull may be because of constant endorphins due to foot pain. As the foot comes back to health, the horse often appears more interested in his environment. It is very common to see horses that have improved hoof health to become easier to train.
March 2010
This photo was taken just after a trim while he still has his winter fur. The improvements to see here are the attachment that has grown down. In the photo above, the dorsal wall shows a stretched attachment. Though the angle of this photo and the fact that it was taken with a flash in a dark barn distorts comparison with the above photo, you can still see that the hairline has improved. Look at the above photo hairline just above the heel and see the arch? This photo shows that arch has straightened out. Because of the wet weather, there is a lot of abscessing (in all horses!) this time of year. So the heel appears more under-run in this photo but that is in part an artifact of the photographic conditions as well as the abscessing in the bulb. the joint appears more upright too due to soft ground conditions. Joint adaptation is harder to fix and keep fixed when the toe continually sinks in soft wet ground. But overall I'm happy with this foot's improvement and the owner has gone to having trim him every 4 to 5 weeks now.
Look at conformation to determine heel pain
This horse has a higher heel in the right front than in the left front which is why the right is placed so far behind the vertical. You can see she is also holding her weight off the heel of the left front by bucking the knee. To compensate for pain in the front feet, she is putting her hind legs forward to carry more weight. This also makes the horse tuck its hip and the shoulders are hunched and scrunched up. Look at the photo below after my first trim that lowered heels and bars in the fronts and hinds, and backed up toes in the hinds.
After trim, horse stands balanced
Much relieved, this horse now stands with her front and hind legs perpendicular to the ground. she is so tired of the hard work of just standing unbalanced for so long, she is resting her hind leg. Some massage and body work would help this horse a lot. Look at the difference in the shoulder and hip angles from the first photo to this one.
Contracted coffin bones
A healthy coffin bone is parabolic in shape. Both of these coffin bones are oval, not parabolic. The palmar process on one side of the smaller one is actually beyond-the-vertical.
Below a fairly healthy coffin bone on the left seen from the bottom is compared to a coffin bone that is very contracted. I don't believe anyone can fix a hoof when the bone is this deformed.
20 yr old TB mare with two different feet
This is so typical to see in horses! One foot is very upright and "clubby" while the other is flat and either under-run or foundered. The trick is to get the contracted foot to open up while getting the flat foot to tighten up it's connection. With this mare, both feet were almost dead with very little blood circulation from years of shoes and contraction. She was very shut down and depressed with poor conditioning. This photo was taken BEFORE trimming. The clubby foot has a very contracted coffin bone that probably has a lot of bone loss.
After a few trims
Still apparent is the difference in the two feet. Since this horse has only had a couple of trims, she is still in the beginning stages of transition to health. But she has already improved in her attitude and movement.
Create a free website
Powered by
Hoof trimming, horse trim, trim, hoof anatomy, shoeless horses, barefoot horses, rehabilitating from founder, navicular, transition from shoes, and other hoof problems
✕
| i don't know |
Port Said stands on which canal? | What does PORT SAID stand for?
We've got 0 definitions for PORT SAID »
What does PORT SAID stand for?
What does PORT SAID mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: PORT SAID.
We couldn't find any results for your search.
Couldn't find the right meaning of PORT SAID?
Maybe you were looking for one of these abbreviations:
... or use our Power Search technology to look
for more unique definitions from across the web!
What does PORT SAID mean?
Port Said
Port Said is a city that lies in north east Egypt extending about 30 kilometres along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal, with an approximate population of 603,787. The city was established in 1859 during the building of the Suez Canal. Port Said has been ranked the second among the Egyptian cities according to the Human Development Index in 2009 and 2010, the economic base of the city is fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fueling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal. It thrives on being a duty-free port, as well as a tourist resort especially during summer. It is home to the Lighthouse of Port Said. There are numerous old houses with grand balconies on all floors, giving the city a distinctive look. Port Said's twin city is Port Fuad, which lies on the eastern bank of the canal. The two cities coexist, to the extent that there hardly is any town centre in Port Fuad. The cities are connected by free ferries running all through the day, and together they form a metropolitan area with over a million residents that extends both on the African and the Asian sides of the Suez Canal. The only other metropolitan area in the world that also spans two continents is Istanbul.
Discuss these PORT SAID abbreviations with the community:
Know the definition for PORT SAID ? Know the meaning of PORT SAID ? Don't keep it to yourself!
Add it HERE!
| Suez Canal |
What is the name of the title character in the 2005 animated film ‘Corpse Bride’? | 1000+ images about The Suez Canal, Egypt on Pinterest | Port said, Egypt and Ferdinand
Forward
Hundreds of Egyptians digging the Suez Canal, working in lines on a cliff overlooking a deep, narrow canyon, 1859. After many efforts throughout history, the canal was completed and opened in 1869. Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French developer of the canal, organized the Suez Canal Company in 1858 and work started in 1859. The excavation took 10 years, and used Egyptian slave labor for part of that time. More than 1.5 million workers from various countries worked on the project, and thousands…
4
| i don't know |
What colour light indicates the starboard side of a boat? | Starboard side - Port side - AceBoater.com
A clear and comprehensive course. Sign Up for Free
My Profile
Search
Starboard side - Port side
The sidelights are coloured either red or green. The sidelights determine the priority on the water: the color displayed on the starboard side is green and the red light is on the port side. The sidelights are located in front of the boat. They each displaying a constant beam and affixed in a manner that the light is projected to the front and sides allow you to determine if the oncoming craft is heading towards you or from one side or another.
They are used to give a person a visual picture of which side of the vessel they are looking at in darkness or reduced visibility. Depending on the situation they will determine who has the right of way in a meeting or crossing situation. If you see a red running light at night crossing or meeting you most likely are the give-way vessel and do not have the right of way. If you see green you most likely are the stand-on vessel and have the right of way.
IF YOU LIKED THIS PAGE, YOU COULD ALSO LIKE THESE ONES:
| Green |
The world’s longest fence is in which country? | Identifying Aids to Navigation - BoatSafe.com
Identifying Aids to Navigation
You are fishing offshore when you hear storm warnings on your radio. You decide to head for the nearest inlet. You encounter the following buoys in the following order. What do they mean and what should you do?
This maker indicates a mid-channel or safe water mark. This will usually be the first marker you see returning from sea. It will not have a number and may be lettered. It may be lighted or unlighted and may have an associated sound. The light (if lighted) will be white and will flash the Mo (A) sequence. (Morse Code Alpha). You may pass to either side of the marker.
This represents the next set of markers you might see when returning from sea. You should pass between them leaving the red marker on your starboard side. Remember "RED RIGHT RETURNING". The red "Nun" starboard side markers are even-numbered and, if lighted, have red lights. The green "Can" port side markers are odd numbered and, if lighted, have green lights.
This is a preferred channel or junction marker and indicates a bi-furcation in the channel. To navigate the preferred or primary channel, you should treat the marker as if it had all the characteristics of the color of the top band. If the top band is red, such as the one shown above, you would treat it as a red, starboard side marker (leave it on your right) to access the primary channel. If the top band is green, you would treat it as a port side marker to access the primary channel. If lighted, the marker would have a light the same color as the top band.
This is where it gets a little tricky. The yellow triangle and yellow square are dual purpose marks where the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) and other waterways coincide. Now what?
As to the question itself, you would first note that the yellow squares and yellow triangles indicate dual-purpose marking or an area in which the normal channel returning from sea crosses the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW).
Question 1: Between which markers and in which direction (right or left) would you turn to follow the ICW going north?
To enter the ICW in a northerly direction you would turn starboard (right) between red marker #4 with the yellow square and red marker #6.
Question 2: Between which markers and in which direction (right or left) would you turn to follow the ICW going South?
To enter the ICW in a southerly direction you would turn port (left) between green marker # 3 and green marker #5 with the yellow triangle.
Question 3: How do you know which direction to turn to go north or south?
The ICW is a special waterway which runs from New Jersey to Texas. Traveling from New Jersey to Texas is considered returning so you would have Red Right Returning when going "generally" south, or from NJ to TX regardless of compass setting. Now, remember those dual purpose yellow markers? (The yellow triangle represents a red nun buoy and the yellow square represents a green can buoy.) These are found, on the ICW, in areas where other waterways connect with or cross the ICW. When operating in the ICW, take note of the yellow triangles and yellow squares and treat them as the buoys they represent no matter what the color of the buoy they are on.
Representation for illustrative purposes only
Another way to remember this is to think of the ICW (the blue line) as a ditch just inland of the waters surrounding the US from New Jersey to Texas. You would always keep the yellow triangles or red markers on the land side and the yellow squares or green markers on the "green" ocean/Gulf side.
Related Articles:
| i don't know |
What is the capital of Jordan? | What is the Capital of Jordan? - Capital-of.com
Dates of religious and Civil
holidays around the world.
www.when-is.com
Capital of Jordan
The Capital City of Jordan (officially named Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) is the city of Amman. The population of Amman in the year 2008 was 6,198,677.
Jordan is an Arabic speaking country on the coasts of the Dead Sea and Red Sea.
Additional Information
| Amman |
The 1999 film ‘The Insider’, starring Al Pacino and Russell Crowe, is based on a true story about which US industry? | Amman | national capital, Jordan | Britannica.com
national capital, Jordan
Alternative Titles: ʿAmmān, Philadelphia, Rabbath Ammon
Related Topics
Ḥussein
Amman, Arabic ʿAmmān, biblical Hebrew Rabbath Ammon, ancient Greek Philadelphia , capital and largest city of Jordan . It is the residence of the king and the seat of government. The city is built on rolling hills at the eastern boundary of the ʿAjlūn Mountains, on the small, partly perennial Wadi ʿAmmān and its tributaries.
Dwellings rising behind the Roman theatre, Amman, Jordan.
Ara Guler, Istanbul
Amman’s focus of settlement throughout history has been the small high triangular plateau (modern Mount Al-Qalʿah) just north of the wadi. Fortified settlements have existed there since remote antiquity; the earliest remains are of the Chalcolithic Age (c. 4000–c. 3000 bce). Later the city became capital of the Ammonites , a Semitic people frequently mentioned in the Bible ; the biblical and modern names both trace back to “Ammon.” The “royal city” taken by King David’s general Joab (II Samuel 12:26) was probably the acropolis atop the plateau. King David sent Uriah the Hittite to his death in battle before the walls of the city so that he might marry his wife, Bathsheba (II Samuel 11); the incident is also a part of Muslim folklore. The population of the Ammonite cities was much reduced under King David. David’s son Solomon (flourished 10th century bce) had Ammonite wives in his harem, one of whom became the mother of Rehoboam, Solomon’s successor as king of Judah.
Amman declined in later centuries. In the 3rd century bce it was conquered by Egypt’s King Ptolemy II Philadelphus (reigned 285–246 bce), and he renamed it Philadelphia after himself; the name was retained through Byzantine and Roman times. Philadelphia was a city of the Decapolis (Greek: “Ten Cities”), a Hellenistic league of the 1st century bce–2nd century ce. In ce 106 it was included in the Roman province of Arabia and rebuilt by the Romans; some fine ruins of their rule in this period have survived. With the coming of Christianity, it became a bishopric among the sees of Palestina Tertia subject to Bostra .
Similar Topics
Irbid
At the rise of Islam , Amman was taken by the Arab general Yazīd ibn Abī Sufyān in ce 635; by about 1300 it had entirely disappeared, from causes unknown to historians. In 1878 the Ottoman Turks resettled the site with Circassian refugees from Russia; it remained a small village until after World War I .
After the war Transjordan became part of the Palestine mandate , but the British government, as mandatory, effectively severed it from western Palestine (1921) and established a protected emirate of Transjordan, under the rule of ʿAbdullāh , son of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī , then king of the Hejaz and sharif of Mecca . Amman soon became capital of this new state; its modern development began in this period and was accelerated by Jordanian independence (1946). The city grew rapidly; the urban area received a large influx of Palestinian Arab refugees after the first of the Arab-Israeli wars in 1948–49. A second, larger wave of refugees arrived after the Six-Day War of 1967, when Jordan lost all its territories west of the Jordan River to Israel . Political conflict between the Jordanian government and rebellious Palestinian guerrillas erupted into open civil war in 1970 in the streets of Amman; although the government forces finally prevailed, the city was severely damaged.
Amman is Jordan’s chief commercial, financial, and international trade centre. The royal palaces are to the east; the Parliament is in the western section. Chief industries include food and tobacco processing, cement production, and the manufacture of textiles, paper products, plastics, and aluminum utensils. Amman is Jordan’s chief transportation centre: two highways lead west toward Jerusalem , and one of the city’s main thoroughfares becomes the road to Al-Salṭ , to the northwest. Jordan’s main north-south highway, with its southern terminus at Al-ʿAqabah port, runs through the city. The modern, well-serviced Queen Alia International Airport is located near the tracks of the old Hejaz Railway , some 25 miles (40 km) south of the city. The University of Jordan (1962) and several museums and libraries, including the National Library, are located at Amman. Sites of interest include the remains of the ancient citadel, the adjoining archaeological museum, and a large, finely preserved Roman amphitheatre, which once seated 6,000. Pop. (2004 est.) 1,036,330.
Roman amphitheatre in Amman, Jordan.
© OPIS/Shutterstock.com
| i don't know |
‘The Starry – ‘what’ is a painting by Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh? | The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh – Facts about the Painting
Outskirts of Paris , 1887
Vincent van Gogh was known to be one of the famous and well-renowned painters in the history of art. His works were considered by the world, the works of a genius. One of his masterpieces which brought him to the portals of fame and honor was the widely known and esteemed, The Starry Night.
The Reason for Fame
One may ask why The Starry Night is so popular. One might say perhaps it is because of the stars that make you dream. Vincent van Gogh, himself, described it literally as not one of the important pieces of art that he made. He, the creator of the masterpiece, probably had missed what was so mystical about the painting.
Painting Features
The painting features a scene of a Dutch-looking town. It is mainly composed of stars ablaze in their own luminescence, picturesque town structures, and a bright crescent moon. The painting is exaggerated, as stated by van Gogh himself. It is like a replica of a beautiful night. A viewer might imagine himself in the scene, observing the night in peace and amazement. The night sky keeps the viewer’s eyes moving about the painting while following the curves and creating a dot pattern caused by its swirly pattern.
There are rolling hills that generate an aura of serenity from the town structures. The silent yet bright and fiery dark shades from the window of the structures could spark a viewer’s curiosity of the wonderful dark and starry skies.
A mysterious entity is then shown in the left of the portrait. It can be interpreted in different ways depending on who is viewing it. It creates a visual similarity from its pattern with the night sky. This similarity creates a sensation of depth in the artwork.
The Artist
Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutchman born on the 30th of March, 1853. He was known to be a painter of the post-impressionist style. Post-impressionism was used to describe the maturation of French art since Manet. Vincent practiced the used of vivid colors, distinctive brush strokes, thick application of paint, and unwavering subject matter about the realities of life.
On the other hand, rumors about his death became widely known, positing that the artist died due to an illness brought about by incoherence and inactivity.
Other Works
The Starry Night was just one of Van Gogh’s many works. He grew up loving to draw and later matured as an artist. He had 2,100 artworks, including 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolor paintings, drawings, prints, and sketches. He mostly focused on drawing portraits, including himself and delicately beautiful things like flowers and scenic wheat fields.
Some magnificent works of Vincent Van Gogh include: At Eternity’s Gate, Bedroom in Arles, Café Terrace at Night, and The Potato Eaters.
Oil Painting
The Starry Night was made with oil paint. It involves pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil. The output of the process varies according to the painter’s choice of pigments and effects. It often shows sign of consistency in the painting.
Oil Painting was first used by Indian and Chinese painters for their Buddhist Paintings. Its origin started in western Afghanistan and later migrated to the west during the Middle Ages.
5 responses to “The Starry Night”
| Night |
Which British charity has the slogan ‘Refusing to ignore people in crisis’? | Is Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night a painting of GALAXIES? | Daily Mail Online
Is van Gogh's Starry Night a painting of GALAXIES? Bright swirls are based on distant cosmic spirals, claims expert
US artist Michael Benson says the Whirlpool Galaxy inspired van Gogh
The Dutch painter created arguably his most famous work - The Starry Night - in 1889 from the view out of his asylum window
But in 1850, an astronomer had depicted what a distant spiral galaxy might look like for the first time
And Lord Rosse's Whirlpool Galaxy drawing inspired van Gogh, according to Mr Benson
| i don't know |
What is the capital of the Italian region Piedmont? | Piedmont – Italy Travel Guide
Where to Go in Piedmont
Piedmont: Fast Facts
Piedmont is the English name for the region – the Italian name is Piemonte, which is pronounced pee|eh|MON|teh.
The capital of Piedmont is Turin (which is Torino – toh|REE|noh) – in Italian).
There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Piedmont – the residences of the Royal House of Savoy in and around Turin, and the Sacri Monti (nine 16th-17th century chapels and other religious buildings).
Piedmont is bordered by the Italian regions of Aosta Valley, Lombardy, Liguria, and Emilia-Romagna, and it also shares borders with France and Switzerland.
Famous people from the Piedmont region include Vittorio Emanuele II (the first King of a united Italy whose name appears on monuments and streets all over the country), Giovanni Agnelli (founder of the FIAT car company), Cesare Pavese (20th century writer), and Paolo Conte (singer and pianist).
People from Piedmont are called piemontesi (plural). The singular version is piemontese.
Where to Stay in Piedmont
Piedmont may be famous for its mountainous landscapes, beautiful lakes, and acres of vineyards, but just because many of your accommodation options may be away from big cities doesn’t mean they’re all rustic. In fact, some of the most high-end hotels and B&Bs in the region are in places like the towns surrounding Lake Maggiore.
Agriturismo is popular in Piedmont, as many of the vineyards and other agricultural operations in the region have opened their doors to overnight visitors, and in the larger cities and towns you’ll also find the usual range of hotels and hostels. For longer stays, a vacation rental in the region is an excellent opportunity to take advantage of the local bounty and try your hand at some of the famous Piedmont recipes.
DOWNLOAD OUR TRAVEL GUIDES
DOWNLOAD NOW
One thing to keep in mind is that if you’re planning to stay at a more rural B&B or a vacation rental, or if the town where you’ve chosen your hotel or hostel doesn’t have a good-sized train station, you’re likely to need a car to get around.
Here are some links to articles about hotels and hostels in some of the cities in Piedmont:
Agriturismo in Piedmont
What to Do & See in Piedmont
Even before the snow-capped mountains of the Italian Alps served as the gorgeous backdrop for the 2006 Winter Olympics, the ski resorts of Piedmont were well-known. They’re popular each winter season with Italians, other Europeans, and visitors from further afield. Summer travelers can still enjoy the resort areas, as hiking is a great way to see the region.
Wine and food enthusiasts will have a fantastic time eating their way through the region, especially if they’re visiting during truffle season, wine harvest season, or Turin’s chocolate festival. Some of the best-known wines from Piedmont are also some of the best-known Italian wines – Barolo, Barbaresco, Nebbiolo, Barbera, and Dolcetto – but there’s another food-related export from Piedmont that was once the favorite chocolatey discovery of teenagers traveling through Europe and is now available at grocery stores the world over. Yes, I’m talking about Nutella – the chocolate-hazelnut flavor combination is called gianduia in Piedmont, but it’s become a household name throughout the rest of the world as Nutella.
Piedmont has several attractions related to its one-time royal family, the House of Savoy, and its status as the original capital of Italy, including the Palazzo Reale and Castello del Valentino in Turin, the Palazzina di Caccia in Stupinigi, and the Palace in Venaria. Additionally, Turin houses one of the most venerated relics in the Catholic Church – the legendary Shroud of Turin.
Also in Turin you’ll find perhaps the best museum of Egyptian artifacts anywhere outside Egypt, a great automobile museum (owing to the city being where FIAT started in 1899), and the National Cinema Museum atop Turin’s iconic Mole Antonelliana building. Incidentally, car lovers may want to make a beeline for the Lingotto area to get a look at the rooftop race track atop the former FIAT factory.
Here’s more information on a couple of the things to do and see in Piedmont:
Turin’s Chocolate Festival, CioccolaTÒ
Where to Go in Piedmont
Turin is one of the cities that draws the most visitors to Piedmont, which makes sense since it’s the capital and home to a famous church relic (not to mention very easy to reach). But the mountains in Piedmont attract skiers and snow lovers by the thousands, and the beautiful Lago Maggiore is among the most touristed parts of northern Italy.
Here are a few of the cities and towns of Piedmont you might have on your list:
Turin – Capital of Piedmont, Italy’s first capital, Shroud of Turin is in the cathedral, home to world-class Egyptian Museum & National Cinema Museum; read more in my Turin travel guide
Alba – Home of Ferrero company (makers of Nutella), famous for truffles & wine, historic center ringed by ancient Roman walls
Asti – Important town in Piedmont wine region, historic city contained by medieval walls, Palio di Asti is Italy’s oldest palio race
Barolo – Very small town famous for its eponymous red wine
Acqui Terme – City with hot sulphur baths frequented by ancient Romans
Stresa – Popular tourist resort town on Lake Maggiore
Verbania – Largest town on Lake Maggiore
Lake Maggiore – Italy’s second-largest lake, part of the lake is in Switzerland’s Italian canton (Ticino); read more in my Italian Lakes guide
| Turin |
A daikon is what type of vegetable? | Province of Piedmont, Italy | Liguria
Apply filters
Province of Piedmont, Italy | Liguria
Piedmont borders Switzerland and France. Visit the famous city of Turin during your holiday in Liguria, Italy. By the meaning of its name (foot of the mountain), Piedmont is a land of mountains.
Go!
Province of Piedmont
The Province of Piedmont borders directly with France and Switzerland.
It lies right in the middle of mountains, hemmed in by the Alps. The highest mountains in Italy are found in Piedmont.
Lago Maggiore
Those who love skiing will get their money’s worth in place
Many of the skiing locations offer long tracks, steep slopes and a breathtaking mountainous background. All skiing facilities are modern and are regularly serviced and checked. The place is a real paradise for skiers! The Province of Piedmont has got wonderful valleys too. Valleys like the Susa Valley, the Valesia Valley and the Eschen Valley lie open in front of the wonderful Alpine panorama. Admire the unique landscape and enjoy the tranquillity found up there in the mountains.
Hikers and cyclists will get their money’s worth here in summer
The mountains offer innumerable opportunities for hiking and cycling tours. The regions of Langhe and Monferrato are also worth a visit. The villages in these areas are arranged in a line along the vineyards. Come and tour one of the many castles located high up in the hills, and also partake of the exquisite wine from the region. The Lago Maggiore and the town of Stresa are worthwhile visiting. Take a stroll along the sea and enjoy the panorama and the beautiful town centre of Stresa.
You can even go swimming in Lago Maggiore. If you would rather relax, you can do so in the sandy beach.
The most well-known town in this province is Turin. Get to know the various cultural possibilities on offer here, for example museums, galleries, the beautiful town centre of Turin and the beautiful house facades in the historical part of town. Other towns like Cherasco, Alba and Ivrea are also worth visiting.
The Province of Piedmont is the right place for history enthusiasts too.
You will find numerous old medieval castles in the province, the most famous of which is the Ivrea Castle. Admire the impressive buildings and the old walls of the well-preserved castles and fortresses. Other impressive castles worth your visit include the Savoy-Residence castles and Sacri Monti.
If you are looking for relaxation and recreation, you will not go wrong in the many spas found in this region. The most well-known of the spas are Acqui Terme and Vinadio, where you can comfortably lean back and relax as you enjoy the beautiful panorama from your pool’s vantage point.
The Province of Piedmont is also unique in terms of cuisine
Excellent cheese and exquisite wine are some of the typical products found in Piedmont. In addition, there are also Italian specialties and culinary delights. Give your gums a treat with regionally grown wine and other products from the region.
Quick Search
Your booking process is excellent and simple - -., Villetta San Raffaele
Very happy with the whole process and apartment. Alison M., Casa del Pellegrino
The furniture was lovely - old world and full of character. Very nice. Philip P., Nonno Giovanni
Thank you. Iveta S., Villa Poggio d Andora No 29
Liked the tasting of local produce - wine and salami etc Juliet G., Villa Poggio d Andora No 12
We would like to say that the appartment was really lovely and we had a great time thanks. Lance W., La Rosetta
We were most impressed with the help your staff were able to give us Alan L., Villa Il Castello Due
Great balcony Catherine L., Villa Poggio d Andora No 29
We would definately book through you again because the booking procedure was very easy and clear. Pamela J., Casa S. Lucia
good agent DAVID P., Villa Oneto
| i don't know |
What does the Latin phrase ‘Caeci caecos ducentes’ translate to in English? | Latin phrases and quotes
Live Auto Updating Latest Topics!
Latin phrases and quotes
Topic: Latin phrases and quotes (Read 36647 times)
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing th topic.
Blakkheim
« on: July 14, 2006, 11:42:01 PM »
Today i'll share my big collection of latin phrases and quotes. Enjoi!
A
A bene placito - At one's pleasure
A capite ad calcem - From head to heel
A cappella - In church [style] - i.e. Vocal music only
A contrario - From a contrary position
A cruce salus - From the cross comes salvation
A Deo et Rege - From God and the King
A fortiori - With yet stronger reason
A fronte praecipitium a tergo lupi - A precipice in front, wolves behind (between a rock and a hard place)
A mari usque ad mare - From sea to sea (Motto of Canada)
A mensa et thoro - From board and bed (legal separation)
A pedibus usque ad caput - From feet to head
A posse ad esse - From possibility to actuality
A posteriori - From what comes after. Inductive reasoning based on observation, as opposed to deductive, or a priori
A priori - From what comes before
A verb ad verbera - From words to blows
Ab absurdo - From the absurd (establhing the validity of your argument by pointing out the absurdity of your opponent's position)
Ab aeterno - From the beginning of time
Ab asino lanam - Wool from an ass, blood from a stone impossible
Ab hinc - From here on
Ab imo pectore - From the bottom of the chest. (from the heart) (Julius Caesar)
Ab incunabul - From the cradle
Ab initio - From the beginning
Ab intestato - Having made no will
Ab origine - From the origin
Ab ovo usque ad mala - From the egg right to the apples (From start to finh) (Horace)
Ab ovo - From the egg
Ab urbe condita - From the foundation of the city. (Rome)
Ab/Ex uno dce omnes - From one person, learn all people
Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit - He has left, absconded, escaped and dappeared
Absente reo - In absence of the defendant
Absit invidia - No offence intended
Absit omen - May the omen be absent. (may th not be an omen)
Absum! - I'm outta here!
Abusus non tollit usum - Wrong use does not preclude proper use
Abutebar modo subjunctivo denuo - You've been musing the subjunctive again
Abyssus abyssum invocat - Hell calls hell; one mtep leads to another
Accipere quam facere praestat injuriam - It better to suffer an injustice than to do an injustice
Acta est fabula, plaudite! - The play over, applaud! (Said to have been emperor Augustus' last words)
Acta non verba - Action not words
Acta sanctorum - Deeds of the saints
Actus reus - Wrongful act - as opposed to mens rea - the wrongful intention or guilty mind
Ad absurdum - To the point of absurdity
Ad acta - To archives. Not actual any more
Ad alta - To the summit
Ad astra per aspera - To the stars through difficulty
Ad astra - To the stars
Ad augusta per angusta - To high places by narrow roads
Ad captandum vulgus - To appeal to the crowd -- often used of politicians who make false or insincere promes appealing to popular interest
Ad clerum - To the clergy
Ad eundem gradum - To the same level
Ad eundem - Of admsion to the same degree at a different university
Ad eundum quo nemo ante iit - To boldly go where no man has gone before
Ad fontes - To the sources (motto of Renasance Humanm)
Ad fundum - To the bottom / To the end (said during a generic toast, like bottoms up!)
Ad hoc - For a particular purpose. (improved, made up in an instant)
Ad hominem - Appealing to a person's physical and emotional urges, rather than her or h intellect
Ad honorem - In honour. Honour not baring any material advantage
Ad idem - Of the same mind
Ad infinitum - To infinity without end
Ad interim - For the meantime
Ad libitum (Acronym 'ad lib') - At one's pleasure
Ad Libitur - As Desired
Ad limina apostolorum - To the thresholds of the Apostles
Ad litem - For a lawsuit or action
Ad locum - At the place
Ad lucem - Towards the light (motto of the University of Lbon)
Ad maiorem dei gloriam (AMDG) - For the greater glory of God
Ad multos annos - To many years!, i.e. Many happy returns!
Ad nauseum - To the point of making one sick
Ad perpetuam rei memoriam - For the perpetual remembrance of the thing
Ad praesens ova cras pull sunt meliora - Eggs today are better than chickens tomorrow (a bird in the hand worth two in the bush)
Ad referendum - Subject to reference
Ad rem - To the point
Ad valorem - By the value, e.g. Ad valorem tax
Ad vitam aeternam - For all time
Ad vitam paramus - We are preparing for life
Ad vitam - For life
Addendum - A thing to be added
Adeste Fideles - Be present, faithful ones
Adsum - Here! present!
Adversus incendia excubias nocturnas vigilesque commentus est - Against the dangers of fires, he (Augustus) conceived of the idea of night guards and watchmen
Adversus solem ne loquitor - Don't speak against the sun (don't waste your time arguing the obvious)
Advocatus diaboli - The devil's advocate
Aegrescit medendo - The dease worsens with the treatment. The remedy worse than the dease
Aegri somnia - A sick man's dreams (Horace)
Aegroto, dum anima est, spes esse dicitur - It said that for a sick man, there hope as long as there life
Aequam memento rebus in ardu servare mentem - Remember when life's path steep to keep your mind even. (Horace)
Aeronav abstractio a prestituto cursu - Hijacking
Aetat (aet.) - Age
Affidavit - A sworn written statement usable as evidence in court
Age quod ag - Do what you do well, pay attention to what you are doing
Age. Fac ut gaudeam - Go ahead. Make my day!
Agenda - Things to be done
Agnus Dei - The Lamb of God
Aio, quantitas magna frumentorum est - Yes, that a very large amount of corn
Alea iacta est - The die has been cast. (Caesar)
Alias - Otherwe
Alibi - Elsewhere
Aliena nob, nostra plus ali placent - Other people's things are more pleasing to us, and ours to other people. (Publilius Syrus)
Al volat propi - She flies with her own wings (state motto of Oregon)
Alma Mater - Nourhing mother. (One's old school or university)
Alter ego - Other 'I' or 'Other Self'
Alter ipse amicus - A friend another self
Alterum ictum faciam - I'm going to take a mulligan
Altsima quaeque flumina minimo sono labi - The deepest rivers flow with the least sound. (still waters run deep)
Alumnus - Nursling (former pupil)
Amantes sunt amentes - Lovers are lunatics
Amantium irae amor integratio est - The quarrels of lovers are the renewal of love. (Terence)
Amare et sapere vix deo conceditur - Even a god finds it hard to love and be we at the same time
Amat victoria curam - Victory favors those who take pains
Amicitiae nostrae memoriam spero sempiternam fore - I hope that the memory of our friendship will be everlasting. (Cicero)
Amicule, deliciae, num sum qui mentiar tibi? - Baby, sweetheart, would I lie to you?
Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur - A true friend dcerned during an uncertain matter
Amicus curiae - Friend of the court
Amicus humani gener - A friend of the human race (philanthropt)
Amicus verus est rara av - A true friend a rare bird
Amor animi arbitrio sumitur, non ponitur - We choose to love, we do not choose to cease loving. (Syrus)
Amor caecus est - Love blind
Amor est vitae essentia - Love the essence of life. (Robert B. Mackay)
Amor ordinem nescit - Love does not know order. (St. Jerome)
Amor patriae - Love of country
Amor platonicus - Platonic love
Amor tussque non celantur - Love, and a cough, are not concealed. (Ovid)
Amor vincit omnia - Love conquers all. (Virgil)
Amoto quaeramus seria ludo - Joking aside, let us turn to serious matters. (Horace)
An nesc, mi fili, quantilla sapientia mundus regatur? - Don't you know then, my son, how little wdom rules the world?
Angu in herba - A snake in the grass. A treacherous person. (Vergil)
Anicularum lucubrationes - Old wives' tales
Animadverttine, ubicumque stes, fumum recta in faciem ferri? - (At a barbeque) Ever noticed how wherever you stand, the smoke goes right into your face?
Anim opibusque parati - Prepared in minds and resources (ready for anything)
Animus facit nobilem - The spirit makes (human) noble
Anno (an.) - Year
Anno domini (AD) - In the year of the Lord
Anno hegirae (AH) - In the year of the hegira
Anno mundi - In the year of the world
Anno regni - In the year of reign
Anno urb conditae (AUC) - From the year of founding of the city (Rome)
Annuit coept - God has favored us
Annus bextus - Leap year
Annus horribil - A horrible year
Annus mirabil - Year of wonders
Ante litteram - Before the letter
Ante meridiem (a.m.) - Before midday
Ante mortem - Before death
Ante prandium (A.p.) - Before a meal
Ante - Before
Antebellum - Before the war
Antiqu temporibus, nati tibi similes in rupibus ventossim exponebantur ad necem - In the good old days, children like you were left to perh on windswept crags
Anulos qui animum ostendunt omnes gestemus! - Let's all wear mood rings!
Apage Satanas - Begone, Satan
Appareo Decet Nihil Munditia? - Is It Not Nifty?
Apudne te vel me? - Your place or mine?
Aqua fort - Nitric acid
Aqua vitae - Water of life (brandy)
Aquila non captat muscas - The eagle doesn't capture flies (don't sweat the small things)
Arbiter elegantiae - Judge in matters of taste
Arcana imperii - Secrets of the empire
Arduum sane munus - A truly arduous task
Arguendo - For the sake of argument
Argumentum ad hominem - An argument against the man. Directing an argument against an opponent's character rather than the subject at hand
Argumentum ad ignorantiam - Arguing from ignorance
Arm Exposcere Pacem - They demanded peace by force of arms. (An inscription seen on medals)
Ars gratia art - Art for art's sake. (motto of MGM)
Ars longa, vita brev - Art (work) long, but life short
Ars sine scienta nihil est - Art without science nothing. (I would also claim that the opposite true)
Artium baccalaureus - Bachelor of Arts (BA)
Artium magter - Master of Arts (MA)
Ascendo tuum - Up yours
Asinus asinum fricat - The ass rubs the ass. (Conceited people flatter each other about qualities they do not possess)
Aspice, officio funger sine spe honor amplior - Face it, you're stuck in a dead end job
Aspirat primo Fortuna labori - Fortune smiles upon our first effort. (Virgil)
Assiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit - Constant practice devoted to one subject often outdues both intelligence and skill. (Cicero)
Astra inclinant, non necessitant - The stars incline; they do not determine
Astra non mentiuntur, sed astrologi bene mentiuntur de astr - The stars never lie, but the astrologs lie about the stars
Aude sapere - Dare to know
Audaces fortuna iuvat - Fortune favors the bold. (Virgil)
Audere est facere - To dare to do. (Motto of Tottenham Hotspur)
Audi et alteram partem - Hear the other side too
Audiatur et altera pars! - Let us hear the opposite side!
Audio, video, dco - I hear, I see, I learn
Auget largiendo - He increases by giving liberally
Aura popular - The popular breeze. (Cicero)
Aurea mediocritas - The golden mean. (an ethical goal; truth and goodness are generally to be found in the middle.) (Horace)
Auribus tenere lupum - I hold a wolf by the ears. (I am in a dangerous situation and dare not let go.) (Terence)
Aurora austral - The Southern lights
Aurora boreal - The Northern lights
Aurora Mus amica - Dawn friend of the muses. (Early bird catches the worm.)
Aut Caesar aut nihil - Caesar or nothing i.e., all or nothing
Aut dce aut dcede - Either learn or leave
Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit - The fellow either mad or he composing verses. (Horace)
Aut viam inveniam aut faciam - I will either find a way or make one
Aut vincere aut mori - Either conquer or die
Auxilio ab alto - By help from on high
Avarus animus nullo satiatur lucro - A greedy mind satfied with no (amount of) gain
Ave atque vale - Hail and farewell. (Catullus)
Ave caesar! Morituri te salutamus - Hail Caesar! We who are about to die salute you. (gladiators before the fight)
Ave maria - Hail Mary
Re: Latin phrases and quotes
« Reply #1 on: July 14, 2006, 11:43:23 PM »
B
Balaenae nob conservandae sunt! - Save the whales!
Beata Virgo (Maria) - The Blessed Virgin (Mary)
Beatae memoriae - Of blessed memory
Beati pacifici - Blessed are the peacemakers
Beati pauperes spiritu - Blessed are the poor in spirit
Beati possidentes - The happy who possess. (possession nine points of the law) (Euripides)
Beatus - The blessed one
Bella detesta matribus - Wars, the horror of mothers. (Horace)
Bella gerant alii - Let others wage war
Bellum omium contra omnes - Everyman's struggle against everyman. (Thomas Hobbes)
Belua multorum es capitum - The people are a many-headed beast
Bene legere saecla vincere - To read well to master the ages. (Professor Isaac Flagg)
Bene qui latuit, bene vixit - One who lives well, lives unnoticed. (Ovid)
Bene, cum Latine nescias, nolo manus meas in te maculare - Well, if you don't understand plain Latin, I'm not going to dirty my hands on you
Bene - Good
Beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere - To accept a favour to sell freedom. (Publilius Syrus)
Bibere venenum in auro - Drink poon from a cup of gold
B dat qui cito dat - He gives twice who quickly gives. (Publius Syrus)
B in die (bid) - Twice a day
B interimitur qui su arm perit - He doubly destroyed who perhes by h own arms. (Syrus)
B repetita placent - The things that please are those that are asked for again and again. (Horace)
B vincit qui se vincit in victoria - He conquers twice who in the hour of conquest conquers himself. (Syrus)
B vivit qui bene vivit - He lives twice who lives well
Bona fide - In good faith. i. e. well-intentioned, fairly
Bona fides (noun) - Honest intention
Bona fortuna - Good luck!
Bonum commune communitat - General welfare. Literally, common good of the community
Bonum commune homin - Common good of man
Bonum vinum laetificat cor homin - Good wine gladdens a person's heart
Bovina Sancta! - Holy cow!
Braccae illae virides cum subucula rosea et tunica Caledonia-quam elenganter concinnatur! - Those green pants go so well with that pink shirt and the plaid jacket!
Braccae tuae aperiuntur - Your fly open
Brevior saltare cum deformibus mulieribus est vita - Life too short to dance with ugly women
Brevior saltare cum deformibus vir est vita - Life too short to dance with ugly men
Brev esse latoro obscurus fio - When I try to be brief, I speak gobbledegook
Brev ipsa vita est sed mal fit longior - Our life short but made longer by mfortunes. (Publilius Syrus)
Busill - Baffling puzzle or difficult point
C
Cacoethes scribendi - An insatiable urge to write. (Juvenal)
Cadit quaestio - The question drops
Caeca invidia est - Envy blind. (Livy)
Caeci caecos ducentes - Blind are led by the blind. Leaders are not more knowledgeable than the ones they lead
Caeli enarrant gloriam Dei - The heavens declare the glory of God
Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt - They change the sky, not their soul, who run across the sea. (Horace)
Caelum videre iussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus - He bid them look at the sky and lift their faces to the stars. (Ovid)
Caesar si viveret, ad remum darer - If Caesar were alive, you'd be chained to an oar
Camera obscvra - Hidden room - an early photographic or painting technique utilizing optical pinholes
Can meus id comedit - My dog ate it
Can timidus vehementius latrat quam mordet - A timid dog barks more violently than it bites. (Curtius Rufus)
Capillamentum? Haudquaquam conieci esse! - A wig? I never would have guessed!
Caro putridas es! - You're dead meat
Carpe Cerevi - Seize the beer!
Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero - Seize the day, trust as little as possible in tomorrow. (Horace)
Carpe diem - Seize the day. (opportunity) (Horace)
Casus belli - An act used to justify war
Catapultam habeo. Ni pecuniam omnem mihi dab, ad caput tuum saxum immane mittam - I have a catapult. Give me all your money, or I will fling an enormous rock at your head
Casus belli - Event (that the justification for, or the cause) of war
Causarum justia et mericordia - For the causes of justice and mercy
Causa mort - Death Cause
Cave ab homine unius libri - Beware of anyone who has just one book. (Latin Epigram)
Cave canem, te necet lingendo - Beware of the dog, he may lick you to death
Cave canem - Beware of the dog
Cave cibum, valde malus est - Beware the food, it very bad
Cave ne ante ullas catapultas ambules - If I were you, I wouldn't walk in front of any catapults
Cave quid dic, quando, et cui - Beware what you say, when, and to whom
Cave - Beware!
Caveat emptor - Let the buyer beware. (He buys at h own rk)
Caveat venditor - Let the seller beware
Caveat - Let him/her beware
Cedant arma togae - Let arms yield to the toga. (Let violence give place to law)
Cedo maiori - I yield to a greater person
Certamen bikini-suicidus-dci mox coepit? - Does the Bikini-Suicide-Frbee match start soon?
Certe, toto, sentio nos in kansate non iam adesse - You know, Toto, I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore
Certum est, quia impossibile - It certain, because it impossible. (Tertullianus)
Cetera desunt - The rest msing
Ceter paribus - All else being equal
Chrtus rex - Chrt the King
Cineri gloria sera venit - Fame comes too late to the dead
Circa (c.) - Approximately
Clamo, clamat, omnes clamamus pro glace lact - I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream
Clara pacta, boni amici - Clear agreements, good friends
Codex Jur Canonici - Book of canon law
Cogita ante sal - Think before you leap, or look before you leap
Cogitation poenam nemo patitur - Nobody should be punhed for h thoughts
Cogito ergo doleo - I think therefore I am depressed
Cogito sumere potum alterum - I think I'll have another drink
Cogito, ergo sum - I think, therefore I am. (Renй Descartes)
Commodum ex iniuria sua nemo habere debet - No person ought to have advantage from h own wrong
Commune bonum - The common good
Commune periculum concordiam parit - Common danger brings forth harmony
Communi consilio - By common consent
Compos ment - Of sound mind (and judgement)
Concordia dcors - Dcordant harmony
Concordia res parvae crescent - Work together to accomplh more
Conditio sine qua non - Condition without which not, or an essential condition or requirement
Confer (cf.) - Compare
Congregatio de Propaganda Fide - Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
Coniecturalem artem esse medicinam - Medicine the art of guessing. (Aulus Cornelius Celsus)
Coniunct viribus - With united powers
Conlige suspectos semper habitos - Round up the usual suspects
Consensu omnium - By the agreement of all
Consensus audacium - An agreement of rash men. (a conspiracy) (Cicero)
Consuetudin magna v est - The force of habit great. (Cicero)
Consule planco - In the consulship of Plancus (In the good old days) (Horace)
Consummatum est - It completed (Chrt's last words, John 19:30)
Contra felicem vix deus vires habet - Against a lucky man a god scarcely has power
Contra mundum - Against the world
Contraria contrari curantur - The opposite cured with the opposite. (Hippocrates)
Coram populo - In the presence of the people. (Horace)
Cornix cornici oculos non effodiet - A crow doesn't rip out the eyes of another crow
Cornucopia - Horn of plenty
Corpus chrti - The body of Chrt
Corpus delicti - The body of a crime. (The substance or fundamental facts of a crime)
Corpus Jur Canonici - The body of canon law
Corpus Jur Civil - The body of civil law
Corpus vile - Worthless body
Corrigenda - A lt of things to be corrected. (in a book)
Corripe Cerviam - Seize the beer!
Corruptio optimi pessima - Corruption of the best worst
Coruscantes dci per convexa caeli volantes - Flying saucers
Cotidiana vilescunt - Familiarity breeds contempt
Cotidie damnatur qui semper timet - The man who constantly in fear every day condemned. (Syrus)
Crapulam terriblem habeo - I have a terrible hangover
Cras amet qui nunquam amavit; Quique amavit, cras amet - May he love tomorrow who has never loved before
Credidi me felem vidse! - I tought I taw a puddy tat!
Credite amori vera dicenti - Believe love speaking the truth. (St. Jerome)
Credo elvem etiam vivere - I believe Elv lives
Credo nos in fluctu eodem esse - I think we're on the same wavelength
Credo quia absurdum - I believe it because it absurd. (contrary to reason) (Tertullian)
Credo ut intelligam - I believe in order that I may understand. (St. Augustine)
Credula vitam spes fovet et melius cras fore semper dicit - Credulous hope supports our life, and always says that tomorrow will be better. (Tibullus)
Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia crevit - The love of wealth grows as the wealth itself grew. (Juvenal)
Crescite et multiplicamini - Increase and multiply
Crimen falsi - Perjury
Crudelius est quam mori semper timere mortem - It more cruel to always fear death than to die. (Seneca)
Crux - Puzzle
Cui bono? - For whose benefit it? (a maxim sometimes used in the detection of crime) (Cicero)
Cui dono lepidum novum libellum? - To whom do I give my new elegant little book? (Catullus)
Cui malo? - Who suffers a detriment?
Cui peccare licet peccat minus - One who allowed to sin, sins less. (Ovid)
Cuius regio, eius religio - He who rules, h religion
Cuiusv homin est errare; nullius ni insipient in errore perseverare - Any man can make a mtake; only a fool keeps making the same one
Cuiv dolori remedium est patientia - Patience the cure for all suffer
Culpa - A sin
Culpam poena premit comes - Punhment closely follows crime as its companion. (Horace)
Cum catapultae proscriptae erunt tum soli proscript catapultas habebunt - When catapults are outlawed, only outlaws will have catapults
Cum grano sal - With a grain of salt. (Pliny the Elder?)
Cum homine de cane debeo congredi - Excuse me. I've got to see a man about a dog
Cum laude magnum - With great success
Cum laude - With prae
Cum tacent, clamant - When they remain silent, they cry out. (Their silence speaks louder than words) (Cicero)
Cum - With
Cur etiam hic es - Why are you still here?
Cura nihil aliud ni ut valeas - Pay attention to nothing except that you do well. (Cicero)
Cura posterior - A later concern
Cura ut valeas - Take care
Curae leves loquuntur ingentes stupent - Slight griefs talk, great ones are speechless. (minor losses can be talked away, profound ones strike us dumb)
Curriculum vitae - The course of one's life
Cursum perficio - My journey over, or I finh my journey
Custos morum - Guardian of morals
D
Da mihi basilia mille - Ks me with a thousand kses
Da mihi castitatem et continentiam, sed noli modo! - Make me chaste and pure, but not yet!
Da mihi s bubulae frustrum assae, solana tuberosa in modo gallico fricta, ac quassum lactatum coagulatum crassum - Give me a hamburger, french fries, and a thick shake
Da mihi s cereviam dilutam - I'll have a light beer
Da mihi s crustum Etruscum cum omnibus in eo - I'll have a pizza with everything on it
Damnant quod non intellegunt - They condemn what they do not understand
Data et accepta - Expenditure and receipts
De asini vmbra dceptare - To argue about the shadow of an ass. (petty things for petty mind)
De bene esse - It shall be so, as long as it well
De die in diem - From day to day
De duobus mal, minus est semper eligendum - Of two evils, the lesser must always be chosen (Thomas б Kemp)
De facto - Something that automatically accepted
De gustibus non est dputandum - There's no accounting for taste
De inimico non loquar sed cogites - Don't wh ill for your enemy; plan it
De integro - Repeat again from the start
De iure - By law. According to law
De minim non curat praetor - The authority or king, or law does not care about trivial things
De minim - With respect to trifles
De mortu nil ni bonum - Say nothing but good about the dead. (Chilon)
De nihilo nihil - Nothing comes from nothing. (Lucretius)
De novo - Anew
De profund - Up from the depths (of mery)
De rervm natvra - On the nature of things. (title of Marcus Aurelius's magnum opus)
Decrevi - I have decreed
Dei gratia - By the grace of God
Delenda est carthago - Carthage must be destroyed
Dente lupus, cornu taurus petit - The wolf attacks with h fang, the bull with h horn. (Horace)
Deo adiuvante - With God's help
Deo favente - With God's favour
Deo gratias - [We give] thanks to God
Deo Optimo Maximo - To God, the Best, the Greatest
Deo vindice - God will prove us right. (motto of the Confederate States of America)
Deo volente - God willing
Desunt cetera - The rest msing
Deus absconditus - A god who hidden from man
Deus commodo muto consto quem meus can sententia exto - Which, in a very ham-fted way, with generosity, comes close to being
Deus et natua non faciunt frusta - God and nature do not work together in vain
Deus ex machina - A contrived or artificial solution. (literally, 'a god from a machine')
Deus Mereatur - May God Have Mercy
Deus vobcum - God be with you
Deus volent - (as) God will
Deus vult! - God wills it! (Slogan of the Crusades)
Di! Ecce hora! Uxor mea me necabit! - God, look at the time! My wife will kill me!
Diabolus fecit, ut id facerem! - The devil made me do it!
Dic mihi solum facta, domina - Just the facts, ma'am
Dictum sapienti sat est - A word to a we person sufficient
Die dulci freure - Have a nice day
Diem perdidi - I have lost a day (another day wasted) (Titus)
Dies felices - Happy Days
Dies Irae - Day of Wrath, or Judgment Day
Dies natal - Birthday
Dies non - Business free day
Difficile est longum subito deponere amorem - It difficult to suddenly give up a long love. (Catullus)
Difficile est saturam non scribere - It hard not to write satire. (Juvenal)
Difficile est tenere quae acceper ni exerceas - It difficult to retain what you may have learned unless you should practice it. (Pliny the Younger)
Di aliter vum - The Gods decided otherwe
Diligentia maximum etiam mediocr ingeni subsidium - Diligence a very great help even to a mediocre intelligence. (Seneca)
Diligite justitiam, o judices terrae - Cherh justice, o judges of the earth
Dimidium facti qui coepit habet - Half done when the beginning done. (Horace)
Dira necessitas - The dire necessity. (Horace)
Dcere docendo - To learn through teaching
Diecti membra poetae - Limbs of a dmembered poet. (Horace)
Djecta membra - The scattered remains
Divide et impera - Divide and conquer
Dixi - I have spoken. (I will say no more on the matter, and no one else may speak further)
Do ut des - I give so that you give back
Docendo dcitur - It learned by teaching. (Seneca)
Doli capax - Capable of crime
Domine, dirige nos - Lord, direct us
Domino optimo maximo - To the Lord, the best and greatest
Dominus illuminatio mea - The Lord my light
Dominus providebit - The Lord will provide
Dominus tecum - May the Lord be with you (Singular)
Dominus vobcum - May the Lord be with you (Plural)
Domus dulc domus - Home sweet home
Donec er felix, multos numerab amicos - As long as you are fortunate, you will have many friends (when you are successful, everyone wants to be your friend)
Donna nob pacem - Grant us peace
Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus - Never Tickle a Sleeping Dragon. (motto of Harry Potter's alma mater)
Dramat personae - Characters of the play
Duc, sequere, aut de via decede - Lead, follow, or get out of the way
Ducator meus nihil agit sine lagunculae leynidae accedunt - My calculator does not work without batteries
Duco ergo sum - I calculate therefore I am
Dulce bellum inexpert - War sweet for those who haven't experienced it. (Pindaros)
Dulce est desipere in loco - It sweet to relax at the proper time
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - It sweet and glorious to die for one's country. (Horace)
Dulcius ex asper - Through difficulty, sweetness
Dum excusare cred, accusas - When you believe you are excusing yourself, you are accusing yourself. (St. Jerome)
Dum inter homines sumus, colamus humanitatem - As long as we are among humans, let us be humane. (Seneca)
Dum spiramus tuebimur - While we breathe, we shall defend
Dum spiro, spero - While I breathe, I hope. (Cicero)
Dum tempus habemus, operemur bonum - While we have the time, let us do good
Dum vita est spes est - While life , hope . / While there life there hope
Dum vivimus, vivamus - While we live, let us live (Epicurean philosophy)
Dura lex, sed lex - The law harsh, but it the law
Logged
Re: Latin phrases and quotes
« Reply #2 on: July 14, 2006, 11:45:43 PM »
E
E contrario - From a contrary position
E pluribus unum - From many, one (motto of the USA)
E re nata - As circumstances dictate
E vestigio - From where one stands
Ecce homo - Behold the man
Ecce signum - Behold the proof
Editio princeps - First printed edition
Ego et rex meus - I and my King
Ego me bene habeo - With me all well. (last words) (Burrus)
Ego nolo caesar esse - I don't want to be Caesar. (Florus)
Ego spem pretio non emo - I do not purchase hope for a price. (I do not buy a pig in a poke.)
Ego - Consciousness of one's own identity
Eheu fugaces labuntur anni - Alas, the fleeting years slip by. (Horace)
Eheu, litteras tas reperire non possum - Unfortunately, I can't find those particular documents
Eiusdem gener - Of the same kind
Elizabeth Regina/Eduardus Rex (E.R.) - Queen Elizabeth/King Edward
Emeritus - Honorary; by merit
Emitte lucem et veritatem - Send out light and truth
Ense et aratro - With sword and plow. (citizen-soldier, one who serves in war and peace)
Eo ipso - By that very act
Eo nomine - Under that name
Eptula non erubescit - A letter doesn't blush. (Cicero)
Eram quod es, er quod sum - I was what you are, you will be what I am. (grave inscription)
Ergo bibamus - Therefore, let us drink
Ergo - Therefore
Errare humanum est - To err human. / It human to err. (Seneca)
Errata - A lt of errors (in a book)
Erratum (errata) - Error (errors)
Esse est percipi - Being perception. (It a standard metaphysical) (Mauser)
Esse quam videri - To be, rather than to seem (state motto of North Carolina)
Est autem fides credere quod nondum vides; cuius fidei merces est videre quod cred - Faith to believe what you do not see; the reward of th faith to see what you believe. (St. Augustine)
Est deus in nob - The a god inside us
Est modus in rebus - There a middle ground in things. (Horace)
Est queadam fiere voluptas - There a certain pleasure in weeping. (Ovid)
Estne tibi forte magna feles fulva et plansima? - Do you by chance happen to own a large, yellowh, very flat cat?
Estne volumen in toga, an solum tibi libet me videre? - Is that a scroll in your toga, or are you just happy to see me?
Esto perpetua - Let it be forever
Esto perpetue - May you last for ever
Et alii/aliae - Other persons/things
Et cetera/etcetera (etc.) - And the rest
Et in arcadia ego - I, also, am in Arcadia
Et sequens (et seq.) - And the following
Et sequentes (et seq. Or seqq.) - And those that follow
Et sic de ceter - And so to of the rest
Et tu, Brute - And you, Brutus
Et uxor (abbreviated et ux.) - And wife
Etiam capillus unus habet umbram - Even one hair has a shadow. (Publilius Syrus)
Eventus stultorum magter - Events are the teacher of the stupid persons. Stupid people learn by experience, bright people calculate what to do
Ex abrupto - Without preparation
Ex abundancia cord, os loquitor - From the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks
Ex animo - From the heart (sincerely)
Ex ante - Before the event, beforehand. (economics: based on prior assumptions)
Ex cathedra - From the chair. With authority (without argumentation)
Ex cearulo - Out of the blue
Ex curia - Out of court
Ex dolo - Intentionally
Ex gratia - Purely as a favour
Ex hypothesi - From the hypothes. (i.e. The one under consideration)
Ex libr - From the Library (of)
Ex luna, scientia - From the moon, knowledge. (motto of Apollo 13)
Ex mea sententia - In my opinion
Ex more - According to custom
Ex nilhilo nihil fit - Nothing comes from nothing
Ex officio - By virtue of h office
Ex opere operato - By the work having been worked
Ex parte - By only one party to a dpute in the absence of the other
Ex post facto - After the fact, or Retrospectively
Ex proprio motu - Voluntarily
Ex silentio - From silence. (from lack of contrary evidence)
Ex tempore - Off the cuff, without preparation
Ex uno dce omnes - From one person learn all persons. (From one we can judge the rest)
Ex vi termini - By definition
Ex voto - According to one's vow
Ex - Out of
Excelsior - Ever upward. (state motto of New York)
Exceptio probat regulam de rebus non except - An exception establhes the rule as to things not excepted
Except excipiend - Excepting what to be excepted
Excitabat fluctus in simpulo - He was stirring up billows in a ladle. (He was raing a tempest in a teapot) (Cicero)
Excusatio non petita, accusatio manifesta - He who excuses himself, accuses himself (qui s'excuse, s'accuse)
Exeat - Permsion for a temporary absence
Exegi monumentum aere perennius - I have erected a monument more lasting than bronze. (Horace)
Exempli gratia (e.g) - For the sake of example
Exeunt omnes - All go out. (A common stage direction in plays)
Exeunt - They go out
Exitus acta probat - The outcome proves the deeds. (the end justifies the means) (Ovid)
Experientia docet stultos - Experience teaches fools
Experientia docet - Experience the best teacher
Experimentum cruc - Critical experiment
Expressio unius est exclusio alterius - The mention of one thing may exclude others
Extempore - Without premeditation
Exterior pagina puella - Cover Girl
Extinctus amabitur idem - The same [hated] man will be loved after he's dead. How quickly we forget. (Horace)
Extra ecclesiam nulla salus - Outside the Church [there ] No Salvation. (A phrase of much dputed significance in Roman Catholic theology)
Extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur - The judgment (or the authority) of one who exceeding h territorial jurdiction dobeyed with impunity
F
Fabas indulcet fames - Hunger sweetens the beans, or hunger makes everything taste good!
Faber est suae quque fortunae - Every man the artan of h own fortune. (Appius Claudius Caecus)
Faber quque fortunae suae - Each man () the maker of h own fortune
Fabricati diem - Make my day
Fac me cocleario vomere! - Gag me with a spoon!
Fac ut nemo me vocet - Hold my calls
Fac ut vivas - Get a life
Facile princeps - Acknowledged leader
Facil descensvs averno - The descent to Avernus (Hell) it's easy to fall, hard to re
Facilius est multa facere quam diu - It easier to do many things than to do one for a long time. (Quintilianus)
Facilius per partes in cognitionem totius adducimur - We are more easily led part by part to an understanding of the whole. (Seneca)
Facito aliquid oper, ut te semper diabolus inveniat occupatum - Always do something, so that the devil always finds you occupied. (St. Jerome)
Facta, non verba - Deeds, not words. (Actions speak louder than words)
Factum est - It done
Fallaces sunt rerum species - The appearances of things are deceptive. (Seneca)
Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus - False in one thing, false in all
Fama crescit eundo - The rumour grows as it goes. (Vergil)
Fama nihil est celerius - Nothing swifter than rumor
Fama semper vivat - May h/her fame last forever
Fama volat - The rumour has wings. (Vergil)
Fames est optimus coquus - Hunger the best cook
Farrago fatigans! - Thuffering thuccotash!
Fas est et ab hoste doceri - It's proper to learn even from an enemy. (Ovid)
Favete lingu - To keep a (religious) silence. (Horace)
Fax ment incedium gloriae - The passion of glory the torch of the mind
Fecit (fec.) - Made by
Feles mala! cur cta non uter? stramentum novum in ea posui - Bad kitty! Why don't you use the cat box? I put new litter in it
Feles mala! - Bad kitty!
Fel qvi nihil debet - Happy [] he who owes nothing
Felix culpa - Happy fault
Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas - Happy he who has been able to learn the causes of things. (Vergil)
Felo de se - Suicide
Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt - Men readily believe what they want to believe. (Caesar)
Festina lente - Make haste slowly
Fiat justitia (et ruat caelum) - Let justice be done. (though the heavens fall)"
Fiat lux - Let there be light
Fiat volvntas tua - Let Thy will [be done] (Biblical)
Fiat - Let it be done
Fide, non arm - By faith, not arms
Fidei defensor - Defender of the faith
Fides punica - Treachery. (Livy)
Fides quaerens intellectum - Faith seeking understanding
Fidus Achates - Faithful Achates (friend)
Filioque - And from the son
Filius nullius - A b******
Finem respice - Look to the end [before setting forth]
Fin coronat opus - The ending crowns the work. (Ovid)
Fin - The end
Flagrante delicto - Literally while the crime blazing. Caught red-handed, in the very act of a crime
Flamma fumo est proxima - Flame follows smoke. (there no smoke without fire) (Plautus)
Floreat regina regina - May it flourh. (motto of the City of Regina, Saskatchewan Canada)
Floruit - Flourhed
Fluctuat nec mergitur - It tossed by the waves but it does not sink
Fons et origo - The source and origin
Forsan et haec olim meminse iuvabit - Perhaps someday we will look back upon these things with joy
Forsan meros meliora sequentur - For those in mery perhaps better things will follow. (Virgil)
Fortes et liber - Strong and free. (Alberta)
Fortes fortuna adiuvat - Fortune favors the brave. (Terence)
Fortes fortuna iuvat - Fortune favours the brave
Fortiter fideliter forsan feliciter - Bravely, faithfully, perhaps successfully
Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo - Resolutely in action, gently in manner. (To do unhesitatingly what must be done but accomplhing it as inoffensively as possible)
Fortitudine vincimus - By endurance we conquer
Fortius quo fidelius - Strength through loyalty
Fortuna amicos parat, inopia amicos probat - The fortune preparing friends, the abundance testing them
Fortuna vitrea est; tum cum splendet frangitur - Fortune glass; just when it gleams brightest it shatters
Fortuna caeca est - Fortune blind. (Cicero)
Fortunatus sum! Pila mea de gramine horrido modo in pratum lene recta volvit! - Isn't that lucky! My ball just rolled out of the rough and onto the fairway!
Frangar non flectar - I am broken, I am not deflected
Frater, ave atque vale - Brother, hello and good-bye. (Catullus)
Fronti nulla fides - No reliance can be placed on appearance. (don't judge a book by its cover)
Frustra laborant quotquot se calculationibus fatigant pro inventione quadraturae circuli - Futile the labor of those who fatigue themselves with calculations to square the circle. (Michael Stifel, 1544)
Fugit hora - The hour flies
Fugit inreparabile tempus - Irretrievable time flies. (Virgil)
Functus officio - Having dcharged h duty and thus ceased to have any authority over a matter
Furnulum pani nolo - I don't want a toaster
G
Gaudeamus igitur (iuvenes dum sumus) - Therefore, let us rejoice. (while we are young)
Genius loci - The guardian spirit of the place
Gens togata - The toga-clad race; the romans
Genus irritabile vatum - The irritable race of poets. (Horace)
Gladiator in arena consilium capit - The gladiator formulating h plan in the arena (i.e., too late) (Seneca)
Gloria filiorum patres - The glory of sons their fathers
Gloria in excels deo - Glory to God in the highest
Gloria Patri - Glory to the Father
Gloria virtut umbra - Glory () the shadow of virtue
Gloria - Glory
Gloriosum est iniurias oblivci - It glorious to forget the injustice
Gnothe seauton (Greek) - Know thyself
Graeca sunt, non leguntur - It Greek, you don't read that
Gramen artificiosum odi - I hate Astroturf
Gratia placenti - For the sake of pleasing
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit - Captive Greece conquered her savage victor. (Horace)
Graviora manent - Greater dangers await
Gutta cavat lapidem, non vi sed saepe cadendo - The drop excavates the stone, not with force but by falling often. (Ovid)
H
Habeas corpus - You must have the body, i.e. You must justify an impronment
Habemus Papam - We have a pope. (used at the announcement of a new pope)
Habet bona deum - Have a nice day
Hac lege - With th law
Haec olim meminse ivvabit - Time heals all things, i.e. Wounds, offenses
Haec trutina errat - There something wrong with th scale
Hannibal ante portas! - Hannibal at the doors! The enemy/danger at the doors!
Haud ignota loquor - I say things that are known
Helluo librorum - A glutton for books. (bookworm)
Heu! Tintinnuntius meus sonat! - Darn! There goes my beeper!
Heus, hic nos omnes in agmine sunt! - Hey, we're all in line here!
Hic et nunc - Here and now
Hic habitat felicitas - Here dwells happiness
Hic jacet (HJ) - Here lies. (written on gravestones or tombs)
Hic jacet sepultus (HJS) - Here lies buried
Hic puer est stultsimus omnium! - Th boy the stupidest of all!
Hinc illae lacrimae - Hence these tears. (Terence)
Htoria est vitae magtra - The htory the tutor of life
Hoc erat in vot - Th was among my prayers
Hoc est in vot - Th in my prayers
Hoc est verum et nihili ni verum - Th the truth and nothing but the truth
Hoc est vivere b vita posse priore frvi - To live twice to make useful profit from one's past. Experience the best teacher, so learn from it
Hoc natura est insitum, ut quem timuer, hunc semper oder - It's an innate thing to always hate the one we've learnt to fear
Hoc tempore obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit - In these days friends are won through flattery, the truth gives birth to hate. (Terence)
Hocine bibo aut in eum digitos insero? - Do I drink th or stick my fingers in it?
Hodie mihi, cras tibi - Today for me, tomorrow for you
Homines libenter quod volunt credunt - Men believe what they want to. (Terentius)
Homines, dum docent, dcunt - Men learn while they teach. (Seneca)
Homo doctvs se semper divitias habet - A learned man always has wealth within himself
Homo homini lupus - Man a wolf to man
Homo nudus cum nuda iacebat - Naked they lay together, man and woman
Homo praesumitur bonus donec probetur malus - One innocent until proven guilty
Homo proponit, sed Deus dponit - Man proposes, but God dposes
Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto - I am human, therefore nothing human strange to me
Homo sum - I am a man
Homo vitae commodatus non donatus est - Man has been lent to life, not given. (Pubilius Syrus)
Honor virut preamium - Honour the reward of virtue
Honores mutant mores - The honours change the customs. (Power corrupts)
Honor causa (h.c.) - As in doctorate, an honorary degree
Horas non numero ni serenas - I count only the bright hours. (Inscription on ancient sundials)
Horribile dictu - Horrible to tell
Horror vacui - Fear of empty places
Host hvmani gener - Enemy of the human race
Huc accedit zambon! - Here comes the Zamboni!
Humum mandere - To bite the dust
Hunc tu caveto - Beware of th man
Logged
Re: Latin phrases and quotes
« Reply #3 on: July 14, 2006, 11:47:23 PM »
I
Ibidem (Ib.) - In the same place. (in a book)
Id certum est quod certum reddi potest - That certain that can be made certain
Id est (i.e.) - That to say
Id est mihi, id non est tibi! - It mine, not yours!
Id imperfectum manet dum confectum erit - It ain't over until it's over
Id tibi praebet speciem lepidsimam! - It looks great on you!
Idem quod (i.q.) - The same as
Idem - The same
Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum (INRI) - Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews
Ign aurum probat, meria fortes viros - Life not a bowl of cherries, or, literally, Fire tests gold; adversity tests strong men
Ign fatuus - Foolh fire (will-o-the-wp)
Ignorantia jur neminem excusat - Ignorance of the law excuses no one
Ignoratio elenchi - An ignorance of proof
Ignotus (ign.) - Unknown
Ille dolet vere, qui sine teste dolet - He mourns honestly who mourns without witnesses. (Martial)
Ille mi par esse deo videtur - He seems to me to be equal to a god. (Catullus)
Illegitim nil carborundum - Don't let the b******s grind you down
Illiud latine dici non potest - You can't say that in Latin
Illius me paenitet, dux - Sorry about that, chief
Imitatores, servum pecus! - Imitators, you slavh crowd! (Horace)
Imperator/Imperatrix (Imp.) - Emperor/Empress
Imperator - Emperor
Imperium et libertas - Empire and liberty. (Cicero)
Imperium in imperio - An empire within an empire, i.e. A fifth column, a group of people within an nation's territory who owe allegiance to some other leader
Imperium - Absolute power
Impossibilium nulla obligatio est - Nobody has any obligation to the impossible. (Corpus Iur Civil)
Imprimatur - Let it be printed
Imprim - In first place
In absentia - In one's absence
In actu - In practice
In aere aedificare - Build (castles) in the air. (St. Augustine)
In aeternum - For eternity
In alio pediculum, in te ricinum non vides - You see a louse on someone else, but not a tick on yourself. (Petronius)
In articulo mort - At the moment of death
In banco - On the bench
In camera - In private chamber
In capite - In chief
In cavda venenvm - In the tail [ the] poon. Watch out for what you don't see
In curia - In court
In dentibus antic frustrum magnum spiniciae habes - You have a big piece of spinach in your front teeth
In dtans - At a dtance
In dubi non est agendum - In dubious cases, you should not act
In dubio pro reo - In doubt in favor of the accused. If there a doubt about guiltiness, the judgement has to be in favour of the accused
In dubio - In doubt
In excels - In the highest
In extenso - At full length
In extrem - In extremity
In fine - At the end
In flagrante delicto - In the very act of committing an offence
In forma pauper - In the form of a poor person; in a humble or abject manner
In futuro - In the future
In gremio leg - In the protection of the law
In h ordo est ordinem non servare - In th case the only rule not obeying any rules
In hoc signo vinces - In th sign, you will be victorious. (Eusebios)
In infinitum - To infinity; without end
In libr libertas - In books (there ) freedom
In limine - On the threshold, at the very outset
In loco parent - In the place of a parent
In loco - In the place of
In magn et voluse sat est - To once have wanted enough in great deeds. (Propertius)
In media res - In or into the middle of a sequence of events. (Horace)
In medias res - Into the midst of things
In medio stat virtus - Virtue stands in the middle. Virtue in the moderate, not the extreme position. (Horace)
In medio tutsimus ib - In the middle of things you will go most safe. (Ovid)
In memoriam - To the memory of
In necessari unitas, in dubi libertas, in omnibus caritas - In necessary things unity, in doubtful things liberty, in all things charity
In nomine Domini - In the name of the Lord
In nomine Patr et Filii et Spiritus Santi - In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit
In nubibus - In the clouds
In nuce - In a nutshell
In omnia paratus - Prepared for all things
In ovo - In the egg
In pace, ut sapiens, aptarit idonea bello - In peace, like a we man, he appropriately prepares for war
In pace - In peace
In pari materia - Of like kind
In partibus infidelium - In parts inhabited by unbelievers
In parvo - In miniature
In personam - Against the person
In pleno - In full
In pontificalibus - In the proper vestments of a pope or cardinal
in posse - In possibility
In posterum - Till the next day
In praesenti - At the present time
In principio - In the beginning
In propria persona - In person
In pur naturalibus - Completely naked
In quaestione versare - To be under investigation
In re - Refering to
In rem - Against the matter (property)
In rerum natura - In the nature of things
In saecvla saecvlorvm - For ages of ages forever
In se - In itself
In silico - By means of a computer simulation
In silvam ne ligna feras - Don't carry logs into the forest. (Horace)
In situ - In position
In specie - In kind; (a) in its own form and not in an equivalent (b) in coins and not in paper money
In spiritu et veritate - In spirit and truth. (Versio Vulgata)
In statu quo - In the same state
In terrorem - As a warning; in order to terrify others
In totidem verb - In so many words
In toto - As a whole, absolutely, Completely
In transitu - In passing, on the way
In usu - In use
In utero - In the womb
In vacuo - In a vacuum or empty space
In vincul etiam audax - In chains yet still bold (free)
In vino veritas - The truth in wine. (A drunk person tells the truth)
In virtute sunt multi ascensus - There are many degrees in excellence. (Cicero)
In vitro - In a test tube (literally glass)
In vivo - In the living (thing)
Incipit - Begin here
Incredibile dictu - Incredible to say
Index librorum prohibitorum - Official lt of forbidden books not to be read by Catholics
Indulgentiam quaeso - I ask your indulgence
Infinitus est numerus stultorum - Infinite the number of fools
Infra dignitatem (dig.) - Undignified; beneath one's dignity
Infra - Below, underneath
Inhumanitas omni aetate molesta est - Inhumanity harmful in every age. (Cicero)
Iniqua nunquam regna perpetuo manent - Stern masters do not reign long. (Seneca Philosophus)
Iniuria non excusat iniuriam - One wrong does not justify another
Insanabile cacoethes scribendi - An incurable passion to write. (Juvenal)
Insculpsit - He/she engraved it
Integer vitae scelerque purus - Blameless of life and free from crime
Intellectum valde amat - Love the intellect strongly. (St. Augustine)
Intelligenti pauca - Few words suffice for he who understands
Intelligo me intelligere - I understand that I understand. (St. Augustine)
Inter alia - Among other things
Inter alios - Amongst other people
Inter arma silent leges - In time of war, laws are silent
Inter caecos regnat strabo - Among blinds the squinting rules. (Erasmus)
Inter caesa et porrecta - There's many a slip twixt cup and lip
Inter canum et lupum - Between a dog and a wolf
Inter nos - Between ourselves
Inter partes - Made between two parties
Inter se - Between themselves
Inter spem et metum - Between hope and fear
Inter vivos - Between living (people)
Interdum feror cupidine partium magnarum europe vincendarum - Sometimes I get th urge to conquer large parts of Europe
Interfice errorem, diligere errantem - Kill the sin, love the sinner. (St. Augustine)
Interregnvm - Period between rules anarchy, lawlessnes
Intra muros - Within the walls
Intra vires - Within the power
Inventas vitam iuvat excoluse per artes - Let us improve life through science and art. (Vergil)
Ipsa qvidem pretivm virtvs sibi - Virtue its own reward
Ipsa scientia potestas est - Knowledge itself power. (Bacon)
Ipsi dixit - He himself said it. (Cicero)
Ipssima verba - The exact words
Ipso facto - By that very fact
Ipso iure - By operation of the law
Ira furor brev est - Anger a brief insanity. (Horace)
Ire fortiter quo nemo ante iit - To boldly go where no man has gone before. (Star Trek)
Isto pensitar? - You get paid for th crap?
Ita erat quando hic adveni - It was that way when I got here
Ita est - Yes./It so
Ite, mse est - Go, the Mass finhed
Iubilate Deo - Rejoice in God
Iunct viribus - By united efforts
Iure divino - By divine law
Iure humano - By human law
Ius civile - Civil law
Ius gentium - The law of nations
Ius primae noct - The right of the first night
Ivs est ars boni et aeqvi - Law the art of the good and the just
Ivs gentivm - Right of tribes law of nations
J
Justitia omnibus - Justice for all
K
Koming soon - Sorry, bad joke
L
Labera lege - Read my lips
Labor omnia vincit - Work conquers all things. (Virgil)
Labra lege - Read my lips
Lachryma Chrti - Chrt's tears
Lapsus calami - A slip of the pen
Lapsus linguae - A slip of the tongue
Lapsus memoriae - A slip of the memory
Lapsus nivium! - Avalanche!!
Lares et penates - Household gods
Latet angu in herba - A snake lies in the grass. (Vergil)
Latine dictum - Spoken in Latin
Latine loqui coactus sum - I have th compulsion to speak Latin
Latro! fremo! - Woof woof! Grrrr!
Laudant illa, sed ta legunt - Some (writing) praed, but other read. (Martial)
Laudatores tempor acti - Praers of time past
Laus Deo - Prae be to God
Lavdem virtvt necessitati damvs - We give to necessity the prae of virtue finding the benefit in what's needful
Lectori Salutem (L.S.) - Greetings to the reader
Lectio brevior lectio potior - The shortest reading the more probable reading
Lector benevole - Kind reader
Legatus a latere - Advor from the side
Lege atque lacrima - Read 'em and weep
Lege et lacrima - Read it and weep
Legum servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus - We are slaves of the law so that we may be able to be free. (Cicero)
Leve fit, quod bene fertur, onus - The burden made light which borne well. (Ovid)
Lex clavator designati rescindenda est - The designated hitter rule has got to go
Lex domicilii - The law of a person's home country
Lex fori - The law of the forum (country)
Lex loci - The law of the place
Lex malla, lex nulla - A bad law no law. (St. Thomas Aquinas)
Lex non scripta - The unwritten (common) law
Lex scripta - The written law
Lex talion - The law of revenge
Libenter homines id quod volunt credunt - Men gladly believe that which they wh for. (Caesar)
Liberae sunt nostrae cogitationes - Our thoughts are free. (Cicero)
Liberate te ex infer - Save yourself from hell
Libertas inaestimabil res est - Liberty a thing beyond all price. (Corpus Iur Civil)
Liberum arbitrium - Free will
Libra solidus denarius (L.S.D.) - Pounds, shillings, pence
Licentia liquendi - Liberty of speaking
Licentia poetica - Poetic licence. (Seneca)
Licet - It allowed
Lingua franca - French tongue - the common or universal language
Literati - Men of letters
Loco citato (lc) - In the passage just quoted
Locum tenens - One occupying the place (used as an Englh noun meaning 'deputy')
Locus classicus - The most authoritative source, Classical passage
Locus delicti - The scene of the crime
Locus desperatus - A hopeless passage
Locus enim est principum generation rerum - For place the origin of things. (Roger Bacon)
Locus in quo - The place in which something happens
Locus poenitentiae - A place for repentance
Locus sigilli (l.s.) - The place of the seal
Locus standi - Place of standing
Longo intervallo - After a long gap
Loquitur (loq.) - He/she speaks
Luctor et emergo - I struggle but I'll survive
Luke sum ipse patrem te - Luke, I am your father. (Star Wars)
Lumen naturale - Natural light
Lupus est homo homini - Man wolf to man
Lupus in fabula - The wolf in the tale (i.e. Speak of the wolf, and he will come) (Terence)
Lusus naturae - A freak of nature
Lux et veritas - Light and Truth
Lux mundi - The light of the world
Logged
Re: Latin phrases and quotes
« Reply #4 on: July 14, 2006, 11:48:23 PM »
M
Machina improba! Vel mihi ede potum vel mihi redde nummos meos! - You infernal machine! Give me a beverage or give me my money back!
Maecenas atav edite regibus - Maecenas, born of monarch ancestors. (Horace)
Magter art ingeniique largitor venter - Necessity the mother of all invention
Magter Artium (MA) - Master of arts
Magter mundi sum! - I am the master of the universe!
Magna charta - Great paper
Magna cum laude - With great honour or academic dtinction
Magna res est voc et silentii temperamentum - The great thing to know when to speak and when to keep quiet
Magnas inter oper inops - A pauper in the midst of wealth. (Horace)
Magnificat - It magnifies
Magnum bonum - A great good
Magnum opus - Great work, the major work of one's life
Magnus frater spectat te - Big Brother watching you
Maior rus, acrior ens: quadragesima octava regula quaesitus - The bigger the smile, the sharper the knife: the 48th rule of acquition
Mala fide - In bad faith (something which done fraudulently)
Male parta male dilabuntur - What has been wrongly gained wrongly lost. (Ill-gotten gains seldom prosper.) (Cicero)
Malum consilium quod mutari non potest - It's a bad plan that can't be changed. (Publilius Syrus)
Malum prohibitum - A prohibited wrong. A crime that society decides wrong for some reason, not inherently evil
Malum quidem nullum esse sine aliquo bono - There , to be sure, no evil without something good. (Pliny the Elder)
Manus in mano - Hand in hand
Manus manum lavat - One hand washes the other. The favor for the favor. (Petronius)
Mare clausum - A closed sea
Mare liberum - An open sea
Mare nostrum - Our sea. (Mediterranean)
Margaritas ante porcos - Pearls before swine. To give something valuable to someone not respecting it
Mater artium necessitas - Necessity the mother of invention
Mater dolorosa - Sorrowful mother. (Virgin Mary)
Mater memento mori - Remember your mortality
Mater tua criceta fuit, et pater tuo redoluit bacarum sambucus - Your mother was a hamster and your father smelt of elderberries
Mater - Mother
Materiam superabat opus - The workmanship was better than the subject matter. (Ovid)
Maxima debetur puero reverentia - We owe the greatest respect to a child
Maximus in minim - Great in little things
Me fallit - I do not know
Me iudice - I being judge; in my judgement
Me oportet propter praeceptum te nocere - I'm going to have to hurt you on principle
Me transmitte sursum, caledoni! - Beam me up, Scotty!
Mea culpa - Through my fault
Mea maxima culpa - Through my very great fault
Mea mihi conscientia plur est quam omnium sermo - My conscience means more to me than all speech. (Cicero)
Medice, cura te ipsum! - Physician, heal thyself! (Versio Vulgata)
Medici graviores morbos asper remedi curant - Doctors cure the more serious deases with harsh remedies. (Curtius Rufus)
Medicus curat, natura sanat - The physician treats, nature cures
Medio tutsimus ib - You will go safest in the middle. (Moderation in all things) (Ovid)
Mei capilli sunt flagrantes - My hair on fire
Meliora cogito - I strive for the best
Melitae amor - Love of Malta
Melius est praevenire quam praeveniri - Better to forestall than to be forestalled
Melius frangi quam flecti - It better to break than to bend
Melius tarde, quam nunquam - Better late than never
Mellita, domi adsum - Honey, I'm home
Memento mori - Remember that you must die
Memento vivere - A reminder of life (literally remember that you have to live)
Memorabilia - Memorable things
Memorandum - A note of; a thing to be remembered
Memoria in aeterna - In everlasting remembrance
Memoriter - From memory
Mendacem memorem esse oportet - A liar needs a good memory. (Quintilianus)
Mens agitat molem - The mind moves the matter. (Vergil)
Mens rea - Guilty mind
Mens regnum bona possidet - An honest heart a kingdom in itself. (Seneca)
Mens sana in corpore sano - A sound mind in a sound body. (Juvenal)
Mens sibi conscia recti - A mind conscious of its rectitude
Meum cerebrum nocet - My brain hurts
Meum pactum dictum - My word my bond
Mihi cura futuri - My concern the future
Mihi ignosce. Cum homine de cane debeo congredi - Excuse me. I've got to see a man about a dog
Millennium (millennia) - A thousand year period
Minime senuti! - You haven't aged a bit!
Minus habens - Absentminded
Mirabile dictu - Wonderful to say/relate. (Vergil)
Mirabile vu - Wonderful to behold
Merere - Have mercy
Msa solemn - Solemn Mass. (high Mass)
Mittimus - We send (to pron)
Modus agendi - Manner of operation
Modus operandi (m.o.) - Way of operating
Modus vivendi - Way of living
Monstra mihi pecuniam! - Show me the money!
Moratorium - A delay
Morituri te salutant - Those who are about to die salute you
Mors ultima linea rerum est - Death everything's final limit. (Horace)
Mors ultima ratio - Death the final accounting
Mortvi non mordant - Dead me don't bite; Dead men tell no tale
Motu proprio - Of one's own initiative
Mulier taceat in ecclesia - Let the woman be silent in church. (Paul)
Multi famam, conscientiam pauci verentur - Many fear their reputation, few their conscience. (Pliny)
Mult post ann - Many years later
Multum in parvo - Much in little. (small but significant)
Multun, non multa - Much, not many (quality not quantity)
Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur - The world wants to be deceived, so let it be deceived!
Mundus vult decipi - The world wants to be deceived
Munit haec et altera vincit - One defends and the other conquers
Mus uni non fidit antro - A mouse does not rely on just one hole. (Plautus)
Musica delenit bestiam feram - Music soothes the savage beast
Mutat mutand - The necessary changes having been made
Mutato nomine - The name being changed
Mvlti svnt vocati, pavci vero electi - Many are called [but] few are chosen
Mvndvs vvlt decipi - The world whes to be deceived there's a sucker born every minute
Mvtat mvtand - The things that ought to have changed having been changed with the necessary substitutions having been made
N
Nam et ipsa scientia potestas es - Knowledge power. (Sir Franc Bacon)
Nascentes morimur - From the moment we are born, we begin to die
Natale solum - Native soil
Natura abhorret a vacua - Nature abhors a vacuum
Natura in minima maxima - Nature the greatest in the smallest things
Natura nihil fit in frustra - Nature does nothing in vain
Natura, art magtra - Nature, the mtress of art
Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret - You can drive nature out with a pitchfork but she always comes back
Navigare necesse est - To sail necessary
Ne auder delere orbem rigidum meum! - Don't you dare erase my hard dk!
Ne cede mal - Yield not to evils
Ne fecer ut rideam - Don't make me laugh
Ne humanus crede - Trust no human
Ne nimium - Not too much
Ne plus ultra - No further. Impassable obstacle
Ne quid nim - Nothing in excess. (Terence)
Nec laudas ni mortuos poetas: tanti non est, ut placeam, perire - If only dead poets are praed, I'd rather go unsung
Nec mortem effugere ququam nec amorem potest - No one able to flee from death or love
Nec possum tecum vivere, nec sine te - I am able to live / I can live neither with you, nor without you. (Martial)
Nec verbum verbo curab reddere fidus interpres - As a true translator you will take care not to translate word for word. (Horace)
Necesse est multos timeat quem multi timent - He must fear many, whom many fear. (Laberius)
Necessitas non habet legem - Necessity knows no law
Negotium populo romano melius quam otium committi - The Roman people understand work better than leure
Nemine contradicente (nem. con.) - With no one speaking in opposition. Unanimously
Nemine dsentiente (nem. ds.) - With no one dagreeing
Nemo ante mortem beatus - Nobody blessed before h death. We never know what future preparing for us!
Nemo autem regere potest ni qui et regi - Moreover, there no one who can rule unless he can be ruled. (Seneca)
Nemo dat quod non habet - No one gives what he does not have
Nemo grat mendax - No man lies freely. A person with no reason to lie telling the truth
Nemo hic adest illius nomin - There no one here by that name
Nemo liber est qui corpori servit - No one free who a slave to h body
Nemo malus felix - No bad man lucky. (Juvenal)
Nemo me impune lacessit - No one provokes me with impunity. (motto of the Kings of Scotland)
Nemo ni mors - Nobody except death (will part us). (Inscription in the wedding ring of the Swedh Queen Katarina Jagellonica)
Nemo propheta in patria sua - No one considered a prophet in h hometown/homeland
Nemo repente fuit turpsimus - No one ever became thoroughly bad in one step. (Juvenal)
Nemo rum praebuit, qui ex se coepit - Nobody laughed at, who laughs at himself. (Seneca)
Nemo saltat sobrius ni forte insanit - Nobody dances sober unless he's insane
Nemo saltat sobrius - No man dances sober
Nemo sine vitio est - No one without fault. (Seneca the Elder)
Nemo surdior est quam qui non audiet - No man more deaf than he who will not hear
Nemo timendo ad summum pervenit locum - No man by fearing reaches the top. (Syrus)
Nervos belli, pecuniam. (Nervus rerum.) - The nerve of war, money. (The nerve of things.) (Cicero)
Nescio quid dicas - I don't know what you're talking about
Neutiquam erro - I am not lost
Nihil ad rem - Nothing to do with the point
Nihil agere delectat - It pleasant to do nothing. (Cicero)
Nihil aliud scit necessitas quam vincere - Necesssity knows nothing else but victory. (Syrus)
Nihil curo de ta tua stulta superstitione - I'm not interested in your dopey religious cult
Nihil declaro - I have nothing to declare
Nihil est ab omni parte beatum - Nothing good in every part. (Horace)
Nihil est incertius volgo - Nothing more uncertain than the (favour of the) crowd. (Cicero)
Nihil est merum ni cum putes - Nothing unfortunate if you don't consider it unfortunate. (Boethius)
Nihil est--In vita priore ego imperator romanus fui - That's nothing--in a previous life I was a Roman Emperor
Nihil obstat - Nothing stands in the way
Nihil sub sole novum - Nothing new under the sun
Nihil tam munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit - No fort so strong that it cannot be taken with money. (Cicero)
Nihil - Nothing
Nil actum credens dum quid superesset agendum - Thinking nothing done, while anything was yet to do
Nil actum reputa si quid superest agendum - Don't consider that anything has been done if anything left to be done. (Lucan)
Nil admirari - To admire nothing. (Horace)
Nil agit exemplum, litem quod lite resolvit - Not much worth an example that solves one quarrel with another. (Horace)
Nil desperandum! - Never despair! (Horace)
Nil homini certum est - Nothing certain for man. (Ovid)
Nil sine numine - Nothing without the Divine Will
Nill illigitimi carborundum - Do not let the b******s get you down
Ni crediderit, non intelliget - Unless you will have believed, you will not understand. (St. Augustine)
Ni prius - Unles previously
Ni - Unless
Nolens volens - Whether one likes it or not; willing or unwilling
Noli equi dentes inspicere donati - Do not look a gift horse in the mouth. (St. Jerome)
Noli me tangere! - Don't touch me! (Versio Vulgata)
Noli me voca, ego te vocabo - Don't call me. I'll call you
Noli noth permittere te terere - Don�t let the b******s get you down
Noli simul flare sobereque - Don't whtle and drink at the same time
Noli turbare circulos meos! - Don't upset my calculations! (Archimedes)
Nolite id cogere, cape malleum majorem - Don't force it, get a bigger hammer
Nolle prosequi - Do not pursue
Nolo contendere - I do not wh to contend
Nomen est omen - The name the sign
Nomina stultorum parietibus haerent - The names of foolh persons adhere to walls (Fools names and fools faces are often seen in public places.)
Nominatim - By name
Non b in idem - Not twice for the same thing
Non calor sed umor est qui nob incommodat - It's not the heat, it's the humidity
Non compos ment - Not in possession of one's senses
Non curo. Si metrum non habet, non est poema - I don't care. If it doesn't rhyme, it n't a poem
Non erravi perniciose! - I did not commit a fatal error!
Non est ad astra moll e terr via - There no easy way from the earth to the stars. (Seneca)
Non est ei simil - There no one like him
Non est mea culpa - It's not my fault
Non est vivere sed valere vita est - Life not being alive but being well (life more than just being alive)
Non Gradus Anus Rodentum! - Not Worth A Rats Ass!
Non ignara mals, mer svccvrrere dco - No stranger to mfortune [myself] I learn to relieve the sufferings [of others
Non illigitamus carborundum - Don't let the b******s grind you down
Non licet - It not allowed
Non liquet - It not clear
Non mihi, non tibi, sed nob - Not for you, not for me, but for us - the foundation of a good relationship
Non mortem timemus, sed cogitationem mort - We do not fear death, but the thought of death. (Seneca)
Non multa, sed multum - Not many, but much. (Meaning, not quantity but quality) (Plinius)
Non nob, Domine - Not unto us, O Lord
Non omne quod licet honestum est - Not everything that permitted honest. (Corpus Iur Civil)
Non omne quod nitet aurum est - Not all that glitters gold
Non omnes qui habemt citharam sunt citharoedi - Not all those who own a musical instrument are musicians. (Bacon)
Non omnia moriar - Not all of me will die. (Horace)
Non omnia possumus omnes - Not all of us are able to do all things (We can't all do everything.) (Virgil)
Non omn moriar - Not all of me will die. (h works would live forever) (Horace)
Non placet - It does not please
Non plaudite. Modo pecuniam jacite - Don't applaud. Just throw money
Non plus ultra! (Nec plus ultra!) - Nothing above that!
Non prosequitur - He does not proceed
Non qu, sed quid - Not who, but what
Non rape me si placet - Please don't rob me
Non scholae sed vitae dcimus - We do not learn for school, but for life. (Seneca)
Non semper erit aestas - It will not always be summer (be prepared for hard times)
Non sequitur - It does not follow
Non serviam - I will not serve
Non sibi sed su - Not for one's self but for one's people
Non sibi, sed patriae - Not for you, but for the fatherland
Non sum pces - I am not a fh
Non sum qual eram - I am not what / of what sort I was (I'm not what I used to be.)
Non teneas aurum totum quod splendet ut aurum - Do not take as gold everything that shines like gold
Non timet messor - Don't Fear the Reaper
Non uno die roma aedificata est - Rome was not built in one day (either)
Non ut edam vivo, sed vivam edo - I do not live to eat, but eat to live. (Quintilianus)
Non vereor ne illam me amare hic potuerit resccere; quippe haud etiam quicquam inepte feci - I don't think anyone knows I love the girl; I haven't done anything really silly yet
Non, mihi ignosce, credo me insequentem esse - No, excuse me, I believe I'm next
Nonne amicus certus in re incerta cernitur? - A friend in need a friend in deed. (our equivalent)
Nonne de novo eboraco ven? - You're from New York, aren't you?
Nonne macesc? - Have you lost weight?
Nosce te ipsum - Know thyself. (Inscription at the temple of Apollo in Delphi.)
Nota bene (nb.) - Note well. Observe carefully
Novus homo - A new Man; a man who was the first in h family to be elected to an office
Novus ordo saeculorum - A new order of ages
Novus ordo seclorum - A new order for the ages. (appears on the U.S. one-dollar bill)
Nulla avarita sine poena est - There no avarice without penalty. (Seneca)
Nulla dies sine linea - Not a day without a line. Do something every day! (Apeles, Greek painter)
Nulla regula sine exceptione - There no rule/law without exception
Nulla res carius constat quam quae precibus empta est - Nothing so expensive as that which you have bought with pleas. (Seneca)
Nulla vit melior quam bona - There's no life better than a good life
Nulli expugnabil hosti - Conquered By No Enemy. (motto of Gibraltar)
Nulli secundus - Second to none
Nullius in verba - (Rely) on the words on no one. (Horace)
Nullo metro compositum est - It doesn't rhyme
Nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege - No crime and no punhment without a (pre-exting) law
Nullum est iam dictum quod non dictum sit prius - Nothing said that hasn't been said before. (Terence)
Nullum gratuitum prandium - There no free lunch!
Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae - There no one great ability without a mixture of madness
Nullum saeculum magn ingeni clausum est - No generation closed to great talents. (Seneca)
Nullus est instar domus - There no place like home
Nullus est liber tam malus ut non aliqua parte prosit - There no book so bad that it not profitable on some part. (Pliny the Younger)
Numen - Divine power
Numero pondere et mensura Deus omnia condidit - God created everything by number, weight and measure. (Isaac Newton)
Numerus clausus - A restricted number
Nummus americanus - Greenback. ($US)
Numquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit - Never does nature say one thing and wdom say another
Numquam non paratus - Never unprepared
Numquam se minus solum quam cum solus esset - You are never so little alone as when you are alone. (Cicero)
Nunc dimitt - Now let depart
Nunc est bibendum - Now we must drink. (Horace)
Nvdvm pactvm - A nude pact an invalid agreement a contract with illusory benefits or without consideration hence unenforceable
Nvllvm qvod tetiget non ornavit - He touched none he did not adorn - not simply 'the Midas touch', or 'he left things better than he found them', but a tribute to a Renasance man
Nvnc avt nvnqvam - Now or never
Nvnc dimitt - Now let [thy servant] depart - generally any permsion to go, specifically to express one's readiness to depart or die
Nvnc pro tvnc - Now for then retroactive
Logged
Re: Latin phrases and quotes
« Reply #5 on: July 14, 2006, 11:49:06 PM »
O
O curas hominum! O quantum est in rebus inane! - Ah, human cares! Ah, how much futility in the world! (Lucilius)
O di immortales! - Good heavens! (uttered by Cicero on the Senate floor)
O diem praeclarum! - Oh, what a beautiful day!
O praeclarum custodem ovium lupum! - An excellent protector of sheep, the wolf! (Cicero)
O quam cito transit gloria mundi! - O how quickly passes the glory of the world!
O sancta simplicitas! - Oh, holy simplicity! (Jan Hus)
O tempora, O mores! - Oh, the times! Oh, the morals! (Cicero)
O! Plus! Perge! Aio! Hui! Hem! - Oh! More! Go on! Yes! Ooh! Ummm!
Obesa cantavit - The fat lady has sung
Obiit (ob.) - He/she died
Obiter dictum - Something said in passing - parenthetical remark
Oblitus sum perpolire clepsydras! - I forgot to polh the clocks!
Obscurum per obscurius - The obscure by means of the more obscure
Obsta principi - Rest the beginnings - Nip it in the bud
Occasio aegre offertur, facile amittitur - Opportunity offered with difficulty, lost with ease. (Publius Syrus)
Occasio facit furem - Opportunity makes a thief
Oderint dum metuant - Let them hate provided that they fear. (Seneca)
Odi et amo - I hate (her), and I love (her) (Catullus)
Odium theologicum - Theological hatred. (a special name for the hatred generated in theological dputes)
Olevm addere camino - To pour fuel on the stove adding gasoline to a fire
Olevm perdti - You have lost oil you've wasted your time on th criticm for a mallocation of resources
Olim habeas eorum pecuniam, numquam eam redd: prima regula quaesitus - Once you have their money, you never give it back: the 1st rule of acquiton
Olim - Formerly
Omne ignotum pro magnifico est - We have great notions of everything unknown. (Tacitus)
Omne initium est difficile - Every beginning difficult
Omne trium perfectum - Everything that comes in threes perfect
Omne tvlit pvnctvm qvi mcvit vtile dvlci - [he] has gained every point who has combined [the] useful [with the] agreeable
Omnes aequo animo parent ubi digni imperant - All men cheerfully obey where worthy men rule. (Syrus)
Omnes deteriores svmvs licentia - Too much freedom debases us
Omnes lagani ptrinae gelate male sapiunt - All frozen pizzas taste lousy
Omnes una manet nox - The same night awaits us all. (Horace)
Omnes vulnerant, ultima necat - All (hours) wound, the last kills. (inscription on solar clocks)
Omnia iam fient quae posse negabam - Everything which I used to say could not happen will happen now. (Ovid)
Omnia mea mecum porto - All that mine, I carry with me. (My wdom my greatest wealth) (Cicero)
Omnia mihi lingua graeca sunt - It's all Greek to me
Omnia mors aequat - Death equals all things
Omnia munda mund - Everything pure to pure ones
Omnia mutantur nos et mutamur in ill - All things change, and we change with them
Omnia mutantur, nihil interit - Everything changes, nothing perhes. (Ovid)
Omnia mutantur, nos et mutamur in ill - All things are changing, and we are changing with them
Omnia vincit amor - Love conquers all
Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori - Love conquers all things; let us too surrender to love. (Vergil)
Omnium gatherum - Assortment
Omnium rerum principia parva sunt - Everything has a small beginning. (Cicero)
Onus probandi - The burden of proof
Opere citato (op. cit.) - In the work just quoted
Optim parentibus - To my excellent parents. A common dedication in a book
Optimus magter, bonus liber - The best teacher a good book
Opus Dei - The work of God
Ora et labora - Pray and work. (St. Benedict)
Ora pro nob - Pray for us
Oratvr fit, poeta nascitvr - An orator made [but] a poet born
Orbes volantes exstare - Flying saucers are real
Orbiter dictum/dicta - Said by the way (mcellaneous remarks)
Orcae ita - Pretty straightforward
Ore rotundo - With full voice
Osculare pultem meam! - Ks my grits!
P
Pace tua - With your consent
Pace - By leave of
Pacta sunt servanda - Agreements are to be kept. (Cicero)
Pactum serva - Keep the faith
Pallida mors - Pale Death. (Horace)
Palmam qui meruit ferat - Let him who has earned it bear the reward
Panem et circenses - Bread and circuses. Food and games to keep people happy. (Juvenal)
Par pare refero - I return like for like tit for tat retaliation
Parens patriae - Parent of the country
Pares cvm paribvs - Like persons with like persons. Birds of a feather flock together
Pari passu - With equal pace - moving together
Pars maior lacrimas ridet et intus habet - You smile at your tears but have them in your heart. (Martial)
Particeps crimin - Partner in crime
Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus - Mountains will be in labour, and an absurd mouse will be born. (all that work and nothing to show for it)
Parva leves capiunt animas - Small things occupy light minds (small things amuse small minds)
Parva scintilla saepe magnam flamam excitat - The small sparkle often initiates a large flame
Passim - All through
Pater familias - Father of the family
Pater htoriae - The father of htory
Pater Noster - Our Father (The first words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin)
Pater patriae - Father of the country
Patria est commun omnium parens - Our native land the common parent of us all. (Cicero)
Patr est filius - He h father's son
Pauc verb, quid est deconstructionmus? - What, in a nutshell, deconstructionm?
Pauc verb - In a few words
Pavesco, pavesco - I'm shaking, I'm shaking
Pavpertas omnivm artivm repertrix - Poverty [ the] inventor of all the arts necessity the mother of invention
Pax et bonum! - Peace and salvation!
Pax tecum - May peace be with you (Singular)
Pax vobcum - May peace be with you (Plural)
Pax - Peace
Peccatum tacituritat - Sin of silence
Peccavi - I have sinned
Peculium - Property
Pecunia in arbot non crescit - Money does not grow on trees
Pecunia non olet - Money has no smell. Money doesn't stink. (don't look a gift horse in the mouth) (Vespasianus)
Pecvniate obedivnt omnia - All things obey money. Money makes the world go round
Pede poena claudo - Punhment comes limping. Retribution comes slowly, but surely. (Horace)
Pendente lite - While a suit pending
Penetalia ment - The innermost recesses of the mind. Heart of hearts
Per accidens - By Accident
Per angusta in augusta - Through difficulties to great things
Per annum (p.a.) - Yearly
Per ardua ad astra - Through difficulties to the stars
Per aspera ad astra - Through the thorns to the stars
Per capita - Per head
Per cent (per centum) - Per hundred
Per contra - On the contrary
Per diem - Per day; daily allowance
Per fas et nefas - Through right or wrong
Per impossibile - As impossible a way to qualify a proposition that cannot ever be true
Per mensem - Monthly
Per procurationem (per pro) - By delegation to
Per se - By or in itself
Per varios usus artem experientia fecit - Through different exerces practice has brought skill. (Manilius)
Perfer et obdura; dolor hic tibi proderit olim - Be patient and tough; some day th pain will be useful to you. (Ovid)
Periculum in mora - There danger in delay. (Livy)
Perpetuo vincit qui utitur clementia - He forever victor who employs clemency. (Syrus)
Perpetuum mobile - Perpetual motion
Perscriptio in manibus tabellariorum est - The check in the mail
Persona (non) grata - (un)welcome person
Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantes - Flatterers are the worst type of enemies
Pessimus inimicorum genus, laudantes - The worst kind of enemies, those who can prae. (Tacitus)
Petitio principii - An assumption at the start
Philosophum non facit barba! - The beard does not define a philosopher. (Plutarch)
Pictor ignotus - Painter unknown
Pinxit - He/she painted it
Ptrix! Ptrix! - Shark! Shark!
Placebo - I will please. Medical expression for remedies with no medical effect, which improve one's medical condition only because one believes they do
Placet - It pleases
Pleno iure - With full authority
Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate - Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily
Plusque minusque - More or less
Plvres crapvla qvam gladivs - Drunkeness [kills] more than the sword. As true today on the road as it ever was
Poeta nascitur, non fit - The poet born, not made
Poli, poli, di umbuendo - Slowly, Slowly we will get there
Pone ubi sol non lucet! - Put it where the sun don't shine!
Posse (posse comitatus) - The power of the country
Possunt quia posse videntur - They can because they think they can
Post bellum - After the war
Post coitem - After sexual intercourse
Post factum - After the fact
Post hoc ergo propter hoc - After th, therefore because of th
Post hoc - After th
Post meridiem (p.m.) - After midday
Post mortem - After death. (nowadays, the autopsy performed by a coroner)
Post obitum - After death
Post proelia praemia - After the battles come the rewards
Post scriptum (ps) - After what has been written
Post tenebras lux - After the darkness, light
Postatem obscuri later nescit - You do not know the power of the dark side
Potes currere sed te occulere non potes - You can run, but you can't hide
Potest ex casa magnus vir exire - A great man can come from a hut. (Seneca)
Potestatem obscuri later nesc - You don't know the power of the dark side. (Star Wars)
Potius mori quam foedari - Rather to die than to be dhonoured (death before dhonour)
Potius sero quam numquam - It's better late than never. (Livy)
Praemonitus, pramunitus - Forewarned, forearmed
Praetio prudentia praestat - Prudence supplies a reward
Prehende uxorem meam, s! - Take my wife, please!
Prescriptio in manibus tabellariorium est - The check in the mail
Pretium iustum est - The Price Right
Prima facie - At first sight; on the face of it. (in law, an obvious case that requires no further proof)
Primum mobile - Prime mover
Primum non nocere - The first thing to do no harm. (Hippocratic oath)
Primum viveri deinde philosophari - Live before you philosophize, or Leap before you look
Primus inter pares - First among equals
Principi obsta - Rest the beginnings
Pro bono (pro bono publico) - For the good of the public
Pro di immortales! - Good Heavens!
Pro et contra - For and against
Pro forma - As a matter of formality
Pro hac vice - For th occaion
Pro memoria - For a memorial
Pro nunc - For now
Pro opportunitate - As circumstances allow
Pro patria - For one's country
Pro rata - In proportion to the value. (per hour for example)
Pro re nata (prn) - For an occasion as it ares
Pro se - On one's own behalf
Pro tanto - So far
Pro tempore (pro tem.) - For the time being
Probae esti in segetem sunt deteriorem datae fruges, tamen ipsae suaptae enitent - A good seed, planted even in poor soil, will bear rich fruit by its own nature. (Accius)
Probatum est - It has been proved
Probitas laudatur et alget - Honesty praed and left in the cold. (Juvenal)
Promotor fidei - Promoter of the faith
Promoveatur ut amoveatur - Let him be promoted to get him out of the way
Propino fibi salutem! - Cheers!
Proprium humani ingenii est odse quem laeser - It human nature to hate a person whom you have injured
Proxime accessit - He/she came close
Proximo (prox.) - Of the next month
Proximus sum egomet mihi - I am closest to myself. (Charity begins at home.) (Terence)
Pueri pueri, pueri puerilia tractant - Children are children, (therefore) children do childh things
Pulv et umbra sumus - We are dust and shadow. (Horace)
Purgamentum init, exit purgamentum - Garbage in, garbage out
Pur omnia pura - To the pure all things are pure
Puri sermon amator - A lover of pure speech. (Terence)
Logged
| blind are led by blind |
Which 2006 film, starring Channing Tatum, was inspired by Shakespeare’s ‘Twelfth Night’? | Latin Phrases - Documents
Documents
Share Latin Phrases
Embed
<iframe src="http://docslide.us/embed/latin-phrases-55844d5b3ff8b.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://docslide.us/documents/latin-phrases-55844d5b3ff8b.html" title="Latin Phrases" target="_blank">Latin Phrases</a></div>
size(px)
Download Latin Phrases
Transcript
A A bene placito A capite ad calcem A cappella A contrario A cruce salus A Deo et Rege A fortiori A fronte praecipitium a tergo lupi A mari usque ad mare A mensa et thoro A pedibus usque ad caput A posse ad esse A posteriori A priori A verbis ad verbera Ab absurdo Ab aeterno Ab asino lanam Ab hinc Ab imo pectore Ab incunabulis Ab initio Ab intestato Ab origine Ab ovo usque ad mala Ab ovo Ab urbe condita Ab/Ex uno disce omnes Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit Absente reo Absit invidia Absit omen Absum! Abusus non tollit usum Abutebaris modo subjunctivo denuo Abyssus abyssum invocat Accipere quam facere praestat injuriam Acta est fabula, plaudite! Acta non verba Acta sanctorum Actus reus At one's pleasure From head to heel In church [style] i.e. Vocal music only From a contrary position From the cross comes salvation From God and the King With yet stronger reason A precipice in front, wolves behind (between a rock and a hard place) From sea to sea (Motto of Canada) From board and bed (legal separation) From feet to head From possibility to actuality From what comes after. Inductive reasoning based on observation, as opposed to deductive, or a priori From what comes before From words to blows From the absurd (establishing the validity of your argument by pointing out the absurdity of your opponent's position) From the beginning of time Wool from an ass, blood from a stone impossible From here on From the bottom of the chest. (from the heart) (Julius Caesar) From the cradle From the beginning Having made no will From the origin From the egg right to the apples (From start to finish) (Horace) From the egg From the foundation of the city. (Rome) From one person, learn all people He has left, absconded, escaped and disappeared In absence of the defendant No offence intended May the omen be absent. (may this not be an omen) I'm outta here! Wrong use does not preclude proper use You've been misusing the subjunctive again Hell calls hell; one mistep leads to another It is better to suffer an injustice than to do an injustice The play is over, applaud! (Said to have been emperor Augustus' last words) Action not words Deeds of the saints Wrongful act [as opposed to ‘mens rea’ - the wrongful intention or guilty mind] Ad absurdum Ad acta Ad alta Ad astra per aspera Ad astra Ad augusta per angusta Ad captandum vulgus Ad clerum Ad eundem gradum Ad eundem Ad eundum quo nemo ante iit Ad fontes Ad fundum Ad hoc Ad hominem Ad honorem Ad idem Ad infinitum Ad interim Ad libitum (Acronym 'ad lib') Ad Libitur Ad limina apostolorum Ad litem Ad locum Ad lucem Ad maiorem dei gloriam (AMDG) Ad multos annos Ad nauseum Ad perpetuam rei memoriam Ad praesens ova cras pullis sunt meliora Ad referendum Ad rem Ad valorem Ad vitam aeternam Ad vitam paramus Ad vitam Addendum Adeste Fideles Adsum Adversus incendia excubias nocturnas vigilesque commentus est Adversus solem ne loquitor To the point of absurdity To archives. Not actual any more To the summit To the stars through difficulty To the stars To high places by narrow roads To appeal to the crowd - often used of politicians who make false or insincere promises appealing to popular interest To the clergy To the same level Of admission to the same degree at a different university To boldly go where no man has gone before To the sources (motto of Renaissance Humanism) To the bottom / To the end (said during a generic toast, like bottoms up!) For a particular purpose. (improvised, made up in an instant) Appealing to a person's physical and emotional urges, rather than her or his intellect In honour. Honour not baring any material advantage Of the same mind To infinity without end For the meantime At one's pleasure As Desired To the thresholds of the Apostles For a lawsuit or action At the place Towards the light (motto of the University of Lisbon) For the greater glory of God To many years!, i.e. Many happy returns! To the point of making one sick For the perpetual remembrance of the thing Eggs today are better than chickens tomorrow (a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush) Subject to reference To the point By the value, e.g. Ad valorem tax For all time We are preparing for life For life A thing to be added Be present, faithful ones Here! present! Against the dangers of fires, he (Augustus) conceived of the idea of night guards and watchmen Don't speak against the sun (don't waste your time arguing the obvious) Advocatus diaboli Aegrescit medendo Aegri somnia Aegroto, dum anima est, spes esse dicitur Aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem Aeronavis abstractio a prestituto cursu Aetatis (aet.) Aeternum vale Affidavit Age quod agis Age. Fac ut gaudeam Agenda Agnus Dei Aio, quantitas magna frumentorum est Alea iacta est Alias Alibi Aliena nobis, nostra plus aliis placent Alis volat propiis Alma Mater Alter ego Alter ipse amicus Alterum ictum faciam Altissima quaeque flumina minimo sono labi Alumnus Amantes sunt amentes Amantium irae amoris integratio est Amare et sapere vix deo conceditur Amat victoria curam Amicitiae nostrae memoriam spero sempiternam fore Amicule, deliciae, num is sum qui mentiar tibi? Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur Amicus curiae Amicus humani generis Amicus verus est rara avis Amor animi arbitrio sumitur, non ponitur Amor caecus est Amor est vitae essentia Amor ordinem nescit Amor patriae Amor platonicus Amor tussisque non celantur The devil's advocate The disease worsens with the treatment. The remedy is worse than the disease A sick man's dreams (Horace) It is said that for a sick man, there is hope as long as there is life Remember when life's path is steep to keep your mind even. (Horace) Hijacking Age Farewell forever A sworn written statement usable as evidence in court Do what you do well, pay attention to what you are doing Go ahead. Make my day! Things to be done The Lamb of God Yes, that is a very large amount of corn The die has been cast. (Caesar) Otherwise Elsewhere Other people's things are more pleasing to us, and ours to other people. (Publilius Syrus) She flies with her own wings (state motto of Oregon) Nourishing mother. (One's old school or university) Other 'I' or 'Other Self' A friend is another self I'm going to take a mulligan The deepest rivers flow with the least sound. (still waters run deep) Nursling (former pupil) Lovers are lunatics The quarrels of lovers are the renewal of love. (Terence) Even a god finds it hard to love and be wise at the same time Victory favors those who take pains I hope that the memory of our friendship will be everlasting. (Cicero) Baby, sweetheart, would I lie to you? A true friend is discerned during an uncertain matter Friend of the court A friend of the human race (philanthropist) A true friend is a rare bird We choose to love, we do not choose to cease loving. (Syrus) Love is blind Love is the essence of life. (Robert B. Mackay) Love does not know order. (St. Jerome) Love of country Platonic love Love, and a cough, are not concealed. (Ovid) Amor vincit omnia Amoto quaeramus seria ludo An nescis, mi fili, quantilla sapientia mundus regatur? Anguis in herba Anicularum lucubrationes Animadvertistine, ubicumque stes, fumum recta in faciem ferri? Animis opibusque parati Animus facit nobilem Anno (an.) Anno domini (AD) Anno hegirae (AH) Anno mundi Anno regni Anno urbis conditae (AUC) Annuit coeptis Annus bisextus Annus horribilis Annus mirabilis Ante litteram Ante meridiem (a.m.) Ante mortem Ante prandium (A.p.) Ante Antebellum Antiquis temporibus, nati tibi similes in rupibus ventosissimis exponebantur ad necem Anulos qui animum ostendunt omnes gestemus! Apage Satanas Appareo Decet Nihil Munditia? Apudne te vel me? Aqua fortis Aqua pura Aqua vitae Aquila non captat muscas Arbiter elegantiae Arcana imperii Arduum sane munus Arguendo Argumentum ad hominem Argumentum ad ignorantiam Armis Exposcere Pacem Ars gratia artis Ars longa, vita brevis Love conquers all. (Virgil) Joking aside, let us turn to serious matters. (Horace) Don't you know then, my son, how little wisdom rules the world? A snake in the grass. A treacherous person. (Vergil) Old wives' tales (At a barbeque) Ever noticed how wherever you stand, the smoke goes right into your face? Prepared in minds and resources (ready for anything) The spirit makes (human) noble Year In the year of the Lord In the year of the hegira In the year of the world In the year of reign From the year of founding of the city (Rome) God has favored us Leap year A horrible year Year of wonders Before the letter Before midday Before death Before a meal Before Before the war In the good old days, children like you were left to perish on windswept crags Let's all wear mood rings! Begone, Satan Is It Not Nifty? Your place or mine? Nitric acid Pure water Water of life (brandy) The eagle doesn't capture flies (don't sweat the small things) Judge in matters of taste Secrets of the empire A truly arduous task For the sake of argument An argument against the man. Directing an argument against an opponent's character rather than the subject at hand Arguing from ignorance They demanded peace by force of arms. (An inscription seen on medals) Art for art's sake. (motto of MGM) Art (work) is long, but life is short Ars sine scienta nihil est Artium baccalaureus Artium magister Ascendo tuum Asinus asinum fricat Aspice, officio fungeris sine spe honoris amplioris Aspirat primo Fortuna labori Assiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit Astra inclinant, non necessitant Astra non mentiuntur, sed astrologi bene mentiuntur de astris Aude sapere Audaces fortuna iuvat Audere est facere Audi et alteram partem Audiatur et altera pars! Audio, video, disco Auget largiendo Aura popularis Aurea mediocritas Auribus tenere lupum Aurora australis Aurora borealis Aurora Musis amica Aut Caesar aut nihil Aut disce aut discede Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit Aut viam inveniam aut faciam Aut vincere aut mori Auxilio ab alto Avarus animus nullo satiatur lucro Ave atque vale Ave caesar! Morituri te salutamus Ave maria Art without science is nothing. (I would also claim that the opposite is true) Bachelor of Arts (BA) Master of Arts (MA) Up yours The ass rubs the ass. (Conceited people flatter each other about qualities they do not possess) Face it, you're stuck in a dead end job Fortune smiles upon our first effort. (Virgil) Constant practice devoted to one subject often outdues both intelligence and skill. (Cicero) The stars incline; they do not determine The stars never lie, but the astrologs lie about the stars Dare to know Fortune favors the bold. (Virgil) To dare is to do. (Motto of Tottenham Hotspur) Hear the other side too Let us hear the opposite side! I hear, I see, I learn He increases by giving liberally The popular breeze. (Cicero) The golden mean. (an ethical goal; truth and goodness are generally to be found in the middle.) (Horace) I hold a wolf by the ears. (I am in a dangerous situation and dare not let go.) (Terence) The Southern lights The Northern lights Dawn is friend of the muses. (Early bird catches the worm.) Caesar or nothing i.e., all or nothing Either learn or leave The fellow is either mad or he is composing verses. (Horace) I will either find a way or make one Either conquer or die By help from on high A greedy mind is satisfied with no (amount of) gain Hail and farewell. (Catullus) Hail Caesar! We who are about to die salute you. (gladiators before the fight) Hail Mary B Balaenae nobis conservandae sunt! Beata Virgo (Maria) Beatae memoriae Beati pacifici Beati pauperes spiritu Beati possidentes Beatus Bella detesta matribus Bella gerant alii Bellum omium contra omnes Belua multorum es capitum Bene legere saecla vincere Bene qui latuit, bene vixit Bene, cum Latine nescias, nolo manus meas in te maculare Bene Beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere Bibere venenum in auro Bis dat qui cito dat Bis in die (bid) Bis interimitur qui suis armis perit Bis repetita placent Bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria Bis vivit qui bene vivit Bona fide Bona fides (noun) Bona fortuna Bona officia Bonum commune communitatis Bonum commune hominis Bonum vinum laetificat cor hominis Bovina Sancta! Braccae illae virides cum subucula rosea et tunica Caledonia quam elenganter concinnatur! Braccae tuae aperiuntur Brevior saltare cum deformibus mulieribus est vita Brevior saltare cum deformibus viris est vita Brevis esse latoro obscurus fio Brevis ipsa vita est sed malis fit longior Busillis Save the whales! The Blessed Virgin (Mary) Of blessed memory Blessed are the peacemakers Blessed are the poor in spirit The happy who possess. (possession is nine points of the law) (Euripides) The blessed one Wars, the horror of mothers. (Horace) Let others wage war Everyman's struggle against everyman. (Thomas Hobbes) The people are a many headed beast To read well is to master the ages. (Professor Isaac Flagg) One who lives well, lives unnoticed. (Ovid) Well, if you don't understand plain Latin, I'm not going to dirty my hands on you Good To accept a favour is to sell freedom. (Publilius Syrus) Drink poison from a cup of gold He gives twice who quickly gives. (Publius Syrus) Twice a day He is doubly destroyed who perishes by his own arms. (Syrus) The things that please are those that are asked for again and again. (Horace) He conquers twice who in the hour of conquest conquers himself. (Syrus) He lives twice who lives well In good faith. i. e. well intentioned, fairly Honest intention Good luck! Good services's General welfare. Literally, common good of the community Common good of man Good wine gladdens a person's heart Holy cow! Those green pants go so well with that pink shirt and the plaid jacket! Your fly is open Life is too short to dance with ugly women Life is too short to dance with ugly men When I try to be brief, I speak gobbledegook Our life is short but is made longer by misfortunes. (Publilius Syrus) Baffling puzzle or difficult point C Cacoethes scribendi Cadit quaestio Caeca invidia est Caeci caecos ducentes Caeli enarrant gloriam Dei Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt Caelum videre iussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus Caesar si viveret, ad remum dareris Camera obscvra Canis meus id comedit Canis timidus vehementius latrat quam mordet Capillamentum? Haudquaquam conieci esse! Caro putridas es! Carpe Cerevisi Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero Carpe diem Casus belli Catapultam habeo. Nisi pecuniam omnem mihi dabis, ad caput tuum saxum immane mittam Casus belli Causarum justia et misericordia Causa mortis Cave ab homine unius libri Cave canem, te necet lingendo Cave canem Cave cibum, valde malus est Cave ne ante ullas catapultas ambules Cave quid dicis, quando, et cui Cave Caveat emptor Caveat venditor Caveat Cedant arma togae Cedo maiori Certamen bikini suicidus disci mox coepit? Certe, toto, sentio nos in kansate non iam adesse Certum est, quia impossibile Cetera desunt Ceteris paribus Christus rex Cineri gloria sera venit Circa (c.) An insatiable urge to write. (Juvenal) The question drops Envy is blind. (Livy) Blind are led by the blind. Leaders are not more knowledgeable than the ones they lead The heavens declare the glory of God They change the sky, not their soul, who run across the sea. (Horace) He bid them look at the sky and lift their faces to the stars. (Ovid) If Caesar were alive, you'd be chained to an oar Hidden room - an early photographic or painting technique utilizing optical pinholes My dog ate it A timid dog barks more violently than it bites. (Curtius Rufus) A wig? I never would have guessed! You're dead meat Seize the beer! Seize the day, trust as little as possible in tomorrow. (Horace) Seize the day. (opportunity) (Horace) An act used to justify war I have a catapult. Give me all your money, or I will fling an enormous rock at your head Event (that is the justification for, or the cause) of war For the causes of justice and mercy Death Cause Beware of anyone who has just one book. (Latin Epigram) Beware of the dog, he may lick you to death Beware of the dog Beware the food, it is very bad If I were you, I wouldn't walk in front of any catapults Beware what you say, when, and to whom Beware! Let the buyer beware. (He buys at his own risk) Let the seller beware Let him/her beware Let arms yield to the toga. (Let violence give place to law) I yield to a greater person Does the Bikini Suicide Frisbee match start soon? You know, Toto, I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore It is certain, because it is impossible. (Tertullianus) The rest is missing All else being equal Christ the King Fame comes too late to the dead Approximately Clamo, clamatis, omnes clamamus pro glace lactis Clara pacta, boni amici Codex Juris Canonici Cogita ante salis Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur Cogito ergo doleo Cogito sumere potum alterum Cogito, ergo sum Commodum ex iniuria sua nemo habere debet Commune bonum Commune periculum concordiam parit Communi consilio Compos mentis Concordia discors Concordia res parvae crescent Conditio sine qua non Confer (cf.) Confiteor Congregatio de Propaganda Fide Coniecturalem artem esse medicinam Coniunctis viribus Conlige suspectos semper habitos Consensu omnium Consensus audacium Consuetudinis magna vis est Consule planco Consummatum est Contra felicem vix deus vires habet Contra mundum Contraria contrariis curantur Coram populo Cornix cornici oculos non effodiet Cornucopia Corpus christi Corpus delicti Corpus Juris Canonici Corpus Juris Civilis Corpus vile Corrigenda Corripe Cervisiam Corruptio optimi pessima Coruscantes disci per convexa caeli volantes Cotidiana vilescunt I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream Clear agreements, good friends Book of canon law Think before you leap, or look before you leap Nobody should be punished for his thoughts I think therefore I am depressed I think I'll have another drink I think, therefore I am. (Reni Descartes) No person ought to have advantage from his own wrong The common good Common danger brings forth harmony By common consent Of sound mind (and judgement) Discordant harmony Work together to accomplish more Condition without which not, or an essential condition or requirement Compare I confess Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith Medicine is the art of guessing. (Aulus Cornelius Celsus) With united powers Round up the usual suspects By the agreement of all An agreement of rash men. (a conspiracy) (Cicero) The force of habit is great. (Cicero) In the consulship of Plancus (In the good old days) (Horace) It is completed (Christ's last words, John 19:30) Against a lucky man a god scarcely has power Against the world The opposite is cured with the opposite. (Hippocrates) In the presence of the people. (Horace) A crow doesn't rip out the eyes of another crow Horn of plenty The body of Christ The body of a crime. (The substance or fundamental facts of a crime) The body of canon law The body of civil law Worthless body A list of things to be corrected. (in a book) Seize the beer! Corruption of the best is worst Flying saucers Familiarity breeds contempt Cotidie damnatur qui semper timet Crapulam terriblem habeo Cras amet qui nunquam amavit; Quique amavit, cras amet Credidi me felem vidisse! Credite amori vera dicenti Credo elvem etiam vivere Credo nos in fluctu eodem esse Credo quia absurdum Credo ut intelligam Credula vitam spes fovet et melius cras fore semper dicit Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia crevit Crescite et multiplicamini Crimen falsi Crudelius est quam mori semper timere mortem Crux Cui bono? Cui dono lepidum novum libellum? Cui malo? Cui peccare licet peccat minus Cuius regio, eius religio Cuiusvis hominis est errare; nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia Culpa Culpam poena premit comes Cum catapultae proscriptae erunt tum soli proscript catapultas habebunt Cum grano salis Cum homine de cane debeo congredi Cum laude magnum Cum laude Cum tacent, clamant Cum Cur etiam hic es Cura nihil aliud nisi ut valeas Cura posterior Cura ut valeas Curae leves loquuntur ingentes stupent Curriculum vitae Cursum perficio Custos morum The man who is constantly in fear is every day condemned. (Syrus) I have a terrible hangover May he love tomorrow who has never loved before I tought I taw a puddy tat! Believe love speaking the truth. (St. Jerome) I believe Elvis lives I think we're on the same wavelength I believe it because it is absurd. (contrary to reason) (Tertullian) I believe in order that I may understand. (St. Augustine) Credulous hope supports our life, and always says that tomorrow will be better. (Tibullus) The love of wealth grows as the wealth itself grew. (Juvenalis) Increase and multiply Perjury It is more cruel to always fear death than to die. (Seneca) Puzzle For whose benefit is it? (a maxim sometimes used in the detection of crime) (Cicero) To whom do I give my new elegant little book? (Catullus) Who suffers a detriment? One who is allowed to sin, sins less. (Ovid) He who rules, his religion Any man can make a mistake; only a fool keeps making the same one Patience is the cure for all suffer A sin Punishment closely follows crime as its companion. (Horace) When catapults are outlawed, only outlaws will have catapults With a grain of salt. (Pliny the Elder?) Excuse me. I've got to see a man about a dog With great success With praise When they remain silent, they cry out. (Their silence speaks louder than words) (Cicero) With Why are you still here? Pay attention to nothing except that you do well. (Cicero) A later concern Take care Slight griefs talk, great ones are speechless. (minor losses can be talked away, profound ones strike us dumb) The course of one's life My journey is over, or I finish my journey Guardian of morals D Da mihi basilia mille Da mihi castitatem et continentiam, sed noli modo! Da mihi sis bubulae frustrum assae, solana tuberosa in modo gallico fricta, ac quassum lactatum coagulatum crassum Da mihi sis cerevisiam dilutam Da mihi sis crustum Etruscum cum omnibus in eo Damnant quod non intellegunt Data et accepta De asini vmbra disceptare De bene esse De die in diem De duobus malis, minus est semper eligendum De facto De gustibus non est disputandum De inimico non loquaris sed cogites De integro De iure De minimis non curat praetor De minimis De mortuis nil nisi bonum De nihilo nihil De novo De profundis De rervm natvra Decrevi Dei gratia Delenda est carthago Dente lupus, cornu taurus petit Deo adiuvante Deo favente Deo gratias Deo Optimo Maximo Deo vindice Deo volente Desunt cetera Deus absconditus Deus commodo muto consisto quem meus canis sententia existo Deus et natua non faciunt frusta Deus ex machina Kiss me with a thousand kisses Make me chaste and pure, but not yet! Give me a hamburger, french fries, and a thick shake I'll have a light beer I'll have a pizza with everything on it They condemn what they do not understand Expenditure and receipts To argue about the shadow of an ass. (petty things for petty mind) It shall be so, as long as it is well From day to day Of two evils, the lesser must always be chosen (Thomas a Kempis) Something that is automatically accepted There's no accounting for taste Don't wish ill for your enemy; plan it Repeat again from the start By law. According to law The authority or king, or law does not care about trivial things With respect to trifles Say nothing but good about the dead. (Chilon) Nothing comes from nothing. (Lucretius) Anew Up from the depths (of misery) On the nature of things. (title of Marcus Aurelius's magnum opus) I have decreed By the grace of God Carthage must be destroyed The wolf attacks with his fang, the bull with his horn. (Horace) With God's help With God's favour [We give] thanks to God To God, the Best, the Greatest God will prove us right. (motto of the Confederate States of America) God willing The rest is missing A god who is hidden from man Which, in a very ham fisted way, with generosity, comes close to being God and nature do not work together in vain A contrived or artificial solution. (literally, 'a god from a machine') Deus Misereatur Deus vobiscum Deus volent Deus vult! Di! Ecce hora! Uxor mea me necabit! Diabolus fecit, ut id facerem! Dic mihi solum facta, domina Dictum sapienti sat est Die dulci freure Diem perdidi Dies felices Dies Irae Dies natalis Dies non Difficile est longum subito deponere amorem Difficile est saturam non scribere Difficile est tenere quae acceperis nisi exerceas Diis aliter visum Diligentia maximum etiam mediocris ingeni subsidium Diligite justitiam, o judices terrae Dimidium facti qui coepit habet Dira necessitas Discere docendo Disiecti membra poetae Disjecta membra Divide et impera Dixi Do ut des Docendo discitur Doli capax Domine, dirige nos Domino optimo maximo Dominus illuminatio mea Dominus providebit Dominus tecum Dominus vobiscum Domus dulcis domus Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos Donna nobis pacem Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus Dramatis personae Duc, sequere, aut de via decede May God Have Mercy God be with you (as) God will God wills it! (Slogan of the Crusades) God, look at the time! My wife will kill me! The devil made me do it! Just the facts, ma'am A word to a wise person is sufficient Have a nice day I have lost a day (another day wasted) (Titus) Happy Days Day of Wrath, or Judgment Day Birthday Business free day It is difficult to suddenly give up a long love. (Catullus) It is hard not to write satire. (Juvenalis) It is difficult to retain what you may have learned unless you should practice it. (Pliny the Younger) The Gods decided otherwise Diligence is a very great help even to a mediocre intelligence. (Seneca) Cherish justice, o judges of the earth Half is done when the beginning is done. (Horace) The dire necessity. (Horace) To learn through teaching Limbs of a dismembered poet. (Horace) The scattered remains Divide and conquer I have spoken. (I will say no more on the matter, and no one else may speak further) I give so that you give back It is learned by teaching. (Seneca) Capable of crime Lord, direct us To the Lord, the best and greatest The Lord is my light The Lord will provide May the Lord be with you (Singular) May the Lord be with you (Plural) Home sweet home As long as you are fortunate, you will have many friends (when you are successful, everyone wants to be your friend) Grant us peace Never Tickle a Sleeping Dragon. (motto of Harry Potter's alma mater) Characters of the play Lead, follow, or get out of the way Ducator meus nihil agit sine lagunculae leynidae accedunt Duco ergo sum Dulce bellum inexpertis Dulce est desipere in loco Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori Dulcius ex asperis Dum excusare credis, accusas Dum inter homines sumus, colamus humanitatem Dum spiramus tuebimur Dum spiro, spero Dum tempus habemus, operemur bonum Dum vita est spes est Dum vivimus, vivamus Dura lex, sed lex My calculator does not work without batteries I calculate therefore I am War is sweet for those who haven't experienced it. (Pindaros) It is sweet to relax at the proper time It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country. (Horace) Through difficulty, sweetness When you believe you are excusing yourself, you are accusing yourself. (St. Jerome) As long as we are among humans, let us be humane. (Seneca) While we breathe, we shall defend While I breathe, I hope. (Cicero) While we have the time, let us do good While life is, hope is. / While there is life there is hope While we live, let us live (Epicurean philosophy) The law is harsh, but it is the law E E contrario E pluribus unum E re nata E vestigio Ecce homo Ecce signum Editio princeps Ego et rex meus Ego me bene habeo Ego nolo caesar esse Ego spem pretio non emo Ego Eheu fugaces labuntur anni Eheu, litteras istas reperire non possum Eiusdem generis Elizabeth Regina/Eduardus Rex (E.R.) Emeritus Emitte lucem et veritatem Ense et aratro Eo ipso Eo nomine Epistula non erubescit Eram quod es, eris quod sum Ergo bibamus Ergo Errare humanum est Errata Erratum (errata) Escariorium lavator Esse est percipi Esse quam videri Est autem fides credere quod nondum vides; cuius fidei merces est videre quod credis Est deus in nobis Est modus in rebus Est queadam fiere voluptas Estne tibi forte magna feles fulva et planissima? Estne volumen in toga, an solum tibi libet me videre? Esto perpetua Esto perpetue Et alii/aliae Et cetera/etcetera (etc.) Et in arcadia ego From a contrary position From many, one (motto of the USA) As circumstances dictate From where one stands Behold the man Behold the proof First printed edition I and my King With me all is well. (last words) (Burrus) I don't want to be Caesar. (Florus) I do not purchase hope for a price. (I do not buy a pig in a poke.) Consciousness of one's own identity Alas, the fleeting years slip by. (Horace) Unfortunately, I can't find those particular documents Of the same kind Queen Elizabeth/King Edward Honorary; by merit Send out light and truth With sword and plow. (citizen soldier, one who serves in war and peace) By that very act Under that name A letter doesn't blush. (Cicero) I was what you are, you will be what I am. (grave inscription) Therefore, let us drink Therefore To err is human. / It is human to err. (Seneca) A list of errors (in a book) Error (errors) Dishwashing machine Being is perception. (It is a standard metaphysical) (Mauser) To be, rather than to seem (state motto of North Carolina) Faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward of this faith is to see what you believe. (St. Augustine) The is a god inside us There is a middle ground in things. (Horace) There is a certain pleasure in weeping. (Ovid) Do you by chance happen to own a large, yellowish, very flat cat? Is that a scroll in your toga, or are you just happy to see me? Let it be forever May you last for ever Other persons/things And the rest I, also, am in Arcadia Et sequens (et seq.) Et sequentes (et seq. Or seqq.) Et sic de ceteris Et tu, Brute Et uxor (abbreviated et ux.) Etiam capillus unus habet umbram Eventus stultorum magister Ex abrupto Ex abundancia cordis, os loquitor Ex animo Ex ante Ex cathedra Ex cearulo Ex curia Ex dolo Ex gratia Ex hypothesi Ex libris Ex luna, scientia Ex mea sententia Ex more Ex nilhilo nihil fit Ex officio Ex opere operato Ex parte Ex post facto Ex proprio motu Ex silentio Ex tempore Ex uno disce omnes Ex vi termini Ex voto Ex Excelsior Exceptio probat regulam de rebus non exceptis Exceptis excipiendis Excitabat fluctus in simpulo Excusatio non petita, accusatio manifesta Exeat Exegi monumentum aere perennius Exempli gratia (e.g) Exeunt omnes Exeunt And the following And those that follow And so to of the rest And you, Brutus And wife Even one hair has a shadow. (Publilius Syrus) Events are the teacher of the stupid persons. Stupid people learn by experience, bright people calculate what to do Without preparation From the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks From the heart (sincerely) Before the event, beforehand. (economics: based on prior assumptions) From the chair. With authority (without argumentation) Out of the blue Out of court Intentionally Purely as a favour From the hypothesis. (i.e. The one under consideration) From the Library (of) From the moon, knowledge. (motto of Apollo 13) In my opinion According to custom Nothing comes from nothing By virtue of his office By the work having been worked By only one party to a dispute in the absence of the other After the fact, or Retrospectively Voluntarily From silence. (from lack of contrary evidence) Off the cuff, without preparation From one person learn all persons. (From one we can judge the rest) By definition According to one's vow Out of Ever upward. (state motto of New York) An exception establishes the rule as to things not excepted Excepting what is to be excepted He was stirring up billows in a ladle. (He was raising a tempest in a teapot) (Cicero) He who excuses himself, accuses himself (qui s'excuse, s'accuse) Permission for a temporary absence I have erected a monument more lasting than bronze. (Horace) For the sake of example All go out. (A common stage direction in plays) They go out Exit Exitus acta probat Experientia docet stultos Experientia docet Experimentum crucis Expressio unius est exclusio alterius Extempore Exterioris pagina puella Extinctus amabitur idem Extra ecclesiam nulla salus Extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur He/she goes out The outcome proves the deeds. (the end justifies the means) (Ovid) Experience teaches fools Experience is the best teacher Critical experiment The mention of one thing may exclude others Without premeditation Cover Girl The same [hated] man will be loved after he's dead. How quickly we forget. (Horace) Outside the Church [there is] No Salvation. (A phrase of much disputed significance in Roman Catholic theology) The judgment (or the authority) of one who is exceeding his territorial jurisdiction is disobeyed with impunity F Fabas indulcet fames Faber est suae quisque fortunae Faber quisque fortunae suae Fabricati diem Fac me cocleario vomere! Fac ut nemo me vocet Fac ut vivas Facile princeps Facilis descensvs averno Facilius est multa facere quam diu Facilius per partes in cognitionem totius adducimur Facito aliquid operis, ut te semper diabolus inveniat occupatum Facta, non verba Factum est Fallaces sunt rerum species Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus Fama crescit eundo Fama nihil est celerius Fama semper vivat Fama volat Fames est optimus coquus Farrago fatigans! Fas est et ab hoste doceri Favete linguis Fax mentis incedium gloriae Fecit (fec.) Feles mala! cur cista non uteris? stramentum novum in ea posui Feles mala! Felis qvi nihil debet Felix culpa Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas Felo de se Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt Festina lente Fiat justitia (et ruat caelum) Fiat lux Fiat volvntas tua Fiat Fide, non armis Fidei defensor Fides punica Hunger sweetens the beans, or hunger makes everything taste good! Every man is the artisan of his own fortune. (Appius Claudius Caecus) Each man (is) the maker of his own fortune Make my day Gag me with a spoon! Hold my calls Get a life Acknowledged leader The descent to Avernus (Hell) it's easy to fall, hard to rise It is easier to do many things than to do one for a long time. (Quintilianus) We are more easily led part by part to an understanding of the whole. (Seneca) Always do something, so that the devil always finds you occupied. (St. Jerome) Deeds, not words. (Actions speak louder than words) It is done The appearances of things are deceptive. (Seneca) False in one thing, false in all The rumour grows as it goes. (Vergil) Nothing is swifter than rumor May his/her fame last forever The rumour has wings. (Vergil) Hunger is the best cook Thuffering thuccotash! It's proper to learn even from an enemy. (Ovid) To keep a (religious) silence. (Horace) The passion of glory is the torch of the mind Made by Bad kitty! Why don't you use the cat box? I put new litter in it Bad kitty! Happy [is] he who owes nothing Happy fault Happy is he who has been able to learn the causes of things. (Vergil) Suicide Men readily believe what they want to believe. (Caesar) Make haste slowly Let justice be done. (though the heavens fall)" Let there be light Let Thy will [be done] (Biblical) Let it be done By faith, not arms Defender of the faith Treachery. (Livy) Fides quaerens intellectum Fidus Achates Filioque Filius nullius Finem respice Finis coronat opus Finis Flagrante delicto Flamma fumo est proxima Floreat regina regina Floruit Fluctuat nec mergitur Fons et origo Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit Forsan miseros meliora sequentur Fortes et liber Fortes fortuna adiuvat Fortes fortuna iuvat Fortiter fideliter forsan feliciter Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo Fortitudine vincimus Fortius quo fidelius Fortuna amicos parat, inopia amicos probat Fortuna vitrea est; tum cum splendet frangitur Fortuna caeca est Fortunatus sum! Pila mea de gramine horrido modo in pratum lene recta volvit! Frangar non flectar Frater, ave atque vale Fronti nulla fides Frustra laborant quotquot se calculationibus fatigant pro inventione quadraturae circuli Fugit hora Fugit inreparabile tempus Functus officio Furnulum pani nolo Faith seeking understanding Faithful Achates (friend) And from the son A bastard Look to the end [before setting forth] The ending crowns the work. (Ovid) The end Literally while the crime is blazing. Caught red handed, in the very act of a crime Flame follows smoke. (there is no smoke without fire) (Plautus) May it flourish. (motto of the City of Regina, Saskatchewan Canada) Flourished It is tossed by the waves but it does not sink The source and origin Perhaps someday we will look back upon these things with joy For those in misery perhaps better things will follow. (Virgil) Strong and free. (Alberta) Fortune favors the brave. (Terence) Fortune favours the brave Bravely, faithfully, perhaps successfully Resolutely in action, gently in manner. (To do unhesitatingly what must be done but accomplishing it as inoffensively as possible) By endurance we conquer Strength through loyalty The fortune is preparing friends, the abundance is testing them Fortune is glass; just when it gleams brightest it shatters Fortune is blind. (Cicero) Isn't that lucky! My ball just rolled out of the rough and onto the fairway! I am broken, I am not deflected Brother, hello and good bye. (Catullus) No reliance can be placed on appearance. (don't judge a book by its cover) Futile is the labor of those who fatigue themselves with calculations to square the circle. (Michael Stifel, 1544) The hour flies Irretrievable time flies. (Virgil) Having discharged his duty and thus ceased to have any authority over a matter I don't want a toaster G Gaudeamus igitur (iuvenes dum sumus) Genius loci Gens togata Genus irritabile vatum Gladiator in arena consilium capit Gloria filiorum patres Gloria in excelsis deo Gloria Patri Gloria virtutis umbra Gloria Gloriosum est iniurias oblivisci Gnothe seauton (Greek) Graeca sunt, non leguntur Gramen artificiosum odi Gratia placenti Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit Graviora manent Gutta cavat lapidem, non vi sed saepe cadendo Therefore, let us rejoice. (while we are young) The guardian spirit of the place The toga clad race; the romans The irritable race of poets. (Horace) The gladiator is formulating his plan in the arena (i.e., too late) (Seneca) The glory of sons is their fathers Glory to God in the highest Glory to the Father Glory (is) the shadow of virtue Glory It is glorious to forget the injustice Know thyself It is Greek, you don't read that I hate Astroturf For the sake of pleasing Captive Greece conquered her savage victor. (Horace) Greater dangers await The drop excavates the stone, not with force but by falling often. (Ovid) H Habeas corpus Habemus Papam Habetis bona deum Hac lege Haec olim meminisse ivvabit Haec trutina errat Hannibal ante portas! Haud ignota loquor Helluo librorum Heu! Tintinnuntius meus sonat! Heus, hic nos omnes in agmine sunt! Hic et nunc Hic habitat felicitas Hic jacet (HJ) Hic jacet sepultus (HJS) Hic puer est stultissimus omnium! Hinc illae lacrimae Historia est vitae magistra Hoc erat in votis Hoc est in votis Hoc est verum et nihili nisi verum Hoc est vivere bis vita posse priore frvi Hoc natura est insitum, ut quem timueris, hunc semper oderis Hoc tempore obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit Hocine bibo aut in eum digitos insero? Hodie mihi, cras tibi Homines libenter quod volunt credunt Homines, dum docent, discunt Homo doctvs is se semper divitias habet Homo homini lupus Homo nudus cum nuda iacebat Homo praesumitur bonus donec probetur malus Homo proponit, sed Deus disponit Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto Homo sum Homo vitae commodatus non donatus est Honor virutis preamium Honores mutant mores Honoris causa (h.c.) Horas non numero nisi serenas Horribile dictu You must have the body, i.e. You must justify an imprisonment We have a pope. (used at the announcement of a new pope) Have a nice day With this law Time heals all things, i.e. Wounds, offenses There is something wrong with this scale Hannibal is at the doors! The enemy/danger is at the doors! I say things that are known A glutton for books. (bookworm) Darn! There goes my beeper! Hey, we're all in line here! Here and now Here dwells happiness Here lies. (written on gravestones or tombs) Here lies buried This boy is the stupidest of all! Hence these tears. (Terence) The history is the tutor of life This was among my prayers This is in my prayers This is the truth and nothing but the truth To live twice is to make useful profit from one's past. Experience is the best teacher, so learn from it It's an innate thing to always hate the one we've learnt to fear In these days friends are won through flattery, the truth gives birth to hate. (Terence) Do I drink this or stick my fingers in it? Today for me, tomorrow for you Men believe what they want to. (Terentius) Men learn while they teach. (Seneca) A learned man always has wealth within himself Man is a wolf to man Naked they lay together, man and woman One is innocent until proven guilty Man proposes, but God disposes I am human, therefore nothing human is strange to me I am a man Man has been lent to life, not given. (Pubilius Syrus) Honour is the reward of virtue The honours change the customs. (Power corrupts) As in doctorate, an honorary degree I count only the bright hours. (Inscription on ancient sundials) Horrible to tell Horror vacui Hostis hvmani generis Huc accedit zambonis! Humum mandere Hunc tu caveto Fear of empty places Enemy of the human race Here comes the Zamboni! To bite the dust Beware of this man M Machina improba! Vel mihi ede potum vel mihi redde nummos meos! Maecenas atavis edite regibus Magister artis ingeniique largitor venter Magister Artium (MA) Magister mundi sum! Magna charta Magna cum laude Magna res est vocis et silentii temperamentum Magnas inter oper inops Magnificat Magnum bonum Magnum opus Magnus frater spectat te Maior risus, acrior ensis: quadragesima octava regula quaesitus Mala fide Male parta male dilabuntur Malum consilium quod mutari non potest Malum prohibitum Malum quidem nullum esse sine aliquo bono Manus in mano Manus manum lavat Mare clausum Mare liberum Mare nostrum Margaritas ante porcos Mater artium necessitas Mater dolorosa Mater memento mori Mater tua criceta fuit, et pater tuo redoluit bacarum sambucus Mater Materfamilias Materia medica Materiam superabat opus Maxima debetur puero reverentia Maximus in minimis Me fallit Me iudice Me oportet propter praeceptum te nocere Me transmitte sursum, caledoni! Mea culpa You infernal machine! Give me a beverage or give me my money back! Maecenas, born of monarch ancestors. (Horace) Necessity is the mother of all invention Master of arts I am the master of the universe! Great paper With great honour or academic distinction The great thing is to know when to speak and when to keep quiet A pauper in the midst of wealth. (Horace) It magnifies A great good Great work, the major work of one's life Big Brother is watching you The bigger the smile, the sharper the knife: the 48th rule of acquisition In bad faith (something which is done fraudulently) What has been wrongly gained is wrongly lost. (Ill gotten gains seldom prosper.) (Cicero) It's a bad plan that can't be changed. (Publilius Syrus) A prohibited wrong. A crime that society decides is wrong for some reason, not inherently evil There is, to be sure, no evil without something good. (Pliny the Elder) Hand in hand One hand washes the other. The favor for the favor. (Petronius) A closed sea An open sea Our sea. (Mediterranean) Pearls before swine. To give something valuable to someone not respecting it Necessity is the mother of invention Sorrowful mother. (Virgin Mary) Remember your mortality Your mother was a hamster and your father smelt of elderberries Mother Mother of family Medical matter The workmanship was better than the subject matter. (Ovid) We owe the greatest respect to a child Great in little things I do not know I being judge; in my judgement I'm going to have to hurt you on principle Beam me up, Scotty! Through my fault Mea maxima culpa Mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo Medice, cura te ipsum! Medici graviores morbos asperis remediis curant Medicus curat, natura sanat Medio tutissimus ibis Mei capilli sunt flagrantes Meliora cogito Melitae amor Melius est praevenire quam praeveniri Melius frangi quam flecti Melius tarde, quam nunquam Mellita, domi adsum Memento mori Memento vivere Memorabilia Memorandum Memoria in aeterna Memoriter Mendacem memorem esse oportet Mens agitat molem Mens rea Mens regnum bona possidet Mens sana in corpore sano Mens sibi conscia recti Meum cerebrum nocet Meum pactum dictum Mihi cura futuri Mihi ignosce. Cum homine de cane debeo congredi Millennium (millennia) Minime senuisti! Minus habens Mirabile dictu Mirabile visu Miserere Missa solemnis Mittimus Modus agendi Modus operandi (m.o.) Modus vivendi Monstra mihi pecuniam! Moratorium Morituri te salutant Through my very great fault My conscience means more to me than all speech. (Cicero) Physician, heal thyself! (Versio Vulgata) Doctors cure the more serious diseases with harsh remedies. (Curtius Rufus) The physician treats, nature cures You will go safest in the middle. (Moderation in all things) (Ovid) My hair is on fire I strive for the best Love of Malta Better to forestall than to be forestalled It is better to break than to bend Better late than never Honey, I'm home Remember that you must die A reminder of life (literally remember that you have to live) Memorable things A note of; a thing to be remembered In everlasting remembrance From memory A liar needs a good memory. (Quintilianus) The mind moves the matter. (Vergil) Guilty mind An honest heart is a kingdom in itself. (Seneca) A sound mind in a sound body. (Juvenalis) A mind conscious of its rectitude My brain hurts My word is my bond My concern is the future Excuse me. I've got to see a man about a dog A thousand year period You haven't aged a bit! Absentminded Wonderful to say/relate. (Vergil) Wonderful to behold Have mercy Solemn Mass. (high Mass) We send (to prison) Manner of operation Way of operating Way of living Show me the money! A delay Those who are about to die salute you Mors ultima linea rerum est Mors ultima ratio Mortvi non mordant Motu proprio Mulier taceat in ecclesia Multi famam, conscientiam pauci verentur Multis post annis Multum in parvo Multun, non multa Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur Mundus vult decipi Munit haec et altera vincit Mus uni non fidit antro Musica delenit bestiam feram Mutatis mutandis Mutato nomine Mvlti svnt vocati, pavci vero electi Mvndvs vvlt decipi Mvtatis mvtandis Death is everything's final limit. (Horace) Death is the final accounting Dead me don't bite; Dead men tell no tale Of one's own initiative Let the woman be silent in church. (Paul) Many fear their reputation, few their conscience. (Pliny) Many years later Much in little. (small but significant) Much, not many (quality not quantity) The world wants to be deceived, so let it be deceived! The world wants to be deceived One defends and the other conquers A mouse does not rely on just one hole. (Plautus) Music soothes the savage beast The necessary changes having been made The name being changed Many are called [but] few are chosen The world wishes to be deceived there's a sucker born every minute The things that ought to have changed having been changed with the necessary substitutions having been made N Nam et ipsa scientia potestas es Nascentes morimur Natale solum Natura abhorret a vacua Natura in minima maxima Natura nihil fit in frustra Natura, artis magistra Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret Navigare necesse est Ne auderis delere orbem rigidum meum! Ne cede malis Ne feceris ut rideam Ne humanus crede Ne nimium Ne plus ultra Ne quid nimis Nec laudas nisi mortuos poetas: tanti non est, ut placeam, perire Nec mortem effugere quisquam nec amorem potest Nec possum tecum vivere, nec sine te Nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres Necesse est multos timeat quem multi timent Necessitas non habet legem Negotium populo romano melius quam otium committi Nemine contradicente (nem. con.) Nemine dissentiente (nem. diss.) Nemo ante mortem beatus Nemo autem regere potest nisi qui et regi Nemo dat quod non habet Nemo gratis mendax Nemo hic adest illius nominis Nemo liber est qui corpori servit Nemo malus felix Nemo me impune lacessit Nemo nisi mors Nemo propheta in patria sua Nemo repente fuit turpissimus Nemo risum praebuit, qui ex se coepit Nemo saltat sobrius nisi forte insanit Nemo saltat sobrius Nemo sine iudex Knowledge is power. (Sir Francis Bacon) From the moment we are born, we begin to die Native soil Nature abhors a vacuum Nature is the greatest in the smallest things Nature does nothing in vain Nature, the mistress of art You can drive nature out with a pitchfork but she always comes back To sail is necessary Don't you dare erase my hard disk! Yield not to evils Don't make me laugh Trust no human Not too much No further. Impassable obstacle Nothing in excess. (Terence) If only dead poets are praised, I'd rather go unsung No one is able to flee from death or love I am able to live / I can live neither with you, nor without you. (Martial) As a true translator you will take care not to translate word for word. (Horace) He must fear many, whom many fear. (Laberius) Necessity knows no law The Roman people understand work better than leisure With no one speaking in opposition. Unanimously With no one disagreeing Nobody is blessed before his death. We never know what is future preparing for us! Moreover, there is no one who can rule unless he can be ruled. (Seneca) No one gives what he does not have No man lies freely. A person with no reason to lie is telling the truth There is no one here by that name No one is free who is a slave to his body No bad man is lucky. (Juvenal) No one provokes me with impunity. (motto of the Kings of Scotland) Nobody except death (will part us). (Inscription in the wedding ring of the Swedish Queen Katarina Jagellonica) No one is considered a prophet in his hometown/homeland No one ever became thoroughly bad in one step. (Juvenal) Nobody is laughed at, who laughs at himself. (Seneca) Nobody dances sober unless he's insane No man dances sober No one is a judge of himself Nemo sine vitio est Nemo surdior est quam is qui non audiet Nemo timendo ad summum pervenit locum Nervos belli, pecuniam. (Nervus rerum.) Nescio quid dicas Neutiquam erro Nihil ad rem Nihil agere delectat Nihil aliud scit necessitas quam vincere Nihil curo de ista tua stulta superstitione Nihil declaro Nihil est ab omni parte beatum Nihil est incertius volgo Nihil est miserum nisi cum putes Nihil est - In vita priore ego imperator romanus fui Nihil obstat Nihil sub sole novum Nihil tam munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit Nihil Nil actum credens dum quid superesset agendum Nil actum reputa si quid superest agendum Nil admirari Nil agit exemplum, litem quod lite resolvit Nil desperandum! Nil homini certum est Nil sine numine Nill illigitimi carborundum Nisi credideritis, non intelligetis Nisi prius Nisi Nolens volens Noli equi dentes inspicere donati Noli me tangere! Noli me voca, ego te vocabo Noli nothis permittere te terere Noli simul flare sobereque Noli turbare circulos meos! Nolite id cogere, cape malleum majorem Nolle prosequi Nolo contendere Nomen est omen Nomina stultorum parietibus haerent No one is without fault. (Seneca the Elder) No man is more deaf than he who will not hear No man by fearing reaches the top. (Syrus) The nerve of war, money. (The nerve of things.) (Cicero) I don't know what you're talking about I am not lost Nothing to do with the point It is pleasant to do nothing. (Cicero) Necesssity knows nothing else but victory. (Syrus) I'm not interested in your dopey religious cult I have nothing to declare Nothing is good in every part. (Horace) Nothing is more uncertain than the (favour of the) crowd. (Cicero) Nothing is unfortunate if you don't consider it unfortunate. (Boethius) That's nothing -in a previous life I was a Roman Emperor Nothing stands in the way Nothing new under the sun No fort is so strong that it cannot be taken with money. (Cicero) Nothing Thinking nothing done, while anything was yet to do Don't consider that anything has been done if anything is left to be done. (Lucan) To admire nothing. (Horace) Not much worth is an example that solves one quarrel with another. (Horace) Never despair! (Horace) Nothing is certain for man. (Ovid) Nothing without the Divine Will Do not let the bastards get you down Unless you will have believed, you will not understand. (St. Augustine) Unles previously Unless Whether one likes it or not; willing or unwilling Do not look a gift horse in the mouth. (St. Jerome) Don't touch me! (Versio Vulgata) Don't call me. I'll call you Dont let the bastards get you down Don't whistle and drink at the same time Don't upset my calculations! (Archimedes) Don't force it, get a bigger hammer Do not pursue I do not wish to contend The name is the sign The names of foolish persons adhere to walls (Fools names and fools faces are often seen in public places.) Nominatim Non bis in idem Non calor sed umor est qui nobis incommodat Non compos mentis Non curo. Si metrum non habet, non est poema Non erravi perniciose! Non est ad astra mollis e terris via Non est ei similis Non est mea culpa Non est vivere sed valere vita est Non Gradus Anus Rodentum! Non ignara mals, miseris svccvrrere disco Non illigitamus carborundum Non licet Non liquet Non mihi, non tibi, sed nobis Non mortem timemus, sed cogitationem mortis Non multa, sed multum Non nobis, Domine Non omne quod licet honestum est Non omne quod nitet aurum est Non omnes qui habemt citharam sunt citharoedi Non omnia moriar Non omnia possumus omnes Non omnis moriar Non placet Non plaudite. Modo pecuniam jacite Non plus ultra! (Nec plus ultra!) Non prosequitur Non quis, sed quid Non rape me si placet Non scholae sed vitae discimus Non semper erit aestas Non sequitur Non serviam Non sibi sed suis Non sibi, sed patriae Non sum pisces Non sum qualis eram Non teneas aurum totum quod splendet ut aurum Non timetis messor Non uno die roma aedificata est By name Not twice for the same thing It's not the heat, it's the humidity Not in possession of one's senses I don't care. If it doesn't rhyme, it isn't a poem I did not commit a fatal error! There is no easy way from the earth to the stars. (Seneca) There is no one like him It's not my fault Life is not being alive but being well (life is more than just being alive) Not Worth A Rats Ass! No stranger to misfortune [myself] I learn to relieve the sufferings [of others Don't let the bastards grind you down It is not allowed It is not clear Not for you, not for me, but for us - the foundation of a good relationship We do not fear death, but the thought of death. (Seneca) Not many, but much. (Meaning, not quantity but quality) (Plinius) Not unto us, O Lord Not everything that is permitted is honest. (Corpus Iuris Civilis) Not all that glitters is gold Not all those who own a musical instrument are musicians. (Bacon) Not all of me will die. (Horace) Not all of us are able to do all things (We can't all do everything.) (Virgil) Not all of me will die. (his works would live forever) (Horace) It does not please Don't applaud. Just throw money Nothing above that! He does not proceed Not who, but what Please don't rob me We do not learn for school, but for life. (Seneca) It will not always be summer (be prepared for hard times) It does not follow I will not serve Not for one's self but for one's people Not for you, but for the fatherland I am not a fish I am not what / of what sort I was (I'm not what I used to be.) Do not take as gold everything that shines like gold Don't Fear the Reaper Rome was not built in one day (either) Non ut edam vivo, sed vivam edo Non vereor ne illam me amare hic potuerit resciscere; quippe haud etiam quicquam inepte feci Non, mihi ignosce, credo me insequentem esse Nonne amicus certus in re incerta cernitur? Nonne de novo eboraco venis? Nonne macescis? Nosce te ipsum Nota bene (nb.) Novus homo Novus ordo saeculorum Novus ordo seclorum Nulla avarita sine poena est Nulla dies sine linea Nulla regula sine exceptione Nulla res carius constat quam quae precibus empta est Nulla vit melior quam bona Nulli expugnabilis hosti Nulli secundus Nullius in verba Nullo metro compositum est Nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege Nullum est iam dictum quod non dictum sit prius Nullum gratuitum prandium Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae Nullum saeculum magnis ingeniis clausum est Nullus est instar domus Nullus est liber tam malus ut non aliqua parte prosit Numen Numero pondere et mensura Deus omnia condidit Numerus clausus Nummus americanus Numquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit Numquam non paratus Numquam se minus solum quam cum solus esset Nunc dimittis Nunc est bibendum Nvdvm pactvm Nvllvm qvod tetiget non ornavit Nvnc avt nvnqvam I do not live to eat, but eat to live. (Quintilianus) I don't think anyone knows I love the girl; I haven't done anything really silly yet No, excuse me, I believe I'm next A friend in need is a friend in deed. (our equivalent) You're from New York, aren't you? Have you lost weight? Know thyself. (Inscription at the temple of Apollo in Delphi.) Note well. Observe carefully A new Man; a man who was the first in his family to be elected to an office A new order of ages A new order for the ages. (appears on the U.S. one dollar bill) There is no avarice without penalty. (Seneca) Not a day without a line. Do something every day! (Apeles, Greek painter) There is no rule/law without exception Nothing is so expensive as that which you have bought with pleas. (Seneca) There's no life better than a good life Conquered By No Enemy. (motto of Gibraltar) Second to none (Rely) on the words on no one. (Horace) It doesn't rhyme No crime and no punishment without a (pre existing) law Nothing is said that hasn't been said before. (Terence) There is no free lunch! There is no one great ability without a mixture of madness No generation is closed to great talents. (Seneca) There is no place like home There is no book so bad that it is not profitable on some part. (Pliny the Younger) Divine power God created everything by number, weight and measure. (Isaac Newton) A restricted number Greenback. ($US) Never does nature say one thing and wisdom say another Never unprepared You are never so little alone as when you are alone. (Cicero) Now let depart Now we must drink. (Horace) A nude pact an invalid agreement a contract with illusory benefits or without consideration hence unenforceable He touched none he did not adorn not simply 'the Midas touch', or 'he left things better than he found them', but a tribute to a Renaissance man Now or never Nvnc dimittis Nvnc pro tvnc Now let [thy servant] depart generally any permission to go, specifically to express one's readiness to depart or die Now for then retroactive O O curas hominum! O quantum est in rebus inane! O di immortales! O diem praeclarum! O praeclarum custodem ovium lupum! O quam cito transit gloria mundi! O sancta simplicitas! O tempora, O mores! O! Plus! Perge! Aio! Hui! Hem! Obesa cantavit Obiit (ob.) Obiter (ob.) Obiter dictum Oblitus sum perpolire clepsydras! Obscurum per obscurius Obsta principiis Occasio aegre offertur, facile amittitur Occasio facit furem Oderint dum metuant Odi et amo Odium theologicum Olevm addere camino Olevm perdisti Olim habeas eorum pecuniam, numquam eam reddis: prima regula quaesitus Olim Omne ignotum pro magnifico est Omne initium est difficile Omne trium perfectum Omne tvlit pvnctvm qvi miscvit vtile dvlci Omnes aequo animo parent ubi digni imperant Omnes deteriores svmvs licentia Omnes lagani pistrinae gelate male sapiunt Omnes una manet nox Omnes vulnerant, ultima necat Omnia iam fient quae posse negabam Omnia mea mecum porto Omnia mihi lingua graeca sunt Omnia mors aequat Omnia munda mundis Omnia mutantur nos et mutamur in illis Ah, human cares! Ah, how much futility in the world! (Lucilius) Good heavens! (uttered by Cicero on the Senate floor) Oh, what a beautiful day! An excellent protector of sheep, the wolf! (Cicero) O how quickly passes the glory of the world! Oh, holy simplicity! (Jan Hus) Oh, the times! Oh, the morals! (Cicero) Oh! More! Go on! Yes! Ooh! Ummm! The fat lady has sung He/she died In passing Something said in passing parenthetical remark I forgot to polish the clocks! The obscure by means of the more obscure Resist the beginnings Nip it in the bud Opportunity is offered with difficulty, lost with ease. (Publius Syrus) Opportunity makes a thief Let them hate provided that they fear. (Seneca) I hate (her), and I love (her) (Catullus) Theological hatred. (a special name for the hatred generated in theological disputes) To pour fuel on the stove adding gasoline to a fire You have lost oil you've wasted your time on this criticism for a misallocation of resources Once you have their money, you never give it back: the 1st rule of acquisiton Formerly We have great notions of everything unknown. (Tacitus) Every beginning is difficult Everything that comes in threes is perfect [he] has gained every point who has combined [the] useful [with the] agreeable All men cheerfully obey where worthy men rule. (Syrus) Too much freedom debases us All frozen pizzas taste lousy The same night awaits us all. (Horace) All (hours) wound, the last kills. (inscription on solar clocks) Everything which I used to say could not happen will happen now. (Ovid) All that is mine, I carry with me. (My wisdom is my greatest wealth) (Cicero) It's all Greek to me Death equals all things Everything is pure to pure ones All things change, and we change with them Omnia mutantur, nihil interit Omnia mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis Omnia vincit amor Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori Omnium gatherum Omnium rerum principia parva sunt Onus probandi Opere citato (op. cit.) Optimis parentibus Optimus magister, bonus liber Opus Dei Ora et labora Ora pro nobis Oratvr fit, poeta nascitvr Orbes volantes exstare Orbiter dictum/dicta Orcae ita Ore rotundo Osculare pultem meam! Everything changes, nothing perishes. (Ovid) All things are changing, and we are changing with them Love conquers all Love conquers all things; let us too surrender to love. (Vergil) Assortment Everything has a small beginning. (Cicero) The burden of proof In the work just quoted To my excellent parents. A common dedication in a book The best teacher is a good book The work of God Pray and work. (St. Benedict) Pray for us An orator is made [but] a poet is born Flying saucers are real Said by the way (miscellaneous remarks) Pretty straightforward With full voice Kiss my grits! P Pace tua Pace Pacta sunt servanda Pactum serva Pallida mors Palmam qui meruit ferat Panem et circenses Par pare refero Parens patriae Pares cvm paribvs Pari passu Pars maior lacrimas ridet et intus habet Particeps criminis Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus Parva leves capiunt animas Parva scintilla saepe magnam flamam excitat Passim Pater familias Pater historiae Pater Noster Pater patriae Patria est communis omnium parens Patris est filius Paucis verbis, quid est deconstructionismus? Paucis verbis Pavesco, pavesco Pavpertas omnivm artivm repertrix Pax et bonum! Pax tecum Pax vobiscum Pax Peccatum tacituritatis Peccavi Peculium Pecunia in arbotis non crescit Pecunia non olet Pecvniate obedivnt omnia Pede poena claudo Pendente lite Penetalia mentis Per accidens Per angusta in augusta With your consent By leave of Agreements are to be kept. (Cicero) Keep the faith Pale Death. (Horace) Let him who has earned it bear the reward Bread and circuses. Food and games to keep people happy. (Juvenalis) I return like for like tit for tat retaliation Parent of the country Like persons with like persons. Birds of a feather flock together With equal pace moving together You smile at your tears but have them in your heart. (Martialis) Partner in crime Mountains will be in labour, and an absurd mouse will be born. (all that work and nothing to show for it) Small things occupy light minds (small things amuse small minds) The small sparkle often initiates a large flame All through Father of the family The father of history Our Father (The first words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin) Father of the country Our native land is the common parent of us all. (Cicero) He is his father's son What, in a nutshell, is deconstructionism? In a few words I'm shaking, I'm shaking Poverty [is the] inventor of all the arts necessity is the mother of invention Peace and salvation! May peace be with you (Singular) May peace be with you (Plural) Peace Sin of silence I have sinned Property Money does not grow on trees Money has no smell. Money doesn't stink. (don't look a gift horse in the mouth) (Vespasianus) All things obey money. Money makes the world go round Punishment comes limping. Retribution comes slowly, but surely. (Horace) While a suit is pending The innermost recesses of the mind. Heart of hearts By Accident Through difficulties to great things Per annum (p.a.) Per ardua ad astra Per aspera ad astra Per capita Per cent (per centum) Per contra Per diem Per fas et nefas Per impossibile Per mensem Per procurationem (per pro) Per se Per varios usus artem experientia fecit Perfer et obdura; dolor hic tibi proderit olim Periculum in mora Perpetuo vincit qui utitur clementia Perpetuum mobile Perscriptio in manibus tabellariorum est Persona (non) grata Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantes Pessimus inimicorum genus, laudantes Petitio principii Philosophum non facit barba! Pictor ignotus Pinxit Pistrix! Pistrix! Placebo Placet Pleno iure Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate Plusque minusque Plvres crapvla qvam gladivs Poeta nascitur, non fit Poli, poli, di umbuendo Pone ubi sol non lucet! Posse (posse comitatus) Possunt quia posse videntur Post bellum Post coitem Post factum Post hoc ergo propter hoc Post hoc Post meridiem (p.m.) Yearly Through difficulties to the stars Through the thorns to the stars Per head Per hundred On the contrary Per day; daily allowance Through right or wrong As is impossible a way to qualify a proposition that cannot ever be true Monthly By delegation to By or in itself Through different exercises practice has brought skill. (Manilius) Be patient and tough; some day this pain will be useful to you. (Ovid) There is danger in delay. (Livy) He is forever victor who employs clemency. (Syrus) Perpetual motion The check is in the mail (un)welcome person Flatterers are the worst type of enemies The worst kind of enemies, those who can praise. (Tacitus) An assumption at the start The beard does not define a philosopher. (Plutarch) Painter unknown He/she painted it Shark! Shark! I will please. Medical expression for remedies with no medical effect, which improve one's medical condition only because one believes they do It pleases With full authority Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily More or less Drunkeness [kills] more than the sword. As true today on the road as it ever was The poet is born, not made Slowly, Slowly we will get there Put it where the sun don't shine! The power of the country They can because they think they can After the war After sexual intercourse After the fact After this, therefore because of this After this After midday Post mortem Post obitum Post partum Post proelia praemia Post scriptum (ps) Post tenebras lux Postatem obscuri lateris nescitis Potes currere sed te occulere non potes Potest ex casa magnus vir exire Potestatem obscuri lateris nescis Potius mori quam foedari Potius sero quam numquam Praemonitus, pramunitus Praetio prudentia praestat Prehende uxorem meam, sis! Prescriptio in manibus tabellariorium est Pretium iustum est Prima facie Primum mobile Primum non nocere Primum viveri deinde philosophari Primus inter pares Principiis obsta Pro bono (pro bono publico) Pro di immortales! Pro et contra Pro forma Pro hac vice Pro memoria Pro nunc Pro opportunitate Pro patria Pro rata Pro re nata (prn) Pro se Pro tanto Pro tempore (pro tem.) Probae esti in segetem sunt deteriorem datae fruges, tamen ipsae suaptae enitent Probatum est Probitas laudatur et alget Promotor fidei Promoveatur ut amoveatur Propino fibi salutem! After death. (nowadays, the autopsy performed by a coroner) After death After childbirth After the battles come the rewards After what has been written After the darkness, light You do not know the power of the dark side You can run, but you can't hide A great man can come from a hut. (Seneca) You don't know the power of the dark side. (Star Wars) Rather to die than to be dishonoured (death before dishonour) It's better late than never. (Livy) Forewarned, forearmed Prudence supplies a reward Take my wife, please! The check is in the mail The Price is Right At first sight; on the face of it. (in law, an obvious case that requires no further proof) Prime mover The first thing is to do no harm. (Hippocratic oath) Live before you philosophize, or Leap before you look First among equals Resist the beginnings For the good of the public Good Heavens! For and against As a matter of formality For this occaision For a memorial For now As circumstances allow For one's country In proportion to the value. (per hour for example) For an occasion as it arises On one's own behalf So far For the time being A good seed, planted even in poor soil, will bear rich fruit by its own nature. (Accius) It has been proved Honesty is praised and left in the cold. (Juvenal) Promoter of the faith Let him be promoted to get him out of the way Cheers! Proprium humani ingenii est odisse quem laeseris Proxime accessit Proximo (prox.) Proximus sum egomet mihi Pueri pueri, pueri puerilia tractant Pulvis et umbra sumus Purgamentum init, exit purgamentum Puris omnia pura Puri sermonis amator It is human nature to hate a person whom you have injured He/she came close Of the next month I am closest to myself. (Charity begins at home.) (Terence) Children are children, (therefore) children do childish things We are dust and shadow. (Horace) Garbage in, garbage out To the pure all things are pure A lover of pure speech. (Terence) Q Qua Quad nesciunt eos non interficiet Quandoquidem inter nos sanctissima divitiarum maiestas, esti funesta pecunia templo nondum habitas Quae nocent, saepe docent Quae vide (qqv) Quaere verum Quaere Qualem blennum! Qualem muleirculam! Qualis pater talis filius Quam bene vivas refert, non quam diu Quam se ipse amans sine rivali! Quam terribilis est haec hora Quandam Quando omni flunkus moritatus Quantum materiae materietur marmota monax si marmota monax materiam possit materiari? Quantum meruit Quantum sufficit (qs) Quaque mane (qm) Quaque nocte (qn) Quasi Quater in die (Q.I.D) Quem di diligunt, adolescens moritur Quemadmodum possums scire utrum vere simus an solum sentiamus nos esse? Quemadmoeum gladis nemeinum occidit, occidentis telum est Qui bene cantat, bis orat Qui bono? Qui dedit benificium taceat; narret qui accepit Qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum Qui docet discit Qui dormit, non peccat Qui habet aures audiendi audiat Qui ignorabat, ignorabitur Qui me amat, amet et canem meum Qui multum habet, plus cupit Qui nimium probat, nihil probat Qui non est hodie cras minus aptus erit Qui omnes insidias timet in nullas incidit Qui potest capere capiat In so far as What they don't know won't kill them Among us, the god most revered is Wealth, but so far it has no temple of its own What hurts, often instructs. One learns by bitter/adverse experience See these things Seek the truth (You might) ask. Used to introduce questions, usually rhetorical or tangential questions What a doofus! What a bimbo! As is the father, so is the son; like father, like son The important thing isn't how long you live, but how well you live. (Seneca) Himself loving himself so much without a rival! (Cicero) How fearful is this hour Formally When all else fails play dead How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? As much as he/she deserved As much as suffices Every morning Every night As if Take four times a day Whom the gods love die young. (only the good die young) How are we to know whether we actually exist or only think we exist? A sword is never a killer, it's a tool in the killer's hands. (Seneca) He who sings well, prays twice Who benfits? Let him who has done a good deed be silent; let him who has received it tell it. (Seneca) Let him who wishes for peace prepare for war. (Vegetius) He who teaches learns One who sleeps doesn't sin He who has ears, let him understand how to listen One who is ignorant will remain unnoticed Love me, love my dog He who has much desires more. (Seneca) One who proves too much, proves nothing He who is not prepared today will be less so tomorrow. (Ovid) He who fears every ambush falls into none. (Pubilius Syrus) Let him accept it who can. Freely: If the shoe fits, wear it Qui pro innocente dicit, satis est eloquens Qui scribit bis legit Qui tacet consentire videtur Qui tacet consentit Qui vir odiosus! Qui vivat atque floreat ad plurimos annos Qui vult dare parva non debet magna rogare Quia natura mutari non potest idcirco verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt Quid agis, medice? Quid est illa in auqua? Quid Novi Quid nunc Quid pro quo Quid quid latine dictum sit, altum videtur Quid rides? Mutato nomine de te fabula narratur Quidnunc? Or Quid nunc? Quidquid agis, prudenter agas et respice finem! Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur Quidvis Recte Factum Quamvis Humile Praeclarum Quieta non movere Quinon proficit deficit Quique amavit, cras amet Quis custodiet ipsos custodes Quis separabit? Quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando? Quisque comoedum est Quo ad hoc Quo animo? Quo fas et gloria docunt Quo iure? Quo signo nata es? Quo usque tandem abutere, catilina, patientia nostra? Quo vadis? Quod bonum, felix faustumque sit! Quod differtur, non aufertur Quod erat demonstrandum (QED) Quod erat faciendum (QEF) Quod erat in veniendum Quod est (qe) Quod foetet? Quod incepimus conficiemus He who speaks for the innocent is eloquent enough. (Publius Syrus) He who writes reads twice He that is silent is thought to consent Silence gives consent What a bore! May he live and flourish for many years He who wishes to give little shouldn't ask for much Since nature cannot change, true friendships are eternal. (Horace) What's up, Doc? What's that in the water? What's New? What now?! (a nosy busybody) Something for something. i.e. A favor for a favor Anything said in Latin sounds profound What are you laughing at? Just change the name and the joke's on you. (Horace) What now? As a noun, a quidnunc is a busybody or a gossip Whatever you do, do cautiously, and look to the end Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bearing gifts. (Vergil) Anything said in Latin sounds profound Whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble Don't move settled things, or Don't rock the boat He who does not advance, go backwards May he love tomorrow who has never loved before; Who shall keep watch over the guardians? (Luvenalis) Don't assign a fox to guard the henhouse Who shall separate us? Who, what, where, with what, why, how, when? Everybody is a comedian As much as this (to this extent) With what spirit? (or intent?) Where right and glory lead By what law? What's your sign? How long will you abuse our patience, Catiline? (Cicero) Where are you going? / Whither goest thou? May it be good, fortunate and prosperous! (Cicero) That which is postponed is not dropped. Inevitable is yet to happen. (Sir Thomas More) Which was to be demonstrated Which was to be done Which was to be found Which is What's that bad smell? What we have begun we shall finish Quod licet Iovi non licet bovi Quod minimum specimen in te ingenii? Quod natura non sunt turpia Quod vide (qv) Quomodo cogis comas tuas sic videri? Quomodo vales Quorum Quos amor verus tenuit, tenebit Quot homines, tot sententiae Qvae nocent docent Qvaerenda pecvnia primvm est, virtvs post nvmmos Qvalis artifex pereo Qvalis pater talis filivs Qvandoqve bonvs dormitat homervs Qvi bene amat bene castigat Qvi desiderat pacem praeparat bellvm Qvi docent discit Qvi fvgiebat rvrsvs proeliabitvr Qvi me amat, amat et canem meam Qvi nescit dissimlare nescit regnare Qvid novi? Qvod cibvs est aliis, aliis est wenenum Qvod cito acqviritvr cito perit Qvod erat demonstrandvm Qvod vive (q.v) What Jupiter (supreme God) is allowed to do, cattle (people) are not What microscopic evidence of wit can be found in you? What is natural cannot be bad See this thing How do you get your hair to do that? How are you? Of whom True love will hold on to those whom it has held. (Seneca) As many men, so as many opinions Things that hurt, teach. School of Hard Knocks Money is the first thing to be sought [then] virtue after wealth Such an artist dies in me - Emperor Nero's famous last words Like father like son. The apple doesn't fall too far from the tree Sometimes [even the] good Homer sleeps. You win some, you lose some Who loves well castigates well. Spare the rod and spoil the child Who desires peace [should] prepare [for] war He who teaches, learns. (George Bernard Shaw) He who has fled will do battle once more. He who fights and runs away may live to fight another day Who loves me loves my dog as well. Love me love my dog He who doesn't know how to lie doesn't know how to rule What's new? 'What's up?' What is food to some is poison to others. One man's meat is another poison [that] which is quickly acquired [is] quickly lost. Eeasy come, easy go [that] which has been demonstrated -a statement of logical proof, especially in mathematics and law, abbreviated Q.E.D Which see - a scholarly cross reference R Radicitus, comes! Radix lecti Radix omnium malorum est cupiditas Raptus regaliter Rara avis Ratio decidendi Ratio et consilium propriae ducis artes Ratio legis est anima legis Re vera, cara mea, mea nil refert Re vera, potas bene Re Recedite, plebes! Gero rem imperialem! Recto Redde Caesari quae sunt Caesaris Redivivus Redolet lvcernam Reductio ad absurdum Referendum Regina Regnat non regitur qui nihil nisi quod vult facit Regnat populus Relata refero Religious loci Rem tene, verba sequentur Repetitio est mater memoriae/ studiorum/ Requiescat in pace (RIP) Rerum concordia discors Res firma mitescere nescit Res gestae Res in cardine est Res inter alios Res ipsa loquitur Res judicata Res melius evinissent cum coca Res publica Res severa est verum gaudium Res tantum valet quantum vendi potest Respice finem Respice post te, mortalem te esse memento Respice, adspice, prospice Respondeat superior Really rad, dude! Couch potato The love of money is the root of all evil. Avarice is the problem, money itself is not evil Royally screwed A rare bird, i.e. An extraodinary or unusual thing. (Juvenal) The reason for the decision Reason and deliberation are the proper skills of a general The reason of the law is the soul of the law Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn Say, you sure are drinking a lot Concerning Stand aside plebians! I am on imperial business! On the right Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's Come back to life [it] smells of the lamp critical remark that one worked too hard on something Reduction to the absurd. (proving the truth of a proposition by proving the falsity of all its alternatives) Something to be referred Queen He is a king and not a subject who does only what he wishes. (Syrus) Let the People rule I tell what I have been told. (Herodotos) The (religious) spirit of the place Keep to the subject and the words will follow. (Cato Senior) Repetition is the mother of memory/studies May he/she rest in peace The concord of things through discord. (Horace) A firm resolve does not know how to weaken Things done The matter is on a door hinge things are balanced on a knife's edge A matter between others it's not our business The thing speaks for itself Thing already judged upon Things go better with Coke The public thing True joy is a serious thing. (Seneca) A thing is worth only what someone else will pay for it Look to the end Look around you, remember that you are mortal. (Tertullianus) Examine the past, examine the present, examine the future (look to the past, the present, the future) Let the superior answer (a supervisor must take responsibility for the quality of a subordinate's work) Resurgam Revelare pecunia! Revera linguam latinam vix cognovi Rex non potest peccare Rex regnant sed non gubernat Rex Rident stolidi verba latina Ridentem dicere verum quid vetat? Rigor mortis Risu inepto res ineptior nulla est Risus abundat in ore stultorum Roma locuta est. Causa finita est Romani ite domum Romani quidem artem amatoriam invenerunt Rosa rubicundior, lilio candidior, omnibus formosior, semper in te glorior Rumores volant. / Rumor volat I shall rise again Show me the money! I dont really know all that much Latin The king cannot sin The king reigns but does not govern King Fools laugh at the Latin language. (Ovid) What forbids a laughing man from telling the truth? (Horace) The rigidity of death There is nothing more foolish than a foolish laugh. (Catullus) Abundant laughs in the mouth of the foolish - too much hilarity means foolishness Rome has spoken. The cause is finished Romans go home! You know, the Romans invented the art of love Redder than the rose, whiter than the lilies, fairer than everything, I will always glory in thee Rumors fly. / Rumor flies S Saepe creat molles aspera spina rosas Saepe ne utile quidem est scire quid futurum sit Saepe stilum vertas Salus populi suprema lex Salva veritate Salve (plural salvete) Salve sis Salve veritate Salve(te) Salve Sanctum sanctorum Sane ego te vocavi. forsitan capedictum tuum desit Sapere aude! Sapiens nihil affirmat quod non probat Sartor resartus Sat sapienti Satis Satius est impunitum relinqui facinus nocentis, quam innocentem damnari Scala Caeli Scala naturae Scandalum magnatum Schola cantorum Scientia est potentia Scientia non habet inimicum nisp ignorantem Scilicet (sc.) Scio cur summae inter se dissentiant! Numeris Romanis utor! Scio me nihil scire Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter Sciri facias Scito te ipsum Scribere est agere Scripsit Sculpsit Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Sedit qui timuit ne non succederet Semper fidelis Semper idem Semper inops quicumque cupit Semper letteris mandate Semper paratus Often the prickly thorn produces tender roses. (Ovid) Often it is not even advantageous to know what will be. (Cicero) May you often turn the stylus (You should make frequent corrections.) The safety of the people is the supreme law. (Cicero) With truth preserved Hail; welcome May you be well Saving the truth Greetings! Hello The holy of holies I did call. Maybe your answering machine is broken Dare to be wise! (Horace) A wise man states as true nothing he does not prove (don't swear to anything you don't know firsthand) The tailor patched Enough for a wise man. (Plautus) Enough It is better that a crime is left unpunished than that an innocent man is punished. (Corpus Iuris Civilis) The ladder of heaven The ladder of nature Scandal of magnates School of singers Knowledge is power Science has no enemies but the ignorants That is to say I know why the numbers don't agree! I use Roman numerals! I know that I know nothing. Certain knowledge cannot be obtained. (Socrates) Your knowledge is nothing when no one else knows that you know it Cause (him) to know Know yourself To write is to act He/she wrote it He/she engraved it Who watches the watchmen? (Juvenal) He who feared he would not succeed sat still. (For fear of failure, he did nothing.) (Horace) Always faithful Always the same thing. (Cicero) Whoever desires is always poor. (Claudian) Always get it in writing! Always prepared Semper superne nitens Semper ubi sub ubi ubique Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) Sensu lato Sensu stricto Sensu stricto, nullo metro compositum est Sentio aliquos togatos contra me conspirare Sequens (seq.) Sequens mirabitur aetas Sequentia (seqq.) Seriatim Serva me, servabo te Si Deus pro nobis quis contra nos Si fallatis officium, quaestor infitias eat se quicquam scire de factis vestris Si fecisti nega! Si finis bonus est, totum bonum erit Si fractum non sit, noli id reficere Si hoc legere scis nimium eruditionis habes Si hoc non legere potes tu asinus es Si minor plus est ergo nihil sunt omnia Si monumentum requiris circumspice Si post fata venit gloria non propero Si sapis, sis apis Si tacuisses, philosophus manisses Si tu id aeficas, ei venient. Ager somnia Si vis amari, ama Si vis pacem, para bellum Sic ad nauseam Sic erat in fatis Sic faciunt omnes Sic friatur crustum dulce Sic itur ad astra Sic passim Sic semper tyrannis Sic transit gloria mundi Sic volo, sic iubeo Sic Silent enim leges inter arma Simia quam similis, turpissimus bestia, nobis! Simplex munditiis Simpliciter Sine cura Sine die Always striving upwards Always wear underwear everywhere The Senate and the Roman people Broadly speaking Strictly speaking Strictly speaking, it doesn't rhyme I think some people in togas are plotting against me The following (one) The following age will be amazed The following (ones) One after another in order Save me and I will save you. (Petronius Arbiter) If God is with us who is against us If you fail, the secretary will disavow all knowledge of your activities If you did it, deny it (stonewall!) If the end is good, everything will be good (all's well that ends well) If it ain't broke, don't fix it Essentially it says, 'if you can read this, you're overeducated.' If you can't read this, you're an ass If less is more, then nothing is everything If you seek a monument, look around If glory comes after death, I'm not in a hurry (if one must die to be recognised, I can wait) If you are wise, be a bee If you had kept quiet, you would have remained a philosopher. (Boethius) If you build it, they will come If you wish to be loved, love. (Seneca) If you want peace, prepare for the war. (Vegetius) And so on to the point of causing nausea So it was fated Everyone is doing it That's the way the cookie crumbles Such is the path to the stars (i.e. Gain reputation) (Vergil) Thus everywhere Thus always to tyrants - a statement often accompanying a regicide So passes the glory of the world I want this, I order this. (Juvenalis) Thus, just so Laws are silent in times of war. (Cicero) How like us is that very ugly beast the monkey. (Cicero) Unaffected by manners. (Horace) Naturally; without qualification Without a care Without a day (indefinitely) Sine ira et studio Sine loco (sl) Sine nobilitatis Sine prole (sp) Sine qua non Sine sole sileo Siste, viator Sit tibi terra levis Sit vis vobiscum Sobria inebrietas Sol omnibus lucet Sola lingua bona est lingua mortua Solitudinem fecerunt, pacem appelunt Solum potestis prohibere ignes silvarum Sona si latine loqueris Sotto voce Spectaculorum procedere debet Spectatvm venivnt, venivnt spectentvr vt ipsae Spemque metumque inter dubiis Spero melior Spero nos familiares mansuros Spiritus asper Spiritus lenis Splendide mendax Splendor sine occasu Stabat Mater Stare decisis Status quo Stercus accidit Stet Struit insidias lacrimis cum femina plorat Studium discendi voluntate quae cogi non potest constat Stultior stulto fuisti, qui tabellis crederes! Stultorum calami carbones moenia chartae Stultorum infinitus est numerus Stultum est timere quod vitare non potes Stultus est sicut stultus facit Sua cuique voluptas Sub dio Sub iudice Sub judice Sub lite Without anger or bias. (Tacitus) Without place Without nobility (SNOB) Without issue Something/someone indispensable Without the sun I'm silent. (sundial inscription) Wait, traveler -inscription on Roman tombstones May the earth be light upon you - tombstone inscription May the Force be with you. (Star Wars) Sober intoxication The sun shines upon us all. (Petronius) The only good language is a dead language They made a desert and called it peace. (Tacitus) Only you are can prevent forest fires Honk if you speak Latin In soft voice The show must go on They come to see, they come that they themselves be seen 'to see and be seen Hover between hope and fear. (Vergil) I hope for better things I hope we'll still be friends Rough breathing Smooth breathing Splendidly false. (Horace) Splendour without end The mother was standing To stand by things decided The current state of being Shit happens Let it stand When a woman weeps, she is setting traps with her tears. (Dionysius Cato) Study depends on the good will of the student, a quality which cannot be secured by compulsion Idiot of idiots, to trust what is written! Chalk is the pen of fools, walls (their) paper No Graffiti please. Showing that graffiti is nothing new Infinite is the number of fools. (Bible) It is foolish to fear that which you cannot avoid. (Publilius Syrus) Stupid is as stupid does Everyone has his own pleasures Under the open sky Under a judge Before a court In dispute Sub poena Sub rosa Sub secreto Sub silentio Sub sole nihil novi est Sub voce (sv) Subucula tua apparet Suggestio falsi Suggestio veri, suggestio falsi Sui generis Sui iuris Sum, ergo edo Summa cum laude Summam scrutemur Summum bonum Summum ius, summa iniuria Sumptus censum ne superet Sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt Sunt pueri pueri, puerilia tractant Suntne vacci laeti Suo iure Suo jure Suos cuique mos Supra Sursum corda Suum cuique pulchrum est Svi generis Under penalty of law Under the rose. Secretly or in confidence In secret In silence There's nothing new under the sun Under the voice Your slip is showing Suggestion of something false An intimation of truth, an intimation of falcity Of his/her/its kind Of one's own right I am, therefore I eat With highest honor Let's look at the bottom line The highest good The extreme law is the greatest injustice. (Cicero) Let not your spending exceed your income (live within your means) These are the tears of things, and our mortality cuts to the heart. (Vergil) Children are children, (therefore) children do childish things Are your cows happy? In one's own right In one's rightful place Everyone has his customs. (Gellius) Above or on an earlier page Lift up your hearts (to God) To each his own is beautiful. (Cicero) Of its own kind unique T Tabula rasa Tacet Tam diu minime visu! Tam exanimis quam tunica nehru fio Tamdiu discendum est, quamdiu vivas Tamquam alter idem Tanta stultitia mortalium est Tantum eruditi sunt liberi Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum Tarditas et procrastinatio odiosa est Te audire non possum. Musa sapientum fixa est in aure Te capiam, cunicule sceleste! Te Deum Te igitur Te nosce Te precor dulcissime supplex! Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis Tempore Tempus edax rerum Tempus fugit, non autem memoria Tempus fugit Tempus incognitum Tempus neminem manet Tempus omnia sed memorias privat Ter in die (t.i.d.) Terminus a quo Terminus ad quem Terra firma Terra incognita Terra nullius Tertium quid Tetigisti acu Theatrum mundi Tibi gratias agimus quod nihil fumas Timendi causa est nescire Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes Timor mortis conturbat me Tintinnuntius meus sonat! Tolerabiles ineptiae Totidem verbis Totum dependeat! Trahimur omnes laudis studio A clean slate. Person that knows nothing Silence Long time, no see! I am as dead as the nehru jacket We should learn as long as we may live. (We live and learn.) (Seneca Philosophus) As if a second self. (Cicero) What fools these mortals be Only the educated are free. (Epictetus) So potent was religion in persuading to evil deeds. (Lucretius) Delay and procrastination is hateful. (Cicero) I can't hear you. I have a banana in my ear I'll get you, you wascally wabbit! Thee, God [we praise] Thee, therefore Know thyself Pretty please with a cherry on top! The times change, and we change with them. (John Owen) In the time of Time is the devourer of things (time flies) Time flies, but not memory Time flees Time unknown Time waits for no one Time deprives all but memories Three times a day The end from which The end to which Solid ground Unknown land Uninhabited land A third something You have hit the nail on the head. (Plautus) The theatre of the world Thank you for not smoking Ignorance is the cause of fear. (Seneca) I fear the Greeks, even when they bring gifts. (Virgil) The fear of death confounds me There goes my beeper! Bearable absurdities In so many words Let it all hang out! We are all led on by our eagerness for praise. (Cicero) Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri Transit umbra, lux permanet Tu autem Tu fui, ego eris Tu ne cede malis sed contra audentior ito Tu quoque Brute, file mi! Tu quoque Tu stupidus es Tu, rattus turpis! Tua mater tam antiquior ut linguam latine loquatur Tua toga suspina est Tuis pugis pignore! Tum podem extulit horridulum To overcome one's human limitations and become master of the universe Shadow passes, light remains (On a sun dial) You, also What you are, I was. What I am, you will be. (This is found on graves and burial sites) Yield not to misfortunes, but advance all the more boldly against them You too Bruto, my son! (Caesar's last words) You likewise You are dumb You dirty rat! Your mother is so old she speaks Latin Your toga is backwards You bet your bippy! You are talking shit U Uberrimae fidei Ubi amor, ibi oculus Ubi bene, ibi patria Ubi concordia, ibi victoria Ubi dubium ibi libertas Ubi est mea anaticula cumminosa? Ubi fumus, ibi ignis Ubi maior, minor cessat Ubi mel ibi apes Ubi revera (Ubi re vera) Ubi spiritus est cantus est Ubi sunt? Ubi supra Ubicumque homo est, ibi benefici locus est Ubique Ultima ratio regum Ultima ratio Ultima Thule Ultimo (ult.) Ultimus Romanorum Ultra posse nemo obligatur Ultra vires Un idea perplexi na Una hirundo non facit ver Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem Una voce Unitam logica falsa tuam philosophiam totam suffodiant! Unitas mirabile vinculum Unum necessarium Unus multorum Urbanus et instructus Urbem lateritiam invenit, marmoream reliquit Urbi et orbi Ut ameris, ama! Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas Ut dictum (ut dict.) Ut humiliter opinor Ut incepit fidelis sic permanet Ut infra Ut sementem feceris, ita metes Of the utmost good faith Where love is, there is insight Where you feel good, there is your home Where is the unity, there is the victory. (Publius Syrus) Where there is doubt, there is freedom Wheres my rubber ducky? Where there's smoke, there's fire The weak (minor) capitulates before the strong (major) Where honey, there bees, i.e., if you want support, you must offer something in return When, in reality Where there is spirit there is song Where are they (the good old days)? Where (cited) above Wherever there is a man, there is a place of/for kindness/service Everywhere The final argument of kings Ultimate sanction The most distant Thule Of the previous month The last of the Romans No one is obligated beyond what he is able to do Beyond the powers or legal authority The idea is strange to us One Swallow does not make Summer. (Horace) The one safety for the vanquished is to abandon hope of safety knowing there is no hope can give one the courage to fight and win With one's voice May faulty logic undermine your entire philosophy! The wonderful bond of unity The one necessary One of many. (Horace) A gentleman and a scholar He found a city [Rome] of bricks and left a city of marble. (Augustus) To the city [Rome] and to the globe - a blessing of the pope To be loved, love! Although the power is lacking, the will is commendable. (Ovid) As directed In my humble opinion As loyal as she began, so she remains As below As you sow, so shall you reap. (Cicero) Ut si! Ut sit magna, tamen certe lenta ira deorum est Ut supra (ut sup.) Uti foro Uti possidetis Uti, non abuti Utile et dulce Utinam barbari spatium proprium tuum invadant! Utinam coniurati te in foro interficiant! Utinam populus romanus unam cervicem haberet! Uva uvam videndo varia fit As if! The wrath of the gods may be great, but it certainly is slow As above To play the market As you possess To use, not abuse Useful and pleasant May barbarians invade your personal space! May conspirators assassinate you in the mall! If only the Roman people had one neck! A grape changes color in seeing another grape. A bad/good friend makes you a bad/good person V Vacca foeda Vacca, vacca, vacca Vade in pace Vade mecum Vae victis! Vagans Vah! Denuone Latine loquebar? Me ineptum. Interdum modo elabitur Vale, lacerte! Vale Valui ad satanam in computatrum meum invocandum Vanitas vanitatvm, omnis vanitas Varia lecto (v.l.) Variatio delectat Variorum Velle est posse Veni vidi duci Veni, vidi, vici Veni, Vidi, Visa Veni, Vidi, volo in domum redire Venienti occurrite morbo Venire facias Ventis secundis, tene cursum Ventis secundis, tene/tenete cursum Verba de futuro Verba movent, exempla trahunt Verba volant, (littera) scripta manet Verbatim et litteratim Verbatim Verbum sapienti satis est (verb. sap.) Veritas Lux Mea Veritas numquam perit Veritas odit moras Veritas vincit Veritas vos liberabit Verso Versus Verum et factum convertuntur Verveces tui similes pro ientaculo mihi appositi sunt Vesanum poetam qui sapiunt fugiunt Vescere bracis meis Stupid cow Cow, cow, cow Go in peace. (Roman way of saying goodbye) Come with me. A constant companion Woe to the conquered! (vanquished) (Livy) Cruising Oh! Was I speaking Latin again? Silly me. Sometimes it just sort of slips out See you later, alligator! Farewell I succeeded in summoning satan into my computer Vanity of vanities, all is vanity Variant reading There's nothing like change! (Cicero) Of various people To be willing is to be able I came, I saw, I calculated I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar) I Came, I Saw, I Shopped I came, I saw, I want to go home Meet the misfortune as it comes. (Persius) You must make come Go with the flow The winds being favorable, hold the course Words about the future Words move people, examples draw/compel them. Deeds, not words, give the example Words fly away, the written (letter) remains Word for word and letter for letter Exactly as said A word to the wise is sufficient. Enough said The truth enlightens me / The truth is my light Truth never perishes. (Seneca) Truth hates delay. (Seneca) Truth conquers The truth will set you free Reverse Against The true and the made are interchangeable. One can know with certainty only what he have created himself I have jerks like you for breakfast Anyone with a brain flees a versifying poet Eat my shorts Vestigia terrent Vestis virum reddit Veto Vi et armis Via Crucis Via Dolorosa Via Lactea Via media Via Vice versa Vice Victis honor Victoria Imperatrix Regina (VIR) Victoria Regina (VR) Victoria Regina et Imperatrix (VRI) Victoria, non praeda Victurus te saluto Vide et credere Vide ut supra Vide Videlicet (viz.) Video meliora proboque deteriora sequor Videre est credere Videtis quantum scelus contra rem publicam vobis nuntiatum sit? Vidistine nuper imagines moventes bonas? Vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo, prospera omnia cedunt Vincere est totum Vincit omnia amor Vincit omnia veritas Vincit qui se vincit Vinculum unitatis Vinum bellum iucunumque est, sed animo corporeque caret Vinum et musica laetificant cor Vir bonus, dicendi peritus Vir prudens non contra ventum mingit Vir sapit qui pauca loquitor Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur Vires acquirit eundo Virginibus puerisque Virgo intacta Viri sunt viri Virtus in medio stat Virtute et armis The footprints frighten me. (Horace) The clothes make the man. (Quintilianus) I forbid By force and arms The Way of the Cross The Way of Sorrow The Milky Way A middle way or course By way of In reverse order In place of Honour to the vanquished Victoria, Empress and Queen Queen Victoria Victoria, Queen and Empress Victory, not loot He who is about to win salutes you See and believe See the above See That is to say; To wit; Namely I see the better way and approve it, but I follow the worse way Seeing is believing How great an evil do you see that may have been announced by you against the Republic? (Cicero) Seen any good movies lately? By watching, by doing, by counsulting well, these things yield all things prosperous. (Sallust) To win is everything Love conquers all Truth conquers all He conquers who conquers himself The bond of unity It's a nice little wine, but it lacks character and depth Wine and music gladden the heart A good man, skilled in speaking. (definition of an orator) (Cato the Elder) A wise man does not urinate against the wind It is a wise man who speaks little That man is wise who talks little (know when to hold your tongue) It gains strength by going / as it goes. (Virgil) For maidens and youths Intact virgin Men are slime Virtue stands in the middle By courage and by arms Virtvs probata florescit Virtvtis fortvna comes Virum mihi, Camena, insece versutum Virus Vis comica Vis consili expers mole ruit sua Vis inertiae Vis maior Vis medicatrix naturae Visa Visne saltare? Viam Latam Fungosam scio Visne saltare? Vita brevis, ars lunga Vita contin git. Vive com eo Vita luna! Vita mutatur, non tollitur Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est Vita sine libris mors est Vitam impendere vero Vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia Vitanda est improba siren desidia Vitiis nemo sine nascitur Viva voce Vivat regina Vivat rex Vivat, crescat, floreat! Vive hodie Vive vt vivas Vivere commune est, sed non commune mereri Vivere disce, cogita mori Vivos voco, mortuos plango Vix ulla tam iniqua pax, quin bello vel aequissimo sit potior Vixere fortes ante agamemnona Vixit Vltima ratio regvm Vltra vires Volens et potens Volente Deo Volenti non fit iniuria Volo anaticulam cumminosam meam! Volo, non valeo Volvptates commendat rarior vsvs Vos vestros servate, meos mihi linquite mores Manly excellence in trial flourished Good luck is the companion of courage Tell me, O Muse, of the skillful man. (Livius Andronicus) Poison or slime Sense of humour Brute force bereft of wisdom falls to ruin by its own weight. (Discretion is the better part of valor) (Horace) The power of inertia - why things never change Higher force The healing power of nature Things seen Do you want to dance? I know the Funky Broadway Do you want to dance? Life is short, art is long Life happens. Live with it Crazy life! Life is changed, not taken away Life is more than merely staying alive Life without books is death To risk one's life for the truth Fortune, not wisdom, rules lives. (Cicero) One must avoid that wicked temptress, Laziness. (Horace) No one is born without faults. (Horace) With living voice Long live the queen Long live the king May he/she/it live, grow, and flourish! Live today (not tomorrow) Live that you may live Everybody lives; not everybody deserves to Learn to live; Remember death. (sundial inscription) I call the living, I mourn the dead. (church bell inscription) Scarcely is there any peace so unjust that it is better than even the fairest war. (Erasmus) Brave men lived before Agamemnon. (heroism exists even if it's not recorded) He/she has lived The final argument of kings. (motto of Louis XIV on his cannon) Beyond [one's] authority outside the jurisdiction Willing and able God willing A person who consents does not suffer injustice I want my rubber ducky! I am willing but unable Infrequent use commends pleasure. (moderation in all things) You cling to your own ways and leave mine to me. (Petrarch) Vox clamantis in deserto Vox populi, vox Dei Vox populi Vrbi et orbi Vulnerant omnes, ultima necat Vulpem pilum mutat, non mores Vultus est index animi Voice crying in the desert. (voice in the wilderness unheeded warning, an opinion not in the mainstream The voice of the people is the voice of God. (Public opinion is obligatory) The voice of the people To the city and to the world. (preface of Papal documents) Every (hour) wounds, the last kills. (sundial inscription) A fox may change its hair, not its tricks. (People change behaviour but not their aims) The face is the index of the soul/mind
| i don't know |
Garryowen, Shoeing and Mulligrubber are terms used in which sport? | Rugby Dictionary; Terminology | Bleacher Report
Rugby Dictionary; Terminology
Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories
(Photo by David Rogers/Getty Images)
3.0K
0
Comments
If you play rugby or just enjoy watching it, you will always have an idea on what is happening on the field, you’ll scream from anger when your favorite player will get tackled in the head, because you’ll know that a rule was broken, you’ll always jump from excitement when you’ll see a thunderous tackle performed, because it is legal, and surely you will cry from happiness when your favorite team will score a game winning try on the last minute, because it’s just the way you wanted it be.
But almost everyone (some of the readers are professionals, which means they understand everything) will agree with me that there are moments when you just don’t understand what’s going on during the match.
Referee shouts a word that you have no idea about, players start moving in a strange direction and you don’t understand why, a yellow card is pulled out without a reason (at least you think so) and so on. Nobody’s knowledge about this sport is perfect, including mine, so I decided to write this article to make some terms and situations clearer.
Most of the terminology you’ll understand, but I’m sure there will be a word or two you haven’t heard and would like to know.
So here is the rugby terminology:
Ankle tap
An ankle-tap or tap-tackle is a form of tackle. It is used when the player carrying the ball is running at speed and a defending player is approaching from behind.
Even if the defender is not able to get close enough to the ball-carrier to wrap his arms around him in a conventional tackle, he may still be able to dive at the other player's feet and, with outstretched arm, deliver a tap or hook to the player's foot (or feet) causing the player to stumble.
Advantage line
Also called the gain line. It is an imaginary line drawn across the centre of the pitch when there is a breakdown in open play, such as a ruck, maul or scrum. Advancing across the gain line represents a gain in territory.
Advantage
"Advantage" is the period of time after an infringement, in which the non-offending side has the opportunity to gain sufficient territory or tactical opportunity to negate the need to stop the game due to the infringement.
The referee will signal advantage with their arm out horizontally, toward the non-infringing team. If no tactical or territorial advantage is gained, the referee will whistle, and give the decision that had been delayed. If sufficient advantage is gained, the referee will call "advantage over", and play will continue.
The Advantage Law allows the game to flow more freely, and not stop for every minor infringement. An example of the application of advantage would be if Team A knocked the ball on (technical offence, conceding a scrum) but a Team B player picked the ball up and made a run forward before being tackled.
Ball back
If the ball enters touch, then play is restarted by a line-out at the point where the ball left the field of play. The exception to this is if the ball is kicked into touch on the full. In this case, a line-out is taken from the point from where the ball was kicked from, and not from where it entered touch.
Blindside
The narrow side of the pitch in relation to a scrum or a breakdown in play; it is the opposite of open side. The blindside flanker is expected to cover the opposing team open side at scrum and breakdown.
Bonus points
Bonus points are a method of deciding table points from a rugby union match. It was implemented in order to encourage attacking play throughout a match, to discourage repetitive goal-kicking, and to reward teams for "coming close" in losing efforts.
1 bonus point is awarded for scoring 4 (or more) tries and 1 bonus point for losing by 7 points (or fewer).
Blitz defense
The blitz defense is a defensive technique similar to the defense used in rugby league. It relies on the whole defensive line moving forward towards their marked man as one, as soon as the ball leaves the base of a ruck or maul. The charge is usually led by the inside centre.
The idea of this technique is to prevent the attacking team gaining any ground by tackling them behind the gain line and forcing interceptions and charged down kicks.
However, the defending team can be vulnerable to chip kicks and any player breaking the defensive line will have lots of space to play because the defense are running the other way and must stop, turn and chase.
Blood bin
It is also called blood replacement. A player who has a visible bleeding injury may be replaced for up to fifteen minutes (running time not game time), during which he or she may receive first-aid treatment to stop the flow of blood and dress the wound. The player may then return to the pitch to continue playing.
Box-kick
This is a kick taken from behind a scrum, normally by the scrum-half, in which he turns away from the scrum facing the touchline, and kicks the ball back over the scrum into the clear "box" of space behind the opposition to allow his own team to chase through and regain the ball in undefended territory.
Breakdown
The breakdown is a colloquial term for the period immediately after a tackle and the ensuing ruck. During this time teams compete for possession of the ball, initially with their hands and then using feet in the ruck. Most referees will call "ruck" or "hands away" as soon as a ruck is formed. Most infringements take place at the breakdown, owing to the greater variety of possible offences at a breakdown, for example handling in the ruck, killing the ball, offside at the ruck and so on.
Caution
A player who deliberately or repeatedly infringes the laws is cautioned, and shown a yellow card. A cautioned player is suspended from playing for ten minutes.
Centre
They are the players wearing shirts numbers 12 and 13. They are divided into inside and outside centre.
Conversion
If a team scores a try, they have an opportunity to convert it for two further points by kicking the ball between the posts and above the crossbar—that is, through the goal.
The kick is taken at any point on the field of play in line with the point that the ball was grounded for the try parallel to the touch-lines. So it is advantageous to score a try nearer to the posts as it is easier to convert it.
The kick can be either a drop kick or a place kick.
Counter rucking
If a team (usually the team that took the ball into contact) has secured the ball at a ruck, and the other team manage to force them off the ball and secure possession themselves, the defending team is said to have "counter-rucked."
Crash tackle/crash ball
It is an attacking tactic where a player receives a pass at pace and runs directly at the opposition's defensive line. The crash ball runner attempts to commit two or more opposing players to the tackle, then attempts to make the ball available to team-mates by off-loading in the tackle or recycling the ball quickly from the ruck.
By committing players to the tackle, the crash ball runner creates holes in the opposition's defense, thereby creating attacking opportunities for team-mates.
Drop kick
A drop kick is when a player kicks the ball from hand and the ball touches the ground between being dropped and kicked. If a drop kick goes through a goal then it results in a drop goal.
Dummy runner
Another offensive tactic; a player on the attacking team runs towards the opposition as if running onto a pass, only for the ball to be passed to another player, carried on by the ball carrier or kicked forwards. As with a dummy pass, this tactic draws defenders away from the ball and creates space for the attacking team.
Dummy pass
An offensive ruse, where the ball carrier moves as if to pass the ball to a team-mate, but then continues to run with the ball himself; the objective is to trick defenders into marking the would-be pass receiver, creating a gap for the ball carrier to run into.
Dump tackle
It is a tackling technique. The tackler wraps his arms around the ball carrier's thighs and lifts him a short distance in the air before forcibly driving him to the ground. The tackler must go to ground with the ball carrier for the tackle to be legal. This technique is useful to completely stop the opponent in his tracks. A dump tackle which drops the ball carrier on his head or neck is known as a spear tackle, and will almost invariably concede a penalty and possibly result in a caution for the tackler.
Five meter scrum
When a scrum offence is committed within 5m of either try line, or a player carries the ball over his own try line and touches it down, the referee will award a scrum on the five meter lie; this is to prevent all but the most brutal packs from driving the ball over the try line within the scrum.
Flanker
Also known as breakaways or wing forwards. They are the players wearing shirts numbers 6 & 7. They are the players with the fewest set responsibilities. The player should have all round attributes: speed, strength, fitness, tackling and handling skills. Flankers are always involved in the game, as they are the real ball winners at the breakdown, especially the number 7. The two flankers do not usually bind to the scrum in a fixed position. Instead, the open side flanker will attach to the scrum on whichever side is further from the nearer touchline, while the blindside flanker attaches himself to the scrum on the side closer to the touchline.
Fly half
Also referred to by a number of different names, they are the players wearing shirt number 10. This position is one of the most influential on the pitch. The fly-half makes key tactical decisions during a game. Generally a fly-half is also the goal kicker due to excellent kicking skills.
It is called a throw-forward in the laws of the game.
A forward pass occurs when the ball fails to travel backwards in a pass. If the ball is not thrown or passed forward but it bounces forward after hitting a player or the ground, it is not a throw-forward.
If the referee deems it accidental, these results in a scrum to the opposing team, however deliberate forward passes result in the award of a penalty.
Fourth official
A fourth official is one who controls replacements and substitutes. He may also substitute for referee or touch judge in case of injury to either of them.
Foul play is defined as the deliberate infringement of the laws of the game.
Free-kick/ Short arm penalty
Also called short arm penalty. This is a lesser form of the penalty, usually awarded to a team for a technical offence committed by the opposing side such as numbers at the line-out or time wasting at a scrum. A free kick is also awarded for calling a mark.
A team cannot kick for goal and the normal 22m rule applies for kicking for position from a free kick. A Free Kick is signaled by the referee with a bent arm raised in the air.
Fullback
They are the player wearing jersey number 15. They act as the last line of defense against running attacks by the opposing three-quarter backs. The full back is expected to field high kicks from the opposition, and reply with a superior kick or a counterattack. The full back is sometimes the specialist goal-kicker in a team, taking penalty and conversion kicks.
Garryowen
A Garryowen or up and under kick, is a high short punt onto or behind the defending team.
Goal from mark
Goal from mark is an antiquated method of scoring. It occurred when a player "marked" and scored a goal from there. In the modern game, a goal cannot be scored from a free kick, but in the past the reward for scoring a "goal from mark" (which is a difficult kick to play) was three or four points. Occasionally referred to as a field goal.
Goal
A goal is scored when a player kicks the ball through the plane bounded by the two uprights and above the crossbar. A drop goal or penalty goal count for 3 points except and conversions count for two.
Goal line, try line
Two solid, straight white lines (one at each end) stretching across the entire width of the pitch passing directly through the goal posts which defines the boundary between the "field of play" and the "in-goal". As the goal line is defined as part of the "in-goal," attacking players can score tries by placing the ball with downward pressure onto the goal line itself. The base of the goal posts and post protectors are also defined to be part of the goal line.
The goal line is often referred to as the "try line" though that term does not appear in the Laws of the Game.
Grubber kick
It is a type of kick which makes the ball roll and tumble across the ground, producing irregular bounces making it hard for the defending team to pick up the ball without causing a knock-on. It gives the ball both high and low bounce and on occasions, the ball can sit up in a perfect catching position.
Group of death
Is an informal sobriquet used in to describe a situation that often occurs during the group stage of a tournament, where any team in the group could qualify and any team could be eliminated.
Typically, a group of death will see an unusual match-up of heavyweight sides, due to a quirk in the seeding system.
Haka
The haka is a traditional Maori dance performed by the All Blacks, the international rugby union team of New Zealand, immediately prior to international matches. It serves as a challenge to the opposing team.
High tackle
A high tackle (or head-high tackle) is a form of tackle where the tackler grasps the ball carrier above the line of the shoulders (most commonly around the neck or at the line of the chin and jaw).
Executed violently or at speed, a high tackle is potentially instantly lethal and, as extremely dangerous play, high tackles are a cause for penalties, and yellow or red cards.
Hand-off
Handing off (also called fend) is the action by the ball carrier of repelling a tackler using his arm. For the action to be legal, the ball carrier's arm must be straight before contact is made; a shove or "straight-arm smash", where the arm is extended immediately before contact or on contact, is illegal and classed as dangerous play.
Hooker
Hookers traditionally wear the number 2 shirt. The hooker is the player who is in the centre position of the front row of the scrum and who uses his/her feet to 'hook' the ball back. Due to the pressure put on the body by the scrum and the requirement to use both arms to bind to other players (and hence having no free arm to use to support or deflect bodyweight) it is considered to be one of the most dangerous positions to play.
Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs, partly because they are normally the shortest of the forwards, but more often because they are the most skillful of the forwards.
Knock-on
It is also called knock-forward. A knock-on is when a player loses possession of the ball and goes forward off the hands or arms of a player and hits either the ground or another player. It results in a scrum with the put-in to the opposition.
Kick-off
A coin is tossed and the winning captain either chooses which direction his team shall play, or elects to take the kick that starts the game. Both halves of the match are started with a drop kick from the centre-point of the halfway line.
The kick must cross the opposition's 10-metre line, unless played by a member of the receiving team. The opposition are not allowed to encroach beyond the 10-metre line until the ball is kicked.
If the ball does not travel 10 metres, goes straight into touch, or goes over the dead ball line at the end of the pitch, the opposing team may accept the kick, have the ball kicked off again, or have a scrum at the centre.
After a score, the game is restarted from the same place under the same restrictions, with the conceding team drop-kicking the ball to the scoring team.
Late tackle
A late tackle is a tackle executed on a player who has already passed or kicked away the ball. As it is illegal to tackle a player who does not have the ball, Late tackles are penalty offences (referees allow a short margin of error where the tackler was already committed to the tackle) and if severe or reckless may result in yellow or red Cards.
If a late tackle occurs after a kick and a penalty is awarded, the non-offending team has the option of taking the penalty where the ball landed.
Line-out
A maximum of seven and a minimum of three forwards line up parallel with each other between the five-meter and 15-metre lines. The hooker of the team in possession throws the ball in while his opposite number stands in between the touchline and the five-meter line.
All players not involved in the lineout, except the scrum-half, must retire 10 meters.
The ball must be thrown in straight down the middle of the lineout and the hooker must not cross into the field of play while throwing in. If throw is not straight then the throw is given to opposition or a scrum.
Jumpers can be lifted by their team-mates below the waist, but the opposition's jumpers must not be obstructed, barged or pulled down.
Lock
Locks or second-row are the players wearing shirts number 4 & 5. Locks are very tall, athletic and have an excellent standing jump along with good strength. So they are the primary targets at line-outs. They also make good ball carriers, bashing holes in the defense around the ruck and maul. They also have to push in the rucks and mauls.
Line-out code
It is a coded piece of information, used to communicate intentions about a line-out within one team in a match without giving information away to the other team. The advantage in line-out comes from knowing in advance how the throw will be made.
Mark
A mark is the place where the game will restart after a stoppage, such as where a scrum-offence or penalty offence occurred, or on the touchline where the ball went out of play (or where the ball was kicked in the case of ball-back).
Marks are generally defined by the referee, or the touch judge when the ball leaves play by the touchline.
Marks can also be defined by a defending players who execute a clean catch (catch the ball before it bounces or touches another player) of a ball kicked by an attacking player if the defender is standing within his/her own 22 meter zone or in-goal. To "call a mark", the player shouts "Mark!" as he/she catches the ball.
The referee then awards that player a free kick which must be taken by that specific player. (If for whatever reason, that player cannot take the kick, a scrum is awarded instead.) If the player is simply a poor kicker he/she is likely to take a 'Tap Kick' and immediately pass the ball to the fly-half or full back that will generally deliver a clearance kick.
Marks can be called when the ball is cleanly caught following a kick by the opposition for any type of kick except a kick off or restart after a score. It is legal, though very unusual, to call a mark from a clean catch of a penalty kick.
Mulligriber
The mulligrubber kick is a style of kicking. A mulligrubber is directed towards the ground and forced to bounce. Often used in situations where either the ball needs to be placed in a specific position (i.e. on the try line) or to intentionally stop the opponent from being able to catch the ball on the full.
Maul
When a ball carrier is held up (without being tackled) by both an opposing player and a player from his own team, a maul is then considered formed.
The offside line becomes the last foot of the last man on each side of the maul. Players can only join in from behind that team-mate. Anyone who comes in from the sides will be penalized by the referee. Hands are allowed to be used in the maul. If either team deliberately collapses the maul then that side will be penalized by the referee.
If the ball does not come out in a timely fashion, the referee will award a scrum to the team that did not take the ball into the maul.
Mauls can only exist in the field of play. Play that looks like a maul can exist within the in-goal but restrictions on entry to the maul and the need to bind on to a team member do not apply.
Number 8/eightman/eighth-man
They are the players wearing shirts no. 8. It is the only position that is known only by the shirt number. No. 8s must have a good tactical awareness in order to coordinate scrums and ruck moves with the scrum-half.
If the ball is at his feet at the back of a scrum, ruck or maul, it is normally the number eight's decision whether to pass the ball out or drive the breakdown on in order to make ground.
Offside
A player is offside when he/she is forward of the relevant offside line i.e. between the relevant offside line and the opposing team's dead ball line.
In a match, most players will be offside several times but they only become liable for penalty if they do not act to attempt to become onside (which generally means retreat downfield) or attempt to interfere with play.
In open play, only the ball carrier's team (or the team that last carried or deliberately touched the ball) is bound by offside - the offside line for them is the ball. (Note every player who passes the ball backwards is offside and must attempt to retire.)
Off-load pass
A short pass made by a player being tackled before he reaches the ground, usually by turning to face a team-mate and tossing the ball into the air for a team-mate to catch.
Onside
A player is onside whenever he or she is behind the relevant offside line for the particular phase of play. Players who are onside take an active part in playing the game.
Previously offside players may be "put onside" by the actions of other players (for example, in a kick ahead in open play, players in the kicker's team in front of the kick are offside but can be put onside by the kicker or any other team member who was onside at the time of the kick running up the pitch past them).
So that players can be confident they are now onside and can take an active part in the game, the referee may shout "Onside" or "All Onside."
Open side
The broad side of the pitch in relation to a scrum or a breakdown in play. The openside flanker is expected to cover the cover the opposing team openside at scrum and breakdown. It is the opposite of blindside.
On the full
If the ball is kicked into touch without first bouncing inside the field of play it is termed as ball is kicked into touch on the full.
Penalty
Penalties are awarded for serious infringements like dangerous play, offside and handling the ball on the ground in a ruck. Penalties are signalled by the referee with a straight arm raised in the air. Players can also receive red and yellow cards, as in Association football.
The offending team must retire 10 meters (or to their goal line if closer) for both penalties and free kicks. A team can kick for goal, tap and run the ball, take a scrum or kick directly into touch with the resulting line-out awarded to them.
Penalty try
A penalty try awarded if the referee believes a team illegally prevented a try from probably being scored. Penalty tries are always awarded under the posts regardless of where the offence took place.
(This gives the non-offending team the opportunity for the easiest possible conversion kick meaning that a penalty try is generally a certain 7 points for the non-offending team.)
Place kick
The place kick is a kicking style commonly used when kicking for goal. It typically involves placing the ball on the ground. To keep the ball in position, a mound of sand or plastic tee is sometimes used.
Phase
A phase is the time a ball is in play between breakdowns. For example, first phase would be winning the ball at the lineout and passing to a centre who is tackled. Second phase would be winning the ball back from the ensuing breakdown and attacking again.
Professional foul:
A professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play, usually to prevent an opponent scoring.
Prop
They are the players wearing shirts number 1 & 3. The role of both the props is to support the hooker in the scrum and to provide support for the jumpers in the line-out.
The props provide the main power in the push forward in the scrum. For this reason they need to be exceptionally big and strong.
Red card
In International matches, red cards are shown to players who have been ordered off, which results in the player being removed from the game without being replaced. Players are usually ordered off for serious foul play, for violent conduct or for committing two offences resulting in cautions (yellow cards).
Red cards are also commonly used in non-international matches in precisely the same manner as in International matches but there is no regulation requiring their use. (i.e. in a domestic match, a referee may dismiss a player without actually displaying a red card.)
Round the corner kicking
Round the corner kicking is a style of kicking used for kicking penalties and converting tries.
Ruck
A ruck is formed when the ball is on the ground and two opposing players meet over the ball. The offside line becomes the last foot of the last man on each side of the ruck and players compete for the ball by attempting to drive one another from the area and to 'ruck' the ball backwards with their feet.
Rucks commonly form at tackles, but can form anywhere in the field of play where the ball is on the ground.
Handling the ball while it is in the vicinity of a ruck is a penalty offence. (Though modern practice allows a player on the ground to support the ball with his/her hands and for the player who is acting as scrum half to 'dig' for the ball once possession has been secured.)
If the ball does not come out of a ruck after about five seconds, the referee will award a scrum to the team he considers to have been moving forward in the ruck.
Scrum
The eight forwards from each team bind together and push against each other. The scrum-half from the team that has been awarded possession feeds the ball into the centre of the scrum from the side most advantageous for his hooker (which is typically the side of loose head prop).
The ball must be fed straight down the middle of the tunnel and the hookers must not contest for the ball until it is put in. If they do, a free-kick is awarded for "foot up".
The scrum is taken again if the ball comes straight out of the tunnel or if it collapses. If the scrum wheels (rotates) due to pushing more than 90 degrees the scrum is reformed and awarded to the other side. Pulling in an attempt to unbalance the other side or to assist in rotating the scrum is a Penalty Offence.
At the breakdown a ruck commonly forms over the players involved in the tackle.
Where players who are on the ground on the opposition side of the ruck do not move away quickly enough, players on their feet may be tempted to "help" them move by pushing them away with their boots.
This potentially dangerous act is illegal and if done deliberately (or recklessly) may result in penalties and yellow or red cards.
Scrum half
Also known as a half-back, they are the players traditionally wearing shirt No. 9. Scrum halves form the all-important link between the forwards and the backs. They are relatively small but with a high degree of vision, the ability to react to situations very quickly, and good handling skills.
They are often the first tackler in defence and are behind every scrum, maul or ruck to get the ball out and maintain movement. They put the ball into the scrum and collect it afterwards. Scrum Halves generally also act as "receiver" in the line-out to catch the ball knocked down by the forwards. (The receiver is a member of the line out and so stands within 10 metres of it and may join the line once the ball is thrown.)
Sipi Tau
Sipi Tau is a Tongan war dance performed by the Tongan national rugby union team before each of their international match.
Sin bin
The notional area where a player must remain for a minimum of ten minutes after being shown a yellow card. In high level games, the sin bin is monitored by the fourth official.
Stellenbosch Laws
The Stellenbosch Laws are a set of experimental laws of rugby union that are under consideration by the International Rugby Board (IRB) and, if accepted, may to come into effect late in 2008.
Spear tackle
A spear tackle is a dangerous tackle in which a player is picked up by the tackler and turned so that they are upside down. The tackler then drops or drives the player into the ground often head, neck or shoulder first.
Spear tackles are particularly dangerous and have caused serious injury including spinal
damage, dislocations and broken bones in the shoulder or neck. On rare occasion, even death can occur.
Spear tackles are taken very seriously by the various Union discipline committees and can result in lengthy playing bans.
Tackle
A tackle takes place when one or more opposition players [tackler(s)] grasp onto the ball carrier and succeed in bringing him/her to ground and holding them there.
Once briefly held, the tackler(s) must release the tackled player who must then him/herself immediately release or attempt to pass the ball so that play can continue.
Tap kick
A tap kick is a type of kick used by players at penalties or free kicks to meet the regulation that requires the ball must be kicked a visible distance before a player may pass or run with it.
In a tap kick, the player momentarily releases the ball from his hands and taps it with his foot or lower leg and then quickly catches it again. The player will then generally try to run forward with the ball.
Ten Meter Law
The Ten Meter Law is a form of offside which is designed to prevent injury to a defending player who attempts to catch a ball that has been kicked ahead by the attacking side.
In the normal Law of Offside in open play, it is possible for an offside player to be put onside by actions of the opposing team. This ability to be put onside by a member of the opposing team does not apply if the offside player was within 10 metres along the field of a defending player waiting to catch the ball and the offside player remains offside until either he/she retreats onside or is put onside by a member of their own team.
Tap-tackle
Despite its name, a tap tackle is a not actually a tackle as the ball carrier is brought to ground by a form of trip, is not actually held on the ground and may attempt to get up and continue to run. A tap tackle is used when a defending player is unable to get close enough to the ball carrier but is able to dive at the other player's feet and, with outstretched arm, deliver a tap or hook to the player's foot (or feet) causing the player to stumble.
At speed, this will often be sufficient to bring the ball-carrier down, allowing a team-mate of the tackling player to retrieve the ball or provide sufficient delay for the defending team to organize a defense.
Television match official (TMO), commonly called the video referee.
Tight Head
The tight head prop is the player who takes the right-hand position on the front row of the scrum. A tight head prop traditionally wears the number 3 shirt. He is named the tight head since in the scrum he will have an opposition player bind to both his left and right hand side, meaning his head is unexposed to the side of the scrum as opposed to the loose head, whose left-hand side is exposed.
Touch judge
The touch judge is an official who monitors the touch-line and raises a flag if the ball (or player carrying it) goes into touch. Touch judges also stand behind the posts to confirm that a goal has been scored following a penalty kick or conversion of a try.
Touch
Touch is the area outside and including the two touch-lines which define the sides of the playing area. As the touch-lines are not part of the playing area they are part of touch.
Truck and trailer
A colloquial term for an accidental obstruction. "Truck and trailer" occurs when a player carrying the ball leaves a maul, along with one or more of his teammates. Once the ball carrier leaves the maul, the maul is over, and if the ball carrier's teammates are in front of the ball carrier and prevent defending players from making a tackle, the defending team will be awarded a scrum. If the incident of truck and trailer is judged to be deliberate or the latest in a series of similar infringements, a penalty may be awarded instead.
Tunnel
When a scrum is formed, the gap between the legs of the three players from each team who form the front row is called the tunnel.
Try
It is the primary method of scoring. A try is worth five points. It is scored when a player places the ball on the ground with downward pressure in the in-goal area between (and including) the goal-line and up to but not including dead ball line of the opposition's half. (As the goal posts and post protectors are also part of the goal-line, touching the ball down against the base of these is also a try.)
There is no such thing as an "own try." If you touch the ball down in your own in-goal area, it results in a twenty-two metre drop out or a five metre scrum.
Turnover
When a team concedes possession of the ball, particularly at the breakdown, they are said to have turned the ball over to the other team. This can happen due to defending players stealing the ball from an isolated attacker, counter rucking, a knock on, an intercepted pass or the ball not emerging from a maul (wherein the referee awards the scrum feed to opposing team).
Twenty two metre drop-out
A drop kick is taken from behind the 22m line if a team touches down in its own in-goal area but did not carry the ball over the try line, or if the ball is kicked over the dead ball line from any other play other than the kick-off.
The ball only needs to cross the line, but if it goes directly into touch a scrum is awarded to the receiving team at the centre-point of the 22m line.
Up and under
An up and under or a Garryowen kick, is a high short punt onto or behind the defending team.
Use it or lose it
If the maul stops moving forward the referee will often shout "use it or lose it" to the team in possession of the ball. This means they must pass the ball within a five-second time period. If they do not the referee will call a scrum and the team not in possession at the beginning of the maul will be given the feed.
Wing
They are the players wearing shirt numbers 11 and 14. They are divided into left and right wingers. Wingers must be fast runners and agile in order to evade tackles and have excellent ball handling skills in order to pass and receive the ball at pace.
Wheel
A scrum that has rotated through 90 degrees or more is said to have "wheeled." The referee wil
| Rugby union |
In medicine, dysuria is pain or difficulty in doing what? | Rugby Union: Ireland's frailties revealed in Stark relief | The Independent
Rugby Union: Ireland's frailties revealed in Stark relief
Monday 18 January 1993 00:02 BST
Click to follow
Scotland. .15
Ireland. . .3
THE great thing about the Five Nations' Championship was its unpredictability but Ireland have lost so much ground, and so many matches, that at customs the first thing they declare is their inferiority complex. Once upon a time it was genius. An air of inevitability swept through Murrayfield and Scotland duly complied.
'We have had so many new dawns it's almost replaced the Celtic twilight,' Gerry Murphy, the new coach of Ireland, said. Ireland should be grateful that the competition has no relegation. Scotland scored two excellent tries and established a 15-0 lead down the gale at half-time. Take away the punctuation of the tries and you were left with an exceedingly boring composition.
'It was one of the most satisfying performances I have ever seen,' Ian McGeechan, the Scotland coach, said. This is a man who is easily satisfied. He must have been talking in the context of Scotland's dire trial. 'It's the set pieces that matter and we had control of them,' he said.
Ireland could barely win a line- out and nowadays there are so many of them it meant that when they actually got their hands on the ball they had no idea what to do with it.
Scotland had a game plan. Damian Cronin led the pack and Iain Morrison at the tail called the line-outs. Whether it was two- man, four-man or eight, Doddie Weir or Andy Reed won possession. Ireland did not have a pack- leader as such. Michael Bradley, the captain and scrum-half, was in sole charge and he had his hands full dealing, unsuccessfully, with his opposite number, Gary Armstrong. Bradley was attempting to implement his best-laid plans through Steve Smith, the hooker. 'It was never going to work,' a weary and cynical Irish observer said. 'Bradley is a Roman Catholic from Cork and Smith a Protestant Unionist from Ulster.'
Ireland, would you believe, won the toss and chose to play into a wind so strong it nearly blew the drumsticks out of the hands of the drummers of the regimental band of the First Batallion, the Royal Scots. The Princess Royal, Scotland's patron, chose, perhaps out of sympathy, to wear a green overcoat. The band played about two bars of the National Anthem before clearing their lungs for a fuller version of 'Flower of Scotland'.
Points on such a day were going to be hard-earned, but Scotland could not believe their luck. Not only did Ireland make the mistake of beginning a difficult season by facing a Shetland-force gale, they gave Derek Stark the impression that international rugby can be fun. With his first touch Stark, who should have been counting the butterflies in his stomach, swept past Simon Geoghegan, who made the fatal mistake of turning his back on his opponent. Stark staring madness.
Scotland's second try brought a bit more out of Stark and a bit more out of Geoghegan. Gavin Hastings came into the line as decoy, Stark burst through the middle and, as he was tackled by Geoghegan, flighted a long and clever pass to Tony Stanger, the right wing, who crossed the Irish line in the left hand corner, just as Stark had done earlier on.
That try, just before half-time, put the result beyond reasonable doubt. 'They had enough in hand not to cruise but to not be panicky,' Noel Murphy, the Ireland manager, said. 'The first try should never have happened in an international arena. We always had players who did the right thing, but no longer. We have to look for them.'
Ireland, always desperately trying to make bricks by clutching at straws, sought refuge in the fact that they won the second half 3-0. 'Our tackling around the fringes was appalling,' Murphy said. 'Scotland were allowed to ruck from offside positions. Scotland made far better use of the wind than we did and their key players performed exceptionally well.' Murphy was talking about the Hastings brothers, Weir and Armstrong. Of the latter, he said: 'Bradley was niggled at by a very clever scrum-half. Our line-out was disappointing, but there are other line-out forwards in Ireland.'
It was a dire second half at the Murrayfield 'megadome'. Mega bucks, mega bore. Gavin Hastings said that it was the best stadium in the world. Scotland did the business as did their captain, his remark about Murrayfield probably not unrelated to the fact that the sports management company he is employed by is selling the debentures that are paying for the new ground.
The wind made life difficult for everybody but, even allowing for the conditions, there has to be more to an international contest than this. Gavin Hastings, as solid as granite at full-back, had a bee in his bonnet. Above all else, he wanted to show he is the best full- back in the British Isles and he obviously has his eyes on the captaincy of the Lions. Do not mention Jon Webb, or any other full-back, in Hastings's company.
The confounding wind tempted players to kick and they often kicked badly. The Scottish Rugby Union, with pounds 37m invested in the new stadium, might be satisfied with two points and a win at any price seems to be top of the agenda in the boardroom. The price, though, is not necessarily right. The 'crack' on the terraces has gone and from 2.45 everybody was yawning in comfort. If a Scotsman took his son or daughter to Murrayfield, he would not have got much change out of pounds 60. In terms of entertainment, he would have been short-changed.
It seems that about one game out of 10 has benefited from the new laws. Ed Morrison, the referee here, had no empathy or sympathy with either the game or the players. Whatever happened to playing advantage? At one point, Scotland won a line-out and Morrison stopped play to penalise Ireland for lifting. On another occasion, when some of the Scottish forwards mistook Bradley's head for the ball and gave him a right shoeing, Morrison, on the spot, did absoultely nothing.
'We did what we said we would do,' McGeechan said. 'It was nice to see some of the things that we'd devised come off.' One of the tries, apparently, was born on the drawing board. Hastings was about to explain when McGeechan intervened. 'Sssh,' the coach said. The captain abruptly stopped talking.
Scotland: Tries Stark, Stanger; Conversion G Hastings; Penalty G Hastings. Ireland: Penalty Malone.
SCOTLAND: G Hastings (Watsonians, capt); A Stanger (Hawick), S Hastings (Watsonians), G Shiel (Melrose), D Stark (Boroughmuir); C Chalmers (Melrose), G Armstrong (Jed-Forest); A Watt (Glasgow High/Kelvinside), K Milne (Heriot's FP), P Burnell (London Scottish), A Reed (Bath), D Cronin (London Scottish), D Turnbull (Hawick), G Weir (Melrose), I Morrison (London Scottish).
IRELAND: C Wilkinson; S Geoghegan (London Irish), V Cunningham (St Mary's College), P Danaher, R Wallace (Garryowen); N Malone (Oxford University), M Bradley (Cork Constitution, capt); N Popplewell (Greystones), S Smith (Ballymena), P McCarthy (Cork Constitution), R Costello (Garryowen), P Johns (Dungannon), P Lawlor (Bective Rangers), N Mannion (Lansdowne), D McBride (Malone).
Referee: E Morrison (England).
| i don't know |
In the UK, the ‘Great Writ’ is better known by what name? | Writ legal definition of writ
Writ legal definition of writ
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/writ
Related to writ: writ large , writ of certiorari , writ of habeas corpus , writ of mandamus
Writ
An order issued by a court requiring that something be done or giving authority to do a specified act.
The development of English Common Law relied on the courts to issue writs that allowed persons to proceed with a legal action. Over time the courts also used writs to direct other courts, sheriffs, and attorneys to perform certain actions. In modern law, courts primarily use writs to grant extraordinary relief, to grant the right of appeal, or to grant the sheriff authority to seize property. Most other common-law writs were discarded in U.S. law, as the courts moved to simpler and more general methods of starting civil actions.
U.S. courts commonly use several extraordinary writs, which are issued only when the courts believe that usual remedies have failed. The writ of Habeas Corpus , sometimes called the "great writ," is probably the best-known example of a writ. A writ of habeas corpus is a legal document ordering anyone who is officially holding the petitioner (the person requesting the writ) to bring him into court to determine whether the detention is unlawful. A federal court can hear an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a state prisoner who is being held in custody, allegedly in violation of the U.S. Constitution or the laws of the United States.
The writ of Mandamus is an extraordinary writ that directs a public official or government department to take an action. It may be sent to the Executive Branch , the legislative branch, or a lower court. The famous case of Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 (1803), which established the right of Judicial Review of congressional statutes, was an action for a writ of mandamus. William Marbury asked the court to issue the writ to Secretary of State James Madison , commanding him to deliver his judicial commission. The Court, however, refused to issue the writ of mandamus.
The writ of prohibition is another extraordinary writ and is the opposite of a writ of mandamus, because it commands a government official not to take a specified action. The most common use of the writ is by an appellate court to a lower court, commanding the lower court to refrain from a proposed action. For example, a trial court might grant a request by the news media to release information from a court file. A defendant who objects to the release could petition for a writ of prohibition from the court of appeals. If the appellate court issues the writ, the trial court may not release the information.
The writ of certiorari is an extraordinary writ issued by an appellate court that is used by that court when it has discretion on whether to hear an appeal from a lower court. If the writ is denied, the lower court decision remains unchanged. The U.S. Supreme Court has used the petition and writ of certiorari to control its caseload since 1925.
The extraordinary writ of Quo Warranto starts a proceeding in which the state challenges the legality of the use of an office, franchise, charter, or other right that can be held or used under authority of the state. For example, a writ of quo warranto would be used to remove a person who illegally holds public office, or to nullify an illegal amendment to a municipal charter.
A writ of attachment is a court order used to force obedience to another order or a judgment of the court. It was originally used to order a sheriff or law enforcement officer to take a disobedient party into custody and to bring her before the court to answer for the Contempt . In modern law, a writ of attachment orders seizure of the defendant's property rather than the defendant's person to secure the satisfaction of a judgment that has not yet been secured. Modern law limits the scope and effect of attachment procedures to safeguard the defendant's rights to liberty and Due Process of Law .
A writ of execution may be issued after a plaintiff wins a judgment in a civil case and is awarded damages. The writ directs the sheriff to take the property of the defendant in satisfaction of the court-imposed debt.
A writ of entry is an instrument used in an action brought to recover land wrongfully withheld from the true owner or tenant entitled to possession and use of the land. It establishes who is entitled to possession of a parcel of land but does not settle the issue of who is the true owner. The central inquiry is which of the two individuals has the superior right of possession and use of the land at the time of the action.
To determine the priority of the rights of the parties fighting over land, the court must consider how and when each individual acquired ownership or possession. In general, modern laws permit the recovery of monetary damages for rent or abuse of property, as well as recovery of possession of the land. The individual who has been in possession of the land may be compensated for any improvements he has made in the property.
The writ of entry is used in only a few states to recover the possession of land. It has been replaced by the action to recover possession of real property.
A writ of error is an order issued from an appellate court directed to the judge of a lower court, mandating the judge to release the trial record of an action in which the judge has entered a final judgment. The appellate court issues the writ so that it may review the case and either reverse, correct, or affirm the lower-court decision. Most states have replaced the writ of error with a simpler appellate document, usually called the notice of appeal.
Cross-references
| Habeas corpus |
In October 2011, which planet in our solar system was mistaken for a distress flare by a member of the public in Tynemouth, England? | Writ legal definition of writ
Writ legal definition of writ
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/writ
Related to writ: writ large , writ of certiorari , writ of habeas corpus , writ of mandamus
Writ
An order issued by a court requiring that something be done or giving authority to do a specified act.
The development of English Common Law relied on the courts to issue writs that allowed persons to proceed with a legal action. Over time the courts also used writs to direct other courts, sheriffs, and attorneys to perform certain actions. In modern law, courts primarily use writs to grant extraordinary relief, to grant the right of appeal, or to grant the sheriff authority to seize property. Most other common-law writs were discarded in U.S. law, as the courts moved to simpler and more general methods of starting civil actions.
U.S. courts commonly use several extraordinary writs, which are issued only when the courts believe that usual remedies have failed. The writ of Habeas Corpus , sometimes called the "great writ," is probably the best-known example of a writ. A writ of habeas corpus is a legal document ordering anyone who is officially holding the petitioner (the person requesting the writ) to bring him into court to determine whether the detention is unlawful. A federal court can hear an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a state prisoner who is being held in custody, allegedly in violation of the U.S. Constitution or the laws of the United States.
The writ of Mandamus is an extraordinary writ that directs a public official or government department to take an action. It may be sent to the Executive Branch , the legislative branch, or a lower court. The famous case of Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L. Ed. 60 (1803), which established the right of Judicial Review of congressional statutes, was an action for a writ of mandamus. William Marbury asked the court to issue the writ to Secretary of State James Madison , commanding him to deliver his judicial commission. The Court, however, refused to issue the writ of mandamus.
The writ of prohibition is another extraordinary writ and is the opposite of a writ of mandamus, because it commands a government official not to take a specified action. The most common use of the writ is by an appellate court to a lower court, commanding the lower court to refrain from a proposed action. For example, a trial court might grant a request by the news media to release information from a court file. A defendant who objects to the release could petition for a writ of prohibition from the court of appeals. If the appellate court issues the writ, the trial court may not release the information.
The writ of certiorari is an extraordinary writ issued by an appellate court that is used by that court when it has discretion on whether to hear an appeal from a lower court. If the writ is denied, the lower court decision remains unchanged. The U.S. Supreme Court has used the petition and writ of certiorari to control its caseload since 1925.
The extraordinary writ of Quo Warranto starts a proceeding in which the state challenges the legality of the use of an office, franchise, charter, or other right that can be held or used under authority of the state. For example, a writ of quo warranto would be used to remove a person who illegally holds public office, or to nullify an illegal amendment to a municipal charter.
A writ of attachment is a court order used to force obedience to another order or a judgment of the court. It was originally used to order a sheriff or law enforcement officer to take a disobedient party into custody and to bring her before the court to answer for the Contempt . In modern law, a writ of attachment orders seizure of the defendant's property rather than the defendant's person to secure the satisfaction of a judgment that has not yet been secured. Modern law limits the scope and effect of attachment procedures to safeguard the defendant's rights to liberty and Due Process of Law .
A writ of execution may be issued after a plaintiff wins a judgment in a civil case and is awarded damages. The writ directs the sheriff to take the property of the defendant in satisfaction of the court-imposed debt.
A writ of entry is an instrument used in an action brought to recover land wrongfully withheld from the true owner or tenant entitled to possession and use of the land. It establishes who is entitled to possession of a parcel of land but does not settle the issue of who is the true owner. The central inquiry is which of the two individuals has the superior right of possession and use of the land at the time of the action.
To determine the priority of the rights of the parties fighting over land, the court must consider how and when each individual acquired ownership or possession. In general, modern laws permit the recovery of monetary damages for rent or abuse of property, as well as recovery of possession of the land. The individual who has been in possession of the land may be compensated for any improvements he has made in the property.
The writ of entry is used in only a few states to recover the possession of land. It has been replaced by the action to recover possession of real property.
A writ of error is an order issued from an appellate court directed to the judge of a lower court, mandating the judge to release the trial record of an action in which the judge has entered a final judgment. The appellate court issues the writ so that it may review the case and either reverse, correct, or affirm the lower-court decision. Most states have replaced the writ of error with a simpler appellate document, usually called the notice of appeal.
Cross-references
| i don't know |
Who wrote the 1939 story ‘The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’? | The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty ( James Thurber 1939) | Narration
The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty ( James Thurber 1939)
The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty(James Thurber 1939)
James Thurber is one of America’s best known humorists, and “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” is his best knownstory. The story was first published in 1939 in the New Yorker magazine to great acclaim. It was reprinted in Thurber’s1942 collection, My World — And Welcome To It and in Reader’s Digest in 1943. The story’s main character is amiddle-aged, middle-class man who escapes from the routine drudgery of his suburban life into fantasies of heroicconquest. Upon the story’s publication, Walter Mitty became an archetypal American figure. Today, people still describe acertain kind of neurotic, daydreaming man as a “Walter Mitty type.” In 1947, Hollywood released a movie of the sametitle, starring Danny Kaye and Virginia Mayo. Although his humorous stories, sketches, and illustrations were well-known during his lifetime, Thurber has received little scholarly attention. Some critics dismissed his work as little more than formulaic and whimsical. More recently,critics have become attentive to Thurber’s literary prowess, such as his use of wordplay and attention to narrative form.They have also discussed the darker themes of his work which lurk underneath the hilarity. Others, referring to histendency to portray domineering women, like Mrs. Mitty, and unhappy, ineffectual men, like Walter, fault his treatment of women and views of marriage.
Author Biography
James Thurber was a prolific writer and artist who published over twenty books of stories, biographies, drawings,sketches, essays, poetry, fables and cartoons. During the 1920s and 1930s, Thurber wrote for the popular and influentialliterary magazine, The New Yorker. His work for the magazine established his reputation as a comic with a sophisticated sensibility who largely wrote about upper middle-class intellectuals. Much of his work focused on the milieu of East Coast society.Thurber was born in Columbus, Ohio, in 1894, and some of his writing, such as his “mock” memoirs, My Life and Hard Times, treat his experiences as a boy growing up in Ohio. After attending Ohio State University, he worked as a newspaper reporter in Ohio, France, and New York before joining the staff of the The New Yorker in 1927. As a writer and editor at The New Yorker, Thurber worked with the versatile writer E. B. White, who wrote the well-known children’s favoriteCharlotte’s Web and other works. White’s literary skill influenced Thurber’s craft. Thurber wrote fifteen drafts of “TheSecret Life of Walter Mitty,” a story of five pages, before he submitted it for publication.Thurber gained recognition for his work from Williams College and Yale University, which awarded him honorarydegrees, and his drawings were exhibited in international art shows. Regarded primarily as a humorist, Thurber’sreputation as a serious writer has suffered somewhat. Critical attention has focused largely on the comic aspect of hiswriting and not on the deeper themes and social satire present in his work.Thurber married twice. His first marriage to Althea Adams lasted thirteen years and produced a daughter. After theydivorced, he married Helen Wismer. In the 1940s, Thurber began losing his vision. Eventually, he went completely blind. In his later years, depressed by his health and by the anticommunist movement of the 1950s, which he opposed, Thurber’swriting became more pessimistic. He died in 1961.
Plot Summary
As “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” begins, a military officer orders an airplane crew to proceed with a flight througha dangerous storm. The crew members are scared but are buoyed by their commander’s confidence, and they express their faith in him. Suddenly, the setting switches to an ordinary highway, where Walter Mitty and his wife are driving into a cityto run errands. The scene on the airplane is revealed to be one of Mitty’s many fantasies. Mitty’s wife observes that he seems tense, and when he drops her off in front of a hair styling salon, she reminds him togo buy overshoes and advises him to put on his gloves. He drives away toward a parking lot and loses himself in another fantasy. In this daydream he is a brilliant doctor, called upon to perform an operation on a prominent banker. His thoughtsare interrupted by the attendant at the parking lot, where Mitty is trying to enter through the exit lane. He has trouble
backing out to get into the proper lane, and the attendant has to take the wheel. Mitty walks away, resentful of theattendant’s skill and self-assurance. Next, Mitty finds a shoe store and buys overshoes. He is trying to remember what else his wife wanted him to buy whenhe hears a newsboy shouting about a trial, which sends Mitty into another daydream. Mitty is on the witness stand in acourtroom. He identifies a gun as his own and reveals that he is a skillful marksman. His testimony causes a disturbance inthe courtroom. An attractive young woman falls into his arms; the district attorney strikes her and Mitty punches him. Thistime Mitty brings himself out of his reverie by remembering what he was supposed to buy. “Puppy biscuit,” he says aloud,leading a woman on the street to laugh and tell her friend, “That man said ‘Puppy biscuit’ to himself.” Mitty then goes to a grocery store for the dog biscuits and makes his way to the hotel lobby where he has arranged tomeet his wife. He sits in a chair and picks up a magazine that carries a story about airborne warfare. He begins todaydream again, seeing himself as a heroic bomber pilot about to go on a dangerous mission. He is brave and lightheart-ed as he prepares to risk his life. He returns to the real world when his wife claps him on the shoulder. She is full of questions, and he explains to her that he was thinking. “Does it ever occur to you that I am sometimes thinking?” he says. She replies that she plans to take histemperature when they get home. They leave the hotel and walk toward the parking lot. She darts into a drugstore for onelast purchase, and Mitty remains on the street as it begins to rain. He lights a cigarette and imagines himself smoking it in front of a firing squad. He tosses the cigarette away and faces the guns courageously — “Walter Mitty the Undefeated,inscrutable to the last.”
Characters
Mrs. Mitty Mrs. Mitty is Walter’s dominating wife. She nags him to buy galoshes, to put on his gloves, and to drive more slowly.When she asks Walter why he did not put on his overshoes before leaving the store, he responds with irritation: “I wasthinking,. . . does it ever occur to you that I am sometimes thinking?” But while Mrs. Mitty may appear overly controllingand condescending, Walter is incompetent and refuses to shoulder adult responsibility. Mrs. Mitty is Walter’s link toreality; she prevents accidents and helps Walter avoid losing his grasp of everyday life.Walter MittyWalter Mitty is a daydreamer who imagines himself the hero of his fantasies as a navy pilot commander, doctor,sharpshooter, bomber pilot, and noble victim of a firing squad. Mitty is married to a woman who treats him more like achild than a husband. This is due to his immature tendency to escape into fantasies rather than live in the real world. He isconstantly being upbraided by policemen, parking lot attendants, and his wife for his erratic, distracted behavior.Thurber’s characterization of this neurotic man whose wife dominates him, who cannot fix his own car, and who lives indreams has become an archetypal figure of the ineffectual, weak-willed, bumbling male in American culture.
Themes
Walter Mitty is an ordinary character who fills his mind with fantasies in which he plays the hero, saves lives, navigatesenemy territory, and proves his masculinity.Success and FailureThe theme of success and failure is examined through Mitty’s inability to live a fulfilling external life, which causes himto retreat to an internal life full of images of conquest. Walter Mitty is neither exciting nor successful in his everyday life. In fact, the world Mitty lives in seems hellish to him. His wife’s nagging voice awakens him from one dream. Like his wife, parking lot attendants and policemen admonish him, and women at the grocery store laugh at him. A bumbling, ineffectualman scorned by others, he feels humiliated by the knowing grins of garage mechanics who know he cannot take the chainsoff his car’s tires. To avoid their sneers, he imagines taking the car into the garage with his arm in a sling so “they’ll see I couldn’t possibly take the chains off myself.”
The failures of his everyday life are countered by the extraordinary successes he plays out in his fantasy life. Mitty isalways the stunning hero of his dreams: he flies a plane through horrendous weather and saves the crew; he saves amillionaire banker with his dexterity and common-sense in surgery; he stuns a courtroom with tales of his sharpshooting;and he fearlessly faces a firing squad. Although he always forgets what his wife wants him to pick up at the store and hewaits for her in the wrong part of the hotel lobby, Walter is alert, courageous and at the center of attention in his dreams.Thurber suggests that this ordinary man who hates the reality of middle-class life and his own shortcomings prefers to livein his imagination.Gender RolesWalter’s failures in life and his successes in dreams are closely connected with gender roles. Everyday life for himconsists of being ridiculed by women, such as the one who hears him mutter “puppy biscuit” on the street and his wife whonags him. Among women, Walter is subservient and the object of derision. Among men, Walter fails to meet traditionalexpectations of masculinity. He is embarrassed by his mechanical ineptitude: when he tries to remove the chains from histires, he ends up winding them around the axles, and he has to send for a towtruck. The mechanic who arrives is described as “young” and “grinning.” The description implies that the man, younger and more virile, is laughing at Walter’signorance of cars and makes Walter feel emasculated, or less of a man. Walter resolves that the next time he takes the car to the shop to have the chains removed, he will cover his shame by wearing his right arm in a sling.Walter compensates for his failure to fulfill conventional expectations of masculinity in his daydreams. All of his fantasies center around feats of traditionally masculine prowess, and many of them involve violence. He can hit a target three hundred feet away with his left hand, fix sophisticated machinery with a common fountain pen, and walk bravely intobattle in his fantasy worlds. Thurber’s exploration of sex roles in modern America can be understood in various ways:Thurber might be suggesting that men have become weak and ineffectual and women overly aggressive, or he may be pointing to a lack of opportunities for men to perform meaningful, heroic action in modern, suburban, middle-class America.
Style
Narration In “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,” Thurber tells the story of Walter Mitty, a man who lives in a dream world toescape from the routines and humiliations he suffers in everyday life. The action takes place over the course of a singleday, during which Walter Mitty and his wife go on their weekly shopping trip. Walter slips into his daydreams, only to beawakened when he has made an error in judgment, such as speeding or driving on the wrong side of the road.Thurber has carefully constructed the story’s narrative to connect Mitty’s “secret life” with his external life. In the first dream sequence, Walter is a naval commander who sails his hydroplane at full speed to avoid a hurricane. The dreamabruptly ends when his wife admonishes him for driving too quickly, implying that Walter’s dream led to his speeding. Thesecond dream begins when his wife notes that he is tense, and asks him to see a doctor. Hearing the name of the doctor sends Walter Mitty into dreaming that he is a famous surgeon who assists in saving the life of a wealthy patient, a banker named Wellington MacMillan. Each of the dreams, then, begins with some detail from Walter’s everyday life. Walter transforms insignificant comments, sounds or objects into major props in his heroic conquests. The same details fromreality force him out of his dream world. Significantly, the story opens and closes in the middle of dream sequences, as if toemphasize their priority over reality for Walter. It is left to the reader to consider the importance of the last scene, in whichWalter bravely faces a firing squad without a blindfold. Thurber’s narrative proficiency is such that he actually writes sixstories within one. None of the mini- narratives have decisive conclusions: each of the dream sequences, like the entirestory, is an abbreviated short story with no clear beginning or end.Point of View Linked to his use of narration, Thurber uses an unusual point of view in “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.” The story istold in the third-person, but the reader has access to Mitty’s thoughts. The dream sequences complicate this third-personlimited point of view. During these sections of the story, readers are inside of Walter’s fantasy. His conscious thoughts areon display. He wonders what he was supposed to buy at the store. Readers also have access to another level of Mitty’s
More From This User
| James Thurber |
Which band released a 1979 album entitled ‘The Great Rock and Roll Swindle’? | The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 )
Approved |
A clumsy daydreamer gets caught up in a sinister conspiracy.
Director:
a list of 44 titles
created 22 Nov 2011
a list of 48 titles
created 07 Jul 2013
a list of 48 titles
created 04 Dec 2014
a list of 22 images
created 10 months ago
a list of 37 titles
created 9 months ago
Title: The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947)
7.1/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
After being murdered by gangsters, an exuberant nightclub entertainer returns as a ghost to persuade his meek twin brother to help bring his killers to justice.
Director: H. Bruce Humberstone
Shy milkman Burleigh Sullivan accidentally knocks out drunken Speed McFarlane, a champion boxer who was flirting with Burleigh's sister. The newspapers get hold of the story and ... See full summary »
Director: Norman Z. McLeod
A town's corrupt officials think a fool is actually an investigator in disguise.
Director: Henry Koster
When his job along with that of his co-worker are threatened, Walter takes action in the real world embarking on a global journey that turns into an adventure more extraordinary than anything he could have ever imagined.
Director: Ben Stiller
Hypochondriac Danny Weems gets drafted into the army and makes life miserable for his fellow GIs. He's also lovesick when it comes to pretty Mary Morgan, unaware that she's in love with his... See full summary »
Director: Elliott Nugent
Gangster's moll Honey Swanson goes into hiding when her boyfriend is under investigation by the police. Where better to hide than a musical research institute staffed entirely by lonely ... See full summary »
Director: Howard Hawks
Paolo Coniglio (coniglio is the italian translaton of "rabbit") is a naive and clumsy writer in comics publishing, bullied by his manager and the terrible future mother-in-law. To escape ... See full summary »
Director: Neri Parenti
Downtrodden but creative English school-teacher (Danny Kaye) on archeological trip discovers joys of love and circus life with acrobat (Pier Angeli).
Director: Michael Kidd
An American entertainer impersonates a wealthy aviator and flirts with his lookalike's neglected wife.
Director: Walter Lang
Loring "Red" Nichols is a cornet-playing country boy who goes to New York in the 1920s full of musical ambition and principles. He gets a job playing in Wil Paradise's band, but quits to ... See full summary »
Director: Melville Shavelson
Princess Margaret is travelling incognito to elope with her true love instead of marrying the man her father has betrothed her to. On the high seas, her ship is attacked by pirates who know... See full summary »
Directors: David Butler, Sidney Lanfield
Stars: Bob Hope, Virginia Mayo, Walter Brennan
Edit
Storyline
In New York the clumsy Walter Mitty is the publisher of pulp fiction at the Pierce Publishing house owned by Bruce Pierce. He lives with his overbearing mother and neither his fiancée Gertrude Griswold and her mother nor his best friend Tubby Wadsworth respects him. Walter is an escapist and daydreams into a world of fantasy many times along the day. When Walter is commuting, he stumbles in the train with the gorgeous Rosalind van Hoorn who uses Walter to escape from her pursuer. Walter unintentionally gets involved with a dangerous ring of spies that are seeking a black book with notes about a hidden treasure. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1 September 1947 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Das Doppelleben des Herrn Mitty See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The Queen Mary appears in the background in the scene where Mitty takes a taxi to Pier 47 in an effort to retrieve his briefcase. The Queen Mary, used as a troop transport during World War II, is still painted in its wartime gray in this scene, filmed about a year after the end of the War. See more »
Goofs
When Rosalind van Hoorn goes into the library, she puts her handbag on the piano along with her fur coat. At this time she is wearing green gloves. She turns around and in the next shot she is no longer wearing the gloves. See more »
Quotes
Walter Mitty : Did you see a woman in a green dress? I didn't see the driver's face, but the back of his head was kind of... oblong
The Words and Music for
"Symphony for Unstrung Tongue"
(United States) – See all my reviews
Danny Kaye plays Walter Mitty a meek, mild man who has been pushed around all his life by everybody. He takes refuge in elaborate daydreams where he is always the hero. Then he runs into beautiful Rosalind van Hoorn (Virginia Mayo) who is involved with spies and secret codes. He gets involved...but starts to wonder...is she real or just another day dream?
I'm never seen a Danny Kaye movie in my life and he seems to be forgotten today. If this movie is any indication of his talent he deserves to be rediscovered. He was very good in his role--the one liners came fast and furious and he was also a very good physical comedian. I admit I didn't find everything funny but I was never bored. Mayo was undeniably a very beautiful actress with limited acting ability. Still she was OK. Boris Karloff pops up as one of the bad guys and gently kids his bad guy image. Very quick-moving movie, quite funny at times and (in the print showing on TCM) in just beautiful, bright Technicolor. Unfortunately they're doing a remake with (God help us!) Jim Carrey! See this--avoid the remake (if it's made). The author of the short story this was based on (James Thurber) HATED this movie. Too bad he was wrong.
The only debit for me were two LONG songs by Danny Kaye. There was nothing very wrong with them but they come out of nowhere and bring the movie to a screeching halt. For that I'm only giving this film a 9.
13 of 20 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.