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Which fictional character was crowned as the ‘Pope of Fools’ in an 1831 novel?	SparkNotes: Hunchback of Notre Dame: Book 1 Hunchback of Notre Dame page 1 of 2 Summary The novel opens in medieval Paris on January 6, 1482, during the Festival of Fools. The timing of this yearly feast coincides with the marriage of Louis XI's son to a Flemish princess, and the city is full of revelers and Flemish dignitaries. There is a fireworks display in the Place de Grève, a May tree will be planted at the chapel of Braque, and a "mystery" (or play) will be performed at the Palace of Justice. Most of the Flemish dignitaries go to the Palace of Justice and join the huge mass of Parisians, forming a sea of people swarming around the stage, and impatiently awaiting the play and subsequent election of the Pope of Fools. The resplendent gothic architecture of the Palace and its giant marble floor go unnoticed by the crowd, who begin threatening violence if the play does not begin soon. Pierre Gringoire, the playwright, does not know whether he should wait for the Cardinal, who is running late, or face the wrath of the angry mob. His immediate concern about pacifying the angry citizens, as well his pride in his work, convinces him to order his actors to begin the play, entitled The Good Judgment of Madame the Virgin Mary . Gringoire's actors appear onstage, each representing a different class of French society: Clergy, Nobility, Trade, and Labor. Unfortunately for the playwright, the crowd finds the piece completely uninteresting and soon turns its attention to a beggar, recognized as Clopin Trouillefou, who climbs his way up to the stage, crying out: "Charity, if you please!" Gringoire desperately tries to get the crowd to pay attention to the play, but even the actors have lost interest. Suddenly, the Cardinal enters the Palace. He is so powerful, graceful , and popular that no one minds his tardiness. His entourage of Flemish dignitaries, and not the play, soon becomes the center of attention. One of the Flemish guests, Jacques Coppenole impresses the crowd with his sense of humor and soon turns their attention toward the imminent election of the Pope of Fools. Gringoire pretends to be a disappointed spectator and yells for the play to continue but the crowd roars back "Down with the mystery!" Crushed at the failure of his work, Gringoire follows the crowd outside. Coppenole convinces the Parisians to elect their "Pope" like they do in Flanders. Each candidate must stick his head through a hole; the one with ugliest face wins. It is not long before Quasimodo, the bell-ringer of Notre Dame is elected Pope of Fools. Unlike the other candidates, who have to viciously contort their faces to make the crowd hysterical with laughter, Quasimodo doesn't have to do anything. His giant head is covered with "red bristles," while, between his shoulder, an enormous hump rises up above his neck, only to be counterbalanced by a "protuberance" coming out of his chest. He has only one operable eye. The other is completely covered by an oversized wart, and legs and hands that are "strangely put together." Despite his monstrous appearance, Quasimodo still conveys an air of courage and strength. Calling him "Cyclops," the crowd hoists Quasimodo, who turns out to be deaf as well, onto a mock throne and begin parading him through the streets of Paris. Meanwhile, Gringoire returns to his stage and desperately attempts to get the play going once more. He mistakes a few stragglers for interested spectators and is disappointed to find them gossiping about taxes and rents. Suddenly, someone calls through the window, exclaiming that La Esmerelda is dancing in the Place outside the Palace of Justice. Gringoire does not understand the magic ripple that passes through the crowd, as the remaining people run up to the windows to get a better view. Feeling like a general who has been soundly defeated, Gringoire gives up and abandons his play. Commentary The Hunchback of Notre Dame was Hugo's first novel after a series of successful plays. The structure of the novel closely follows that of a play, especially in this first section where Hugo uses the technique of exposition to "naturally" introduce the major themes and characters of the novel without emphasizing the presence of the author. For example, by placing Gringoire in an awkward situation, Hugo lets his character introduce himself to any of the spectators that will listen. Indeed, at one point, he simply declares, "My name is Pierre Gringoire." Moreover, the Festival of Fools allows Hugo to introduce Quasimodo and emphasize his physical appearance as seen from the point of view of the outside world. we can form a definite and nuanced impression of him as well as allow for future character development as the reader begins to learn more about him from the inside out. Hugo also introduces Jehan Frollo, the brother of the novel's major antagonist, Dom Claude Frollo, as an anonymous member of the crowd, foreshadowing future plot developments. Even the beggar who disrupts the play will return to threaten Gringoire's life and attack Notre Dame in later sections. Hugo not only observes strict rules of historical accuracy but also writes a historical novel. The narrator clearly states the exact date of the novel's opening scene and goes out of his way, whenever possible, to discuss the history of various monuments that he mentions. Striving for authenticity, Hugo interjects frequent Latin and Greek quotations, as well as out-of-date expressions, into his characters' speech so they sound medieval. Hugo's conception of historical context centers on architecture, and he immediately introduces the most predominant artistic theme of the novel, Gothic architecture, while discussing the Palace of Justice. The narrator unabashedly exclaims his reverence for Gothic architecture in this paragraph: "how one's eyes are dazzled!" Focusing on the pointed windows "glazed with panes of a thousand" colors, curving up toward finely carved ceilings studded in gold with fleurs de lis (the symbol of the Bourbon royal dynasty), the narrator sets the emotionally nostalgic tone toward Gothic art that figures throughout the novel. 1	Quasimodo
Jaffa is an ancient port in which country?	The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Character) - Comic Vine The Hunchback of Notre Dame The The Hunchback of Notre Dame wiki last edited by fables87 on 10/07/16 12:37PM View full history Origin Quasimodo was born to a family of Gypsies parents in 15th century France. He was born with significant deformities, " a huge wart that covers his left eye and a severely hunched back. His unnamed parents parents decided to abandon him. They abducted a beautiful baby girl called Agness, the illegitimate daughter of a nobleman and prostitute Paquette Guybertaut. (The baby Agness would grew to become Esmeralda). They left Quasimodo in the girl's place in Rheims, at the hands of Paquette. Paquette had adored her young daughter. This replacement son was not so lucky. Paquette left her native city, Rheims, in distress. She left the deformed baby boy behind. The authorities of Rheims found themselves in custody of this unwanted child. They had it sent to Paris and left there as a foundling. Persuming the boy would become someone else's problem. It did. The boy was taken in by Claude Frollo , the 21-year-old Archdeacon of Josas of Notre-Dame Cathedral . Frollo was "a respected scholar and studies several languages, law, medicine, science and theology ". But his interest in alchemy had gained him a reputation as a sorcerer. Keeping most people away from him. Besides his wards Jehan Frollo, Claude's younger brother, and Quasimodo few had much affection for the man. Adoptive son of a social outcast, Quasimodo became an outcast himself. His deformities gained him a reputation as some kind of deamon. People feared and hated him on sight. Frollo found employment for his ward as the bell-ringer of Notre Dame. But the job came with a cost. The sound of the bells rendered Quasimodo almost completely deaf. Physical Description By 1482, when the novel starts, Quasimodo is given a rather gruesome but detailed description. : "We shall not try to give the reader an idea of that tetrahedral nose, that horseshoe mouth; that little left eye obstructed with a red, bushy, bristling eyebrow, while the right eye disappeared entirely beneath an enormous wart; of those teeth in disarray, broken here and there, like the embattled parapet of a fortress; of that callous lip, upon which one of these teeth encroached, like the tusk of an elephant; of that forked chin; and above all, of the expression spread over the whole; of that mixture of malice, amazement, and sadness. Let the reader dream of this whole, if he can. " "His whole person was a grimace. A huge head, bristling with red hair; between his shoulders an enormous hump, a counterpart perceptible in front; a system of thighs and legs so strangely astray that they could touch each other only at the knees, and, viewed from the front, resembled the crescents of two scythes joined by the handles; large feet, monstrous hands; and, with all this deformity, an indescribable and redoubtable air of vigor, agility, and courage,--strange exception to the eternal rule which wills that force as well as beauty shall be the result of harmony. Such was the pope whom the fools had just chosen for themselves." Quasimodo had trouble comprehending the words aimed at him. he himself was mostly silent in his interactions with others. But he did notice the grimaces and hostile expressions aimed at him. He then left his hands do the talking. For example, "One scholar (Robin Poussepain, I think), came and laughed in his face, and too close. Quasimodo contented himself with taking him by the girdle, and hurling him ten paces off amid the crowd; all without uttering a word." Main events of the novel Frollo managed to live a celibate life to his 35th year of age. But then had "strong sexual passions" awakened by his meeting with the teenaged Esmeralda. But the girl had no interest in the priest. Quasimodo initially attempts to help his adoptive father by abducting Esmeralda His attempt is thwarted by Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers. Quasimodo is then placed on trial and sentenced to a public flogging. Esmeralda shows some kindness to the tortured man, bringim him water after his punishment. The act causes Quasimodo to fall for her. If Esmeralda had two unwanted suitors in the faces of Frollo and Quasimodo, she found a lover in the handsome Phoebus. The first (and only man) to actually seduce her. She fails to realize the man is "vain, untrustworthy, and a womanizer". Nor that he is engeged to Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a lady of good social standing. Phoebus only saw his mistress as a fun diversion. Not a loved one. Frollo discovers their affair and is driven over the edge out of jealousy. He attacks Phoebus and stabs him in the back, then escapes into the night. Esmeralda is the one accused of attempted murder instead. Placed on trial, the girl is sentenced to death. But then Quasimodo helps her escape and transports her back to Note Dame. A sanctuary for her. Forced to co-habit for a while, Frollo, Quasimodo and Esmeralda argue constantly. Quasimodo tries in vain, through use of symbolism, to explain to her than his emotions are pure while her beloved Phoebus' are not. She fails to get the message and treats him as a servant. The once self-controlled Frollo has degenerated into a would-be rapist, forcing Quasimodo to physically separate the other two. When the Parlement of Paris decides a pagan gypsy has no right to sanctuary within a Christian church, the Parisian people start a riot. During the chaos Quasimodo violently defends Notre Dame from whoever attempts to enter. Unfortunately failing to realize some of these people are allies of Esmeralda and were only trying to help her escape. Among those killed by Quasimodo is Jehan Frollo, though his death goes unnoticed. Meanwhile is smuggled out by Claude Frollo and Pierre Gringoire, a poet betrothed to Esmeralda. Esmeralda gives herself away for a chance to know where the recovered Phoebus is. She instead swiftly executed. With Phoebus a spectator her execution, revealing no emotion. Frollo also witnesses her death, laughing at the thought of hopefully becoming free of his obsession with her. An enraged Quasimodo pushes his adoptive father off the heights of the cathedral. He then has clear views of the corpses of Frollo and Esmeralda, realizing the death of "all that I have ever loved". He disappears shortly after. His final fate is explained in another chapter. "About eighteen months or two years after the events which terminate this story, when search was made in that cavern for the body of Olivier le Daim, who had been hanged two days previously, and to whom Charles VIII. had granted the favor of being buried in Saint Laurent, in better company, they found among all those hideous carcasses two skeletons, one of which held the other in its embrace. One of these skeletons, which was that of a woman, still had a few strips of a garment which had once been white, and around her neck was to be seen a string of adrézarach beads with a little silk bag ornamented with green glass, which was open and empty. These objects were of so little value that the executioner had probably not cared for them. The other, which held this one in a close embrace, was the skeleton of a man. It was noticed that his spinal column was crooked, his head seated on his shoulder blades, and that one leg was shorter than the other. Moreover, there was no fracture of the vertebrae at the nape of the neck, and it was evident that he had not been hanged. Hence, the man to whom it had belonged had come thither and had died there. When they tried to detach the skeleton which he held in his embrace, he fell to dust. " Latest Images Thanks, we're checking your submission. Whoah, whoah... slow down there. Thanks! Your changes are live! Some of your changes are live Because you're new to wiki editing, we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over. Most changes are approved within a few hours. We'll send an email when it is. Once you've earned over points you'll be able to bypass this step and make live edits to our system. Until then, gain points by continuing to edit pages. 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‘Love is Like a Butterfly’ is a 1974 single written and recorded by which US singer?	Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly - 1974 - Music Videos,Lyrics Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly - 1974 Lyrics Love is like a butterfly As soft and gentle as a sigh The multicolored moods of love are like it's satin wings Love makes your heart feel strange inside It flutters like soft wings in flight Love is like a butterfly, a rare and gentle thing I feel it when you're with me It happens when you kiss me That rare and gentle feeling that I feel inside Your touch is soft and gentle Your kiss is warm and tender Whenever I am with you I think of butterflies Love is like a butterfly The multicolored moods of love are like it's satin wings Love makes your heart feel strange inside It flutters like soft wings in flight Love is like a butterfly, a rare and gentle thing Your laughter brings me sunshine Everyday is spring time And I am only happy when you are by my side How precious is this love we share How very precious, sweet and rare Together we belong like daffodils and butterflies Love is like a butterfly As soft and gentle as a sigh The multicolored moods of love are like it's satin wings Love makes your heart feel strange inside It flutters like soft wings in flight Love is like a butterfly, a rare and gentle thing Love is like a butterfly, a rare and gentle thing Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly - 1974 Playlist: Pause Some trivia about Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly - 1974 "Love Is Like a Butterfly" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dolly Parton. It was released in 1974 as the first single and title track from the album Love Is Like a Butterfly. "Love Is Like a Butterfly" would become her fourth number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart. Parton used the song as the opening theme for her 1976�77 TV variety show Dolly!. She also uses a butterfly as the "W" in the trade dress for her Dollywood theme park.rank=1} [1] Play time: 2:11 FACEBOOK - CLICK HERE to see our top picks of the day on our music group on Facebook! To post this song into Facebook...just copy the URL and past it into the Facebook comment field More Dolly Parton Free Music Videos and songs To Listen and watch Artist Dolly Parton album music videos... Just click on the song title links that you see below, to play. Your Free Music Videos Playlist By default, we play all of our songs randomly selected from our playlist; however, you can choose the songs you want played by selecting all or some songs below and adding them to your playlist. You can also browse all songs and update your playlist at View/Edit Your Playlist . Step 1: Select your Free Music Videos. Step 2: click on 'Add Selections' button to update your list. Step 3: When you're logged in and ready, just click on 'Play Your Playlist' button. To stop playing from your playlist and to play all of our songs, just click on 'Play All Songs' button Status When completed, click on either Play Your Playlist or Play All Music Videos Dolly Parton Song Tracks Dolly Parton - Don't Call It Love - 1985 [3:18] - Dont Call It Love is a song first released by Dolly Parton - Downtown - 1984 [3:57] - Downtown is a pop song composed by Tony Hatch which, as Porter Wagonerand Dolly Parton - Please Don't Stop Loving Me - 1974 [2:42] - Please Dont Stop FAQ: Salestron Eclectic Video Jukebox Playlist Hit F11 key to full screen this site. Our Oldies Music ♫ Nostalgia Cloud is designed to allow you to sit back, listen, and watch free and legal music videos as we automatically shuffle, select and play old favorites such as "Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly - 1974" from our eclectic streaming video radio station jukebox playlist! Listen to the best songs from 1910s to the present! Over one hundred years of music! The MP3 music videos, lyrics, artist and album trivia are presented to you so that you do not need to click on anything. Automatically, at the end of the song music video, we select the next shuffled song and continously repeat the process. We all have our favorite songs that we want to play. That's why you can create your own playlist! Free, no less! Anytime you play a favorite song, just ckick on "Add Song to Playlist" that appears just below the video. You can also browse our library of songs and add more of your favorites...by singer, by year, etc. You can choose to run your private playlist or our complete songlist at any time. Just click Create Your Free Music Videos Playlist Music video song lyrics are displayed in the scrolling window on the right side of this page. Music Video Trivia are shown in the center column. You can select the next song track by clicking on the SKIP button. You can loop on the current song by clicking on the LOOP button. To search for your song, enter whatever you remember of the title or singer into the search box at the top right of this page. You can enter partial titles and/or singers. We then search our Jukebox Music Database and show the most likely matching songs. You can browse and click on any song title and singer in the list to play that song. We keep our audio and video mp3 downloads or our Free Music Videos list constantly updated with a music search engine of songs suggested by the Billboard 100 , Grammy Awards , All-Time Billboard Hot 100 top songs videos from 1958 to 2008 , Top 500 all time songs , our viewers and current trends. To add your song, just click the Contact Us link. While much of our music is in the Oldies category, the music videos in our Music Video Database are comprised of art, pop, traditional, American, avant-garde, country, Cowboy/Western music, Nashville, Honky Tonk, rock, doo-wop, pop, Easy Listening, gospel, Christian, Caribbean and Latin American, reggae, blues, crossover, hip hop, rap, BET, R&B. These categories span the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s, 2000s with new music videos constantly being added to provide an interesting balanced mix of those songs having the classic spirit, rendition and quality. The recently released songs that have been included in our songlist are expected to become future oldies! We add selected international song music video favorites to our list to provide relief and contrast to the jaded listener. These music videos include: English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, Austrian, Swedish, Ukrainian, Russion, Polish, Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Portugese, Brazilian, Greek, Indian, African, Israeli, Autralian, Japanese, Chinese song videos. We wish to thank the many artists and youtube contributors for sharing their finest songs. Our Free Music Videos Jukebox is dedicated to sharing our treasured eclectic oldies music song playlist to keep the spirit alive of a bygone era when the country side was green and the music was golden in the twenties, thirties, fourties, fifties, sixties, seventies, eighties, nineties...a memorable musical tour of the past decades rich in chords and song. Suggest Your Song , lyrics or trivia to download into our Jukebox. Maybe you have a song or band to promote?	Dolly Parton
Which letter is furthest to the right on a top letter row on a computer keyboard?	"dolly parton love is like a butterfly" songs for free download - HDSong.mobi "dolly parton love is like a butterfly" songs for free download Love is like a butterfly. Dolly Parton live Please comment, :D Thanks. Dolly Parton - Love is Like a Butterfly (Lyrics) Lyrics to Dolly Parton's "Love is Like a Butterfly". Not trying to infringe on D ... DOLLY PARTON - LOVE IS LIKE A BUTTERFLY Here are some lovely pictures of butterflies along with the beautiful voice of D ... Love Is Like A Butterfly , 1974 Dolly Parton Written and recorded by Dolly Parton. It was released in 1974 as the first singl ... Dolly Parton~ LOVE IS LIKE A BUTTERFLY~James Garner A Dollywood Hit song. 16 Biggest Hits. In honor of James Garner. Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly Love this song by Dolly! Dolly Parton, Love Is Like A Butterfly, Live at her old high school in 1979 Dolly Parton, Love Is Like A Butterfly, Live at her old high school in 1979 Foun ... Nana Mouskouri: Love is like a butterfly From the album: ''Love goes on '' - 1976 Lyrics & Music: Dolly Parton Love is li ... Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly - Live Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly (Live On Hee Haw 1974) DOLLY PARTON - JOLENE - COAT OF MANY COLOURS - LOVE IS LIKE A BUTTERFLY DOLLY PARTON - A SIDE - JOLENE - B SIDE - COAT OF MANY COLOURS - LOVE IS LIKE A ... Love Is Like a Butterfly: Dolly Parton Fractal Butterfly slideshow with music. All fractals are my own work. Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly Unique live version of "Love Is Like A Butterfly" with just Dolly and her guitar ... Love Is Like A Butterfly - Dolly Parton 1974 HQ Lyrics MusiClypz Watch & Listen with some quality audio-visual gear. Go to: https://videos.musicl ... Love is like a butterfly dolly parton lyrics. Love is Like a Butterfly (Remix) - Dolly Parton Remix of "Love is Like a Butterfly" by Dolly Parton. Video creation by Dj Alan T ... Love is like a butterfly - Jenny Daniels singing (Cover) Original by Dolly Parton. msanacarter cover "love is like a butterfly" - Dolly Parton I love this song, I hope I do it justice.. Dolly Parton - Love Is Like A Butterfly (1974) Love Is Like a Butterfly As Soft and Gentle As a Sigh The Multicolored Moods of ... HDSong.mobi does not host any of the songs displayed on this site. HDSong.mobi just indexes the songs from thirdparty site. All music on is presented only for fact-finding listening. You MUST remove a song from the computer after listening. If You won't delete files from the computer, You'll break the copyrights protection laws. All the rights on the songs are the property of their respective owners. By using this site you agree to have read and understood our Terms Of Service. If you believe that any of the search results and links that infringes your copyright, please contact us to remove it. Copyright © 2015 - All Rights Reserved - HDSong.mobi	i don't know
Clanger, a dish with a savoury filling at one end and a sweet filling at the other end, is from which English county?	1000+ images about Main course Savoury steamed, baked sponge & suet puddings on Pinterest \| Suet pudding, Puddings and Steak and ale Forward The Bedfordshire Clanger comes from the county of Bedfordshire.It's an elongated suet crust dumpling w/ savory filling at one end & sweet filling at the other comprising a main course & dessert in one package.The savory end is traditionally meat w/ diced potatoes & veg,the sweet end is usually jam,or sweetened apple/ fruit.Traditionally the top pasty is scored w/ a few lines to denote the sweet end.Historically,made by women for their husbands to take to their agricultural work as a midday… See more	Bedfordshire
What type of flesh does a pescatarian eat?	Barden’s Bites: Bedfordshire Clangers from 'Pies & Puds' CALL US ON +44 (0)20 8892 3042 Barden’s Bites: Bedfordshire Clangers from 'Pies & Puds' Nigel Barden writes: "This is a modern take on a classic recipe used to feed hungry Black Country farmers. They were eaten hot or cold, having been made in advance and were carried to the fields wrapped in muslins. To be warmed up they'd have been placed on large hot stones, taken from an open fire. It's an intriguing dish to pair a wine with as one half is savoury and the other is sweet, but I think I've straddled the taste divide. “Martinborough, in the south of New Zealand's North Island, is a great area to grow classic Kiwi Riesling and the 2011 from Te Kairanga (£11.99) , has an enticing whiff of apple and pear, balanced with a gentle minerality once in the mouth. This combination is spot on with Bedfordshire's finest Clanger." Bedfordshire Clangers from Paul Hollywood’s Pies & Puds (Bloomsbury Press) These pies have a savoury filling at one end and a sweet one at the other. They used to function as complete, portable meals for farm labourers – the savoury portion would be marked by three steam holes, and the sweet with two, so everyone knew which end to eat first. The name may come from an old Midlands word ‘clanging’, which means ‘eating with great relish’. Makes 4 First make the savoury filling. Heat the oil & butter in a frying pan over a medium heat. Add the leek & potato & cook gently for about 5 mins, until the leek is soft. Add the gammon & cook for another 5 mins, until it’s just cooked. Take off the heat & stir in the mustard & some salt & pepper. Leave to cool. To make the sweet filling, just mix all the ingredients, except the butter, together in a bowl. Heat your oven to 220C / gas 7. Line a large lipped baking sheet with baking parchment. For the pastry, mix the flour, salt & suet in a bowl. Add the butter & rub in lightly with your fingertips until the mix resembles breadcrumbs. Stir in just enough cold water to form a soft dough. To assemble, lightly dust a work surface with flour & roll out the dough to about 60 x 25cm. Now cut across into 4 rectangles, about 25 x 15cm. Trim the edges so they are neat & straight, then roll the trimmings from each portion of dough into a little sausage. Brush a line of beaten egg across the middle of each piece of pastry & lay the pastry sausage on it. Pinch to form a ‘dam’ which will keep the fillings separate. Put one quarter of the savoury filling on one half of each piece of pastry & one quarter of the sweet on the other. Top the sweet filling with a dot of butter. Brush the pastry edges with beaten egg. Fold the pastry over the fillings to form a long sausage roll shape. Press either side of the central pastry ‘dam’ & press the edges together to seal. Make 3 diagonal slashes on the savoury ends & 2 on the sweet. Transfer to the baking sheet, seam down & brush with egg. Bake for 15 mins, then turn the oven down to 180C / gas 4 & bake for a further 20 mins. Serve the clangers hot or cold. Paul Hollywood puts his signature twist on the traditional classics, with easy-to-follow, foolproof and tantalising recipes for meat and potato pie, pork, apple and cider pie, lamb kidney and rosemary suet pudding, sausage plait and luxury fish pie. He will show you how to create inventive dishes such as chicken and chorizo empanadas, chilli beef cornbread pies and savoury choux buns. If that isn’t enough, here you will find his recipe for the Queen of puddings, as well as spiced plum pizza, chocolate volcanoes and apple and Wensleydale pie. There are also regional recipes like Yorkshire curd tart and the Bedfordshire clanger, and a step-by-step guide to all the classic doughs from rich shortcrust to choux pastry. Paul Hollywood’s Pies and Puds is simply a must-have. Whether you’re a sweet or a savoury person, a keen novice or an expert baker: it’s time to get baking pies and puds.	i don't know
Which Asian country is known as the ‘Land of Smiles’?	Thailand: The Land of Smiles The Southeast Asia Series A series of independently produced documentaries, filmed on-location, blending historical background with contemporary studies of countries and cultures of Southeast Asia. Programs available on 11 individual DVDs, Digital Streaming Files or Videos; also in an 11-Disc Set. For pricing call in US: 800.876.2447/Intl. Click for more Thailand: The Land of Smiles Thailand is often called the "land of smiles," not only because visitors love its natural beauty and historical riches, but also because of the country's friendly people and fascinating culture. This program is purposely non-narrated, allowing the viewer to focus on the images and sounds of the country, its places and its people. Our visual journey into Thailand begins about 45 miles north of Bangkok in the ancient city of Ayutthaya, which was founded in 1350 by King U-Thong; it was once the capital of Thailand for 417 years and today is one of the country's major tourist attractions; it boasts numerous magnificent ruins, including the Ancient Palace, which was originally built by the first king. Thailand is a Buddhist nation, and because Buddhist values are such a part of daily life here, temples, monasteries and Buddha images are seen everywhere. Next we visit Pattaya; located on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand, it is a very popular center of tourism visited by millions yearly. 30 miles away is the Sriracha Tiger Zoo, an incredible animal kingdom where we see piglets that sleep with a mother tiger; also we see crocodiles, the "Scorpion Queen" and an Elephant Museum. Next we visit world famous Phuket with its glorious beaches, unrivaled marine life, performing elephants, a monkey that gathers coconuts, and delicious cuisine. For a slower pace we travel next to the relaxed east coastal towns of Cha-am and Hua Hin, elegant, well-established beach destinations, where we too find beautiful waterfalls and natural beauty, and the Sasi Garden Theater, which presents a genuine "Taste of Thai Culture and Tradition." Lastly, we indulge in the secluded and luxurious world of Chiva-Som, a private resort that provides everything to assure health and relaxation. Produced by Kanto Productions, LLC. 2008 SCA 22 min.	Thailand
London landmark The Shaftesbury Memorial is better known by what name?	Land of Smiles You are here: Home / Culture Shock / Land of Smiles Land of Smiles by Roy Cavanagh Thailand is famously known as the ‘Land of Smiles’, and for good reason. But a Thai smile does not automatically mean that the person is happy. This can lead to misunderstandings between Westerners and Thais. Here is an example from my second trip to Thailand. I was in an internet café near Sukhumvit in Bangkok. The American man at the computer next to me spent an hour typing away only for his computer to crash. Understandably, he was frustrated at losing whatever it was he had been working on. He explained to the shop owner that the computer had crashed and asked if she could retrieve what he had been working on. The lady shop owner spoke good English and apologised for the inconvenience. After quickly assessing the computer was, in her words, ‘kaput’, she smiled at the man and told him that he would not have to pay. The man then said that he had wasted an hour of his time. The lady again smiled and offered him a free fruit shake. The man was still upset and raised his voice and said that a free fruit shake did not make up for the fact that he had wasted an hour of his time. This time the lady smiled even more broadly than before and simply said ‘Yes.’ Each time the lady shop owner smiled, the more irate the American customer became. He eventually stormed out of the shop cursing about Thailand being a Third World country. The Thai lady continued to smile. The Thai woman’s smile was initially a smile of apology which turned into a smile of embarrassment. The American man had misunderstood it as a sign of indifference and unhelpfulness. Living in Thailand I have since witnessed many occasions where British people, Germans, Australians etc. have misinterpreted the Thai smile as a sign that they are being mocked. In Thailand, the smile isn’t just a sign of happiness. Thais smile when they are amused, bemused, apologetic, annoyed, uncertain, wrong, furious or embarrassed. In fact, there is a Thai smile to cover just about every circumstance and it is no wonder that it can lead to confusion. It is common for Thai television to show pictures of criminals in handcuffs being taken back to the scene of their crime where they are photographed and filmed. Not only do the policemen smile, but so too do the criminals! Believe me, they are not smiling at the thought of spending the next ten years of their life in a Thai prison. Very often though, the Thai smile is a welcoming one. There is a definite attitude in Thailand that life should be enjoyed. Being too serious is unhealthy and causes stress and illness – ‘not think too much, be happy’ Thai people advise me. It’s good advice.	i don't know
What is the surname of Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, in the US television series?	Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV Series 1997–2003) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A young woman is forced to fulfill her destiny of fighting vampires and demons with the help of her friends all the while struggling to live a normal teenage life of heart break and drama. Creator: Sunnydale is alive with the sound of music as a mysterious force causes everyone in town to burst into full musical numbers, revealing their innermost secrets as they do. But some townsfolk are ... 9.8 A group of murderous creatures straight out of a fairytale steal the voices of Sunnydale. 9.7 Buffy, Dawn, and their friends deal with the aftermath of Joyce's death. 9.7 a list of 23 titles created 04 Mar 2011 a list of 39 titles created 07 Dec 2013 a list of 44 titles created 28 Dec 2014 a list of 45 titles created 23 Jul 2015 a list of 27 titles created 25 Nov 2015 Title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003) 8.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 52 wins & 128 nominations. See more awards » Videos The vampire Angel, cursed with a soul, moves to Los Angeles and aids people with supernatural-related problems while questing for his own redemption. Stars: David Boreanaz, Charisma Carpenter, Alexis Denisof Three sisters discover their destiny - to battle against the forces of evil, using their witchcraft. They are the Charmed Ones. Stars: Holly Marie Combs, Alyssa Milano, Brian Krause Xena, a mighty Warrior Princess with a dark past, sets out to redeem herself. She is joined by small town bard, Gabrielle. Together they journey the ancient world and fight for the greater good against ruthless Warlords and Gods. Stars: Lucy Lawless, Renée O'Connor, Ted Raimi A group of genetically-enhanced children escape from a lab project. Years later we meet Max, one of the escapees who now works for a messenger service in the post-apocalyptic Pacific Northwest. Stars: Jessica Alba, Michael Weatherly, Richard Gunn A futuristic laboratory assigns different tasks to its various residents, who then have their memories erased upon the completion of their assignments. Stars: Eliza Dushku, Harry Lennix, Fran Kranz A flighty teenage girl learns that she is her generation's destined battler of vampires. Director: Fran Rubel Kuzui Telepathic waitress Sookie Stackhouse encounters a strange new supernatural world when she meets the mysterious Bill, a southern Louisiana gentleman and vampire. Stars: Anna Paquin, Stephen Moyer, Sam Trammell The lives of three young alien/human hybrids with extraordinary gifts in Roswell. Stars: Shiri Appleby, Jason Behr, Katherine Heigl A young Clark Kent struggles to find his place in the world as he learns to harness his alien powers for good and deals with the typical troubles of teenage life in Smallville. Stars: Tom Welling, Michael Rosenbaum, Allison Mack A university graduate working in the city morgue is able to repeat the same day over again to prevent murders or other disasters. Stars: Eliza Dushku, Shawn Reaves, Zach Galifianakis Common people discover that they have super powers. Their lives intertwine as a devastating event must be prevented. Stars: Jack Coleman, Hayden Panettiere, Milo Ventimiglia Edit Storyline "In every generation there is a chosen one... she alone will stand against the vampires, the demons and the forces of darkness. She is the slayer." Buffy Summers knows this tale by heart, and no matter how hard she tries to be just a "normal girl", she can not escape from her destiny... Thankfully, she is not alone in her quest to save the world, as she has the help of her friends, the hilarious (and surprisingly quite effective) evil-fighting team called "The Scooby Gang". Together, Buffy & co. will slay their demons, survive one apocalypse after another, attend high school and college... and above all, understand that growing up can truly be Hell sometimes... literally. Written by m_starling What is it about dangerous women? See more » Genres: 10 March 1997 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia The first vampire makeup test was done on Julie Benz and caused her to have an allergic reaction towards the prosthetic. She also reportedly felt uncomfortable removing the six layers of makeup and the vampire lenses frequently. See more » Goofs In nearly every episode presented in widescreen, there is crew/equipment visible and/or revealing mistakes. This is because the series was originally shot for 4:3 frame and these issues would not have been visible as the show was originally intended to be presented. As such, one should take much of the goofs reported on episodes as being conditional on applying only to the widescreen alternate version. See more » Quotes Dawn Summers : [as Buffy offers chicken to the Scooby-gang] I think I'll take a drumstick. Willow Rosenberg : I'm a breast gal myself. But of course, you already knew that. See more » Crazy Credits Season 4 final credits include this disclaimer: "UC Sunnydale" is a fictitious university. Any similarity to an actual university is purely coincidental. No representations, warranties, or characterizations of any type regarding any actual university including any named "UC Sunnydale" or "University of California at Sunnydale" are intended and none should be inferred. See more » Connections (Canada) – See all my reviews I have no idea why people are hating on this brilliant TV show. I watched the entire series on DVD and was completely caught up in it my the end of season one. This show stands up over time and does not become outdated. I watched this show thinking it would be an entertaining hour and was shocked to find the show compelling, hilarious, and full of real emotion. The writers and especially Joss Whedon have come up with some of the funniest TV out there, and easily keep your attention for the entire seven seasons. Each season seems to get funnier, and all the characters continue to develop. Anyone who gives this show a real chance will be captured by the Buffy Universe. If you can ignore some of the more low budget demons and instead focus on the characters and emotion of the story you will not be disappointed. BTVH will make you laugh, cry, and fall in love with the characters. 10/10. 223 of 305 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Summers
Sitophilia is the use of what for sexual arousal?	Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film) \| Buffyverse Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film) 5,576pages on This article is about the film. For other uses, see Buffy . The subject of this article is non-canonical . The events of the original 1992 film are superceded by The Origin , and are not part of the "real" Buffyverse. Buffy the Vampire Slayer is a 1992 comedy film about a "Valley Girl" cheerleader ( Kristy Swanson ) chosen by fate to fight and kill vampires . The film is a light parody which plays on the clichés of typical horror movies. The film also led to a much more popular TV series of the same name, starring Sarah Michelle Gellar , which was created and executive produced by screenwriter Joss Whedon . Whedon often detailed how the TV series was a much closer rendering of his vision than the movie, which was compromised by commercial concerns and differences in interpretation. Though the film is now considered a relatively minor chapter in the broader Buffy legacy, it was moderately successful and generally well received at the time of its release. Contents rest of cast listed alphabetically: Ben Affleck... Basketball Player #10 (uncredited) Alexis Arquette... Vampire DJ (uncredited) Bryan Goeres... Basketball Player (uncredited) Ricki Lake... Charlotte (uncredited) Ben Schneider... Teacher Pouring Punch at Dance (uncredited) Seth Green as an Unidentified vampire (uncredited) Synopsis In every generation there is a Chosen One. She alone will stand against the vampires, the demons, and the forces of darkness. She is the Slayer. Blonde, bouncy Buffy Summers (Kristy Swanson) is your typical popular cheerleader at Hemery High School in Los Angeles - her goal is to "marry Christian Slater and die". She is a care-free, popular girl, whose main concerns are shopping and spending time with her friends. But all that changes when she is approached by a strange man named Merrick, who informs her that she is The Slayer who has been chosen by fate to kill the vampires. Acting as her Watcher, he has been sent to train and guide her. At first she refuses to accept her duties, but eventually sees that he is right and that there is no other way. She admits that she has dreams of past Slayers and reluctantly acknowledges that she is the Chosen One. She runs into Pike (Luke Perry), who is seen as a loser in her school. He becomes the male version of the "damsel in distress", being rescued by Buffy many times. After brief training, she is drawn into conflict with a local vampire king called Lothos (Rutger Hauer), who has killed a number of past Slayers, his sidekick, "Lefty" Amilyn (Paul Reubens), and their determined gang of bloodsuckers. Lothos kills Merrick, giving Buffy the motivation she needs. In a climactic battle set at the senior dance in her high school, Buffy defeats Lothos and his minions by being true to her own contemporary style and ignoring the conventions and limitations of previous Slayers. Original Script Add a photo to this gallery Behind the Scenes Contrary to popular belief Buffy does not burn down the gym at the climax of the film. That element existed in Joss Whedon's original script but was not incorporated into the final production. In the Buffyverse it is his script, not the film, that is considered canon; thus the references in the television program to Buffy having burnt it down. Pike , despite being a major character in the film, never appears in the TV series, nor is he even mentioned. He does however return in the Buffy comics. Besides Buffy herself, characters from the film who do go on to appear in the TV series include Merrick , who appears in a flashback in " Becoming ," and Buffy's Mom (Candy Clark) & Dad (James Paradise), who both remain nameless in the film. Buffy's surname is never referred to in the film. Seth Green appeared as a vampire in a deleted scene which nonetheless featured on the original video cover. Along with Chi Muoi Lo , he is one of only two actors to appear in both the film and the television series. Ben Affleck and Ricki Lake appear in uncredited cameo roles as Basketball Player #10 and Charlotte, respectively (Affleck is the player who surrenders the ball to Greuller). Ben Affleck will later go on to make a cameo in the Angel episode 'Double or Nothing' as one of the diners in the cafe where Fred and Gunn argue. In the Buffy movie Buffy defines her life goals as 'Graduate, go to Europe, marry Christian Slater and die'. Through the Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel TV shows she achieves three out of four. If the 'Normal Again alternative' (that Buffy really is a mad girl in an asylum and being the Slayer is all in her head) is true then her delusion starts when she 'meets' Merrick at the mall in the Buffy movie and ends 7 years later when Asylum Buffy regains her sanity again at the end of 'Chosen'. There are numerous differences in the mythology of the movie and the subsequent series. Vampires in the movie cannot transform into 'vamp-face', can fly or at least levitate and do not crumble into dust when killed. Buffy's ability to detect vampires gives her cramps and each Slayer has a distinctive birthmark, neither of which feature in the series. Merrick refers to being reincarnated but this seems to be unique to him as it is never referred to by other Watchers. In the course of the film Buffy slays 15 vampires. 'Robert Berman' has the dubious distinction of being her first ever vamp kill. Danny Strong is the screenwriter of the last two Hunger Games films, in which Donald Sutherland has a role. See also	i don't know
A bammy (or bami) is a flatbread originating in which country?	Bammy \| JNJ CARIBBEAN FOODS JNJ CARIBBEAN FOODS A dough made from sweet cassava or yucca. A true Jamaican staple Add to cart	Jamaica
What shape, typically, is an ingot?	Flat Breads - How To Cooking Tips - RecipeTips.com Country or region of origin: Egypt Type of flour used: whole-wheat flour Description: A type of flat bread that probably originated in Egypt, but gradually became popular throughout the Middle East. The bread is baked into a round, flat shape. The diameter is usually smaller than pita bread, but the bread is slightly thicker. It is known by a variety of names depending on the country in which the bread is available. Bammy Country or region of origin: Jamaica Type of flour used: grated cassava root Description: A bammy is a pancake-shaped Jamaican flat bread. It is made from grated cassava root that is pressed in a cloth to remove the liquid. The grated cassava root is then mixed with salt, formed into a small round shape, and placed onto a baking sheet. It is pressed down during baking to maintain the flat, pancake shape. The bread is turned over once while baking so that it cooks evenly. Bammy bread is most often served as an accompaniment to fried fish or other fried foods. Barbari Country or region of origin: Iran Type of flour used: unbleached bread flour (wheat) Description: A type of flat bread that is made into a variety of shapes and sizes. It is often made into small, rounded rectangles, diagonally slashed several times, and resembling flattened buns. Barbari is also made into larger flat rounds up to a foot in diameter. The bread is yeast leavened and it is often flavored with olive oil, which can be brushed on before baking. Some variations are also flavored with assorted spices or seeds. Buckwheat Bread Country or region of origin: Poland and the Baltic countries Type of flour used: a combination of buckwheat and wheat flour. The wheat flour is usually bread flour or all-purpose flour. Description: Buckwheat flour is often used for breads in the colder climate of northern European countries. The flour produces a bread with a dark color and a crumbly texture. Buckwheat bread has a distinctive flavor that may be an acquired taste for individuals who have not tried it. Since buckwheat flour is gluten free, it is usually combined with wheat flour so that the dough will rise. Buckwheat bread is often baked in a low cake pan or tart pan with a removable bottom and when cooled, the bread is cut into wedges. Buckwheat bread is difficult to slice when it is made into a loaf shape because of the crumbly nature of the bread. Chapati Country or region of origin: India Type of flour used: atta (chapati flour), which is a very finely ground whole-wheat flour Description: A type of unleavened traditional flat bread of India made with chapati flour (atta), which is a very finely ground whole-wheat flour. There are many variations of chapatis such as rotlas or rotis, parathas, and pooris or puris, but the bread known simply as chapati is the flattest of the different varieties and is usually formed into a round shape that is 5 or 6 inches in diameter. Chapatis are cooked on a griddle with no oil or fat, but are occasionally brushed with ghee or butter after they are cooked. The chapati is most often used to scoop up other foods eaten with the fingers during a meal and is usually served with curries and other spicy dishes. Chapati is also known as khakhara. Cracker Country or region of origin: various Type of flour used: various Description: A generic name for a variety of unsweetened bread products, which are thin, dry, and hard-textured and are commonly served as appetizers or as an accompaniment to a main dish. The name "cracker" is believed to be derived from the sound that is made when this food is broken apart. Some crackers are leavened, such as soda crackers, which are prepared with flour, water, and seasonings and are leavened with bicarbonate of soda, while a variety of other crackers are unleavened. Many commercially produced crackers contain holes spread over the surface, which allows for even baking and results in a crispy texture and a shape that is flat, thin, and uniform. The term "cracker" is used to designate both the large variety of small, commercially prepared crackers and large, thin, crispy flat breads known as cracker bread. Crackers can be served plain as a snack or appetizer or they can be topped with meat, cheese, or spreadable ingredients. They are often served as an accompaniment to soups, stews, or a variety of main dishes. Cracker Bread Country or region of origin: various Type of flour used: various Description: Cracker bread is a generic term for crisp flat bread that is usually very thin and formed into a round, square, or rectangular shape. Cracker breads are a traditional food in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Scandinavian countries and are now commonly available throughout the world. There are many types of breads classified as cracker bread and many of them keep for long periods - some, such as Norwegian flat bread (flatbrød), may last for as long as one year. Cracker breads are readily available in large food stores and ethnic markets. Crumpet Country or region of origin: England Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually white bread flour or a combination of white bread flour and all-purpose flour Description: Similar to one half of an English muffin, a crumpet is a round, soft yeast bread prepared from a batter. The batter is poured into a metal ring mold on a griddle and cooked to a brown smooth surface on the bottom while the batter on the top surface settles to become rough and filled with open holes. Crumpets are always served heated or toasted, topped with butter, jam, jelly, or cream cheese. The rough texture allows the surface to absorb and hold any spreadable topping added to the crumpet. Focaccia Country or region of origin: Italy Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A savory, leavened, Italian flat bread, flavored with various ingredients, which may include herbs, olive oil, tomatoes, eggplant, roasted peppers, olives, and cheese. Traditional focaccia bread is very flat, but some loaves can be quite thick depending on the type of ingredients stuffed into the bread or used for toppings. Any of the ingredients that are stuffed into the dough or used as toppings should not require a longer cooking time than the bread dough in order to achieve the best results. Some ingredients, such as certain vegetables, may require partial cooking before they are added to the dough. Fougasse Country or region of origin: France Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A type of French bread that is formed into a flattened shape with elongated holes, which give the bread the appearance of tree limbs. It is made with a basic bread dough or a sourdough and it is often flavored with olive oil and a bit of sugar. Anise is another traditional ingredient that is sometimes used to provide a distinctive flavor. Fougasse is a popular bread in southern France and is often compared to focaccia bread of Italy. Gordita Country or region of origin: Mexico Type of flour used: corn flour (masa harina) Description: A type of popular Mexican flat bread that is often used as a sandwich wrap or an open-face sandwich, such as a corn cake patty. When used as a food wrap, the gordita is slit open, similar to a small version of pocket pita bread, and the sandwich ingredients are placed inside. When it is used as an open-face sandwich bread, fillings are placed on the surface similar to an English muffin. Gordita bread preparation begins with corn-based dough (masa) mixed with water, which is then formed into a small round tortilla shape approximately 4 inches in diameter and 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick. The shape is similar to a plump type of tortilla, which are usually thinner and wider than gorditas. When the gordita is ready to be cooked, the dough is placed on griddle or skillet and "baked" for 1 or 2 minutes on each side. The top and bottom of the gordita is well cooked, but the sides remain slightly uncooked, which is beneficial if a pocket sandwich is desired. A knife can be inserted into the bread after cooking to open up the gordita similar to a pita pocket bread. In order for the bread to be used in this fashion, some cooks suggest pinching the outer edges together prior to cooking except in the area where the opening is to be made for the food pocket. Prior to filling the gordita with sandwich ingredients, the bread is cooked again, this time in a saucepan or a skillet containing 1/2 inch of oil. The bread is first fried on one side for 10 to 20 seconds before being turned to fry the other side. The intent is to achieve a crispy outer shell while the inside retains its moistness and flakiness. As it cooks in the oil, the Gordita puffs up, becoming plump and fat. This characteristic is what gives the bread the name, "Gordita," which means "little fat one" in Spanish. The next step in the gordita pocket sandwich assembly is to stuff the pocket with various sandwich ingredients. The ingredients may include the traditional shredded beef, onions, and chilies or a variety of other tasty ingredients, such as poultry, cheese, vegetables, or guacamole mixtures. In addition to the bread-wrapped sandwich version, another gordita variety is also popular. A plump patty can be formed using masa harina (corn flour) as the base ingredient. The patty is often topped with additional fresh ingredients, such as bits of peppers, lettuce, and/or salsa. Often sold by street vendors as a small sandwich, the Gordita is a versatile food that can be served as a snack, an appetizer, or as a main meal with a variety of different ingredients. Gordita after Frying: Used for a Pocket Sandwich Gordita Corn Patty Country or region of origin: Ethiopia Type of flour used: teff Description: Injera is an Ethiopian flat bread that is very thin and somewhat crepe-like in appearance. Made from flour ground from teff, a grain cultivated in Ethiopia, the bread begins as a batter that is poured into a skillet or baking pan and made into a round-shaped flexible flat bread that is baked only on one side. If the batter is allowed to ferment, it becomes a sourdough bread. Injera is a common accompaniment to evening meals in Ethiopia where it is used as a base on which other foods, such as meats, poultry, fish, or vegetables, are piled and then eaten. Injera is also broken apart and used as a wrapping for food pieces or it is often used to scoop stews and gravies directly from a plate. Italian Flat Bread Country or region of origin: Italy Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A brittle, cracker-like Italian flat bread made with white flour that is rolled into very thin sheets. It is formed into rounds or rectangles and is often served with olive oil as part of an antipasto course. Khakhara Country or region of origin: India Type of flour used: wheat flour - chapati flour Description: A flat bread that is a traditional food of India. Round, very thin, and soft to crispy in texture, khakhara is a bread that is most often rolled up and used in a manner similar to a utensil to scoop or absorb other foods, such as beans or curried foods. Typically, the khakhara is made with flour, water, and seasonings. The dough is formed into a flat, thin-centered bread that is thicker on the edges. Khakhara, which may also be referred to as Rotli or Chapati, can be baked or fried to create the desired texture, depending on the types of foods it will accompany. Knackebrod Country or region of origin: Finland Type of flour used: usually a blend of rye and corn flour Description: A type of Finnish crispbread that is formed into large, thin, brittle rounds with a hole in the center. The bread has the appearance of a large, flattened donut. Knackebrod is prepared with rye and corn flour, has a crunchy texture, and a delicious grainy flavor that is not as sweet as its Swedish counterpart knackerbrod, made with oatmeal, butter, and sugar. Lavash Country or region of origin: Armenia and Iran Type of flour used: white bread flour or all-purpose flour (wheat), and/or whole-wheat flour Description: A thin Armenian flat bread that is enjoyed throughout the Middle East. It is traditionally made from a dough that is formed into a circle or oval from 6 inches to 24 inches in diameter and baked. It is usually made into a very thin and crisp, almost cracker-like, bread that is eaten immediately following baking. The bread is usually torn into pieces when eating. There are many variations of lavash. Some are leavened and others are not. Lavash is also known as Lavosh, Lahvosh, Lawaash, Paraki, and Armenian cracker bread. Lefse Country or region of origin: Scandinavian countries Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually all-purpose flour Description: A round flat bread that is Scandinavian in origin, made from a mixture of flour, cooked potatoes, cream, salt, and butter. Some recipes also call for sugar. The lefse dough is formed into small balls that are rolled into very thin rounds. The dough is cooked on a griddle (there are special round griddles available specifically designed for making lefse and similar flat breads) until it is lightly browned; then it is turned on the griddle to brown the other side. After cooking, the lefse is placed on a clean white towel to cool. Lefse is often buttered and rolled or folded prior to serving. Sometimes, sugar is sprinkled onto the buttered surface before the lefse is rolled. Lefse is also used as a food wrap for almost any type of ingredient. Sliced luncheon meat, ground meat, cheese, chopped vegetables, jams, and jellies are only a few of the foods that can be used, creating a sandwich or tortilla-like dish. Mannaeesh Country or region of origin: Lebanon Type of flour used: white bread flour (wheat) Description: Mannaeesh (or Mankoush) is a soft Lebanese bread that is shaped into a flat, 5-inch round with a concave surface. The concave surface is filled with an herb, spice, and seed blend known as za'atar, which is a combination of thyme, marjoram, sesame seeds, and ground sumac. Some recipes may omit the sumac because some people do not care for the strong, sour flavor it provides. Matzo Country or region of origin: various Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) Description: Matzo is an unleavened flat bread or cracker bread that is a traditional bread made for the Jewish Passover. It is baked into thin sheets that can be easily broken apart for serving individual pieces. When served for Passover, the bread is made only with water and flour and is made under strict guidelines so that the dough does not rise during preparation. Matzo is increasingly being served throughout the year as a snack or appetizer cracker, which may be made and seasoned with additional ingredients, unlike the traditional recipe. In addition to being served as a cracker bread, matzo may also be used as an ingredient to make matzo meal (fine or coarse ground cracker meal), matzo dumplings known as matzo balls for matzo soup, or for a variety of puddings and other food dishes. Matzo is also known as "matzoh." Naan Country or region of origin: India Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A leavened flat bread originating from northern India, which is traditionally baked by slapping the bread dough onto the side of a hot dome shaped clay oven referred to as a tandoor. The dough's weight would normally cause it to fall into a teardrop shape, which is the recognizable characteristic of naan bread, however, with changes in baking processes there are now a variety of shapes from round to oval that are readily produced. The basic ingredients in naan bread include yogurt and white flour, which can be enriched by adding an egg. There are a variety of flavors produced, such as naan with sesame seeds, whole-wheat naan, herbal flavored naan, and other flavored varieties that are still made with the traditional tandoori baking method. For serving, naan can be filled with various ingredients such as onion, garlic, salsa, meats, cheese, and then folded over or rolled to create a sandwich. Naan can also be cut it into individual pieces and dipped into sauces, salsas, oils, curry, or hummus. It has a dense chewy texture and is best eaten when it is still fresh and hot. Naan is also known as nan, non, nane, or none bread. Papadum Country or region of origin: India Type of flour used: black gram bean flour, lentil flour, rice flour, or potato flour Description: Traditional An Indian cracker bread most often served as a complement to a main dish, but also often used as a snack or appetizer that can be topped with chutney, various dips, or salsas. Commonly made in different sizes, papadums may be small for snacks or larger in size to be used as a food wrap. Typically, it is prepared using black gram bean flour, lentil flour, rice flour, or potato flour with salt and peanut oil added. The ingredients are made into a dough that is formed into a thin, round shape similar to a tortilla and is grilled or fried, making it either soft and moist or crisp in texture. As the dough is prepared, it can be seasoned with a variety of different ingredients such as chilies, cumin, garlic, lentils, pepper, or other spices. Papadums are also known an Indian wafer, a lentil chip, or pappadams. Pita Country or region of origin: Turkey and Greece Type of flour used: white bread flour (wheat) and whole-wheat flour are most commonly used Description: A type of versatile flat bread that is soft, slightly chewy, and often features a pocket inside, which is a result of baking the bread in a hot oven. Because it is a flat bread, pita is often mistakenly considered to be unleavened, but it is indeed leavened with yeast. The bread is often eaten plain or dipped in olive oil. It can be topped with spreads and meats, folded over, and eaten as a sandwich. Pocket versions can be stuffed with various fillings. The popularity of pita bread has spread beyond Turkey, Greece, and the Middle East. Pita bread is also known as pide, which is the Turkish name, and pideh, which is the Armenian version, prepared with whole-wheat flour and is topped with sesame seeds. In the United States, pita bread is often called pocket pita or simply pocket bread, which is the most popular commercially prepared, supermarket type of pita bread. Pocket Pita Bread Country or region of origin: Italy Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A type of yeasted flat bread made with white flour that is similar to a thin, crispy pizza crust. It has a delicious peppery flavor and a crunchy, cracker-like texture. Some versions contain bits of prosciutto ham and grated hard cheeses, such as parmesan, that are kneaded into the dough before baking. The dough is formed into round or rectangular shapes. Pizza rustico is often served with antipasto courses or as an accompaniment to a meal. Schiacciata Country or region of origin: Italy Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - usually bread flour Description: An Italian flat bread, similar to focaccia, that is often referred to as a Tuscan flat bread. It is prepared with a bread flour dough that is shaped into rounds or rectangles. The surface is dimpled and is usually brushed with olive oil and sprinkled with coarse salt and rosemary and then baked for a short period of time. Schiacciata is often topped with a variety of ingredients including thin slices of prosciutto, various herbs, onions, peppers and grated cheese. Sopaipilla Country or region of origin: Southwest United States and adjoining areas of northern Mexico Type of flour used: white flour (wheat) - bread flour or all-purpose flour Description: A flat pastry-like bread that originated in regions of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. The dough is prepared with bread flour or all-purpose flour, water, salt, and vegetable fat and is usually leavened with baking powder. It is formed into rounded shapes of varying sizes and is deep fried to create a puffed up, crispy outer texture that is airy and open on the inside. The plain bread often accompanies a main dish or it can be served as a dessert when garnished with syrup or honey and cinnamon or powdered sugar. The sopaipilla can also be filled with fruits or cream fillings and topped with sweet sauces or pureed fruit. Spelt Cracker Country or region of origin: Germany Type of flour used: spelt flour Description: A type of crispy, cracker-like flat bread prepared with spelt flour. Some recipes are made with additional whole-grain spelt, which gives the flat bread an interesting texture and nutty flavor. Other versions may also contain a number of other whole grains, bran, or seeds. Spelt crackers can be served with jams and jellies as a breakfast item or as a hearty addition to soups and stews. Tortilla Country or region of origin: Mexico Type of flour used: corn flour, masa harina (a type of corn flour), or wheat flour Description: A soft, thin, flat unleavened Mexican round bread made from corn flour, masa harina (which is a type of corn flour), or wheat flour. It is one of the most common breads in Mexico, but it is popular in many other parts of the world, especially in the areas of the United States Southwest that are adjacent to Mexico. Tortillas are baked traditionally on a griddle known as a "comal." A tortilla can be eaten plain, but it is most often used as a food wrap to hold ingredients such as meat, poultry, seafood, cheese, beans, onions, and peppers. Commercially prepared tortillas available in food stores are typically found in sizes ranging from six to twelve inches.	i don't know
Rothschild, Kordofan, Nubian and Rhodesian are all species of which animal?	X Marks the Spots…Sometimes: Giraffe Markings - Thomson Safaris X Marks the Spots…Sometimes: Giraffe Markings Tweet Maybe a leopard can’t change its spots, but a giraffe can. Well, sort of. When we refer to giraffes, we’re actually referring to any of nine giraffe sub-species: Nubian, reticulated, Angolan, Kordofan, Maasai, South African, West African, Rhodesian and Rothschild’s. Though all the species share the distinctive long necks, ossicones (the horn-like protrusions on the skull), and size, they can all be distinguished by differences in their coat patterns. And though that may seem like a small thing, science says otherwise; populations of different types regularly overlap, but don’t seem to crossbreed, and a 2007 study suggested that the subspecies may in fact no longer be capable of doing so. Maasai giraffes have the darkest spots (as a group; individuals of any variety may be darker or lighter than expected, as the color of the spots is mostly dependent on the vegetation the animals eat, as well as the age of the animal), with distinctively wavy, ridged edges. They’re also the giraffe with the highest numbers in the wild (around 40,000), meaning you’re most likely to see them on safari in Tanzania. The Maasai giraffe’s irregularly-shaped, darker spots make it easy to recognize. Photo: Thomson Safaris guests Patti and Tom Reticulated giraffes (another species you might spot in eastern Africa) have large, smooth-edged spots with narrow channels (the name for the creamy area between the spots) between them, giving their coats the look of a perfectly-planned mosaic. Reticulated giraffes are much more spot than not, with large, “interlocking” spots. “1993 147-3A Samburu reticulated giraffe” by Dan Lundberg – Flickr. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1993_147-3A_Samburu_reticulated_giraffe.jpg#mediaviewer/File:1993_147-3A_Samburu_reticulated_giraffe.jpg Other subspecies may look more or less like either these two “extremes”; a Rothschild’s giraffe (one of the most endangered subspecies, which also turns up occasionally in East Africa), looks very similar to a Maasai giraffe at first glance, but it has distinctive creamy “stockings”; the sub-species can easily be identified by the lack of any markings on the lower half of the leg. Notice the distinctive “stockings” on this Rothschild’s giraffe “Rothschilds giraffe at paignton arp”. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rothschilds_giraffe_at_paignton_arp.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Rothschilds_giraffe_at_paignton_arp.jpg But the spots aren’t just a way to tell one variety of giraffe from another; they’re a way for giraffes to tell each other apart! Like our fingerprints (or a zebra’s stripes ), even within a subspecies, each giraffe’s spot pattern is unique. Giraffes use the patterns to recognize who’s in their family group…and who won’t be invited to the reunion. For all the species, the spots serve as a form of camouflage, helping the creatures blend in with the patterns of light and shadow that their preferred savannah woodlands cast along the ground beneath the trees. All of which makes the prospect of “spotting” giraffes on safari that much more exciting, no? Author: Ali	Giraffe
On a regular clockface which number lies opposite 2?	Different Giraffe Species \| Animals - mom.me Different Giraffe Species Giraffe population dropped from 140,000 in 1999 to less than 80,000. Anup Shah/Photodisc/Getty Images It was long believed that a giraffe is a giraffe is a giraffe. The world's tallest animal was considered to be of one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, but a 2007 study supported by the Wildlife Conservation Society challenged this assumption. Since the study, nine subspecies of giraffe have been identified. From One to Nine Giraffes are easily recognizable, with their long legs, extended necks and beautiful coats. The inclination to lump them together as one species is understandable. However, the 2007 study highlighted geographic differences according to hair coat color, suggesting subspecies that reproduce only within their group. Though giraffes can cover great distances, meaning different populations and species can cross paths, they don't reproduce between subspecies. Recognizing the different subspecies illuminates the sad fact that giraffes are becoming endangered -- some subspecies only number a few hundred worldwide. The Most Populous Subspecies The G.c. angolensis, commonly known as the Angolan giraffe, isn't found in Angola any longer. The Giraffe Conservation Foundation estimates that there are fewer than 20,000 Angolan giraffes in the wild and less than two dozen in zoos. The South African giraffe, or G.c. giraffa, has even fewer numbers, estimated to be fewer than 12,000 in the wild. These guys sport blotchy, star-shaped spots on a tan-colored background. The Masai or Kilimanjaro giraffe, technically called G.c. tippelskirchi, is the most populous of giraffe subspecies, with less than 40,000 remaining in the wild. This giraffe is noticeably darker than other giraffes, with large, dark brown, jagged and vine leaf-shaped spots mixed in with irregular lines. Declining Numbers The reticulated or Somali giraffe's scientific name is G.c. reticulata. In the late 1990s it was estimated that 28,000 Somali giraffes were in the wild; at the time of publication estimates are at fewer than 5,000 in existence. There are about 450 in captivity. Reticulated giraffes have brownish-orange patches defined by thick and extremely white lines. There are fewer than 3,000 G.c. antiquorum, commonly known as the Kordofan giraffe, in the wild. Kordofan giraffes' spots are pale and irregular and cover their inner legs. Thornicroft's giraffe, technically called G.c. thornicrofti, is part of a very isolated population in eastern Zambia, with fewer than 1,500 remaining in the wild and none in captivity. This subspecies has large, ragged, dark leaf-shaped spots set on a cream background. Most Endangered Giraffes Three subspecies have populations in the mere hundreds in the wild. Rothchild's giraffe, G.c. rothschildi, numbers fewer than 670. Rothchild's giraffe has large, dark rectangular-shaped blotches on a cream background. There are an additional 450 of them in captivity. The West African, or Nigerian giraffes, G.c. peralta, live in an isolated pocket with fewer than 250 members. Possibly the rarest giraffe, it has rectangular, tan-colored spots on a cream background. The Nubian giraffe, G.c. camelopardalis, is similarly threatened. There are fewer than 250 in the wild and none in captivity. This giraffe has a distinctive coat of large, mostly four-sided chestnut brown spots on an off-white background.	i don't know
Akane is a variety of which fruit?	Apple - Akane - tasting notes, identification, reviews (Use the form at the bottom to add your own comments about this variety) 28 May 2016 Tony Baker, MARLNOROUGH, New Zealand this is my favourite apple! It is quite disease resistant, has a red/russet skin and white flesh. medium sweet (13 Brix) with good acid. It is quite juicy. 07 Sep 2015 Barry, WA, United States Good variety for western Washington, fairly scab resistant, (comment on apple maggot is true) good for fresh eating and for use in baking etc. Haven't tried for cider, but will be shortly. 29 Aug 2015 Lynne Stevens, CA, United States Lovely flavor! 17 Aug 2015 [email protected], Oregon, United States Very good early apple. Red striped skin, white flesh. Medium size. Best for fresh eating, and giving to your friends. Does NOT keep well. The Willamette Valley has been hot this summer, and my Akane is ripe now in mid-August. 14 Mar 2015 Abha h, WA, United States I got a grafted semidwarf of this variety last year at this time (March 2014). It was a stick when first grafted onto the rootstock, but over the year it grew like a ROCKET. It is now around 5'6" tall and I am going to plant it: amazingly vigorous. I know I will have to wait a few years to get apples off of it, but it looks very promising. 13 Mar 2015 Gil, WASHINGTON, United States I like it because it's scab resistant, mid september, snapping sweet-tart, -reminds me of Jonathan, bright red, white fleshed keeps alright but takes on an off-flavor from the fridge that few apples do. It's other drawback is that it's a magnet to Apple Maggot, as is Elstar. 22 Feb 2015 HåKon Wium Lie, OSLO, Norway Bought this apple in the organic part of Queen Victoria market in Melbourne. The apples were quite small, with a distinct, but not overly strong, taste. Good sour/sweet balance. 14 Sep 2013 Steve, NY, United States We live in an 1860's vintage farmhouse with a pair of 30 ft tall apple trees in the front yard. I believe one is an Akane. The apples ripen in late July to early August. When picked from the tree they are some of the best apples I have eaten. Let them sit for 2 days and they have a grainy consistency and lose some flavor. I was going to use them for cider and waited for them to fall as the tree is quite tall. Bad choice as the apples rot on the tree! If anyone can confirm this is an Akane, please let me know. 28 Feb 2013 Pen, VICTORIA, Australia Bought a bag of these the other day. Wasn't impressed with the first one, but they've slowly grown on me. Has anyone ever made cider with these? Coz that's what they taste like :D 17 Jan 2013 Rusty, France These are available only for a short period at french villiage markets. My favourite apple, crisp, sweet with lots of juice when you get fresh ones and with a beautiful apple perfume when you bite into it. 22 Dec 2011 Nate, ISLAND COUNTY, WASHINGTON, United States Excellent flavour and crispness, but not too dense - my current favorite. Its also well suited to our temperate coastal climate. I've dealt with some mildew but considering the damp climate it does well here. Highly recommended. 31 Oct 2011 Will Langlands, BC, Canada I have an Akane tree that I planted 25 years ago. It is scab resistant, grows well in our warm coastal climate. As an added bonus, although the apples do not keep for more than a week or so after being picked, they will stay ripe on the tree for more than six weeks. making it relatively easy to eat them fresh for an extended period. An amazing apple for eating, drying, and applesauce. 18 Aug 2011 Michael, WA, United States I have a semi-dwarf akane and love it. No disease problems to speak of, and the flavor is exceptional- my favorite of all apples. 14 Jul 2011 Marilyn Stoffel, INDIANA, HUNTINGTON COUNTY, United States I am trying to locate an apple from grandparent's pasture that looks much like this. It's a rather large apple that makes the best applesauce that has a pink color to it! It always gave it's apples to us in early September and I've been looking forever for whatever it might be. Any help? It was great for eating or sauce. Hoping the antique apple may be close to what I'm trying to find. Thank you for any help and/or ideas. 16 Aug 2010 Edward Vielmetti, MI, United States We are just eating our way through a half a peck of these purchased at the Ann Arbor Farmers Market in Ann Arbor, MI. They are exceptionally good tasting. 31 May 2010 Don, CALIFORNIA, United States I am looking for warm climate varities of apples. Does any know how many chill hours are required for this variety? Flavor? Storage life? Month it ripes for harvest? 30 Apr 2010 Leigh, NEW PLYMOUTH, New Zealand they have these in the Warehouse now, look OK, what do they pollinate with? 01 Jan 2010 Orange Pippin, United Kingdom Starter post	Apple
Robert Mitchum plays Reverend Harry Powell in which 1955 film?	List of pollination partners for Akane apple trees Winter Banana More advice about pollination Please note that our whilst our system takes many relevant factors into account, it is certainly not completely accurate Our article on the pollination of fruit trees gives more details of the factors involved in pollination. Crab apples It is worth remembering that most white-blossom crab apple trees make excellent pollinators for almost any apple variety. This is because they produce very large quantities of pollen over a long period and are (with some exceptions) only distantly related to mainstream apple varieties so their pollen is highly compatible. Link to this page Use this link if you want to send this page to a friend or use it in your own website:	i don't know
Sometimes called a ‘Mercyseat’, what is the name of the small wooden shelf on the underside of a folding seat in a church?	Lecture: Misericords: Their Nature and Significance Lecture: Misericords: Their Nature and Significance St George the Martyr Church \| \| View venue details John Dickinson will give a lecture on misericords, drawing on examples from the North West of England. A misericord (sometimes called a 'mercy seat') is a small wooden shelf on the underside of a folding seat in a church, installed to provide a degree of comfort during long periods of prayer. John will describe the often capricious, humerous and compelling images of monks' lives in the Middle Ages which decorated medieval misericords. Venue details St George the Martyr Church Church St Preston Lancashire PR1 3BT Current exhibitions 14 January – 2 April 2017 Free to all 14 January – 13 May 2017 Free with National Art Pass 13 January – 11 March 2017 50% off with National Art Pass 13 January – 19 March 2017 50% off with National Art Pass 7 January – 10 March 2017 Reduced price with National Art Pass	Misericord
Which car has a logo shaped like a letter ‘C’ with a yellow triangle?	Ireland Ireland Ireland To see a fun video John shot of our Irish night out at Hayes Pub, please click here. Dublin Dublin is the capital and most populous city of Ireland. The English name for the city is derived from the Irish name Dubhlinn, meaning "black pool". Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey. Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's principal city following the Norman invasion. It became the capital of the Irish Free State and the Republic of Ireland. We spent much of our time in downtown Dublin walking along Grafton Street, St. Stephen’s Green and Kildare Street. We had a very nice lunch of Irish stew, a turkey sandwich and a pint of excellent Temple Brau lager at the Porterhouse Central. Oscar Wilde - was an Irish writer and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. Today he is remembered for his epigrams, his only novel (The Picture of Dorian Gray), his plays, and the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death. Wilde's parents were successful Anglo-Irish Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life. At university Wilde read Greats; he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the rising philosophy of aestheticism, led by two of his tutors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles. As a spokesman for aestheticism, he tried his hand at various literary activities: he published a book of poems, lectured in the United States and Canada on the new "English Renaissance in Art", and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist. Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. At the turn of the 1890s, he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890). The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with larger social themes, drew Wilde to write drama. He wrote Salome (1891) in French in Paris but it was refused a license for England due to the absolute prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London. This colorful sculpture of Oscar Wilde is located in Merrion Square. It uses five exotic rock types to produce the blue, pink, green, black and grey colors of the statue. The huge rock on which Wilde is reclining is a boulder of quartz transported from the Wicklow Mountains, fifteen miles south of Dublin Daniel O'Connell, (August 6, 1775 – May 15, 1847); often referred to as The Liberator, or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader. He campaigned for Catholic Emancipation, including the right for Catholics to sit in the Westminster Parliament, denied for over 100 years, and repeal of the Act of Union which combined Great Britain and Ireland. O'Connell Street is Dublin's main thoroughfare. Located in the heart of Dublin city, O'Connell Street forms part of a grand thoroughfare created in the 18th century that runs through the center of the capital, O'Connell Bridge, Westmoreland Street, College Green and Dame Street, terminating at City Hall and Dublin Castle. Situated just north of the River Liffey, it runs close to a north-south orientation. Lined with many handsome buildings, O'Connell Street is the most monumental of Dublin's commercial streets, having been largely rebuilt in the early 20th century following extensive destruction in the struggle for Irish independence and subsequent civil war. O'Connell Street Lower has the air of an imposing 1920s boulevard O'Connell Street Upper by contrast retains something of its original 18th century character, with the western side conforming to original plot widths and some original fabric still intact. The street's layout is simple but elegant. Similar to Paris' Champs-Élysées, though more intimate in scale, it has a wide pavement each side of the street serving the retail outlets that line its length, and a parallel pair of two-lane (formerly three-lane) roadways. A paved median space runs down the center of the street, featuring monuments and statues to various Irish political leaders. The famous large London Plane trees that lined the median for the second half of the 20th century were removed in 2003 amidst some controversy. The center of the street is dominated by the imposing presence of the 1818 General Post Office (GPO) with its hexastyle Ionic portico projecting over the west pavement, and the 393 ft Spire of Dublin, a needle-like self-supporting sculpture of rolled stainless steel erected in 2003. Both structures are addressed by a large civic plaza space, traversed by the street's two roadways. O'Connell Street has often been center-stage in Irish history, attracting the city's most prominent monuments and public art through the centuries, and formed the backdrop to one of the 1913 Dublin Lockout gatherings, the 1916 Easter Rising, the Irish Civil War of 1922, the destruction of the Nelson Pillar in 1966, and many public celebrations, protests and demonstrations through the years - a role it continues to play to this day. St. Patrick's Cathedral - also known as The National Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Patrick, founded in 1191, is the larger of Dublin's two Church of Ireland cathedrals, and the largest church in Ireland with a 140 feet high spire. Since 1870, the Church has designated St Patrick's as the National Cathedral for the whole island, drawing chapter members from each of the twelve dioceses of the Church of Ireland. Built in honor of Ireland’s patron saint, Saint Patrick’s Cathedral stands adjacent to the famous well where tradition has it Saint Patrick baptized converts on his visit to Dublin. The parish church of Saint Patrick on this site was granted collegiate status in 1191, and raised to cathedral status in 1224. The present building dates from 1220. The Cathedral is today the National Cathedral of the Church of Ireland.Today the Cathedral is open to all people as an architectural and historical site, but principally as a place of worship. Trinity College - formally known as the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin in Ireland. The college was founded in 1592 as the "mother" of a new university, modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and of Cambridge, but, unlike these, only one college was ever established; as such, the designations "Trinity College" and "University of Dublin" are usually synonymous for practical purposes. It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, as well as Ireland's oldest university. Originally established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the dissolved Augustinian Priory of All Hallows, Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland, and it was seen as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history. The college occupies 47 acres. The Library of Trinity College is a legal deposit library for Ireland and the United Kingdom, containing over 4.5 million printed volumes and significant quantities of manuscripts (including the Book of Kells), maps and music. Our picture is of Arnaldo Pomodoro's Sphere Within Sphere sculpture which stands outside the Berkeley Library. Book of Kells - is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created by Celtic monks ca. 800 or slightly earlier. It is a masterwork of Western calligraphy and represents the pinnacle of Insular illumination. It is also widely regarded as Ireland's finest national treasure. The illustrations and ornamentation of the Book of Kells surpass that of other Insular Gospel books in extravagance and complexity. The decoration combines traditional Christian iconography with the ornate swirling motifs typical of Insular art. Figures of humans, animals and mythical beasts, together with Celtic knots and interlacing patterns in vibrant colors, enliven the manuscript's pages. The manuscript today comprises 340 folios and, since 1953, has been bound in four volumes. The leaves are on high-quality calf vellum, and the elaborate ornamentation that covers them includes ten full-page illustrations and text pages that are vibrant with decorated initials and interlinear miniatures and mark the furthest extension of the anti-classical and energetic qualities of Insular art. The manuscript takes its name from the Abbey of Kells that was its home for centuries. Today, it is on permanent display at the Trinity College Library, Dublin. The Old Library is the largest library in Ireland. The main chamber of the Old Library is the Long Room, and at 213 feet in length, it is filled with 200,000 of the Library’s oldest books. As a "copyright library", it has legal deposit rights for material published in the Republic of Ireland; it is also the only Irish library to hold such rights for the United Kingdom. The library is the permanent home to the famous Book of Kells. Two of the four volumes are on public display, one opened to a major decorated page and the other to a typical page of text. The volumes and pages shown are regularly changed. Fusiliers' Arch - is a monument which forms part of the Grafton Street entrance to St Stephen's Green park, in Dublin, Ireland. Erected in 1907, it was dedicated to the officers, non-commissioned officers and enlisted men of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who fought and died in the Second Boer War (1899-1900). Funded by public subscription, the arch was designed by John Howard Pentland and built by Henry Laverty and Sons Thomas Drew consulted on the design and construction. The dimensions of the structure are said to be modeled on the Arch of Titus in Rome, and it is 75 ft. wide and 33 ft. high. The internal dimensions of the arch are 18 feet high by 12 ft. wide. The main structure of the arch is granite with a bronze adornment on the front of the arch. Inscriptions are carried out in limestone which list the principal battles and locations at which the fusiliers fought: Hart's Hill, Ladysmith, Talana, Colenso, Tugela Heights, and Laing's Nek. The names of 212 dead are inscribed on the underside of the arch. The construction of the arch coincided with a time of political and social change in Ireland, and the colonial and imperial background to the dedication were anathema to a burgeoning nationalist movement - who labeled the structure "Traitor's Gate". Though damaged in a cross-fire between the Irish Citizens Army and British troops during the 1916 Easter Rising, the arch remains "one of the few colonialist monuments in Dublin not blown up" in Ireland's post-independence history. Taylor's Three Rock Irish Night and Cabaret - Taylors Irish Night delivers a rip roaring evening of traditional Irish song and dance accompanied by a great selection of Irish food to delight your pallet. The resident band and traditional Irish Dancers provide breathtaking performances and never fail to entertain. Their Cabaret Show has the perfect blend of top traditional entertainers presenting an evening of Irish "craic". The performers delight with well know songs, foot tapping dances, soulful ballads and side splitting mirth by their resident comedian, Noel Ginnitu. Irish National Stud at Kildare is a Thoroughbred horse breeding facility based at Tully, Kildare, County Kildare, Ireland. To see our YouTube video of the National Stud Farm please click here . The Stud Farm was formally established by incorporation on April 11, 1946 under the National Stud Act, 1945 and is owned by the Irish Government. The Irish National Stud belongs to the people of Ireland . This is an attraction of outstanding natural beauty that showcases Ireland’s Thoroughbred industry and is home to some of the most magnificent horses and sumptuous gardens. The Japanese Gardens were created in 1906 . We followed the path called the "Life of Man". It was a feast for the eye and ear with the sight and sound of trickling streams perfectly complementing the greenery and vivid colors that provide a tranquil backdrop to the beautiful Bridge of Life and Tea House. Rock of Cashel - also known as Cashel of the Kings and St. Patrick's Rock, is an historic site located at Cashel, South Tipperary, Ireland. According to local mythology, the Rock of Cashel originated in the Devil's Bit, a mountain 20 miles north of Cashel when St. Patrick banished Satan from a cave, resulting in the Rock's landing in Cashel. Cashel is reputed to be the site of the conversion of the King of Munster by St. Patrick in the 5th century. The Rock of Cashel was the traditional seat of the kings of Munster for several hundred years prior to the Norman invasion. In 1101, the King of Munster, Muirchertach Ua Briain, donated his fortress on the Rock to the Church. Few remnants of the early structures survive; the majority of buildings on the current site date from the 12th and 13th centuries. Tipperary - lies in the scenic surroundings of the 'Golden Vale' that is just 4 miles from the beautifully secluded Glen of Aherlow between the Galtee Mountains and the Slievenamuck Hills. The town is a 19th century market town that began as an Anglo - Norman settlement - the motte and bailey built by the Normans can still be seen today. The town grew around a castle built by King John near the end of the 12th Century and is still a rich, lush agricultural area that is perfect for farming. Architecturally, the town boasts some magnificent 19th Century buildings with generous amounts of decorative work. The name of the town and county derives from the Irish 'Tiobraid Arann' meaning the 'Well of Ara' referring to the River Ara on which the town is built. This ancient sacred well is now closed but it was located in Bridge St. just off the Main Street. The town has long been linked with the song "It's a long way to Tipperary", written by Jack Judge, it became a marching song in the first world war and sung by both sides during World War I. Knappogue Castle - The Knappogue Castle and Walled Garden, built in 1467, is located in County Clare, Ireland. It was built by Seán Mac Conmara, and is a good example of a medieval tower house. It has a long and varied history, from a battlefield to a dwelling place. In 1571 the castle became the seat of the Mac Conmara (MacNamara) sept, the Earls of West Clancullen. Donnchadh Mac Conmara was a leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and Knappogue remained in Mac Conmara hands throughout the Irish Confederate Wars of the 1640s. After the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53) it was confiscated in accord with the Adventurers' Act and its new owner was Arthur Smith. However, after the monarchy was restored in 1660, Knappogue was returned to its Mac Conmara owners. The Mac Conmara sept sold the castle to the Scotts in 1800; the latter carried out major restoration and extension work. We enjoyed a medieval castle banquet served by waiters and waitresses in medieval dress. Entertainment was provided by dancers and musicians (including a harpist) sharing their love of Irish traditions. Limerick is the Republic of Ireland’s third largest city and is located at the mouth of the mighty River Shannon, where it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Conquered by the Vikings in the ninth century, this bustling modern city has a rich medieval past, which resounds around its ancient streets. As well as the internationally renowned Hunt Museum with its exceptional art collection including works from Picasso, da Vinci and Renoir, Limerick also boasts a wonderful medieval precinct with the famous 800-year-old King John’s Castle. Limerick is home to a number of higher-education institutions including the University of Limerick, Limerick Institute of Technology and Mary Immaculate College. Also, it has many shops, wonderful restaurants and is a popular small concert venue. St. Mary's Cathedral - Limerick Cathedral (St Mary's), dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary was founded in 1168 and is the oldest building in Limerick which is in daily use. It has the only complete set of misericords left in Ireland. These misericords are unique in Ireland as the only surviving pre-Elizabethan carvings, and probably date from 1480 when Bishop Folan restored St. Mary’s (A misericord, sometimes named mercy seat, is a small wooden shelf on the underside of a folding seat in a church, installed to provide a degree of comfort for a person who has to stand during long periods of prayer). According to tradition, Donal Mor O'Brien, the last King of Munster founded the present cathedral on the site of his palace on King's Island in 1168. The palace had been built on the site of the Viking meeting place, or "Thingmote" the Vikings' most westerly European stronghold. Parts of the palace may be incorporated into the present structure of the cathedral, most prominently the great West Door, which tradition claims was the original main entrance to the royal palace. The West Door is now only used on ceremonial occasions. According to tradition, during the many sieges of Limerick the defenders of the City used the stones around the West Door to sharpen their swords and arrows, and the marks they made in the stonework can be seen there today. The tower of St. Mary's Cathedral was added in the 14th century, and it rises to 120 feet. King John's Castle - is a castle located on King's Island in Limerick, Ireland, next to the River Shannon. The walls, towers and fortifications remain today. The remains of a Viking settlement were uncovered during the construction of a visitor center at the site. The Viking sea-king, Thormodr Helgason, built the first permanent Viking stronghold on Inis Sibhtonn (King's Island) in 922. He used the base to raid the length of the River Shannon from Lough Derg to Lough Ree, pillaging ecclesiastical settlements. In 937 the Limerick Vikings clashed with those of Dublin on Lough Ree and were defeated. In 943 they were defeated again when the chief of the local Dalcassian clan joined with Ceallachán, king of Munster and the Limerick Vikings were forced to pay tribute to the clans. The arrival of the Anglo-Normans to the area in 1172 changed everything. Domhnall Mór Ó Briain burned the city to the ground in 1174 in a bid to keep it from the hands of the new invaders. After he died in 1194, the Anglo-Normans finally captured the area in 1195, under John, Lord of Ireland. In 1197, local legend claims Limerick was given its first charter and its first Mayor, Adam Sarvant. A castle, built on the orders of King John and bearing his name, was completed around 1200. Dunguaire Castle - Dunguaire Castle is situated on the southeastern shore of Galway Bay in County Galway, Ireland, near Kinvarra, on a rocky outcropping right off of N67. It was built in 1520 by the O’Hynes, a family who may have been associated with the area since around 662. The tower was restored in the 16th century. In the early 17th century the castle passed into the hands of the Martyn’s of Galway. Richard Martyn, Mayor of Galway lived here until 1642 and the Martyn’s of Tulira Castle, owned the castle until this century. In 1924 Dunguaire was bought and repaired by Oliver St. John Gogarty, the famous surgeon and literary figure. In 1954 the castle was acquired by Christobel Lady Amptill who completed the restoration started by Oliver St. John Gogarty. Subsequently the castle became the property of Shannon Development. From April to October you can enjoy traditional Irish entertainment and locally sourced food at the castle banquet. Cliffs of Moher - are located at the southwestern edge of the Burren region in County Clare, Ireland. To see our YouTube Video of the Cliffs of Moher please click here . They rise 390 ft above the Atlantic Ocean at Hag's Head, and reach their maximum height of 702 ft just north of O'Brien's Tower, five miles to the north. O'Brien's Tower is a round stone tower near the midpoint of the cliffs built in 1835 by Sir Cornelius O'Brien to impress female visitors. The cliffs take their name from an old fort called Moher that once stood on Hag's Head, the southernmost point of the cliffs. The fort still stood in 1780 and is mentioned in an account from John Lloyd's a Short Tour Of Clare (1780). It was demolished in 1808 to provide material for a new telegraph tower. The present tower near the site of the old Moher Uí Ruidhin was built as a lookout tower during the Napoleonic wars. During our visit, the wind was blowing fiercely and a rainstorm was beginning to hit the area. The Burren - is a karst-landscape region (limestone region) in northwest County Clare, in Ireland. The word "Burren" comes from an Irish word "Boíreann" meaning a rocky place. This is an appropriate name for a landscape of extended, exposed limestone pavement and very little soil cover. Despite the apparent harsh terrain, more than 700 different flowering plants and ferns have been recorded in the Burren. Thus, although the Burren represents only 1% of the land-mass of Ireland, 75% of the Irish native species are contained in the area. The region measures approximately 96 square miles and is enclosed roughly within the circle made by the villages Ballyvaughan, Kinvara, Tubber, Corofin, Kilfenora and Lisdoonvarna. It is bounded by the Atlantic and Galway Bay on the west and north, respectively. A small portion of the Burren has been designated as Burren National Park. It is one of only six National Parks in Ireland and the smallest in size. Galway - To see our YouTube video of Galway, please click here . Galway City, in County Galway, was originally formed from a small fishing village located in the area near the Spanish Arch called ‘The Claddagh’ where the River Corrib meets Galway Bay. Today, it is a cultural city with a bohemian flavor and it is the fourth most populous city in Ireland. It is also a popular seaside destination with beautiful beaches and a long winding promenade. We had an opportunity to explore the bustling William Street and Shop Street area with its interesting collection of shops, boutiques and cafes. From there, we walked about Eyre Square, noting all the family names and crests on the flags.We also visited The Cathedral of Our Lady Assumed into Heaven and St Nicholas, commonly known as Galway Cathedral. It’s a Roman Catholic cathedral and is one of the largest and most impressive buildings in the city. Construction began in 1958 on the site of the old city jail, in 1965 Rathbaun Farm is situated in a rural area of Southwest County Galway in Ardrahan. Originally the home of the Burkes, now the home of the Connolly family, Fintan carries on the farming tradition on this 80 acre farm. The main livestock are sheep including a display of native Irish breeds. The land is “limestone, free-draining soil currently in permanent pasture and in organic conversion.” Visitors to Rathbaun Farm will get a glimpse into the daily workings of a sheep-farm with plenty of time to see the animals, feed the lambs, talk to the family and explore the farmyard. Frances directed us in making scones that were not only edible, but tasty! Then we watched Fintan sheer a sheep and saw his loyal border collie round up a group of sheep in no time flat. We toured the beautiful thatched roof cottage while a peat fire burned in the fireplace and we enjoyed the décor and ambiance of a peaceful, old time farm setting. Bunratty Castle, meaning "Castle at the Mouth of the Ratty" is a large tower house in County Clare, Ireland. It lies in the centre of Bunratty village. The name Bunratty, Bun Raite (or possibly, Bun na Raite) in Irish, means the 'bottom' or end of the 'Ratty' river. This river, alongside the castle, flows into the nearby Shannon estuary. From the top of the castle, one can look over to the estuary and the airport. The castle and the adjoining folk park are run by Shannon Heritage. Bunratty Castle, built in 1425, is the most complete and authentic medieval fortress in Ireland and contains furnishings, tapestries, and works of art from the period. The castle is famous for the night time medieval banquets which operate there throughout the year. We enjoyed the Traditional Irish Night in the Corn Barn. When we arrived, we were welcomed by the ‘Fear an Ti’ who offered us a drink of Carolans Irish Cream Liqueur or a glass of mead. This was followed by a four course dinner of Irish traditional dishes while being treated to the best traditions of Ireland in music, song and dance. Following dinner, the 40 minute show included storytelling, and more dancing and music with instrumental pieces and ballads weaving the story of Irish traditional music through the ages. It was a fine dinner with fine entertainment. King Puck Goat - The most widely mentioned story relating to the origin of King Puck, associates him with the English Ironside Leader Oliver Cromwell. It is related that while the "Roundheads" were pillaging the countryside around Shanara and Kilgobnet at the foot of the McGillycuddy Reeks, they routed a herd of goats grazing on the upland. The animals took flight before the raiders, and the he-goat or "Puck" broke away on his own and lost contact with the herd. While the others headed for the mountains he went towards Cill Orglain (Killorglin) on the banks of the Laune. His arrival there in a state of semi exhaustion alerted the inhabitants of the approaching danger and they immediately set about protecting themselves and their stock. It is said that in recognition of the service rendered by the goat, the people decided to institute a special festival in his honor and this festival has been held ever since. Whatever its origins, the festival has long been and continues to be the main social, economic and cultural event in the Killorglin Calendar. Killorglin - is a town located in the South-West of Ireland in County Kerry. Situated on the Iveragh Peninsula on the N70 Ring of Kerry road. Killorglin stands on a hill to the south of Castlemaine Harbour headwaters, on the famous salmon fishing River Laune. The population of Killorglin is only 2085 although this expands considerably during the famous Puck Fair due to visitors and returning emigrants. The fair is held each year from August 10-12. The three days are named The Gathering Day (a horse fair), The Fair Day (a cattle fair) and The Scattering Day.We stopped long enough to take a photo of the King Puck statue.. Ring of Kerry - is a tourist trail in County Kerry, south-western Ireland. To see our YouTube video of the Ring of Kerry, please click here . The route covers the 111 mile circular road starting from Killarney, heading around the Iveragh Peninsula and passing through Kenmare, Sneem, Waterville, Cahersiveen and Killorglin. Popular points include Muckross House (near Killarney), Staigue stone fort and Derrynane House, home of Daniel O'Connell. Just south of Killarney, Ross Castle, Lough Leane, and Ladies View (a panoramic viewpoint), all located within Killarney National Park, are major attractions located along the Ring. Since we are photo buffs, for us this was one of the most enjoyable afternoons we spent on our British Isles adventure. Click here to see some pictures of the beautiful Kerry Mountains . If we could stop at every great vantage point, it would have taken us a week and 100,000 photographs to complete the Ring of Kerry. We had lunch at Scarriff Inn, which provided a great scenic backdrop. At the end of the of the loop, we took a jaunty, horse carriage ride to Ross Castle within Killarney National Park. This is truly a beautiful area in a beautiful country. Lakes of Killarney - are a renowned scenic attraction located near Killarney, County Kerry, in Ireland. They consist of three lakes - Lough Leane, Muckross Lake (also called Middle Lake) and Upper Lake. Lough Leane (from Irish: Loch Léin meaning "lake of learning") is the largest of the three lakes. The River Laune drains Lough Leane to the north towards Killorglin and into Dingle Bay. The lakes lie in a mountain-ringed valley starting in the Black Valley. The mountains include: Carrauntoohil (Ireland's highest mountain) Purple Mountain, Mangerton Mountain and Torc Mountain. Ladies View is a scenic stopping point on the N71 road from Killarney to Kenmare that offers a view of the lakes and valleys. There are many sites of natural, historic and religious interest on the lakes which are mostly contained in the surrounding Killarney National Park. On the shores lie Ross Castle, Muckross Abbey and Muckross House. On Lough Leane is Innisfallen Island. Ross Island, a peninsula on the eastern shore of Lough Leane, is the site of copper mines dating back 4000 years to the Bronze Age, the earliest known copper mines in the British Isles. The area was also extensively mined in the early 19th century by the Herbert family of Muckross House. Muckross Peninsula, which separates Lough Leane from Muckross Lake, contains one of the few yew woods in Europe. Ross Castle, Killarney - This Castle may be considered a typical example of the stronghold of an Irish Chieftain during the Middle Ages. The date of its foundation is uncertain but it was probably built in the late 15th century by one of the O'Donoghue Ross chieftains. It is surrounded by a fortified bawn, its curtain walls defended by circular flanking towers, two of which remain. Much of the bawn was removed by the time the Barrack building was added on the south side of the castle sometime in the middle of the 18th century. The castle contains 16th and 17th century oak furniture. Waterville - Waterville, historically known as Coirean (Irish: An Coireán, meaning "the crescent"), is a village in County Kerry, Ireland, on the Iveragh Peninsula. The town is sited on a narrow isthmus, with Lough Currane on the east side of the town, and Ballinskelligs Bay on the west, and the Currane River connecting the two. The town's name in Irish refers to the river in the case of "The Little Whirlpool", or "The Sickle" refers to the shape of Ballinskelligs Bay on which the town sits; the name however has been transplanted onto the lake with the Irish name being Loch Luíoch or Loch Luidheach. The Butler family built a house at the mouth of the River Currane in the latter part of the 18th century. They named their house and estate Waterville. The village that developed on the estate during the first half of the 19th century was also named Waterville. The town was a favorite holiday spot of Charlie Chaplin and his family who used to stay in the Butler Arms Hotel. They first visited the town in 1959 and came back every year for over ten years. There is a statue of him in the centre of the village in his memory. The community has also obtained permission from the Charlie Chaplin estate to hold the inaugural Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival in the spirit of Charlie Chaplin, the first festival was held in 2011. It is the home of Mick O'Dwyer, Gaelic footballer and former Kerry senior football manager in the 1970s and 1980s. The landowners in Waterville and its environs were the Marquess of Landsdowne, the Hartopps and the Butlers. Both the Hartopps and Butlers were considered good landlords who were helpful to tenants and created employment. The Hartopp Arms Hotel was recorded as elegant as early as 1858. This was later known as the Southern Lake Hotel. It was demolished and the Waterville Lake Hotel constructed in its place at the beginning of the 1970s. Blarney - The castle originally dates from before 1200, when a wooden structure was believed to have been built on the site, although no evidence remains of this. Around 1210 this was replaced by a stone fortification. It was destroyed in 1446, but subsequently rebuilt by Cormac Laidir MacCarthy, Lord of Muscry. The castle was besieged during the Irish Confederate Wars and was seized in 1646 by Parliamentarian forces under Lord Broghill. However after the Restoration the castle was restored to Donough MacCarty, who was made 1st Earl of Clancarty. During the Williamite War in Ireland in the 1690s, the then 4th Earl of Clancarty (also named Donough MacCarty) was captured and his lands (including Blarney Castle) were confiscated by the Williamites. The castle was sold and changed hands a number of times-Sir Richard Pyne, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, owned it briefly- before being purchased in the early 1700s by Sir James St. John Jefferyes, then Governor of Cork City. Members of the Jefferyes family would later build a mansion near the keep. This house was destroyed by fire however, and in 1874 a replacement baronial mansion—known as Blarney House—was built overlooking the nearby lake. In the mid 19th century the Jefferyes and Colthurst families were joined by marriage, and the Colthurst family still occupy the demesne. In May 2008, the present estate owner, Sir Charles St John Colthurst, Baronet, succeeded in a court action to eject a man who has lived on his land for 44 years. The man's great-grandfather was the first to occupy the estate cottage. Cork and the Irish Countryside - from corcach, meaning "marsh") is a city in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and in the province of Munster. With a population of 119,230, it is the second largest city in the state and the third most populous on the island of Ireland. The city is built on the River Lee which divides into two channels at the western end of the city. The city centre is located on the island created by the channels. At the eastern end of the city centre where the channels re-converge, quays and docks along the river banks lead to Lough Mahon and Cork Harbour, which is one of the world's largest natural harbours. The city's cognomen of "the rebel city" originates in its support for the Yorkist cause during the War of the Roses. Corkonians often refer to the city as "the real capital" in reference to the city's role as the centre of anti-treaty forces during the Irish Civil War. Waterford meaning "ram fjord"; Irish: Port Láirge, meaning "Lárag's port") is a city in Ireland. It is located in the South-East Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the country. Waterford City Council is the local government authority for the city. The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour (Irish: Loch Dá Chaoch or Cuan Phort Láirge). The city motto Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia ("Waterford remains the untaken city") was granted by King Henry VII of England in 1497 after Waterford refused to recognize the claims of the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck to the English throne. Waterford was subjected to two sieges in 1649 and 1650, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. It withstood the first siege but surrendered during the second siege to Henry Ireton on 6 August 1650. We also had a fun Irish night out in Waterford. We went to see Richie Roberts play at Hayes Pub in Killea-Dunmore East, Ireland. Please click here to see our pictures from that evening. To see our YouTube video of our visit to Waterford, please click here . House of Waterford- Waterford Crystal is a manufacturer of crystal. It is named for the city of Waterford, Ireland. It's owned by WWRD Holdings Ltd, a luxury goods group which also owns and operates the Wedgwood and Royal Doulton brands. Waterford City has been the home of Waterford Crystal since 1783. In January 2009 its Waterford base was closed down due to the bankruptcy of the Wedgwood Group. After several difficulties and takeovers, it re-emerged later that year. In June 2010, Waterford Crystal relocated almost back to its original roots, on The Mall in Waterford City. This new location is now home to a manufacturing facility that melts over 750 tons of crystal a year. While in Waterford, we had the opportunity to take guided tour of the factory and visited their retail store, which showcased the world's largest collection of Waterford Crystal. Rosslare Ireland is a village and Seaside resort in County Wexford, Ireland. The name Rosslare Strand is used to distinguish it from the nearby community of Rosslare Harbour, site of the Europort. Rosslare has been a tourist resort for at least 100 years. It prides itself on being the sunniest spot in Ireland, and records bear this out: Rosslare receives 300 hours more sunshine each year than the average place in Ireland. The long sandy strand is a Blue Flag beach so it attracts swimmers and families, while there are a number of good golf courses in the vicinity. Rosslare is commonly known in Ireland as being in the "Sunny South-East", and in 1959 Rosslare recorded 1,996.4 hours of sunshine, the highest recorded in Ireland. However, it is not the warmest or driest place in Ireland. Ferry across St Georges Channel to Pembroke South Wales St George's Channel (Welsh: Sianel San Siôr, Irish: Muir Bhreatan is a sea channel connecting the Irish Sea to the north and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. Historically, the name "St Georges Channel" was used interchangeably with "Irish Sea" or "Irish Channel" to encompass all the waters between Ireland to the west and Great Britain to the east. Later it was restricted to the portion separating Wales from Leinster, sometimes extending south to the waters between the West Country of England and East Munster; the latter have since the 1970s come to be called the Celtic Sea. In Ireland "St George's Channel" is now usually taken to refer only to the narrowest part of the channel, between Carnsore Point in Wexford and St David's Head in Pembrokeshire. We've been doing our web site for many years. Some technology comes and goes... Here are some links to flash slide shows that can be viewed on a PC but are no longer supported on iPhone or Android devices. Back when these slide shows were made, there was no way to add music... So to see some of our "historical" silent slide shows... please click on the links below.	i don't know
The Idle Working Men’s Club is in the village of Idle in which English city suburb?	working men’s club working men’s club n (in Britain , especially in the industrial areas of the Midlands and northern England) a club where people go after work to meet each other, drink in the bar, play games such as darts , cards and bingo , and watch entertainments including singing, dancing and comedy. Since the 1960s, many famous British entertainers have started their careers performing in these clubs. They were established in the 1850s by the church and grew in number after a central organization, the Working Men’s Club and Institute Union (WMCIU), was established in 1862. * * * workmen’s compensation Look at other dictionaries: working men's club — working men’s club [working mens club] noun (in Britain, especially in the industrial areas of the ↑Midlands and northern England) a club where people go after work to meet each other, drink in the bar, play games such as ↑darts, cards and ↑bingo … Useful english dictionary working men's club — working men s clubs N COUNT A working men s club is a place where working people, especially men, can go to relax, drink alcoholic drinks, and sometimes watch live entertainment … English dictionary Working men's club — Streethouse working men s club For miners community, educational and social establishments, see Miners institute. Working men s clubs are a type of private social club founded in the 19th century in industrial areas of the United Kingdom,… … Wikipedia Working Men's Club and Institute Union — The Working Men s Club and Institute Union (CIU or C IU) is a voluntary association of private members clubs in Great Britain Northern Ireland, with about 3,000 associate clubs. One club in the Republic of Ireland, the City of Dublin Working Men… … Wikipedia Idle Working Men's Club — The Idle Working Men s Club is a working men s club in the village of Idle, a suburb of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England. The club was established in 1928 by workmen from a local sewage works who found that their shift working arrangements and … Wikipedia Houldsworth Working Men's Club — Infobox Historic building caption=The main entrance from Leamington Road name=Houldsworth Working Mens Club location town=Reddish, Greater Manchester location country=England map type=Greater Manchester latitude=53.4383 longitude= 2.1573… … Wikipedia Men's Senior Baseball League — The Men’s Senior Baseball League (MSBL)/Men’s Adult Baseball League (MABL) is a national organization in the United States, with 325 local affiliates, 3,200 teams, and 45,000 members who play organized amateur baseball in local leagues, 30… … Wikipedia Gentlemen's club — This article is about traditional gentlemen s clubs. For the popular euphemism, see strip club. The Reform Club, set up in the early 19th century in London A gentlemen s club is a members only private club of a type originally set up by and for B … Wikipedia Michigan State Men's Volleyball Club — Contents 1 Club history 2 Yearly Operations 3 Alumni 4 Academics 5 Coaching … Wikipedia Bantu Men's Social Centre — The Bantu Men s Social Centre, founded in 1924 in Johannesburg, South Africa, played important social, political, and cultural roles in the lives of black South Africans. History The Bantu Men s Social Centre was started by Rev. Ray E. Phillips… … Wikipedia 16+	Bradford
Who plays Calvin J Candie in the 2012 film ‘Django Unchained’?	Bradford Timeline - History of Bradford, Yorkshire - 1900 to 1924 Town Hall extension foundation stone (28/7) School of Art (27/9) Union Infirmary Hospital (St Lukes) "Express Dairy", City Road 376 Thornton Road (RH Hopkinson) Jaykam House, 63 East Parade [LG] Allerton Library (8/7) or 1916? Bowling Transport Depot {1977} Rawson Place Market extended (18/4) - see 1875 James Street Fish Market covered - see 1891 St James's Church, Baildon Sir Henry Irving died (13/10) - Midland Hotel [Flickr] Smallpox outbreak Winston Churchill at St Georges Hall (3/3) Union Mills, Eccleshill destroyed by fire Boer War memorial plaque, Bingley Hammerton Street Mills gutted by fire (17/7) Mayor - WA Whitehead Great Horton Sunday Schools burned down (20/2) Scholemoor Cemetery first cremation (30/11) Bradford City Manager - Peter O'Rourke {1921} Bradford City 8 (D2) - Bradford 2 (RL1) National PM - Henry Campbell Bannerman - Lib {1908} Chelsea FC formed as a professional club Hull City FC turned professional Norwich City FC formed as a professional club Shrewsbury Town FC turned professional Skating rink - Rolarena, Manningham Lane (10/11) {1955} St Joseph's College (26/2) Wilton Street pianoforte works destroyed by fire (8/2) Belle Vue school extension (10/12) Manningham Library foundation stone Muff Field Wesleyan Reform School (29/8) Events First clinic in England (Manor Row) Bradford City - First Division (22/4) Meteorological instruments at Lister Park Electric street lights - Manningham Lane & Morley Street Driver charged with speeding - 12 to 16mph Bradford Park Avenue first league game Vic Feather born Lord Mayor - Sir James Hill Busbys founded - Kirkgate (moved 1930) Ickringill's Mill Disaster (25/9) Petrol driven fire engine (17/11) Arthur Poulter awarded the Victoria Cross Bradford City became limited company Bradford City 1P (D2) - Northern 12 (RL) National PM - Herbert Asquith - Lib {1916} Old Age Pension for 70+ (6/5) Darlington FC turned professional Hartlepool United formed as a professional club Coventry FC turned professional Exeter City FC turned professional Huddersfield Town formed as a professional club Toller Lane skating rink (30/9) {?} Undercliffe Pavillion, Northcote Rd (10/4) {1922} Towers Hall skating rink (6/4) Bowling Spinning mill destroyed by fire (13/11) Technical College extension foundation stone (5/11) Wesleyan Reform Church, Little Horton Broomfield Public Baths (26/6) Institute for the Blind workshops (9/7) St Peter's Church, Shipley consecrated (1/5) Events Bradford to Leeds tram service (7/6) Yorkshire Observer {1956} Sunday Observance Committee formed (10/9) Fred Karno's Circus (with Charle Chaplin) at Empire Woolcombers strike began (22/7) New Arts Club opened (2/10) Lord Mayor - William Land Cinderella Club home, Morecambe (17/4) Bradford Choral Union formed (19/7) Thwaites station closed (1/7) Bradford City 18 (D1) - Avenue 16 (D2) - Northern 23 (RL) National First Trolley Bus (with Leeds) in the country (Trial 20/6) (Service 24/6) {1972} Visit from Edward Sousa and his band (9/2) Chapel Lane flooded after thunderstorm (3/8) Samuel Ledgard Bus Company founded - Armley Theatre de Luxe cinema, Bridge St (14/1) {1923} Hippodrome cinema, Barkerend Rd (20/2) {1961) Bingley College founded FA Cup (3rd) made by Fattorinis (Birmingham) Bradford to Leeds mail carried by tramcar (1/4) Lord Mayor - John Batt Moorhouse Towers Hall cinema, Manchester Rd (25/9) {1966} Eccleshill Picture Palace (2/10) {1931} Queens Hall cinema, Laisterdyke (23/10) {1957} Bradford City FA cup winners (25/4) Albion Mills, Greengates destroyed by fire (10/3) Valley Road Dyeworks destroyed by fire (20/11) Explosions in Bradford Beck - 3 killed (1/12) Bradford Sporting Club opened Bradford City 5 (D1) - Avenue 12 (D2) - Northern 23 (RL) National Halifax Town FC formed as a professional club Official Secrets Act Visit from Lord Baden Powell (6/6) Town Hall - new staircase opened (9/10) Bradford Army Veterans Association formed (27/1) Fire at Northbrook Brewery, Manningham (27/2) 59 miles of tramway and 252 trams City centre flooded - £100,000 damage First "camp" school - Daisy Hill Alhambra - first performance (23/3) Corporation agree to buy Infirmary for £100,000 (10/2) Visit from Prince Joseph of Uganda (12/5) Union Street warehouse fire (7/1) Lord Mayor - George Henry Robinson Olympic cinema (16/2) {1923} Low Moor cinema (14/9) {1957} Dawsons, first concrete buildings collapses (12/2) Explosion at Heckmondwyke (2/12) 1st Bradford Pals Battalion formed (20/9) First football "derby" game Horse-drawn fire engines withdrawn from service Maternity Care Committee formed Bradford City 9 (D1) - Avenue 2P (D2) - Northern 24 (RL) National St Lukes War Hospital extension (5/10) Recreation grounds, Legrams Lane/St Michaels Road (19/4) Events Low Moor explosion - 39 died (21/8) 500 painters and decorators on strike (18/4 to 16/5)) Somme - Bradford Pals, only 323 of 2000 survive Donald Bell awarded the Victoria Cross Bill Chafer awarded the Victoria Cross George Sanders awarded the Victoria Cross Short 184 torpedo bomber built in Bradford YMCA opened in Forster Square (24/3) Lord Mayor - Abram Peel Bradford Motor Volunteers public parade (5/2) Ramsay MacDonald visited (25/11) Telegraph moves to Observer offices (28/2) Samuel Ingham awarded the Victoria Cross Special constables (200) start patrols at night (16/2) Alhambra and Empire Theatre amalgamated (1/5) Allerton library opened see also 1905 National PM - David Lloyd George - Coalition {1922} British Summer Time introduced Park Road cinema (22/7) {1961} Tennyson cinema (15/10) {1961} Norman Rae Maternity Home, Shipley (4/9) Blind Workshop, Frizinghall (7/2) - Earl of Onslow Daisy Hill school Hall Ings experimental rubber road setts laid (23/10) Bridge over Thornton Rd - Prince of Wales (30/5) Emm Lane widened Council staff (200) on strike (20/4) Theatre de Luxe cinema closed (16/6) Record billiard break by Wilkie Smith (6/2) Northcliffe woods bandstand Royal visit - Prince of Wales [King Edward VIII] Mill fire (2/8) Controlled tipping at Odsal commenced (became RL ground) Heavy flooding - Aire & Wharfe (14/11) Lord Mayor - Herbert M Trotter Olympic cinema closed (20/1) Tree planting, Lady Hill park (20/1) International Theatre Exhibition (4/6) Bradford to Dick Hudson walk (2/4) Scheme to clear White Abbey approved (19/7) Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand visited (6/12) Bradford City 15 (D2) - Avenue 2 (D3) - Northern 26 (RL) National PM - Stanley Baldwin - Con {1929} Minimum age for drinking became 18	i don't know
Which fruit is traditionally used in the recipe for Liverpool Tart?	Liverpool Tart recipe \| MyDish Hints & Tips Method Acquire two of those "four-yorkshire-pud" baking trays and line them with your best pastry (or somebody else's even better pastry) Melt the butter & sugar, then let it cool but not solidify. Cut lemon in pieces small enough to remove pips. Use a blender to mash it fairly fine. (10 seconds should be about right) Put everything into a mixer, with an egg, and beat until fairly smooth, (a bit of "texture" does no harm), and LADLE the mixture into the pastry trays; about three tbsp per tart should be enough. Do not use more than this or the filling will only overflow during baking. Bake at Gas 5, until just before the pastry starts to brown, or the filling to crisp. This will mean about 22 MINUTES on Gas 5 in the middle shelf. (The second tray, on a lower oven shelf, will then need another ten minutes on the top shelf.) NB; on removal from the oven there will be an (attractive) "butter-bloom" on the surface, but this will fade overnight to a uniform dark brown. TOPPING; The original said "Cross bar over" i.e. twist strips of pastry across the top in both directions, and this "lattice"would be an ideal simple version for home baking. For more detail and ideas please visit http://www.gerryjones.talktalk.net/judytart.html	Lemon
After the ‘Mutiny on the Bounty’ Captain Bligh and several of his crew were set afloat in a small boat in which they journeyed to which island?	Fresh Fruit Tart Recipe : Paula Deen : Food Network Cantaloupe 4.8 221 Way too sweet and filling not thick enough.<br /> Anonymous 2016-12-11T02:31:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published If you want to knock this recipe out of the park and really impress your guests, here are some tips. For the crust, use 1/2 cup of crushed pecans, 1 cup flour, 1/2 cup powdered sugar, 1 1/2 sticks of butter and a pinch of salt. Add a little lime zest and a teaspoon of apricot preserves to the fillingolf ingredients. Add a teaspon of the apricot preserves to the glaze. The tart is beautiful either way....just a little plain tasting without the suggestions above. You won't be disappointed!! Donna K. 2016-08-06T21:43:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I normally don't write reviews for recipes but this one changed my mind. It is a keeper. Since summer and fresh berries are synonymous I decided to make a tart. This recipe was highly rated during my search. I used blueberries, blackberries, strawberries and raspberries. Instead of using Paula's glaze, I used apricot glaze. It was soooo delicious. I had no problem with my crust since I used cold butter and refridgerated my crust for 10-15 minutes prior to baking. I baked it using convection at 325 degrees until it turned a light golden brown. My hubby had his reservations about a fruit tart but he just ate his 2nd serving! He said this was wonderful! Liza B. 2016-08-01T03:23:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Absolute go-to summer dessert! This fruit tart is not only beautiful but simply delicious. It always gets rave reviews at any party. For the glaze I usually substitute the juice of 3 limes and 1/4 cup of water. And if I'm in a pinch for time I use mostly full berries instead of slicing. THANK You Paula! jodi.obrien2 2016-07-19T13:22:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was easy, pretty, and delicious. What more could you ask for. I didn't do the glaze or the whipped cream. Other changes: I added a couple tablespoons of half-and-half to the cream cheese mixture so it was more spreadable, I used cold butter in the crust and refrigerated it 15 minutes before baking, and only used strawberries and blueberries for 4th of July.<br /> kmilano 2016-07-05T15:10:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Based on the reviews, I refrigerated the crust for a couple of hours before baking, which helped keep the side up. For the second time, I used cold butter, cut into small pieces, for the crust and refrigerated it for 5 min or so. Since the crust was somewhat cold already, that was long enough to keep the side up during the baking.<br />I took the first one to a school I work at. My co-worker and students loved it. It disappeared fast. I am making the second one for my friend's birthday. I am skipping the glaze, though.<br /> Hiromi Motojima 2016-07-01T16:58:15Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Amazing recipe. Looks like an elegant dessert bought at a bakery and tastes awesome. Served it to company and everyone loved it. I made the recipe as written. The locally grown berries I had were smaller, so I sliced them in half and placed the cut side down on the pastry cream. My granddaughter, who is 5, helped me place the strawberries that she picked and the blueberries on the tart (did not use kiwi or raspberries and didn't miss them)....it was a fun project for both of us and it looked very professional. This recipe is a keeper! vtoria2 2016-06-27T22:32:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Delicious and has a beautiful presentation! With the excess glaze I made whiskey drinks, which also turned out delicious. No waste here! Anonymous 2016-01-12T05:00:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe was good except for one minor issue. While baking the crust, I noticed the buttery consistency made it slide a little down the sides of the tart pan. Maybe chilling the crust before putting in the oven could prevent this. Any tips?? I used marscapone instead of cream cheese because that was all I had in the fridge and it turned out great! Anonymous 2015-09-15T17:15:25Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I love this recipe! Super light, sweet, and fruity. I would really like to make this for a friend to say thanks, but she has Celiac disease and can't have gluten, obviously. Before I start experimenting in the kitchen, has someone already had success converting this recipe into gluten free? johnsonpenny85 2015-07-12T23:16:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I have made this twice with no adjustments and both times it was amazing! It's so easy but looks so impressive. Very light and refreshing for a dessert. The glaze pulls it all together well, just dont add too much or it will get soggy. And it doesnt even need the whipped cream. Chelsea D. 2014-05-12T03:14:07Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this tart for Easter Tea, it was so delicious, it looked beautiful, and so easy to make! Loved everything about it! Even my husband who doesn't care for fruit tarts loved it! I didn't change anything in the recipe and it was perfect! Next time I'll try mandarins instead of kiwi. Any ideas what to do with the extra lime juice? michelleacollins 2014-04-30T01:44:50Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This tart is delicious and looks so impressive! Yet, it is so simple to prepare!! It's the perfect "go to" recipe if you have a little lead time; but, are short on time prep time for a complicated dessert recipe. This recipe never fails to be a crowd pleaser!! FYI, I add quite a lot of lemon zest to the cream cheese mixture and like to make more than the recipe calls for so I'm sure to fill up the shell. Nancy Z. 2014-03-12T00:03:09Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe honestly just doesn't work. The 12" crust is way too huge for the small amount of filling. On top of that, the filling is so buttery that it just melts down the sides as you cook it, leaving a flat surface rather than a crust than can be filled. It tastes good, but it's a useless mess when you're done. Guest 2014-02-21T06:06:44Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Every time I make this, guests think I bought it at the bakery! Always a HUGE hit. I add more fruit and pile it high in the center with blueberries and raspberries. It's especially good the next day. One of my favorite Paula recipes of all time. FoodieFancier 2013-08-23T11:20:01Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This tart is beautiful, delicious and a refreshing finish to any meal. I made it without modification to the recipe....perfect as is. Thank you, Paula, for another great recipe! lamorehp 2013-08-09T19:45:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this right now and it is delicious! It is super easy to make. At first I was apprehensive about using cream cheese for the filling because I'm not to crazy about cream cheese. But once it's in the tart, you can't even tell. Trust me, if I can make this, anyone can. Guest 2013-07-08T20:12:24Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Pretty to look at, delicious to eat. Made it the night before and kept in fridge until a few minutes before serving. It was so good Cindy P. 2013-07-01T00:06:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is so easy and always gets rave reviews! I agree, the glaze recipe makes entirely too much for the tart. I may try to halve it and not buy the limeade concentrate and just use lime juice. Always great for a picnic! Valerie H. 2013-06-30T16:54:52Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Delicious and impresses my guests! I have made this twice and it has been completely gobbled up both times. People rave about it. I have not made the glaze, but just warmed apricot preserves and water as a quick glaze. The crust and filling are divine. Will continue to make again and again! Stephanie M. 2013-06-06T21:38:00Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is delicious! Have made this several times and I can never make enough. The glaze needs a light touch and I use a pointed tip plastic squeeze bottle to apply. You will have leftover glaze. Beautiful as well. Roxycosan 2013-03-29T21:02:06Z item not reviewed by moderator and published While this was a great desert, the cream cheese filling was a bit sweet and heavy for my taste. I made it the second time substituting a thick lemon pudding and it was perfect for me and my family. This will definitely be a favorite desert for family and friends. Guest 2013-01-25T03:45:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Yes this is a great recipe, Sometimes I do a pastry cream to put on the crust instead of her cream cheese ,but the crust is unbelievably easy. Everyone says it is the best tart they have ever tasted rjpphn_ 2012-12-19T21:09:03Z item not reviewed by moderator and published awsome!!! we had a pumpkin carving. i made this for are snack everyone loved it. again i was famous! lol!! pistol s. 2012-10-29T14:17:00Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Easy to make and great for the summer when there is an abundance of fresh fruit. I would half the glaze recipe since not all is used anyway. Looks impressive as well! betty1336 2012-08-29T12:17:29Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was amazing. My son loves fruit tarts but does not like cheese cake. So I replaced the cream cheese with Mascarpone cheese. It made it much lighter in taste. The glaze gives it just the right amount of tartness. This was fantastic and will make it again and again. Katherine446 2012-08-26T14:51:47Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was SO good and easy to make. My husband, who usually just likes chocolate desserts LOVED it! Oh, and so beautiful, too. This would be an excellent dessert to take to an event or a pot luck. Mmmmmmm. Deb R. 2012-07-30T06:32:15Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The crust can be made more healthy without the butter. The sugars need to be replaced with agave syrup to avoid spiking blood sugar levels where possible. The total taste of this otherwise delicious and healthy dish can be enhanced with greater over-all longterm health rewards by altering the ingredients and thus maximizing your taste and health benefits. healingchef 2012-07-27T14:13:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published YUMMY: made it twice in one week! Was my very first tart ever, both making and also eating. Super easy to make. My 3yr old have helping too. Everyone LOVED it! Guest 2012-07-26T16:46:32Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was delicious, perfect sweetness and balance. I had trouble getting the crust pressed all the way around my 12" pan and ended up making another half batch of dough. It helped me fill it in, but the crust puffed up to where it was quite thick, even with the use of pie weights (not that anyone complained!. I upped the bake time 2 minutes, and pulled it out just when the edges started to brown. It looked undercooked, but wasn't-might be why some others had trouble. It tasted like something between a shortbread and a sugar cookie. The thin cream cheese layer was yummy, and unlike a traditional fruit tart filling, doesn't make the crust soggy over time. But it tasted better the next day, after the vanilla had some time to mellow out. The glaze was super tart, so I only used a thin layer, and then we ended up not tasting it, which was actually fine with me. Next time I will save the expense and skip it altogether. The sweet, juicy fresh fruit was the star, and that's how it should be! luckylei 2012-07-25T04:03:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I This tart is a real crowd pleaser. I've made this twice and both times not a single crumb was left, everyone LOVED it. The crust is super easy and tastes like a shortbread cookie. It always turns out beautiful and looks like it took hours to create. The definition of a Paula Deen recipe: simple yet incredible! Guest 2012-07-24T22:04:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Great recipe. Really not difficult at all. The results are quite impressive if you are seeking oohs and aahs from your guests. boatdetective 2012-07-22T14:14:24Z item not reviewed by moderator and published its good Guest 2012-07-22T10:16:37Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This fruit tart was easy to make, beautiful, and absolutely delicious! Paula's reputation, ease of construction and the rave reviews gave me the courage to make this for first time AND for a dinner party of people I didn't know. Everyone raved about, thought I bought it, then asked for the recipe. Thank you Paula and the Food Network! Guest 2012-07-08T18:50:17Z item not reviewed by moderator and published AWESOME RECIPE!!!! used warm honey for the glaze and it was the best summer desert by far. Everyone loves this dessert. bakervw 2012-07-05T12:58:26Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Great recipe! I added 1/3rd cup of toasted and finely chopped almonds,pecans and coconut to the crust, really added another great dimension. Love the glaze!! kiwi95 2012-06-26T13:28:11Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I love this recipe. My kids have a blast making it and it disappears in seconds. Sojourner O. 2012-06-16T21:19:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Pretty awesome recipe! My only complaint is that I bought blueberries and only used 8 of them...not a big fan of blueberries- so I'll leave them out next time. I could not find an 11" or 12" tart pan, so had to settle on a 9.85" from Target. Modified the crust measurements and they worked perfectly...if anyone has a small pan try 1 1/4c flour, 1/2c butter, 1/3c sugar for the crust. I will be making this over and over! kfritzen 2012-05-29T09:21:03Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Wonderful recipe and so much fun to make. I loved the idea of filling in the open spots with the blueberries. This is one of my most favorite treats to pick up at coffee shops but many are made with a lemon custard that overpowers the fruit. The cream cheese base on this recipe is perfect, can't wait to make this again. Angela K. 2012-05-24T14:58:59Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This tart is so awesome! I made for my French class and they really loved it! Ajam1995 2012-05-17T13:18:53Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made at the last minute for a teacher breakfast and everyone raved! I substituted blueberry yogurt however for the topping because it sounded good! shoedog 2012-05-02T16:49:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published My family and I love this tart. Very easy to make, beautiful presentation and delicious. I've shared this recipe with family and friends! Debra C. 2012-04-07T08:44:12Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe is a very easy fruit tart and very pretty presentation. The only problem I had with this fruit tart was that it was incredibly sweet. The next time I try this I am going to cut down the sugar a lot!!! chocoholic98 2012-04-06T10:07:14Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Very good. Pretty presentation! drap1782 2012-03-24T08:34:55Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I don't know what I did wrong but this did not turn out at all, way too much butter? joanne obrien 2012-03-19T16:36:45Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This the second weekend of making this. We had company over last weekend and they raved over it! Is was gone by the end of the night. That's why I'm making it again today because I know it will get the same reaction, it's not only beautiful but easy to make and delicious. I highly recommend this recipe! Sariah W. 2012-03-17T13:29:35Z item not reviewed by moderator and published this recipe is so easy and delicious. even someone who cant cook cant go wrong with this. everything in it is delicious from the glaze to the crust to the filling. when i first tasted the tart it was like a burst of delicious flavors. i will be making lots of these. i only used stawberiies in mines because thats what i like. Guest 2012-02-21T19:59:41Z item not reviewed by moderator and published FOR THOSE WHO ARE AFRAID TO COOK AND THINK THEY CANT, I TELL YOU THIS: THIS TART IS SO EASY TO MAKE, LOOKS LIKE IT CAME FROM THE FOUR SEASONS HOTEL AND IT IS SCRUMPTIOUS TO BOOT!. AS DESERTS GO, THIS ONE IS NOT GREASY , NOT HEAVY AND HEALTHY AND DIVINE! THANK YOU PAULA! JAZZYSUEZEE 2011-11-24T12:18:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this for the 1st time on the 4th of July and it was a HIT!! It is so easy and tastes amazing...getting its debut at the Thanksgiving table this year : I cheat and use store bought dough though. nina.velasquez 2011-11-23T15:19:01Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Delicious, everyone loved it!!! I loved it because it was not too sweet. The Limeade glaze surprised me, it enhanced the taste of the fruits! mrios000 2011-11-12T17:57:13Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this recipe for two different parties and the taste is amazing. I was slightly concerned about using limeade in a glaze but it was fantastic. The tart looked as if I had purchased it at an Italian bakery. I displayed it on an antique milkglass cake stand. Love me some Paula! bigbuttcontessa 2011-10-26T08:44:08Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I can't tell you how many times I have made this tart and received so many ooooooo's and ahhhhhhh's. No one can believe I made it myself as it is not only delish, but also gorgeous! It's always the talk of the dessert table. Thanks Paula...you outdid youself on this one! Hugs from my kitchen to yours! LindaFL 2011-10-12T21:21:41Z item not reviewed by moderator and published So delicious and makes a beautiful presentation. I brought to a dinner party and was so proud of how professional it looks. Very easy to make. Don't leave anything out! You won't regret it. Wish I knew how to reduce the recipe for a 9 inch crust for a smaller crowd. This is a prizewinner! Thanks, Paula for making me look like a pro. pkk1 2011-09-10T19:35:47Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Absolutely loved this tart.. So delicious. I was a little worried about making the glaze to go on top of it since I read the reviews for it were not so great. However, I really think the glaze is what pulled the entire tart together. I will mention that I had difficulty stretching the tart dough all the way out and I used an 11 inch tart pan instead of a 12 inch pan (which is what is suggested and I also thought the cream cheese mixture wasn't enough for the dish... but overall an amazing dessert and it didn't last through the night : acinnash 2011-09-06T00:54:29Z item not reviewed by moderator and published AWESOME!!!!!!!! I can't stop eating it!!!! pam j. 2011-08-23T17:02:55Z item not reviewed by moderator and published OMGoodness, it just doesn't get much better than this! Thank you Paula!! Edy M. 2011-08-21T02:16:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was a super delicious tart and fairly simple recipe. My husband is a very picky dessert eater, but he loved this! Not being good at crusts, I purchased a frozen one which worked just fine. Guest 2011-08-17T20:18:36Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I read the reviews before I made this. Instead of 2 sticks of butter for the crust, I used 1 1/2 sticks. Also the Lime juice for the glaze I substituted with water. I couldn't find a 12in pan, so I bought one from Target 9.8in for $11, which was a good deal. I had to bake crust for 18 mins instead of 14-15 mins. Over all, making this for my mom's birthday was absolutely easy, fun, and delicious~!! This recipe is good for 8 mini fruit tarts, which was also fun to make! iEatBeef 2011-08-04T21:39:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published SO GOOD!! Guest 2011-07-20T23:15:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published EASY AND SOOOOO GOOD! I just made it for my moms birthday; it's a beautiful summer dessert! Guest 2011-07-16T12:25:47Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Delicious! Guest 2011-07-08T21:16:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Fresh, easy, and beautiful presentation. All the right ingredients for a winner! Served it at our book club luncheon and was the only time there was a pause in the conversation...the only words spoken were "ooh, ahhh, yum." mimasita 2011-07-07T19:26:55Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is a very refreshing dessert. I would definitely make it again. The crust was a bit hard though, maybe I'd use another recipe next time, but overall the tart is wonderful! swluv2009 2011-07-01T12:54:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Great recipe. Made it for a gathering today and everyone loved it. Thanks, Paula! deb6161 2011-06-29T02:28:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Thanks Paula! I used this for mother's day for my mom, grandma, and great grandma! Thanks it means alot to see them smile! Thanks again! Guest 2011-05-08T21:22:03Z item not reviewed by moderator and published EXCELLENT!!!!!!!!!! so easy to make and delicious. I cheated a little and purchased a tart shell from a bakery and also added a little triple sec to the glaze. What a fantastic dessert. Tia B. 2011-04-24T06:20:24Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Marvelous... My family Really Enjoyed It thx paula ItalianChef67 2011-03-26T09:42:01Z item not reviewed by moderator and published LOVE,LOVE,LOVE........PAULA DEEN ,YOU HAVE DONE IT AGAIN!!!!!!!!! EASY AND DELICIOUS ,PAULA YOU TRUELY ARE A COUNTRY ROCK STAR . saideysmom 2011-03-23T21:34:09Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The crust couldn't be any easier and is truly excellent. I will be using it for other pies/tarts. However, this recipe makes it come out too thick for a 12" pan. Eat some by itself so your crust is a little thinner :) I recommend regular cream cheese for the filling as opposed to the Soft kind. Softened didn't hold up too well. The glaze is overpowering - the whole thing just tastes like lime. All said and done, a good starting point, but needs a little tweaking to make it really great. JacePriester 2011-03-21T03:53:20Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Love, love, LOVE this recipe! Very easy to make, tastes wonderful-just like summertime on a plate! Made this for a girls' nite in last month and was a big hit! My tart pan was a little smaller than what the recipe called for so I had enough dough/filling/etc. to make individual tarts for Husband and my 2 sons. I froze the leftover glaze to reuse the next time I make this. Great recipe! :) Guest 2011-02-11T07:44:43Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was SO yummy! The crust was delicious....so good that I could eat it by itself:-) I will be using the crust on other pies!! I absolutely loved the glaze. It was a great contrast to the tart. The next time I bake, I think I'll use 1 stick of butter instead of 1 1/2 sticks. chefnikjones08 2011-02-07T14:43:57Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is super duper yummy! The crust is so flaky and nice and the filling is great. I didn't use the glaze from this recipe, but I don't doubt that its amazing! I will absolutely use this recipe again and I even have requests from my family to use this crust on most of my other pies. ivysmom09 2011-01-19T16:20:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published YUM! This was my first fruit tart and it came out beautifully. I spread the crust out in an oval shape inside a 13x9 pan lined with crisscrossed foil for lifting out later. Baked for 12 minutes and lifted it out to let cool. I also only used 1 stick of butter instead of 1.5, and the crust was still flaky, buttery and good. Thanks Paula!! I'll definitely do this one again! samantha d. 2010-12-08T00:42:40Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Simple and delicious! There's never a crumb leftover when I make this dessert for a dinner party. The tart of the lime glaze works wonderfully with the cream cheese layer. I could probably eat the entire tart myself! Photos on my blog: http://sweetcarolinescooking.wordpress.com/2010/10/10/tart-time-fresh-fruit-tart/ sweetcarolinescooking 2010-10-30T16:33:05Z item not reviewed by moderator and published When I first saw this recipe, I was in love with it. I made it 7 times during this year. This recipe is very easy to make and can be expensive depending on the season. I would recommend making this during the summer since strawberries and blueberries are on sale. The filling is the best, but i added less sugar then it suggested. Also the glaze is must for the recipe, since it makes the fruit tart beautiful and gives it a tangy taste. Remember not to choose a unripe kiwi since it may mess up the dish from it's sourness. Overall, the tart's butter and sugar had a great taste and texture, while the fruit and filling created a fruity creamy balance taste with a hint of a tangy from the glaze. Jimmy V. 2010-10-05T21:05:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I was inspired to make my own fruit tart after visiting a French patisserie and having a few of theirs. I searched the internet for a good recipe and thought this one sounded the best. Most other tart recipes I came across were yolk laden in the crust and pastry cream and that didn't appeal to me - even though I think that's how the French make theirs. This recipe is easy to make, light (not heavy with eggs) and refreshing. You MUST use REAL BUTTER for the crust - it makes the whole tart and make sure you eat/serve it COLD - it makes a world of difference. I would highly recommend this recipe. Alexis J. 2010-09-06T22:17:52Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Made these for work and have already given the recipe to three people. Had to let them back a few more minutes than stated. May cut back on the sugar a little next time. Worth the time! Loved them! pam o. 2010-07-28T22:27:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was so easy and my family was impressed at the beauty! Easily made in individual pastry crusts as well. Kate S. 2010-06-30T23:05:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is my first time making a fruit tart, and it come out delicious!!! I just started cooking, and I don't know much about culinary arts. This recipe is very simple to make. I was surprised it came out so good, and pretty! Its a great treat for the hot summery days. I would suggest leaving it in the fridge for a couple hours or a day. The tart is amazing when its chilled. enjoy ! lana c. 2010-06-30T10:35:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published OMG! LOVE IT! Friday night pool party and everyone loved it. Thanks Paula mputnik123456 2010-06-26T14:03:42Z item not reviewed by moderator and published IT WAS DELICIOUS! I WILL BE SURE TO MAKE IT AGAIN. REGINA T. 2010-06-17T14:17:10Z item not reviewed by moderator and published One of my very good friends passed this recipe along. She made this tart last summer everytime we had parties. She finally gave me the recipe, she knows I love baking so much, what a fun thing to do, so I've been making the fruit tart five times already! My husband loves it. I've been working in my organization for two years now, so I decided that I want to celebrate my two years years anniversary with food. I brought a fruit tart to work and all my colleagues loved it! Thank you Paula Deen! Fany H. 2010-06-10T08:40:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Decided to try this tart as a dessert at my boyfriend's Mother's day party and it was a hit!! The pie crust gave me a tough time (over greased the pan it was in) but in the end came out great-very light, sweet, and flaky. I love the cream cheese filling and have started to use just that recipe as a fruit dip for snacks and dessert! The glaze wasn't overly sweet, but I used it very sparingly and mostly on the edge of the crust. The tart comes out looking like you bought it from the store. I owe an impressive Mother's Day dessert to Paula! Jessica B. 2010-06-09T19:13:41Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was my very first tart. it was sooo easy to make and even better to eat! Evey one loved it! But be carefull be prepaired to make it dozens of times because once your friends and family have tried it they will want it every time!!!!! ashley g. 2010-05-20T14:00:03Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this tart a few years ago and it has become a family favorite and the #1 requested dessert for get togethers. It's easy to make, presentation is beautiful and best of all it is delicious. I have friends who are not dessert eaters but they love this tart and ask me to make it for them all the time. It's a win/win. Stacey C. 2010-05-07T09:58:06Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was my first attempt at making a fruit tart and this receipe was not only very easy to follow but everything worked out perfectly and the taste was amazing! The only thing that I had to alter was the time the crust was in the oven. For some reason, the 10-12 minutes wasn't enough. I ended up baking the crust for about 16 minutes. Other than that, it was perfect! :) Frances B. 2010-05-03T15:38:48Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Made this for the first time for a get together and it was very impressive. I took the advice from another review and blotted the fruit before placing it onto the tart. It took me way longer than 14 minutes to make this, but well worth it. A couple of changes I made. I added a little more sugar to the glaze since it was too tart for me as is. Also since I made this the night before I added some chocolate chips the last couple of minutes while baking the crust. When the crust was done the chips would be melted and I spread it around the crust. The crust would then cool as well as the chocolate would harden. This helped to prevent the crust from getting soggy since I made this the night before. I used baking choc chips (not sweet), but next time I would recommend using regular semi sweet or milk choc chips instead. Lastly remove the tart from fridge at least 20-30 minutes before serving so the chocolate isn't so hard. Guests were super impressed and they said the chocolate made the tart! Used strawberries, canned peaches, and kiwi. Fabiola M. 2010-05-02T14:21:35Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This tart was absolutely the best! It was my first attempt at making one.The presentation is very impressive. I do have a few hints based on other reviewers comments. Be sure to use a non-stick tart pan with a removable bottom. I used a 9.5 size and it worked great. It came right out looking beautiful. Also, it's a good idea to remove the tart from the pan before you glaze it. I used only a small amount of the glaze and it was wonderful. I did use water instead of the T. of lime juice called for. Another hint is to be sure your fruit is in season, and very sweet. Kiwi can be sour. Blot the fruit with a paper towel before placing it on your tart. This is such a nice make ahead dessert if you want something a little lighter, and oh soooo impressive. Enjoy! akaduds 2010-04-23T21:13:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was by far the best fruit tart recipe in the world!!!!! Everyone was just amazing at how wonderful it tasted and looked!! A must try recipe! I loved the filling so I doubled i... As always, Paul Deen does it again! Thank you!!!! Samira S. 2010-04-21T14:40:01Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Everything was perfect. Next time I'll skip the limeade in the glaze!! Yum O Laura J. 2010-04-16T18:58:25Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Luscious, luscious and luscious! It looked beautiful and tasted better. Because I like filling, I doubled the recipe and used three-fourths of it and saved the rest for a couple of individual tarts. My guests liked it so much and wanted to make it at home the next day, I gave them the left-over glaze! Try this if you want something yummy and colorful! Thank you Paula! CAjan2 2010-02-15T00:10:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This was the first fruit tart me and my mum every tried, it was absolutely amazing!!! Deliciouss!!! my only problem was i didnt grease the dish, next time i'll definately do so, but that most definately didnt stop us from enjoyingg!!!! :) Aminah.S 2010-02-09T20:07:32Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This recipe is by far the best I have had. I must make this at least 2 times a week for my office. They are always wanting one and can never stop talking about how great it taste. Thanks Paula! Sherial T. 2010-01-20T14:11:50Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is the first fruit tart recipe I've ever made and it was supurb. I was worried it might taste a little too cream-cheesy, but it was very mellow and tasty. I made mini tarts in a cupcake tin and glazed the fruit with honey like a few reviewers suggested and it was perfect! It even impressed my boyfriend who doesn't like fruit or cream cheese! Megan M. 2010-01-18T20:16:32Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this for Christmas and not only was it impressive, but it was very delicious, and I'm not proud of this, but four of us ate the whole thing!! I will definitely be making this again. FYI-I made this the day before Christmas and the fruit started to look a little old, so I wouldn't advise making this in advance more than 24 hours before consuming. Karen M. 2010-01-14T21:08:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published Made this several times for family gatherings and it is always the first dessert that disappears from the table. It is light and refreshing! tnelms1614 2009-11-24T12:49:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This is the first time I attempted to make a fruit tart, and it was a hit! I made it for Easter, and everyone loved it....Not to mention that it looked like I bought it! I love hearing the reaction from people saying "You MADE this? Wow!" This is a keeper...Thanks Paula! Cant wait to try some more of your goodies :) Adrienne N. 2009-10-17T16:42:31Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I had some guests over for dinner and made this fruit tart for them. I had never made this tart before but I sure was glad I made this one. I got lots of complimets for this dessert. I love using the limeade glaze it adds zing to the yummy fruits and cream cheese. If you haven't made this you gotta try it! Heather L. 2009-09-23T14:13:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published This fruit tart is perfect for guests coming over but I make it as a special treat for my husband and I to have with our coffee. It is so easy and comes out looking beautiful. I enjoy this a million times more than getting pastries at a bakery.... and it tastes better too! The glaze gives it a great extra punch :) sarah D. 2009-09-18T10:10:56Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I made this Tart yesterday for our July Fourth Celebration and everyone lovedit. It looked so festive for the Holiday. Actually I had no problems with the crust or anything. But when grocery shopping I forgot the frozen lime concentrate! We had lots of limes on hand, as well as a simple syrup we had made for Mojitos, so we made our own glaze with fresh limes, the syrup and corn starch. It was so delightful. I think next time I will do the same for the wonderful fresh flavor. Janie M. 2009-07-05T12:25:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published you'll need to double the almond flour crust recipe if using a 12 inch tart pan Jaclynathomas 2016-07-16T12:59:19Z item not reviewed by moderator and published The filling has no butter so it shouldn't be buttery, and also, you don't put the tart back in the oven after you place the filling and the fruit...you should watch the video or reread the instruction more clearly. Bundharic Taout 2014-03-11T08:50:54Z item not reviewed by moderator and published I usually make a double batch of filling and have a little bit leftover. Since there is no butter in the filling wonder if that is the challenge you are having. I like the idea of adding lemon zest to filling too. This has been a no fail recipe that everyone loves. wtolsen 2014-09-14T19:13:05Z item not reviewed by moderator and published If you don't like whats in it don't make it to begin with. And just like its your choice to eat healthy, other people have the freedom to indulge in better and sugar. JustLCY 2014-05-22T20:51:47Z item not reviewed by moderator and published So, is the one star for your effort or the recipe? Seems like you admittedly did something wrong. Kind of an unfair rating, don't you think? Hulagun 2015-01-05T00:03:50Z item not reviewed by moderator and published On TV	i don't know
Lake Mamry and Lake Drawsko are in which European country?	Poland Lakes and Rivers Online Quiz Poland Lakes and Rivers There are a number of Poland Lakes and Rivers. The number of Poland Lakes and Rivers are one of the highest in the world. The Poland Lakes and Rivers are shattered all over the country but the lakes or the closed water bodies are mainly concentrated in the Lakelands of Masurian and Pomeranian Lake District. There are almost 10,000 Lakes in Poland and they cover an area of 2.5 acres each. The largest lakes in Poland are Lake Sniardwy, Lake Mamry in Masuria, Lake Lebsko and Lake Drawsko in Pomerania. Poland is also gifted with a large number of mountain Lakes andMorskie Oko is the most dominant in the area. Lake Hancza has the greatest depth of all the Lakes in Poland and located in the Wigry Lake District. Lakes in Poland are an integral part of their history and culture. It was on the Island of Lakes the the Polish ancestors built their first fortress. Maps to Explore More About Poland Poland Rail Map There are a number of Rivers in Poland most of which drain into the Baltic Sea. These Rivers in Poland have been used for navigation from the earliest times. Vistula is the largest river of Poland and also has a number of tributaries. There are also some smaller rivers in Poland that flow into the bigger rivers. The most important Rivers in Poland includes: Bug	Poland
Dydd Sadwrn is Welsh for which day of the week?	Poland Lakes and Rivers Online Quiz Poland Lakes and Rivers There are a number of Poland Lakes and Rivers. The number of Poland Lakes and Rivers are one of the highest in the world. The Poland Lakes and Rivers are shattered all over the country but the lakes or the closed water bodies are mainly concentrated in the Lakelands of Masurian and Pomeranian Lake District. There are almost 10,000 Lakes in Poland and they cover an area of 2.5 acres each. The largest lakes in Poland are Lake Sniardwy, Lake Mamry in Masuria, Lake Lebsko and Lake Drawsko in Pomerania. Poland is also gifted with a large number of mountain Lakes andMorskie Oko is the most dominant in the area. Lake Hancza has the greatest depth of all the Lakes in Poland and located in the Wigry Lake District. Lakes in Poland are an integral part of their history and culture. It was on the Island of Lakes the the Polish ancestors built their first fortress. Maps to Explore More About Poland Poland Rail Map There are a number of Rivers in Poland most of which drain into the Baltic Sea. These Rivers in Poland have been used for navigation from the earliest times. Vistula is the largest river of Poland and also has a number of tributaries. There are also some smaller rivers in Poland that flow into the bigger rivers. The most important Rivers in Poland includes: Bug	i don't know
‘Waverley’ is the title of the first prose novel by which British historical novelist/poet?	Waverley eBook by Sir Walter Scott - 1230000100840 \| Kobo Show more Show less Waverley is an 1814 historical novel by Sir Walter Scott. Initially published anonymously as Scott's first venture into prose fiction, Waverley is often regarded as the first historical novel. It became so popular that Scott's later novels were advertised as being "by the author of Waverley". His series of works on similar themes written during the same period have become collectively known as the "Waverley Novels". Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, popular throughout much of the world during his time. Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia, and North America. His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature. Famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, and The Heart of Midlothian. Buy the eBook	Walter Scott
In the first Harry Potter novel who is the headmaster of Hogwart’s School of Witchcraft and Wizardry?	Project MUSE - Scott's Elementals: Vanishing Points between Space and Narrative in the Waverley Novels Vanishing Points between Space and Narrative in the Waverley Novels Tom Bragg For all their associations with Enlightenment rationality and the privileging of realism and order over Romantic chaos, Walter Scott's Waverley novels regularly feature a certain irrational, chaotic character type—one whose bizarre behavior and "twilight rationality" seem at odds with the Author of Waverley's calm, authoritative voice. Criticism has long found in some of these characters (such as Guy Mannering's Meg Merrilies, The Heart of Midlothian's Madge Wildfire, and The Antiquary's Edie Ochiltree) a meaningful link between the genteel young man of middling loyalties at the center of Scott's novels—the "wavering" hero described by Georg Lukács—and the peoples, customs and folk cultures they encounter in their journeys. Their surprising wildness is nevertheless authentic, critics argue; they are particularly vivid samplings of local color. As such these marginal characters serve to introduce the staid English observer to the seemingly strange, typically backwards Scots culture, history, and landscapes that Scott is either celebrating or appropriating, depending on whom one asks. 1 Like the sturdy peasants, the Mucklebackits and Fairservices of Scott, these "elementals" (as Walter Allen called them in The English Novel) are steeped in genuine Scottishness (132-33). Unlike them, their excessive strangeness and borderline lunacy prompt edgy and unpredictable behavior, which in turn immerses the protagonist and reader in traditional Scottish folk culture and dialect, even if Scott himself has largely adapted the originals and invented most of the tradition. This linking of the Elementals with local agrarian culture and custom coincides with Lukács' appreciation of Scott's delineation of historical processes "from the bottom," anticipates James Reed's claims for "locality" [End Page 205] and character, and in general confirms the situating of Scott's novels within a realist- and sociopolitically-centered critical tradition (see Reed 50). In these ways and in others, then, the traditional take on the Elementals has been to enlist them in bolstering several of the truisms about Scott's novels—from the assumption that Scott's ethos is basically anti-"romantic" to the privileging of the Scottish over the "Chivalry" novels as constituting Scott's best or most relevant work. 2 Two facts about these characters that have gone largely unnoticed are instrumental, however, both in appreciating the narrative and modal complexity of Scott's novels and in forming an understanding of them that comprehends both the Scottish novels and the less-studied Chivalry variety: that the Elementals in Scott appear on non-Scottish soil as well, and thus outside of the geographical and cultural context of Scottish locality, and that their links with the landscapes and ruins mark them as liminal sites between space, character, and narrative modes. The following analysis of the Elementals at work, on both Scottish and non-Scottish soil, has less in common with the discussions of nationalism and journalistic authenticity that have preoccupied the center of Scott criticism post-Lukács, and which has often unhelpfully restricted critical ideas about what the historical novel is or should be, how it functions, and what kind of history it should contain. Rather, my pointing out the increased significance of the Elemental characters and, in so doing, emphasizing the symbolic, rhetorical, and narrative significance of Scott's spatial descriptions participates in the effort of some critics (such as Judith Wilt and Fiona Robertson) to understand Scott's novels in their totality, as an "internally consistent system" (Robertson 132). This effort means, among other things, highlighting more romantic features of Scott's work that criticism has typically under-emphasized or even regretted, and comprehending them as deliberate choices rather than as sops to public taste or symptoms of artistic laziness. It also means finding relevant continuity between the critically favored Scottish novels (such as Waverley [1814] , The Heart of Midlothian [1816], and Rob Roy [1818]) and the often neglected non-Scottish or "Chivalry" novels (such as Ivanhoe [1820], Kenilworth [1821] , and The Talisman [1825]) . I have made it the subject of a larger work to emphasize one such continuity: that of shifting and mutable spaces in Scott; a few key concepts of this argument are crucial here. Scott's spatial descriptions definitely "read time into space" (per Bakhtin), but recognizing this feature of the Waverley landscape has so far done little to comprehend the Chivalry novels: fictions set in spaces and landscapes apart from the land, peoples and cultural history Scott knew personally. My contention (which, to some degree, this essay assumes) is that Scott's spatial description also reads "genre" into space, thus interrogating different types of writing, knowledge, and representation into the non-Scottish as well as the Scottish landscapes. Scott's firsthand knowledge of the Scottish landscape is indubitable, but his readiness to manipulate all his spaces not [End Page 206] only suggests a means of understanding the Waverley novels as a totality but also reveals palpable continuities between Scott and the Victorian historical novelists he immediately influenced: prolific but critically neglected novelists like W. H. Ainsworth, G. P. R. James, and Bulwer-Lytton, each of whom used complex, shifting, and rhetorical landscapes as part of their world-building techniques. The term "elemental"—which I borrow from Allen, who uses it much less inclusively (132-33)—is therefore more instructive than it first seems, since its natural and supernatural connotations lead us to examine these characters (as I do here) against the context of the shifting, symbolic, and often multi-generic spaces of the Waverley novels and their equally complex narrative structures. As literal "elementals" (i.e., characters in touch with the elements) these characters are linked with the earth, weather, and sky, the natural components of the rural landscape. As Elementals in the arcane sense of mythical beings, they transcend that "nature." Scott's Elementals partake of each of these senses, and more. However authentic and "local" his Elementals might seem in some contexts, however attached to the local landscape or the local cultural "spirit of the place," they also seem not quite possible. Their knowledge of past and present is often mysteriously apt; in fact, they frequently have knowledge of the future as well. Their familiarity with space, both its natural and its acquired, cultural features, is mirrored by their familiarity with narratives, whether of history or of the novel's own plots and subplots. As such unaccountably informed and capable beings, they draw from different categories of knowledge and, accordingly, their representation requires borrowing from different generic material. 3 Exactly the same sort of combination occurs within the narrative structure of the Waverley novel, as mirrored in their typically palimpsestic spaces. If we understand Scott's Elementals as representing a sort of regional cultural ethos only, "a genuine part of living natural experience" woven into the fiction like his Gothic borrowings (Allen 132-33), then they indeed live in the Scottish novels only; it is only the Scottish locality, space, and "living natural experience" that Scott understood firsthand. But if understood as sites, as living linkages or perhaps vanishing points between categories of information, representation, genres and types of knowledge, Scott's Elementals abound in both the Scottish and the Chivalry Waverley novels as "fringe" characters whose acknowledged borderline status to social systems and to sanity carries over to space and to types of knowledge (especially nonrational knowledge). They are sites where the verifiable fact and the unequivocal fiction blur: where history meets legend, realism meets "romance," and quite often, prose meets poetry and song. And they are also, not coincidentally, links between characters and spaces: the forests, glens, and ruins with which they are always associated. The Elementals are the means by which Scott gives voice and agency to the uncertain, layered, and shifting spaces of the historical novel. If Waverley [End Page 207] space is the "splendid theatre" (2) of the sublime as Scott called the spaces of The Monastery (1820) , the Elementals are its actors. Characters insane but frequently precognitive, blighted yet gifted, like blind Tiresias—they hold mysterious congress with knowledge yet also with the topos. Studying their appearances in Scott's novels makes clearer not only the mimetic relationships between space and narrative in the historical novel, but also the genre's habitual interrogation of different kinds of knowledge, experience, and representation. Scott Country and the Critics Walter Scott's scenic description was one of the earliest-noted and most celebrated features of the Waverley novels. Before the series fully caught on, reviewers sometimes praised the descriptive passages and little else, like the unsigned review of Guy Mannering (1815) which noted "its enchanting descriptions of natural scenery" while complaining that "its improbabilities are glaring" and its characters "rather insipid" (qtd. in Hayden 87-88). "Enchanting" is at once a common and a telling adjective for Scott's scenery: on the one hand, it accurately describes the rapturous effect of Scott's landscape descriptions on nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century admirers, who recorded their tributes to his vision in a plethora of travelogues (for instance, James Hunnewell's Lands of Scott [1895] and W. S. Crockett's Scott Country [1911]). On the other hand, rhapsodizing over "enchanting" scenery seems to break immediately with the critical predilection for noting his journalistic and editorial talents above his more romantic inclinations, and recalls the vitriol of Mark Twain's attack on Scott in Life on the Mississippi, when he could think of nothing more horrendous to hurl at the historical novelist than his fostering of "enchantments" and "shams" (267). The materialist critique of Scott and of the historical novel as a genre that follows Lukács's seminal The Historical Novel has not had much to do with the Scott landscape as aesthetic device: rather, historical novel space has been most interesting to these critics (which include Lukács, David Daiches, David Brown, Ian Duncan, Colin Kidd and others) as realist artifact, a valuation that tends to take note of the authentic and the observed space, whether rural or built environment, and de-emphasize more flexible, "creative," or marvelous spaces. Lukács himself barely mentions Scott's spatial description in his study, although he implies that it makes up part of that picturesque description generally overestimated as "the essence of his [Scott's] art" (41). It is regrettable that Lukács does not discuss described topography and environment more fully, since Scott's novels have always been divided, classified, and assessed according to their locales—either Scotland or non-Scotland—and although Lukács does not invent this distinction he certainly upholds it. Further, Lukács clearly conceives of history and historical acumen in terms of spectators and landscapes in The Historical Novel, placing worthwhile practitioners of the form on "summits," alleging that they are "in a position to see" real [End Page 208] popular history, characterizing their achievement as portraying "the sunset" of heroic-revolutionary ideals (333, 344). Lukács figures historical dialectic or its absence topographically, as when he cites that history post-1848 "has no direction, no summits, and no depressions" (176). Clearly one of Lukács's own persistent metaphors for history is landscape, making his reluctance to examine the Waverley landscape especially unfortunate. Later critics have mostly followed Lukács either in underemphasizing Waverley spaces or, more rarely, incorporating them into an understanding of Scott that diminishes his association with Romanticism and its favorite modes. For example, James Reed's study of the realistic Scott landscape makes spatial description as rhetorical device its main focus, but only by consistently incorporating the Scottish scenery into current favoring of Scott as journalistic reporter of his homeland. Like Allen's definition of the Elemental characters, Reed's case for significant landscapes in Scott is confined to the Scottish novels, enlisting them into the celebration of authenticity and firsthand knowledge that criticism has come to value in Scott and in the historical novel generally. For Reed, Scott sees landscape "not as poet or philosopher but as countryman, predator, historian, [and] soldier" (9). In sharp contrast comes Saree Makdisi's contention, contra Reed, that the Scottish landscapes in particular are untrustworthy, irrational, and "fluid" (88). But even so, Makdisi's case—relatively unusual for its genuine engagement of the "poetics" of Scott's spaces as Romantic device—is confined to a study of Waverley alone, and essentially confirms Reed's interest in Scott as "predator" rather than poet or philosopher. Makdisi's (somewhat irate) conclusion that Scott is appropriating Scotland for the Empire turns on the idea that England's spaces, not Scotland's, are described accurately and rationally circa 1745 in Waverley: England is "the firm ground of the knowable," which Edward Waverley leaves behind to commence an unpredictable, because untruthful, "imaginary tour of the Highlands" (81, 84). Makdisi deserves great credit for engaging with spatial description in a major Scott novel as a "Romantic" feature, but his critique still implies that Scott's use of it is in bad faith. By making Scotland's spaces fluid and shifting, Scott is neglecting the novelist's duty to report on the political relationships between England and Scotland, denying the representation of present Scotland, and "pretending" that the destruction of its national heritage was set in the past when in fact it was still going on (76). In other words, at the Scottish border Scott begins writing a romance, historical romance, historical novel, or at any rate some other genre than what is called for: a faithfully-described contemporary novel, describing the socio-political situation between the two nations. Makdisi looks to Scott expecting the fidelity of the social novelist, observing his own time, and finds him romancing, enchanting, and "pretending," writing the fairy tale rather than the report. [End Page 209] Disagreement about the value and significance of Scott's spatial description probably should not surprise anyone familiar with the contradictory criticism; "Scott is a novelist over whom we shall violently divide" (30) said E. M. Forster, who would be surprised at this particular way his words have been borne out. The Waverley novels "lend themselves to univocal readings because their complexity is unobtrusive" (Shaw 159). Consequently, lines get drawn in the sand by critics, and oppositions are set up—about landscape, certainly, but also about genre, accuracy, authenticity, seriousness, historical knowledge, moral knowledge, metaphysical knowledge—which may serve well to describe particular novels, but work less effectively within the broader context of Waverley novels. I allege that if we can be certain of anything about Waverley space, that mirror of Waverley narrative, it is its uncertainty, its shifty defying of any unilateral attempt to pin it down and characterize its function. After all, Scott uses the same bag of tricks to describe his favorite view of his own Edinburgh in The Heart of Midlothian as he does to paint the Inferno-esque Syrian landscape of The Talisman, where he never set foot. He confounds the "Scottish novels equal authentic landscapes" (primarily asserted by Reed [6]) equation by conflating famous houses and combining celebrated views, or by repeatedly assuring the reader (as in the Magnum Introduction of The Monastery) that he invented the whole place, however much it may look like Melrose. Perhaps the most accurate and useful paradigm for Waverley space is the palimpsest, where the scene conveys different layers of significance to the "viewer." It is an old idea, as Wilt points out: "the most insisted on trait of [Scott's] landscapes is that they are all palimpsests, ruin within ruin, structure upon structure, inscription under inscription" (158). Three important ideas related to this familiar trait have not been significantly explored, however: that the layered and blurred character of the palimpsest applies to Scott's hodgepodge narrative structure extraordinarily well, suggesting the mirroring that takes place between narrative and space; that Scott's characters, particularly his youthful male protagonists, are often measured and tested by their encounters with the novels' uncertain spaces, such as Edward Waverley's being challenged by his reading of the Highland landscape, Captain Thornton's disastrous misreading of the landscape in Rob Roy that leads to his party's ambush, and so on; and, that the Elementals, so close to nature and to unnatural knowledge simultaneously, are the ideal readers of this palimpsest, revealing uncanny familiarity with both the spaces around them and the events of narratives past, present, and future. I am exploring the first two ideas at length in a larger work, while this essay focuses particularly on the Elementals and their complex role. My analysis is intended to help correct the essentially lopsided critical assessment of Scott's spatial descriptions not only by more inclusively situating these colorful landscape-related characters, but also and more importantly, to observe how the Elementals' peculiar relationship to [End Page 210] space and narrative indicates broader discussion foci available for Scott and historical novel studies. (Mis)reading the Palimpsest: The Historians and Edie Ochiltree Given the conventional wisdom that finds most of Scott's most significant innovations limited to the Scottish novels, I will begin with an Elemental from one such novel before looking at two similar variations in non-Scottish (or Chivalry) novels. The "Kaim of Kinprunes" scene in The Antiquary may be the most familiar figuring of space as palimpsest in the Waverley novels. It also features both a reader and a misreader of the text of space: the first an Elemental, Edie Ochiltree; the second, the novel's titular antiquary, Jonathan Oldbuck. In this episode at the novel's opening, a misread landscape becomes the first indication that meaning and narratives will not be easy for the novel's characters to reconstruct, as Oldbuck, the representative of scholarly, bookish reconstructions of the past, proudly displays his estate to the novel's romantic hero, Lovel. Their tour concludes with a climb to a dearly-bought hillside which Lovel gamely admits "commands a fine view," but which for Oldbuck possesses far more significant layers of meaning (33): …it is not for the prospect I brought you hither; do you see nothing else remarkable?—nothing on the surface of the ground?" "Why, yes; I do see something like a ditch, indistinctly marked." "Indistinctly!—pardon me, sir, but the indistinctness must be in your powers of vision. Nothing can be more plainly traced—a proper agger or vallum, with its corresponding ditch or fossa.…you know a ditch from level ground, I presume, when you see them? Indistinct! why, the very common people, the very least boy that can herd a cow, calls it the Kaim of Kinprunes; and if that does not imply an ancient camp, I am ignorant what does." (27-28) For Oldbuck, what seem to be the extant historical elements in the scene—the remains of a Roman fort—can be distinctly detected by the discerning eye. Oldbuck's learned discussion, composed of the same jargon and allusion as his talk on books and broadsheets, touches on the historical apparatus used to confirm the site of "the final conflict between Agricola and the Caledonians"; in effect, he has located this site by his reading of history, and has confirmed it visually since the land "correspond[s] with all the marks of that celebrated place of action" (28). He justifies his overpayment for the barren land by citing its importance to history, Scottish and (by extension) classical: "it was a national concern;.…Whose patriotism would not grow warmer, as old Johnson says, on the plains of Marathon?"(29). In a famous contretemps, Oldbuck recounts his discovery of an ancient stone bearing the carved letters A. D. L. L., which he takes to mean "Agricola Dicavit Libens Lubens" ("Agricola willingly and happily dedicated [this]"[29]), just in time for Edie Ochiltree, who appears from nowhere, to mock all of his so-called discoveries. Scott is well aware of this familiar folk scenario as [End Page 211] Lovel's unspoken thoughts indicate, 4 and chooses this moment to introduce Ochiltree, repository of folk wisdom and local history in the novel and also the character most conversant with the landscape. Edie explodes Oldbuck's erudite lecture by asserting that what he fancies a Roman ruin is nothing more than the remnants of a fairly recent wedding barbecue. He mocks Oldbuck's assertion that a certain eminence of the hill marks the praetorium of the ancient camp by interrupting, "Praetorian here, Praetorian there, I mind the bigging o't" (remember when it was built) (30). Without being told of Oldbuck's alleged artifact, Edie avers that the A. D. L. L. on the stone stand for "Aiken Drum's Lang Ladle," a playful reference to a Scots nursery rhyme (31). The Kinprunes episode reveals much about Scott's perception that the "historical structure," whether physical artifact or structure of knowledge, is sometimes indistinguishable from the natural or mundane, and that different knowledge-gathering systems must be employed to understand and verify supposed evidence (when that is even possible). The episode therefore simultaneously imagines the historian and the reader of historical novels, both trying to separate and distinguish data that are blending into each other. By placing different opinions about a hillside ruin into comic opposition, Scott examines differing modes of recovering history's significance. Reed cites this scene as the first instance in the novel where Oldbuck "is the focus of a series of lessons by Scott on how not to look at a landscape" (91). Oldbuck's inappropriate scrutiny arises from his being "a maverick antiquarian, [and] an indiscriminate collector of old things with which he clutters his old house," a description that reminds us of Scott himself (90). But Scott makes abundantly clear in The Antiquary that the best "view" of space, and therefore of history, is an amalgamated view, one that allows differing epistemological tools including instinct and imagination. Readers could certainly find in this amalgam a metaphor for the Union, but that might be selling Scott's technique short: this amalgamated view of narrative recovery is found in Waverley novels far afield from 1707 Britain, spatially and temporally. Edie is consistently successful at finding amalgamations of space and history. He understands both the spaces and the narratives of the novel, is adept at uncovering their layers. Edie's mysterious facility with space combines with his at times unaccountable knowledge to make him perhaps the earliest Scott Elemental in my sense of the term. His mysterious ability to navigate the novel's spaces quickly is especially worth noting as a trait that reappears in other Elementals, in and out of Scott. The ground which Edie so knowingly describes in the Kinprunes scene he seems to emerge from, stealing upon Lovel and Oldbuck "unseen and unheard" though they are atop the hill (30). He appears to save another misreader of space, Sir Arthur Wardour, from a sudden storm, striding prophet-like from the haze, shouting "Turn back!" (56). He appears again, emerging in Dante-esque contortions with the landscape, to try to prevent Lovel's duel with Captain MacIntyre in Chapter 20, though [End Page 212] Scott does not reveal how he knows about it. In a Wordsworthian moment, he is found "[sitting] upon the roots of the old thorn" that had been the rendezvous point, "as vigourous in his decay as the moss-grown but contorted boughs which served him for a canopy" (160). His name even means "old tree." 5 As a character who seems himself to blend into the palimpsest of space, Edie is best suited to move around it, explain it, and at times manipulate it. His interaction with another layered location in the novel makes this relationship with space clearer, as well as depicting the failure of typical knowledge-gathering methods to read the space-history palimpsest. The Kaim of Kinprunes episode presents only a ditch and an obscurely marked stone; in chapter 17 of The Antiquary, however, a large touring party visits the ruins of a local priory, providing Scott with an occasion for depicting misreadings of a more fully realized ruin scene. Like Avrom Fleishman's view of the historical novelist as tapestry restorer weaving "whole scenes or figures to fill the empty spaces" (6), both the touring party and the narrator take turns piecing histories together from the extant stone structures of "St. Ruth's Abbey": histories that conflict and, perhaps just as importantly, cannot be reconciled by the narrator because the site itself is largely unreal. The narrator effectively describes and learnedly reconstructs the ruin, providing the physical features with historical synopses so necessary to the notion of a learned "tour" (Liu 10-11). But the synopses supplied by the narrator are mischievous and misleading, and the entire scene eventually gives way to the separate synopses of the tour party members, each supplying his or her own self-serving and biased interpretative framework for the scene's implied narrative. Oldbuck's prefatory remark, appealing to Isabella Wardour as "an admirer of nature," implies that the historic ruin structure is but a part of the natural scene (130)—for a moment foregrounding the Wordworthian boundary of nature as the scene's most real and important element, effectively denying the history (Liu 11-12, 39). Indeed, the historical elements work in concert with the natural elements to produce highly aesthetic effects, yet the effects are also artistic, even artificial. The scene reveals just how intentional is the spatial palimpsest in Scott—that is, how elements historical, aesthetic, dramatic and otherwise blend into each other in deliberately stylized ways. For instance, when the party follows Oldbuck "through a breach in a low, ancient, and ruinous wall" they suddenly come upon "a scene equally unexpected and interesting"—the priory, in all its glory (130). So the first sign of a historic element in the landscape is a broken wall: a failed or compromised boundary, but one that has taken on the new aesthetic function of making the view more dramatic and picturesque. The scene continues: They stood pretty high upon the side of the glen, which had suddenly opened into a sort of amphitheatre to give room for a pure and profound lake of a few acres extent, and a space of level ground around it. The banks then arose everywhere steeply, and in some places were varied by rocks—in [End Page 213] others covered with the copse, which run up, feathering their sides lightly and irregularly, and breaking the uniformity of the green pasture-ground—Beneath, the lake discharged itself into the huddling and tumultuous brook, which had been their companion since they had entered the glen. At the point at which it issued from "its parent lake," stood the ruins which they had come to visit. (130) The transformation of natural features into "a sort of amphitheatre" is one of Scott's most common nature-to-architecture shifts, 6 again signaling the mixture of elements at work in the scene. As the crumbled wall works to frame the natural scene and surprise the viewer, so the forest has carved itself out into a fitting hollow space for the presentation of the ruins. What the viewer sees, on a grand scale and apparently naturally created, is essentially an ornamental garden scene: the surrounding forest acting as a niche in which to display the bas-relief sculpture of the priory. The steep risings and irregular "feathering" effects of the bank suggest a rough pedestal for the ruins, the rushing and pooling water a fountain. This is landscape transformed and transforming, landscape put to figurative and imaginative uses, and less a historical scene than a historically-themed garden folly. No antiquary, nor even an entire party of antiquaries, are equipped to interpret this scene adequately, since the scene itself is so patently artificial. That does not stop the antiquaries from trying, nor has it stopped numerous readers from overemphasizing the "originals" of many ruins in Scott. 7 Immediately following the narrator's own speculative description of St. Ruth's, Scott focuses humorously on clashing speculative opinions about the priory, its historical role, and its current significance. The overgrown remains signify something different to each member of the dispute: a seat of learning in the Dark Ages for the Whiggish Oldbuck, "pomp and ceremonial" for the Tory Sir Arthur Wardour, inconceivable clerical duties for the Reverend Blattergowl, alchemy and buried treasure for the occultist and charlatan Dousterswivel, and a place where women have been excluded for Isabella (132). For John MacQueen, the wigs belonging to Oldbuck, Wardour and Blattergowl are Scott's nod to earlier allegorical representations of the Three Estates; their owners' dispute about the priory, thus about history itself, demonstrates the unyielding single-mindedness of each class's perspective of knowledge: Sir Arthur Wardour represents Temporality—he is a baronet. The minister, the Rev. Mr Blattergowl, is Spirituality, and the Antiquary himself…is Merchants and Burgesses.…The first interest of each wig—some aspect of the past—is pursued with a self-centred concentration which, for the speaker at least, excludes everything else. (45-46) MacQueen's reading confirms the idea of clashing epistemologies at work in Scott's ruin scenes, clashes that the narrator, confident and seemingly well-informed, [End Page 214] cannot ultimately resolve. Scott's focus in such scenes is more on the questions than the answers of history, on the nature of the weaves suggested by the tapestry rather than on the tattered remains of the tapestry itself: What really concerns Scott and his character-historians is the destruction, the disappearances, the racial and personal losses which make up the fabric of history, the wiped-out voids which the persistence of ruins, or even the sudden discovery of hidden fragments, only emphasizes. (Wilt 166) But if Scott's narrator cannot sort out the answers, Scott's Elemental can at least hint at them. It is Edie Ochiltree who turns out to understand St. Ruth's landscape best, as the site becomes the focal point of The Antiquary's second volume. Edie knows of the hidden tunnel that shelters Lovel after the duel, leading from a tree-enshrouded hillside to within the priory's walls; he also knows its original clandestine use in England's obscure Catholic past—a nook from which the Abbot could spy on his monks. From this medieval hiding place, Edie foils the plots of the charlatan Dousterswivel by impersonating an offended spirit of the ruins. Edie knows that the occultist pretends to detect hidden treasure in the ruins; he acts as his guide, tricking the trickster by "salting the mine of history," (75) as Wilt has it. This farcical episode, often written off as weak and superficial Gothic parody by critics, not only reveals Edie's role as the trickster historian, but also emphasizes his preternatural knowledge of the past and of the landscape. Edie literally knows how the organic morphs into the architectural or historical, or how "the natural world is imbued with cultural values" (Janowitz 56). Against the suppositions of the touring party, and transcending the cautious, speculative historian turns of the narrator, Edie understands the grounds of St. Ruth's spatially, historically and one might even say ideologically. And he moves over these grounds—at times described realistically, at other times taking on the qualities of a comedy set, with spaces for eavesdropping and off-stage voices—as adeptly as over the Gothic spaces of Glenallan House or the commonsensical surroundings of Fairport. As Scott's first full-blown Elemental character, he alone bridges the dimensions of space, narrative, and genre. He alone understands the palimpsest on all levels. While his actions seem to resist and even mock the supernatural (as in his upsetting of Dousterswivel's clairvoyance), his own unaccountable knowledge hints at a metaphysical narrative power (see Allen 133). Tapped into the land's "obscure but certain realm of secret, meaningful signs," Edie's ability to decipher such signs allows him (like Wordsworth's visionary poet) "to be possessed of the ground of all contingent truths" (McGann 69). My reference to Jerome McGann's gloss on Wordsworth should hint at the broader discursive possibilities indicated by Scott's Elementals. By their [End Page 215] apparent though unexplained connections with knowledge, nature, and perhaps even "supernature," the Elementals point out that Romantic reckonings with "marvelous" elements or "ideal" transcendence are endemic to Scott's novels. They hint at questions that matter to the Waverley scheme of things yet that have unfortunately remained unexamined. "The Grotesque Boy": Dickie Sludge of Kenilworth As I have emphasized above, criticism has consistently yielded to the Scottish Waverley novels the position of "true historical novels," of which the Chivalry novels are poor imitations. Allen's remarks are typical—Scott is "cut off from nine tenths of his power" outside of Scotland (135)—but others have expressed the judgment more negatively: "The 'historical romance' industry which Scott inspired owed nothing to his finest work. There were, though, two Scotts, and the lesser Scott was easier to imitate" (Rance 38). The problems with this truism are threefold: it does not acknowledge the popularity and influence of the Chivalry novels during the nineteenth century, and therefore does not fully comprehend Scott's much-vaunted influence; it skews critical perception about what historical fiction is by excluding as "lesser" product most of Scott's novels, and those the most imitated, like Ivanhoe (1820); and it further skews understanding of certain common narrative and descriptive elements in the novels by restricting their context. The latter problem especially describes critical saws about Scott's spaces and local characters, including the Elementals. I have drawn my next two examples from the Chivalry rather than the Scottish novels not only because they are neglected, but also because an Edie Ochiltree has at least as much in common with characters from the Chivalry novels (like Hayraddin Maugrabin, Ulla Troil, and the White Lady) as with Meg Merrilies and Madge Wildfire. Further, since Edie's complicated role as folk historian, reader of time and genre, and traverser of space gibes with that of so many Chivalry novel characters, the broader significance of Elementals must be reconsidered to determine why historical novels of all types so often rely on these shadowy, half-real and unstable characters to get their work done. In Scott's popular Elizabethan novel Kenilworth (1821) , as much a progenitor of the Victorian historical novel as the better known Ivanhoe, the Elemental is less prominent than Edie Ochiltree, perhaps because one of the novel's protagonists is the most adept "normal" reader of the palimpsest to be found in Scott: the blacksmith-merchant-alchemist Wayland Smith. Although not mysterious enough to be an Elemental, Wayland Smith nevertheless rivals the Elemental's genius for overlapping categories: of society and class, of appearance and dress, and of country and city life. In a novel focused on self-fashioning and competing males, "perceptive in its understanding of the way in which the whole of Elizabethan society, not just individuals, fashions itself through performance" (Alexander xiv), Wayland emerges as the most [End Page 216] successful, because the most adaptable, male. His ascent depends upon his successful reading of the spaces around him, which reveals Wayland's grasp of various kinds of knowledge: not only geographical and directional, but also chemical, medical, linguistic, commercial and psychological. But Wayland cannot complete all the tasks required by the novel's complicated plot without help—enter the Elemental, the bizarre "hobgoblin" boy, Dickie Sludge. Better known throughout the novel as Flibbertigibbet, Sludge first appears as protagonist Tressilian's guide to Smith's hidden forest forge and laboratory, and is described as "a queer, shambling, ill-made urchin" of "stunted growth" and "grotesque sneer" (92-93). Along the way he jokes and jabs repeatedly about leading Tressilian to the devil, since Sludge is Smith's confederate in maintaining his usefully evil reputation as an invisible and occult smith. Unlike Wayland, who soon drops his Gothic-flavored disguise, Sludge's goblin and devil associations remain with him throughout the novel, emphasizing both his otherworldliness and puckish sense of mischief. Sludge brings Tressilian to Smith's stone circle (always an emblem in Scott for a complex and layered landscape space) and teasingly calls the space's exterior features by interior names: the stone circle is "Wayland Smith's forge-door," the flat stone is "Wayland Smith's counter," and so on (96). When Tressilian tries to punish him for what he considers a practical joke or worse, Sludge displays both an Elemental's facility with the forest space and a demon's propensity to torment: [He] presently took to his heels across the heath, with a velocity which baffled every attempt of Tressilian to overtake him,.…[He]…preserved just such a rate as to encourage Tressilian to continue the chase, and then darted away from him with the swiftness of the wind, when his pursuer supposed he had nearly run him down.… This lasted until Tressilian, from very weariness, stood still, and was about to abandon the pursuit with a hearty curse on the ill-favoured urchin, who had engaged him in an exercise so ridiculous. But the boy, who had, as formerly, planted himself on the top of a hillock close in front, began to clap his long, thin hands, point with his skinny fingers, and twist his wild and ugly features into such an extravagant expression of laughter and derision, that Tressilian began half to doubt whether he had not in view an actual hobgoblin. (96-97) Sludge further taunts if Tressilian tries to catch him on horse, "there is a marsh hard by would swallow all the horses of the Queen's guard. I will into it, and see where you will go then" (97). Despite their partnership as faux conjurors in chapter 10, Wayland Smith and Flibbertigibbet differ qualitatively, as the subsequent action bears out. Elemental or no, there is always some mystification about the capable reader of space, and indeed Smith's easy familiarity with disguise, language, forest, [End Page 217] and city space baffles Tressilian and surprises the reader. But Flibbertigibbet's proficiency baffles even Wayland Smith. When he and Amy Robsart join a group of players on the road to Kenilworth Castle, Dickie Sludge is already among them, dressed appropriately enough as a devil. When the couple is turned away at the castle gate by a mock giant—part of Kenilworth's extended focus on performance and spectacle—Sludge gains them entrance by joining in the drama and prompting the gigantic porter with his forgotten lines. The scene points out both his unnatural knowledge and his easy trans-navigation of genres: He dropped down from the horse, and skipping up to the porter, plucked him by the tail of the bearskin, so as to induce him to decline his huge head, and whispered something in his ear.… "It is even so," he said, with a thundering sound of exultation—"it is even so, my little dandieprat. But who the devil could teach it thee?" (260-61) Both his half-sinister impishness and his unaccountable understanding align Dickie Sludge with other Elementals, as does his link with the novel's various spaces: he flits freely and easily throughout the unreal mummery of Kenilworth, warning Wayland that he is determined by mysterious means to be "at the bottom of all your secrets, were they as deep and dark as the Castle dungeon" (261). Through his intervention Wayland enters the castle, but through his interference Wayland loses an important letter, thus bringing on the climax of the novel. A character less important to the plot of the novel than Ochiltree to The Antiquary, yet Dickie Sludge proves the key to new agency several times for this novel's two protagonists, and each time corresponds to a change in scene: from the village to the stone circle, to the underground laboratory, and so into Kenilworth Castle. If his weird or marvelous nature is less powerfully realized than a character like Meg Merrilies, his variety of Elemental was the more imitated throughout the genre: he might be considered the first in a long line of dwarf characters in historical novels whose physical "grotesquerie" is compensated by unnatural knowledge, often mischievously employed. 8 Holy Ground: Theodorick of The Talisman Since Kenilworth is set in Elizabeth's England, with superstition (often equated with Catholicism) allegedly in retreat, the problem of Sludge's knowledge is dealt with more playfully than in the epic surroundings of Scott's far-flung novel, The Talisman. Theodorick of Engaddi appears late in chapter 3, the goal of the journey protagonist Sir Kenneth undertakes through the Syrian desert. Prior to meeting him, Sir Kenneth and the Muslim Sheerkohf have traded a long series of jabs and counter-jabs about faith, knowledge, custom, and landscape, all while traveling through some of Scott's most tortuously mutable scenery. [End Page 218] Scott's diction evokes both the Gothic and the Inferno as the knight and his uneasy guide pass from flat desert to rocky, shadowy, and deeply pocketed terrain. Although Kenneth remains indifferent to Sheerkohf's stories of wild animals and robbers, the "dark caverns and chasms amongst the rocks, those grottoes so often alluded to in Scripture," convince him "that he was now in the awful wilderness of the forty days' fast, and the scene of the actual personal temptation, wherewith the Evil Principle was permitted to assail the Son of Man" (36-37). The scene change connects with frightening metaphysical narratives in Kenneth's memory and imagination, altering both the character of the story in which he finds himself 9 and that of his companion: Sheerkohf's incongruous and carefree singing of drinking songs now strikes him as dangerously irreverent in the unholy surroundings. As it was, the Crusader felt as if he had by his side some gay licentious fiend, who endeavored to ensnare his immortal soul, and endanger his immortal salvation, by inspiring loose thoughts of earthly pleasure, and thus polluting his devotion, at a time when his faith as a Christian, and his vow as a pilgrim, called on him for a serious and penitential state of mind. (37) The alteration of landscape thus signals an alteration of genre and mood, of ways of knowing and predicting what will happen. The knight who had been mocking Sheerkohf with alleged fables now tells him that "this place—these rocks—these caverns with their gloomy arches, leading as it were to the central abyss—are held an especial haunt of Satan and his angels" (38). The verbal duel between Kenneth and Sheerkohf boils to a climax when the latter chants the verses to "Ahriman," a mythological tale supposedly describing his family's occult origins, but that Kenneth takes to be a prayer to Satan. Sheerkohf's poem touches upon the very questions of holy and unholy ground, of righteous and maleficent spirits, that the two have been debating in Bunyanesque fashion. For instance, the oasis that knight and Saracen have visited in chapter 2 is recalled by the "fountain in the desert field," granted by a "Benigner Power" who contrasts with "Ahriman," the evil spirit who controls the lashing wave and tornado (42.7-8). The speaker wonders if Ahriman has form or if he is intermingled into the very fabric and elements of earth: Or art thou mix'd in Nature's source,An ever-operating force,Converting good to ill;An evil principle innate,Contending with our better fate (42.31-35) Sheerkohf claims to have descended from subterranean demigods who are themselves "elementals"—"created out of the pure elementary fire"—and [End Page 219] though content to leave the finer questions of religion to the theologians, he grants the simple power of such beings: we are not willing, like other Moslemah, to pass hasty doom on the lofty and powerful elementary spirits from whom we claim our origin. These Genii, according to our belief and hope, are not altogether reprobate, but are still in the way of probation, and may hereafter be punished or rewarded.…Enough that with us the reverence for these spirits is not altogether effaced by what we have learned from the Koran.… (40-41) "Not altogether effaced"—a palimpsest-like feature spoken of on "unholy ground," in the context of a dialogue that has ranged from figure to figure, symbol to symbol, ascertaining which soldier, religion, culture, or nation possesses the truer knowledge. But Sheerkohf, though an admirable reader of space, is not the Elemental here, despite his claims. Rather, the seemingly "infernal spirit" that Sir Kenneth "hesitated not to believe that the blasphemous hymn of the Saracen had raised up" is his quest's object, the Christian hermit, Theodorick of Engaddi (43). Theodorick's appearance finds him utterly familiar with the territory around the two horsemen, and very capable of using it to his advantage. Tall like the demigods of Sheerkohf's tale, "a figure of great height and very thin, which skipped over rocks and bushes with so much agility as, added to the wild and hirsute appearance of the individual, reminded [Kenneth] of the fauns and silvans," this "apparition," who "at first appeared to dog their path by concealing itself behind rocks and shrubs, using those advantages of the ground with great address, and surmounting its irregularities with surprising agility," dramatically proclaims himself Theodorick of Engaddi, "walker of the desert," "friend of the Cross, and flail of all infidels" (43, 46). He pounces on Sheerkohf's throat in his animal skins, here in this treacherous waste of grottoes and caves that "were often the refuge of beasts of prey, or of men still more ferocious" (36). Sir Kenneth's conviction that this wild and unkempt recluse cannot be Theodorick since he is a "madman" is answered by an assurance from the Muslim that sums up the mysterious power possessed by all of Scott's Elementals: "Not the worse saint [for being mad]," returned the Moslem, speaking according to the well-known Eastern belief, that madmen are under the influence of immediate inspiration. "Know, Christian, that when one eye is extinguished, the other becomes more keen;…so, when our reason in human things is disturbed or destroyed, our view heavenward becomes more acute and perfect." (47) This same unholy ground where "the Evil One hath more than ordinary power over sinful mortals" (38) is Theodorick's domain: he leads the two riders deeper into the waste with uncanny proficiency, "well acquainted with all the winding [End Page 220] dells and passes of the desert, and gifted with uncommon activity, which, perhaps, an unsettled state of mind kept in constant exercise" (47). "Athletic yet wasted," like Edie the Old Tree, he leads them to his cave's opening, standing at the entrance with a "sulphurous" (46) torch. Yet the interior is less like hell than a monastery, with a cool temperature, waxen torches, and "a niche for a rude statue of the Virgin" (48). But while the Muslim sleeps, Theodorick leads Kenneth further into the cave, and thus into mysteries of the landscape—as the space of the novel, which had recently turned from Dante-esque Hell to quiet monk's cell, now transforms into a full-blown Gothic chapel: whereas, in every other place which Sir Kenneth had seen, the labour employed upon the rock had been of the simplest and coarsest description, it had in this chapel employed the invention and the chisels of the most able architects. The groined roofs rose from six columns on each side, carved with the rarest skill; and the manner in which the crossings of the concave arches were bound together, as it were, with appropriate ornaments, were all in the finest tone of the architecture of the age. (56) Enshrined in this hallowed space, complete with "gothic door," ornate carvings and a choir of female voices—strange accompaniment for a hermit monk!—is a fragment of the true cross. This first featured landscape in The Talisman is one whose rapid alteration signals changes in genre and mood, shifts with which the poor reader of space, Sir Kenneth, is ill-equipped to keep up. Not merely has the scene moved from the harshest exterior space to a cool, decorous and even luxurious interior space, but space and narrative have moved within a chapter from the "scene of the temptation" to the Actual Presence, from Inferno to Paradiso. What is important to note here is that the Elemental has made this possible. He alone knows the secret of the desert and caves, and has the power of proclaiming the unholy ground holy (56). Though certainly no more "organic" growth of the Syrian setting—which, of course, Scott never visited—than Sir Kenneth, and in fact more mythic and archetypal than anything else, he has been summoned or conjured by an invocation to elemental forces, in a scene "pregnant" with theological and cultural symbolism, and he alone has the power to transform this arid, unholy scene, his own domain, into its metonymic inverse. Worth noting are the similarities between Theodorick of Engaddi and The Antiquary's Edie Ochiltree: both are aged but robust figures, unnaturally strong and spry. Both are beggars with strong links to Catholicism: Edie's social status as a "King's Bedesman" links to a Catholic past no one in The Antiquary knows directly, an order of paupers partly maintained by Scottish kings "in conformity with the ordinances of the Catholic Church, and who were expected in return to pray for the royal welfare and that of the state" (Scott, qtd. in Hewitt 376 ). As such he, like Theodorick, participates in but also subverts the dynamic between Catholicism and superstition assumed during Scott's time, [End Page 221] summed up by P. G. Maxwell-Stuart as "Middle Ages = Catholic = ignorant and superstitious, as opposed to 'modern times' = non-Catholic/deist/agnostic = enlightened and scientific" (5). Both Theodorick and Edie lead the heroes of their novels to caves that connect with mysterious Gothic structures. Both characters unaccountably know the scenery and ideas and constructs invested in the scenery, though one draws from a Scottish landscape and period that Scott remembered, and the other from a stylized representation of an ancient Middle East that Scott never saw. Theodorick's role in The Talisman is important but brief; his main function is to reunite Sir Kenneth with Lady Edith Plantagenet, the kinswomen of Richard I to whom Kenneth is devoted. Both Theodorick and Flibbertigibbet are thus in keeping with Allen's "elemental" as a half-mad or at least provokingly eccentric, elusive, haunting character whose actions significantly affect the resolution of the story. Yet they are also characters whose interaction with space hints at the limitations of rational, conventional knowledge. Like Edie's knowledge of a remote Catholic past; like Madge Wildfire's "uncertain, and twilight sort of rationality" (Midlothian 308) which yet kens space and genre, roads and forests as well as ballad and folk tale; like Guy Mannering's Meg Merrilies, whose curses and prophecies are as accurate as her uncanny knowledge of the secret places on the Ellangowan estate; like also, in differing degrees, Norna from The Pirate (1822), Lady Hermione from The Fortunes of Nigel (1822), Fenella from Peveril of the Peak (1822), and the White Lady from The Monastery—all have ways of merging with the text of space in Scott's novels, becoming vanishing points between space/time and human beings, the inevitable and the perishable, the universal and the mortal. Futurespace: The Elemental as Prophet Because I am postulating the Elementals as fringe characters in touch with both the landscape and other kinds of knowledge, a word needs to be said regarding the precognitive powers Elemental characters often possess—especially since (contrary to what might be expected of a genre valued for authenticity) soothsayers and prophets who predict accurately found their way into the historical novel in abundance. The historical novel's ethos demands a constant backward-looking and speculative groping into the murky past. The author, part historian and part "tapestry restorer," must find an authoritative grasp of his subjects and timeline (or at least appear to have one) and be able to distinguish the sharper outlines and bolder colors in the mist. The looking back into obscurity and bringing forward into narrative cohesion and clarity make up the magical powers so often granted to the successful historical novelist: to Scott, the Wizard of the North, and to those who followed. The author's through-a-glass-darkly exercise of scrutiny and speculation is thus mirrored by some Elemental characters whose knowledge extends mysteriously forward, who peer into the obscure future back at the novelist and reader. [End Page 222] Often the soothsayers and prophets, insane or believed insane, are another means of demonstrating the links between past and present: when a soothsayer looks "forward," the event predicted is only another fact looked "back" to by the author, revealing a historical link between author and setting. In one way, therefore, the Elemental as prophet emphasizes historical continuity, thus arguing for order and rationality. 10 Yet in another way, their divinations hint at sublime powers unaccountable in the world of pure rationalization, yet just as real and just as powerful. What the source of their power is becomes the vexing question in Waverley epistemology. At the least, their knowledge confirms the importance of inexplicable instinct and "hunches"—precognition in its simplest form. At most, the Elementals' ways of knowing acknowledge metaphysical ways, and those outside the commonsensical Christianity of the Anglican Church. It may be why ruined Catholic and Druid spaces in Scott mirror the Elementals so well: Scott's crumbling remains of stone circles, monasteries, and cathedrals are links to an English past that was still palpable yet seem also in touch with other-worldly knowledge and power. So these spaces may actually be haunted, even when all other spaces may be relatively realistic. The sacramentality associated with Catholic spaces implies multiple natures overlapping, just like the Elementals themselves: the cities of man and God overlaying each other in Augustine, the natural world whose acts yet resonate on the spiritual plane. To identify Scott's haunted abbeys as a Gothic motif is only to acknowledge the Gothic's intuitive acknowledgement of this British past, and to confirm the Gothic novel itself as "a mode of history, a way of perceiving an obscure past and interpreting it" (Punter, qtd. in Mitchell 85). The nebulous energy around Scott's Catholic ruins even complements Henri Lefebvre's understanding of medieval church-dominated cities as a successful blending of his triad of spatial categories (40-41). Monkish spaces were apparently successful and harmonious spaces of social practice and yet were destroyed. As such they become idealized riddles, spaces of lost knowledge, coherency and perspective (as when Egremont regrets the loss of the "Monastics" in Disraeli's Sybil). The British Catholic ruin is not only a residue of historical struggle but also a link to a coherent spatial/political whole. What critics have hitherto noted in the Elementals, I suggest, is not so much an innate channeling or representation of locality in this kind of character, as Scott's signaling that the palimpsest of historical novel space is also "outside reason," where reason equals verifiable or empirical knowledge. Grasping the past imaginatively cannot be achieved by purely rational means—nor should a genre so romantically invested as the historical novel (in its technique at least, if not its ethos) pretend to do so. As the form gathers together scraps from different genres and categories to build its fictional world (fragments of verse and song, dramatic dialogue, historical footnotes, editorial paratexts) so its spaces shift and transmute into their own palimpsest: at times a journalistic [End Page 223] rendering of an extant scene, at times a stage backdrop, at still other times the brooding, painterly, and sublime "splendid theatre." Neither the spaces nor the Elementals, therefore, can be understood in terms of ratio—grasped by logical steps—though there are hints that they are both intellectus—grasped by a higher, intuitive understanding. And if the successful reading of space implies a correct interpretation or acquisition of knowledge for most characters, the Elementals' seemingly instinctive or preternatural links with space deliberately introduce an epistemological problem into the Waverley narrator's scheme of "knowing." As such they are a challenge to order, realism, and level-headedness, and thus to the compensatory coolness and confidence of the voice of the typical historical novel's narrator: that self-assured attachment to rationality and realism that criticism has long taken at face value. Tom Bragg	i don't know
In October 1977 three members of which US rock band died in a plane crash in Mississippi, three days after the release of their album ‘Street Survivors’?	1977 Plane Crash \| Lynyrd Skynyrd \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Several members of the band died in a plane crash that occurred on October 20, 1977, three days after the release of Street Survivors . A chartered Convair 240, N55VM, carrying the band between shows from Greenville, South Carolina to LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana crashed near a forest in McComb, Mississippi. The crash killed singer/songwriter Ronnie Van Zant , guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines , vocalist Cassie Gaines , assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary and co-pilot William Gray. Other band members were injured, some very seriously. Drummer Artimus Pyle crawled out of the plane wreckage with several broken ribs, but was ambulatory, as were road crew members Kenneth Peden Jr. and Mark Frank. The three injured men hiked some distance from the crash site, through swampy woods, and finally flagged down farmer Johnny Mote, who had come to investigate. Varying accounts have Mote either firing a warning shot into the air or actually shooting Pyle in the shoulder — no report is completely reliable. Pyle claimed in a February 2007 appearance on Howard Stern's Sirius radio program that Mote had shot him; Mote has always denied shooting the drummer. Video of a barechested Pyle at the 1979 Volunteer Jam does not show evidence of a gunshot wound. Medical personnel arrived and began to ferry out the injured and the dead. Allen Collins suffered two cracked vertebrae in his neck, and both Collins and Leon Wilkeson nearly had arms amputated as a result of crash injuries. Wilkeson suffered severe internal injuries, including a punctured lung, and had most of his teeth knocked out. Gary Rossington broke both his arms and both his legs in the crash, and took many months to recuperate. Leslie Hawkins sustained a concussion, broke her neck in three places and had severe facial lacerations. Security manager Gene Odom was seriously burned on his arm and face and lost the sight in one eye as a result of an emergency flare on board the plane that was activated during the crash. Victims were taken to the hospital in McComb, Mississippi by ambulances and other vehicles. Road crew member Steve Lawler, who suffered severe contusions and facial lacerations, was taken to the hospital in a pickup with a camper top. Pianist Billy Powell survived but his nose was nearly torn off and he suffered severe facial lacerations. He later caused a controversy by giving a lurid account of Cassie Gaines' final moments on a VH1 Behind The Music special about the band, claiming that the backing singer's throat was cut from ear to ear and that she bled to death in his arms. Powell also claimed that Ronnie Van Zant's head had been smashed. Powell's version of events has been discounted by both Artimus Pyle and Judy Van Zant Jenness, who posted the autopsy reports on the band's website in early 1998 in order to set the record straight. Despite this faux pas, Powell has been on good terms with the remaining band members since the incident. Pyle did confirm (from Pyle's interview on the The Howard Stern Show on Sirius Satellite Radio, Feb. 12, 2007) that Van Zant's cause of death was trauma to the head caused by equipment, such as Betamax tapes and Trinitrons, flying forward in the plane's cabin. Original cover for Street Survivors , 1977Notably, the third member of The Honkettes, JoJo Billingsley, was not on the plane and in fact was home tending to a family member's illness. She was planning to join the tour in Little Rock on October 23, three days after the crash. According to an interview in the book Freebirds, Billingsley had dreamed of the plane crash and begged Allen Collins by telephone not to continue using the Convair. On hearing of the accident, Billingsley was so shaken that some of her hair fell out. The Convair 240 itself had been inspected by members of Aerosmith's flight crew for possible use in the early summer of 1977, but was rejected because it was felt that neither the plane nor the crew were up to standards. In an interview in the book Walk This Way, Aerosmith's assistant chief of flight operations Zunk Buker tells of seeing pilots McCreary and Gray trading a bottle of Jack Daniels back and forth while Buker and his father were inspecting the plane. When Aerosmith's crew heard of Skynyrd's misfortune, they were shocked, but not necessarily surprised. Aerosmith's touring family was also relieved because the band, specifically Steven Tyler and Joe Perry, had been trying to pressure their management into renting that specific plane. Updated cover after plane crash, 1977The official NTSB accident report reads, "The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was fuel exhaustion and total loss of power from both engines due to crew inattention to fuel supply. Contributing to the fuel exhaustion were inadequate flight planning and an engine malfunction of undetermined nature in the right engine which resulted in higher-than-normal fuel consumption." It was known that the right engine's magneto — a small power generator that provides spark and timing for the engine — had been malfunctioning (Powell, among others, spoke of seeing flames shooting out of the right engine on a trip just prior to the accident), and that pilots McCreary and Gray had intended to repair the damaged part when the travelling party arrived in Baton Rouge. It is possible that the damaged magneto fooled the pilots into creating an exceptionally rich fuel mixture, causing the Convair to run out of fuel. It was suggested on the VH-1 Behind The Music profile on Skynyrd that this was the case, or that the pilots, panicking when the right engine failed, accidentally dumped the remaining fuel. Pyle maintains in the Howard Stern interview that the fuel gauge in the older model plane malfunctioned and the pilots had failed to manually check the tanks before taking off. Street Survivors became the band's second platinum album, and was the #5 top selling album on the U.S. album chart. The single "What's Your Name" reached #13 on the single airplay charts in January of 1978. Lynyrd Skynyrd disbanded after the airplane tragedy. On the original pressing of the cover of Street Survivors was a photograph of the band engulfed in flames. MCA Records, out of courtesy, withdrew the sleeve and replaced it with a cover of the band striking a similar pose against a plain black background.	Lynyrd Skynyrd
Gorgonzola cheese is from which country?	Lynyrd Skynyrd Plane Crash. Follow up News Reports. Buy Concert Tickets. also see: List of Lynyrd Skynyrd band members Lynyrd Skynyrd (pronounced /ˌlɪnərd ˈskɪnərd/ LIN-ərd-SKIN-ərd by band members but sometimes pronounced /ˌlɛnərd ˈskɪnərd/ LEN- ərd-SKIN-ərd[1][2]) is an American rock band, formed in Jacksonville, Florida in 1964. The band became prominent in the Southern United States in 1973, and rose to worldwide recognition. Three members and one road crew member died in an airplane crash in 1977; the band reformed in 1987 for a reunion tour with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as the frontman. Lynyrd Skynyrd continues to tour and record. Of its original members, only Gary Rossington remains with the band as of 2011. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006. Early years In the summer of 1964, teenage friends Ronnie Van Zant, Allen Collins, and Gary Rossington, formed the band "The Noble Five", which then changed in 1965 to "My Backyard", when Larry Junstrom and Bob Burns joined in Jacksonville, Florida. In 1968, the group won a local Battle of the Bands contest and the opening slot on several Southeast shows for the California- based psychedelic rock band Strawberry Alarm Clock.[citation needed] In 1970, Van Zant sought a new name. "One Percent" and "The Noble Five" were each considered before the group settled on "Leonard Skinnerd", a mocking tribute to a physical-education teacher at Robert E. Lee High School, Leonard Skinner,[4] who was notorious for strictly enforcing the school's policy against boys having long hair.[5][6] The more distinctive spelling was adopted before they released their first album. Note that almost no Southern accent distinguishes between /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ before nasals, so the pronunciation of Leonard Skinner's name would have been /ˌlɪnərd ˈskɪnər/, which is why the 'distinctive' spelling of the name would have made sense to the band members. Despite their high-school acrimony, the band developed a friendlier relationship with Skinner in later years, and invited him to introduce them at a concert in the Jacksonville Memorial Coliseum.[7] Skinner allowed the band to use a photo of his Leonard Skinner Realty sign for the inside of their third album.[8] Skinner died on September 20, 2010, at age 77 after a battle with Alzheimer's disease.[9] In 1970, the band auditioned for Alan Walden, who would later become their manager on the newly formed Hustler's Inc. Walden worked with the band until 1974, when management was turned over to Pete Rudge. The band continued to perform throughout the South in the early 1970s, further developing their hard- driving, blues-rock sound and image, and experimenting with making studio recordings. During this time, they went through a number of member changes, with Van Zant, Collins and Rossington remaining the only constants. Burns and Junstrom left the band, and were briefly replaced by Rickey Medlocke on drums and Greg Walker on bass. In 1971, with this lineup, they made some recordings at the famous Muscle Shoals Sound Studio. By the time they made a second round of Muscle Shoals recordings in 1972, Burns had rejoined the band and Leon Wilkeson had become Larry Junstrom's permanent replacement on bass, with Medlocke and Walker having left to play with the southern rock band Blackfoot. Around this time, the band occasionally played shows with both Burns and Medlocke participating, utilizing a dual-drummer approach similar to that of The Allman Brothers. Also in 1972, roadie Billy Powell became the keyboardist for the band. [edit] Peak years (1973–1977)In 1972 the band was discovered by musician, songwriter, and producer Al Kooper of Blood, Sweat, and Tears, who had attended one of their shows at a club in Atlanta. They changed the spelling of their name to "Lynyrd Skynyrd",[10] and Kooper signed them to MCA Records, producing their first album (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd). Leon Wilkeson left just before the band was to record the album (Wilkeson rejoined the band shortly thereafter at Van Zant's invitation and is pictured on the album cover).[citation needed] Strawberry Alarm Clock guitarist Ed King joined the band and played Wilkeson's parts on the album, along with some guitar. King switched to guitar after the album's release, allowing the band to replicate the three-guitar mix used in the studio. Released August 13, 1973,[11] the album featured the hit song "Free Bird", which received national airplay, eventually reaching #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, and is considered by many to be the greatest rock and roll song ever. Ronnie Van ZantLynyrd Skynyrd's fan base continued to grow rapidly throughout 1973, largely due to their opening slot on The Who's Quadrophenia tour in the United States. On their 1974 follow-up, Second Helping, the band successfully avoided sophomore slump, with King, Collins and Rossington all collaborating with Van Zant on the songwriting. The album was the band's breakthrough hit, and featured their most popular single, "Sweet Home Alabama" (#8 on the charts in August 1974), a response to Neil Young's "Alabama" and "Southern Man". (Young and Van Zant were not rivals, but fans of each other's music and good friends; Young even wrote the song "Powderfinger" for the band, but they never recorded it.[12] Van Zant, meanwhile, can be seen on the cover of Street Survivors wearing a Neil Young t-shirt.) The album reached #12 in 1974, eventually going multi-platinum. In July of that year, Lynyrd Skynyrd was one of the headline acts at The Ozark Music Festival at the Missouri State Fairgrounds in Sedalia, Missouri. In January 1975, Burns left the band and was replaced by Kentucky native Artimus Pyle on drums. Lynyrd Skynyrd's third album, Nuthin' Fancy, was released the same year. The album had lower sales than its predecessor, and Kooper was eventually fired. Midway through the tour, Ed King left the band, citing tour exhaustion. In January 1976, backup singers Leslie Hawkins, Cassie Gaines and JoJo Billingsley (collectively known as The Honkettes) were added to the band, although they were not considered official members. Lynyrd Skynyrd's fourth album Gimme Back My Bullets was released in the new year, but did not achieve the same success as the previous two albums. Van Zant and Collins both felt that the band was seriously missing the three-guitar attack that had been one of its early hallmarks. Although Skynyrd auditioned several guitarists, including such high-profile names as Leslie West, the solution was closer than they realized. Soon after joining Skynyrd, Cassie Gaines began touting the guitar and songwriting prowess of her younger brother, Steve. The junior Gaines, who led his own band, Crawdad (which occasionally would perform Skynyrd's "Saturday Night Special" in their set), was invited to audition onstage with Skynyrd at a concert in Kansas City on May 11, 1976. Liking what they heard, the group also jammed informally with the Oklahoma native several times, then invited him into the group in June. With Gaines on board, the newly-reconstituted band recorded the double-live album One More From the Road at the Fox Theatre (Atlanta, Georgia) in Atlanta, and performed at the Knebworth festival, which also featured The Rolling Stones. Both Collins and Rossington had serious car accidents over Labor Day weekend in 1976 which slowed the recording of the follow-up album and forced the band to cancel some concert dates. Rossington's accident inspired the ominous "That Smell" – a cautionary tale about drug abuse that was clearly aimed towards him and at least one other band member. Rossington has admitted repeatedly that he was the "Prince Charming" of the song who crashed his car into an oak tree while drunk and stoned on Quaaludes. Van Zant, at least, was making a serious attempt to clean up his act and curtail the cycle of boozed-up brawling that was part of Skynyrd's reputation. 1977's Street Survivors turned out to be a showcase for guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines, who had joined the band just a year earlier and was making his studio debut with them. Publicly and privately, Ronnie Van Zant marveled at the multiple talents of Skynyrd's newest member, claiming that the band would "all be in his shadow one day." Gaines' contributions included his co-lead vocal with Van Zant on the co-written "You Got That Right" and the rousing guitar boogie "I Know A Little" which he had written before he joined Skynyrd. So confident was Skynyrd's leader of Gaines' abilities that the album (and some concerts) featured Gaines delivering his self- penned bluesy "Ain't No Good Life" – the only song in the pre-crash Skynyrd catalog to feature a lead vocalist other than Ronnie Van Zant. The album also included the hit singles "What's Your Name" and "That Smell". The band was poised for their biggest tour yet, with shows always highlighted by the iconic rock anthem "Free Bird".[13] In November, the band was scheduled to fulfill Van Zant's lifelong dream of headlining New York's Madison Square Garden. Rossington, Collins, Wilkeson and Powell formed The Rossington-Collins Band, which released two albums between 1980 and 1982. Deliberately avoiding comparisons with Ronnie Van Zant as well as suggestions that this band was Lynyrd Skynyrd reborn, Rossington and Collins chose a woman, Dale Krantz, as lead vocalist. However, as an acknowledgment of their past, the band's concert encore would always be an instrumental version of "Free Bird". Rossington and Collins eventually had a falling out over the affections of Dale Krantz, whom Rossington married and with whom he formed the Rossington Band, which released two albums in the late 1980s and opened for the Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour in 1987–1988. The other former members of Lynyrd Skynyrd continued to make music during the hiatus era. Billy Powell played keyboards in a Christian Rock band named Vision, touring with established Christian rocker Mylon LeFevre (who, like Skynyrd, had once opened for The Who). During Vision concerts, Powell's trademark keyboard talent was often spotlighted and he spoke about his conversion to Christianity after the near-fatal plane crash. Pyle formed The Artimus Pyle Band in 1982, which occasionally featured former Honkettes JoJo Billingsley and Leslie Hawkins. In 1980, Allen Collins's wife Kathy died of a massive hemorrhage while miscarrying their third child. He formed the Allen Collins Band in 1983 from the remnants of the Rossington- Collins Band, releasing one tepidly-received album, but many around him believed that the guitarist's heart just wasn't in it anymore. Most point to his wife's death as the moment that Collins' life began to spin out of control; he spent several years bingeing on drugs and alcohol. In 1986, Collins crashed his car while driving drunk near his home in Jacksonville, killing his girlfriend and leaving him permanently paralyzed from the chest down. Collins eventually pled no contest to DUI manslaughter, but was not given a prison sentence since his injuries made it obvious that he would never drive or be a danger to society again.	i don't know
What is the title of the 2001 film in which Russell Crowe plays mathematician John Nash?	A Beautiful Mind (2001) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After John Nash , a brilliant but asocial mathematician, accepts secret work in cryptography, his life takes a turn for the nightmarish. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 30 titles created 16 Apr 2012 a list of 27 titles created 24 Sep 2013 a list of 36 titles created 24 Dec 2013 a list of 22 titles created 04 Mar 2014 a list of 21 titles created 08 May 2014 Title: A Beautiful Mind (2001) 8.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 4 Oscars. Another 33 wins & 65 nominations. See more awards » Photos When a Roman general is betrayed and his family murdered by an emperor's corrupt son, he comes to Rome as a gladiator to seek revenge. Director: Ridley Scott Forrest Gump, while not intelligent, has accidentally been present at many historic moments, but his true love, Jenny Curran, eludes him. Director: Robert Zemeckis A determined woman works with a hardened boxing trainer to become a professional. Director: Clint Eastwood The true story of Frank Abagnale Jr. who, before his 19th birthday, successfully conned millions of dollars' worth of checks as a Pan Am pilot, doctor, and legal prosecutor. Director: Steven Spielberg A sexually frustrated suburban father has a mid-life crisis after becoming infatuated with his daughter's best friend. Director: Sam Mendes Will Hunting, a janitor at M.I.T., has a gift for mathematics, but needs help from a psychologist to find direction in his life. Director: Gus Van Sant In 1954, a U.S. marshal investigates the disappearance of a murderess who escaped from a hospital for the criminally insane. Director: Martin Scorsese When his secret bride is executed for assaulting an English soldier who tried to rape her, William Wallace begins a revolt against King Edward I of England. Director: Mel Gibson In the antebellum United States, Solomon Northup , a free black man from upstate New York, is abducted and sold into slavery. Director: Steve McQueen A boy who communicates with spirits that don't know they're dead seeks the help of a disheartened child psychologist. Director: M. Night Shyamalan The lives of guards on Death Row are affected by one of their charges: a black man accused of child murder and rape, yet who has a mysterious gift. Director: Frank Darabont An insurance salesman/adjuster discovers his entire life is actually a television show. Director: Peter Weir Edit Storyline From the heights of notoriety to the depths of depravity, John Forbes Nash, Jr. experienced it all. A mathematical genius, he made an astonishing discovery early in his career and stood on the brink of international acclaim. But the handsome and arrogant Nash soon found himself on a painful and harrowing journey of self-discovery. After many years of struggle, he eventually triumphed over his tragedy, and finally - late in life - received the Nobel Prize. Written by Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures See All (188) » Taglines: The Only Thing Greater Than the Power of the Mind is the Courage of the Heart See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for intense thematic material, sexual content and a scene of violence \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 4 January 2002 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Una mente brillante See more » Filming Locations: $2,501,096 (USA) (21 December 2001) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia John Nash is the co-inventor (independently from the Danish mathematician Piet Hein) of the strategy game Hex. This was caused by his frustration after he was defeated at Go, and he wanted to create a "perfect" game. The scenes where he does that were shot but then deleted from the final cut, and can be found in the DVD extras or online. See more » Goofs The light switch on the wall in the Nash house is of a modern design. See more » Quotes [first lines] Helinger : Mathematicians won the war. Mathematicians broke the Japanese codes... and built the A-bomb. Mathematicians... like you. The stated goal of the Soviets is global Communism. In medicine or economics, in technology or space, battle lines are being drawn. To triumph, we need results. Publishable, applicable results. Now who among you will be the next Morse? The next Einstein? Who among you will be the vanguard of democracy, freedom, and discovery? Today, we bequeath America's future ... – See all my reviews I think its a good idea to know as little as possible about this movie before seeing it. Now that I've seen it, the commercials on television seem to be giving away too much. With that in mind DO NOT READ THIS IF YOU HAVEN'T SEEN IT! Its a hard movie to pinpoint. Its not like any other movie I've ever seen, in that a character exists that is not real. John Nash's mind is the reality of the movie and its not until the movie is half over that you realize this and its jarring that you've been taken on a ride with this man's illness, and accepted it as the real world. Its also a very heartbreaking thing. From the middle point, John and you see the world differently because he starts to receive treatment. Russell Crowe does not overdo it for a minute and turns in his customary brilliant performance. Would not surprise me at all if he were to win his second Best Actor Oscar in March 2002. He really is that good. Just as good but with less screen time is the beautiful and beautifully talent Jennifer Connelly, who the world may finally get to see in a mainstream movie. Her chemistry with Crowe is vital to the movie and neither of them disappoint the audience at all in that respect. I enjoyed it immensely and felt like I had seen a movie when it was over. I was shown a person at their best and the worse and everything in between, by a masterful actor at the top of his game. I am sure Ron Howard deserves a lot of credit that he won't get, too. 182 of 227 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	A Beautiful Mind
Lonicera is the Latin name for which garden plant?	'A Beautiful Mind' - film review \| plus.maths.org 'A Beautiful Mind' - film review Review by Submitted by plusadmin on December 1, 2001 Mar 2002 A Beautiful Mind A Beautiful Mind is a touching, emotionally charged film detailing the life of a brilliant academic who suffers from schizophrenia. This affliction slowly takes over his mind and we watch as his life crumbles apart around him. He abandons his students, alienates his colleagues and replaces his research with a fruitless and all-consuming obsession. Eventually he is taken into hospital where he is forced, with the help of electric-shock therapy and regular medication, to accept his condition and attempt to repair the shattered fragments of his life. He succeeds. Of course he succeeds, this is Hollywood and Hollywood likes a happy ending. In this case the happy ending is that, as an old man and after years of struggle, the poor academic is awarded the Nobel Prize. One interesting point though; it's a true story and our hero is none other than John Forbes Nash Jr. As a young man, John Nash was a mathematical genius. In 1947 he went to Princeton on a Carnegie Scholarship, and after three years had produced a 27-page dissertation for his doctorate in which he greatly expanded the field of Game Theory, transporting it from a position of relative obscurity into one of almost universal relevance. In the 1920s the father of Game Theory, Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann, had shown that mathematical models could be used to explain the behaviour of players in simple games. His work was limited in scope however, and although interesting, it appeared to be of little practical use. Nash's dissertation expanded on von Neumann's work, showing how Game Theory could explain complex as well as simple competitive behaviour. It wasn't a comprehensive solution to all game situations, but it did lay the foundations for the huge body of work on Game Theory which has been produced since. Unfortunately, very little of this comes across in A Beautiful Mind because the director (Ron Howard) seems more interested in making a film about a schizophrenic than a mathematician suffering from schizophrenia. At the start of the film we are shown a Hollywood template of a typically obsessive young academic, introverted, socially inept, dismissive of his colleagues' work. If the notes we see Nash scribbling on his windows were chemical formulae or rhyming couplets rather than mathematical equations, the character would have seemed equally plausible. This is not to say that Russell Crowe, who plays Nash, does a bad job. Indeed, he succeeds in giving his character a convincing plausibility rarely seen in mainstream cinema these days, and he was certainly a deserving Oscar nominee. It's just that we never see him doing any maths apart from the occasional scribbling on windows. And when his great breakthrough finally comes, Nash is not poring over his books in the library or gazing fixedly at his glass equivalent of a blackboard, he's in a bar, eyeing up a group of attractive young women. How visually convenient. But to be fair, this is a dramatisation based on Sylvia Nasar's best-selling book, not a documentary. Its aim is to entertain, not to enlighten, and it does this perfectly well. Russell Crowe produces probably his best performance to date and is equally convincing as both the awkward young genius and the tortured convalescent, struggling to rebuild his marriage and career. Jennifer Connolly (who won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress) is excellent as Alicia, Nash's long-suffering wife, and there are several strong performances from the supporting cast, most notably Ed Harris as a mysterious character from the military and Paul Bettany as Nash's Princeton roommate. But Hollywood requires more from its films than a few good performances; it requires drama, action, romance, pathos, excitement. A Beautiful Mind makes a fair attempt to include all of these ingredients and the results obviously satisfied producers and film-goers alike - it won Oscars for Best Film and Best Director. But for those expecting to see a film about mathematics it is unlikely to satisfy. Early in the film, John Nash describes himself as having "two helpings of brain and half a helping of heart". A Beautiful Mind seems the exact opposite. Film details:	i don't know
In nature, Greco, Ostro, Libeccio and Sirocco are all types of what?	Learn and talk about Battle of Sidi Barrani, 1940 in Egypt, Battles of World War II involving Italy, Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Conflicts in 1940 Baggush Box The Battle of Sidi Barrani (10–11 December 1940) was the opening battle of Operation Compass , the first big British attack of the Western Desert Campaign . Sidi Barrani on the Mediterranean coast in Egypt , had been occupied by the Italian 10th Army , during the Italian invasion of Egypt from 9–16 September 1940 and was attacked by British, Commonwealth and imperial troops who re-captured the port. While retreating from Sidi Barrani and Buq Buq, Italian forces crowded on the coast road and were easy targets for HMS Terror and two gunboats, which bombarded the Sollum area all day and most of the night of 11 December. By late on 12 December, the only Italian positions left in Egypt were at the approaches to Sollum and the vicinity of Sidi Omar. The British took 38,300 prisoners for a loss of 624 men and prolonged the five-day raid on Italian positions in Egypt, eventually capturing Cyrenaica and most of the 10th Army. Contents Italian L3/33 tankettes Cyrenaica, the eastern province of Libya had been an Italian colony since the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912). With Tunisia, a part of French North Africa to the west and Egypt to the east, the Italians prepared to defend both frontiers through a North Africa Supreme Headquarters, under the command of the Governor-General of Italian Libya , Marshal of the Air Force, Italo Balbo . Supreme Headquarters had the 5th Army (General Italo Gariboldi ) and the 10th Army (General Mario Berti ) which in mid-1940 had nine metropolitan divisions of about 13,000 men each, three Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (Blackshirt) and two Italian Libyan Colonial Divisions with 8,000 men each. Italian army divisions had been reorganised in the late 1930s, from three regiments each to two for increased mobility once they were mechanised and reservists were recalled in 1939, along with the usual call-up of conscripts. [1] Morale was considered to be high and the army had recent experience of military operations. The Italian navy had prospered under the Fascist regime, which had paid for fast, well-built and well-armed ships and a large submarine fleet but the navy lacked experience and training. The air force had been ready for war in 1936 but had stagnated by 1939 and was not considered by the British, to be capable of maintaining a high rate of operations for long. The 5th Army with eight divisions was based in Tripolitania , the western half of Libya opposite Tunisia and the 10th Army with six infantry divisions, held Cyrenaica in the east and when war was declared, deployed the 1st Libyan Division Sibelle on the frontier from Giarabub to Sidi Omar and XXI Corps from Sidi Omar to the coast, Bardia and Tobruk. The XXII Corps moved south-west of Tobruk to act as a counter-attack force. [1] Egypt[ edit ] The British had based forces in Egypt since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 . The small British and Commonwealth force garrisoned the Suez Canal and the Red Sea route. The canal was vital to British communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. In mid-1939, Lieutenant-General Archibald Wavell was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the new Middle East Command , over the Mediterranean and Middle East theatres . Until the Franco-Axis armistice, the French divisions in Tunisia faced an Italian garrison on the western Libyan border. In Libya, the Royal Army had about 215,000 men and in Egypt, the British had about 36,000 troops with another 27,500 men training in Palestine. [2] Cruiser Tank Mk I (A9) British forces included the Mobile Division (Egypt) ( Major-General Percy Hobart ), one of only two British armoured training formations, which in mid-1939 was renamed Armoured Division (Egypt) (on 16 February 1940, it became the 7th Armoured Division ). The Egypt–Libya border was defended by the Egyptian Fronter Force and in June 1940, the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division (Major-General Richard O'Connor ) took over command in the Western Desert, with instructions to drive back the Italians from their frontier posts and dominate the hinterland if war began. The 7th Armoured Division less the 7th Armoured Brigade, assembled at Mersa Matruh and sent the 7th Support Group forward towards the frontier as a covering force, where the RAF also moved most of its bombers; Malta was also reinforced. [3] The HQ of the 6th Infantry Division, which lacked complete and fully trained units, was renamed the Western Desert Force (WDF) on 17 June. In Tunisia, the French had eight divisions, capable only of limited operations and in Syria the French had three poorly armed and trained divisions and about 40,000 troops and border guards, on occupation duties against the civilian population. Italian land and air forces ( Regia Aeronautica ) in Libya greatly outnumbered the British in Egypt but suffered from poor morale and were handicapped by some inferior equipment. In Italian East Africa were another 130,000 Italian and African troops with 400 guns, 200 light tanks and 20,000 lorries; Italy declared war from 11 June 1940. [4] Supply[ edit ] Goggles and face covering, for protection against sun and sand The normal route of Italian supply to Tripoli in Libya, went west round Sicily and then close to the coast to the port, about 970 kilometres (600 mi), to avoid interference from British aircraft, ships and submarines based at Malta. On land, supplies had to be carried huge distances by road or in small consignments by coaster. The distance from Tripoli to Benghazi was about 1,050 kilometres (650 mi) along the Litoranea Balbo (Via Balbia) and only half-way to Alexandria and a third of the Italian merchant marine was interned after Italy declared war. [5] The road could flood, was vulnerable to the Desert Air Force (DAF) and alternative desert tracks increased vehicle wear. The Italian advance over the Egyptian frontier in late 1940 increased the road transport distance from Tripoli, over the Khedival Motor Road , a patch which was much inferior to the Via Balbia. [6] The geographical position of Italy made it possible to close the Mediterranean if war came, making the Mediterranean Fleet , based in Egyptian ports, dependent on the Suez Canal. In 1939, Wavell began to plan a base in the Middle East, to support about fifteen divisions (300,000 men), six in Egypt, three in Palestine and the rest further afield. Much of the material was imported from the colonies and the rest obtained locally, by stimulating the production of import substitutes. (The plan for a garrison of nine divisions in Egypt and Palestine was increased to fourteen by June 1941, then to 23 by March 1942.) [7] In 1940, British military forces had the terminus of the Egyptian state railway, road and the port of Mersa Matruh (Matruh) 320 kilometres (200 mi) west of Alexandria, as a base. A water pipeline was begun along the railway and sources of water surveyed. Wells were dug but most filled with salt water and in 1939, the main sources of fresh water were Roman aqueducts at Mersa Matruh and Maaten Bagush . [8] Water-boats from Alexandria and a distillation plant at Matruh increased supply but rigorous economy had to be enforced and much water had to be moved overland to outlying areas. The number of vehicles available in 1939 was inadequate and lorries were diverted to provide the Armoured Division with a better rear link; only the desert-worthy vehicles could be risked off-road, which left tanks unable to move far from Matruh. [8] Matruh was 190 kilometres (120 mi) east of the Libyan border. From the border, there was no water at Sollum, for 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Sollum to Sidi Barrani, there was only a poor road, which meant that an invader would have to move through a waterless and trackless desert to reach the main British force. [9] In September 1940, the New Zealand Railway Battalion and Indian labourers began work on the coastal railway, which reached Sidi Barrani by October 1941. [10] Mistral The war was fought primarily in the Western Desert , which was about 240 miles (390 km) wide, from Mersa Matruh in Egypt to Gazala on the Libyan coast, along Via Balbia , the only paved road. The Sand Sea 150 miles (240 km) inland marked the southern limit of the desert at its widest at Giarabub and Siwa; in British parlance, Western Desert came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. From the coast, extending inland lies a raised, flat plain of stony desert about 150 metres (500 ft) above sea level, that runs 200–300 kilometres (120–190 mi) in depth until the Sand Sea. [11] Scorpions, vipers and flies populated the region, which was inhabited by a small number of Bedouin nomads. Bedouin tracks linked wells and the easier traversed ground; navigation was by sun, star, compass and "desert sense", good perception of the environment gained by experience. (When Italian troops advanced into Egypt in September 1940, the Maletti Group got lost leaving Sidi Omar, disappeared and had to be found by aircraft.) [12] In spring and summer, days are miserably hot and nights very cold. [13] the Sirocco (Gibleh or Ghibli), a hot desert wind, blows clouds of fine sand, which reduces visibility to a few metres and coats eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment; motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil filters and the barren ground means that supplies for military operations have to be transported from outside. [14] German engines tended to overheat and tank engine life fell from 1,400–1,600 miles (2,300–2,600 km) to 300–900 miles (480–1,450 km), made worse by the lack of standard parts for German and Italian types. [15] Main articles: Frontier Wire (Libya) and Fort Capuzzo On 11 June 1940, hostilities commenced and the British were ordered to dominate the frontier and isolate Giarabub in the Siege of Giarabub . The British crossed into Libya that night, exchanged fire with Italian troops at Sidi Omar and discovered that some Italians were unaware that war had been declared. On 14 June, the British captured Fort Capuzzo and Fort Maddalena, taking 220 prisoners. Two days later, the British raided a convoy on the Tobruk – Bardia road, killed 21 Italian troops and took 88 prisoners, including Generale di Brigata Romolo Lastrucci, the 10th Army Chief Engineer. At an engagement near the frontier wire at Nezuet Ghirba, an Italian force of 17 light tanks, four guns and 400 infantry was defeated by a mixed force of British tanks, artillery and motorised infantry. [16] [17] The British patrolled the frontier area as far west as Tobruk, establishing dominance over the 10th Army. On 5 August, thirty Italian tanks and the 8th Hussars fought an inconclusive action and Wavell concluded that vehicle wear made it impractical to continue operations when an Italian offensive loomed. Sand wore out equipment quickly, shortening the track life of tanks, spare parts ran out and only half the tank strength could be kept operational. A lull fell from August–early September, as Operation Hats a naval operation, reinforced the Mediterranean Fleet and helped to bring an army convoy of tanks and crews via the Cape. The British claimed to have inflicted 3,500 casualties for a loss of 150 men from 11 June – 9 September. [18] Further afield, both sides established scouting groups, the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) and Compagnie Auto-Avio-Sahariane (Auto-Saharan Company) which ranged the desert, observed enemy dispositions and raided. [19] Main article: Italian invasion of Egypt Military operations, 13 September 1940 – 7 February 1941 (click to enlarge) On 13 September 1940, the invasion began as a limited tactical operation towards Matruh, rather than the strategic objectives sketched in Rome, due to the chronic lack of transport, fuel and wireless equipment, even with transfers from the 5th Army. Musiad was subjected to a "spectacular" artillery bombardment at dawn and occupied. [20] Sollum and the airfield were taken by the 1st Libyan Division and by evening the 2nd Libyan, 63rd (Cyrene) divisions and the Maletti Group from Musaid and the 62nd (Marmarica) Division from Sidi Omar, pushed past British harassing parties and converged on Halfaya Pass . [21] The British withdrew past Buq Buq on 14 September and continued to harass the Italian advance, while falling back to Alam Hamid the next day and Alam el Dab on 16 September. An Italian force of fifty tanks attempted a flanking move, which led the British rearguard to retire east of Sidi Barrani , which was occupied by the 1st Blackshirt Division and Graziani halted the advance. The British resumed observation and the 7th Armoured Division prepared to challenge an attack on Mersa Matruh. [21] The Italians dug in around Sidi Barrani and Sofafi, about 80 miles (130 km) west of the British defences at Matruh. British road demolitions were repaired, wells cleaned and work commenced on a water pipe-line from the frontier, to accumulate supplies for the resumption of the advance in mid-December. Egypt broke off diplomatic relations with the Axis and Italian aircraft bombed Cairo on 19 October. British naval and air operations to harass the Italian army continued and caused damage which prisoners reported had caused a lowering of morale. British armoured car patrols dominated no man's land but the loss of advanced landing grounds reduced the effectiveness of the RAF and Malta was put out of range. An extra armoured car company joined the British reconnaissance operations far behind the front line and the WDF was reinforced by a new tank regiment with Matilda II tanks. The British began to prepare a raid on the central group of Italian encampments of 4–5 days' duration and then on Sofafi, rather than wait for the Italians. [22] [23] British plan of attack[ edit ] Bristol Type 130 Bombay, before delivery to 216 Squadron (CH2936) Following the Italian advance, Wavell ordered the commander of British Troops Egypt, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson to plan a limited operation to push the Italians back. Wavell had noted that the Italian defensive positions were too far apart for mutual support. Operation Compass, for administrative reasons, was originally planned as a five-day raid but an extension was contemplated if it succeeded. [24] The 7th Support Group was to observe the Italian camps at Sofafi and prevent Italian moves from the west, while the rest of the division and 4th Indian Division passed through the Sofafi–Nibeiwa gap. An Indian brigade and Infantry tanks (I tanks) of 7th Royal Tank Regiment (7th RTR) would attack Nibeiwa from the west, as the 7th Armoured Division protected their northern flank. Once Nibeiwa was captured a second Indian brigade and the 7th RTR would attack the Tummars. [25] The Matruh Garrison Force (3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards , plus some artillery) would contain the enemy camp at Maktila on the coast and the Royal Navy would bombard Maktila and Sidi Barrani. Assuming success, Sidi Barrani would be attacked on the second day by the 4th Indian Division and a westward exploitation would follow. Preparations were made in the strictest secrecy and only a few officers knew during the training exercise held from 25–26 November, that the objectives marked out near Matruh were replicas of Nibeiwa and Tummar and that the exercise was a rehearsal; the troops were told that a second exercise was to follow and many did not know that the operation was real until 7 December, as they arrived at their start positions. [26] To obtain a measure of air superiority, eleven Wellington bombers from Malta attacked Castel Benito on 7 December and destroyed 29 aircraft on the ground. Next day, three fighter squadrons patrolled the British concentration areas and during the night, 29 Wellingtons and Blenheims bombed Benina and damaged ten aircraft. Bristol Bombays attacked the Italian camps and Blenheims raided advanced airfields. The ground moves began when Selby Force (Brigadier A. R. Selby) of 1,800 men from the Matruh garrison (the largest group which could be carried by lorry), advanced from Matruh to cut off Maktila to prevent the garrison from reinforcing the Tummars. The force put a dummy tank brigade in the desert as a decoy for Italian aircraft and by dawn on 9 December, was just short of Maktila. During the night the village had been bombarded by Terror an Erebus-class monitor and an Insect-class gunboat Aphis , illuminated by flares dropped from navy Swordfish aircraft. Sidi Barrani was bombarded at the same time by Ladybird . [27] Italian defensive preparations[ edit ] Breda Ba.65 ground-attack aircraft In December 1940 the 10th Army in Egypt had been reinforced to about nine Binary , Blackshirt and colonial divisions east of the frontier and had begun unit reliefs, which made it harder for the British to establish the Italian order of battle. Fortified camps had been built widely spaced, on an arc about 50 miles (80 km) long from the sea to the escarpment. [28] The 10th Army in the area of Sidi Barrani numbered about 40,000 men and on 8 December, the 1st Libyan Division Sibelle, the 2nd Libyan Division Pescatori of the Libyan Corps (Lieutenant-General Sebastiano Gallina) were on a 22-mile (35 km) line, in the fortified camps at Maktila, Tummar, with the 4th Blackshirt Division 3 Gennaio (General Merzari) in reserve, about 12-mile (19 km) away at Sidi Barrani, with Gallina and the Libyan Corps headquarters. [29] [30] The Maletti Group was at Nibeiwa, the 63rd Division Cyrene (General Spatocco) of the XXI Corps (General Dalmazzo), was at Rabia and Sofafi 19 miles (31 km) west of Nibeiwa. The 64th Division Catanzaro had been moved east of Buq Buq to the Khur–Samalus area, behind the Nibeiwa–Rabia gap and to the west was the XXIII Corps with the 1st Blackshirt Division "23 Marzo", 2nd Blackshirt Division 28 Ottobre; the 62nd Division Marmarica was on the escarpment from Sofafi to Halfaya. [31] The 10th Army had about 80,000 men, 250 guns, 120 tanks inside Egypt. [32] The British thought that 5° Squadra in Egypt had about 250 bombers and an equal number of fighters, with reinforcements in Italy. On 9 December, the actual number was 140 bombers, 191 fighters and ground attack aircraft. Some bombers were far to the west at Tripoli and others at Benghazi and Tmimi. The short-range fighters and reconnaissance aircraft were at Tobruk, El Adem and Gambut. [33] Alexandria Egypt location map Selby Force guarded the eastern approaches to Sidi Barrani, as the rest of the WDF attacked the fortified camps further inland. On 10 December, the 4th Armoured Brigade , which had been screening the attackers from a possible Italian counter-attack from the west, advanced north and cut the coast road between Sidi Barrani and Buq Buq and sent armoured car patrols westwards. The 7th Armoured Brigade remained in reserve and the 7th Support Group blocked an approach from Rabia and Sofafi to the south. News of the fall of Nibeiwa reached Selby at 3:20 p.m. who sent troops to block the western exists from Maktila. Difficult going and darkness slowed the move and the 1st Libyan Division Sibelle escaped. Late on 9 December, O'Connor and Beresford-Pierce sent the 16th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier Cyril Lomax ) from reserve to cut the roads into Sidi Barrani, two field artillery regiments supported the advance and the 7th RTR rushed to get unserviceable tanks back into action. [34] [35] The moves forward on 10 December, were confused by uncertainty over Italian dispositions, bitter cold and a dust storm which reduced visibility to 50 yards (46 m) but many Italian troops surrendered, except at Alam el Dab and by 1:30 p.m., the brigade had cut the south and west roads from Sidi Barrani. [34] Beresford-Pierce ordered an attack before dark since the dust storm was sporadic and the British would be exposed to view. The brigade advanced with the last of the Infantry tanks, an extra infantry battalion and support from the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment (2nd RTR), with cruiser and light tanks, on the left flank. The attack began just after 4:00 p.m. backed by the divisional artillery and after driving 3.5 miles (5.6 km) the dust storm abated and the infantry dismounted as Italian artillery opened fire. The last ten Matildas moved up on the left and drove into the western face of the Sidi Barrani defences, south of the main road then disappeared into the sandstorm. The attack became a mêlée and at 10:00 a.m. when the 16th Brigade began to advance, about 2,000 Blackshirts rose up apparently ready to counter-attack but the Italian defenders had lost heart and surrendered instead. In two hours the first objectives had been captured along the west side of the port, part of the south side and the artillery lines had been overrun. [36] [37] Selby Force[ edit ] Reinforcements released by the fall of the Tummars inland arrived to the west of the 16th Infantry Brigade. had advanced through the port, trapping the last of the 1st Libyan Division Sibelle, the 2nd Libyan Division Pescatori and the 4th Blackshirt Division 3 Gennaio against Selby Force, for a loss of 277 casualties. [37] Selby Force had followed up the retreat of the 1st Libyan Division Sibelle as it moved the 15 miles (24 km) from Maktila to Sidi Barrani and drove part of the column into sand dunes north of the coast road. Cruiser tanks of the 6th Royal Tank Regiment (6th RTR) arrived in the sandstorm and overran the Italians in the dunes at about 5:15 p.m., then joined Selby Force to continue the pursuit. The Italian defenders were caught at Sidi Barrani, in a pocket 10 by 5 miles (16.1 km × 8.0 km) backing on to the sea. When the British attacked again at dawn on 11 December, mass surrenders began everywhere except at Point 90, where troops of the 2nd Libyan Division Pescatori held out for a short time and then 2,000 troops surrendered. [38] Subsequent operations[ edit ] Italian soldiers "go into the bag" after the Battle of Sidi Barrani On 11 December, the 7th Armoured Brigade was ordered out of reserve and relieved the 4th Armoured Brigade in the Buq Buq area to mop up. Large numbers of men and guns were captured and a patrol from the 7th Support Group entered Rabia to find it empty, as the 63rd Division Cirene had withdrawn from there and Sofafi overnight. An order to the 4th Armoured Brigade to cut them off, arrived too late and they retreated along the top of the escarpment and linked with the Italian garrison at Halfaya. The 4th Armoured Brigade , on top of the escarpment and the 7th Armoured Brigade on the coast, tried to pursue the Italians despite acute supply problems, exacerbated by the large number of prisoners (twenty times the number expected) and found it extremely difficult to advance. [39] While retreating from Sidi Barrani and Buq Buq, Italian forces crowded on the coast road and were easy targets for Terror and two gunboats, which bombarded the Sollum area all day and most of the night of 11 December. By late on 12 December, the last Italian positions in Egypt were at the approaches to Sollum and the vicinity of Sidi Omar and by 15 December, Sollum and the Halfaya Pass had been captured. The British advance by-passed Italian garrisons further south in the deep desert. Fort Capuzzo, 64 kilometres (40 mi) inland at the end of the frontier wire, was captured en passant by 7th Armoured Division, as it advanced westwards to Bardia. The 7th Armoured Division concentrated south-west of Bardia, waiting for the arrival of 6th Australian Division. [40] Casualties[ edit ] From 9–11 December the British took 38,300 prisoners, 237 guns, 73 tanks and about 1,000 vehicles, for 624 casualties. [41] The Italian forces also suffered the loss of 47 officers and 2,147 men killed and 78 officers and 2,208 men wounded. [42] Order of battle[ edit ] Original courtesy of Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani — Please support Wikipedia. This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia . A portion of the proceeds from advertising on Digplanet goes to supporting Wikipedia. We're sorry, but there's no news about "Battle of Sidi Barrani" right now. 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Who plays Seymour Parish in the 2001 film ‘One Hour Photo’?	On the Magnet, by William Gilbert : book4.8 On the Magnet, by William Gilbert Chap. viii. On the construction of the common mariners’ compass 225 , and on the diversity of the compasses of different nations. 225 Page 165, line 2. Page 165, line 2. De pyxidis nauticæ vsitatæ compositione.— Gilbert’s description of the usual construction of the mariner’s compass should be compared with those given by Levinus Lemnius in The Secret Miracles of Nature (London, 1658); by Lipenius in Navigatio Salomonis Ophiritica (Witteb., 1660, p. 333); and with that given in Barlowe’s Navigators Supply (London, 1597). See also Robert Dudley’s Dell’ Arcano del Mare (Firenze, 1646). n a round 226 hollow wooden bowl, all the upper part of which is closed with glass, a versorium is placed upon a rather long pin which is fixed in the middle. The covering prevents the wind, and the motion of air from any external cause. Through the glass everything within can be discerned. The versorium is circular, consisting of some light material (as card), to the under part of which the magnetick pieces of iron are attached. On the upper part 32 spaces (which are commonly called points) are assigned to the same number of mathematical intervals in the horizon or winds which are distinguished by certain marks and by a lily indicating the north. The bowl is suspended in the plane of the horizon in æquilibrium in a brass ring which also is itself suspended transversely in another ring within a box sufficiently wide with a leaden weight attached; hence it conforms to the plane of the horizon even though the ship be tossed to and fro by the waves. The iron works are either a pair with their ends united, or else a single one of a nearly oval shape with projecting ends, which does its work more certainly and more quickly. This is to be fitted to the cardboard circle so that the centre of the circle may be in the middle of the magnetick iron. But inasmuch as variation arises horizontally from the point of the meridian which cuts the horizon at right angles, therefore on account of the variation the makers in different regions and cities mark out the mariners’ compass in different ways, and also attach in different ways the magnetick needles to the cardboard circle on which are placed the 32 divisions or points. Hence there are commonly in Europe 4 different constructions and forms. First that of the States on the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily, Genoa, and the Republick of Venice. In all these the needles are attached under the rose or lily on the cardboard versorium, so that (where there is no variation) they are directed to the true north and south points. Wherefore the north part marked with the lily always shows exactly the point of variation when the apex itself of the lily on the movable circle, together with the ends of the magnetick wires attached below, rests at the point of variation. Yet another is that of Dantzig, and throughout the Baltic Sea, and the Belgian provinces; in which the iron works fixed below the circle diverge from the lily ¼ of a rumbe to the east. For navigation to Russia the divergency is ⅔. But the compasses which are made at Seville, Lisbon, Rochelle, Bordeaux, Rouen, and throughout all England have an interval of ½ a rumbe. From those differences most serious errors have arisen in navigation, and in the marine science. For as soon as the bearings of maritime places (such as promontories, havens, islands) have been first found by the aid of the mariners’ compass, and the times of sea-tide or high water determined from the position of the moon over this or that point (as they say) of the compass, it must be further inquired in what region or according to the custom of what region that compass was made by which the bearings of those places and the times of the sea-tides were first observed and discovered. For one who should use the British compass and should follow the directions of the marine charts of the Mediterranean Sea would necessarily wander very much out of the straight course. So also he that should use the Italian compass in the British, German, or Baltic Sea, together with marine charts that are made use of in those parts, will often stray from the right way. These different constructions have been made on account of the dissimilar variations, so that they might avoid somewhat serious errors in those parts of the world. But Pedro Nuñez seeks the meridian by the mariners’ compass, or versorium (which the Spanish call the needle), without taking account of the variation: and he adduces many geometrical demonstrations which (because of his slight use and experience in matters magnetical) rest on utterly vicious foundations. In the same manner Pedro de Medina, since he did not admit variation, has disfigured his Arte de Navegar with many errors. 226 Page 165 deals with the construction; the process of magnetizing by the loadstone had already been discussed in pp. 147 to 149 . It is interesting to see that already the magnetized part attached below the compass-card was being specialized in form, being made either of two pieces bent to meet at their ends, or of a single oval piece with elongated ends. The marking of the compass-card is particularly described. It was divided into thirty-two points or “winds,” precisely as the earlier “wind-rose” of the geographers, distinguisht by certain marks, and by a lily — or fleur-de-lys — indicating the North. Stevin in the Havenfinding Art (London, 1599), from which work the passage on p. 167 is quoted, speaking on p. 20 of “the Instrument which we call the Sea-directorie, some the nautical box, . . . or the sea compasse,” mentions the “Floure de luce” marking the North. The legend which assigns the invention of the compass to one Goia or Gioja of Amalfi in 1302 has been already discussed in the Note to page 4 . Gilbert generously says that in spite of the adverse evidence he does not wish to deprive the Amalfians of the honour of the construction adopted in the compasses used in the Mediterranean. But Baptista Porta the Neapolitan, who wrote forty years before Gilbert, discredited the legend. ”Flavius saith, an Italian found it out first, whose name was Amalphus, born in our Campania. But he knew not the Mariners Card, but stuck the needle in a reed, or a piece of wood, cross over; and he put the needles into a vessel full of water that they might flote freely.” (Porta’s Natural Magick, English translation, London, 1658, p. 206.) See also Lipenius (op. citat. p. 390). The pivotting of the needle is expressly described in the famous Epistle on the Magnet of Peter Peregrinus, which was written in 1269. Gasser’s edition, Epistola Petri Peregrini . . . de magnete, was printed in Augsburg in 1558. In Part II., cap. 2, of this letter, a form of instrument is described for directing one’s course to towns and islands, and any places in fact on land or sea. This instrument consists of a vessel like a turned box (or pyxis) of wood, brass, or any solid material, not deep, but sufficiently wide, provided with a cover of glass or crystal. In its middle is arranged a slender axis of brass or silver, pivotted at its two ends into the top and the bottom of the box. This axis is pierced orthogonally with two holes, through one of which is passed the steel needle, while through the other is fixed square across the needle another stylus of silver or brass. The glass cover was to be marked with two cross lines north-south and east-west; and each quadrant was to be divided into ninety degrees. This the earliest described pivotted compass was therefore of the cross-needle type, a form claimed as a new invention by Barlowe in 1597. The first suggestion of suspending a magnetic needle by a thread appears to be in the Speculum Lapidum of Camillus Leonardus (Venet., 1502, fig. k ij, lines 25-31): “Nã tacto ferro ex una pte magnetis ex opposita eius pte appropinquato fugat: ut expiẽtia docet de acu appenso filo.” The earliest known examples of the “wind-rose” are those in certain parchment charts preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice. These go back to 1426 or 1436, the best being ascribed to Andrea Bianco. They have the North indicated by a fleur-de-lys, a trident, a simple triangle, or a letter T; while the East is distinguisht by a cross. The West is marked with a P. (see Fincati, op. citat.). The eight marks in order, clock wise, run thus, (or T). G.	i don't know
Suva is the capital of which South Pacific island?	Fiji Travel Guide, South Pacific Islands Tweet Once notorious as the "Cannibal Isles," Fiji is now the colorful crossroads of South Pacific travel. Of the 322 islands that make up the Fiji Group, over 100 are inhabited by a rich mixture of vibrant, exuberant Melanesians, East Indians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Chinese, and Europeans, each with a cuisine and culture of their own. Here Melanesia mixes with Polynesia, ancient India with the Pacific, and tradition with the modern world in a unique blend. Fiji offers posh resorts and hotels, good food and accommodations, nightlife, historic sites, hiking, kayaking, camping, surfing, snorkeling, and scuba diving. Travel around Fiji is easy by small plane, catamaran, copra boat, outboard canoe, open-sided bus, and air-conditioned coach. With even a month at your disposal you'll barely scratch the surface of all there is to see and do. Best of all, Fiji is a visitor-friendly country with uncrowded, inexpensive facilities available almost everywhere. You'll love the vibrant, outgoing people whose knowledge of English makes communicating a breeze. In a word, Fiji is a traveler's country par excellence, and whatever your budget, Fiji gives you good value for your vacation dollars and plenty of ways to spend them. Bula, welcome to Fiji. Fiji is everybody's favorite South Pacific country, offering a veritable cornucopia of adventure travel opportunities. How Fiji is the hub of South Pacific aviation. Most tickets from North America to Australia and New Zealand allow a free stop in Fiji. Who The 2007 census reported that Fiji's total population was 837,271, of which 56.8% were Melanesian Fijians and 37.5% were Fiji Indians. The name Fiji is a Tongan corruption of the indigenous name "Viti." The Fiji Islands are arrayed in a horseshoe configuration with Viti Levu (great Fiji) and adjacent islands on the west, Vanua Levu (great land) and Taveuni to the north, and the Lau Group on the east. This upside-down U-shaped archipelago encloses the Koro Sea, which is relatively shallow and sprinkled with the Lomaiviti, or central Fiji, insular group. Together the Fiji Islands are scattered over 1,290,000 square km of the South Pacific Ocean. If every single one was counted, the isles of the Fiji archipelago would number in the thousands. However, a mere 322 are judged large enough for human habitation and of these only 106 are inhabited. That leaves 216 uninhabited islands, most of them prohibitively isolated or lacking fresh water. Most of the islands are volcanic, remnants of a sunken continent that stretched through Australia. This origin accounts for the mineral deposits on the main landmasses. None of Fiji's volcanoes are presently active, though there are a few small hot springs. The two largest islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, together account for 87% of Fiji's 18,272 square km of land. Viti Levu has 50% of the land area and 75% of the people, while Vanua Levu, with 30% of the land, has 18% of the population. (View a detailed map of Fiji.) (top) Weather in Fiji Compared to parts of North America and Europe, the seasonal climatic variations in Fiji are not extreme. There's a hotter, more humid season from November to April, and a cooler, drier time from May to October. Hurricanes can come during the "rainy" season but they only last a few days a year. Seasonal differences in airfares should be more influential in deciding when to go. On flights from North America the low season is May to August, the prime time in Fiji. Christmas is busy but in February and March many hotels stand half empty and special discounted rates are on offer. In short, there isn't really any one travel season and every part of the year has its advantages. (top) Flora & Fauna Patterns of rainfall are in large part responsible for the variety of vegetation here. The wetter sides of the high islands are heavily forested, with occasional thickets of bamboo and scrub. Natural forests cover 40% of Fiji's total land area and about a quarter of these forests are classified as production forest suitable for logging. Coconut groves fill the coastal plains. On the drier sides open savanna or talasiga of coarse grasses predominates where the original vegetation has been destroyed by slash-and-burn agriculture. Sugarcane is now cultivated in the lowlands here, and Caribbean pine has been planted in many dry hilly areas, giving them a Scandinavian appearance. Mangroves can occasionally be found along some high island coastal lagoons. Of the 70 species of land birds, 22 are endemic. The Fijian names of some of these birds, such as the kaka (parrot), ga (gray duck), and kikau (giant honey eater), imitate their calls. Red and green kula lorikeets are often seen in populated areas collecting nectar and pollen from flowering trees or feeding on fruit. The only native mammals are the monkey-faced fruit bat or flying fox, called beka by the Fijians, and the smaller, insect-eating bat. Some Fijian clans have totemic relationships with eels, prawns, turtles, and sharks, and are able to summon these creatures with special chants. Three of the world's seven species of sea turtles nest in Fiji: the green, hawksbill, and leatherback. Nesting occurs between November and February, at night when there is a full moon and a high tide. (top) Fiji Highlights Fiji is brimming with colorful attractions, splendid scenery, friendly people, and exciting things to do. From the gateway city Nadi with its numerous shopping and dining possibilities, it's only a quick commuter hop to the enticing Mamanuca Group with about half of Fiji's resorts. The long, narrow Yasawa Group off the sugar city Lautoka is wilder, mightier, and less developed than the Mamanucas: The beaches are longer, the jungle-clad mountains higher, and the accommodations rougher. It's Fiji's most magnificent island chain. Fiji's mainland, Viti Levu, is the "real" Fiji, where much of the country's history has unfolded and the bulk of the Fijian people live out their lives. The 486-km highway around Viti Levu passes a series of appealing cities and towns with bustling markets, bus stations, shops, cafes, clubs, monuments, and facilities of every kind. The Coral Coast in the south is the country's second resort area, with a series of large hotels nicely spaced between Nadi and Pacific Harbor. Pacific Harbor itself offers access to some of the best diving, fishing, kayaking, white-water rafting, and golfing in the South Pacific, and Nananu-i-Ra off Viti Levu's north coast is a favorite of backpackers. Fiji's current capital, Suva, has the country's finest cinemas, monuments, museums, nightlife, restaurants, stores, and all of the excitement of the South Pacific's biggest town. Ships, buses, and planes depart Suva for every corner of the republic. It's a fascinating place to explore. Several adjacent islands allow one to escape from Suva. Kadavu to the south is a characteristic Fijian island of small villages strewn between beaches and hills, but it is also a mecca for scuba divers who come for the Astrolabe Reef, and for surfers who have discovered Kadavu's waves. Back toward Viti Levu is Yanuca with inexpensive beach camps full of enthusiastic surfers. Anyone with even the slightest interest in Fiji's vivid history won't wish to miss Ovalau and the timeworn old capital Levuka. Across the Koro Sea from Ovalau is Vanua Levu, Fiji's second island, heart of the "friendly north." Because a slight effort is involved in getting there, far fewer tourists ply these exotic shores. Yet Savusavu is Fiji's most picturesque town (after Levuka). Repeat visitors and local Fijians often assert that Taveuni is Fiji's finest isle, a claim which is difficult to deny. Taveuni's high spine is draped in impenetrable rainforest, with huge coconut plantations tumbling to the coast. Magnificent waterfalls pour down the steep slopes, and the scuba diving is world famous. (top) Activities Fiji has been called "the soft coral capital of the world" and few seasoned divers will deny that Fiji has some of the finest scuba diving in the South Pacific with top facilities at the best prices. You won't go wrong choosing Fiji. Diving is possible year-round in Fiji, with the marinelife most bountiful from July to November. A growing number of surfing camps are off southern and western Viti Levu. There's surf throughout the year with the best swells out of the south from March to October. Windsurfing is possible at a much wider range of locales. Exciting whitewater rafting on the Upper Navua River is offered. In the past organized ocean kayaking expeditions have been offered among the Yasawas, around Beqa and Kadavu, and in Vanua Levu's Natewa Bay. All of the high islands offer hiking possibilities and many remote villages are linked by well-used trails. Levuka makes an excellent base with the trail to The Peak beginning right behind the town, and a challenging cross-island trail to Lovoni is nearby. More arduous is the all-day climb to Lake Tagimaucia on Taveuni. For some outer island hiking, walk right around Nananu-i-Ra in under a day, or across Waya or Wayasewa. Kadavu provides more of the same. December 25 & 26 Christmas Check with the Tourism Fiji to see if any festivals are scheduled during your visit. The best known are the Bula Festival in Nadi (July), the Hibiscus Festival in Suva (August), the Sugar Festival in Lautoka (September), and the Back To Levuka Festival (early October). Before Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights, Hindus clean their homes, then light lamps or candles to mark the arrival of spring. Fruit and sweets are offered to Lakshmi, goddess of wealth. Holi is an Indian spring festival in February or March. One of the main sporting events of the year is the International Bula Marathon held in June. The main event involves a 42-km run from Lautoka to the Sheraton at Nadi. The 12th South Pacific Games, the region's major sporting event, traveled to Fiji in July 2003. (top) Practicalities Everyone needs a passport valid at least three months beyond the date of entry. No visa is required of visitors from 101 countries (including Western Europe, North America, Japan, Israel, and most Commonwealth countries) for stays of four months. Tickets to leave Fiji are officially required but usually not checked. The currency is the Fiji dollar, which is about two to one to the U.S. dollar in value. Banking hours are Monday to Thursday 0930-1500, Friday 0930-1600, although you'll get better rates and avoid the banks' high commissions by using private exchange offices like GlobalEX and Money Exchange. Fiji is one of the least expensive countries in the South Pacific. Tipping isn't customary here, although some resorts do have a staff Christmas fund, to which contributions are welcome. (top) Getting There Fiji's geographic position makes it the hub of transport for the entire South Pacific, and Nadi is the region's most important international airport, with long-haul services to points all around the Pacific Rim. Eleven international airlines fly into Nadi. A departure tax of F$150 in Fijian currency is payable on all international flights, but transit passengers connecting within 12 hours and children under the age of 12 are exempt (no airport tax on domestic flights). This tax is usually included in the ticket price. Fiji has four ports of entry for cruising yachts: Lautoka, Levuka, Savusavu, and Suva. Calling at an outer island before clearing customs is prohibited. (top) Getting Around While most international flights are focused on Nadi, many domestic air services to eastern Fiji radiate from Suva's Nausori Airport. The country's domestic airline, Pacific Sun, provides service to much of the country. Most local shipping also operates out of Suva. The largest company is Patterson Brothers Shipping which runs car ferries to Ovalau and Vanua Levu. Consort Shipping and Bligh Water Shipping serve Savusavu and Taveuni. Awesome Adventures' high speed catamaran Yasawa Flyer operates daily between Nadi and the Yasawa Group. South Sea Cruises operates the fast catamarans Tiger IV and Cougar from Nadi to the Mamanuca Islands several times a day. Scheduled bus service is available all over Fiji, and fares are low. Most long-distance bus services operate several times a day and bus stations are usually adjacent to local markets. Shared "running" taxis and minibuses also shuttle back and forth between Suva, Nadi, and Lautoka, leaving when full and charging only a little more than the bus. They'll often drop you exactly where you want to go; drawbacks include the less safe driving and lack of insurance coverage. abridged from the 9th edition of: Moon Fiji Copyright © 2001-2017 David Stanley, reproduction prohibited. Get answers to FAQs about Fiji Buy your guidebook to Fiji	Fiji
What type of meat dish is known as ‘Savoury Ducks’?	Fiji for first-timers: how to choose an island - Lonely Planet Fiji for first-timers: how to choose an island Tips & articles Lonely Planet Writer Fiji is blessed with so much turquoise water, white sand beaches, jungle rivers and authentic culture that it almost seems unfair. Whether you're looking for a decadent resort, family getaway or backpacker adventure, these islands have it all. Wherever you go, expect the warmest welcomes the world has to offer. Snorkelling in the Yasawa islands / Image by Marco Simoni / Getty Images But there isn't just one Fiji, so which island holds your perfect tropical holiday? Here's the low-down on the main options: Viti Levu The international gateway to the Fijian Islands, Viti Levu boasts a taste of everything the country has to offer from international caliber resort areas like all-inclusive and designer Denarau , to the mountain village of Navala where locals live in traditional thatched bure (huts). Dive with resident tiger sharks in Beqa Lagoon , kayak or raft the Navua River, snorkel the outrageous reef at Nananu-i-Ra or simply bronze on the dazzling white sands of the Coral Coast on your beach towel - there is a lot to do (or not do) on this island. The capital Suva is the largest South Pacific metropolis outside of New Zealand and worth a visit to see modern Melanesian life at its liveliest. Meanwhile Nadi , the main transport hub showcases the country's Indian heritage via sari shops and plenty of yummy curries. The Mamanucas Ah, the Mamanucas . Here is a near-perfect string of wee white sand isles that hover in blue water like some hallucination of paradise. Most are only an hour or so boat ride away from Viti Levu. The Mamanucas are such picture perfect islands that the film Cast Away was filmed on this chain's uninhabited Monuriki Island - visit it on a day trip. Meanwhile famous surf spots like Cloud Break lure in wave riders and their families while Beachcomber Island is known as the reigning party resort island of the country. You're not going to get a whole lot of cultural bling out here but if you want reliably good weather, brag-worthy sand, waiters wielding cocktails and lots tourist of company, the Mamanucas are for you. Volcanic Waya Island in the Yasawas / Image by Joachim Angeltun / Getty Images The Yasawas The Yasawas pick up the glorious tropical tail of the Mamanuca Islands and bring them north to more quiet and isolated bliss. A high-speed catamaran makes getting there from either Viti Levu or the Mamanucas a cinch and accommodation ranges from lush resorts to laid-back backpacker digs. Sparsely populated, the land is relatively dry, the beaches white. While the Mamanucas got Tom Hanks, the Yasawas got Brooke Shields when the 1980 film Blue Lagoon was filmed here. Island hop, explore the clear dark waters of Sawa-i-Lau Cave and snorkel and dive yourself silly on gorgeous reef frequented by manta rays. Ovalau & the Lomaiviti Group Levuka on Ovalau was once the capital of Fiji and today it's one of the only towns in the South Pacific boasting Wild West style colonial buildings. Outside of town, hike jungle-clad mountains and undeveloped coasts of traditional villages. Despite the fact that this main island and its dozen or so smaller sisters lie so close to Viti Levu, few visitors make it out here. Islands like Leleuvia, Naigani and Koro have very low-key resorts on lost-feeling alabaster beaches, while Wakaya hosts the Wakaya Club , one of the country's most exclusive and beautiful resorts. Kadavu Remote and authentic yet easily accessed by plane or ship from Viti Levu, Kadavu is one of Fiji's best off-the-beaten-path assets. Eco-adventurers will find happiness at the dozen or so resorts that grow their own organic produce and work in tune with the local villages. Anywhere you stay you'll have to get there by boat from the main village passing by prehistoric-looking jungle coves chirping with rare and colorful endemic birds. The east part of the island is fringed by the Great Astrolabe Reef, the fourth largest barrier reef in the world, renowned for its cavern and tunnel-filled underwater landscapes, manta rays and phenomenal fishing. Kava ladies on Kadavu. Photo by Celeste Brash / Lonely Planet. Vanua Levu High waterfall-strewn peaks are contrasted with bucolic lowlands of sugarcane and coconut plantations on hard-working, relatively untouristed Vanua Levu . The main, flower-filled and vaguely colonial settlement of Savusavu attracts sailors with its sheltered green bays and small selection of decent shops, bars and restaurants. Outside town are miles of near-empty beaches, some with resorts, some fronted by traditional villages and others only surrounded by jungle. Rent a 4WD and explore the wilds. Divers in the know make the pilgrimage to the Rainbow Reef famous for its forests of soft corals. Even more dedicated divers go to the nearby Namena Marine Reserve for the country's most pristine waters. Hammock time on Namenalala island / Image by Darryl Leniuk / Getty Images Taveuni Rightly know as the 'Garden Isle', Taveuni is the most lush, tropical-flower-laden, waterfall heavy and hiking friendly island in Fiji. Most of the forests are protected and there are peaks to ascend and coastlines to wander. A highlight is the Lavena Coastal Walk that follows the forest's edge for five kilometers along white and black sand beaches and villages to a lush waterfall. The Rainbow reef (see Vanua Levu above) is also accessed from Taveuni and smaller offshore islands like Qamea and Matagi hold resorts on stunning remote white sand beaches. Everywhere you go you'll find accommodation for all ranges from super-luxe to backpacker fun. Tavoro waterfalls, Bouma National Heritage Park, Taveuni. Photo by Celeste Brash / Lonely Planet. The Lau & Moala Groups Want to get way, way out there? The Lau and Moala Groups are Fiji's last frontier, virtually un-touched by tourism. Flights and boat services are few but with time, a sense of adventure - and even better a sailboat - it's possible to explore these friendly paradises of fluorescent blue waters, traditional villages and virgin jungles.	i don't know
What was the first name of the wife of US President George Washington?	George Washington - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com George Washington A+E Networks Introduction George Washington (1732-99) was commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) and served two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797. The son of a prosperous planter, Washington was raised in colonial Virginia. As a young man, he worked as a surveyor then fought in the French and Indian War (1754-63). During the American Revolution, he led the colonial forces to victory over the British and became a national hero. In 1787, he was elected president of the convention that wrote the U.S. Constitution. Two years later, Washington became America’s first president. Realizing that the way he handled the job would impact how future presidents approached the position, he handed down a legacy of strength, integrity and national purpose. Less than three years after leaving office, he died at his Virginia plantation, Mount Vernon, at age 67. Google Early Years George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, at his family’s plantation on Pope’s Creek in Westmoreland County, in the British colony of Virginia , to Augustine Washington (1694-1743) and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington (1708-89). George, the eldest of Augustine and Mary Washington’s six children, spent much of his childhood at Ferry Farm, a plantation near Fredericksburg, Virginia. After Washington’s father died when he was 11, it’s likely he helped him mother manage the plantation. Did You Know? At the time of his death in 1799, George Washington owned some 300 slaves. However, before his passing, he had become opposed to slavery, and in his will he ordered that his slaves to be freed after his wife's death. Few details about Washington’s early education are known, although children of prosperous families like his typically were taught at home by private tutors or attended private schools. It’s believed he finished his formal schooling at around age 15. As a teenager, Washington, who had shown an aptitude for mathematics, became a successful surveyor. His surveying expeditions into the Virginia wilderness earned him enough money to begin acquiring land of his own. In 1751, Washington made his only trip outside of America, when he travelled to Barbados with his older half-brother Lawrence (1718-52), who was suffering from tuberculosis and hoped the warm climate would help him recuperate. Shortly after their arrival, George contracted smallpox. He survived, although the illness left him with permanent facial scars. In 1752, Lawrence, who had been educated in England and served as Washington’s mentor, died. Washington eventually inherited Lawrence’s estate, Mount Vernon, on the Potomac River near Alexandria, Virginia. An Officer and Gentleman Farmer In December 1752, Washington, who had no previous military experience, was made a commander of the Virginia militia. He saw action in the French and Indian War and was eventually put in charge of all of Virginia’s militia forces. By 1759, Washington had resigned his commission, returned to Mount Vernon and was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he served until 1774. In January 1759, he married Martha Dandridge Custis (1731-1802), a wealthy widow with two children. Washington became a devoted stepfather to the children; he and Martha never had any offspring of their own. In the ensuing years, Washington expanded Mount Vernon from 2,000 acres into an 8,000-acre property with five farms. He grew a variety of crops, including wheat and corn, bred mules and maintained fruit orchards and a successful fishery. He was deeply interested in farming and continually experimented with new crops and methods of land conservation. The American Revolution By the late 1760s, Washington had experienced firsthand the effects of rising taxes imposed on American colonists by the British, and came to believe that it was in the best interests of the colonists to declare independence from England. Washington served as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 in Philadelphia. By the time the Second Continental Congress convened a year later, the American Revolution had begun in earnest, and Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army. Washington proved to be a better general than military strategist. His strength lay not in his genius on the battlefield but in his ability to keep the struggling colonial army together. His troops were poorly trained and lacked food, ammunition and other supplies (soldiers sometimes even went without shoes in winter). However, Washington was able to give them the direction and motivation to keep going. Over the course of the grueling eight-year war, the colonial forces won few battles but consistently held their own against the British. In October 1781, with the aid of the French (who allied themselves with the colonists over their rivals the British), the Continental forces were able to capture British troops under General Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) in Yorktown, Virginia. This action effectively ended the Revolutionary War and Washington was declared a national hero. America’s First President In 1783, with a peace treaty signed between Great Britain and the U.S., Washington, believing he had done his duty, gave up his command of the army and returned to Mount Vernon, intent on resuming his life as a gentleman farmer and family man. However, in 1787, he was asked to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and head the committee to draft the new constitution. His impressive leadership there convinced the delegates that he was by far the most qualified man to become the nation’s first president. At first Washington balked. He wanted to, at last, return to a quiet life at home and leave governing the new nation to others. But public opinion was so strong that eventually he gave in. The first presidential election was held on January 7, 1789, and Washington won handily. John Adams (1735-1826), who received the second-largest number of votes, became the nation’s first vice president. The 57-year-old Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, in New York City. Because Washington, D.C. , America’s future capital city wasn’t yet built, he lived in New York and Philadelphia. The United States was a small nation when Washington took office, consisting of 11 states and approximately 4 million people, and there was no precedent for how the new president should conduct domestic or foreign business. Mindful that his actions would likely determine how future presidents were expected to govern, Washington worked hard to set an example of fairness, prudence and integrity. In foreign matters, he supported cordial relations with other countries but also favored a position of neutrality in foreign conflicts. Domestically, he nominated the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, John Jay (1745-1829), signed a bill establishing the first national bank and set up his own presidential cabinet. His two most prominent cabinet appointees were Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804), two men who disagreed strongly on the role of the federal government. Hamilton favored a strong central government, while Jefferson favored stronger states’ rights. Washington believed that divergent views were critical for the health of the new government, but he was distressed at what he saw as an emerging partisanship. Washington Retires to Mount Vernon In 1796, after two terms as president and declining to serve a third term, Washington finally retired. In his farewell address, he urged the new nation to maintain the highest standards domestically and to keep involvement with foreign powers to a minimum. The address is still read each February in the U.S. Senate to commemorate Washington’s birthday. Washington returned to Mount Vernon and devoted his attentions to making the plantation as productive as it had been before he became president. More than four decades of public service had aged him, but he was still a commanding figure. In December 1799, he caught a cold after inspecting his properties in the rain. The cold developed into a throat infection and Washington died on the night of December 14 at the age of 67. He was entombed at Mount Vernon, which in 1960 was designated a national historic landmark. Washington left one of the most enduring legacies of any American in history. Known as the “Father of His Country,” his face appears on the U.S. dollar bill and quarter, and hundreds of U.S. schools and towns, as well as the nation’s capital city, are named for him. Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	Martha
Dungeness is a headland on the coast of which English county?	Biography of George Washington · George Washington's Mount Vernon Home George Washington Biography of George Washington George Washington – first American president, commander of the Continental Army, president of the Constitutional Convention, and gentleman planter. These were the roles in which Washington exemplified character and leadership. Learn more about the remarkable life of George Washington in our biography below. Jump Lower Birth & Childhood George Washington was born at his father’s plantation on Pope’s Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. View of George Washington as a 19-year old surveyor. (Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association) Lawrence Washington (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association) George Washington was born at his father's plantation on Pope's Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. His father, Augustine Washington, was a leading planter in the area and also served as a justice of the county court. Augustine's first wife, Janet Butler, died in 1729, leaving him with two sons, Lawrence and Augustine, Jr., and a daughter, Jane. The elder Augustine then married George's mother, Mary Ball, in 1731. George was the eldest of Augustine Washington's and Mary Ball's six children. In 1735 Augustine moved the family up the Potomac River to another Washington home, Little Hunting Creek Plantation (later renamed Mount Vernon). In 1738 they moved again to Ferry Farm , a plantation on the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Virginia, where George spent much of his youth. Little is known of Washington's childhood, and it remains the most poorly understood part of his life. Popular fables illustrating his youthful honesty, piety, and physical strength have long taken the place of documented fact. Some of these fables are more plausible than others. The story that Washington threw a silver dollar across the Potomac River -- an impossible feat -- had its origins in the recollections of a cousin that George could throw a stone across the much narrower Rappahannock River. But others, including the familiar story of Washington and the cherry tree, seem to have been invented by one of Washington's first biographers, Mason Locke Weems . When George was eleven years old, Augustine died, leaving most of his property to George's older half brothers. The income from what remained was just sufficient to maintain Mary Washington and her children. As the oldest child remaining at home, George undoubtedly helped his mother manage the Rappahannock River plantation where they lived. There he learned the importance of hard work and efficiency. Little is known about George's formal education. Commonly the children of Virginia gentry were taught at home by private tutors or in local private schools. Boys generally began their formal education around the age of seven with lessons in reading, writing, and basic arithmetic. Later they were taught Latin and Greek, as well as such practical subjects as geometry, bookkeeping, and surveying. Wealthy planters often sent their sons to England to finish their schooling, as was done with George's two elder half brothers, Lawrence and Augustine. The death of his father, however, made schooling abroad an impossibility for George Washington. He may have attended a school near his home for the first few years. Later he went to another school, either in Fredericksburg, Stafford County, or Westmoreland County. He excelled in mathematics and learned the rudiments of surveying. But he was not taught Latin or Greek like many gentlemen's sons, and he never learned a foreign language. Nor did he attend college. His formal education ended around the age of 15. George Washington the Surveyor George Washington's surveying equipment Eager for adventure, George wanted to join the British Navy, but his mother refused to let him. Instead, he accompanied George William Fairfax as a surveyor to the unexplored wilderness of the Virginia frontier. George read mathematical texts to learn the geometric principles necessary for surveying. In July, at seventeen years of age and largely through the Fairfax influence that he had cultivated, Washington secured an appointment as county surveyor for the newly created frontier county of Culpeper. He was well on his way to a successful and profitable career. In an effort to establish himself as a member of the gentry class, he worked hard, saved his money, and bought unclaimed land. Mission to the Ohio The Virginia Colonel, by Charles Volkmar, 1874, after Charles Willson Peale (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association) Journal of Maj. George Washington Fort Necessity (Rob Shenk) In 1753 the Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, learned that French troops had moved south from Canada and were constructing forts in the region south of Lake Erie, an area claimed by Virginia (but now in Western Pennsylvania). Both France and England recognized the commercial potential of the region. French trappers had been working in the area for some time, and Dinwiddie was concerned that the French troops would also fortify the forks of the Ohio -- the strategic point where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers join to form the Ohio River. This point, now Pittsburgh, was the eastern gateway to the Ohio Valley. In the fall of 1753 Dinwiddie sent 21-year-old Major Washington to deliver a message to the French, demanding they leave the area. With the help of a frontier guide and local Indians, Washington reached the French fort, Le Boeuf, with Dinwiddie's message. The return trip tested Washington's endurance. He hiked for days through snowy woods, fell off a raft into the ice-choked Allegheny River, nearly drowned, and was forced to spend a freezing night on an island without shelter. His guide, an experienced backwoodsman, suffered frostbite; but Washington suffered no ill effects. Washington's account of the arduous 900-mile journey was published by Governor Dinwiddie in both Williamsburg and London, establishing an international reputation for George Washington by the time he was 22. A few months later Dinwiddie dispatched Washington, now a lieutenant colonel, and some 150 men to assert Virginia's claims. As they advanced, Washington's men skirmished with French soldiers, killing 10 men, including the French commander. Washington then retreated to an ill-placed and makeshift palisade he called Fort Necessity. He was forced to surrender when the French surrounded the fort. The campaign ended in humiliation for Washington and ignited the French and Indian War. Although he resigned his commission after the surrender, Washington returned to the frontier in 1755 as a volunteer aide to General Edward Braddock. Braddock had been sent by the King of England to drive the French from the Ohio Country. Braddock's army was routed near the Monongahela River and fled in confusion to Virginia. During the battle, while attempting to rally the British soldiers, Washington had two horses shot out from under him and four bullet holes shot through his coat. Although he behaved with conspicuous bravery, Washington could do little except lead the broken survivors to safety. In recognition of his conduct, Washington was given command of Virginia's entire military force. With a few hundred men he was ordered to protect a frontier some 350 miles long. Although this was a frustrating assignment, it provided him with experience in commanding troops through an arduous campaign. In 1758 the British finally took the forks of the Ohio. Peace returned to Virginia, and Washington resigned his commission to return to Mount Vernon, his duty faithfully performed. Marriage & Family Martha Dandridge Custis, by Adrian Lamb, 1981, after John Wollaston (Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association) On January 6th, 1759, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis, a charming and vivacious young woman from the Tidewater area of Virginia. Martha brought enormous wealth, along with two small children, “Jacky” and “Patsy,” to the marriage. It was her second marriage, his first. About two weeks after the battle at Yorktown, Washington’s stepson, John Parke Custis (“Jacky”), died of camp fever at the age of 27. Ironically, the spoiled and indolent young man had not fought in the war but had, at its end, traveled to Yorktown to serve as a civilian aide to his stepfather. He was the last of Martha’s remaining children. His sister Patsy had died as a teenager eight years earlier following an epileptic seizure. Martha was devastated by Jacky’s death. Martha Washington joined her husband in his winter quarters every year of the war. Together they entertained his officers and guests. A patriot in her own right, Mrs. Washington made it her war too, nursing sick and wounded soldiers and raising money for the troops. Needlework helped her to pass the time through the long, cold winters. In all, she would spend about half the war in camp. Two of Martha Washington’s grandchildren, Eleanor (“Nelly”) Parke Custis (b. 1779) and George Washington (“Washy”) Parke Custis (b. 1781) came to live with their grandparents after their father died following the Battle of Yorktown. Washington loved his step-grandchildren as his very own. George Washington spent the years between 1759 and 1775 as a gentleman farmer at Mount Vernon. View of Washington’s reconstructed Gristmill at Mount Vernon (Rob Shenk) Washington's Distillery at Mount Vernon The 16-Sided Barn on the Pioneer Farm at Mount Vernon He worked constantly to improve and expand the mansion house and its surrounding plantation. He established himself as an innovative farmer, who switched from tobacco to wheat as his main cash crop in the 1760's. In an effort to improve his farming operation , he diligently experimented with new crops, fertilizers, crop rotation, tools, and livestock breeding. He also expanded the work of the plantation to include flour milling and commercial fishing in an effort to make Mount Vernon a more profitable estate. Over the years, Washington enlarged his house. First he raised the roof to create a third floor. Later he would add a wing to both ends, build a piazza overlooking the Potomac River, and crown his vision with a pediment and cupola. By the time of his death in 1799, he had expanded the plantation from 2,000 to 8,000 acres consisting of five farms, with more than 3,000 acres under cultivation. Shortly after taking up wheat as his main cash crop, Washington built a large gristmill outfitted with two pairs of millstones. One pair of stones ground corn into meal for use at Mount Vernon and the other ground wheat into superfine flour for export to foreign ports. Washington also began making whiskey on the advice of his farm manager, James Anderson, a trained distiller from Scotland. He soon built one of the largest distilleries in America. At its peak, Washington’s distillery produced over 11,000 gallons of rye whiskey, becoming one of his most successful enterprises. Even as President, Washington’s thoughts often turned to Mount Vernon. For example – while in office, he designed a 16-sided barn to thresh wheat in a more efficient and sanitary way. As horses circled the second floor, they treaded on the wheat that had been spread there, breaking the grain from the chaff. The wheat would fall through gaps in the floorboards to the first floor, where it was winnowed. After winnowing, the grain was taken to the gristmill and ground into flour. From the President’s House in Philadelphia, Washington followed the barn’s construction every step of the way. He even correctly calculated the number of bricks needed for the first floor – which turned out to be exactly 30,820! George Washington and his servant, Billy Lee (Metropolitan Museum of Art) The slave census in George Washington's 1799 will At age 11, George Washington inherited 10 slaves from his father. In those days in Virginia, the institution of slavery was considered “a given” and slaves, like land and other property, could be bought, sold, given away, rented out, and passed down through inheritance. As a young man, George was no different from other members of the Virginia planter class in his attitude that there was nothing morally wrong with slavery. When he married Martha, Washington more than doubled the number of slaves under his control through “dower slaves” that she brought to the marriage. In 1759, there were about 40 slaves living at Mount Vernon. Although Washington had control over the dower slaves as a result of his marriage, they were not his property; instead they belonged to the estate of Martha’s first husband. Washington’s enslaved manservant, Billy Lee, entered the war at Washington’s side and stayed with him throughout the revolution. Like his owner, Billy Lee was widely known as a courageous and expert horseman. As Washington prepared his will, he drew up a list of the Mount Vernon slaves who belonged to either the Custis estate or to him. He found that altogether there were 316 enslaved men, women, and children living at Mount Vernon. Some of these individuals worked in the fields, while others were employed as house servants or as craftsmen in more than a dozen specialties ranging from blacksmithing, to spinning, to bricklaying, weaving, and cooking, to name just a few. At the time of the 1799 census, nearly half of Mount Vernon’s enslaved population was either too old or too young to work. Washington made provisions in his will to free all of his own slaves but could not free those (or the descendants of those) whom Martha had brought to the marriage. By Virginia law, her grandchildren would inherit her “dower slaves.” Because the two groups had intermarried, emancipation of Washington’s slaves proved bittersweet. By freeing his slaves, George Washington tried to set an example for others to follow. He was the only slaveholder among the founding fathers to free his slaves. General Washington leads the Continental Army to victory; defeating the British, and ensuring independence. The Fight for American Independence George Washington at the Battle of Trenton George Washington at Princeton by Charles Willson Peale, 1779 (United States Senate) The March to Valley Forge by William Trego, 1883, (Museum of the American Revolution) Washington surrendering his military commission to Congress (United States Senate) In June 1775, Congress commissioned George Washington to take command of the Continental Army besieging the British in Boston . He wrote home to Martha that he expected to return safely to her in the fall. The command kept him away from Mount Vernon for more than 8 years. It was a command for which his military background, although greater than that of any of the other available candidates, hardly prepared him. His knowledge lay in frontier warfare, involving relatively small numbers of soldiers. He had no practical experience maneuvering large formations, handling cavalry or artillery, or maintaining supply lines adequate to support thousands of men in the field. He learned on the job; and although his army reeled from one misfortune to another, he had the courage, determination, and mental agility to keep the American cause one step ahead of complete disintegration until he figured out how to win the unprecedented revolutionary struggle he was leading. His task was not overwhelming at first. The British position in Boston was untenable, and in March 1776 they withdrew from the city. But it was only a temporary respite. In June a new British army, under the command of Sir William Howe, arrived in the colonies with orders to take New York City. Howe commanded the largest expeditionary force Britain had ever sent overseas. Defending New York was almost impossible. An island city, New York is surrounded by a maze of waterways that gave a substantial advantage to an attacker with naval superiority. Howe's army was larger, better equipped, and far better trained than Washington's. They defeated Washington's army at Long Island in August and routed the Americans a few weeks later at Kip's Bay , resulting in the loss of the city. Forced to retreat northward, Washington was defeated again at White Plains. The American defense of New York City came to a humiliating conclusion on November 16, 1776, with the surrender of Fort Washington and some 2,800 men. Washington ordered his army to retreat across New Jersey. The remains of his forces, mud-soaked and exhausted, crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania on December 7. The British had good reason to believe that the American rebellion would be over in a few months and that Congress would seek peace rather than face complete subjugation of the colonies. The enlistments of most of Washington's army were due to expire at the end of December. However, instead of crushing the remains of Washington's army, Howe went into winter quarters, with advanced garrisons at Trenton and Princeton, leaving Washington open to execute one of the most daring military operations in American history. On Christmas night Washington's troops crossed the Delaware and attacked the unsuspecting garrison at Trenton , forcing it to surrender. A few days later Washington again crossed the Delaware, outmaneuvered the force sent to crush him, and fell on the enemy at Princeton, inflicting a humiliating loss on the British. (Video: Trenton-Princeton Campaign ) For much of the remainder of the war, Washington's most important strategic task was to keep the British bottled up in New York. Although he never gave up hope of retaking the city, he was unwilling to risk his army without a fair prospect of success. An alliance with France and the arrival of a French army under the Comte de Rochambeau in July 1780 renewed Washington's hopes to recapture New York; however, together Washington and Rochambeau commanded about 9,000 men -- some 5,000 fewer than Clinton. In the end, therefore, the allied generals concluded, that an attack on New York could not succeed. Instead they decided to strike at the British army under Cornwallis, which was camped at Yorktown, Virginia. Washington's planning for the Battle of Yorktown was as bold as it had been for Trenton and Princeton but on a much larger scale. Depending on Clinton's inactivity, Washington marched south to lay siege on Cornwallis. On October 19, 1781, he accepted the surrender of Cornwallis's army. Although two more years passed before a peace treaty was completed, the victory at Yorktown effectively brought the Revolutionary War to an end (Map: Siege of Yorktown ). To the world's amazement, Washington had prevailed over the more numerous, better supplied, and fully trained British army, mainly because he was more flexible than his opponents. He learned that it was more important to keep his army intact and to win an occasional victory to rally public support than it was to hold American cities or defeat the British army in an open field. Over the last 200 years revolutionary leaders in every part of the world have employed this insight, but never with a result as startling as Washington's victory over the British. On December 23, 1783, Washington presented himself before Congress in Annapolis, Maryland, and resigned his commission. Like Cincinnatus, the hero of Classical antiquity whose conduct he most admired, Washington had the wisdom to give up power when he could have been crowned a king. He left Annapolis and went home to Mount Vernon with the fixed intention of never again serving in public life. This one act, without precedent in modern history, made him an international hero. The Constitutional Convention Washington's Copy of The Acts of Congress (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association) Although Washington longed for a peaceful life at Mount Vernon, the affairs of the nation continued to command his attention. He watched with mounting dismay as the weak union created by the Articles of Confederation gradually disintegrated, unable to collect revenue or pay its debts. He was appalled by the excesses of the state legislatures and frustrated by the diplomatic, financial, and military impotence of the Confederation Congress. By 1785 Washington had concluded that reform was essential. What was needed, he wrote to James Madison , was an energetic Constitution. In 1787, Washington ended his self-imposed retirement and traveled to Philadelphia to attend a convention assembled to recommend changes to the Articles of Confederation. He was unanimously chosen to preside over the Constitutional Convention , a job that took four months. He spoke very little in the convention, but few delegates were more determined to devise a government endowed with real energy and authority. My wish, he wrote, is that the convention may adopt no temporizing expedients but probe the defects of the Constitution to the bottom and provide a radical cure. After the convention adjourned, Washington's reputation and support were essential to overcome opposition to the ratification of the proposed Constitution. He worked for months to rally support for the new instrument of government. It was a difficult struggle. Even in Washington's native Virginia, the Constitution was ratified by a majority of only one vote. Once the Constitution was approved, Washington hoped to retire again to private life. But when the first presidential election was held, he received a vote from every elector. He remains the only President in American history to be elected by the unanimous voice of the people. George Washington was unanimously elected President of the United States, twice. President of the United States Washington reviewing troops sent to put down the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Washington served two terms as President. His first term (1789-1793) was occupied primarily with organizing the executive branch of the new government and establishing administrative procedures that would make it possible for the government to operate with the energy and efficiency he believed were essential to the republic's future. An astute judge of talent, he surrounded himself with the most able men in the new nation. He appointed his former aide-decamp, Alexander Hamilton , as Secretary of the Treasury; Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State; and his former artillery chief, Henry Knox, as Secretary of War. James Madison was one of his principal advisors. In his First Inaugural Address , Washington confessed that he was unpracticed in the duties of civil administration; however, he was one of the most able administrators ever to serve as President. He administered the government with fairness and integrity, assuring Americans that the President could exercise extensive executive authority without corruption. Further, he executed the laws with restraint, establishing precedents for broad-ranging presidential authority. His integrity was most pure, Thomas Jefferson wrote, his justice the most inflexible I have ever known, no motive of interest or consanguinity, friendship, or hatred, being able to bias his decision. Washington set a standard for presidential integrity rarely met by his successors, although he established an ideal by which they all are judged. During Washington's first term the Federal Government adopted a series of measures proposed by Alexander Hamilton to resolve the escalating debt crisis and established the nation's finances on a sound basis, concluded peace treaties with the southeastern Indian tribes, and designated a site on the Potomac River for the permanent capital of the United States. But as Washington's first term ended, a bloody Indian war continued on the northwestern frontier. The warring tribes were encouraged by the British, who retained military posts in the northwest. Further, the Spanish denied Americans use of the Mississippi River. These problems limited the westward expansion to which Washington was committed. Growing partisanship within the government also concerned Washington. Many men in the new government -- including Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders of the emerging Republican party -- were opposed to Hamilton's financial program. Washington despised political partisanship but could do little to slow the development of political parties. During his first term Washington toured the northern and southern states and found that the new government enjoyed the general support of the American people. Convinced that the government could get along without him, he planned to step down at the end of his first term. But his cabinet members convinced him that he alone could command the respect of members of both burgeoning political parties. Thomas Jefferson visited Washington at Mount Vernon to urge him to accept a second term. Although longing to return home permanently, Washington reluctantly agreed. Washington's second term (1793-1797) was dominated by foreign affairs and marred by a deepening partisanship in his own administration. Washington assumed the Presidency on the eve of the French Revolution, a time of great international crisis. The outbreak of a general European war in 1793 forced the crisis to the center of American politics. Washington believed the national interest of the United States dictated neutrality. War would be disastrous for commerce and shatter the nation's finances. The country's future depended on the increase in wealth and opportunity that would come from commerce and westward expansion. One of Washington's most important accomplishments was keeping the United States out of the war, giving the new nation an opportunity to grow in strength while establishing the principle of neutrality that shaped American foreign policy for more than a century. Although Washington's department heads agreed that the United States should remain neutral, disagreements over foreign policy aggravated partisan tensions among them. The disagreements were part of the deepening division between Federalists and Republicans. Opposition to federal policies developed into resistance to the law in 1794 as distillers in Western Pennsylvania rioted and refused to pay taxes. Washington directed the army to restore order, a step applauded by Federalists and condemned by Republicans. Despite Washington's disappointment with the rise of partisanship, the last years of his Presidency were distinguished by important achievements. The long Indian war on the northwest frontier was won, Britain surrendered its forts in the northwest, and Spain opened the Mississippi to American commerce. These achievements opened the West to settlement. Washington’s Farewell Address helped to summarize many of Washington’s strongest held beliefs about what it would take to sustain and grow the young nation that he helped found. George Washington by Charles Willson Peale (Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association) George Washington's Sarcophagus within the New Tomb at Mount Vernon Finally retired from public service, George and Martha Washington returned to their beloved Mount Vernon. Unfortunately for Washington his time at the estate would be short lived. On Thursday, December 12, 1799, George Washington was out on horseback supervising farming activities from late morning until three in the afternoon. The weather shifted from light snow to hail and then to rain. Upon Washington's return it was suggested that he change out of his wet riding clothes before dinner. Known for his punctuality, Washington chose to remain in his damp attire. Washington recognized the onset of a sore throat and became increasingly hoarse. After retiring for the night Washington awoke in terrible discomfort at around two in the morning. Martha was concerned about his state and wanted to send for help. Tobias Lear, Washington’s secretary, sent for George Rawlins, an overseer at Mount Vernon, who at the request of George Washington bled him. Lear also sent to Alexandria for Dr. James Craik , the family doctor and Washington's trusted friend and physician for forty years. As Washington’s condition worsened, two additional doctors were sent for and arrived at Washington’s bedside. Despite receiving a regimen of blood-lettings, induced vomiting, an enema, and potions of vinegar and sage tea, Washington’s condition worsened. Washington called for his two wills and directed that the unused one should be burned. Between ten and eleven at night on December 14, 1799, George Washington passed away. He was surrounded by people who were close to him including his wife who sat at the foot of the bed, his friends Dr. Craik and Tobias Lear, housemaids Caroline, Molly, and Charlotte , and his valet Christopher Sheels who stood in the room throughout the day. According to his wishes, Washington was not buried for three days. During that time his body lay in a mahogany casket in the New Room. On December 18, 1799 a solemn funeral was held at Mount Vernon. Learn More About the Tombs at Mount Vernon Washington's World Interactive Map George Washington traveled far and wide during his lifetime. Our Washington's World Interactive Map will help you discover all the journeys and places that Washington visited.	i don't know
Which car manufacturer has a logo with two overlapping letter ‘R’s’	Exotic Car Logos and Hood Ornaments Exotic Car Logos and Hood Ornaments By Kristen Hall-Geisler Updated October 19, 2016. Bulls, horses, tridents, coats of arms, wheels and propellers -- what are all these exotic car logos, anyway? Learn about each of these maker's signature hood ornaments and badges first appeared and why these emblems were chosen to represent the company. Klearchos Kapoutsis/Flickr 1. Alfa Romeo/Ferrari What is it? A four-leaf clover -- quadrifolio verde, in Italian -- on a white background. When did first appear? During World War I on Alfa Romeo race cars, then on Ferrari racers when Alfa shut down its racing program in the '20s. Later, it showed up on Alfas again. What's it mean? It means what a four-leafed clover always means: good luck. Bentley's Flying B. Kristen Hall-Geisler for About.com When did it first appear? On the first test car , a 1919 Bentley 3 1/2-liter. What's it mean? The B is for Bentley, and the wings symbolize the speed of its cars. More » Bugatti Badge. Bugatti 3. Bugatti What is it? Bugatti uses two badges, one red oval with "Bugatti" spelled out , and another with only "EB," and the E is backward. When did it first appear? The very first Bugatti in 1910 sported the red oval. The initials are part of the company's later reincarnation. What does it mean? Both badges are pretty straightforward, as they both reference the founder's name, Ettore Bugatti. More » Ferrari's Prancing Horse Badge. Kristen Hall-Geisler for About.com 4. Ferrari What is it A "cavallino rampante," or prancing horse . When did it first appear? In the 1920s, when Enzo Ferrari was still building race cars for Alfa Romeo . So its first appearance was not on a Ferrari. What's it mean? The race team uses a shield-shaped logo with an SF at the bottom for Scuderia Ferrari, while the GT cars use a rectangular badge. The horse comes from a WWI flying ace, who painted a black horse on the side of his planes for good luck; Enzo asked to do the same for his race cars. The yellow background symbolizes Enzo's hometown, Modena. More » Jaguar Growler Badge. Jaguar 5. Jaguar What is it? Jaguar has had two hood ornaments : the growler , which has only a cat face; and the leaper, which is a full-bodied jaguar leaping from the hood. When did it first appear? The leaper was used early in the company's history, before the outbreak of World War II. The flat growler was in use by 1950. What's it mean? These two are pretty easy: When your company is named Jaguar, the hood ornaments seem to suggest themselves, no? More » Koenigsegg Logo. Koenigsegg What is it? A shield in red, yellow, and blue. When did it first appear? As soon as the Koenigsegg company itself did, in 1994. What's it mean? Founder and designer Christian Koenigsegg used his own family's coat of arms as a starting point and developed the logo from there. More » Lotus Badge. Kristen Hall-Geisler for About.com 7. Lotus What is it? A Yellow circle with a green, curved triangle inside. It clearly reads "Lotus" at the bottom and has a jumble of overlapping letters at the top. When did it first appear? Lotus has been using this badge since the early 50s when the Lotus Engineering Company was founded. What does it mean? The name of the company is obvious, but what are all those letters in the triangle's point? Those are all of founder Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman's initials -- though he's generally known as Colin Chapman. More » Maserati Trident. Maserati What is it? A trident. When did it first appear? As early as Maserati itself, in the 1920s. What's it mean? It was believed to have been designed by Mario Maserati, the only one of five Maserati brothers who was an artist rather than an auto engineer, designer, or builder. He likely based it on the trident carried by Neptune in classical mythology. More » Maybach's Double Ms. Kristen Hall-Geisler for About.com 9. Maybach What is it? Two Ms inside a curved triangle. When did it first appear? Maybach is one of those companies with a two-part history. The double-M hood ornament has been around since the maker's first incarnation in the 1920s. What does it mean? One of those Ms is for Maybach, of course. The second M doesn't stand for Mercedes, though they are both under the Daimler umbrella these days. It's actually for "Motorenbau," which is German for something like "engine installer." More » Rolls-Royce's Spirit of Ecstasy. Rolls-Royce 10. Rolls-Royce What is it? The Spirit of Ecstasy , a woman with wings who leans into the wind on the hood. It's also known as the Flying Lady. Rolls-Royce also uses two overlapping Rs. When did it first appear? February 1911. A kneeling version was used from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s. What's it mean? The statuette was commissioned by Rolls-Royce as an official replacement for the custom hood ornaments people were attaching to their cars in the early days of motoring. More » Spyker's Wheel and Propeller. Spyker Cars N.V. 11. Spyker What is it? A multi-spoked automobile wheel with an airplane propeller in the center.The text on the bottom half of the wheel reads, "Nulla Tenaci Invia Est Via." When did it first appear? Spyker is another of those died-and-resurrected exotic car companies. This logo appeared in 1914 when the car maker merged with an aircraft builder. What's it mean? Well, now that you know about the merger with the Dutch Aircraft Factory, you can probably figure it out. You're smart that way. You might need help translating the motto, though, which means "For the tenacious, no road is impassable." More »	Rolls-Royce
What are the middle names of British monarch Queen Elizabeth II?	Car Logos Car Logos by Julian James There are so many car logos out there that it can be hard to find what you’re looking for. That’s why we decided to put together this page devoted to the many car logos out there. For each one we have provided an image of the logo as well as a link to further information, which can be found further down the page along with a larger image. This page is constantly updated to keep it up to date. Feel free to use the images of the emblems as you wish, though remember they are all trademarked by the various manufacturers. We hope you find this page helpful. If you notice any logos missing or think there is anything we should add then let us know in the comments section at the bottom. Thanks for helping keep this page the most up-to-date automobile logos resource on the web! Abarth Bigger car logos and extra information Abarth The Abarth logo shows a shield carrying a scorpion set over a background of yellow and red. The scorpion was chosen because Scorpio was the star sign of the founder Carlo Abarth. The top of the shield features the brand name with a border in the colors of the Italian flag, the firm’s home country. Acura The Acura logo is a stylized letter ‘A’ (for Acura) which is also meant to have resemblance to the letter ‘H’, for the brand’s parent company Honda. Arash The Arash logo shows a diving peregrine falcon, the fastest animal on earth. The brand name and the bird image are set in gold on a black background with a gold border completing the shield. Alfa Romeo The Alfa Romeo logo is circular with a blue border containing the words ‘Alfa Romeo’. In the center are two heraldic symbols linked to the city of Milan, Italy, where the firm was founded. The red on white cross comes from the city’s emblem while the crowned serpent eating a Moor is a Biscione . The Biscione used to be set on a white background, but this was removed during an update to the logo in 2015. The type face was also changed. Ariel The Ariel Motor Company logo is a stylized letter ‘A’ cut out of a red circle. Ascari The Ascari Cars logo features two strokes, a grey one set above and to the left of a red one. Aston Martin The Aston Martin features a pair of wings overlayed with the firm’s name. The wings are in silver while the name is set on a green background. The wings have been a part of Aston’s logo since 1927 . Audi The Audi logo features four overlapping silver rings, which represent the four car firms that joined to create Audi in its original incarnation as Auto Union. Bentley The Bentley logo features the spread wings and tail of a bird with a white on black ‘B’ in a central oval. The wings were used as the firm built aircraft in the First World War. The wings on Bentley logos do not have the same number of feathers, and in the past different numbers have been used for different cars. The standard logo has ten feathers on the left and 11 on the right. BMW The BMW logo is a circle with a black border containing the brand-name. The central area is divided into blue and white quarter circles, the colors of Bavaria, where the firm is based. The lettering and original design were inherited from the logo of the Rapp Motorenwerke aircraft firm from which BMW descends. Bowler The Bowler logo features the brand name in silver in a black oval shape with two silver crescents on the left hand side. Briggs Automotive The Briggs Automotive Company use the name of their sold car the Mono as their logo, with the letter ‘m’ stylized to resemble tire tracks. Bristol The Bristol Cars logo features a circle with a black and white border carrying the brand name. Inside a central red circle is a shield depicting a ship on the ocan, a castle and the white cliffs on the south coast of England. Brooke Cars The Brooke Cars logo features the name of the firm on a parallelogram set on top of a black and white shield-like design with sections removed. Bugatti The Bugatti logo features the brand name in white with black shadow set on a red oval background. The oval contains a grey border with red elipses. Above the brand name is a stylized version of the the letters EB, which stand for Ettore Bugatti, the firm’s founder. Buick The Buick logo features three shields inside a circular border. It is a simplified version of an earlier Buick logo which featured the three shields in red, white and blue, with a deer head, sash and cross on each shield. Today just the sashes remain. Cadillac The Cadillac logo is a shield based on the coat of arms of the French explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who was the founder of the city of Detroit, Michigan. Chery The Chery logo is a stylized version of the letters ‘CAC’, which stand for Chery Automobile Company. The A used to be more distinctive and cut through the bottom half of the oval. Chevrolet The Chevrolet logo features a gold ‘bow tie’ cross with a silver border. Its origins are a subject of debate. One theory is that is is from a design co-founder William C. Durant once saw on wallpaper in France. Another is that it is based on the cross on the Swiss flag, where co-founder Louis Chevrolet’s parents were from. Yet another is that it is based on a logo of the Coalettes coal company. Chevron The Chevron logo is a stylized chevron in yellow with the brand’s name in black. Chrysler The Chrysler division logo features a winged design with ‘Chrysler’ in the center. This logo was introduced after the firm’s parent company, Chrysler, merged with Fiat. Citroen The citroen logo is a 3D metallic version of the firm’s previous double-chevron logos. The chevrons are derived from a special gear used in milling . Corvette The Corvette logo features two crossed flags. On the right is a black and white chequered flag like that used in racing. On the left, a red flag contains the logo of Chevrolet, Corvette’s parent company, and a fleur-de-lis which was on founder Louis Chevrolet’s family crest. Dacia The Dacia logo features a stylized letter ‘D’ on its side. Daihatsu The Daihatsu logo is a stylized white letter D in a red rectangle. Datsun The Datsun logo is a derivative of the earlier Datsun logo. The blue circle behind the Datsun name used to be red, representative of the Japanese flag. The original elements are now surrounded by a 3D silver border. Dodge The Dodge logo is currently the word ‘Dodge’ with two inclined red stripes remeniscent of tire tracks. Donkervoort The Donkervoort logo features a red winged badge with a central area carrying the brand name. Ferrari The Ferrari logo features the firm’s famous prancing horse on a yellow background above the brand name. The top of the logo is bordered by the colors of the Italian flag: green, white and red. Fiat The Fiat logo is a badge with the brand’s name on a red and black striped background, surrounded by a 3D silver border, and created to look like a car grille. Fisker The Fisker logo is a circular badge with an orange and blue center surrounded by a white border containing the brand name. The orange represents the setting sun into the blue of the Pacific ocean. Two silver vertical stripes in the center represent the company’s co-founders Henrik Fisker and Berhard Koehler. Ford The Ford logo is the brand name inside a blue oval with a white border, known as the Centennial Blue Oval. The calligraphic font was first created by Childe Harold Wills, an early associate Henry Ford. The oval shape was first used in 1912 and it turned from grey to blue in 1927. Ford Performance Vehicles The Ford Performance Vehicles logo features stylized lettering reading the acronym FPV. Ginetta The Ginetta logo is circular with a stylized letter G in black on an orange background and a grey border. GMC The GMC logo shows the brand’s name in a 3D typeface. Hennessey The Hennessey logo shows the brand’s name in a calligraphic typeface. Holden The Holden logo depicts a lion with its paw on a globe, set in a red circular badge with a white and red border. Honda The Honda logo is a stylized letter H. Hyundai The Hyundai logo is, like the Honda logo, a stylized letter H. Infiniti The Infiniti logo is an oval with an inset triangle in the bottom half. The triangle is said to be suggestive of Mount Fuji, the iconic volcano in the firm’s Japanese homeland, as well as a road stretching into the infinite distance. Isuzu The Isuzu logo is the brand name in a distinctive font in red. Jaguar The Jaguar logo features a jaguar leaping from right to left. Jeep The Jeep logo is just the brand name in a font similar to Helvetica Bold. Joss The Joss logo features a simple 3D stylised parallelogram, with the firm’s home country ‘Australia’ engraved on the bottom half. Kamaz The Kamaz logo features a blue horse on a white background. Kia The Kia logo is a stylized version of the brand name in an oval with a red border. Koenigsegg The Koenigsegg logo is based on the shield of the Koenigsegg family, which features in their coat of arms. KTM The KTM logo is a stylized version of the brand’s name in either orange or black. Lamborghini The Lamborhini logo features a black shield with a gold ‘raging bull’ in the center, with a gold outline. A bull was chosen as Taurus was the star sign of founder Ferruccio Lamborghini, who was also a fan of bullfighting. Many of the manufacturer’s models are named after famous fighting bulls. Lancia The Lancia logo features the brand’s name on a blue shield with a silver border. The name is surrounded by a blue circle, with two inside spikes, representing a steering wheel. Land Rover The Land Rover logo features the firm’s name in a green oval with a double white border. It is said to have been inspired by a pilchard tin, which the designer is claimed to have been eating from when he came up with the idea. Lexus The Lexus logo is a stylized letter ‘L’. The brand was created to help Toyota enter the luxury automobile market. Lincoln The Lincoln logo is a derivative of the company’s earlier ‘shield’ logo, which used a coat of arms with a red cross in the iddle and a knight’s helmet at the top. Lister The Lister logo features a green circle with a yellow center, in which sits three falchion swords. The outside green area carries the brand’s name. Lotus The Lotus logo features a green triangle insice a yellow circle. Inside the green triangle is the world Lotus and the letters ACBC, the initials of the firm’s founder Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman, known as Colin Chapman. Mahindra The Mahindra logo is a stylized letter M surrounded by an oval. Maruti Suzuki The Maruti Suzuki logo combines the logos of Maruti, a stylized winged M, and Suzuki, a stylized S. Maserati The Maserati logo is a trident. It is based on the one held by Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, in the Fountain of Neptune which sits in the main square of Bologna, Italy, where the firm was founded. Mastretta The Mastretta logo is a shield made up of the green white and blue of the Italian flag with a chequered flag and inclined stripes, remeniscent of tire marks. Mazda The Mazda logo is a 3D silver oval with a stylized winged letter M inside it, which is supposed to represent the firm spreading its wings as it faces the future. McLaren The McLaren logo features the brand’s name with a ‘speed’ mark to the top right, which is supposed to represent the vortices created by the rear wing on their racing cars. Mercedes-Benz The Mercedes-Benz logo is a 3D three-pronged star set inside a circle. It was first used when the sons of company co-founder Gottlieb Daimler told the board their father had once had a star marked above the door of his house, and had told his wife it would one day shine over his own factory as a symbol of prosperity. A four-pronged star was also patented, but only the three-pronged one was ever used. It is also said to represent the three prongs of Daimler’s hopes for motorization “on land, on water and in the air”. MG The MG logo features the brand name inside an octagonal badge. MINI The MINI logo is a winged badge with the brand’s name in a circular central area. Mitsubishi The Mitsubishi logo is a triangle made out of three diamond shapes. The ‘Mitsu’ in the brand’s name is Japanese for ‘three’ (Hishi means water chestunt), and in Japan the word Mitsubishi has long been used to represent the diamond shape. Morgan The Morgan logo is a winged badge with the brand’s name set on a blue cross in a central circular area. Nissan The Nissan logo is a derivative of the old Nissan logo, which used to feature the brand’s name on a blue rectangle sitting over a red circle, which represents the sun symbol used in the Japanese flag. Noble The Noble logo features the brand name underneath the image of a crown, drawn on because of the brand’s use of the word ‘noble’ as a name. Opel The Opel logo is a 3D circular ring, engraved with the brand name, and with a lightning strike through the middle. The lightning was first used on the badge for the Opel Blitz truck. The German word for Blitz means lightning in English, and the symbol has been used since then. Pagani The Pagani logo is an oval silver badge with the brand name embossed across the middle. It features a stylized letter P in the top left. It says ‘Automobili Modena’ along the bottom. Perodua The Perodua logo is a stylized letter ‘P’ set in an oval badge using the colors of the Italian flag: green, white and red. Peugeot The Peugeot logo features a lion, and stems back to the mid 19th century when the firm manufactured mainly steel goods and saw blades. The lion represented attributes Peugeot highlighted in the blades, such as strong teeth and the swift cut. Porsche The Porsche logo features small shield set inside a second larger shield and is based on the coat of arms of former Weimar Germany’s Free People’s State of Württemberg. The inside one features a prancing horse taken from the coat of arms of the city of Stuttgart , the state’s capital and where Porsche is based. The outside shield comes straight from the Württemberg coat of arms . Proton The Proton logo features a yellow tiger’s head in a green circle with the brand name above, all set on a dark blue shield with a yellow border. It was first used in the year 2000. The old one was a blue shield with a yellow crescent and fourteen-pointed star, although this was only used on cars in Proton’s domestic market of Malaysia, with exports given different badges. Radical Sportscars The Radical Sportscars logo is a stylized letter R in yellow set on a double-shaded red rectangle with the brand name below. Ram The Ram logo features a 3D silver Ram’s head on a black shield with a silver border. Renault The Renault logo is a stylised diamond shape. The shape has been used in its basic current form since 1992. Roewe The Roewe logo features a shield with a red and black background and carrying a stylized letter R with two English lions above. The colors and basic shape are the same as that of Rover, which was bought by Roewe’s parent company SAIC Motor in 2006 — although without the rights to the Rover brand name of logo. Rolls-Royce The Rolls-Royce logo comprises two ‘R’s set in a rectangle with the words ‘Rolls’ and ‘Royce’ above and below. A small statue of a woman leaning forward with wings, known as The Spirit of Ecstasy, sits on the bonnet of the firm’s cars but is not used as a logo. Ruf Automobile The Ruf Automobile logo is a stylised version of the brand name. Saab The Saab logo is a stylised versino of the brand name. The old griffin logo is no longer allowed to be used on the firm’s cars after Chinese consortium National Electric Vehicle Sweden purchased Saab Automobile AB’s main assets. Only the name can be used. Saleen The Saleen logo comprises a stylised letter S created out of piston-like shapes. Scion The Scion logo is a 3D oval with a horizontal bar carrying the brand name, as well as a vertical stylized letter ‘S’. SEAT The Seat logo is a stylized 3D letter ‘S’. Skoda The Skoda logo features a ‘winged arrow’ which depicts an arrow combined with a stylized head of a Native American wearing a feathered headdress. The ‘Skoda Green’ design is set in a circular badge with a white background and a black and chrome border. Smart The Smart logo is a 3D letter ‘C’ combined with a yellow arrow head representing forward thinking. SRT The SRT logo is a stylized version of the brand name. Ssangyong The Ssangyong logo is meant to be a stylized depiction of two dragons rising up to heaven. The name Ssangyong means ‘twin dragons’. Subaru The Subaru logo shows a blue oval with a chrome border containing the six main stars contained in the star cluster Pleiades. Subaru is the Japanese name for the cluster, and was given the name to represent the six companies that merged to form Subaru’s parent company FujiHeavy Industries. Superformance The Superformance logo features the brand name next to a red square containing two inclined white stripes. Suzuki The Suzuki logo is a stylized letter ‘S’. Tata Motors The Tata Motors logo is a stylized letter ‘T’ and is meant to depict fluidity. It is also said to represent a tree of trust or a fountain of knowledge. Tesla The Tesla logo is a stylized letter T which sits above the brand name in a mainly white on red color scheme. The exact meaning of the imagery is unknown, but it’s thought the way the T is drawn could represent a pole in an electric motor or a Tesla coil. It used to sit on a shield, and the bottom of the shield still forms part of the grille on the firm’s cars, underneath the logo. Toyota The Toyota logo is created from three interlocking ovals. The inner ovals are said to represent the hearts of both the customer and the company, which overlap to show mutual trust. They also form a ‘T’ for Toyota. The outer oval is said to represent the world embracing the company and its ethos. TVR The TVR logo is a stylized version of the brand name and was created by the firm’s competition mechanic Bob Hallett in 1964. Ultima Sports The Ultima Sports logo features one of the brand’s cars underneath the brand name and set in an oval shape. Vauxhall The Vauxhall logo features a griffin holding a flag bearing the letter ‘V’, and is set in a circular badge. The griffin comes from the coat of arms of Falkes de Breauté, a mercenary soldier who died in 1226. A house he built for his wife in London was known as Fawkes Hall, which later became Foxhall and subsequently Vauxhall. Venturi The Venturi logo features a stylized letter ‘V’ in red on a white or black background. Volkswagen The Volkswagen logo features the letters V and a W, one on top of the other, contained in a circle of the same width and set on a blue background. It was said to have been dreamt up by engineer Franz Reimspiess in an office competition to design a logo for the firm. Volvo The Volvo logo is formed from a 3D silver circle with an arrow coming out of the top right. Inside sits a blue band carrying the brand name. Although the circle and arrow look like the biological sign for males (as opposed to the circle with a hanging cross that represents females), it is actually meant to show the old symbol for iron. Westfield Sportscars The Westfield Sportcars logo is made up of a black and white circle carrying the brand name. The top half is thought to depict a rising sun and the bottom half the earth. The design also resembles the spokes on a wheel. Wiesmann The Wiesmann logo is a 3D gecko lizard, and is meant to show that Wiesmann cars stick to the road like geckos stick to the wall . Zenvo The Zenvo logo is formed of a black shield with the brand name in silver at the top. An image underneath is thought to depict an engine piston. We hope you’ve found this list of car logos useful. If there are any logos that you think we should add, or anything information that you think we are missing or need to add, please let us know in the comments section below. Latest	i don't know
A Sachertorte is a type of cake which traditionally has a layer of which flavour jam?	Sacher Torte \| DianasDesserts.com See more recipes in Chocolate Sweets Sacher Torte Comments: What is a Sacher Torte or Sachertorte? A sachertorte is an extremely rich Viennese classic made with layers (usually two or three) of chocolate cake filled with apricot jam and enrobed in a creamy-rich chocolate glaze. Sachertorte is traditionally served with billows of whipped cream. It was created in 1832 by Franz Sacher, of the famous family of Viennese hoteliers and restaurateurs. Ingredients: 100g (4 oz./1/2 cup/1 stick) butter, at room temperature 50g (1.7 oz./1/4 cup) superfine sugar (caster sugar) 5 egg yolks 100g (3.5 oz.) bittersweet or semisweet chocolate, finely chopped, then melted 5 egg whites 50g (1.7 oz./1/4 cup) superfine sugar (caster sugar) 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 100g (3.5 oz./7/8 cup) all-purpose flour For the Apricot Filling: 3 tablespoons apricot jam or preserves 2 tablespoons water 100g (3.5 ounces) bittersweet or semisweet chocolate, finely chopped 50g (2 oz./1/4 cup/1/2 stick) butter Serve with: For the Cake: Preheat oven to 160ºC/320ºF. Butter and flour a 10-inch round cake pan. Beat the butter and sugar with an electric mixer. Add egg yolks one at a time. Beat well. Add melted chocolate, beating well to combine. In a separate mixing bowl, beat the egg whites and salt until they form soft peaks when the whisk or beaters are lifted out. Continue to beat slowly, then gradually add the 50g of sugar and the vanilla, continue to beat until stiff peaks form. Gently fold the egg white mixture into the chocolate mixture, then add the flour. Pour the batter into the prepared cake pan and bake in preheated oven for 60 minutes. Remove cake from oven and let cool in pan for 10 to 15 minutes, then invert cake onto a wire cooling rack and let cake cool completely. When cake has cooled completely, slice the cake in half horizontally. Place one cake layer on wire cooling rack covered with wax paper or baking paer, then using a cake spatula, spread half of the Apricot Filling* (instructions for filling follow) over the first layer, then place the second cake layer on top of the first layer and spread top with the remaining apricot filling. Pour the Glaze (see instructions for the glaze below) over the top and sides of the cake. Transfer cake to a serving plate or cake platter. Refrigerate cake for 30 minutes to let glaze set. When ready to serve, cut into wedges and serve with whipped cream. Makes 12-16 servings. In a small saucepan, warm the apricot jam with the 2 tablespoons water. For the Glaze: Melt the chocolate and butter in the top of a double boiler, stirring well to combine. Source: Friend	Apricot
Spud-gun, Dave Hedgehog, Dick Head and Mr Harrison are all characters in which UK television series?	What is Sachertorte? (with pictures) What is Sachertorte? Last Modified Date: 10 December 2016 Copyright Protected: These 10 facts about space will blow your mind The sachertorte is one of the best known of the Viennese desserts, and widely regarded as great delicacy throughout the world. Chef and pastry expert Franz Sacher developed the original recipe in 1832, which has never been shared with the public. He invented this extremely dense chocolate cake for the diplomat, politician and statesman, Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. Historians recount that the cake’s development was the result of happy accident. Franz Sacher was working as a substitute for the regular chef at Metternich’s establishment, when he created the cake to please the palates of Metternich’s exacting guests. The guests were wowed by the texture and contrasting flavors of the cake, and soon sachertorte became a staple of many pastry shops, and in many homes. A sachertorte is in brief, two layers of chocolate cake separated by a layer of apricot jam, and sometimes whipped cream . The cake is then glazed with chocolate, and often presented with chocolate shavings on top. The chocolate glaze is thick, much like a ganache. There are varying accounts on what type of cake is most appropriate. For some, a true sachertorte must be made with sponge cake . Others prefer a denser, and moister cake, since the crumb should feel compact and the cake should be moist. Ad It can be a mistake to over-sweeten the cake. It should retain some of the bitterness in the chocolate, which is brought out by the contrasting acidity in apricot jam . Also in recipes, there are disputes as to whether whipped cream in the center should be sweetened with powdered sugar. Traditionally the cake should not be filled with any whipped cream, and is not served topped with whipped cream as many recipes suggest. This most famous of cakes inspired quite a bit of argument in the 19th century that wasn’t resolved until the mid 1960s. For many years after Franz Sacher’s son had opened the Hotel Sacher, he had an ongoing legal dispute with Café Demel. Demel was a competing confectioner who sold a sachertorte under the name “original sachertorte.” Finally, in 1965, Café Demel changed the name of their version of the cake to Demel's Sachertorte. While you can find many recipes for sachertortes, you won’t find the original recipe created by Franz Sacher. You can, however, order a cake from the Hotel Sacher if you want to taste this historic dessert as it was originally designed. It’s a pricey way to satisfy your chocolate craving, as a 16-centimeter cake (about 6.2 inches) costs about $44 US Dollars (at present 27.50 Euros), and shipping adds an additional hefty price, particularly if you are shipping the cake overseas. Nevertheless, many argue the sachertorte is equivalent to other pricey delicacies like fine champagne and caviar, and that a slice of this cake is not only delicious, but a salute to the history of desserts. Ad	i don't know
Urtication is the use of which plant to stimulate the skin?	Urtication \| drmarkgriffiths drmarkgriffiths Posted by drmarkgriffiths “I find applying stinging nettles to my body highly pleasurable. I’ve tried the web for more information but either get herbalist pages or, when searching the words ‘nettles’ and ‘fetish’ together, get directed to [ sado-masochsistic ]-type pages. I don’t really go for that. Can you direct me somewhere where I can get advice? Are there any long-term dangers in exposing my ‘delicate areas’ to the little green temptresses?” (Seriously Twisted Into Nettle Games, letter in The Stranger ) In a previous blog I examined the sexual use of bee stings as a method used by men to increase the size of their penis. It was while researching that blog that I came across another sting-related sexual practice called urtication. According to the Wikipedia entry on stinging nettles , urtication, refers to the “flogging with nettles [and] is the process of deliberately applying stinging nettles to the skin in order to provoke inflammation”. In a sexual context, Dr. Anil Aggrawal (in his book Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices) defines urtication as the use of stinging nettles to create extra sexual sensation. Although there are numerous scientific papers on urtication (particularly in relation to the physiology of nettle stings, the treatment of nettle stings, and medical uses such as the use of stinging nettles to treat joint and back pain), I was unable to locate a single paper on the sexual use of stinging nettles. Dr. Brenda Love (in her Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices) included a whole section on sexual urtication. She notes that: “Urtication refers to those who use stinging nettles to stimulate the skin for sex games. The active ingredients in the stinging nettle do not spread to other areas but are restricted to the site at which the plant comes into contact. Nettles have tiny hair-like projections rather than thorns which can break and stick to the skin. The skin becomes sensitized without the injury that certain types of flagellation can produce. Skin exposed to nettles will redden and in a short time produce small bumps. The person will feel a sharp hot sting that fades to a warm tingling glow which may last several hours. Nettles may be applied in various ways. Some lie the stems down and press the hairs into the skin, others hold them in a cluster and tap it against the chosen area, or put them into a bottom’s underwear. Men who wear condoms have found that briefly applying nettles to the penis before putting on the condom can compensate for the sensation lost by the latex barrier”. Obviously the claim about condom use is anecdotal and there is no empirical evidence that supports the claim made (although I have no reason to doubt it). However, I did come across a semi-corroborative source in a short online article on ‘unusual sex practices’ that included a paragraph on urtication. It noted that: “The sexual practice which is technically called urtication is concerned with the desire for stinging plants, for example nettles that we use to ‘torture’ the partner’s body. It all depends on our courage, which means that some people who like doing this go very far and ‘burn’ their genitals as well. A confession of a man who admitted he put a nettle leaf on the inside of his condom in also very interesting. Supposedly, this really arouses him during intercourse and provides him with additional pleasure. The same goes for a woman who said that she adores it when her partner stimulates her vagina with nettle during foreplay. It has a similar effect to hot wax and whipping. The skin is naturally much more irritated after contact with the nettle”. Writing for The Stranger, the US journalist Dan Savage addressed stinging nettle fetishes in one of his columns. His own research (which from what I can gather involved reading Rodale’s Encyclopedia of Herbs) led him to write that the Romans thrashed men “below the navel” to improve their virility. He also interviewed Tracy Mehlin (Center for Urban Horticulture at the University of Washington, US). She was quoted as saying she once knew a farmhand “who occasionally lashed himself with stinging nettles” but never asked him why he did it. She also reported that: “The leaves and stems of stinging nettles are covered with tiny hollow hairs. When a person comes in contact with the plant, the tips of the hairs break off, stick in the person’s skin, and then, like a lot of little hypodermic needles, pump in a venom that makes the skin itch, swell, tingle, and burn for hours. There are some people who enjoy the effect”. An online article on ‘ Organic S&M ’ noted the many different uses of stinging nettles throughout history. The only ones of a sexual nature was their use “by English herbwives to ‘encourage’ prize bulls during the mating season, and by English mistresses for much the same purpose. And they were as common in Victorian era erotica as figging, birches, and caning”. An online article at the London Fetish Scene website discusses the sexual use of stinging nettles. The article notes that stinging nettle effects differ in intensity from variety to variety (and even the soil they are growing in). There is also great individual variation (in that the same stinging nettle used on one person may exact different effects in another). The article also claims that the same person can feel different effects based on other factors such as whether a women is menstruating . In addition to using stinging nettles for flogging, the article also lists four other sexual uses. These include (i) using stinging nettles as an alternative to ginger for ‘figging’ (i.e., the act of inserting something into the body that will cause a stinging, burning sensation for sexual pleasure), (ii) putting stinging nettles into the victim’s underwear, (iii) applying stinging nettles to the penis just before putting on a condom (as noted above by Dr. Brenda Love), and (iv) forcing a submissive to consume stinging nettles (although the article then adds that the safety of this is very uncertain given that raw nettles are poisonous). Finally, if you’re really interested in learning more about the use of stinging nettles in BDSM practices (from a practical rather than academic point of view), then check out the FAQ page of the Sado-Botany website. Dr Mark Griffiths, Professor of Gambling Studies, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK Further reading Aggrawal A. (2009). Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Alford, L. (2007). Urtication for Musculoskeletal Pain? Pain Medicine, 9, 963-965. Christopher (2000). Organic S&M, December 16. Located at: http://web.archive.org/web/20031211012237/http://www.utahpowerexchange.org/articles/organicSM.html Kowalchik, C. & Hylton, W.H. (1999). Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. London Fetish Scene (2009). Nettle. February 5. Located at: http://www.londonfetishscene.com/wipi/index.php/Nettle Love, B. (2001). Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices. London: Greenwich Editions. Randall, C., Meethan, K., Randall, H. & Dobbs, F. (1999). Nettle sting of Urtica dioica for joint pain – an exploratory study of this complementary therapy. Complimentary Therapies in Medicine, 7, 126-131. Savage, D. (2003). Gas huffer. The Stranger, June 12. Located at: http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=14566 Urtication.com (2012). Urtication: Sex & Nettles. Located at: http://www.urtication.com/ Wikipedia (2012). Stinging nettle. Located at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinging_nettle Zee News (2012). Unusual sexual practices: Urtication. Located at: http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/print.aspx?aid=117201	List of plants known as nettle
Mr and Mrs Spoon, Tina Teaspoon and Eggbert are all characters in which UK children’s television series?	View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement References: Balzarini, J., Neyts, J., Schols, D., Hosoya, M., Van Damme, E., Peumans, W., and De Clercq, E. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis helleborine and the (N-acetylglucosamine)n-specific plant lectin from Urtica dioica are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 1992;18(2):191-207. View abstract. Baraibar CB, Broncano FJ, Lazaro-Carrasco MJ, and et al. [Toxicity study of Urtica dioica L. nettle's] . Anales de Bromatologia 1983;35(1):99-104. Barlow, R. B. and Dixon, R. O. Choline acetyltransferase in the nettle Urtica dioica L. Biochem J 1973;132(1):15-18. View abstract. Barsom, S. and Bettermann, A. A. [Prostatic adenoma. The conservative therapy with urtica extract]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 11-30-1979;55(33):1947-1950. View abstract. Basaran, A. A., Yu, T. W., Plewa, M. J., and Anderson, D. An investigation of some Turkish herbal medicines in Salmonella typhimurium and in the COMET assay in human lymphocytes. Teratog.Carcinog.Mutagen. 1996;16(2):125-138. View abstract. Bauer HW, Sudhoff F, and Dressler S. Endocrine parameters during treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with ERU. Klin Exp Urol 1988;19:44-49. Bercovich, E. and Saccomanni, M. Analysis of the results obtained with a new phytotherapeutic association for LUTS versus control. [corrected]. Urologia. 2010;77(3):180-186. View abstract. Beyazit, Y., Kurt, M., Kekilli, M., Goker, H., and Haznedaroglu, I. C. Evaluation of hemostatic effects of Ankaferd as an alternative medicine. Altern.Med.Rev. 2010;15(4):329-336. View abstract. Bombardelli E and Morazzoni P. Urtica dioica L. Fitoterapia 1997;68(5):387-402. Broncano FJ. Estudio de efecto sobre musculatura lisa uterina de distintos preparados de las hojas de Urtica dioica L. An R Acad Farm 1987;53:69-76. Buettner, C., Mukamal, K. J., Gardiner, P., Davis, R. B., Phillips, R. S., and Mittleman, M. A. Herbal supplement use and blood lead levels of United States adults. J.Gen.Intern.Med. 2009;24(11):1175-1182. View abstract. Cai, T., Mazzoli, S., Bechi, A., Addonisio, P., Mondaini, N., Pagliai, R. C., and Bartoletti, R. Serenoa repens associated with Urtica dioica (ProstaMEV) and curcumin and quercitin (FlogMEV) extracts are able to improve the efficacy of prulifloxacin in bacterial prostatitis patients: results from a prospective randomised study. Int.J Antimicrob.Agents 2009;33(6):549-553. View abstract. Chaurasia N and Wichtl M. Sterols and steryl glycosides from Urtica dioica. Journal of Natural Products 1987;50(5):881-885. Christensen, R. and Bliddal, H. Is Phytalgic(R) a goldmine for osteoarthritis patients or is there something fishy about this nutraceutical? A summary of findings and risk-of-bias assessment. Arthritis Res.Ther. 2010;12(1):105. View abstract. Chrubasik S, Enderlein W, Bauer R, and Grabner W. Evidence for antirheumatic effectiveness of Herba Urticae dioicae in acute arthritis: A pilot study. Phytomedicine 1997;4(2):105-108. Chrubasik, J. E., Roufogalis, B. D., Wagner, H., and Chrubasik, S. A comprehensive review on the stinging nettle effect and efficacy profiles. Part II: urticae radix. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(7-8):568-579. View abstract. Chrubasik, J. E., Roufogalis, B. D., Wagner, H., and Chrubasik, S. A. A comprehensive review on nettle effect and efficacy profiles, Part I: herba urticae. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(6):423-435. View abstract. Czarnetzki, B. M., Thiele, T., and Rosenbach, T. Immunoreactive leukotrienes in nettle plants (Urtica urens). Int Arch Allergy Appl.Immunol. 1990;91(1):43-46. View abstract. Dathe G and Schmid H. [Phytotherapy of the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Double-blind study with an extract of Radicus Urticae (ERU)]. Urologe B 1987;27:223-226. Edgcumbe, D. P. and McAuley, D. Hypoglycaemia related to ingestion of a herbal remedy. Eur.J.Emerg.Med. 2008;15(4):236-237. View abstract. Engelmann U, Boos G, and Kres H. [Therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia with Bazoton liquidum]. Urologe B 1996;36:287-291. Fischer M and Wilbert D. [Efficacy testing of a phytopharmacon in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)]. In: Rutishauser G. Benigne Prostatahyperplasie. Munchen: Zuckerscherdt;1992. Francois, K. O., Auwerx, J., Schols, D., and Balzarini, J. Simian immunodeficiency virus is susceptible to inhibition by carbohydrate-binding agents in a manner similar to that of HIV: implications for further preclinical drug development. Mol.Pharmacol. 2008;74(2):330-337. View abstract. Gansser D and Spiteller G. Aromatase inhibitors from Urtica dioica roots. Planta Medica 1995;61:138-140. Goetz P. [Treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia with nettle roots]. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 1989;10:175-178. Hallwachs, O. [Urination disorders caused by prostatic hyperplasia. Effect of Bazoton, Harzol and Prosta-capsules]. MMW.Munch.Med Wochenschr. 10-30-1981;123(44):1675-1676. View abstract. Hill, N., Stam, C., and van Haselen, R. A. The efficacy of Prrrikweg gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pharm World Sci 1996;18(1):35-41. View abstract. Hirano, T., Homma, M., and Oka, K. Effects of stinging nettle root extracts and their steroidal components on the Na+,K(+)-ATPase of the benign prostatic hyperplasia. Planta Med 1994;60(1):30-33. View abstract. Hryb, D. J., Khan, M. S., Romas, N. A., and Rosner, W. The effect of extracts of the roots of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on the interaction of SHBG with its receptor on human prostatic membranes. Planta Med 1995;61(1):31-32. View abstract. Huber, R., Bross, F., Schempp, C., and Grundemann, C. Arnica and stinging nettle for treating burns - a self-experiment. Complement Ther.Med. 2011;19(5):276-280. View abstract. Jacquet, A., Girodet, P. O., Pariente, A., Forest, K., Mallet, L., and Moore, N. Phytalgic, a food supplement, vs placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Res.Ther. 2009;11(6):R192. View abstract. Klingelhoefer, S., Obertreis, B., Quast, S., and Behnke, B. Antirheumatic effect of IDS 23, a stinging nettle leaf extract, on in vitro expression of T helper cytokines. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(12):2517-2522. View abstract. Koch E. Pharmacology and modes of action of extracts of palmetto fruit (sabal fructus), stinging nettle roots (urticae radix) and pumpkin seed (cucurbitae peponis semen) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Loew D and Rietbrock N. Phytopharm Forsch Klin Anwend. Darmstadt: Verlag Dietrich Steinkopf;1995. Koch, E. Extracts from Fruits of Saw Palmetto (Sabal serrulata) and Roots of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica): Viable Alternatives in the Medical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Associated Lower Urinary Tracts Symptoms. Planta Med 2001;67(6):489-500. View abstract. Konieczynski, P. and Wesolowski, M. Water-extractable magnesium, manganese and copper in leaves and herbs of medicinal plants. Acta Pol.Pharm. 2012;69(1):33-39. View abstract. Kraus R, Spiteller G, and Bartsch W. [(10E,12Z)-9-Hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid, an aromatase inhibitor from roots of Urtica dioica]. Liebigs Ann Chem 1991;335-339. Krzeski, T., Kazon, M., Borkowski, A., Witeska, A., and Kuczera, J. Combined extracts of Urtica dioica and Pygeum africanum in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: double-blind comparison of two doses. Clin Ther 1993;15(6):1011-1020. View abstract. Kulze, A. and Greaves, M. Contact urticaria caused by stinging nettles. Br.J Dermatol. 1988;119(2):269-270. View abstract. Lichius, J. J., Lenz, C., Lindemann, P., Muller, H. H., Aumuller, G., and Konrad, L. Antiproliferative effect of a polysaccharide fraction of a 20% methanolic extract of stinging nettle roots upon epithelial cells of the human prostate (LNCaP). Pharmazie 1999;54(10):768-771. View abstract. Lopatkin, N. A., Sivkov, A. V., Medvedev, A. A., Walter, K., Schlefke, S., Avdeichuk, IuI, Golubev, G. V., Mel'nik, K. P., Elenberger, N. A., and Engelman, U. [Combined extract of Sabal palm and nettle in the treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms in double blind, placebo-controlled trial]. Urologiia. 2006;(2):12, 14-12, 19. View abstract. Lopatkin, N., Sivkov, A., Schlafke, S., Funk, P., Medvedev, A., and Engelmann, U. Efficacy and safety of a combination of Sabal and Urtica extract in lower urinary tract symptoms--long-term follow-up of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Int.Urol.Nephrol. 2007;39(4):1137-1146. View abstract. Luczaj, L. and Szymanski, W. M. Wild vascular plants gathered for consumption in the Polish countryside: a review. J.Ethnobiol.Ethnomed. 2007;3:17. View abstract. Maar, K. [Regression of the symptoms of prostatic adenomas. Results of 6 months' conservative treatment using ERU capsules]. Fortschr.Med 1-10-1987;105(1):18-20. View abstract. Namazi, N., Esfanjani, A. T., Heshmati, J., and Bahrami, A. The effect of hydro alcoholic Nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on insulin sensitivity and some inflammatory indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind control trial. Pak.J.Biol.Sci. 8-1-2011;14(15):775-779. View abstract. Namazi, N., Tarighat, A., and Bahrami, A. The effect of hydro alcoholic nettle (Urtica dioica) extract on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pak.J.Biol.Sci. 1-15-2012;15(2):98-102. View abstract. Obertreis, B., Giller, K., Teucher, T., Behnke, B., and Schmitz, H. [Anti-inflammatory effect of Urtica dioica folia extract in comparison to caffeic malic acid]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46(1):52-56. View abstract. Obertreis, B., Ruttkowski, T., Teucher, T., Behnke, B., and Schmitz, H. Ex-vivo in-vitro inhibition of lipopolysaccharide stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta secretion in human whole blood by extractum urticae dioicae foliorum. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46(4):389-394. View abstract. Oliver, F., Amon, E. U., Breathnach, A., Francis, D. M., Sarathchandra, P., Black, A. K., and Greaves, M. W. Contact urticaria due to the common stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)-- histological, ultrastructural and pharmacological studies. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991;16(1):1-7. View abstract. Patten G. Medicinal plant review: Urtica. Aust J Med Herbalism 1993;5(1):5-13. Pavone, C., Abbadessa, D., Tarantino, M. L., Oxenius, I., Lagana, A., Lupo, A., and Rinella, M. [Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients]. Urologia. 2010;77(1):43-51. View abstract. Paydary, K., Emamzadeh-Fard, S., Khorram Khorshid, H. R., Kamali, K., SeyedAlinaghi, S., and Mohraz, M. Safety and efficacy of Setarud (IMOD TM ) among people living with HIV/AIDS: a review. Recent Pat Antiinfect.Drug Discov. 2012;7(1):66-72. View abstract. Purnak, T., Ozaslan, E., Beyazit, Y., and Haznedaroglu, I. C. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with defective hemostasis successfully treated with ankaferd blood stopper. Phytother.Res. 2011;25(2):312-313. View abstract. Ramos RR, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Lara-Lemus A, and et al. Hypoglycemic effect of plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics. Archives of Medical Research 1992;23(1):59-64. Randall, C. F. Stinging nettles for osteoarthritis pain of the hip. Br.J Gen.Pract. 1994;44(388):533-534. View abstract. Randall, C., Dickens, A., White, A., Sanders, H., Fox, M., and Campbell, J. Nettle sting for chronic knee pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Complement Ther.Med. 2008;16(2):66-72. View abstract. Randall, C., Meethan, K., Randall, H., and Dobbs, F. Nettle sting of Urtica dioica for joint pain--an exploratory study of this complementary therapy. Complement Ther Med 1999;7(3):126-131. View abstract. Rayburn, K., Fleischbein, E., Song, J., Allen, B., Kundert, M., Leiter, C., and Bush, T. Stinging nettle cream for osteoarthritis. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2009;15(4):60-61. View abstract. Rhodes, L., Primka, R. L., Berman, C., Vergult, G., Gabriel, M., Pierre-Malice, M., and Gibelin, B. Comparison of finasteride (Proscar), a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor, and various commercial plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo 5 alpha reductase inhibition. Prostate 1993;22(1):43-51. View abstract. Riehemann, K., Behnke, B., and Schulze-Osthoff, K. Plant extracts from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an antirheumatic remedy, inhibit the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kB. FEBS Lett 1-8-1999;442(1):89-94. View abstract. Romics, I. Observations with Bazoton in the management of prostatic hyperplasia. Int Urol Nephrol 1987;19(3):293-297. View abstract. Safarinejad, M. R. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J.Herb.Pharmacother. 2005;5(4):1-11. View abstract. Sahin, M., Yilmaz, H., Gursoy, A., Demirel, A. N., Tutuncu, N. B., and Guvener, N. D. Gynaecomastia in a man and hyperoestrogenism in a woman due to ingestion of nettle (Urtica dioica). N.Z.Med.J. 2007;120(1265):U2803. View abstract. Scapanini U and Friesen A. Urtica-dioica-Extrakt und Folgesubstanzen im Tierversuch. Experimental protocol. 1-13. Schmidt, K. [Effect of radix urticae extract and its several secondary extracts on blood SHBG in benign prostate hyperplasia]. Fortschr Med 4-21-1983;101(15):713-716. View abstract. Schneider H, Honold E, and Masuhr T. Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with a combination plant preparation. Results of an observational study of sabal extract WS 1473 and Urtica extract WS 1031 in the offices of urologists. Fortschr Med 1995;113(3):37-40. Schneider, T. and Rubben, H. [Stinging nettle root extract (Bazoton-uno) in long term treatment of benign prostatic syndrome (BPS). Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study after 12 months]. Urologe A 2004;43(3):302-306. View abstract. Sonnenschein R. [Efficacy testing of a prostatetropic phytopharmacon for benign prstate hyperpasia and prostatis]. Urologe [B] 1987;27:232-237. Stahl, H. P. [Therapy of prostatic nycturia with standardized extractum radix urticae]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 1-31-1984;60(3):128-132. View abstract. Swanston-Flatt, S. K., Day, C., Flatt, P. R., Gould, B. J., and Bailey, C. J. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989;10(2):69-73. View abstract. Tahri, A., Yamani, S., Legssyer, A., Aziz, M., Mekhfi, H., Bnouham, M., and Ziyyat, A. Acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive effects of a continuous perfusion of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73(1-2):95-100. View abstract. Taskila, K., Saarinen, J. V., Harvima, I. T., and Harvima, R. J. Histamine and LTC4 in stinging nettle-induced urticaria. Allergy 2000;55(7):680-681. View abstract. Teucher, T., Obertreis, B., Ruttkowski, T., and Schmitz, H. [Cytokine secretion in whole blood of healthy subjects following oral administration of Urtica dioica L. plant extract]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46(9):906-910. View abstract. Uslu, S., Bulbul, A., Diler, B., Bas, E. K., and Nuhoglu, A. Urticaria due to Urtica dioica in a neonate. Eur.J.Pediatr. 2011;170(3):401-403. View abstract. Van der Weijden, G. A., Timmer, C. J., Timmerman, M. F., Reijerse, E., Mantel, M. S., and van, der, V. The effect of herbal extracts in an experimental mouthrinse on established plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25(5):399-403. View abstract. Van Parijs J, Broekaert WF, and Peumans WJ. Urtica dioica agglutinin: a plant lectin with antifungal properties. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 1988;96(1):31. Wagner H, Geiger WN, Boos G, and et al. Studies on the binding of Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) and other lectins in an in vitro epidermal growth factor receptor test. Phytomedicine 1995;4:287-290. Wagner H, Willer F, Samtleben R, and et al. Search for the antiprostatic principle of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) roots. Phytomedicine 1994;1:213-224. Ziegler H. Cytomorphological study of benign prostatic hyperplasia under treatment with extract. Radicis urticae (ERU) - preliminary results. Fortschr Med 1982;100(39):1832-1834. Ziegler, H. 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Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Planta Med 1990;56:44-7. View abstract. Randall C, Randall H, Dobbs F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of nettle sting for treatment of base-of-thumb pain. J R Soc Med 2000;93:305-9. View abstract. Schottner M, Gansser D, Spiteller G, et al. Lignans from the roots of Urtica dioica and their metabolites bind to human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Planta Med 1997;63:529-32. View abstract. Sokeland J, Albrecht J. [Combination of Sabal and Urtica extract vs. finasteride in benign prostatic hyperplasia (Aiken stages I to II). Comparison of therapeutic effectiveness in a one year double-blind study]. Urologe A 1997;36:327-33. View abstract. Sokeland J. Combined sabal and urtica extract compared with finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: analysis of prostate volume and therapeutic outcome. BJU Int 2000;86:439-42. View abstract. Vontobel HP, Herzog R, Rutishauser G, Kres H. [Results of a double-blind study on the effectiveness of ERU (extractum radicis Urticae) capsules in conservative treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia]. (Abstract). Urologe A 1985;24:49-51. View abstract. Awang DV. Saw palmetto, African prune and stinging nettle for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Can Pharm J 1997;37-40, 43, 44, 62. See 46 Reviews for this Treatment - OR - Related to STINGING NETTLE Learn about User Reviews and read IMPORTANT information about user generated content Conditions of Use and Important Information: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. 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US author Truman Strekfus Persons is better known by what name?	Truman Capote \| Encyclopedia of Alabama Norman McMillan, Montevallo, Alabama Truman Capote World-renowned author and popular-culture icon Truman Capote (1924-1984) was born in New Orleans and raised in the northeast, but his true sense of identity and the literature he produced were rooted more in Alabama than anywhere else. Both of his parents were Alabamians, and his extended visits with Monroeville relatives and close friendship with Harper Lee greatly influenced his writing and his world view. Capote's flamboyant public persona and battles with substance abuse brought him as much attention as his literary output and made him a symbol of the artistic excesses that characterized New York's literati in the minds of the public during the 1960s and 1970s. Capote was born Truman Streckfus Persons in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 30, 1924. His father, Arch Persons, was a well-educated ne'er-do-well from a prominent Alabama family, and his mother, Lillie Mae Faulk, was a pretty and ambitious young woman so anxious to escape the confines of small-town Alabama that she married Arch in her late teens. Capote's early childhood with Arch and Lillie Mae was marked by neglect and painful insecurity that left him with a lifelong fear of abandonment. His life gained some stability in 1930 when, at age six, he was put in the care of four elderly, unmarried cousins in Monroeville, Monroe County , Alabama. He lived there full-time for three years and made extended visits throughout the decade. Capote was most influenced by his cousin Sook, who adored him and whom he celebrated in his writings. He also forged what would become a life-long friendship with next-door neighbor Nelle Harper Lee, who later won the Pulitzer Prize for her book, To Kill a Mockingbird . Capote appears in the novel as the character Dill. The Move to New York In 1931, Lillie Mae left her husband and moved to New York, never again to live in the South. She changed her name to Nina, divorced Arch, and in 1932 married a wealthy Cuban immigrant named Joe Capote. The following year, Truman moved in with them, and in 1935, Joe Capote officially adopted him. Truman Streckfus Persons was now Truman Capote. Joe and Nina lived extravagantly, both in Manhattan and for three years in fashionable Greenwich, Connecticut. The family returned to New York City in 1942 and took an apartment on New York's upper-class Park Avenue. At this time, Nina began her descent into alcoholism, often flying into violent rages at her teen-aged son because of his homosexuality. As a result, Truman and his mother went through many periods of estrangement. The lavish lifestyle of the Capotes came to an abrupt end in 1952 when Joe Capote was discovered to have been embezzling money from his company and was fired. Unable to face the changes brought on by Joe's situation, Nina committed suicide in 1954. In 1955, Joe pleaded guilty to embezzlement and served a year in New York State's Ossining Prison, known more popularly as Sing Sing. Beginning in Writing Capote Portrait with Puppets As a child, Capote showed a great interest in writing. In Monroeville, he was permitted to use the household typewriter and did so enthusiastically. At Greenwich High School, in Connecticut, he developed a clear sense of his vocation, nurtured by English teacher Catherine Wood. While attending the Franklin School, an elite private school on New York's Upper West Side, Capote was hired as a copy boy at the New Yorker magazine. There he developed and refined some of the personality traits that would later become his trademarks: eccentric and flamboyant behavior and dress, a high-pitched lisping voice, and extreme outward self-confidence. He also cultivated friendships with influential people, especially women. Unlike several other famous gay people of the time, Capote was very open and public about his sexual orientation. Fired by the New Yorker for offending poet Robert Frost by walking out on one of his readings, Capote began to work on his writing in earnest. During his early twenties, he published several stories in Harper's Bazaar and Mademoiselle, and in 1948, at 24, he published an autobiographical coming-of-age novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms. The book received great praise for the excellence of its prose and earned national attention because of a provocative photograph of the author posing seductively on a couch. Henceforth, Capote, like his literary contemporaries Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal, was known as much for his public persona as for his writing. It was also at this time that Capote began his long-term relationship with Jack Dunphy, an author, playwright, and former professional dancer some 10 years Capote's senior. With the success of Other Voices, Other Rooms, Capote began his life-long habit of seeking out inspiring places, mainly in Europe, to write and socialize. During the 1950s he and Dunphy lived in France, Sicily, Switzerland, Greece, and many other places. The couple owned adjoining houses in Sagaponack, New York, and Capote owned a place in Verbier, France. He also owned an apartment at the upscale United Nations Plaza. But he never stayed anywhere long. Mixing with the Upper Crust Truman Capote Portrait Capote loved to surround himself with the rich and famous, and he became a friend and confidant to numerous well-known people, including designer and photographer Cecil Beaton, playwright Noel Coward, and movie stars Marilyn Monroe and Montgomery Clift, as well as President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, and her sister, Princess Lee Radziwill. He was the darling of a group of very rich women—he called them his "swans"—who entertained him aboard their yachts and at luxurious resorts throughout the world. He also gained even greater fame across the country as a frequent guest on television talk shows such as the Johnny Carson Show and the Dick Cavett Show. Despite his heavy socializing, Capote maintained a rigorous writing schedule for most of his life. He published A Tree of Night, a collection of stories, in 1949, followed in 1950 by Local Color, a collection of travel essays. The Muses Are Heard, his comic satire of his travels in Russia with the cast of the George Gershwin musical Porgy and Bess, came out in 1956, and in 1958 he published one of his best-known works, Breakfast at Tiffany's, a short novel set in New York. Three years later, Paramount Pictures released a highly acclaimed film version starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. Two of Capote's works were produced for the stage on Broadway. Although no expense was spared in their production, The Grass Harp, based on life in the Monroeville house where he stayed as a boy, was only moderately successful, and The House of Flowers, a musical about two rival brothels in Haiti, was generally considered a disaster. Capote also wrote for the screen: in 1953 he co-authored the United Artists comedy Beat the Devil with director John Huston, and in 1960 he adapted the Henry James' short story "The Turn of the Screw" into a script for the successful 20th Century Fox movie The Innocents. Turn Toward Nonfiction In November 1959, Capote's career took a major turn. He opened the New York Times one morning and read an article about the murders of the Clutter family in Holcombe, Kansas. He immediately decided to begin work on what he termed a "nonfiction novel" about the murders and the subsequent trial of the killers. Accompanied by Harper Lee, he traveled to Kansas to begin what would become an exhaustive, six-year project. He spent many hours with the killers Dick Hickock and Perry Smith, forming a strong emotional attachment with Smith. The men were found guilty and sentenced to hang in March 1960, but appeals delayed their executions until April 14, 1965. During this time, Capote waited to finish the book and remained in periodic contact with the men. His conflicting feelings of sympathy for the killers and desire for a conclusion caused him much anguish. Capote traveled to Kansas to witness the executions and was shattered by the experience. In Cold Blood In 1965, Capote presented his story of the Clutter murders to the public as a serial in the New Yorker. The following year, he published the work as a novel entitled In Cold Blood. Capote was lionized by critics everywhere, and the book was a sensation, earning Capote huge amounts of money. With the completion of the exhausting project, Capote decided to treat himself by hosting what many called the party of the decade. On November 28, 1966, he gave a masquerade black-and-white ball at the Grand Ballroom of the Plaza Hotel in New York City for a group of friends who were so illustrious that the guest list was published in the New York Times. The following year, In Cold Blood earned Capote even more press when Columbia Pictures released a film version. Although Capote was on top of the world in many ways, his personal life was beginning to spiral out of control. He began to consume large amounts of alcohol and drugs, made liaisons with abusive men, and found it more and more difficult to write. He suffered a number of mental breakdowns in the 1970s and 1980s, but he managed to work intermittently on a book called Answered Prayers, based on his intimate knowledge of the international jet set. He predicted, incorrectly, that it would be his masterpiece. During this time, two of Capote's autobiographical stories with Alabama settings—"A Christmas Memory" and "The Thanksgiving Visitor"—were adapted as television dramas to great acclaim. Falling Out of Favor In 1975, Capote decided to publish chapters of the still unfinished Answered Prayers as magazine pieces. When the second chapter, "La Cote Basque, 1965," appeared in Esquire, many of Capote's society friends were enraged by the author's unflattering depictions of them. Most of them severed all ties with him, including his favorite, socialite Babe Paley, wife of CBS chairman William Paley. Cut off from most of the friendships that had sustained him over the years, Capote became increasingly depressed and unstable. Although he maintained a relationship with Jack Dunphy, they were apart most of the time. He drank and used cocaine excessively. As a result, he was unable to write very much, but he did publish one more book, Music for Chameleons (1980), a collection of stories and essays previously published in Esquire, Interview, McCall's, New York Magazine, and The New Yorker. As his addictions worsened, he sought treatment at various hospitals and sanatoriums, but with little success. During the 1980s, his mental and physical condition deteriorating, he appeared to lose any desire to live. In August 1984, he bought a one-way ticket to California and showed up at the home of his friend Joanne Carson (ex-wife of Johnny Carson), telling her he thought he was dying. He was right—he died on August 25, 1984. During his life, Truman Capote often complained that he was not properly appreciated or respected as an author. He was especially troubled that he never received a major literary award. Despite his concerns, scholarly and popular interest in the man and his work has never truly waned. In 1990, Jay Presson Allen's biographical play, Tru, had a very successful run on Broadway, and some 20 years after his death, Hollywood released two biographical films about him, Capote (Sony Pictures, 2005) and Infamous (Warner Independent Pictures, 2006). In 2005, Random House published his early novel Summer Crossing. In 2014, two European researchers discovered 21 unknown stories in a collection at the New York Public Library that were written by Capote during his teen years; they were published in a German newspaper and in a collection by Random House in 2015. Truman Capote's place in literary and cultural history seems secure. Works by Truman Capote	Truman Capote
Which English county is known as ‘The Red Rose County’?	Truman Capote - Author of In Cold Blood Truman Capote Author of In Cold Blood American author Truman Capote (March 1, 1966). (Photo by Evening Standard/Getty Images) By Shelly Schwartz, Contributing History Writer Who Was Truman Capote? Truman Capote, an American novelist and short-story writer, achieved tremendous celebrity status for his elegantly detailed writing, sensitive characters, and his witty social tendencies. Capote is mostly remembered for his novella Breakfast at Tiffany’s and novel In Cold Blood, which were both made into major motion pictures. Dates: September 30, 1924 – August 25, 1984 Also Known As: Truman Streckfus Persons (born as) A Lonely Childhood Truman Capote’s parents, 17-year-old Lillie Mae (nee Faulk) and 25-year-old Archulus “Arch” Persons were married on August 23, 1923. Lillie Mae, the town beauty, quickly realized her mistake in marrying Arch, a conman who was always chasing get-rich-quick schemes, when he ran out of money on their honeymoon. But ending the marriage quickly was out of the question when she found out she was pregnant. Realizing her bad predicament, young Lillie Mae wanted to get an abortion; however, that was not an easy feat in those days. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Little Mae ended up giving birth to Truman Strekfus Persons in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 30, 1924. (The middle name of Strekfus was the last name of the family Arch worked for at the time.) The birth of Truman only kept the couple together for a few short months, after which Arch chased more schemes and Little Mae chased other men. In the summer of 1930, after dragging Truman from place to place for several years, Lillie Mae dropped five-year-old Truman off in the small town of Monroeville at the house shared by her three unmarried aunts and one bachelor uncle. Truman disliked living with his great aunts, yet he became close to the oldest aunt, Nanny “Sook” Faulk. It was while living with his great aunts that he started writing. He wrote stories about Sook and others in the town, including “Old Mrs. Busybody,” which he submitted in 1933 to a children’s writing contest in the Mobile Press Register. The printed story upset his neighbors, who instantly recognized themselves. Despite the setback, Truman continued writing. He also spent a considerable amount of time hanging out with his tomboy neighbor, Nelle Harper Lee , who grew up to become the author of the 1960 Pulitzer Prize winning To Kill a Mockingbird. (Lee’s character “Dill” was fashioned after Truman.) Truman Persons Becomes Truman Capote While Truman lived with his great aunts, Lillie Mae moved to New York, fell in love, and got a divorce from Arch in 1931. Arch, on the other hand, was arrested a handful of times for writing bad checks. Lillie Mae came back into her son’s life in 1932, now calling herself “Nina.” She took seven-year-old Truman to live in Manhattan with her and her new husband, Joe Garcia Capote, a Cuban-born New York textile broker. Although Arch contested it, Joe adopted Truman in February 1935 and Truman Strekfus Persons became Truman Garcia Capote. Although he had dreamed for years that he could live again with his mother, Nina wasn’t the loving, affectionate mom he had hoped her to be. Nina was enthralled with her new husband and Truman was a reminder of a past mistake. Plus, Nina couldn’t stand Truman’s effeminate mannerisms. Capote Embraces Being Different In the hopes of making Truman more masculine, Nina sent 11-year-old Truman to St. Joseph’s military academy in the fall of 1936. The experience was awful for Truman. After a year at the military academy, Nina pulled him out and put him into the private Trinity School. Short of stature, with a high-pitched voice that continued into adulthood, light blond hair, and bright blue eyes, Truman was unusual even in his general appearance. But after military school, instead of continuing to try to be like everyone else, he decided to embrace being different. In 1939, the Capotes moved to Greenwich Village and his uniqueness intensified. He would purposely set himself apart from other students, wear sloppy clothes, and look down at other students. Yet his close friends at the time remember him as fun, witty, unconventional, and able to mesmerize groups of peers with his storytelling.1 Despite his mother’s persistent nagging about his effeminate mannerisms, Truman embraced his homosexuality. As he once stated, “I always had a marked homosexual preference and I never had any guilt about it at all. As time goes on, you finally settle down on one side or another, homosexual or heterosexual. And I was homosexual.”2 By this time, Capote was also singular of purpose – he wanted to become a writer. And, to the dismay of many teachers and administrators at his school, he would ignore all his classes except those he thought would aid him in a writing career. Truman Capote Becomes an Author A couple of years later, the family moved back to New York City’s Park Avenue, where Capote attended the Franklin School. While others went off to fight in World War II, 18-year-old Truman Capote acquired a job in late 1942 as a copyboy at The New Yorker . He worked for the magazine for two years and submitted several short stories, but they never published any of them. In 1944, Truman Capote moved back to Monroeville and started writing his first novel, Summer Crossing . However, he soon shelved that project and starting working on other things, including a new novel. After moving back to New York, Capote wrote several short stories which he sent out to magazines. In 1945, Mademoiselle published Capote’s haunting short story “ Miriam ,” and the following year the story won an O. Henry Award , a coveted American honor given to outstanding short stories. With that success, more of his short stories appeared in Harper’s Bazaar, Story, and Prairie Schooner. Truman Capote was becoming famous. Important people were talking about him, inviting him to parties, introducing him to others. Capote’s striking physical characteristics, high-pitched voice, charm, wit, and attitude now made him not only the life of the party, but unforgettable. One perk of his new-found fame was being able to attend Yaddo, a gilded-age mansion retreat for gifted artists and writers in Saratoga Springs, New York in May 1946. Here he began a relationship with Newton Arvin , a Smith College professor and literary critic. More Writing and Jack Dunphy Meanwhile, Capote’s short story “Miriam” had attracted Bennett Cerf, a publisher at Random House. Cerf contracted Truman Capote to write a full-length Southern Gothic novel with an advance of $1500. At the age of 23, Capote’s novel Other Voices, Other Rooms was published by Random House in 1948. Capote fashioned his character “Idabel” after his old friend and neighbor, Nell Harper Lee. The dust jacket photo, taken by photographer Harold Halma, was considered a bit scandalous due to Capote’s smoldering look in his eyes while sensually reclining on a sofa. The novel made it to the New York Times bestseller list for nine weeks. In 1948, Truman Capote met Jack Dunphy , a writer and playwright, and began a relationship that would continue throughout Capote’s life. Random House then published Truman Capote’s A Tree of Night and Other Stories in 1949. This collection of short stories included Shut a Final Door, which won Capote another O. Henry Award. Capote and Dunphy toured Europe together and lived in France, Sicily, Switzerland, and Greece. Capote wrote a collection of travel essays titled Local Color, which was published by Random House in 1950. In 1964, when they had both returned to the States, Capote bought adjacent houses in Sagaponack, New York for him and Dunphy. In 1951, Random House published Capote’s next novel, The Grass Harp, about three misfits in a small, Southern town. With Capote’s help it became a Broadway play in 1952. That same year, Capote’s stepfather, Joe Capote, was fired from his company for embezzling money. Capote’s mother Nina, now an alcoholic, continued to rage at her son for being homosexual. Unable to cope with Joe’s incarceration, Nina committed suicide in 1954. Breakfast at Tiffany’s and In Cold Blood Truman Capote threw himself into his work. He wrote Breakfast at Tiffany’s, a novella about a light-hearted girl living in New York City, which was published by Random House in 1958. The novella, which Capote dedicated to Dunphy, was made into a popular motion picture in 1961 directed by Blake Edwards and starring Audrey Hepburn in the lead role. In 1959, Capote became drawn to non-fiction. While looking for a topic that would excite his curiosity, he stumbled upon a short article on November 16, 1959 in The New York Times titled, “Wealthy Farmer, 3 of Family Slain.” Despite the few details about the murder and the fact that the killers’ identities were unknown, Capote knew this was the story he wanted to write about. A month later, Capote, accompanied by his childhood friend Nelle Harper Lee, headed to Kansas to do research on what would become Capote’s most famous novel, In Cold Blood . For Capote, whose personality and mannerisms were unique even in New York City, it was difficult at first for him to integrate into the small town of Garden City, Kansas. However, his wit and charm ultimately won out and Capote eventually gained semi-celebrity status in town. Once the killers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, were captured at the end of 1959, Capote interviewed them too. Capote especially gained the confidence of Smith, who shared a similar background as Capote (short of stature, with an alcoholic mother, and a distant father). After his extensive interviews, Capote and boyfriend Dunphy went to Europe in order for Capote to write. The story, which was extremely morbid and unsettling, gave Capote nightmares but he kept on with it.3 For three years, Capote wrote In Cold Blood. It was the true story of an ordinary farming family, the Cutters, who were unknowingly targeted and brutally murdered by by two killers. But there was no ending to the story until the killers’ appeals to the courts were heard and either accepted or denied. For two years, Capote corresponded with the killers while he waited for an ending to his book. Finally, on April 14, 1965, five years after the murders, Smith and Hickock were executed by hanging. Capote was present and witnessed their deaths. Capote quickly finished his book and Random House published his masterpiece, In Cold Blood. The book catapulted Truman Capote to celebrity status. Party of the Century In 1966, New York socialites and Hollywood movie stars alike invited Truman Capote, the best-selling author of their generation, to parties, to vacations, and to appear on TV talk shows. Capote, who had always been energetically social, ate up the attention. To reciprocate the many invitations and to celebrate the success of In Cold Blood, Capote decided to plan a party that would be the best party of all time. In honor of his longtime friend, Katharine Graham (owner of The Washington Post), the Black and White Ball would be held at Manhattan’s Plaza Hotel on Monday, November 28, 1966. It was to be a classy, masked ball, where the invited guests could only wear the colors of black or white. When word got out among the New York socialites and the Hollywood elite, it became a frenzy to see who would get an invitation. It wasn’t long before media began dubbing it “The Party of the Century.” While many of the 500 guests were the richest and most famous people in America, including politicians, movie stars, socialites, and intellectuals, a few were from his time in Kansas and others were some non-famous friends from his past. Although nothing exceedingly extraordinary occurred during the party, the party itself became a legend. Truman Capote was now a super celebrity, whose presence was begged for everywhere. However, the five years working on In Cold Blood, including becoming so intimately close with the killers and then actually witnessing their deaths, took a huge toll on Capote. After the success of In Cold Blood, Capote was never the same; he became cocky, arrogant, and reckless. He began drinking heavily and taking drugs. It was the beginning of his downfall. Upsetting His Friends For the next ten years, Truman Capote worked on-and-off again on Answered Prayers, a novel about his social elite friends, which he attempted to disguise with made-up names. Slowing him down was the high expectations he had of himself – he wanted to create a masterpiece that would be even better and more acclaimed than In Cold Blood. In the first couple of years following In Cold Blood, Capote did manage to finish two short stories, A Christmas Memory and The Thanksgiving Visitor, both of which were about Sook Faulk in Monroeville and both were also made into TV specials in 1966 and 1967 respectively. Also in 1967, In Cold Blood was made into a popular motion picture. However, in general, Capote had difficulty sitting down to write. Instead, he flitted around the world, was frequently drunk, and, although ostensibly still with Jack, had several long-term affairs with boring and/or destructive men who were only interested in his money. Capote's banter, usually so light and funny, had turned dark and acerbic. His friends were both worried and aghast at this change in Capote. In 1975, ten years after the release of In Cold Blood, Truman let Esquire publish a chapter of the still-incomplete Answered Prayers. The chapter, “Mojave,” received rave reviews. Heartened, Capote then released another chapter, titled “La Côte Basque, 1965,” in the November 1975 issue of Esquire. The printed story shocked his friends, who instantly recognized themselves: Gloria Vanderbilt, Babe Paley, Slim Keith, Lee Radziwill, and Ann Woodward -- all New York society fixtures Capote called “swans.” In the story, Capote revealed the swans and their husbands’ infidelities, betrayals, vanity, and even a murder, thus spurring the outraged swans and their husbands to sever their friendship with Capote. Capote thought they understood that he was a writer, and that everything a writer hears is material. Surprised and crushed by being snubbed, Capote began drinking even more and partaking heavily of cocaine. Answered Prayers was never finished. For the next decade, Truman Capote appeared on TV talk shows and in a small part in the motion picture Murder by Death in 1976. He wrote one more book, Music for Chameleons, which was published by Random House in 1980. Death and Legacy of Truman Capote In August 1984, Truman Capote flew to L.A. and told his friend Joanna Carson, former wife of the late-night TV talk show host, Johnny Carson, that he thought he was dying. She let Capote stay with her for a few days and on August 25, 1984, 59-year-old Truman Capote died in Carson’s Bel Air, Los Angeles, home. Cause of death was thought to have been due to his drug and alcohol addiction. Truman Capote was cremated; his ashes remained in an urn in his Sagaponack, New York home, inherited by Dunphy. Upon Dunphy’s death in 1992, the homes were donated to the Nature Conservancy. Jack Dunphy and Truman Capote’s ashes were scattered throughout the grounds. 1. Gerald Clarke, Capote: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988) 51. 2. Truman Capote as quoted in Clarke 62-63. 3. Clarke 332.	i don't know
Which late British actor and game show host was the voice of space navigator Brad Newman in the 1966 film ‘Thunderbirds Are Go’?	Production Information about the Feature Film Thunderbirds Are Go United Kingdom Cartoon Production Information: When the first 26-episode season of Gerry Anderson's epic Supermarionation series Thunderbirds premiered on British television in October 1965, public response was so phenomenal that financiers and distributors ITC Entertainment, in the person of its enigmatic chairman, Lew Grade, immediately commissioned a second series. It was during discussions for shooting the second series that Anderson suggested to Grade that the logical progression would be to do a feature film based on the series that could be shot back-to-back with the new television episodes. Grade agreed and the budget was set at ï¿½250,000. Production on both Thunderbirds Are Go and the second series of Thunderbirds began at the Century 21 Studios in Slough in February 1966. The voice cast from the first series was reassembled for recording the dialogue, with only one noticeable exception: David Holliday, who had provided the voice for Thunderbird 2 pilot Virgil Tracy in the first season, had returned to his native America and was, therefore, unable to continue his role. He was replaced by Canadian actor Jeremy Wilkin who subsequently voiced Captain Ochre in Captain Scarlet And The Mysterons and the Bishop in The Secret Service, and went on to appear in a regular role (as Lt. Gordon Maxwell) in UFO. The cast were joined by guest vocalists Paul Maxwell (who had previously provided the voice of Colonel Steve Zodiac in Fireball XL5), Charles Tingwell (later heard as Dr. Fawn in Captain Scarlet) and Bob Monkhouse, best-known at the time as the host of Sunday Night At The London Palladium- shortly after recording his Thunderbirds role he replaced Jackie Rae on ATV's The Golden Shot, turned the failing series into a teatime hit and went on to become Britain's most popular (and highest-paid) game show host. The most unusual additions to the cast of Thunderbirds Are Go were Cliff Richard, Hank Marvin, Brian Bennett, Bruce Welch and John Rostill, collectively known as Cliff Richard and The Shadows, whose puppet replicas made cameo appearances during a dream sequence. Richard was a close neighbor of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson at their holiday home in Portugal and were talking one day when the Andersons asked if Richard might be interested in making an 'appearance' in the movie. Backed by The Shadows, Richard performed a new song, "Shooting Star", for the film, and the group also performed an instrumental track, "Lady Penelope", in their unique style. Thunderbirds Are Go was the first feature film to be shot using the Livingston Electronic Viewfinder Unit, also known as Add-a-Vision. This was basically an electronic viewfinder that could be used in conjunction with a Mitchell BNC Camera to take a television picture directly from the camera, enabling the staff of the entire unit to watch any scene being filmed on the television monitors. In this way, all members of the unit could study the set-up for any particular shot without moving the camera operator, and all the monitored pictures could be recorded on tape and played back to the director to check that a take was satisfactory. By the time the film opened in December 1966, Anderson and his Century 21 team had moved on to production of a new Supermarionation television series, Captain Scarlet And The Mysterons- unable to sell Thunderbirds in America after a three-way bidding war between the US networks collapsed, Grade had canceled the second season after just six episodes in favor of an all-new series. In the sole example of cross-series continuity in any of the Gerry Anderson productions, the MEV portion of Zero X from Thunderbirds Are Go made a guest appearance in The Mysterons, Captain Scarlet's pilot episode. The feature film premiere on December 12th, 1966 at the London Pavilion was a massive success and executives at United Artists, the film's distributors, told Anderson that they anticipated that the Thunderbirds film series would soon rival James Bond. Unfortunately, the film proved to be a box office disaster, and United Artists were so surprised and confused by its failure that they put it down to a fluke and immediately commissioned a second film. Notes Courtesy of Chris Bentley . Traditional, Hand-drawn Animation. Submit Additional Information: Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you ahve any additional information about Thunderbirds Are Go? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible! Report Errors / Submit Additional Information Cartoon Comments: Do you love Thunderbirds Are Go, or do you think it is the worst cartoon ever? Let us know what you think! Surely you have an opinion... so share what you think. Take a minute and post your own comments about this cartoon here . Search The BCDB	Bob Monkhouse
Which was the first car manufacturer to offer a 7year/150,000 km warranty on all cars sold in Europe?	Bob Monkhouse - IMDb IMDb Writer \| Actor \| Music Department One of British TV's most popular performers with a career that spanned over four decades, funny-man Bob Monkhouse started off as a radio broadcaster (1947) and stand-up comic. He earned success early on as a gag writer, partnering with Denis Goodwin . In 1953, the duo won their own TV show called Fast and Loose (1954), which was sketch-comedy based.... See full bio » Born: a list of 940 people created 22 Jan 2012 a list of 38 people created 11 Jul 2012 a list of 1118 people created 19 Aug 2012 a list of 27 people created 8 months ago a list of 1955 people created 4 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Bob Monkhouse's work have you seen? User Polls 1998 Bob Monkhouse: Over the Limit (TV Special documentary) 1997 What a Performance! (TV Series) (written by - 1 episode) - Camp (1997) ... 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Himself (as Bob Monkhouse OBE) 1999 TV Nightmares (TV Series) Himself 1998 Bob Monkhouse: Over the Limit (TV Special documentary) Himself 1997 Funny Women (TV Series documentary short) Himself 1997 Face to Face (TV Series) Himself 1975-1997 Celebrity Squares (TV Series) Himself - Host 1996 The National Lottery (TV Series) Himself - Presenter 1974-1995 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) Himself - Writer & Performer / Himself 1994-1995 Noel's House Party (TV Series) Himself 1980-1995 Des O'Connor Tonight (TV Series) Himself 1994 Room 101 (TV Series) Himself 1994 An Audience with Bob Monkhouse (TV Special documentary) Himself 1991-1992 Bob's Your Uncle (TV Series) Himself - Host 1990 Dors: The Other Diana (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1990 The $64,000 Question (TV Series) Himself - Host 1984-1990 Bob's Full House (TV Series) Himself - Presenter 1987-1989 Opportunity Knocks (TV Series) Himself - Host 1980-1983 Family Fortunes (TV Series) Himself - Host 1972-1982 Looks Familiar (TV Series) Himself - Guest / Himself / Himself - Panellist 1980 Summer Royal (TV Series) Himself 1976 The Big Time (TV Series documentary) Himself 1976 Summer Night Out (TV Movie) Himself - Host 1973-1976 Stars on Sunday (TV Series) Himself 1975 The Hollywood Squares (TV Series) Himself - Guest Appearance 1967-1975 The Golden Shot (TV Series) Himself - Host / Himself - Guest 1972-1973 Jokers Wild (TV Series) Himself - Team Captain 1973 Whose Baby? (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1972 Saturday Variety (TV Series) Himself 1968 Saturday Stars (TV Series) Himself 1967-1968 Dee Time (TV Series) Himself 1968 First Night (TV Movie) Himself (Host) 1964-1967 Juke Box Jury (TV Series) Himself - Panellist 1967 Carnival Time (TV Series) Himself - Presenter 1966-1967 The Blackpool Show (TV Series) Himself 1967 Those Two Fellers (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1966 Late Show London (TV Series) Himself 1964-1965 Blackpool Night Out (TV Series) Himself 1965 Panorama (TV Series documentary) Himself: The Affluent Clubs segment 1965 Mad Movies (TV Series) Himself - Host 1964 Comedy Bandbox (TV Series) Himself 1964 Big Night Out (TV Series) Himself 1954-1963 What's My Line (TV Series) Himself - Panellist / Himself - Celebrity Challenger 1962 Here and Now (TV Series documentary) Himself 1960-1961 Candid Camera (TV Series) Himself - Host 1960-1961 Laugh Line (TV Series) Himself 1956-1960 Val Parnell's Startime (TV Series) Himself Himself - at the Nuffield Centre / Himself - N (1959) ... Himself - at the Nuffield Centre 1957-1958 My Pal Bob (TV Series) Himself 1957 What's My Line? (TV Series) Himself - Panelist 1956 Salute to Yorkshire (TV Movie) Himself 1955 Christmas Box (TV Movie) Himself 1953-1955 Garrison Theatre (TV Series) Himself - Presenter / Himself 1955 Variety Parade (TV Series) Himself 1954 Television Christmas Party (TV Movie) Himself 1952 The Services Show (TV Series) Himself - Presenter 1948 New to You (TV Series) Himself 2016 Too Much TV (TV Series) Himself 2014 Glasgow: Big Night Out (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2013 Greatest Stand Up Comedians (TV Movie documentary) Himself - 10th Place 2012 Blackpool: Big Night Out (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2012 The Talent Show Story (TV Series documentary) Himself 2010 Smile... This Was Candid Camera (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2010 The Unforgettable Bob Monkhouse (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2009 Legends (TV Series documentary) Joy Beverley 2007 100 Greatest Stand-Ups (TV Special documentary) Himself 2006 The Story of Light Entertainment (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2005 The Comedians' Comedian (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2004 Who Killed Saturday Night TV? (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2004 Who Stole Bob Monkhouse's Jokes? (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2004 Bob Monkhouse: A BAFTA Tribute (TV Special documentary) Himself / Various Characters (as Bob Monkhouse OBE) 2003 Timeshift (TV Series documentary) Himself 2000 Family Misfortunes (TV Short) Himself 1981 Years of Lightning (TV Series documentary) Himself Personal Details Other Works: He acted in Richard Roders and Lorenz Hart's musical, "The Boy from Syracuse," at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in London, England with Ronnie Corbett and Denis Quilley in the cast. See more » Publicity Listings: 2 Print Biographies \| 2 Interviews \| 1 Article \| 1 Magazine Cover Photo \| See more » Alternate Names: Did You Know? Personal Quote: When I said I was going to become a comedian, they all laughed. Well, they're not laughing now. See more » Trivia: Bob died of prostate cancer in 2003. Yet in 2007 he made a "comeback", appearing in a new TV campaign advertising a prostate cancer charity. The ad, made with the blessing of his widow, blends footage of Monkhouse with that of a body double then adds CGI manipulation of his face to match what is being spoken by a sound-alike. See more » Nickname: The thief of bad gags. Star Sign:	i don't know
Pineapple, Armandinho and Fluke are all types of which musical instrument?	Evolution of ukulele Evolution of ukulele Evolution of ukulele Welcome to my blog on ukulele. In 1879 a Portuguese immigrant came to Hawaii and brought a certain instrument. This instrument was named "Braguinha". The first Hawaiian name was Pila li'ili'i which means little fiddle. Later it was then name ukulele. There are lots of ways on how ukulele got it's name. During my research i found out that one way they got the name was because it was named after the only Hawaiian stringed instrument Ukeke. Ukulele is translated as jumping flea and it is because when the Hawaiians saw how fast your hand could move and it looks like your hand is jumping from chord to chord. As you look through my blog i will show you the four standard types and two other types which one is from the past and one is the new and improve. Posted by Brickwood at The great Impact. In Hawaii there are 3 significant contribution to string music history which are slack-key guitar, steel guitar, and ukulele. When ukulele was introduced to Hawaii as a Braguinha it was a start of a new musical life. I would never think that a small instrument would have such a big impact. At first when ukulele was being first noticed everybody was wanting one. Then later it was being diminished by other type of music like hip-hop and R&B. Then brought back and incorporated to other types of music like Reggae, Rock, and Tradition Hawaiian music now that's the kind of music I like. In 1915 ukulele was formally introduced to the world at an exhibit at Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco. Here the Royal Hawaiian Quaret which is a band that includes a guitar, steel guitar, mandolin and of course the ukulele which happens to include the 3 significant string instruments in Hawaii. The exhibit had an estimate of 17 million people in 7 months. This is how it all started. Ukulele began to be a great demand. It was being used all over the U.S. because of it's uniqe sound and small size it could be carried around pretty much anywhere. In Hawaii ukulele was the most popular instrument. So popular that even the King and Queens were in demand for it. In 1916 Hawaiian records were so popular that it outsold the other type of music on the mainland. Until this day ukulele is still being used all over the world. With this popularity ukulele also had many new improvement like adding more strings giving it a louder and pure sound and also the FLUKE. Posted by Brickwood at There are 4 Classic types of ukulele. They are Soprano, Concert, Tenor, Baritone. There are also different types beside the 4 classic types. I will explaine two different types but later. SOPRANO The soprano also know as the standard ukulele. Soprano is the smallest out of the 4 classics. This ukulele is mostly found being carried around because of it's small size. The soprano is the ukulele for novice players who are intrestred in learning. CONCERT The concert ukulele also known as Alto is a little bigger then the soprano and instead of 13" scales like the soprano, the concert has 15" scales. This type was made for people with larger hands. TENOR This is the type of ukulele that can be form with more than just 4 strings. It has a fuller tone then the soprano and concert type. Since the tenor type is bigger then the concert it also comes with lots of strings like 6, 8, 9, 12, and even 14. BARITONE This is the last and biggest ukulele and is known as a mini-guitar. It can also be tuned as a guitar. With its size comes the deepest tone and is the most exspensive model. Posted by Brickwood at FLUKE and PINEAPPLE The FLUKE From the creative minds of Dale Webb and "Jumpin" Jim Beloff they have made a new creation that will trip people out. This is the fluke the new and improved ukulele. With this ukulele come a new shape and new style. The Fluke is slightly bigger then the concert type and has 15" scale and comes in different colors that could match your personality. Made from Maple for the neck part and the top part made from Australian Pine and the body made with plastic and wood giving a amazing sound that you would not believe unless you heard one. The Fluke also has a new feature which is it can stand in place because of it's flat bottom triangular shape. The PINEAPPLE In the picture to the left is the Samuel K. Kamaka holding the famous pineapple ukulele that he created in 1916. In the late 20's while there was competition in the ukulele industry in Hawaii it was the pineapple ukulele style that keep him going and later making him the only Hawaiian ukulele maker. Samuel Kamaka had the idea to make a smaller ukulele with a full tone and that is how he came up with the Pineapple shape. But some say that the reason he made the pineapple shape was because it was easier to make from it's round shape instead of making the curves. Posted by Brickwood at	Ukulele
Stan and Francine Smith are the parents in which US television cartoon series?	Ukuleles - Best Buy Best Buy Model: UKNFL06 SKU: 4651454 WOODROW Denny Chicago Bears 4-String Soprano Ukulele: Lindenwood body with maple fingerboard; 15 frets; Oxford fabric case included Model: UKNFL10 SKU: 4651457 WOODROW Denny Denver Broncos 4-String Soprano Ukulele: Lindenwood body with maple fingerboard; 15 frets; Oxford fabric case included Model: UKNFL20 SKU: 4651622 WOODROW Denny New Orleans Saints 4-String Soprano Ukulele: Lindenwood body with maple fingerboard; 15 frets; Oxford fabric case included	i don't know
Which opera by Mozart is said to have revealed secrets of The Freemasons?	Mysteries & Secrets - Mozart Mysteries & Secrets - Mozart [- Buried in an Unmarked Grave -] Decades later Sophie Haibel the younger sister of Mozart's wife, Constanze, still vividly remembered the eerie omen. On the first Sunday of December 1791, she was in the kitchen, preparing a cup of coffee for her mother. The previous day she had gone into the city of Vienna to visit her brother-in-law, who had fallen ill, but had returned with the news that he seemed better. Now, as she waited for the coffee to brew, Sophie stared pensively into the bright flame of an oil lamp and thought of Constanze's ailing husband. Suddenly, the flame went out "as completely as if the lamp had never been burning," she later wrote. "Not a spark remained on the main wick and yet there wasn't the slightest draught - that I can swear to." Seized with a horrible premonition, she ran to her mother, who advised her to return to Mozart's house without delay. Constanze greeted her sister's arrival with relief, saying that Mozart had spent a restless night, and begged her to stay. "Ah, dear Sophie, how glad I am that you have come," the musician said. "You must stay here tonight and see me die." With him was a young assistant named Sussmayr, to whom Mozart was giving instructions for the completion of his last composition, a Requiem Mass. A priest was summoned, then a doctor, who ordered cold compresses to be placed on the patient's fevered brow. About an hour before midnight Mozart lost consciousness; at 12:55 A.M. on December 5, 1791, he died. The former child prodigy and prolific composer was two months short of his 36th birthday. Always pressed for money, Mozart had been working at a feverish pace to complete important commissions through much of the year, and to his friends and family he seemed tense and exhausted from overwork. But when he took to his bed on November 20, no one suspected that it was a terminal illness. The symptoms were listed by Georg Nikolaus Nissen, Constanze's second husband, in his 1828 biography of the composer: "It began with swelling in his hands and feet and an almost total inability to move; this was followed by sudden vomiting, and this is called acute military fever." This diagnosis was confirmed in the official register of death for the city of Vienna. Mozart himself suspected foul play. Some weeks before his death, he told Constanze that he was being poisoned: "Someone has given me aqua toffana and has calculated the precise time of my death." An odorless, slow-acting poison with an arsenic base, aqua toffana was named for Teofania de Adamo, a 17t-century Italian woman who had invented the potion and dispensed it to would-be murderers. The Requiem Mass a mysterious stranger had commissioned him to write, Mozart came to believe, was for his own funeral service. On December 31, 1791, a Berlin newspaper reported the composer's death and speculated on the cause. "Because his body swelled up after death, people even thought he had been poisoned." In an undated memorandum, Mozart's older son, Carl Thomas, recollected that his father's body was so swollen and the stench of putrefaction so great that an autopsy was not performed. Unlike most corpses that become stiff and cold, Mozart's body remained soft and elastic, as do those who die of poisoning. But who would have wanted Mozart dead? The widow gave little credence to the rumor of poisoning and named no suspect. And thus the tale. was soon forgotten - only to be dramatically revived three decades later by none other than the rival who well may have wished Mozart dead. The Envy of Salieri Only five years older than Mozart, Antonio Salieri had been named court composer to Emperor Joseph 11 in 1774, at the age of 24. When Mozart arrived in Vienna seven years later, the Italian was the Austrian capital's reigning musician, held in high esteem by the aristocracy and a favorite with the city's demanding music lovers. Salieri was a facile and prolific composer, who was later to count among his pupils Beethoven, Schubert, and Franz Liszt. But Mozart he quickly perceived as a rival, a genius whose talent he could never match. Few in Viennese music circles doubted Salieri's envy of Mozart, and Mozart made no secret of his contempt for the court composer. Salieri lived to see all Vienna celebrate the 50th anniversary of his appointment as court composer in 1824. But a year earlier he made a startling statement. In October 1823 a pupil of Beethoven's named Ignaz Moscheles paid a call on the elderly Salieri, by then a patient in a suburban hospital. Able to speak only in broken sentences and preoccupied with his imminent death, Salieri gave his word of honour that "there is no truth in that absurd rumor; you know that I am supposed to have poisoned Mozart." It was pure malice, he told the shocked Moscheles; "tell the world ... old Salieri, who will soon die, has told you." A month later, Salieri tried to commit suicide. Visitors to his sickbed reported that he was having fantasies about his responsibility for Mozart's death and wanted to confess his sin. The much honored court composer died the next year. The Italian biographer of Haydn, Giuseppe Carpani, tried to salvage his countryman's honor. He sought out a doctor consulted at the time of Mozart's final illness and got from him a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. If Mozart had been poisoned, Carpani demanded, where was the evidence? "Useless to ask. There is no evidence, and it is also impossible ever to find any." After her husband's death, Constanze sent her younger son to take lessons from Salieri. Asked about the rumor that the court composer had poisoned his father, the boy said that Salieri had not killed Mozart but had "truly poisoned his life with intrigues." Salieri himself was heard to say that it was a pity that Mozart had died so young but perhaps just as well for other composers; if he had lived longer, "not a soul would have given us a crust of bread for our work." A Husband's Jealousy A second suspect in the rumored murder was Franz Hofdemel, a Masonic lodge brother of the composer, whose attractive young wife, Magdalena, was one of Mozart's last piano students. A few days after Mozart's death, Hofdemel savagely attacked his pregnant wife with a razor, maiming and disfiguring her with slashes to the face, throat, and arms, and then killed himself. Magdalena survived and five months later bore a child who, gossips insisted, was Mozart's. Mozart's older sister, Maria Anna, once remarked that her brother only gave lessons to young women when he was in love with them. And the prudish Ludwig van Beethoven, years after Mozart's death, refused to play in the presence of Magdalena because "too great an intimacy had existed between her and Mozart." Yet, from the observations of contemporaries and from his surviving letters, Mozart appears to have been deeply devoted to Constanze, and there is no evidence of any extramarital affairs. Finally, Empress Maria Luisa took a personal interest in Magdalena's tragedy, which she would scarcely have done if there was any truth to the stories about her baby's paternity. Revenge of the Freemasons? Yet another rumor was spread in the months following Mozart's death: The composer was marked for punishment because he had revealed secrets of the Freemasons in The Magic Flute. The allegorical opera was given its premiere in Vienna on September 30, 1791, with Mozart himself conducting, and was a great critical and popular success. Among the admirers was Salieri, who accompanied Mozart to a subsequent performance and - as Mozart proudly wrote to Constanze said that he had never seen "a more beautiful or pleasant production." Although some of Mozart's fellow Masons may have been startled by The Magic Flute, the composer and his librettist, Emmanuel Schikaneder, used the opera to introduce the secret society's ideals of courage, love, and fraternity to a wider audience. The subject was treated with sympathy, respect, and a dash of good humor. Far from being offended by the opera, Vienna's Freemasons commissioned Mozart to compose a cantata, which he dashed off in a few days between the premiere of The Magic Flute and the onset of his final illness. A few days after Mozart's death, the grand master of his lodge paid tribute to him as "the most beloved and meritorious" of its members and called his passing "an irreplaceable loss." In 1792 Vienna's Freemasons staged a performance of the cantata for the benefit of Mozart's widow and sons. Rushed to Burial Because Constanze was so hard-pressed for money at the time of her husband's death, she chose the cheapest funeral; its cost has been estimated as $30. At 2:30 P.M. on December 7, the body was removed to St. Stephen's cathedral, where a few mourners - including, it is believed, Salieri - attended the priest's blessing in a side chapel. Rain mixed with snow was said to have deterred the witnesses from accompanying the funeral wagon to St. Mark's cemetery, about an hour's walk away; and so there was no one to note the spot where the body was placed in a mass grave. In actuality, as a diarist wrote at the time, December 7 was a mild though hazy day. Later explaining that she had thought the church would arrange for a cross or marker at her husband's grave, Constanze erected no memorial to Mozart. Not until 1859 was a marble monument erected at St. Mark's cemetery, its precise placement there being a matter of guesswork. Medical Detective Work Mozart's mysterious death and hasty burial have been the subject of intense debate and speculation for two centuries. In 1966 a Swiss physician named Carl Bar dismissed the contemporary diagnosis of "acute military fever" as amateurish and unprofessional. Based on evidence handed down from Mozart's physician, Dr. Nicolaus Closset, Bar suggested rheumatic fever, an acute noninfectious disease marked by painful inflammation of the joints. In 1984 another physician, Peter J. Davies, published an even more extensive anaylsis of Mozart's medical history and final illness. In 1762, the year that the six-year-old musical prodigy made his concert debut and began composing, Mozart contracted a streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory system. The effects of such an infection can be delayed for months, even years. Subsequently, the boy suffered bouts of tonsillitis, typhoid fever, smallpox, bronchitis, and yellow jaundice, or type A virus hepatitis. In 1784, three years after his arrival in Vienna, the composer endured a major illness with symptoms that included violent vomiting and a rheumatic inflammatory fever. Dr. Davies concluded his analysis of Mozart's health problems by blaming his death on a combination of a streptococcal infection contracted during an epidemic, kidney failure arising from an allergic hypersensitivity known as Sch6nleinHenoch syndrome, a cerebral hemorrhage, and terminal bronchopneurnonia. Among the side effects of kidney failure, Dr. Davies noted, are depression, personality change, and mental delusions - which may account for Mozart's morbid belief that he was being poisoned and that the unfinished Requiem Mass had been commissioned for his own funeral.	The Magic Flute
What was the former name of the Royal Pavilion in Brighton?	Secret Of The Masons: It's Not So Secret : NPR Read An Excerpt From 'The Lost Symbol' Best-selling author Dan Brown's latest novel, The Lost Symbol, draws heavily on the lore and mystique of the Freemasons. A visit to one of the locations in the novel, a prominent Masonic building in Washington, D.C., serves as an introduction to the history of the once feared and even reviled secret society. The House of the Temple, the headquarters of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry in the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, is an impressive and dignified edifice on Washington's 16th Street. The design was inspired by the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, in Turkey. A couple of sphinxes on huge pedestals flank the steps. In the center of the temple room is a large altar. Brent Morris, a mathematician by trade and editor of the Scottish Rite Journal, tells Robert Siegel that when a Masonic meeting is open, a volume of sacred law is open representing God's revelation to man. "When a man becomes a member," Morris says, "he is asked to place his hand upon the book that he considers binding on his conscience." The temple has copies of the Bible, the Bhagavad-Gita, the Old Testament, the Zend-Avesta, the Sutras and the Quran. Article continues after sponsorship A bronze statue of George Washington — who, along with a dozen other U.S. presidents, was a member of the Freemasons — stands in the George Washington Masonic Memorial in Alexandria, Va. Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images A bronze statue of George Washington — who, along with a dozen other U.S. presidents, was a member of the Freemasons — stands in the George Washington Masonic Memorial in Alexandria, Va. Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images "This, we figured, will cover 99.9 percent [of members]," Morris says. "And if it doesn't, we'll get whatever's needed." Spiritual, But Not A Religion The rites inside the temple are at some level spiritual, and though they are related to religion, Freemasonry is not a religion. Morris explains that when the group was organized from a stonemasons' guild in 1717, its members adopted the radical proposition that men of different faiths can agree on God's existence. "They can agree that God compels them to do good in the community," Morris says. "And then they can stop talking about religion." There are an estimated 1.4 million Masons in the U.S. today. Brown's novel The Lost Symbol includes scenes of secret initiation rites in which wine is drunk from a skull. Morris says that does not happen — anymore. "There used to be another branch of Freemasonry in the United States, or another branch of Scottish Rite Masonry, in competition with us. ... It's been dead for over a century." Still, Masonic secrecy often inspired opposition to the society. In the 19th century, the Vatican issued anti-Masonic encyclicals, one of them branding the Masons "the Synagogue of Satan." Hitler ranted against the Masons. But some Masons have had fun with the orders' secrets over the years. Mozart was a Mason at the end of his life — The Magic Flute is said to be full of Masonic references. Hulton Archive/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Hulton Archive/Getty Images Mozart was a Mason at the end of his life — The Magic Flute is said to be full of Masonic references. Hulton Archive/Getty Images Mozart was a mason, and his opera The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols. Rudyard Kipling was also a Mason. His story "The Man Who Would Be King" is a playful adventure story involving Masons. Secrecy Although there are secrets to being a Mason, the boundaries of secrecy of Masonry aren't very clear, says Jay Kinney, author of The Masonic Myth. "A lot of Masons sort of assumed that everything about the organization is a secret, and they just sort of clammed up, and that gave them a real reputation for being close-mouthed," Kinney tells Siegel. "However, the actual secrets that are not supposed to be revealed tend to be just the modes of recognition, which boil down to a few handshakes and hand gestures and the specific wording of degree rituals." He says Mason symbols can be found on aprons, certificates and coffee cups. "It's all out there, and it's all fair game to discuss," Kinney says. Still, the organization has attracted suspicion, partly because of its roster of powerful members: more than a dozen U.S. presidents and many prominent businessmen were Masons. This, in part, has led to the belief that Masons run the world. "There may have been a smidgen of truth to that suspicion at one time," Kinney says. He says in smaller towns, at one time, leading members of the community were Masons, and membership provided a private venue to discuss things. Kinney says there may have been a time when members used Masonic connections, but that is no longer happening. "It's largely, at this point, a social organization that people enjoy each other's company," he says. "But there isn't discussion of power politics or how we're going to run the universe."	i don't know
Adnams Brewery is based in which English county?	English Breweries - Metapedia English Breweries Jump to: navigation , search English breweries have a long reputation of making some of the best ale beer throughout the world. Here is a list of some breweries and their products. Contents Adnams Brewery Adnams Adnams was first started in 1872 in Southwold, Suffolk, England when George and Ernest Adnams bought the old Sole Bay Brewery. The company was incorporated in 1890, has remained independent since then, producing a range of beers for distribution mainly in East Anglia. At the beginning of 2004, Adnams purchased land in neighbouring town of Reydon to expand their business with a new distribution centre, which was nominated for the 2007 RICS East of England Award for Sustainability. The earliest recorded brewing on the site of Adnams was in 1396 by Johanna de Corby. The present brewery was taken over by George and Ernest Adnams in 1857 and turned into a public company in 1891. The Adnams family was joined by the Loftus family in 1901, and Adnams still has three members of the family working within the company, with John Adnams as president, Simon Loftus as chairman and Jonathan Adnams as joint managing director. Adnams remains committed to brewing cask ale and non themed pubs. Real Ale is available in 96 of its 98 pubs and it also supplies some 750 other outlets direct. New fermenting vessels were due to be installed in 2001 to cope with demand. The company produces cask ale and pasteurised bottled beers. Annual production is around 70,000 barrels. Casks of Adnams ale used to be delivered to the pubs of Southwold by horse and dray until September 2006 when the distribution center was moved to a new location three miles outside the town. Adnams' most recent advertising campaign has the slogan: "Beer from the Coast". Adnams is also a major regional wine merchant and pub company. The company founded a charity, The Adnams Charity, in 1990 to celebrate its centenary as a public company. A percentage of the company's annual profits is used to support worthwhile causes within a 25 mile radius of Southwold. Beers Adnams produce three regular cask ales and six seasonal ales: The Bitter - 3.7% session bitter, a regular beer. Explorer - 4.3% best bitter. Introduced in 2004 as a summer seasonal; became a regular beer from February 2006. Oyster Stout - 4.3% winter stout. Regatta - 4.3% golden ale. Broadside - 4.7% premium bitter, a regular beer. Barley Mow - 5.0% amber ale, rich and full-bodied. May Day - 5.0% golden ale. Tally Ho - 7.0% barley wine, available during the winter months. Old Ale - available from October 2006, "a cold weather beer" (alcohol content not yet known). Plus three pasteurised bottled beers: The Bitter (formerly Suffolk Strong Ale) - 4.5% bottled version of the retired cask Extra. Explorer - 5.5% bottled ale which, like the cask Explorer, is a blend of English and American styles. Broadside - 6.3% bottled strong ale. Bass Bass is the name of a former brewery and the brand name for several English beers originally brewed in Burton upon Trent at Bass Brewery and still brewed in Burton by Coors. Bass is most particularly associated with their pale ale. The distinctive Red Triangle logo for Bass Pale Ale was Britain's first registered trademark. Bass The Bass & Co Brewery was established by William Bass in 1777 and was one of the first breweries in Burton upon Trent. Early in the company's history, Bass was exporting bottled beer around the world with the Baltic trade being supplied through the port of Hull. Growing demand led to the building of a second brewery in Burton upon Trent in 1799 by Michael Bass, the founder's son, who entered into partnership with John Ratcliff. The water produced from boreholes in the locality became popular with brewers, with 30 different breweries operating in the mid 19th centuries. Michael's son, another Michael succeeded on the death of his father in 1827, renewed the Ratcliff partnership and brought in John Gretton, creating the company of 'Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton' as it traded in the 19th century. The opening of the railway through Burton in 1839 led to Burton becoming pre-eminent as a brewing town. In the mid 1870's Bass, Ratclif and Gretton accounted for one third of Burton's output. The company became a public limited company in 1888, following the death of Michael in 1884, who was succeeded by his son, another Michael, later Lord Burton. Both Michael Bass and Lord Burton were considerable philanthropists with extensive charitable donations to the towns of Burton and Derby. Early in the 20th century in a declining market many Burton breweries closed down. The numbers fell from 20 in 1900 to 8 in 1928. Bass took over the breweries of Worthington, Walkers and Thomas Salt. By the end of the 20th century, following decades of closures and consolidation, Bass was left with one of the two large breweries remaining in the town. It also had substantial holdings in hotels, now owned by InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG). Over the years of its ascendancy, Bass maintained its dominance in the UK market by the acquisition of other brewers such as Birmingham-based Mitchells & Butlers (1961), London brewer Charringtons (1967), Sheffield brewer William Stones Ltd (1968) and Lincolnshire based Hewitt Brothers Limited (1969) (with the overall company being known as Bass, Mitchells and Butlers or Bass Charrington at various times). The Mitchells and Butlers name lives on as the company that retained the licensed retail outlet business when it was separated from the Six Continents PLC company (the successor to Bass PLC) in 2003. Rudyard Kipling was featured in a magazine advertisement for Bass in 1991. Black Sheep Brewery The Black Sheep Brewery is a brewery in Masham, Yorkshire . Masham is also the home of the Theakston brewery. The Black Sheep brewery was established by Paul Theakston in 1992. Theakston brewery itself had first been taken over by Matthew Brown following disagreements between members of the family and other shareholders. Matthew Brown was in turn taken over by Scottish and Newcastle in 1987. At this point Paul Theakston left and purchased the former Lightfoot's brewery site from an animal feed company. Black Sheep Paul wanted to use the Lightfoot name to bring back an old brewing tradition; however it was discovered that this name had been trademarked by Scottish and Newcastle. The associations of Masham with sheep led Paul to come up with the name "Sheep Brewery" which later became "Black Sheep" at his wife's suggestion. The brewery produces a range of well-hopped bitters, to distinguish itself from Theakston's range of fruity and yeasty beers. The brewery quickly became successful after formation, and now produces over 50,000 barrels a year. Many pubs in Yorkshire Dales display the Black Sheep logo, even if they do not sell the beer; the brewery manufactures pub signage free of charge including their own logo on each sign. The brewery re-launched their Emmerdale Ale as a lower-alcohol beer (formerly 5%) on 27th January 2006 at The Crown in Manfield for the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA). The launch party saw Chris Chittell (Eric Pollard from the Emmerdale TV series) pull the first pint of the new brew. The night also marked the rebranding of Black Sheep's Special Ale (in cask form) as Black Sheep Ale, the name that it has been sold as in bottles since 1992, bringing both into line. Beers Emmerdale, 4.2% Riggwelter, 5.7% According to the website, "...Riggwelter takes its name from the local Yorkshire Dales dialect – when a sheep is on its back and can’t get up without help, local dialect says it is riggwelted. This dialect word comes from the old Viking words: ‘rigg’ meaning back and ‘velte’ to overturn.". Riggwelter is also popular in Sweden, being in the top 20 of bottled ales sold in that country Black Sheep Ale (formerly Special Ale in cask form), 4.4% Holy Grail, 4.7% The official Ale of the Monty Python franchise Emmerdale, 4.2% Riggwelter, 5.7% Golden Sheep, 4.7% (produced specially for Tesco as part of their "Finest" range) Yorkshire Square Ale, 5.0%, named after a particular fermentation system originated over 200 years ago using double decked vessels called "squares" made of slate or stone. The brewery still brews some beers in 100 year old slate squares. This beer is available in Morrisons stores. Boddingtons Boddingtons is an English beer, originally from Manchester , United Kingdom that has been brewed for more than 200 years. The bitter is now sold in over 30 countries worldwide, and can be drunk on tap around the world in countries as diverse as New Zealand , China , and the United States . Boddingtons The Strangeways Brewery was founded by two grain merchants, Thomas Caister and Thomas Fry, in 1778. The location of the brewery, just outside the city center, was chosen to avoid a grain tax levied by local mills that belonged to Manchester Grammar School. Henry Boddington joined the brewery in 1832 as a traveller, and eventually rose up to become a partner in the company. In 1853 he borrowed money to become the sole owner of the enterprise. Boddingtons remained a family company until 1989, when the last Family chairman Mr Ewart Boddington sold the Strangeways brewery and the Boddingtons beer brand to Whitbread for £50.7 million. In May 2000, the Whitbread Beer Company was acquired by Interbrew. Brewed in Manchester since 1778, Boddingtons contains 3.8% and 4.1% alcohol-by-volume in cask.In September 2004, InBev announced plans to close the Strangeways brewery and move production out of Manchester, Lancashire, to Magor in South Wales and Glasgow . However, the brewing of Boddingtons cask ale was moved to Hydes Brewery in Moss Side, Manchester. Copper Dragon Copper Dragon Copper Dragon Brewery is a brewery located in Skipton, North Yorkshire . They started brewing in 2002 and currently produce five different cask beers, four of which are also available bottled: Best Bitter Bitter 3.8%(cask) Challenger I.P.A. India Pale Ale 4.4%(cask), 4.8%(bottled) Golden Pippin Blonde 3.9%(cask), 4.2%(bottled) Scotts 1816 Bitter 4.1%(cask), 4.4%(bottled) Black Gold Mild 3.7%(cask and bottled) Fuller, Smith and Turner Fuller, Smith and Turner is the full name of the brewery company better known simply as Fuller's. They brew a range of cask ales at the Griffin Brewery in Chiswick, West London. As well as the range of beers, Fuller's brewery is famous for having the oldest wisteria plant in the UK, planted in the early 19th century. Fuller's bought Gales Brewery, a Hampshire brewer in 2005. This increased the number of tied houses owned by Fuller's by 111, but caused some concern, particularly from Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), at the closure of Gale's Horndean brewery and possible loss of brands. The deal itself was worth £91.8 million. Fuller's London Pride Fuller's has a number of regular brands: Fuller's ESB (Extra Special Bitter) is a strong bitter. ESB has won CAMRA's Best Strong Ale award on seven separate occasions, more times than any other beer. The beer was rebranded from its old black and red livery, to the current blue and gold in late 2004 in an attempt to shake off its reputation as a very strong beer. Fuller's London Pride, the company’s flagship brand, is a mahogany coloured best bitter. The beer is best known in England in its 4.1% cask conditioned form, but is also sold worldwide in 4.7% pasteurized bottles. Fuller's Golden Pride is a barley wine. At 8.3%, it is the strongest beer in the Fuller's range, and one of the strongest beers widely available in the UK. It is sold in pasteurized 50cl bottles in most Fuller's tied houses, and some UK supermarkets. Fuller's Organic Honey Dew is a golden ale brewed with entirely organic ingredients. As well as malt and hops, it is also brewed with honey, giving it a slightly sweet taste. It is widely available in the UK in pasteurized 50 cl bottles, and is available in keg form all year round in many Fuller's tied houses. Fuller's 1845 is a strong Bottle-conditioned beer. It was first brewed in 1995 to celebrate Fuller's 150th anniversary. 1845 is also available in Fuller's tied houses as a seasonal cask ale. Fuller's Chiswick Bitter is a 3.5% cask conditioned ordinary or session bitter and sold in most Fuller's tied houses. Fuller's London Porter. London Porter is available in pasteurized 50 cl bottles and in Fuller's tied houses as a seasonal cask ale. Fuller's IPA is a premium bitter produced mostly for export to the United States but also sold seasonally in the United Kingdom in Fuller's tied houses as a cask ale and in 500ml bottles. Fuller's Vintage Ale is a vintage bottle conditioned ale. Each year’s brew is roughly based on Golden Pride, but with minor changes in the recipe. It is generally released around Christmas, and has been made since 1997. Fuller's Hock is a dark mild available in Fuller's tied houses as a seasonal cask ale. Fuller's Discovery is a blonde ale first brewed in 2005, and sold cask conditioned year round and in 50cl pasteurized bottles. Fuller’s Summer Ale is a seasonal blonde ale sold during the summer months both in casks and in 50cl pasteurized bottles. Fuller's Jack Frost is a seasonal ale sold flavoured with blackberries. It is available as a seasonal cask conditioned ale, and in pasteurized 50 cl bottles in the winter. It was introduced in 2000. Fuller's Red Fox is a ruby coloured seasonal ale introduced in 1999, and flavoured with toasted oats. It is available as a seasonal cask conditioned ale. Fuller's Pale Ale is a pasturized pale ale available in 275ml bottles in most Fullers tied houses. Fuller's Old Winter Ale is a dark seasonal ale sold during winter in 50cl bottles. Fuller's Mr Harry is a deep-amber coloured bitter. Fuller's also brew a range of beers under the George Gales brand: Gales' HSB (Horndean Special Bitter) is a cask conditioned 4.8% premium strength bitter. Gales' Butser is a 3.4% cask conditioned bitter named after the dominant hill in the downs close to the former Gales' brewery at Horndean. Gales' Festival Mild is a 4.8% cask conditioned premium strength mild ale, first brewed as a special for a 1990 beer festival with the aim of helping to revive mild ales . Healthy sales quickly saw it become a regular Gales brand. Gales' Prize Old Ale is a 9% bottle conditioned beer, sold in a corked bottle. Gales' Swing Low is a 4.1 % bitter brewed seasonally around England rugby tournaments Gales' Trafalgar is a 4.3% seasonal ale brewed to celebrate the 200th Trafalgar Day Gales' Seafarers is a 4.5% ale where a donation from every sale is given to the "King George Fund for Sailors" Gales' Winter Brew is a 4.2 winter ale with which is very similar to Prize Old Ale Greene King Greene King is a British brewery established in 1799 in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It has grown to become the largest British owned brewery in the UK by a series of takeovers which have been the cause of some controversy. The brewery is owned by Greene King PLC, a catering company based and operating in England. It is listed on the London stock exchange, and is a component of the FTSE 250 share index. Greene King's Westgate brewery is situated in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK. It was established in 1799 by Benjamin Greene, the great-grandfather of the famous writer Graham Greene and his brothers Hugh (television executive) and Raymond (Everest mountaineer and physician). There is a visitor center next door to the brewery, and tours can be arranged. The company also owns pubs and hotels including the Hungry Horse pub chain. Greene King dominates the pub scene in many parts of East Anglia, with a large number of both urban and rural establishments. It also has a stand named after it at Ipswich Town's football ground, Portman Road. The company has won awards for its pubs in recent years and Greene King IPA won the Gold award at the 2004 Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) Great British Beer Festival in the Bitter category and runner up in the Champion Beer Of Britain category. Greene King Historically Greene King has grown both organically and via merger and acquisition. Key acquisitions in recent years include , Morland (1999) inc Ruddles, Ridley's (2005), Belhaven (2005) & Hardys and Hansons plc (2006). Of these, only the Belhaven Brewery remains open, with the surviving brews of the other three now being produced at Bury St Edmunds. In August 2007 Greene King announced it had acquired the 35 strong Loch Fyne fish restaurant chain. Beers Abbot Ale - A strong Ale availabe on cask nationally and in bottles from most Supermarkets and off-licences. It is perhaps Greene King's most popular beer. IPA - A cask bitter served in pubs and cans available from supermarkets and off-licences nationally. Ruddles County - A 4.3% bitter available on cask nationally and pasteurized in bottles in most British supermarkets. Ruddles Best Bitter - A traditional 3.7% session bitter with national distribution. Ruddles Orchard - This 4.2% cask bitter consists of Ruddles County with the addition of apple concentrate. Also available pasteurized in bottles. Old Speckled Hen" is a popular bitter, available both as a cask ale and pasteurised in bottles. First brewed in 1979 by Morland Brewery in Abingdon, Oxfordshire to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the MG car company setting up in Abingdon, and named after the brewery's own MG car - the paint splattered Owld' Speckled 'Un. Brewed since 1999 by Greene King. Greene King have retained the unique strain of yeast first used in 1896. In August 2006, Greene King announced that the ABV of draught Old Speckled Hen (cask and keg) would be reduced from 5.2% to 4.5%, though the bottled version would remain at 5.2% Hen's Tooth - A 6.5% bottle conditioned beer. Tanners Jack - ABV 4.4% - Regularly seen across the country as a guest beer, often found in Weatherspoons. Also available in 500ml bottle. Morland Original - ABV 4.0% - Not seen as much as it once was but often pops up in the old Morland heartlands. Also available in 500ml bottle. Old Bob - Still popular in Essex despite the beer's new journey from Bury St Edmunds; it is 5.1% and available both on cask and bottled. Ridley's IPA - A beer on the verge of extinction, this 3.5% session bitter is now only seen in former Ridley's "tied houses" (i.e. those that were owned by the Ridley's brewery before the Greene King takeover). It is not known how much longer this beer will be available. Olde Trip - A 4.3% Premium Ale. As of September 2007 this was for sale in the Brewery Museum in 500ml bottles. Jennings Brewery Jennings Brewery was established as a family concern in 1828 in the village of Lorton, between Keswick and Cockermouth in the Lake District , England. The brewery was started by John Jennings Snr, son of William Jennings (a maltster). Jennings brewed exclusively in Lorton until 1874 when its present home, the Castle Brewery in Cockermouth, was purchased. The Lorton brewery closed some five years later. Jennings Brewery brew a range of ales using lakeland water drawn from the brewery's own well, malted Maris Otter barley from Norfolk and Goldings, Fuggles and Challenger hops from Kent, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The malt used by Jennings brewery is screened and crushed rather than ground into a flour to keep the husks as whole as possible. The hops used are flaked rather than the increasingly popular hop pellets available nowadays. Snecklifter Brand In May 2005 Jennings Brewery was purchased by the national brewer, Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries, renamed Marston's PLC in January 2007. The purchase was opposed by the Campaign for Real Ale, which feared W&DB would close the Cockermouth brewery. These fears seem to have been unfounded, however, as in June 2005 W&DB announced it would invest £250,000 to expand fermenting and cask racking capacity in Cockermouth. Following the takeover by W&DB, the brewery's distribution centre in Workington was closed and its tied estate of 127 pubs absorbed by the W&DB pub company. Due to the takeover and subsequent name change, Marston's Pedigree is becoming more common in Jennings pubs. Jennings beers are available across the north of England and are increasingly seen in W&DB pubs in the midlands as well as being sold in free trade outlets throughout the country. Cumberland Ale (4.0% ABV) - Cumberland Ale (or a pint of sausage) has been brewed for over 100 years. The brewery's biggest selling ale. Bitter (3.5% ABV) - The original beer from the Jennings brewery in Cockermouth and the brewery's biggest seller in west Cumbria. Sneck Lifter (5.1% ABV) - Launched in 1990 as a winter beer and moved into all year round in 1995. "Sneck" is a northern word for door latch. A sneck lifter is a man's last sixpence, allowing him to lift the pub's door latch and purchase a pint, whereupon he hopes to make enough friends that they may offer to buy him further rounds. Dark Mild (3.1% ABV) - Due to the decline of milds this is becoming a rare find. Cocker Hoop (4.6% ABV) - Launched in 1995 as "September Ale". Cock-a-hoop is the old custom of removing the cork from a barrel and resting it on the hoop of the cask before drinking from that barrel. It's name was changed to Cocker Hoop as a reminder of the breweries location on the banks of the River Cocker. Crag Rat (4.3% ABV Mar-Apr) - Launched in May 2001. Named for slang for rock climbers. Has been found available out of season. Golden Host (4.3% ABV Mar-Apr) Tom Fool (4.0% ABV) - Thomas Skelton of Muncaster Castle in the Lake District was known for his pranks or "Tomfoolery". Part of his will reads: "And when I’m bury’d then my friends may drink, but each man pay for his self, yt’s best I thinke!" Fish King (4.3% ABV) - Launched in 2005 when it was brewed as a celebration of the Lake District Osprey Project. Red Breast (4.5% ABV Oct-Jan) World's Biggest Liar (4.3% ABV) Mountain Man (4.3% ABV) Bitter Smooth (3.5% ABV) - Launched in 1996 Cumberland Cream (4.0% ABV) Laal Cockle Warmer (6.5%% ABV) - Winter seasonal ale from 1995 after former winter ale, Sneck Lifter went to all year round. "La'al" is the Cumbrian word for little and, due to the strength of this ale, it may sometimes be drunk in half pints. Cockle Warmer was last brewed in December 2005 and is unlikely to be brewed again until 2008 at the earliest. John Smith's John Smith's is a brewery founded in 1847 by John Smith at Tadcaster in North Yorkshire, England when he bought an older brewery. The brewery is currently owned by Scottish & Newcastle. The company brews Websters Yorkshire Bitter and John Smith's Bitter / Extra Smooth, among other brands.John Smith's was originally brewed at the Old Brewery Tadcaster. However in 1884 William Smith, the brother of John, built a new, bigger brewery nextdoor. Due to John's will the Old Brewery passed to Samuel, his nephew, who founded Samuel Smith's there. John Smith's Despite a take over by Courage in the 1970s and its subsequent take over by Scottish & Newcastle, the Tadcaster brewery is still where John Smith's beers are brewed, mainly due to its excellent site. Although one of the main reasons why the brewery was built: the hard well water of Tadcaster (ideal for brewing) is no longer important due to technological advances, Tadcaster remains ideal as it is only a small town (population around 6,000), therefore there is plenty of land for expansion (the brewery has expanded significantly since 1884) and it is well situated near to the cities of Leeds and York ( Jorvik } and the M1 motorway. The brewery brews roughly 3 million barrels of beer per year. Beers It is best known for John Smith's Yorkshire Bitter, which is the leading brand of bitter in the United Kingdom. It owes this success partly due to its recent marketing campaign starring popular comedian Peter Kay and developed by the Scottish & Newcastle marketing team who are also responsible for Foster's Lager advertising. John Smith's Bitter is so successful it is in the top 10 beers of Britain competing with usually far more popular lagers. The overwhelming majority of sales of John Smith's is of the Extra Smooth pasteurized and filtered version, served from pressurized kegs, rather than the more traditional version served by pubs from casks. Therefore most John Smith's Bitter produced is not in fact real ale, although a cask version is commonly consumed in Yorkshire pubs and across the UK. Marston's John Marston founded his brewery in 1834, and it moved to its present site in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire , England after Marston's company merged with Thompson's in 1898. In 1999, Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries purchased Marston, Thompson & Evershed PLC of Burton upon Trent (including Marston's Brewery). Marston's Brewery took over production – under licence from Interbrew – of Draught Bass in 2005, succeeding Coors. Also in 1999 the company purchased the Mansfield Brewery Company of Mansfield. Later, in 2005, the Jennings Brewery of Cockermouth was also purchased and most recently in July 2007 Hampshire based Ringwood Brewery, which was established in 1978. Ringwoods beer portfolio includes Best Bitter, Fortyniner, and Old Thumper. Marston's Marston's Brewery makes use of water from the famous Burton Well, reputedly discovered by Benedictine Monks in the thirteenth century. Marston's is also the only remaining brewer to use Burton Union Sets; a system whereby fermentation barrels and troughs are linked together by a complex system of copper and brass pipework. The basic principle is one of preventing excessive beer and yeast loss through foaming, but the consequence is that the beer is both in contact with more wood and in contact with more beer (fermenting in a bigger volume). This results in a vastly more consistent flavour; and very little chance of a whole batch being ruined. All other large-scale brewers have abandoned this method in favour of stainless steel vats, which while they assure (through volume) a consistent flavour, do not permit the use of traditional yeast varieties. They also make selective use of the unusual double dropping process which introduces complex flavors due to a period of accelerated yeast growth. Beers Pedigree Marston's flagship beer is Pedigree, a bitter. Typically Marston's uses the standard combination of Maris Otter barley and Fuggles and Goldings hops. Burton Bitter Oyster Stout - Introduced in 1994 as a 4.5% standard stout marketed to accompany oysters. Newcastle Newcastle Brown Ale is a brand of dark brown ale. It has been brewed in Newcastle upon Tyne , England, since April 1927 by Newcastle Breweries (now a part of Scottish and Newcastle). In August 2005, Scottish and Newcastle closed the Tyne Brewery. The last Brown Ale was brewed at Tyne in April; production was moved across the river to the Federation Brewery in Dunston, Gateshead, where it is brewed by Newcastle Federation Breweries Ltd. Newcastle Brown Ale had been granted Protected Geographical Indication status by the EU. Since Scottish and Newcastle moved production outside of the city, the future of its PGI status is uncertain. As of December 2006, an application to cancel its PGI status is being considered. In Newcastle, the beer is often called 'Dog' (or simply 'Broon'). The 'Dog' name comes from the euphemism "I'm going to walk the dog" or "I'm going to see a man about a dog" - meaning "I'm going to the pub" - and was further popularized by a 1980s advertising campaign. In southern parts of the country it is often referred to as "Newkie Brown". Newcastle Brown Ale is traditionally sold in pint (more recently 550ml) bottles, and consumed from a 12oz 'Wellington' glass. This allows the drinker to regularly top-up the beer and thereby maintain a frothy 'head'. Newcastle Brown Ale Newcastle Brown Ale was originally created by Colonel J. Porter in 1925, the recipe, however, was adapted over a period of three years to create the flavor that is distinct to the beer today. When first exhibited, Newcastle Brown Ale swept the board at the prestigious 1928 International Brewery Awards. The gold medals from these awards are still featured on the label. The blue star logo was introduced to the Newcastle Brown Ale bottle in 1928, the year after the beer was launched. The five points of the star represent the five founding breweries of Newcastle, the site of Britain's first commercial breweries. One of these, John Barras, is now commemorated in the pub chain of the same name. In 2000, the beer was renamed "Newcastle Brown" with the "Ale" being removed from the front label. This change, only in the UK, was due to market research claiming that the term "ale" was outdated and costing the company sales in the youth drinking markets. The older name was reinstated with no fanfare in 2004, when it was realized that the change had made no difference to sales. In 2006, a special "Shearer" edition with a black and white label was made in honour of the retiring Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer. The beer was largely unavailable in South East England and the Midlands until a successful promotional campaign in the late 1980s, but is now one of the country's leading bottled ales. The beer has been available in keg in these areas since late 2003 (although it was available in keg in the Newcastle area before that) and can also be purchased in cans. Widely distributed around the world, at times, over half of the brewery's output is directed overseas to the U.S. In the United States the beer is available in bottles and in keg. The beer is also available in British-themed pubs as a draught beer in Australia and New Zealand , Canada where it is brewed by Foster's Group as part of the reciprocal deal, pursuant to which Foster's Lager is brewed by Scottish & Newcastle in the UK. It is also available in the British Pub in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan . The UK brewed bottled version is widely available in Australian liquor outlets as part of their international range. Timothy Taylors Timothy Taylors Timothy Taylor Brewery started brewing beer in 1858. Originally based in Cook Lane, Keighley , England they moved to larger premises in 1863 at Knowle Spring where they remain to this day. Timothy Taylor currently have 28 of their own tied pubs in Bingley , Burnley , Colne, Cononley, Fence near Colne, Haworth , Halifax , Heptonstall, Huddersfield, Keighley, Leeds , Malsis near Cross Hills, Oakworth, Oxenhope, Ripon, Skipton , Thornton and Wadsworth near Hebden Bridge Beers The best known Ale is Landlord, now available in bottle all over the UK, including the major supermarkets. It is the most travelled of the Taylor's ales, and can often be found as a guest ale in many parts of Britain. In Taylor's houses may be found many more Taylor's ales, such as Golden Best, Dark Mild, Best Bitter, Ram Tam, and Porter. In the past Taylor's produced another bottled ale called Northerner, bearing the advertising slogan, For Men of the North. External Links	Suffolk
What type of creature is a godwit?	southwold - 必应 Sign in Southwold Coordinates: 52°19′37″N 1°40′48″E / 52.327°N 1.680°E Southwold is a small town on the North Sea coast, in the Waveney district of the English county of Suffolk. It is located at the mouth of the River Blyth within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town is around 11 miles (18 km) south of Lowestoft, 29 miles (47 km) north-east of Ipswich and 97 miles (156 km) north-east of London. It is within the parliamentary constituency of Suffolk Coastal. Southwold History Southwold was mentioned in Domesday Book (1086) as a fishing port, and after the "capricious River Blyth withdrew from Dunwich in 1328, bringing trade to Southwold in the 15th century", it received its town charter from Henry VII in 1489. Over the following centuries, however, a shingle bar built up across the harbour mouth, preventing the town from becoming a major Early Modern port: "The shingle at Southwold Harbour, the mouth of the Blyth, is ever shifting," William Whittaker observed in 1887. Southwold was the home of a number of Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s, notably a party of 18 assembled under Rev. Young, which travelled in the Mary Ann in 1637. Richard Ibrook, born in Southwold and a former bailiff of the town, emigrated to Hingham, Massachusetts, along with Rev. Peter Hobart, son of Edmund Hobart of Hingham, Norfolk. Rev. Hobart had been an assistant vicar of St Edmund's Church, Southwold after graduating from Magdalene College, Cambridge. Hobart married in America Rebecca Ibrook, daughter of his fellow Puritan Richard Ibrook. The migrants to Hingham were led by Robert Peck, vicar of St Andrew's Church in Hingham and a native of Beccles. In 1659 a fire devastated most of the town and damaged St Edmund's Church, whose original structure dated from the 12th century. The fire created a number of open spaces within the town which were never rebuilt. Today this "series of varied and very delightful village greens" and the restriction of expansion because of the surrounding marshes, have preserved its genteel appearance. On the green just above the beach, descriptively named Gun Hill, the six 18-pounder cannon commemorate the Battle of Sole Bay, fought in 1672 between English and French fleets on one side and the Dutch (under Michiel de Ruyter) on the other. The battle was bloody but indecisive and many bodies were washed ashore. Southwold Museum has a collection of mementos of the event. It has occasionally been said that these cannon were captured from the Scots at Culloden and given to the town by the Duke of Cumberland, who had landed at Southwold in October 1745 having been recalled from Europe to deal with the Jacobite threat, but they are much larger than those used by Charles Edward Stuart's army in that campaign. During World War I, it was widely thought that these cannon were one reason why this part of the coast was bombarded by the German Fleet as a "fortified coast". In World War II the cannon were prudently removed, reputedly buried for safety, and returned to their former position after hostilities.[citation needed] Southwold Economy Although once home to a number of different industries, Southwold's economy nowadays is mainly based on services,and particularly hotels, holiday accommodation, catering, and tourism. With the surrounding areas largely given over to agriculture, the town is an important commercial centre for the area, with a number of independent shops, cafés and restaurants; and a market on Mondays and Thursdays. However, there has been a marked trend in recent years for retailing chains, including food and beverages, clothing and stationery shops, to take over formerly independent retail premises. Adnams Brewery is located in Southwold, and is the town's largest single employer. Although the fishing fleet and the industry generally is much diminished, Southwold Harbour remains one of the main fishing ports on the Suffolk coastline. In 2012, additional facilities for the fleet were constructed there, as part of the repair and reinstatement of the Harbour's North Wall. Railway The narrow-gauge Southwold Railway connected the town to Halesworth and ran from 24 September 1879 to 11 April 1929. In 2007 the Southwold Railway Society submitted plans to build a new line between the parish of Easton Bavents and Henham Park, to link the town to the nearest mainline service at Halesworth. However, these plans were criticised for having no relation to the original route of the railway and for environmental and other reasons. In July 2007 the plans were rejected by both Waveney and Suffolk Coastal District Councils. In December 2008 the Society introduced a new proposal for a Railway Park, including railway track and a museum, on a site at present occupied by a car-breaker's yard, next to the local sewage works. That proposal has been superseded by another, in which a short section of railway, together with other attractions and facilities, would be constructed in the village of Wenhaston, a few miles inland from Southwold and once a stop on the Southwold Railway. The plan has not met with universal approval. Lighthouse Main article: Southwold lighthouse Southwold lighthouse was commissioned in 1890 and automated and electrified in 1938. It stands as a prominent landmark in the centre of the town and is a Grade II listed building. It is 31 metres (102 ft) metres tall, standing 37 metres (121 ft) metres above sea level. It is built of brick and painted white and has 113 steps around a spiral staircase. The lighthouse replaced three local lighthouses that were under serious threat from coastal erosion. It suffered a fire in its original oil fired lamp just six days after commissioning but survived and today operates a rotating 150 watt lamp with a range of 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi). Guided visits are run by the Southwold Millennium Foundation. Southwold St Edmund's Church Main article: St Edmund's Church, Southwold The parish church of Southwold is dedicated to St Edmund. It is considered to be one of Suffolk's finest. The church lies under one continuous roof. It was built over about 60 years from the 1430s to the 1490s, and replaced a smaller 13th-century church that was destroyed by fire. The earlier church dated from the time when Southwold was a small fishing hamlet adjacent to the larger Reydon. By the 15th century Southwold was an important town in its own right, and the church was rebuilt to match its power and wealth. Southwold Harbour Southwold Harbour lies south of the town on the River Blyth. Vehicular access is via York Road and Carnsey Road to the west, and Ferry Road to the east. The harbour extends nearly a mile upstream from the river mouth, and is mainly used by fishing boats, yachts and small pleasure boats. The clubhouse of Southwold Sailing Club is on the north side of the harbour. The quay and area in front of the Harbour Inn is called "Blackshore", although this name is often, but incorrectly, used to refer to the whole harbour. At the seaward end of the harbour is Southwold Lifeboat Station operated by the RNLI. The former Cromer lifeboat shed houses the Alfred Corry Museum. This features the former Southwold lifeboat "Alfred Corry", which was in service from 1893 to 1918. In a project carried out by volunteers over several years, the boat has undergone an extensive, and now-complete, restoration to her original state. The river can be crossed on foot or bicycle by a public footbridge upstream from The Harbour Inn, which gives access to the village of Walberswick. This bridge, known as the Bailey Bridge, is based on the footings of the original iron Southwold Railway swing bridge. It replaced that bridge, which contained a central swinging section to allow the passage of wherries and other shipping, and which was largely demolished at the start of World War II as a part of precautions against German invasion. Towards the mouth of the River Blyth, a rowing boat ferry service runs between the Walberswick and Southwold banks. The ferry has been operated by the same family since the 1920s, when it was a chain ferry that could take cars. The chain ferry ceased working in 1941, but some small vestiges remain at the Walberswick slipway. Television The fictional Southwold Estate, seat of the equally fictional Earls of Southwold, is the country estate of the family of Lady Marjorie Bellamy in the ITV British drama Upstairs, Downstairs. The town and its vicinity has been used as the setting for numerous films and television programmes, including Iris about the life of Iris Murdoch starring Judi Dench; Drowning by Numbers by Peter Greenaway; Kavanagh QC starring John Thaw; 'East of Ipswich' by Michael Palin; Little Britain with Matt Lucas and David Walliams; and a 1969 version of David Copperfield. The BBC children's series Grandpa In My Pocket is filmed in Southwold, Walberswick and Aldeburgh. Only exteriors of buildings were filmed - no acting was done there. ITV drama, A Mother's Son, was recently filmed on location in Southwold. It was broadcast on ITV1 in September 2012. Novels Julie Myerson, setting her 2003 murder novel Something Might Happen in an unnamed Southwold, calls it "a sleepy, slightly self-satisfied seaside town". The town isn't named, but Myerson stated that setting a murder in the car park did make her feel as if she "was soiling something really good". She holidayed in the town as a child and remarked in an interview that while everything else in her life had changed, her mother and Southwold had remained the same. She still owns a second home in the town. Other books set in Southwold include Esther Freud's novel Sea House (2004), with Southwold as Steerborough.[citation needed] Southwold native Neil Bell in Bredon and Sons (1933, about boat-building people) and Forgive us our Trespasses (1947, based on a true story of twin boys lost at sea) renames the town Senwich.[citation needed] The Bookshop by Penelope Fitzgerald (1978) drew on her experiences working in a Southwold bookshop in the 1950s. An earlier book thought to be set in Southwold is Beside the Guns (1902) by the Christian author Mary Elizabeth Shipley.[citation needed] The writer W.G. Sebald describes Southwold in The Rings of Saturn (Die Ringe des Saturn, 1995, tr. Michael Hulse), an account of a walk through East Anglia. George Orwell The writer George Orwell (then known as Eric Blair) spent time as a teenager and in his thirties in Southwold, living at his parents' home. A plaque can be seen next door to what is now the fish and chip shop at the far end of the High Street. From January to June 1922 he attended a cramming establishment in Southwold to prepare for his Indian Police Service exams and his career in Burma. In 1929 after eighteen months in Paris he returned to the family home at Southwold and spent most of the next five years based at Southwold. He tutored a disabled child and a family of three boys during this time and wrote reviews and developed Burmese Days. During this period he spent nearly eighteen months teaching in West London until he had a serious bout of pneumonia. His mother then insisted that he stay at home instead of carrying on teaching and he spent the time writing A Clergyman's Daughter. The novel is partly set in a fictionalised East Anglian town called "Knype Hill". His final visit to Southwold was in 1939.[citation needed] ^ "Town population 2011". Retrieved 20 September 2015. ^ Norman Scarfe, Suffolk in the Middle Ages: Studies in Places and Place-Names, 2004:161 ^ W. Whitaker, The Geology of Southwold, and of the Suffolk coast from Dunwich to Covehithe: (Explanation of sheet 49 N.) 1887: "Coast deposits" pp 45ff; the coastal spits and bars are discussed in J. Steers, "The East Anglian Coast", The Geographical Journal 69.1, January 1927. ^ Roger Thompson, Mobility and Migration: East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629-1640 2009:188, et passim. ^ Mr. Richard Ibrooke, Suffolk Deeds, William Blake Trask, Frank Eliot Bradish, Charles A. Drew, A. Grace, Rockwell and Churchill Press, Boston, 1908. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23. ^ "Peck, Robert (PK598R2)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Scarfe 2004:125. ^ "Southwold and Reydon ward population 2011". Retrieved 20 September 2015. ^ "Organisation warns Southwold's unique character could be lost". Lowestoft Journal. 27 April 2012. ^ Mitchell, V.; Smith, K. (1984). Branch Line to Southwold. Middleton Press. ISBN0-906520-15-0. ^ "The Project to Re-instate the Southwold Railway". Southwoldrailway.co.uk. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2013-02-23. ^ "Southwold railway - last hopes dashed". EADT online. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2006. ^ "Tentative Approval for Southwold Railway". Norwich Advertiser. 18 December 2008. ^ "Wenhaston villagers hope to derail Southwold Railway Trust plans". Lowestoft Journal. 25 May 2012. ^ a b Southwold, Trinity House. Retrieved 2012-10-29. ^ The Lighthouse, Southwold, British Listed Building. Retrieved 2012-10-29. ^ a b See inside a lighthouse, Trinity House. Retrieved 2012-10-29. ^ Application note 32064 - Southwold Conversion, Pelangi. Retrieved 2013-01-04. ^ Discovering Southwold, BBC Suffolk. Retrieved 2012-10-29. ^ The sea - Southwold's lighthouse, Southwold museum. Retrieved 2012-10-29. ^ a b Suffolk brewer Adnams starts distillery, BBC news website, 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2013-01-02. ^ a b c Point 7 - The Brewery, BBC Suffolk. Retrieved 2013-01-02. ^ a b Our history, Adnams. Retrieved 2013-01-02. ^ Adnams claims national title, Eastern Daily Press, 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2013-01-02. ^ The SMYR Handbook, Southwold Model Yacht Regattas. Retrieved 2012-10-30. ^ "Simon Jenkin's top Suffolk churches". Suffolkchurches.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-02-23. ^ Harbour Marine Services Guide Archived April 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ "David Copperfield". Old City. 2004-11-08. Retrieved 2013-02-23. ^ BBC press release Retrieved 26 April 2012 ^ Random House Archived May 14, 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Independent 24 August 2008, review of her published correspondence: Retrieved 31 May 2012. ^ "Telegraph news 01/08/2005". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-02-23.	i don't know
Which Roman numerals depict the year 1991?	Roman numerals - history and use ROMAN NUMERALS The Romans depicted numbers using seven letters of the alphabet as numerals I = 1 M = 1000 In medieval texts and some early printed books, the numerals are written in lower case letters and u was frequently substituted for v. In the final position of the numeral, j could be used instead of i. So 18 could be written xuiij rather than XVIII. These substitutions are particularly found in italic fonts. Sometimes the M and D were written using what I call above 'deep parentheses'. It is hard to show these using the fonts available on the computer but they were like a C and a mirror image or upside down C. Typesetters used the font the wrong way up to depict it. I will use normal parentheses to show them. In some examples the Roman numeral M is represented by a I in these deep parentheses thus ( I ). You can see how writing this quickly could lead you to write M. Similarly, D is sometimes represented by an I followed by a backwards C, thus I ). That seems to be used because it represents half of the M or 500. Again, written quickly it would become D. This inscription, found in Rome, reads M D LXXXIII or 1583. The use of the deep parentheses - C and backwards C - is very clear. Here a typesetter has used the C font upside down to depict the date in a book. It has been amended by hand to read M D CCC XX III or 1823. Underneath it appears to read M D CC XC or 1790. The use of ( I ) for M or 1000 is derived from the way Romans depicted larger numbers explained below.. Forming numbers At their simplest, numbers are formed by stringing the letters together to add up to the number required. Like this II = 2 XII = 12 CXXIII = 123 The rule is to use the biggest numeral possible at each stage, so 15 is represented by XV not VVV nor XIIIII. It follows from this rule that numerals always go from left to right in descending order. This could still lead to some very long strings. For example, using this rule 99 would be LXXXXVIIII. So at some point a new rule was invented. A smaller value letter to the left of a larger value one is subtracted. So 4 becomes IV - which is 5 minus 1 - rather than IIII. There are three rules about these smaller numerals which are placed to the left of a bigger one and subtracted. The subtractive numeral to the left must be I, X, or C. The 'five' numerals V, L, and D cannot be used. M cannot be used because it is the biggest numeral anyway. The subtracted number must be no less than a tenth of the value of the number it is subtracted from. So an X can be placed to the left of a C or an L but not to the left of an M or a D. The correct way of looking at this rule is that each power of ten is dealt with separately. So 49 is XL IX (without the spaces), not IL Normally, only one smaller number can be placed to the left. So 19 can be depicted XIX but 17 cannot be written XIIIX or IIIXX. However, this rule is sometimes broken for number involving an eight. On some Roman monuments and tombs IIXX for 18 is found. And in recent times times, a statue by Hamo Thornycroft called A Sower in London's Kew Gardens bears an inscription with the date MCMXXIIX meaning 1928. Such uses are not 'correct' but are found very occasionally. This inscription for 1928 breaks one of the rules about subtractive numbers. These three rules limit the usefulness of the subtraction rule in reducing the length of Roman numerals. Although the year 2000 is quite neat at MM, 1999 is still quite long at MCMXCIX. MIM would be shorter but is not allowed by rule 2 above. See The 1999 Question for a discussion about why. The inscription for 1928, properly written, would be MCMXXVIII, which is longer than the form used. The spreadsheet package Microsoft Excel has a function to depict numbers in Roman form. To get classical Roman numbers, conforming to the rules on these pages, use =ROMAN(n) where n is your number. There are four other versions of the function using progressively weirder versions of 'Roman' numbers. The fourth, ROMAN(n,4) giving what Microsoft calls the 'simplified' version. None of these four has any validity in terms of what real users of Roman numerals ever did and they seem to have been dreamed up by programmers in Gatesville. For live conversion of real numbers into genuine Roman numerals use ROMAN(xy) where xy is the reference to the cell containing the number you want to convert. Excel will not display numbers in Roman format without converting them to text. But another software package, Fireworkz for Windows, will do so, allowing live working spreadsheets in Roman numerals! I used Fireworkz to generate the lists of Roman numerals on the adjoining pages. For more about the price and availability of this excellent and powerful software contact Gerald Fitton at Abacus Training. The subtractive principle was familiar to the Romans as it was used in their calendar. Days were counted as so many before certain fixed points in the month. For example, the 9th of March was VII Id. That means the seventh day before the Ides on the 15th day (note that the Romans counted the Ides as the first day, so the 9th is the seventh day before NOT the sixth as you might expect). We also use a subtractive principle in representing the time when we say 'quarter to eight' or five and 'twenty to nine'. The strict rules about Roman numerals have been used only relatively recently. In earlier periods, although the subtractive principle was used, it was an alternative rather than compulsory and other forms such as VIIII for 9 and CCCCC for 500 were used. At any date exceptions can be found, as these four examples from different periods and all in Rome itself, show. The Colosseum - constructed between 70 and 80 AD and known as the Flavian Amphitheatre - seated 55,000 people. The audience entered through 80 arches which were numbered 1 to 76 - the four principal entrances were unnumbered. Each spectator had a ticket bearing one of these numbers and entered through the corresponding arch. It is said they could all enter within ten minutes. Only 33 doorways remain and they are numbered 23 to 54 with one unnumbered entrance. The numbers do not use the contraction IV or IX. Thus arch 29 is XXVIIII and arch 54 is LIIII. However, the contraction for 40 - XL - is used and so door 44 is XLIIII, as the picture below shows. The church of Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura was built in the 7th century AD and parts of the site date back three hundred years earlier. On the walls of a wide marble staircase dating from the late 16th century are some tomb inscriptions taken from the catacombs beneath. One of them is dated 1256 - M.CC.LVI and is followed by XIIII for the number 14. The church is also notable for the carved and gilded coffered wooden ceiling dating from 1606. It is marked MCCCCCCVI instead of the more normal MDCVI, illustrating that even then the standard rules were not always followed. The Castel Sant'Angelo has a carved stone plaque on it INSTAVRAVIT AN.SAL.MCCCCLXXXXV This plaque is located on one of the four towers which Pope Alexander VI - who was pontiff from 1492-1503 - ordered to be reconstructed. It is thought to be contemporary but may have been carved at a later restoration. Whatever date it is, it shows a complete disregard for the subtractive principle. In the Vatican Museum, the Borgia Rooms contain a collection of modern religious art. They are numbered using Roman numerals but after room 39 comes room XXXX, then XXXXI later XXXXIV and later still XXXXIX then L. The date of this numbering is not known but is probably mid 20th century. When drawing up 'correct' Roman numerals you must use the letters in the correct order and can use the subtractive principle as long as you stick to the three subtractive rules. Larger numbers Once a number gets bigger than a few thousand, Roman numerals become unwieldy. There are no 'bigger' symbols for 5000, 10,000 or a million. The Romans had two ways of writing bigger numbers. They used what I call above 'deep parentheses' to multiply a number by 1000. They were a C and a mirror image or upside down C and I use normal parentheses to show them. Thus ( I ) is 1000 and ( X ) is 10,000. ( XXIII ) is 23,000. If you want to depict a million you can use ( M ). Alternatively, the parentheses can be nested so ( I ) is 1,000 and ( ( I ) ) is 1,000,000. The numbers can get a bit unwieldy as they get bigger. An alternative way of depicting larger numbers was to put a horizontal bar over the numeral, which multiplied it by 1000. Thus _ On a larger scale 3,852,429 can be depicted as ____________ MMMDCCCL MMCDXXIX However, in some cases a sentence containing words and numbers would use a horizontal bar to show simply the letters which were being used as numbers. In other cases that was indicated by a small sign looking like two parentheses () placed above the numbers. To depict even larger numbers sidebars could be added to the line, multiplying the total by a further 100 so the enclosed numeral was to be multiplied by 100,000. Thus ___ XII meant 12,000 but ____ \| XII \| meant 1,200,000. When written in wax on a tablet these sidebars could look like a curved line, and create an ambiguity about the number. Was it a curve straight line or a line with short sidebars? Such a dispute is said to have occurred when the Roman Emperor Tiberius inherited his mother Livia's estate. She had written out the legacies he should pay to various people and one to Sulpicius Galba was written as ________ \| CCCCC \| or 50,000,000 sesterces. But the sidebars were short and curved and Tiberius insisted they were simply a curved line and the true legacy was _______ CCCCC or 500,000 sesterces. As Tiberius was Emperor, poor Galba only got one hundredth of the legacy Livia had intended. A sestertius was enough to buy two loaves of bread, so the modern equivalent is around �1.50 or $2.50, perhaps a little more. The original source for this story is Suetonius Tranquillus The Lives of the Twelve Caesars which says of Galba "He showed marked respect to Livia Augusta, to whose favour he owed great influence during her lifetime and by whose last will he almost became a rich man; for he had the largest bequest among her legatees, one of fifty million sesterces. But because the sum was designated in figures and not written out in words, Tiberius, who was her heir, reduced the bequest to five hundred thousand, and Galba never received even that amount." (Suetonius, Galba 5, translated Loeb Classical Library 1914) The details about the sidebars were added in Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers, Harvill Press, London 1998, p200. He wrongly cites Seneca (Galba, 5) as his source. The letter S was used to depict a half. Other fractions were shown by dashes, each dash being worth one twelfth. So - meant 1/12, = meant two twelfths which is one sixth, and so on. 1/2 plus 4/12ths or 5/6 S - = = 1/2 plus 5/12ths or 11/12ths So twenty three and a half would be written XXIIIS and twelve and a quarter is XII-=. The letter S and the dashes were never used subtractively. Other fractions could not be depicted in Roman numerals. Zero The Roman numeral system did not include zero and Romans had no concept of it in their arithmetic. Which is one reason why Roman numerals are so clumsy for calculation, though it is possible. They tended to use an abacus for arithmetic and that device does have the concept of zero built in - it is represented by an empty row. But it was the Indian and Arab mathematicians after the end of the Roman empire who invented our present system where we have the concept of 'place' and have a distinct symbol to represent zero or an empty column. So when we write '10' for example the zero tells us that the '1' is worth ten times as much as it would be if the number was just 1. The value of this system for arithmetic and calculation and for depicting numbers of any size is so great that the Indo-Arabic way of writing numbers is now almost universal and Roman numerals are confined exclusively as 'counting' numbers rather than as calculating numbers.	1991
The world’s oldest original model village is in which English county?	Roman numerals - history and use ROMAN NUMERALS The Romans depicted numbers using seven letters of the alphabet as numerals I = 1 M = 1000 In medieval texts and some early printed books, the numerals are written in lower case letters and u was frequently substituted for v. In the final position of the numeral, j could be used instead of i. So 18 could be written xuiij rather than XVIII. These substitutions are particularly found in italic fonts. Sometimes the M and D were written using what I call above 'deep parentheses'. It is hard to show these using the fonts available on the computer but they were like a C and a mirror image or upside down C. Typesetters used the font the wrong way up to depict it. I will use normal parentheses to show them. In some examples the Roman numeral M is represented by a I in these deep parentheses thus ( I ). You can see how writing this quickly could lead you to write M. Similarly, D is sometimes represented by an I followed by a backwards C, thus I ). That seems to be used because it represents half of the M or 500. Again, written quickly it would become D. This inscription, found in Rome, reads M D LXXXIII or 1583. The use of the deep parentheses - C and backwards C - is very clear. Here a typesetter has used the C font upside down to depict the date in a book. It has been amended by hand to read M D CCC XX III or 1823. Underneath it appears to read M D CC XC or 1790. The use of ( I ) for M or 1000 is derived from the way Romans depicted larger numbers explained below.. Forming numbers At their simplest, numbers are formed by stringing the letters together to add up to the number required. Like this II = 2 XII = 12 CXXIII = 123 The rule is to use the biggest numeral possible at each stage, so 15 is represented by XV not VVV nor XIIIII. It follows from this rule that numerals always go from left to right in descending order. This could still lead to some very long strings. For example, using this rule 99 would be LXXXXVIIII. So at some point a new rule was invented. A smaller value letter to the left of a larger value one is subtracted. So 4 becomes IV - which is 5 minus 1 - rather than IIII. There are three rules about these smaller numerals which are placed to the left of a bigger one and subtracted. The subtractive numeral to the left must be I, X, or C. The 'five' numerals V, L, and D cannot be used. M cannot be used because it is the biggest numeral anyway. The subtracted number must be no less than a tenth of the value of the number it is subtracted from. So an X can be placed to the left of a C or an L but not to the left of an M or a D. The correct way of looking at this rule is that each power of ten is dealt with separately. So 49 is XL IX (without the spaces), not IL Normally, only one smaller number can be placed to the left. So 19 can be depicted XIX but 17 cannot be written XIIIX or IIIXX. However, this rule is sometimes broken for number involving an eight. On some Roman monuments and tombs IIXX for 18 is found. And in recent times times, a statue by Hamo Thornycroft called A Sower in London's Kew Gardens bears an inscription with the date MCMXXIIX meaning 1928. Such uses are not 'correct' but are found very occasionally. This inscription for 1928 breaks one of the rules about subtractive numbers. These three rules limit the usefulness of the subtraction rule in reducing the length of Roman numerals. Although the year 2000 is quite neat at MM, 1999 is still quite long at MCMXCIX. MIM would be shorter but is not allowed by rule 2 above. See The 1999 Question for a discussion about why. The inscription for 1928, properly written, would be MCMXXVIII, which is longer than the form used. The spreadsheet package Microsoft Excel has a function to depict numbers in Roman form. To get classical Roman numbers, conforming to the rules on these pages, use =ROMAN(n) where n is your number. There are four other versions of the function using progressively weirder versions of 'Roman' numbers. The fourth, ROMAN(n,4) giving what Microsoft calls the 'simplified' version. None of these four has any validity in terms of what real users of Roman numerals ever did and they seem to have been dreamed up by programmers in Gatesville. For live conversion of real numbers into genuine Roman numerals use ROMAN(xy) where xy is the reference to the cell containing the number you want to convert. Excel will not display numbers in Roman format without converting them to text. But another software package, Fireworkz for Windows, will do so, allowing live working spreadsheets in Roman numerals! I used Fireworkz to generate the lists of Roman numerals on the adjoining pages. For more about the price and availability of this excellent and powerful software contact Gerald Fitton at Abacus Training. The subtractive principle was familiar to the Romans as it was used in their calendar. Days were counted as so many before certain fixed points in the month. For example, the 9th of March was VII Id. That means the seventh day before the Ides on the 15th day (note that the Romans counted the Ides as the first day, so the 9th is the seventh day before NOT the sixth as you might expect). We also use a subtractive principle in representing the time when we say 'quarter to eight' or five and 'twenty to nine'. The strict rules about Roman numerals have been used only relatively recently. In earlier periods, although the subtractive principle was used, it was an alternative rather than compulsory and other forms such as VIIII for 9 and CCCCC for 500 were used. At any date exceptions can be found, as these four examples from different periods and all in Rome itself, show. The Colosseum - constructed between 70 and 80 AD and known as the Flavian Amphitheatre - seated 55,000 people. The audience entered through 80 arches which were numbered 1 to 76 - the four principal entrances were unnumbered. Each spectator had a ticket bearing one of these numbers and entered through the corresponding arch. It is said they could all enter within ten minutes. Only 33 doorways remain and they are numbered 23 to 54 with one unnumbered entrance. The numbers do not use the contraction IV or IX. Thus arch 29 is XXVIIII and arch 54 is LIIII. However, the contraction for 40 - XL - is used and so door 44 is XLIIII, as the picture below shows. The church of Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura was built in the 7th century AD and parts of the site date back three hundred years earlier. On the walls of a wide marble staircase dating from the late 16th century are some tomb inscriptions taken from the catacombs beneath. One of them is dated 1256 - M.CC.LVI and is followed by XIIII for the number 14. The church is also notable for the carved and gilded coffered wooden ceiling dating from 1606. It is marked MCCCCCCVI instead of the more normal MDCVI, illustrating that even then the standard rules were not always followed. The Castel Sant'Angelo has a carved stone plaque on it INSTAVRAVIT AN.SAL.MCCCCLXXXXV This plaque is located on one of the four towers which Pope Alexander VI - who was pontiff from 1492-1503 - ordered to be reconstructed. It is thought to be contemporary but may have been carved at a later restoration. Whatever date it is, it shows a complete disregard for the subtractive principle. In the Vatican Museum, the Borgia Rooms contain a collection of modern religious art. They are numbered using Roman numerals but after room 39 comes room XXXX, then XXXXI later XXXXIV and later still XXXXIX then L. The date of this numbering is not known but is probably mid 20th century. When drawing up 'correct' Roman numerals you must use the letters in the correct order and can use the subtractive principle as long as you stick to the three subtractive rules. Larger numbers Once a number gets bigger than a few thousand, Roman numerals become unwieldy. There are no 'bigger' symbols for 5000, 10,000 or a million. The Romans had two ways of writing bigger numbers. They used what I call above 'deep parentheses' to multiply a number by 1000. They were a C and a mirror image or upside down C and I use normal parentheses to show them. Thus ( I ) is 1000 and ( X ) is 10,000. ( XXIII ) is 23,000. If you want to depict a million you can use ( M ). Alternatively, the parentheses can be nested so ( I ) is 1,000 and ( ( I ) ) is 1,000,000. The numbers can get a bit unwieldy as they get bigger. An alternative way of depicting larger numbers was to put a horizontal bar over the numeral, which multiplied it by 1000. Thus _ On a larger scale 3,852,429 can be depicted as ____________ MMMDCCCL MMCDXXIX However, in some cases a sentence containing words and numbers would use a horizontal bar to show simply the letters which were being used as numbers. In other cases that was indicated by a small sign looking like two parentheses () placed above the numbers. To depict even larger numbers sidebars could be added to the line, multiplying the total by a further 100 so the enclosed numeral was to be multiplied by 100,000. Thus ___ XII meant 12,000 but ____ \| XII \| meant 1,200,000. When written in wax on a tablet these sidebars could look like a curved line, and create an ambiguity about the number. Was it a curve straight line or a line with short sidebars? Such a dispute is said to have occurred when the Roman Emperor Tiberius inherited his mother Livia's estate. She had written out the legacies he should pay to various people and one to Sulpicius Galba was written as ________ \| CCCCC \| or 50,000,000 sesterces. But the sidebars were short and curved and Tiberius insisted they were simply a curved line and the true legacy was _______ CCCCC or 500,000 sesterces. As Tiberius was Emperor, poor Galba only got one hundredth of the legacy Livia had intended. A sestertius was enough to buy two loaves of bread, so the modern equivalent is around �1.50 or $2.50, perhaps a little more. The original source for this story is Suetonius Tranquillus The Lives of the Twelve Caesars which says of Galba "He showed marked respect to Livia Augusta, to whose favour he owed great influence during her lifetime and by whose last will he almost became a rich man; for he had the largest bequest among her legatees, one of fifty million sesterces. But because the sum was designated in figures and not written out in words, Tiberius, who was her heir, reduced the bequest to five hundred thousand, and Galba never received even that amount." (Suetonius, Galba 5, translated Loeb Classical Library 1914) The details about the sidebars were added in Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers, Harvill Press, London 1998, p200. He wrongly cites Seneca (Galba, 5) as his source. The letter S was used to depict a half. Other fractions were shown by dashes, each dash being worth one twelfth. So - meant 1/12, = meant two twelfths which is one sixth, and so on. 1/2 plus 4/12ths or 5/6 S - = = 1/2 plus 5/12ths or 11/12ths So twenty three and a half would be written XXIIIS and twelve and a quarter is XII-=. The letter S and the dashes were never used subtractively. Other fractions could not be depicted in Roman numerals. Zero The Roman numeral system did not include zero and Romans had no concept of it in their arithmetic. Which is one reason why Roman numerals are so clumsy for calculation, though it is possible. They tended to use an abacus for arithmetic and that device does have the concept of zero built in - it is represented by an empty row. But it was the Indian and Arab mathematicians after the end of the Roman empire who invented our present system where we have the concept of 'place' and have a distinct symbol to represent zero or an empty column. So when we write '10' for example the zero tells us that the '1' is worth ten times as much as it would be if the number was just 1. The value of this system for arithmetic and calculation and for depicting numbers of any size is so great that the Indo-Arabic way of writing numbers is now almost universal and Roman numerals are confined exclusively as 'counting' numbers rather than as calculating numbers.	i don't know
The Bleinhem Cocktail was created for the 90th birthday of which British politician?	CLASS magazine - Read Online Email 10:30 GMT // 8 May 2012 On 8 May 1945, the world celebrated Victory in Europe so this week we celebrate the man behind the triumph, the late, the great, the permanently sozzled Winston Churchill. So who was Winston Churchill? Seriously, you need to ask?! War leader, rhetorician, speechmaker, historian, politician, Nobel Prize winner, painter, army officer and one time war correspondent, Churchill is considered one of the great war leaders of all time. The man who saved Britain during World War II did so on a diet of champagne, cognac, whisky, claret, port and hock, admingled with the odd martini. Where did he drink? Where didn't Churchill drink? The Cabinet War Rooms, Chequers, his bath and his family home, Blenheim Palace, not to mention grand hotels including the Ritz and the Savoy. There Joe Gilmore created The Blenheim, a potent combination of Cognac and Chartreuse, in honour of his 90th birthday. What did he drink? Churchill famously said, "I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me. One source claims that he consumed 42,000 bottles of Pol Roget champagne. He routinely enjoyed a glass of hock with breakfast and started the day with a "Papa Cocktail" - a hint of Johnnie Walker to be topped up with water throughout the day. One of Churchill's paintings depicts a bottle of Johnnie Walker, and wine, whisky, Cognac and champagne were as constant companions as his cigar. Lunch routinely included champagne and finished with port, brandy and cigars, while he enjoyed the odd pre-dinner martini: Plymouth gin, with a bow to France in lieu of vermouth. Any famous drinking buddies? Churchill drank vodka with Stalin when negotiating peace treaties, and knew every politician and royal in the Western World. But his friends included actors like the hellraiser John Barrymore, the comedian Charlie Chaplin and the heartthrob Cary Grant, as well as Albert Einstein, Aristotle Onassis and Lawrence of Arabia. How did drink change his life? When Field Marshal Montgomery told Churchill, "I neither drink nor smoke and am a hundred per cent fit," the great man replied, "I drink and smoke and I am two hundred per cent fit." Churchill lived to 90, won World War II, and did all this on an intake of alcohol that would have the average doctor today in fits of the vapours. Any drinking stories? "I have been brought up and trained to have the utmost contempt for people who get drunk," Churchill once wrote, and he was rarely seen to be so. Drink did, however, seem to sharpen his repartee. Nancy Astor once told him that if she were married to him she would put poison in his coffee. To which Churchill replied, "If you were my wife, I'd drink it." When Bessie Braddock accused him of being drunk in Parliament, saying, "Winston, you are drunk! You are disgustingly drunk!" the great man replied, "Madam, you are ugly. But in the morning, I shall be sober." And, 67 years ago, when the great and good of the establishment were celebrating VE Day, and Astor tripped on the pavement, a well-refreshed Churchill cried exultantly, "Madam! If you had drunk as much as I had, you would not be falling over."	Winston Churchill
The 1987 autobiography ‘They Made a Monkee Out of Me’ is by which member of The Monkees?	Winston Churchill - Celebrity drinker Winston Churchill The Four Sisters in Islington is recruiting a Cocktail Bar Manager to head up their small but professional bar team. Winston Churchill We celebrate the late, the great, the permanently sozzled Winston Churchill. So who was Winston Churchill? Seriously, you need to ask?! War leader, rhetorician, speechmaker, historian, politician, Nobel Prize winner, painter, army officer and one time war correspondent, Churchill is considered one of the great war leaders of all time. The man who saved Britain during World War II did so on a diet of champagne , cognac , whisky, claret, port and hock, admingled with the odd martini. Where did he drink? Where didn't Churchill drink? The Cabinet War Rooms, Chequers, his bath and his family home, Blenheim Palace, not to mention grand hotels including the Ritz and the Savoy. There Joe Gilmore created The Blenheim, a potent combination of cognac and Chartreuse, in honour of his 90th birthday. What did he drink? Churchill famously said, "I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me. One source claims that he consumed 42,000 bottles of Pol Roget champagne . He routinely enjoyed a glass of hock with breakfast and started the day with a "Papa Cocktail" - a hint of Johnnie Walker to be topped up with water throughout the day. One of Churchill's paintings depicts a bottle of Johnnie Walker, and wine, whisky, cognac and champagne were as constant companions as his cigar. Lunch routinely included champagne and finished with port, brandy and cigars, while he enjoyed the odd pre-dinner martini: Plymouth gin, with a bow to France in lieu of vermouth . Any famous drinking buddies? Churchill drank vodka with Stalin when negotiating peace treaties, and knew every politician and royal in the Western World. But his friends included actors like the hellraiser John Barrymore, the comedian Charlie Chaplin and the heartthrob Cary Grant, as well as Albert Einstein, Aristotle Onassis and Lawrence of Arabia. How did drink change his life? When Field Marshal Montgomery told Churchill, "I neither drink nor smoke and am a hundred per cent fit," the great man replied, "I drink and smoke and I am two hundred per cent fit." Churchill lived to 90, won World War II, and did all this on an intake of alcohol that would have the average doctor today in fits of the vapours. Any drinking stories? "I have been brought up and trained to have the utmost contempt for people who get drunk," Churchill once wrote, and he was rarely seen to be so. Drink did, however, seem to sharpen his repartee. Nancy Astor once told him that if she were married to him she would put poison in his coffee. To which Churchill replied, "If you were my wife, I'd drink it." When Bessie Braddock accused him of being drunk in Parliament, saying, "Winston, you are drunk! You are disgustingly drunk!" the great man replied, "Madam, you are ugly. But in the morning, I shall be sober." And, 67 years ago, when the great and good of the establishment were celebrating VE Day, and Astor tripped on the pavement, a well-refreshed Churchill cried exultantly, "Madam! If you had drunk as much as I had, you would not be falling over." Also enjoy	i don't know
Which is the largest island of Asia?	A List of the World's Largest Islands 1. Greenland - North America - 840,004 square miles - 2,175,600 sq km 2. New Guinea - Oceania - 312,167 square miles - 808,510 sq km 3. Borneo - Asia - 287,863 square miles - 745,561 sq km 4. Madagascar - Africa - 226,657 square miles - 587,040 sq km 5. Baffin Island - North America - 195,927 square miles - 507,451 sq km 6. Sumatera (Sumatra) - Asia - 182,860 square miles - 473,606 sq km 7. Honshu - Asia - 87,805 square miles - 227,414, sq km 8. Great Britain - Europe - 84,354 square miles - 218,476 sq km 9. Victoria Island - North America - 83,897 square miles - 217,291 sq km 10. Ellesmere Island - North America - 75,787 square miles - 196,236 sq km Source: Times Atlas of the World	Borneo
‘I’ll eat my ‘what’ is a favourite expression of Mr Grimwig in the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens?	The Five Largest Islands in the World June 1, 2012 The Five Largest Islands in the World If you’re as weirdly stimulated by Google Maps and Google Earth as I am, then you spend countless hours taking imaginary vacations, following rivers to the end of their sources or just marveling at how big and diverse the world really is. In one of my most recent map-induced quests for more pointless knowledge, I began thinking about none other than those water bound parcels of land you people call islands. I then began thinking, hmm, I wonder what the five largest islands in the world are? boom! 1. Greenland At 836,109 sq mi ( 2,166,086 sq km), Greenland is the largest island on Earth (unless you want be annoying and start counting continents as islands). It is geographically a lot closer to North America, but unfortunately associates more with Europe. Bold explorers from both Iceland and Denmark settled Greenland all the way back in 986 AD, and one of those people was everyone’s favorite viking, Erik the Red. Greenland still swears allegiance to Denmark, and the Queen of Denmark is technically “in charge”, but they have their own elected prime minister as well. The total population of Greenland is a measly 56,615 making it the least densely populated country in the world. The capital city of Nuuk only has 15,469 inhabitants! The island for the most part is pretty unappealing for human habitation minus the few strips of land around the coast that aren’t covered in ice. 2.New Guinea Coming at numero dos, New Guinea is the 2nd largest island in the world with an area of 303,500 sq mi (786,000 km sq), which is pretty significantly smaller than Greenland. The island actually houses two countries and is located in the middle of South East Asia. The western half is part of Indonesia, and the eastern half is the independent country of Papau New Guinea. Sporting a total population of 7.5 million peeps, New Guinea is no deserted island. But, the largest city by population is Port Moresby in Paupau New Guinea at only 307,643 people. There are still more than 250 distinct indigenous tribes living on the island also known as, you guessed it, wu tang clans (I just thought Rza was dating an Asian girl or something when he came up with the name). 3. Borneo Borneo, also located in South East Asia makes number 3 on our largest islands in the world list. Borneo occupies 287,001 sq mi (743,330 km sq) which puts it pretty close to the size of New Guinea but sports a much larger population at over 18,590,000. The island actually houses three countries, part of Indonesia (about 3 quarters of the island), Malaysia (1 quarter) and Brunei occupying 0nly about 1%. Samarinda is the largest city on Borneo (in Indonesia) with a population of 726, 223. Borneo holidays are becoming more and more popular because of the island’s diverse and interesting ecosystems, rich culture and affordable vacation options. 4. Madagascar The 4th largest island in the world is Madagascar which is located off the southeast coast of Africa. The island is home to only one country that shares its name and spans over 226,658 sq mi (578,041 km sq). Madagascar actually split off from India over 80 million years ago (made it pretty far since then!) and offers one of the most unique collections of plants and animals, over 90% of which can only be found on the island. The people are almost as distinct as the flora and fauna (people ARE actually animals, I don’t care about your religious beliefs) and believe it or not, originated all the way from Borneo (guess it was getting crowded and they chose the next largest island). 5. Baffin Island Baffin Island comes in at number 5 on our list of largest islands in the world, and you’ve probably never even noticed it on a map. Most likely because it’s tangled up in a bunch of other not very known islands. It occupies 195,927.9 sq mi (507,451 km sq) and the total population is a little over 10, 000! The majority of the inhabitants are Inuit (eskimos) and live in the the capital city of Iqaluit. The city was founded in 1942 by Americans to serve as re-fueling point for aircraft heading towards Europe for the war effort.	i don't know
Helena is the capital of which US state?	Montana State Information - Symbols, Capital, Constitution, Flags, Maps, Songs Montana Fun Facts and Trivia Flag: Under the word "Montana",on a blue field, is the state seal. The seal shows some of Montana's beautiful scenery and tells what people were doing in pioneer times. The pick, shovel and plow represent mining and farming. In the background a sun rises over mountains, forests and the Great Falls of the Missouri river. A ribbon contains the state motto "Gold and Silver". Flag adopted 1905 amended 1981. Get this Flag Flower:	Montana
The Grey Cup is awarded to the champions of the Football League in which country?	Helena Map, City Map of Helena Montana Helena Airport Map One of the most beautiful cities of the Midwest and also one of the most charming, Helena , Montana's capital is one of the first cities where the Gold Rush originated. Even today it is best remembered and also referred to as the Queen City . One of the sparsely populated of US cities, Helena has developed today as a hot tourist destination with the wide diversities it has to offer to a tourist. Helena holds due significance in administration because it is the place where Montana's State Capitol building is located. Helena is also the county seat of the neighboring Clark and Lewis counties. Hotels: Holiday Inn Express Hotel, Jorgenson Inn and Suites, Best Western Helena Great Northern Hotel, Days Inn Helena, Red Lion Colonial are some of the famous hotels of helena. Economy of Helena: Being a center of major industries and commercial activities, Helena has a stable economy. It is a trading and transportation center for livestock, mining and farming enterprises and also an area rich in silver and lead deposits. Helena is known for producing and processing minerals and East Helena, the nearest city is the site of smelters, quartz crushers and zinc reduction works. The textile machinery operation, septic and sewer maintenance and computer software engineering are the main occupations that help in the growth of its economy. The production and sale of goods like refined and smelted metals, paints, ceramics, concrete, machine parts, baking products, sheet metal, prefabricated houses and bottled beverages is considered as Helena's major source of income. Places to visit in Helena: Those taking The Last Chance Train Tour -a train ride through the streets of Helena are lucky to listen to the historical stories of the city. The surrounding features of the city including the Continental Divide, Mt. Helena City Park, Spring Meadow Lake State Park, Lake Helena, Helena National Forest, The Big Belt Mountains, The Gates of the Mountains Wilderness The Missouri River, Canyon Ferry Lake and The Elkhorn Mountains serves as a wonderful experience to those who reach here to take a break from their hectic routine activities. Educational Institutes in Helena	i don't know
What is the national animal of Greenland?	Greenland Symbols and Flag and National Anthem Greenland Coat of Arms: The coat of arms of Greenland is a blue shield featuring a silver polar bear. The version currently used by the government of Greenland was designed by Greenlandic artist Jens Rosing and adopted on May 1, 1989. The polar bear symbolizes the fauna of Greenland and the blue represents the Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans. The polar bear on the Greenlandic coat of arms raises the left forepaw, due to the traditional Inuit belief that polar bears are left-handed. National Anthem: "Nunarput Utoqqarsuanngoravit" (Our Country, Who's Become So Old) Greenland's anthem was adopted back in 1916 well before autonomy. Since 1979, when home rule was granted, the government has also recognized the anthem used by the local Kalaallit people, "Nuna asiilasooq" (The Land of Great Length) as a secondary anthem.	Polar bear
Brilla soup is traditionally made using which meat?	Animals in Greenland Animals in Greenland Greenland has four basic habitats, all of which are delicate. Coastal deserts are the more temperate parts of Greenland and where the majority of the population lives. Cold deserts, Arctic Tundra and polar regions. Each habitat is home to animals that have developed adaptations to survive the cold temperatures. Several types of whales make their homes in Greenland, including the Narwhal , Humpback , Sperm, Pilot, Greenland, Beluga , Minke, Blue and Fin whales . These can be seen swimming close to shore during the late summer and early fall. Along with whales, there is a great population of seal. It is estimated that about two million seals live in the waters around Greenland. The three primary species of seal are the Harp Seal, the Common Seal and the Ringed Seal. The Greenland Shark , also known as the Grey Shark or Sleeper Shark, is the second largest shark, after the Great White Shark , in the world. Males grow to about 21 feet. These sharks live about 200 years and their meat is poisonous. Humans do not have much contact with these sharks; however, native peoples say that the Greenland Shark has been known to deliberately overturn kayaks. In addition to the whales, seals and sharks, the waters are filled with algae, mollusks, shrimp and crab. Other commonly found fish include, the Atlantic Cod , Atlantic Char, Rose Fish , Seawolf Fish, Trout, Atlantic Salmon and Halibut. The world's largest national park is situated in northeastern Greenland. This park is home to polar bear , reindeer, a herd of about 3,000 Musk Ox, wolves, lemming, porcupine, Arctic Fox , caribou, Arctic Hare , squirrels and weasels. Common species of bird include the raven, White-Tailed Eagle, Peregrine Falcon , Snow Bunting and Atlantic Puffin . Humans cannot escape insects, not even in the cold climate of Greenland. Arctic Bumblebees, Black Flies, mosquitoes, moths and grasshoppers are all found here. Even Wood Frogs live in Greenland. All of the wildlife living in Greenland have developed adaptations to cope with the cold weather and harsh conditions. For example, some have double-layered fur, frogs burrow deep underground and coat themselves with a kind of gel. But no matter how brutal the climate, animals always manage to survive.	i don't know
The 2010 memoir ‘Life’ is by which member of the Rolling Stones?	Keith Richards on His Remarkable New Memoir, ‘Life’ - Rolling Stone Keith Richards on His Remarkable New Memoir, ‘Life’ Hear Gorillaz' First Song in Six Years, 'Hallelujah... Keith Richards on His Remarkable New Memoir, ‘Life’ In the latest issue of ‘Rolling Stone’ the 66-year-old guitarist talks about his highs, lows and death-defying excesses Credit: Photograph by Peter Lindbergh All Stories "I don't think I looked for it," Keith Richards says in a low, even growl. The Rolling Stones guitarist is talking about trouble, the kind that runs through his autobiography, Life, like a hellbound train: drugs, cops, cold turkey, death and the turbulent relationship between Richards and his Glimmer Twin and childhood friend, singer Mick Jagger . More News All Stories "That's just the way things pan out," Richards says, sitting in his manager's New York office and sipping a late-afternoon cocktail from a red plastic cup. "Conflicts arise all the time, especially if you're working in such a closed unit." There is a rumbling chuckle. "If I'm in conflict with somebody, then it means somebody is in conflict with me." Exclusive Excerpt from Keith Richards' Life The title of Richards' book is a simple, accurate description of the contents: the 66-year-old guitarist's highs, lows and death-defying excesses, from birth to now, vividly related in his natural pirate-hipster cadence and syntax. Life opens with a comic roller-coaster account of a last-minute rescue from hard time in Arkansas during the Stones' 1975 tour. Richards, who wrote the book with British author James Fox, then goes long and deep on his postwar boyhood — an only child of divorced parents in the rough London suburb of Dartford — and the emotional rescue he found in American blues, the formation of the Rolling Stones and his creative bond with Jagger. At one point, Richards describes a recent trip to Dartford, visiting old haunts like the three-room flat over a grocery where he, his mother, Doris, and father, Bert, lived from 1949 to 1952. "It's almost like you're looking at somebody else," Richards says now. "Then you start to feel small things, like the smell of a gas lamp or my grandmother shuffling around and my grandfather going, 'Make the boy some egg and chips.'" Richards relates, with blunt detail, the outlaw rush and sordid daily routine of his decade-long affair with heroin, which he ended in 1979. "If I hadn't looked back on that, something would have been missing," he contends. "When I was taking dope, I was fully convinced that my body is my temple. I can do anything I want with it, and nobody can tell me yea or nay." But Richards also counts the damage from his choices: the loss of cosmic cowboy and fellow user Gram Parsons ; the hellish descent of Richards' lover Anita Pallenberg; and the death of his infant son, Tara, in 1976 while Richards was on tour. "Leaving a newborn is something I can't forgive myself for," says Richards in Life. "The first time we talked about that," Fox says, "Keith couldn't get out more than five words. Then we realized we had to go back to it. He told me that he thought about it every week." Fox, who wrote the 1983 true-crime book White Mischief, first interviewed Richards in 1973 for a London newspaper. For Life, Fox says he and Richards "talked in topics and periods, never chronologically," for several days at a stretch, up to three hours a day, starting in late 2007. Life includes eyewitness testimony from people close to Richards who were interviewed by Fox, such as singer Ronnie Spector ("an early love") and saxophonist Bobby Keys. But Fox did not speak to the other Stones. "I did try," he says, noting, "There is a tradition among Rolling Stones of not having anything to do with each other's books." Life is ultimately two stories: one of music, misbehavior and survival; the other a fond, perplexed, sometimes outraged telling of Richards' life with Jagger, including their battles over control and the destiny of their band. "I had a feeling Mick would have no problem with the truth," Richards claims. He goes quiet for a moment. "No doubt I was as infuriating to him as he can be to me." Jagger read Life, Richards says, "and he was a bit peeved about this and that." But, the guitarist insists, "Mick and I are still great friends and still want to work together." Richards' proof: He and Jagger talked over the summer about new Stones action in 2011. There is another of those earthquake cackles. "Can you imagine if life went along smoothly and everybody agreed?" Richards asks. "Nothing would happen. There'd be no blues. There'd be no 'Happy,'" referring to his iconic blaze of joy on 1972's Exile on Main Street . There would certainly be no Life. This story is from the October 28, 2010 issue of Rolling Stone.	Keith Richards
Margaret Thatcher, former British Prime Minister, was elected as Conservative MP for which London borough in 1959?	Keith Richards Regrets Savaging Mick Jagger in His Memoir Search Keith Richards Regrets Savaging Mick Jagger in His Memoir Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards wrote that bandmate Mick Jagger is “unbearable” and has a “tiny todger” Tim Kenneally \| March 16, 2012 @ 12:13 PM Keith Richards is making nice with his longtime bandmate/adversary Mick Jagger , after slicing him to pieces in his 2010 autobiography "Life." The 68-year-old guitarist extended an olive branch to Jagger during a recent interview for an upcoming documentary, saying that his criticism of Jagger in the book gave him "regret." Also read: Rolling Stones Rolls Back 50th Anniversary Tour to 2013 "As far as the book goes, it was my story and it was very raw, as I meant it to be, but I know that some parts of it and some of the publicity really offended Mick and I regret that," Richards admitted, according to Rolling Stone . Among other things, Richards characterized Jagger as "unbearable" and accused him of having a "tiny todger." Also read: U2 Dethrones the Rolling Stones With Biggest-Grossing Tour of All Time Jagger, meanwhile, admitted that his actions likely left Richards feeling alienated. "In the 1980s for instance Keith and I were not communicating very well," the singer said. "I got very involved with the business side of the Stones, mainly because I felt no one else was interested, but it’s plain now from the book that Keith felt excluded, which is a pity." Since the publication of the book, Richards said, the pair of aging rockers have had a number of heart-to-heart talks that have been "incredibly important" to the guitarist. "He and I have had conversations over the last year of a kind we have not had for an extremely long time and that has been incredibly important to me," Richards said. Alas, Jagger and Richards won't be sharing their blossoming bromance on the road anytime soon; as reported earlier this week, the group has postponed a tour celebrating its 50th anniversary until next year, reportedly because Richards is still suffering the affects of a 2006 injury he suffered after falling out of a tree in Fiji.	i don't know
Wet Chemical, Dry Powder, CO2, and Foam are all types of which appliance?	Fire Extinguisher Types Fire Extinguisher Types Did you know there are over 42 different fire extinguisher types? However, the most common fire extinguishers include: foam, dry powder, water, co2 and wet chemical. All of our work complies to British Standards – BS5306-3:2009 & BS5306-8:2012. See below for a full breakdown of the most common types of extinguishers: Download our fire extinguisher & class suitability data sheets Download Now Need some help? If you would like to find out more about fire extinguisher types and how Fire Safety Services can help you and your business, call our sales team on 08000 234114 or complete the form for a call back: Fire Extinguisher Types Enquiry AFFF spray foam Fire class: A&B Ideal where both A & B class fire risks exist. AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) is particularly suited to class B fires caused by the combustion of materials that liquefy such as petrol, oils, fats, paints, etc. Range of sizes from 2 to 9 litre High fire ratings Kite marked to BS EN3: 1996. ABC dry powder Fire class: A, B & C Dry powder is suitable for mixed risk fire environments and especially suitable for flammable liquids and fires involving flammable gases such as propane, methane, hydrogen, natural gas etc. Also for fires involving electrical hazards. Range of sizes from 1 kg to 9 kg High performance powder Kite marked to BS EN3: 1996. Water and water spray Fire class: A Water extinguishers are suitable for class A fires caused by the combustion of solid materials, mainly of organic origin, such as: wood, paper, textiles etc. These extinguishers are available as either full jet or super-spray versions. 3 litre, 6 litre and 9 litre size Controlled discharge Kite marked to BS EN3: 1996. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire class: B CO2 extinguishers are suitable for class B risks involving flammable liquids and for electrical hazards. CO2 is harmless to electrical equipment and is ideal for modern offices, electronic risks and for the protection of electrical installations. 2 kg and 5 kg size Aluminum body and brass valves Kite marked to BS EN3: 1996. Wet chemical Fire class: F These fire extinguishers are designed for use on cooking oils. Class F – Wet chemical fire extinguishers, available in 2 litre, 3 litre and 6 litre sizes giving 5A/40F, 8A/75F and 13A/75F fire ratings respectively. 40F and 75F rating means the extinguishers have extinguished either a 40 litre or 75 litre test fire of cooking oils heated to their auto ignition temperature. How It Works: The chemicals react with the heat and the frying media creating a crust on the surface with porridge like consistency (known as the saponification), which extinguishes the fire in normally just a few seconds (5-10). The extinguishant also permeates through the frying media and makes any chance of re-ignition impossible. Can also be used on Class A fires. Eco-friendly Fire class: relative to extinguisher Fire Safety Services supply a range of eco-friendly fire extinguishers from Europe’s leading manufacturers of portable fire extinguishers. These extinguishers offer virtually no negative environmental impacts. All new fire extinguishers supplied by Fire Safety Services are covered by a five year guarantee. *For a full list of acronyms and terms please see our glossary of terms . More about Fire Extinguishers on our blog Our blog is designed to give you a greater understanding about fire safety and how our services can help you. All of our blog posts are written by members of our team who have vast experience in specific aspects of fire safety, so you can be sure that the information you are reading comes from a qualified source. For posts specifically about fire extinguishers – click here Need further information or would like to speak to one of our sales department? Call our head office on: 08000 234114 or email at	Fire extinguisher
Da Nang International Airport and Tan Son Nhat International Airport are located in which Asian country?	Fire Extinguisher Supplies \| Wide Range of Fire Extinguishers \| NAFFCO FZCO Fire Extinguishers Fire Extinguishers NAFFCO provides fire extinguishers to meet every type of emergency. Our fire extinguishers are fully certified and have been rigorously tested to ensure that they provide the required protection for your property. We stock the following types of fire extinguishers: CO₂, Dry Powder, Water, Foam, Clean Agent and Wet Chemical. A fire extinguisher is an essential piece of equipment for properties and vehicles. NAFFCO also supplies specially-made car fire extinguisher and we will inform you about fire extinguisher regulation for boats. If needed, we can conduct a fire extinguisher inspection to ensure that your fire extinguisher performs in an emergency.	i don't know
The Tabqa Dam is in which country?	ISIS escapes Syria airstrikes by hiding at country’s largest dam, using hostages as human shield — RT News Trends Islamic State Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) militants are using the dam as secure shelter because bombing it would create a flood risk to countless settlements on the banks of Euphrates River in eastern Syria and Iraq. The Tabqa Dam controls the flow of the Euphrates River into south-eastern Syria and northern Iraq. It is located 40km upstream from Islamic State’s self-proclaimed capital of Raqqa. © Google Maps The huge 60-meter high, 4.5km-long facility was constructed in 1968-1973 with financial and technical aid from the Soviet Union. Construction of the dam created Lake Assad, the country's largest reservoir. Islamic State is reportedly keeping hostages and sheltering its senior commanders inside the facility. US Defense Secretary Ash Carter has promised to assist local forces in recapturing cities occupied by terrorists, starting with IS’s self-proclaimed capital of Raqqa, and also Mosul, the largest city controlled by the terror group in Iraq. Read more Pentagon talk about ‘boots on the ground’ in Syria a PR stunt - top Russian MP But chasing the terrorists out of the Raqqa area could have consequences. Officials and analysts fear that IS could blow up the dam if they lose their grip on the territory, which would cause devastating damage. Journalist and commentator on the Middle East Adel Darwish told RT that the destruction of the Tabqa Dam is dangerous not only because of a flood, but also because large number of people living in eastern Syria would be cut off from their electricity supply. Because a large number of civilian hostages are being held at the facility, it cannot be liberated with a military operation or by bombing, Darwish pointed out. “Unlike other terrorist groups, Islamic State likes holding onto territory and loss of a primary infrastructure facility would mean a defeat for them.” “Most probably they are bluffing that they would go and blow up the dam. However, they are not something we’ve experienced in any other war, so we cannot really guess what their next move is,” Darwish said. A similar situation was looming in Iraq in 2013 when IS seized control of Mosul Dam, which saddles the Tigris River near the city of Mosul - Iraq’s third largest city, which also remains under IS control. The US State Department estimated that in the event that Mosul Dam was damaged, a flood would kill as many as 500,000 people living downstream and would leave over a million people homeless. But 16 months ago Iraqi and Kurdish forces knocked the jihadists out of the facility and have continued to keep the dam safe, preventing the strategic facility from being re-captured.	Syria
Bikram, Anusara, Kundalini and Iyengar are all types of which activity?	ISIL Seizing Key Facilities in Iraq, Syria ISIL Seizing Key Facilities in Iraq, Syria Facilities critical to public health, safety BY: Daniel Wiser Follow @TheWiserChoice August 6, 2014 5:00 am The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS) is seizing several facilities across regions of Syria and Iraq that are critical to public health and safety, potentially endangering hundreds of thousands of civilians, according to reports. The al Qaeda offshoot has engaged in fierce battles in recent days with Kurdish forces after seizing cities and several small oil fields in northern Iraq. About 200,000 people, many of them members of the minority Kurdish Yezidi sect, have been forced to flee the region, the United Nations said. There were conflicting reports about whether ISIL had taken control of the Mosul Dam on the Tigris River, Iraq’s largest hydroelectric dam. The dam’s director said Monday that Kurdish forces had so far been able to beat back the assault by the jihadists. Mosul Dam is a crucial facility for civilians in northern Iraq. The dam not only provides electricity to thousands of residents about 30 miles to the south in Mosul, but it rests on a shaky foundation . Richard Coffman, a civil engineering professor at the University of Arkansas who has studied the dam, said in an interview that the dam was originally constructed in the 1980s on bedrock that is prone to dissolution. Employees at the dam conduct extensive grouting, or sealing, operations six days a week to prevent water from seeping into the foundation. However, ISIL could cease the vital grouting operations if it is able to commandeer the facility. The jihadist group could also blow up parts of the dam or deny electricity to districts that resist its rule. The results of a breach would be devastating, Coffman said. In the worst-case scenario, rapidly flowing water from the dam would compromise about half of Mosul and lead to anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million deaths. The waters would also reach Baghdad. “If [ISIL discontinues] grouting operations, there’s the potential for catastrophe,” he said. A 2009 report from researchers at Mosul University also said that the failure of the large dam “could lead to tremendous loss of lives and assets.” ISIL has a history of using water as a weapon. The terrorist group reportedly threatened to drown areas surrounding Fallujah or cut off the water supply to the central government and the south after seizing a dam on the Euphrates River earlier this year. ISIL’s tactics raise grave concerns about the safety of civilians under its control as the group seeks to expand its “caliphate” in large swaths of Syria and Iraq. A report last month from the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) warned that cities and systems in the two countries could “never recover” if ISIL fails to maintain vital institutions. The terrorist group now operates three dams and two power plants in the Aleppo and Raqqa provinces in northern Syria, the report said. A “lack of technical capability” could create “damaging and unanticipated consequences” at the Tabqa Dam in Raqqa, which also houses one of ISIL’s largest detention facilities. “ISIS’s use of the dam to ensure electricity in its areas of control has caused water levels in the adjacent Lake Assad to drop precipitously, threatening drinking water supplies for areas of Aleppo and Raqqa provinces,” the report said. Activists and civilians have reportedly protested against ISIL’s harsh rule in Raqqa, which includes the detention of more than 1,000 prisoners and weekly public executions. In Iraq, the Obama administration has so far been hesitant to provide direct military support to Kurdish forces battling ISIL near the Mosul Dam and surrounding areas. U.S. officials have said they could try to channel assistance through the central government, but Baghdad and the Kurds share deep distrust over an oil sales dispute and the longstanding Kurdish desire for independence. Michael Rubin, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and a former Pentagon adviser on Iran and Iraq for the George W. Bush administration, said in an email that U.S. officials should be especially concerned if ISIL seizes the Mosul Dam. The failure of the dam “would devastate Mosul” and Baghdad and “destroy agriculture in southern Iraq,” he said. Still, the administration should exercise caution when aiding the Kurds, Rubin said. The Kurdish regional government has reportedly granted access to an elite Iranian military force to defend Shiite shrines in northern Iraq, though one Kurdish official denied the recent report. Iran remains the largest sponsor of terrorism in the region. “Sometimes, if the threat is real enough, doing the task ourselves is the best option,” Rubin said. “Rather than give the Kurds weaponry directly, it might be better to take the Kurds up on their long-standing offer to provide basing rights to American forces. That would protect our interests not only in Iraq, but more broadly serve as a hedge against further Iranian influence.” The State Department has said it is “actively monitoring the situation” in northern Iraq. “The assault over the past 48 hours on territories along the border of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region and focusing on towns and villages populated by vulnerable minorities, demonstrates once again that this terrorist organization is a dire threat to all Iraqis, the entire region and the international community,” State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said in a statement on Sunday.	i don't know
What is the name of Rose’s granddaughter in the 1997 film ‘Titanic’?	Titanic (1997) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV ON DISC ALL A seventeen-year-old aristocrat falls in love with a kind but poor artist aboard the luxurious, ill-fated R.M.S. Titanic. Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 46 titles created 14 Mar 2012 a list of 32 titles created 03 Mar 2013 a list of 32 titles created 08 Mar 2014 a list of 23 images created 16 Apr 2015 a list of 32 titles created 2 days ago Search for " Titanic " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 11 Oscars. Another 110 wins & 73 nominations. See more awards » Videos A paraplegic marine dispatched to the moon Pandora on a unique mission becomes torn between following his orders and protecting the world he feels is his home. Director: James Cameron A Mumbai teen reflects on his upbringing in the slums when he is accused of cheating on the Indian Version of "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" Directors: Danny Boyle, Loveleen Tandan Stars: Dev Patel, Freida Pinto, Saurabh Shukla A young man who survives a disaster at sea is hurtled into an epic journey of adventure and discovery. While cast away, he forms an unexpected connection with another survivor: a fearsome Bengal tiger. Director: Ang Lee The story of King George VI of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, his impromptu ascension to the throne and the speech therapist who helped the unsure monarch become worthy of it. Director: Tom Hooper Two astronauts work together to survive after an accident which leaves them alone in space. Director: Alfonso Cuarón Katniss Everdeen voluntarily takes her younger sister's place in the Hunger Games, a televised competition in which two teenagers from each of the twelve Districts of Panem are chosen at random to fight to the death. Director: Gary Ross Years after a plague kills most of humanity and transforms the rest into monsters, the sole survivor in New York City struggles valiantly to find a cure. Director: Francis Lawrence Acting under the cover of a Hollywood producer scouting a location for a science fiction film, a CIA agent launches a dangerous operation to rescue six Americans in Tehran during the U.S. hostage crisis in Iran in 1980. Director: Ben Affleck Forrest Gump, while not intelligent, has accidentally been present at many historic moments, but his true love, Jenny Curran, eludes him. Director: Robert Zemeckis When bitten by a genetically modified spider, a nerdy, shy, and awkward high school student gains spider-like abilities that he eventually must use to fight evil as a superhero after tragedy befalls his family. Director: Sam Raimi Jack Sparrow races to recover the heart of Davy Jones to avoid enslaving his soul to Jones' service, as other friends and foes seek the heart for their own agenda as well. Director: Gore Verbinski After John Nash , a brilliant but asocial mathematician, accepts secret work in cryptography, his life takes a turn for the nightmarish. Director: Ron Howard Edit Storyline 84 years later, a 101-year-old woman named Rose DeWitt Bukater tells the story to her granddaughter Lizzy Calvert, Brock Lovett, Lewis Bodine, Bobby Buell and Anatoly Mikailavich on the Keldysh about her life set in April 10th 1912, on a ship called Titanic when young Rose boards the departing ship with the upper-class passengers and her mother, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, and her fiancé, Caledon Hockley. Meanwhile, a drifter and artist named Jack Dawson and his best friend Fabrizio De Rossi win third-class tickets to the ship in a game. And she explains the whole story from departure until the death of Titanic on its first and last voyage April 15th, 1912 at 2:20 in the morning. Written by Anthony Pereyra <[email protected]> Nothing On Earth Could Come Between Them. See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for disaster related peril and violence, nudity, sensuality and brief language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 19 December 1997 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $28,638,131 (USA) (19 December 1997) Gross: 194 min Sound Mix: Dolby Digital (Dolby Digital 5.1) (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)\| DTS (DTS 5.1) (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)\| DTS 70 mm (70 mm prints) (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)\| SDDS (8 channels) (L-R) Color: Did You Know? Trivia The piece of wooden paneling that Rose floated on after the sinking is based upon a genuine artifact that survived the sinking and is on display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, though it was scaled larger to provide sufficient buoyancy as a life-raft for Rose. See more » Goofs Shortly before Titanic's break-up, we see Charles Lightoller (Jonny Phillips) clinging to an overturned lifeboat. Lightoller actually went into the water just after the fall of Murdoch. He was either attempting to hide the suicide or a rescue. The suction of the ship pulled him down and Lightoller was underwater at the time of the breakup. He was freed when a boiler exploded and the warm air freed him from the suction, thus saving his life. He surfaced just as Titanic's stern was sinking. Lightoller did indeed believe the ship had sunk intact. Lightoller died in December of 1952; thirty-three years before the Titanic wreck was located (1985). See more » Quotes [first lines] Brock Lovett : Thirteen meters; you should see it. Brock Lovett : [seeing the shipwreck come into view for the first time] OK; take her up and over the bow rail. There are no opening credits after the title has been shown. See more » Connections See more (Spoiler Alert!) » User Reviews Despite some glaring faults,Cameron's mixing of romance with real life disaster is still impressive and occasionally brilliant 28 November 2005 \| by DrLenera (UK) – See all my reviews It's really quite odd. When Titanic first came out,the reviews were mixed but the public generally loved it,those who disliked the film were definitely in the minority. Over the years,it has became somewhat fashionable to slag Titanic off,even if a great many of those people who did so were probably amongst those who made it such an enormous hit in the cinemas. Titanic is flawed,definitely,sometimes greatly so. However,it's also a tremendous achievement for it's director James Cameron. Mixing a real disaster with romance is harder to do than some might think. Maybe he did have a right to say "I'm king of the world" when the film won Best Picture at the Oscars. Just once. The modern day opening is excellent,making effective use of some of Cameron's real footage he took of the sunken Titanic. There is a real sense of mystery. Than we flash back to the Titanic being boarded,and the film stalls just a little for around two hours. The attention to detail is amazing {even all the cutlery matched,you know} and there is nothing wrong with an extremely slow build up to action-think of The Seven Samourai. However,the central romance between Leo and Kate is often badly written and unconvincing. For a start Kate's Rose would certainly not have done two things she does in the film as quickly as she did {Obviously thousands of teenage girls seeing the film in 1997 would disagree with my views}. We also have to suffer Cameron constantly labouring the point that the poor people on the ship are better than the rich people. However,the final 80 or so minutes,detailing the sinking,is simply brilliant film making. The suspense is built expertly,even though we know what will happen,and climaxes with some technical shots which are still impressive. Perhaps there is a little two much emphasis on the central couple,but there are some truly moving moments,and it really feels true,although of course Cameron did play with the facts a little here and there,as at least one descendant of one of the survivors has pointed out. The following sequence involving the boats is extremely haunting,with some especially good use of sound. As for the final scene,it does manage to be pretty moving,it's schmaltzy but it works {though hardly original,think of Somewhere In Time and various 40s romantic fantasies}. Titanic has some excellent use of CGI {watch out for the transitions from present to the past on the sunken ship} and one glaringly bad special effect-the iceberg which looks like polystyrene. James Horner's best selling score is really quite poor and only occasionally brings the emotion it should do. Performances are generally excellent and sometimes succeed in overcoming some thin characterisation {such as Billy Zane as Rose's fiancée,who even has to suffer with far too much eye make up!} Overall Titanic is still worth seeing,and sometimes it really does hit the heights that it should. It succeeds more than it fails,which is impressive in a film as ambitious as this. 232 of 374 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	lizzy calvert
What relation was British monarch Queen Victoria to Prince Albert before their marriage?	See the Cast of 'Titanic' Then and Now See the Cast of 'Titanic' Then and Now January 27, 2014 @ 4:30 PM Paramount In 1997, James Cameron unleashed 'Titanic,' his epic blockbuster about the ill-fated maiden voyage of the notorious ship and the fictional love story between Jack ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) and Rose ( Kate Winslet ). The film was a smashing success and was nominated for 14 Academy Awards, winning 11, including statues for Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron. In 2012, Cameron released a 3D version of the film earning it another $343 million worldwide, taking its total earnings to date well over $2 billion. 14 years later, we celebrate one of the most successful films in history by taking a look back at the cast and seeing where they are now. Leonardo DiCaprio, Jack Dawson Paramount/Getty Images Then: Leonardo DiCaprio, star of films like 'What's Eating Gilbert Grape' and 'The Basketball Diaries,' played Jack Dawson, a homeless artist who wins third-class tickets on the RMS Titanic with his friend. Matthew McConaughey and Chris O'Donnell were also considered, as was Jared Leto, who refused to audition. DiCaprio wasn't so easy, either, refusing to read romantic scenes and goofing off in his audition. Now: DiCaprio's role in 'Titanic' made him a major Hollywood star, leading him to roles in 'The Man in the Iron Mask,' 'The Beach,' and 'Catch Me if You Can.' In 2008 he reunited with Winslet for the film 'Revolutionary Road,' and he's also starred in the recent films 'Django Unchained' and 'The Great Gatsby.' But he's most acclaimed for his work with Martin Scorsese in films like 'The Aviator,' 'The Departed,' 'Gangs of New York,' and most recently, the 2013 film 'The Wolf of Wall Street,' which earned DiCaprio his third Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Kate Winslet, Rose DeWitt Bukater Paramount/Getty Images Then: Kate Winslet was a little-known actress back then, whose previous film credits included 'Sense and Sensibility' and Peter Jackson's 'Heavenly Creatures.' She campaigned heavily for the role of Rose, the wealthy but troubled heiress, and sent Cameron notes from England regularly, determined to get the part. Claire Danes, who previously starred with DiCaprio in 'Romeo and Juliet' had also been considered, but Winslet's screen test impressed Cameron and she eventually won him over with her insistence that she was Rose. Now: 'Titanic' was Winslet's breakout role, and since then she's appeared in films like 'Quills,' 'Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind,' 'Little Children,' 'The Reader,' and 'Contagion.' She starred in the HBO miniseries 'Mildred Pierce,' and reunited with DiCaprio for the drama 'Revolutionary Road.' More recently she appeared in the films 'Movie 43' and 'Labor Day,' and can be seen next in 'Divergent,' the first in a planned trilogy of films based on the popular young adult novels. Billy Zane, Cal Hockley Paramount/Getty Images Then: Billy Zane played Cal Hockley, Rose's arrogant fiance and heir to a steel fortune. When Matthew McConaughey was deemed a little too old for the role of Jack, he was offered the part of Cal instead, but turned it down. The part went to Zane, who was known for roles in 'Tombstone' and 'The Phantom.' Now: Zane is mostly a B-movie actor, appearing in films like 'Bloodrayne,' 'Surviving Evil,' 'The Roommate,' and 'The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption.' Over the years he's guest-starred on the shows 'Charmed,' 'Samantha Who?,' and 'The Deep End,' and recently appeared in the horror movies 'Ghost of Goodnight Lane' and 'Scorned.' Frances Fisher, Ruth DeWitt Bukater Paramount/Getty Images Then: Frances Fisher portrayed Rose's mother, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, who insists that Rose marry Cal in order to maintain their family's wealth. She had previously starred in 'Unforgiven' and 'Striptease.' Now: Since then, you've probably seen Fisher in movies like 'Gone in 60 Seconds,' 'In the Valley of Elah,' or 'The Roommate,' which reunited her with Billy Zane. And although Matthew McConaughey missed his chance to co-star with her in 'Titanic,' Fisher appeared with him in the 2011 film 'The Lincoln Lawyer.' Fisher recently appeared in 'The Host' and 'Plush,' and can be seen next in the upcoming film 'The Congress.' Bill Paxton, Brock Lovett Paramount/Getty Images Then: Bill Paxton played Brock Lovett, a present day treasure hunter looking for the necklace that once belonged to Rose, so he seeks the help of an elderly Rose and her granddaughter. Paxton had previously appeared in James Cameron's films 'The Terminator,' 'Aliens,' and 'True Lies,' and he co-starred with Billy Zane in 'Tombstone.' Now: Paxton went on to star in films like 'A Simple Plan,' 'Frailty,' 'Club Dread,' and 'Haywire.' He played patriarch Bill Henrickson on the HBO series 'Big Love,' which ran from 2006 to 2011, and has recently appeared in the films '2 Guns' and 'The Colony.' Up next, he's got a four-episode arc on 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' and supporting roles in the films 'Edge of Tomorrow' and 'Million Dollar Arm.' Suzy Amis, Lizzy Calvert Paramount/Getty Images Then: Former model Suzy Amis played Lizzy, Rose's granddaughter. Amis had previously starred in the films 'Blown Away' and 'The Usual Suspects.' Now: Amis met director James Cameron while working on 'Titanic' (obviously), and the two began a relationship. They married in 2000, and Amis hasn't acted since 1999, when she appeared in direct-to-video film 'Judgment Day.' In 2005, Amis founded MUSE Elementary, an independent, non-profit school in California. Danny Nucci, Fabrizio De Rossi Paramount/Getty Images Then: Danny Nucci played Fabrizio De Rossi, Jack's similarly penniless friend who goes with him when they win two third-class passenger tickets to the RMS Titanic in a poker game. Nucci also played characters who were killed off in 'Eraser' and 'The Rock,' two other major blockbusters released between 1996 and 1997. Now: Nucci's appeared in 'World Trade Center,' 'The Sandlot: Heading Home,' and 'Sinatra Club.' He's found more success on television, guest-starring on 'House,' 'The Mentalist,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Castle,' and different versions of 'CSI.' He recently guest-starred on the CW's 'Arrow,' and currently stars on the ABC Family series 'The Fosters' as Mike Foster. Kathy Bates, Margaret "Molly" Brown Paramount/Getty Images Then: Kathy Bates played the headstrong Molly Brown, one of the characters who was based on a real-life passenger aboard the Titanic. Brown was given the nickname "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" for heroically commandeering a lifeboat for herself and other women. Country music star Reba McEntire had initially won the role of Molly Brown but had to drop out of the film due to scheduling conflicts. Now: Bates has since appeared in the films 'The Waterboy,' 'About Schmidt,' 'Failure to Launch,' and 'The Family That Preys.' In 2008 she reunited with Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet for 'Revolutionary Road,' and since then has appeared in the films 'The Blind Side' and 'Midnight in Paris.' Bates had a recurring role on 'The Office' and starred on her own short-lived TV series, 'Harry's Law.' Currently, she stars on 'American Horror Story: Coven,' and will appear next on 'Mike and Molly.' Victor Garber, Thomas Andrews Paramount/Getty Images Then: Victor Garber played Thomas Andrews, the builder of the RMS Titanic, who is also a very kind and practical man. Garber was known for roles in 'Sleepless in Seattle' and 'The First Wives' Club.' Now: Garber is perhaps best known for his role as Jack Bristow, the father of Jennifer Garner's character on the hit series 'Alias,' which ran from 2001 to 2006. He's also appeared in the films 'Legally Blonde,' 'Milk,' and 'You Again,' and lent his voice to 'Kung Fu Panda 2.' He recently starred in 'Argo,' and has guest-starred on '30 Rock,' 'Damages,' 'The Good Wife,' and 'Sleepy Hollow.' He currently co-stars with Lisa Kudrow on 'Web Therapy,' the Showtime comedy series which is now entering its fourth season.	i don't know
The father of which US actress was the first US professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist studies?	Robert A. F. Thurman, Ph.D. - Tibet House US Robert A. F. Thurman, Ph.D. Dr. Elizabeth Visceglia Robert A. F. Thurman, Ph.D. Robert A. F. Thurman is who the NY Times Magazine refers to as “The Dalai Lama’s man in America.” A scholar, author, former Tibetan Buddhist monk, co-founder with Richard Gere of Tibet House in New York City, a close personal friend of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, and father of five children including the actress, Uma Thurman, he is the Jey Tsong Khapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. Time magazine named him one of the “25 Most Influential Americans.” He has lectured all over the world; his charisma and enthusiasm draw packed audiences. Robert Thurman’s flair for the dramatic may be attributed to the weekly Shakespeare readings hosted by his parents, in which Robert participated alongside such guests as Laurence Olivier. He managed to get himself kicked out of Exeter just prior to graduation for playing hooky in a failed attempt to join Fidel Castro’s Cuban guerrilla army in 1958. Harvard University admitted him anyway, but a deep dissatisfaction and questioning led him to drop out and he traveled on a “vision quest” as a pilgrim to India. Returning home to attend his father’s funeral, he met a Mongolian monk, Geshe Wangyal, and thus began Thurman’s life-long passion for Tibetan Buddhism. In 1964, Geshe Wangyal introduced Thurman to His Holiness the Dalai Lama and described Robert as, “…a crazy American boy, very intelligent and with a good heart (though a little proud), who spoke Tibetan well and had learned something about Buddhism [and] wanted to become a monk…. Geshe Wangyal was leaving it up to His Holiness to decide.” Thurman became the first Westerner to be ordained as a Tibetan Buddhist monk. He was 24 and the Dalai Lama 29. They eventually met weekly and His Holiness would quickly refer Thurman’s questions concerning Buddhism to another teacher and turn the conversation to Freud, physics, and other “Western” topics of interest to him. Thurman describes this phase of his life: “All I wanted was to stay in the 2,500-year-old Buddhist community of seekers of enlightenment, to be embraced as a monk. My inner world was rich, full of insights and delightful visions, with a sense of luck and privilege at having access to such great teachers and teachings and the time to study and try to realize them.” But when he returned to the United States, Thurman found that his career as a monk was not viable, so “I decided that I wanted to learn more Buddhist languages, read more Buddhist texts.… The only lay institution in America comparable to monasticism is the university, so in the end I turned to academia.” Robert Thurman currently holds the first endowed chair in this field of study in the United States, at Columbia University, where he serves as president of the board of the American Institute Buddhist Studies. Thurman is not only a scholar, but a champion of the preservation of Tibetan culture. In 1987, he and actor Richard Gere founded New York City’s Tibet House, a nonprofit institution devoted to preserving the living culture of Tibet, where he currently serves as president of the board of trustees. Thurman writes, “What I have learned from these people [Tibetans] has forever changed my life, and I believe their culture contains an inner science particularly relevant to the difficult time in which we live. My desire is to share some of the profound hope for our future that they have shared with me.” Personal website:	Uma Thurman
Meles Zenawi was elected Prime Minister of which African country in 1995?	Uma Thurman \| Religion-wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Uma Thurman (pronounced /ˈuːmə ˈθɜrmən/; born April 29, 1970), is an American actress. She performs predominantly in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action thrillers. She is best known for her work under the direction of Quentin Tarantino. Her most popular films include Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Pulp Fiction (1994), Gattaca (1997) and Kill Bill (2003–04). Thurman's mother, Nena Birgitte Caroline von Schlebrügge was a fashion model born in Mexico City, Mexico in 1941, to German Friedrich Karl Johannes von Schlebrügge, and Birgit Holmquist, from Trelleborg, Sweden . In 1930, Birgit Holmquist, Thurman's grandmother, modeled for a nude statue that stands overlooking the harbor of Smygehuk. Thurman's father, Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman, was born in New York City to Elizabeth Dean Farrar, a stage actress, and Beverly Reid Thurman, Jr., an Associated Press editor and U.N. translator. Thurman's mother was introduced to LSD guru Timothy Leary by Salvador Dalí; and married Leary in 1964; then wed Thurman's father in 1967. Thurman's father, Robert, a scholar and professor at Columbia University of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist studies, was the first westerner to be ordained as a Tibetan Buddhist monk . He gave his children a Buddhist upbringing: Uma is named after an Dbuma Chenpo (in Tibetan, the "db" is silent; from Mahamadhyamaka in Sanskrit , meaning "Great Middle Way"). She has three brothers, Ganden (b. 1971), Dechen (b. 1973) and Mipam (b. 1978), and a half-sister named Taya (b. 1960) from her father's previous marriage. She and her siblings spent time in Almora, India , during childhood, and the Dalai Lama sometimes visited their home. External links	i don't know
Which US television fantasy drama series is set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros?	Game of Thrones \| The Series Philosopher The Series Philosopher The Answer to ‘Who am I?’ Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created for HBO by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin’s series of fantasy novels, the first of which is titled A Game of Thrones. Filmed in a Belfast studio and on location elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Malta, Scotland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco, it premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011. The series, set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos at the end of a decade-long summer, interweaves several plot lines. The first follows the members of several noble houses in a civil war for the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms; the second covers the rising threat of the impending winter and the mythical creatures of the North; the third chronicles the attempts of the exiled last scion of the realm’s deposed dynasty to reclaim the throne. Through its morally ambiguous characters, the series explores the issues of social hierarchy, religion, loyalty, corruption, sexuality, civil war, crime, and punishment. It is the most recent big-budget work to have contributed to the popularity of the fantasy genre in mainstream media. Game of Thrones roughly follows the three story lines of A Song of Ice and Fire. Set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, the series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm’s noble families for control of the Iron Throne. As the series opens, additional threats begin to arise in the icy North and in the eastern continent of Essos. Game of Thrones has obtained an exceptionally broad and active international fan base. It received widespread acclaim by critics, although its use of nudity and violence has caused controversy. The series has won numerous awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Drama Series in all three seasons, a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series – Drama, a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in Long Form, and a Peabody Award. Among the ensemble cast, Peter Dinklage won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Tyrion Lannister.	Game of Thrones
Zuniga, Escamillo and Frasquita are characters from which opera?	Games of Thrones - Season 3 DVD (download torrent) - TPB Games of Thrones - Season 3 DVD Type: Get this torrent (Problems with magnets links are fixed by upgrading your torrent client !) Vote for little Neo here: http://vube.com/Havaiia+Family+Band?t=s&u=tjjRiRO0C6 Games of Thrones - Season 2 DVD Description: Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created for HBO by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is titled A Game of Thrones. Filmed in a Belfast studio and on location elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Malta, Scotland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco, it premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011. The series was renewed for a fourth season, to debut on April 6, 2014.[4] The series, set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos at the end of a decade-long summer, interweaves several plot lines. The first follows the members of several noble houses in a civil war for the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms; the second covers the rising threat of the impending winter and the mythical creatures of the North; the third chronicles the attempts of the exiled last scion of the realm's deposed dynasty to reclaim the throne. Through its morally ambiguous characters, the series explores the issues of social hierarchy, religion, loyalty, corruption, civil war, crime, and punishment. It is the most recent big-budget work to have contributed to the popularity of the fantasy genre in mainstream media.[5] Game of Thrones has obtained an exceptionally broad and active international fan base. It received widespread acclaim by critics, although its use of nudity and violence has caused controversy. The series has won numerous awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Drama Series in all three seasons, a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series ΓÇô Drama, a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in Long Form, and a Peabody Award. Among the ensemble cast, Peter Dinklage won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor ΓÇô Series, Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Tyrion Lannister. Game of Thrones roughly follows the three story lines of A Song of Ice and Fire.[6] Set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, the series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm's noble families for control of the Iron Throne. As the series opens, additional threats begin to arise in the icy North and in the eastern continent of Essos.[2] The novels and their adaptation derive settings, characters and plot elements from much of European history.[7] A principal inspiration for the novels were the English Wars of the Roses[8] (1455ΓÇô85) between the houses of Lancaster and York, reflected in Martin's houses of Lannister and Stark. Most of Westeros, with its castles and knightly tournaments, is reminiscent of High Medieval Western Europe. The scheming Cersei, for instance, calls to mind Isabella (1295ΓÇô1358), the "she-wolf of France".[7] The series also combines such varied inspirations as Hadrian's Wall (which became Martin's great Wall), the fall of Rome and the legend of Atlantis (ancient Valyria), Byzantine "Greek fire" ("wildfire"), Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age (the Ironborn) and the Mongol hordes (the Dothraki), as well as elements from the Hundred Years' War (1337ΓÇô1453) and the Italian Renaissance (c. 1400ΓÇô1500).[7] The series' great popularity has in part been attributed to Martin's skill at fusing these disparate elements into a seamless whole that appears credible on its own terms as an alternative history.[7] "The Sopranos in Middle-earth" is the tagline showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested for Game of Thrones, referring to its intrigue-filled plot and dark tone combined with a fantasy setting.[9] In a 2012 study, the series was listed second out of 40 recent U.S. TV drama series by deaths per episode, with an average of 14.[10][11]	i don't know
Acajou is another name for which nut?	Cashew \| Define Cashew at Dictionary.com cashew [kash-oo, kuh-shoo] /ˈkæʃ u, kəˈʃu/ Spell noun 1. a tree, Anacardium occidentale, native to tropical America, having milky juice, simple, leathery leaves, and yellowish-pink flowers in open clusters. 2. Also called cashew nut. the small, kidney-shaped, edible nut of this tree. Origin of cashew 1695-1705; < Portuguese cajú, aphetic variant of acajú < Tupi akaʾiu Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for cashew Expand Historical Examples I believe they eat tamarinds and cashew nuts (I do not know how they are spelt) and ginger all day there. Jungle Peace William Beebe The cashew is a fruit as big as a pippin, pretty long, and bigger near the stem than at the other end, growing tapering. British Dictionary definitions for cashew Expand noun 1. a tropical American anacardiaceous evergreen tree, Anacardium occidentale, bearing kidney-shaped nuts that protrude from a fleshy receptacle 2. Also called cashew nut. the edible nut of this tree Word Origin C18: from Portuguese cajú, from Tupi acajú Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for cashew Expand n. 1703, a shortening of French acajou, from older Portuguese acajú from Tupi (Brazil) acajuba, name of the tree that produces the nut. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	Cashew
In the Bible, Apollyon is the angel of the ‘what’?	Peanut Allergy Peanut Allergy Living With Food Allergies Peanut Allergy Peanut allergy is a common allergy among children. Approximately 0.6% of American children have a peanut allergy. Peanuts are a common allergen reported to cause fatal and near-fatal allergic reactions. It is important to know the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis . Peanut allergy is usually life-long once acquired. Studies show that about 20% of peanut allergic children will outgrow their peanut allergy. Children with a peanut allergy must avoid peanut in all forms. This includes all peanut products. Children with a peanut allergy also must avoid anything containing traces of peanut ingredients in it. How to Read a Label for Peanut Always read the entire ingredient label to look for the names of peanut. Peanut ingredients may be within the list of the ingredients. Or peanut could be listed in a “Contains: Peanuts” statement beneath the list of ingredients. This is required by the federal Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA). Learn more about the U.S. food allergen labeling law. FALCPA requires that all packaged foods regulated by the FDA must list "peanut" clearly on the ingredient label if it contains peanut. Advisory statements such as “may contain peanut” or “made in a facility with peanut” are voluntary. Advisory statements are not required by any federal labeling law. Discuss with your doctor if you may eat products with these labels or if you should avoid them. Highly refined peanut oil will not be labeled as a major allergen on an ingredient statement. There are clinical studies showing that highly refined oils can be safely eaten by food allergic individuals. This is because highly refined oils contain extremely small levels of allergenic protein. However, people with peanut allergy need to avoid any expeller pressed, extruded or cold pressed peanut oil. These types of oil do contain peanut protein and must be listed on the label as an allergen. Did you know that arachis, hypogaeic acid and mandelonas all contain peanut? The FDA food allergen label law requires foods to state if they contain a top 8 allergen such as peanut. But, there are many foods and products that are not covered by the law, so it is still important to know how to read a label for peanut ingredients. Products exempt from plain English labeling rules: (1) Foods that are not regulated by the FDA. (2) Cosmetics and personal care items. (3) Prescription and over-the-counter medications. (4) Toys, crafts and pet food. Download and print our Peanut Allergy Avoidance List and Travel Cards to carry with you and share. CONTAIN PEANUT The following ingredients found on a label indicate the presence of peanut protein. All labels should be read carefully before consuming a product, even if it has been used safely in the past. Arachic oil Cold pressed, extruded or expelled peanut oil Crushed nuts, crushed peanuts Peanuts, peanut butter, peanut butter chips, peanut butter morsels Peanut flour PEANUT IS SOMETIMES FOUND IN Artificial flavoring Ethnic foods: African, Asian, Chinese, Indian, Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, Mexican Fried foods Natural flavoring Nougat However, if the product is an FDA regulated food, the word "Peanut" must appear on the label. MAY NOT BE SAFE Lupine is a legume that cross-reacts with peanut at a high rate and should be avoided by peanut allergic patients. It does not fall under the labeling requirements of FALCPA. Lupine is also known as lupinus albus and can be found in seed or flour form. MAY BE SAFE, BUT ASK YOUR ALLERGIST Peanuts and soybean are in the legume family which includes beans and lentils. Five percent of children allergic to peanuts may react to other legumes. Many years ago, it was common to recommend avoidance of legumes, including soy, because of a peanut allergy; but this practice has been proven unnecessary. Ask your allergist what is best for your child. Some allergy experts advise those allergic to peanuts to avoid all tree nuts. Ask your allergist what is best for your child. Peanut Oil FALCPA does not require peanut oil to be labeled as an allergen. Studies show highly refined oils can be safely eaten by those with food allergies. Highly refined oils contain extremely small levels of allergenic protein. However, peanut oil that is expeller pressed, extruded or cold pressed does contain peanut protein and must be clearly listed on an ingredient label as "peanut". These types of peanut oil should be avoided by those with peanut allergy. Cross Reactivity: Do You Need to Avoid Foods Related to Peanuts? Cross-reactivity occurs when the proteins in one food are similar to the proteins in another. When that happens, the body's immune system sees them as the same. Birch and Grass Pollen Peanut contains proteins that cross-react with birch (a type of tree) or grass pollen. Some (but not all) individuals with these pollen allergies may have oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to peanut. And, for those who do have OAS, they may experience symptoms with some, but not all, foods cross-reactive to a particular pollen to which they are allergic. Soy and Beans Peanuts are in the legume family, which includes different beans, including soybeans and lentils. A common question that comes up for people with an allergy to peanut is whether they can eat soy-based foods or other beans. More than half of peanut-allergic individuals will have a positive skin test or blood allergy test to another legume. But, it turns out that 95% of them can tolerate and eat the cross-reactive legumes. Many years ago, it was common to recommend avoidance of legumes, including soy, because of a peanut allergy. This practice has been proven unnecessary. One possible exception is lupine/lupin. Lupin, Lupine, Lupini Warning "Lupinus albus" is known as lupin, lupine or lupini and can be found in bean, seed or flour form. Studies show that people who are allergic to peanuts appear to have a greater chance of being allergic to lupin. Lupin is a common food ingredient in Europe and it is relatively new to the U.S. market. It is likely to become more popular, particularly in gluten-free foods. For people allergic to peanut, eating lupin could cause an allergic reaction on the first exposure. The FDA is actively monitoring complaints of lupin allergies by U.S. consumers. Find out more: Allergies to a Legume Called Lupin: What You Need to Know Tree Nuts Peanuts are legumes and are not botanically related to tree nuts (almonds, walnuts, cashews, etc.). However, about 35% of peanut-allergic toddlers in the U.S. have or will develop a tree nut allergy. Doctors often recommend that young children avoid tree nuts if they are allergic to peanuts. This is because it is fairly common to be “co-allergic” to tree nuts if a child is peanut allergic. Another reason for peanut allergic individuals to avoid tree nuts is due to safety concerns. Young children may have a hard time distinguishing a tree nut from a peanut. Also, there is the potential of cross-contamination or cross-contact of tree nut products with peanut. However, the larger issue is that allergy to tree nuts is common in peanut allergic individuals. Your doctor should check for a tree nut allergy if your child has a peanut allergy. The doctor can then make recommendations that are just for your child about whether you need to avoid tree nuts. Your doctor also can make recommendations just for your child regarding seeds, such as sesame seed. There are a few individuals who are allergic to both peanut and seeds. This is likely due to highly allergic individuals developing another food allergy, rather than cross-reactivity. Nutrition for a Peanut-Free Diet Peanuts are a good source of protein in a child's diet. Peanuts also provide a source of niacin, magnesium, vitamins E and B6, manganese, pantothenic acid, chromium, folacin, copper and biotin. Your child can get vitamins and nutrients by consuming a variety of foods from other food groups. NUTRIENTS LOST	i don't know
Baby, Ginger, Scary, Sporty and Posh were all members of which girl band?	Spice Girls Nicknames-Baby, Posh, Sporty, Ginger, Scary October 15, 2013, 4:50 PM Photo: Courtesy of REX USA. UPDATE: Oops! We didn't see that Bustle added an asterisk to the bottom of its post. Sneaky, sneaky. Turns out this wasn't true, and we'll be the first to admit that we were fooled. But, wouldn't it have been great if this was true? Advertisement Even if you didn't like the '90s British pop group Spice Girls, chances are you found yourself humming one of its catchy tunes like "Wannabe" at some point during its heyday. Aside from the band's poppy jams, it was its borderline Barbie-doll nicknames that had everyone talking. We may have not known who Victoria Beckham was but Posh Spice, on the other hand, well, she was the total sexpot of the bunch. But, believe it or not, the fabulous five did not come up with their own nicknames. According to Mel B. (a.k.a. Scary Spice), it was teen magazine Top of the Pops that was responsible. "I simply said it would be a good idea if they had some nicknames," said editor Peter Loraine. "The girls liked the idea, so I had an editorial meeting back at the office and about four of us started thinking of names." Yes, there's a lot that goes into a nickname. "Ginger," for example, was not chosen because of Geri Halliwell's fiery-red tresses. Halliwell always wanted to be a botanist, and her favorite plant was the Zingiber officinale — ginger. While Mel C. was known for being a workout queen, Chisholm was also a Great Gatsby fan long before it was in vogue. She was always calling everyone an "old sport," and well, the rest is history. Click here to see how the remaining three girls were named. ( Bustle ) Advertisement	Spice Girls
What word means to rely on for support or inspiration, and containing little or no fat?	How Did The Spice Girls Get Their Nicknames? Mel B Breaks It Down - MTV mtv Scary. Baby. Ginger. Sporty. Posh. Twitter bio? Nah, man -- the Spice Girls ! As iconic as the band members' wild outfits and hairstyles were, their nicknames were even more so. We first met Mel B, Emma, Geri, Melanie C and Victoria under those names, which means in our hearts, that's who they'll be to us forever. Dave Hogan Hulton Archive But how did they end up that way? Mel B recently told Huff Post Live that a magazine editor christened each of them with their adjectives to make life easier. "It was actually a lazy journalist that couldn't be bothered to remember all our names, so he just gave us nicknames, and we were like, 'Oh, well, that kinda works. I don't mind my name. Do you like your name? Baby? Posh?' We were like, 'Let's just go with it,'" she said. Peter Loraine, who ran U.K. magazine and TV show Top Of The Pops in the 1990s, apparently devised the nicknames for a feature story on the group that ran in July 1996. The rest, as they say, is history. According to the Spice Girls official timeline, Loraine and his staff came up with them out of convenience. "Posh was the first one to be thought up because Victoria looks pretty sophisticated. The rest were pretty easy really because the girls' characters were already really strong," he reportedly said . "The names jumped out at us. We laughed the most when we came up with Scary. Jennifer Cawthron, who was also from Leeds, came up with that one because Mel B was so loud and had tried to take over our whole photo shoot." Mel B also said very bluntly that she's ready for a Spice-centric reunion in 2016! "There's nothing officially being said right now because, we're still -- we're talking," she said . "So I'm hoping things will hurry along and [we] can get this going." Us too. And hey, we're only two years away from Spice World 's 20th anniversary. No harm in starting the celebration early.	i don't know
What is the fiery liquid that flows from a volcano?	What comes out of a volcano? \| Volcano World \| Oregon State University What comes out of a volcano? lava flow can develop. If the amount of lava feeding the flow is high, then the flow will move rapidly downhill away from the vent. Rapid-moving flows continually disrupt their surfaces and are constantly exposing more red-hot lava to the atmosphere. This means that the flow is losing a lot of heat and consequently its a'a flow develops. In some eruptions there is almost no fountaining and the lava just flows slowly away from the vent. In these cases the surface of the lava is not disrupted and can solidify even while the inside is still molten. This is how pahoehoe flow move. If these pahoehoe flows go on long enough then lava tubes can develop within the flow. These lava tubes allow lava to reach the flow front from the vent without losing much heat so it is still pretty fluid even 10's of kilometers from the vent. At more explosive volcanoes eruptions are very different. The main difference is that the viscosity of the plug on the vent and allows gas pressures to build to very high. Eventually the gas pressure is higher than even the viscous lava can stand, and an explosive eruption occurs. These explosions remove the cap of viscous lava that was plugging the vent so that the pressure is now lower. With the new low pressure, more gas bubbles can expand and push more lava out of the vent, and on and on and on. Once one of these explosive eruptions starts it pretty much continues until the available magma is used up. These big explosions reach 10's of km into the atmosphere sometimes, and spread fine ash over huge areas. Sometimes instead of going up, the hot mixture of gas and ash flows out of the vent and hugs the ground. These fast-moving hot mixtures are called pyroclastic flows and they are very dangerous. Because they are mostly gas, they can move quickly, up to 200 km/hour. They are sometimes up to 600 degrees centigrade. With this combination of speed and heat they are the most dangerous phenomenon that a volcano can produce. They may leave only a thin layer of ash after they pass through, but for those few moments while the	Lava
In the children’s television series ‘Telletubbies’ what is the Nuu-Nuu?	1000+ images about Liquid Land on Pinterest \| Active volcano, Islands of hawaii and Nature Forward Hawaii is known for its enchanting waterfalls, but the Big Island just took cascades to a whole new level. Behold: lavafalls. The fiery falls, as seen in the video above, are from a lava flow that began erupting from Kilauea Volcano on June T... See More	i don't know
Who wrote the novel ‘Nicholas Nickleby’?	Nicholas Nickleby (2002) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A young, compassionate man struggles to save his family and friends from the abusive exploitation of his cold-heartedly grasping uncle. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 34 titles created 20 Feb 2012 a list of 42 titles created 26 Jul 2012 a list of 47 titles created 05 Aug 2012 a list of 22 titles created 17 Nov 2012 a list of 35 titles created 01 Dec 2012 Search for " Nicholas Nickleby " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 1 win & 4 nominations. See more awards » Videos Edit Storyline Young Nicholas and his family enjoy a comfortable life, until Nicholas' father dies and the family is left penniless. Nicholas, his sister and mother venture to London to seek help from their Uncle Ralph, but Ralph's only intentions are to separate the family and exploit them. Nicholas is sent to a school run by the cruel, abusive and horridly entertaining Wackford Squeers. Eventually, Nicholas runs away with schoolmate Smike, and the two set off to reunite the Nickleby family. Written by Anonymous Every family needs a hero. Genres: Rated PG for thematic material involving some violent action and a childbirth scene \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 27 June 2003 (UK) See more » Also Known As: La leyenda de Nicholas Nickleby See more » Filming Locations: $42,864 (USA) (27 December 2002) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Despite the Victorian setting. Charlie Hunnam manages to take off his shirt for a "beefcake" scene. See more » Goofs Madeline Bray can be seen clearly with pierced earring holes. Pierced ears were not of regular use until more than a decade later. At the time, only rich women pierced their ears. See more » Quotes [first lines] Vincent Crummles : What happens when the light first pierces the dark dampness in which we have waited? We are slapped and cut loose. If we are lucky, someone is there to catch us and persuade us that we are safe. But are we safe? What happens if, too early, we lose a parent? That party on whom we rely for only everything? Why, we are cut loose again and we wonder, even dread whose hands will catch us now? There once lived a man named Nicholas Nickleby... Thanks to everyone at One Aldwych. See more » Connections On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at (uncredited) Traditional Yorkshire folk song; sung to the Methodist hymnal tune "Cranbrook" (1805) (uncredited), written by 'Thomas Clark' Performed by Kevin McKidd (uncredited), Helen Coker (uncredited), and Jim Broadbent (uncredited) Sung by John Browdie and Tilda while on their honeymoon in a London public house, accompanied by Mr. Wackford Squeers England is lovingly represented in this film by a cinematography wedded to landscape. 8 January 2003 \| by jdesando (United States) – See all my reviews If Dickens were with us today, he would delight in the stock shenanigans of Michael Milken and the outrageous dysfunction of the Osbourne family. Speculation and family chaos rule his `Nicholas Nickleby,' directed on film by Douglas McGrath (`Emma') and starring Christopher Plummer as cold Uncle Ralph and Jim Broadbent as cruel Wackford Squeers. The idyllic thatched cottage in Devonshire with its white smoke pluming to heaven contrasts sharply with the dark satanic mills of London spewing black smoke into every home and hovel. The eponymous hero, played by Brit TV star Charlie Hunnam, travels both worlds to defend the honor of his sister, overcome the tyranny of his uncle (Plummer), and find love. Along the way Broadbent's boarding-school proprietor, reflecting the workhouse slavery of 19th century England, helps his uncle sabotage Nickleby's spirit and endanger his best friend. But Nicholas also meets the delightful Cheeryble brothers, one of whom is Mike Leigh regular Timothy Spall in an uncharacteristically cheery role. England is lovingly represented in this film by a cinematography wedded to landscape like a Constable painting, gentlemen appearing as stately as in a Reynolds, and women appearing to be sitting for Gainesboro. All seems well represented without being overdone or obvious. Like a good Dickens novel, the filmed `Nicholas Nickleby' can't help but drive home lessons about honesty and family. Reliance on both will bring happiness. My only question is how did the Golden Globes ever nominate this as a comedy? 29 of 33 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Charles Dickens
Actor Jack Nicholson won his first Best Actor Oscar for which film?	Nicholas Nickleby - tutorial, study guide & critical commentary Mantex Nicholas Nickleby tutorial, critical comment, plot, and study resources Nicholas Nickleby first appeared as a serial novel in nineteen monthly instalments between 1838 and 1839, published by Chapman and Hall. It was Charles Dickens’ third novel, but he wrote it at the same time as he was completing his second novel, Oliver Twist. He had struck a best-selling formula with his first novel – The Pickwick Papers – an episodic narrative issued in monthly parts, and he stuck to this publishing format, selling 50,000 copies a month of each instalment, which cost one shilling per issue and two shillings for the final double issue. It is worth noting, in terms of the history of the novel and literature as a cultural medium, that Charles Dickens’ name does not appear on the cover – only his nom de plume, ‘Boz’. And he is not the author but the editor of these recorded adventures – almost as if their existence were due to some other person or source. In addition, each instalment of the serial was illustrated – in this case by his favourite artist, Hablot Knight Browne, who was also given a pseudonym of ‘Phiz’. The convention of illustrating novels persisted until the end of the nineteenth century and then disappeared in the early twentieth. a monthly instalment Nicholas Nickleby – critical commentary The picaresque novel Dickens greatly admired the novelists of the eighteenth century – Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, and Tobias Smollett – all of whom had inherited the earlier tradition of the novel as a picaresque narrative. That is, the focus of attention in a novel was on an individual who engaged with society and embarked on a series of adventures. In its original form the picaro was usually a low-life character, and this is perhaps reflected in Fielding’s hero (in Tom Jones) being a foundling, or in Smollett’s heroes Roderick Random and Peregrine Pickle being ‘groundlings’ or ordinary characters. The traditional picaresque novel featured a one central character (Lazarillo de Tormes and Tom Jones for example), but Dickens gives this convention a creative twist by having essentially two central characters battling with the vicissitudes of society. Nicholas and his sister Kate are both young and vulnerable following their father’s death. They are saddled with a mother who is worse than useless as a moral and spiritual guide, and they are surrounded by villainous characters who wish to do them harm. Nicholas first has to battle with the psychopathic schoolmaster Wackford Squeers and his equally brutal family. Then he is also thwarted by his uncle, Ralph Nickleby Ralph Nickleby is also the spider at the centre of the corrupt web of upper-class rakes trying to ensnare Kate Nickleby. Even though it is Sir Willoughby Hawk who is her main assailant, he is a client of Ralph’s and operates under his roof. Kate quite rightly complains that the very person who should be protecting her honour (her uncle) is putting her at risk by exposing her to moral danger and actually using her as live bait to ensnare the rich but simple Lord Frederick Verisopht. The elements of the picaresque novel are normally movement – the journey – encounters with unknown individuals who may be rogues desperadoes, or comic characters. This was the novel as sheer entertainment, and Dickens happily embraced the genre. As well as featuring the hero’s mixed fortunes in society, encounters with rogues and villains, there were also a lot of knockabout comic and farcical scenes, plus no shortage of real physical violence – much in evidence here in the scenes at Dotheboys Hall. There is very little notion of a tightly plotted story. The essence of the picaresque is a loose, episodic tale where one event follows another. Nevertheless, Dickens inserts elements which typify his later command of the tightly plotted serial novel, with a structure unified by overarching metaphors and symbols. He introduces mysterious and dramatically interesting details which act as a thread through the episodes of the story. For instance, the curious figure of Newman Noggs who works for but despises Ralph Nickleby. He passes a message to Nicholas as he embarks at the start of the novel on his journey to Yorkshire and Dotheboys Hall. This creates a link between them which enables Nicholas to survive the vicissitudes of his exile and even his return under an assumed name (Johnson). The negative parent figure We know that Dickens was very concerned about the ill-treatment of children – despite the fact that he neglected his own. His novels are full of neglected and poor youngsters, children forced into work and crime, and pathetic under-aged beings who suffer and die young. The other side of this coin is the parent figure who neglects those under its supervision and care. Nicholas Nickleby has a wide range of characters who are what might be called the negative parent figure – people who are responsible for people younger than themselves who neglect their welfare and in some cases actively seek to undermine it. First in order of appearance of these figures is Wackford Squeers, the sadistic headmaster of Dotheboys Hall, who acts in loco parentis to his pupils. Squeers is motivated entirely by greed and self-gratification. He actually robs the pupils under his care; he beats them; more or less starves them; and actively stands in the way of their securing any possible outside help. He is what we would now classify as a sociopath or even a psychopath Mr Bray is one of the many miserly characters in the novel, but his outstanding characteristic is that of an emotionally tyrannical father figure. He has a daughter (Madeleine) who is slavishly devoted to him, but rather than appreciate her efforts, he abuses her unmercifully and turns her life into a living misery. Rather like Squeers, he is entirely self-regarding and even sneers at the very sources of income which keep him alive (the ‘purchases’ made by the Cheerybles). Mrs Nickleby is a great comic figure in the novel – a social snob even when her family has become penniless, and a garrulous featherbrain who fails to understand anything that is going on. She doesn’t actually make her children suffer, but she is certainly derelict in his role as a parent, and it is interesting to note that she shares self-regard and a solipsistic view of the world with the other negative parent figures in the novel. Ralph Nickleby turns out to be the worst parent figure of all. He is dominated by an almost pathological worship of money. He marries for financial advantage, and when his wife leaves him, he gives away his son – who becomes the abandoned Smike at Dotheboys Hall. The conditions there – in addition to his consumption – contribute to his early death. Money, inheritance, and class The origins of the entire narrative lie in a version of the Biblical parable of the talents. At his death old Nicholas Nickleby divides his money between two sons, Ralph and John. One (Ralph) becomes a money lender (a usurer) and makes more money: The other (John) invests his portion of the inheritance in the stock market and loses everything. This accounts for the tensions within young Nicholas Nickleby’s family and his personal life. He has been raised and educated to be a ‘gentleman’, but he suddenly finds himself with no money and a mother and sister for whom he is responsible. Nicholas is forced to work as an almost unpaid assistant schoolteacher, whilst his mother clings to comically misplaced snobbish standards as if she were still upper class. Kate too is forced into low-paid work, and can only hope for a suitable marriage to save her from her plight. But any marriage should be on reasonably equal terms. This explains the dramatically stretched issue of conscience and scruples when Nicholas insists that Kate should not encourage Frank Cheeryble as a suitor – because Frank will inherit from his twin uncles, whereas Kate has nothing to inherit. Nicholas puts an equally severe limit on himself when he asks for Madeleine to be taken away from his mother’s house. He is in love with her, but he realises that the Cheerybles will look after her financially, whereas he has no inheritance to offer her. He belongs (albeit temporarily) to a lower social class. However, these problems are resolved by the fairy-tale generosity of the Cheerybles. Nicholas Nickleby – study resources Oxford Reader’s Companion to Charles Dickens – Amazon UK Nicholas Nickleby – plot summary Chapter I. Old Mr Nickleby leaves money to his two sons, Ralph and Nicholas. Ralph invests his inheritance and becomes a successful money-lender. Nicholas speculates with his money on the stock exchange and loses everything. Chapter II. Ralph and fellow entrepreneurs hold a public meeting to promote interest in a parliamentary bill to establish a muffin-making business, which will in fact be a monopoly. Chapter III. Ralph receives news of the death of his brother. He visits his sister in law and her two young children and, completely lacking in generosity and compassion, arranges to ‘find a job’ for young Nicholas. Chapter IV. Wackford Squeers enrolls pupils for his school at Dotheboys Hall in Yorkshire, and Ralph persuades him to take on Nicholas as an assistant schoolmaster. Chapter V. Nicholas sets off for Yorkshire. Before departure Newman Noggs slips him a mysterious letter. Squeers feeds himself liberally, but completely neglects his pupils. The coach overturns in bad weather. Chapter VI. The travellers recover at a nearby inn, where they regale each other with tales of ‘The Five Sisters of York’ and ‘The Baron of Grogzwig’. Chapter VII. Nicholas arrives at Dotheboys Hall, meets the abandoned boy Smike, and is given a frugal supper by Mrs Squeers. He reads the mysterious letter from Noggs, offering him sympathy and accommodation in London if ever he should need it. Chapter VIII. Squeers runs the school in a brutal and exploitative manner. All the pupils are broken and miserable. Nicholas is ashamed of being there. Smike has no friends and no hope. Chapter IX. The plain Fanny Squeers decides to fall in love with Nicholas, then announces to her friend Matilda that she is ‘almost’ engaged to him. The two young women entertain their beaux to tea, then fall out in rivalry with each other. Chapter X. Miss Le Crevey paints a miniature portrait of Kate Nickleby. Ralph Nickleby finds Kate a questionable job as a dressmaker with Madam Mantalini and moves her mother into an empty house he owns. Chapter XI. Kate and her mother leave Miss Le Crevey and are taken by Noggs to live in an old run down house in a poor party of the City. Chapter XII. Fanny and Matilda repair their disagreement of the day before. Matilda is to be married in three weeks. They meet Nicholas and claim he is in love with Fanny. When he refutes this claim, Fanny vows vengeance on Nicholas, who comforts the persecuted Smike. Nicholas starts for Yorkshire Chapter XIII. Smike suddenly runs off from the school, but is hunted down and recaptured. When Squeers starts to administer a public flogging before the assembled boys, Nicholas intervenes and beats Squeers. Nicholas leaves the school to go back to London, and is followed by Smike. Chapter XIV. A wedding anniversary party is under way in the rented rooms of the Keriwigs. nTheir neighbour Noggs is in attendance, despatching punch, when Nicholas and Smike arrive. Chapter XV. The Squeers have sent a defamatory letter to Ralph Nickleby, denouncing Nicholas. Noggs urges patience. Meanwhile Lillyvick lords it over the party and its members. When the babysitter’s hair catches fire, Nicholas rescues the baby and is admired by everybody as a gentleman and an aristocrat Chapter XVI. Next day Nicholas goes in search of a job, but turns down the position of secretary to an unscrupulous member of parliament. Instead, Noggs arranges for him to become private tutor to the Kenwig girls, under the name of Johnson. Chapter XVII. Kate starts work at Mantalini’s where she feels demeaned by the nature of her position. The Mantalinis are semi-comic buffoons, somehow connected with Ralph Nickleby. Chapter XVIII. Miss Knag has an almost Sapphic crush on Kate, who makes a good impression on visiting customers. But when Kate is chosen to display bonnets instead of Miss Knag, she turns hysterically against her. Chapter XIX. Kate in invited to dinner at her uncle’s house. But the guests are all-male boors, and she has been used as bait to lure a rich young lord. One drunken guest tries to attack her. Ralph Nickleby feels the first twinges of conscience regarding his niece. Chapter XX. Ralph confronts Kate and her mother with Nicholas’s ‘misdeeds’ (reported by Squeers). Nicholas stands up to Ralph and maintains his innocence – but he is powerless to do anything more. Everything is against him – but he sticks by Smike. Chapter XXI. The Mantalinis are bankrupted (by Ralph) and Kate loses her job. She becomes a companion to Mrs Witterly, who suffers from ‘an excess of soul’. Chapter XXII. Nicholas decides to leave London. He and Smike walk to Portsmouth, but before they get there Nicholas meets the theatrical manager Vincent Crummles, and in desperation is persuaded to join his troupe. Chapter XXIII. When they reach Portsmouth Crummles introduces Nicholas to his band of itinerant ‘actors’, including the ‘infant phenomenon’. Crummles gives Nicholas a French text to translate and plagiarize for performance in a few day’s time. Chapter XXIV. Nicholas writes the play for Miss Snevellicci’s benefit performance (one of many) – then has to go out touting for subscriptions.The play is put on, and despite its ridiculous and corny plot is a big success. Mr and Mrs Mantalini in Ralph Nickleby’s Office Chapter XXV. Mr Lillyvick the water tax collector arrives to tell Nicholas of his impending marriage to Henrietta Petowker, who is joining the troupe. A comic wedding scene ensues. Nicholas teaches Smike his simple part in Romeo and Juliet. Chapter XXVI. Hawk and Verisopht conspire to pursue the pretty Kate. Hawk wishes to trap Verisopht financially. They visit Ralph Nickleby, who wants to entrap them both. Mrs Nickel by arrives and naively hopes that Kate will marry one of these corrupt rakes. Ralph’s conscience pricks him for a second time. Chapter XXVII. Mrs Nickleby is fascinated with the idea of upper-class connections. She is visited by Pyke and Pluck who flatter her and invite her to the theatre on behalf of Hawk, who oppresses Kate again. They are also introduced to Mrs Witterly, who is also flattered by the attention of these rakes. Chapter XXVIII. Hawk and his entourage become regular visitors chez Mrs Witterly – and continue to oppress Kate. She appeals to her uncle Ralph for help – but he refuses to do anything, and even though he has encouraged their behaviour, he disapproves of it. So does Noggs, who disapproves of his employer Ralph. Chapter XXIX. Lenville is jealous of Nicolas’s success in the acting troupe. He offers a challenge, but Nicholas knocks him down. Nicholas communicates with Noggs via post, who replies that Kate might need his protection in the future. Chapter XXX. Nicholas prepare to leave the acting company. He goes to dinner, where Mr Snevellicci gets drunks and kisses all the women. An urgent note from Noggs arrives, so Nicholas and Smike leave for London by the morning coach. Chapter XXXI. Noggs negotiates with Miss La Crevey to delay telling Nicholas about Kate’s problems on his imminent arrival in ~London – to forestall rash actions. Chapter XXXII. Nicholas reaches London and immediately goes in search of Noggs, who has deliberately gone out as part of his plan. Nicholas wanders into a hotel and overhears Hawk maligning Kate. He challenges him, but Hawk refuses to reveal his identity. They fight in the street, and Hawk sustains injuries when his cab overturns. Chapter XXXIII. Nicholas removes Kate from Mrs Witterly’s , his mother from her lodgings, and writes to Ralph denouncing him as a villain. Chapter XXXIV. Ralph is visited by Mr Mantalini who needs money. Mrs Mantalini argues with her husband., during which time Ralph learns about the coach accident. Mr Squeers arrives, and Ralph quizzes him about Smike’s identity and origins. Chapter XXXV. Mrs Nickleby and Kate meet Smike, then Nicholas goes in search of a job, where he meets the improbably philanthropic Mr Cheeryble, who provides him with a well-paid job, a home, and gifts of furniture. Chapter XXXVI. Mrs Kenwigs has a baby. The family all congratulate themselves on their future prospects, but when Nicholas arrives with the news that their ‘benefactor’ Lillyvick has married Henrietta Petowker in Portsmouth, they go to pieces ,thinking that their ‘expectations’ have been ruined. Miss Nickleby Introduced to her Uncle’s Friends Chapter XXXVII. Nicholas makes a success of his introduction to working at Cheeryble’s, and old Tim Linkinwater’s birthday is celebrated in the office with lots of toasting and good cheer. Mrs Nickleby confides in Nicholas that she is being courted by their next-door neighbour by throwing cucumbers over the wall. Chapter XXXVIII. Miss La Crevey thinks that Smike is changing significantly. Ralph Nickleby visits Hawk who is still recovering from his injuries in the coach crash. Lord Verisopht is amongst the rakes but he thinks that Nicholas has acted honourably in defending his sister’s reputation. On his way back home, Smike is captured by Squeers and held prisoner. Chapter XXXIX. John Browdie arrives in London with his new bride Matilda Price and her friend Fanny Squeers.. They meet Mr Squeers at the Saracen’s Head That night Browdie helps Smike to escape from Squeers’ clutches. Chapter XXXX. Nicholas falls in love with a girl he saw very briefly in the Registry Office. He commissions Noggs to find out who she is and where she lives. He does this and actually arranges a meeting with her late at night.But when they get there it is the wrong girl. Chapter XXXXI. The eccentric (mad) man next door continues to pay court to Mrs Nickleby – who is flattered by his attentions, even though she feigns to reject them. Chapter XXXXII. Nicholas visits John Browdie at the Saracen’s Head. Whilst they are discussing Fanny Squeers’ lack of marriage prospects, she suddenly appears. There is a comic argument between Fanny and Matilda, then between Squeers and Browdie Chapter XXXXIII. Following the altercation at the Saracen’s Head, Nicholas meets Frank Cheeryble, with whom he feels a close bond. Yet he immediately wonders if he is a rival for the mysterious and beautiful girl – to whom he has never spoken. Frank and one of his uncles visit the Nickleby home the following Sunday, and everybody has a good time. Chapter XXXXIV. Ralph Nickleby is out collecting debts when he is tracked down by Mr Booker, a former business associate who has been in jail. Booker threatens to reveal compromising information, but Ralph calls his bluff and refuses to help him.There is a fake suicide by Mr Mantalini, then Ralph goes off withSqueers and a stranger, with Noggs in pursuit. Chapter XXXXV. Whilst John and Matilda Browdie are at the Nickleby cottage they are interrupted by Ralph Nickleby, Squeers, and Mr Snawley, who claims to be Smike’s estranged father. THey wish to capture Smike and take him back to Yorkshire, but Smike does not want to go.. After they throw out Squeers, Ralph leaves, threatening legal action against Nicholas. Chapter XXXXVI. Nicholas relates these incidents to the Cheerybles, who tell him a similar story about the beautiful girl who has devoted herself to an unloving father who is a wastrel. They want to use Nicholas as a means of supplying money to her. This enables him to meet Madeleine Bray and her thankless father. Chapter XXXXVII. Ralph Nickleby arrives at his office with Arthur Gride, who relates his plan to marry Madeleine Bray so as to acquire a property she will inherit. Ralph forces him to sign an agreement between them – all overheard by Noggs. They visit Bray and Madeleine and put their plan into motion, hoping that the greedy and heartless Bray will persuade Madeleine to accept. Chapter XXXXVIII. Nicholas is upset regarding his role in the supply of money to Madeleine Bray. He then meets up with the Crummles theatrical troupe giving their farewell performances before going to America. There is another lengthy dinner with speeches. Mr Linkinwater Intimates his Approval of Nicholas Chapter XLIX. In the Nickleby household Smike is suffering from consumption, but hides it from everyone. The mad old man from next door comes down the chimney in pursuit of Mrs Nickleby, but then changes to Miss La Crevey when he sees her. Chapter L. Sir Mulberry Hawk appears at Hampton Races after recuperating abroad. He quarrels with Lord Verisopht, who has a guilty conscience regarding his part in the plot against Kate. That night, after gambling and drinking, they fight a duel, in which Lord Frederick is killed. Chapter LI. Arthur Gride selects his clothes for the marriage to Madeleine Bray. Noggs has been approached by the mysteriousMr Brooker, and he tells Nicholas about Gride’s plan to marry Madeleine Bray. Chapter LII. Noggs takes Moreleen Kenwig to the barber, where they meet Lillyvick. His wife Henrietta has eloped with a solider, so he is received at the Kenwigs where he reverses the terms of his will in their favour, following much sycophancy on both sides. Chapter LIII. Nicholas appeals directly to Madeleine to call off or at least delay the marriage. He explains the plot between her father and Gride. But she refuses: she is sacrificing herself to gain the money promised to support her father. Nicholas then goes to Gride and offers to buy him off, but Gride refuses. Chapter LIV. Ralph and Arthur Gride arrive at the Bray house on the morning of the wedding, but suddenly Nicholas and Kate arrive to confront them and take Madeleine away. There is a stand off, and then Bray drops dead upstairs. Nicholas takes Madeleine away telling Ralph that his business has collapsed. Chapter LV. Mrs Nickleby is convinced that Frank Cheeryble is in love with Kate, who is looking after Madeleine as she recovers. Mrs Nickleby asks Nicholas to encourage the relationship, but he warns against it on the grounds that they are poor, whereas Frank has ‘expectations’ from his uncles. Nicholas is then commissioned to take the ailing Smike to Devon for convalescence. Chapter LVI. Ralph has lost £10,000 in a bank crash. Returning to Gribe’s house, they discover that old Peg has stolen incriminating papers and absconded. Ralph devises an elaborate plan of revenge (on Nicholas and just about everybody else) which includes the Snawley and Smike relationship, Madeleine’s inheritance, and recovery of Gride’s stolen documents. He enlists the services of Squeers to do the dirty work and carefully excludes all mention of himself from the arrangements. Chapter LVII. Ralph has located old Peg and Squeers visits her in a drunken state. He persuades her to show him the documents – but whilst they are inspecting them Frank Cheeryble and Noggs sneak into the room and knock Squeers out. Chapter LVIII. Nicholas takes Smike to Devon where they share a bucolic and tranquil existence. Smike has a fleeting vision of the man who first took him to Dotheboys Hall, reveals that he has been in love with Kate , and dies. Chapter LIX. An anxious Ralph is visited by Charles Cheeryble who wishes to warn him of something – but he dismisses him. Ralph goes off in search Noggs, Squeers, and Snawley, but none of them are to be found. So he goes to Cheerybles where he is confronted by Noggs who has unravelled the whole pilot. They offer him an honourable escape, but he scorns it. Chapter LX. Ralph tracks down Squeers at the police station where he is being held on remand. There are signs that even Squeers is turning against him. Then he returns to Cheerybles, where they produce Ralph’s former employee Mr Brooker, who reveals that Smike was Ralph’s son. Ralph suddenly disappears. Chapter LXI. Nicholas returns from Devon and learns that Kate has refused an offer of marriage from Frank Cheeryble on grounds of differences in their social positions. Nicholas vows to do the same regarding Madeleine, and asks the Cheerybles to remove her from his mother’s house. Chapter LXII. Ralph retreats to his house, followed by a black cloud, and is oppressed by feelings of defeat and the fact that his enemy Nicholas was the person who looked after his own son, Smike. He goes into the attic and hangs himself. Chapter LXIII. The Cheerybles summon everyone to a dinner at which the details of Madeleine’s inheritance are made known and the two couples – Frank and Kate, and Nicolas and Madeleine – are united.Then Tim Linkinwater proposes to Miss La Crevey, who accepts, much to Mrs Nickleby’s disgust. Chapter LXIV. Nicholas travels to Yorkshire to see his friend John Browdie and brings him up to date with all the news. It is revealed that Squeers has been found guilty and transported for seven years. John Browdie rides over to Dotheboys Hall where the boys revolt against Mrs Squeers and her two offspring. They then all run away. Conclusion. Nicholas marries Madeleine on the same day that Frank marries Kate. Nicholas becomes a partner in the firm. Ralph’s money is left un-touched and reverts to the State. Gride escapes punishment, but is then murdered. Hawk lives abroad, but on return is jailed for debt, where he dies. Mont Blanc – Charles Dickens special edition Nicholas Nickleby – principal characters an ex-convict and formerly Ralph’s clerk Further reading Peter Ackroyd, Dickens, London: Mandarin, 1991. John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, Forgotten Books, 2009. Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens: His Tragedy and Triumph, Little Brown, 1952. Fred Kaplan, Dickens: A Biography, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Frederick G. Kitton, The Life of Charles Dickens: His Life, Writings and Personality, Lexden Publishing Limited, 2004. Michael Slater, Charles Dickens, Yale University Press, 2009. Nicholas Nickleby Bernard Bergonzi, ‘Nicholas Nickleby’, Dickens and the Twentieth Century, ed. John Gross and Gabriel Pearson, London: Routledge, 1962 John Bowen, ‘Performing Business, Training Ghosts: Transcending Nickleby, ELH 63, 1996. V.C. Clinton-Baddeley, ‘Snevellicci’, Dickensian 57, 1961 Phillip Collins , Dickens and Education, London: Macmillan, 1963 Norman Russell, ‘Nicholas Nickleby and the Commercial Crisis of 1825′, Dickensian 77, 1981. Paul Schlike, Dickens and Popular Entertainment, London: Allen and Unwin, 1985. Michael Slater, The Composition and Monthly Publication of Nicholas Nickleby, London: Scholar Press, 1973. General criticism G.H. Ford, Dickens and His Readers, Norton, 1965. P.A.W. Collins, Dickens and Crime, London: Palgrave, 1995. Philip Collins (ed), Dickens: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge, 1982. Andrew Sanders, Authors in Context: Charles Dickens, Oxford University Press, 2009. Jeremy Tambling, Going Astray: Dickens and London, London: Longman, 2008. Donald Hawes, Who’s Who in Dickens, London: Routledge, 2001. Other works by Charles Dickens Pickwick Papers (1836-37) was Dickens’ first big success. It was issued in twenty monthly parts and is not so much a novel as a series of loosely linked sketches and changing characters featured in reports to the Pickwick Club. These recount comic excursions to Rochester, Dingley Dell, and Bath; duels and elopements; Christmas festivities; Mr Pickwick inadvertently entering the bedroom of a middle-aged lady at night; and in the end a happy marriage. Much light-hearted fun, and a host of memorable characters. Buy the book here Oliver Twist (1837-38) expresses Dickens’ sense of the vulnerability of children. Oliver is a foundling, raised in a workhouse, who escapes suffering by running off to London. There he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves controlled by the infamous Fagin. He is pursued by the sinister figure of Monks who has secret information about him. The plot centres on the twin issues of personal identity and a secret inheritance (which surface again in Great Expectations). Emigration, prison, and violent death punctuate a cascade of dramatic events. This is the early Victorian novel in fine melodramatic form. Recommended for beginners to Dickens.	i don't know
What is the name of the Jack Russell dog in the US television series ‘Frasier’?	Jack (Parson) Russell Terrier Dog Breed Information, Puppies & Pictures Temperament The Jack Russell is a classic terrier, with energy and playfulness to spare.... Jacks are inherently curious and busy, and make a point of being in the middle of everything all the time. This dog is always up for a game or adventure, and is an unequalled playmate for child and adult alike. The dog also has a fantastic sense of humor, and is sure to keep your family in stitches with its crazy antics and spunky attitude. Jack Russell Terriers love children and are more friendly toward strangers than most terriers; Jacks may be aggressive with other dogs and are notorious for chasing small pets (especially cats). Caring For a Jack (Parson) Russell Terrier The Jack Russell Terrier needs abundant physical and mental exercise every day, or it will drive you mad with its digging and unspent energy.... A long walk is a great way to burn some calories, but an intense game is even better. Be careful when letting your Jack Russell Terrier off leash in areas where other dogs are present, as some can be dog aggressive; also keep an eye on this dog at all times, because it will sometimes dig itself into a hole and disappear from sight. The Jack Russell Terrier is fairly weather resistant, but it should live inside with its family. Caring for the smooth coat requires occasional brushing, while the broken coat variety will need occasional hand stripping. The Jack Russell Terrier lives a long time and is rarely ill, though lens luxation and patellar luxation are sometimes seen in the breed. Breed History The Jack Russell Terrier (and Parson Russell Terrier) can trace its roots rather precisely back to a dog named Trump, who lived during the early 19th century and was owned by Reverend John Jack Russell of Devonshire, England.... Trump, in turn, was likely descended from an Old English White Terrier (now extinct) and a Black and Tan Terrier or Manchester, though this is debatable. Reverend Russell was a parson and an avid hunter, and it was his desire to create a line of terriers capable of keeping up with horses and bolting fox without doing them harm; for this, he needed a terrier of exceptional agility and speed, but without the aggressive tendencies that might lead other terriers to dispatch the fox before the hunters arrived. Trumps descendants proved very capable of this task, and the Jack Russell Terriers popularity took off immediately. The recognition of the Jack Russell Terrier as a breed has been marked by intense debate and controversy, in which owners of working Jacks have been vehemently against AKC recognition. The American Kennel Club nevertheless recognized the Jack Russell Terrier in 1997, and changed the name to Parson Russell Terrier in 2003. Today, Jack Russell Terriers used in the field are rarely registered with the AKC or similar foreign organizations; rather, they are registered with Jack Russell Terrier clubs or not registered at all. The 1990s witnessed a dramatic spike in the popularity of the Jack Russell Terrier, due largely to the breeds ubiquitous use as a television and movie dog; the late Moose, who played Eddie on the popular sitcom Frasier, was particularly instrumental in the breeds rise to stardom. High demand for Jack Russell Terriers has led to widespread irresponsible breeding, and these dogs are among the most likely to be targeted by so-called puppy farms.	Eddie
What is the square root of 900?	Jack Russell Terrier Dog Breed - Facts and Traits \| Hill's Pet Affenpinscher \| Afghan Hound \| Airedale Terrier \| Akbash Dog \| Akita \| Alaskan Klee Kai \| American Eskimo \| American Pit Bull Terrier \| American Staffordshire Terrier \| American Water Spaniel \| Australian Cattle Dog \| Australian Shepherd \| Basenji \| Basset Hound \| Beagle \| Bearded Collie \| Beauceron \| Bedlington Terrier \| Belgian Malinois \| Belgian Sheepdog \| Bernese Mountain Dog \| Bichon Frise \| Black and Tan Coonhound \| Bloodhound \| Border Collie \| Border Terrier \| Borzoi \| Boston Terrier \| Bouvier des Flandres \| Boxer \| Boykin Spaniel \| Briard \| Brittany \| Brussels Griffon \| Bullmastiff \| Bull Terrier \| Cairn Terrier \| Canadian Eskimo \| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel \| Chesapeake Bay Retriever \| Chihuahua \| Chinese Crested \| Chinook \| Chow Chow \| Clumber Spaniel \| Cocker Spaniel \| Collie or Scottish Collie \| Curly-Coated Retriever \| Dachshund \| Dalmatian \| Dandie Dinmont Terrier \| Doberman \| English Bulldog \| English Cocker Spaniel \| English Foxhound \| English Pointer \| English Setter \| English Springer Spaniel \| Field Spaniel \| Finnish Spitz \| Flat-Coated Retriever \| French Bulldog \| German Shepherd \| German Shorthaired Pointer \| German Wirehaired Pointer \| Giant Schnauzer \| Golden Retriever \| Great Dane \| Great Pyrenees \| Greyhound \| Havanese \| Ibizan Hound \| Irish Setter \| Irish Water Spaniel \| Irish Wolfhound \| Italian Greyhound \| Jack Russell Terrier \| Japanese Chin \| Keeshond \| Komondor \| Kuvasz \| Labrador Retriever \| Leonberger \| Lhasa Apso \| Maltese \| Mastiff \| Miniature Bull Terrier \| Miniature Pinscher \| Miniature Schnauzer \| Newfoundland \| Norfolk Terrier \| Norwegian Elkhound \| Norwich Terrier \| Old English Sheepdog \| Papillon \| Pekingese \| Pharaoh Hound \| Pomeranian \| Poodles \| Portuguese Water Dog \| Pug \| Puli \| Rhodesian Ridgeback \| Rottweiler \| Saint Bernard \| Saluki \| Samoyed \| Schipperke \| Scottish Deerhound \| Scottish Terrier \| Shetland Sheepdog \| Shih Tzu \| Siberian Husky \| Silky Terrier \| Skye Terrier \| Smooth Fox Terrier \| Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier \| Staffordshire Bull Terrier \| Standard Schnauzer \| Vizsla \| Weimaraner \| Welsh Corgi Cardigan \| Welsh Corgi Pembroke \| Welsh Springer Spaniel \| West Highland White Terrier \| Whippet \| Wire Fox Terrier \| Xolotzcuintli \| Yorkshire Terrier Consider the personality traits of the Jack Russell terrier as this breed is not for everyone. The energetic Jack Russell needs lots of exercise, is vocal and because of its hunting instinct, has the urge to explore, resulting in it to wander. Jack Russell Terrier At a glance Size: UKC Classification: Terrier Prevalence: Common Training cannot eliminate the hunting instinct from the Jack Russell. This dog instinctively sees the family cat or hamster as prey. The Jack Russell terrier comes in three different coat types: smooth, broken and rough (coarse, longer straight hair). All the coats tend to shed. Jack Russells are white with black or tan markings. The breed has a compact, muscular body. The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America standard calls for dogs to be from 10 to 15 inches in height, whereas the AKC standard calls for a smaller range of 12 to 14 inches. JRTCA show dogs are classified into one of two groups based on size, 10 to 12 1/2 inches and over 12 1/2 to 15 inches. Personality: The Jack Russell terrier is a happy, energetic dog with a strong desire to work. This breed is most happy when given companionship and a job to do. Digging is normal for a Jack Russell, especially if he decides it is his job to free your yard from rodents! Hunting ability is bred into them; it is their nature. The desire to hunt combined with a high energy level makes training a must for the Jack Russell. You will never win a battle of wills with a Jack Russell. Because he is a baying terrier, the Jack Russell can be vocal. However, these dogs are alert and make good watchdogs. The breed is naturally assertive and may not tolerate young children or other animals in the home. They especially can be aggressive toward other dogs. Living With: Given the personality of the Jack Russell, this breed is not for everyone. The hunting instinct cannot be trained out of the breed. These dogs instinctively see the family cat or hamster as prey. Some may be able to learn to get along with other pets if brought into the home as a puppy, but a potential guardian needs to consider the possibilities beforehand. The Jack Russell terrier needs lots of exercise and a home with a large fenced yard is best. The Jack Russell has an urge to explore and hunt and will wander off; many have been trapped for days in underground culverts and dens. If kept indoors, daily brisk walks are a must! The Jack Russell also enjoys going along on a hike or a long game of fetch. This is not the breed for you if you prefer a dog who will sit peacefully on the couch all day. History: The Jack Russell terrier is a true working terrier. The breed takes its name from the Reverend John Russell, who bred one of the finest strains of terriers for working fox in England. The Jack Russell is a baying terrier, meaning the dog should flush out the fox with his steady barking but is never to kill his prey. The Jack Russell has been strictly bred for hunting since its beginning in the early 1800s. Because of their broad genetic make-up, there is some variance in the standard of Jack Russell terriers. In fact, disagreement about leg length has caused the breed to be divided into separate breeds in England, where the longer legged dogs are called Parson Jack Russell terriers and the shorter legged dogs are called simply Jack Russell terriers. In America, despite the greater popularity of the short legged dogs, the long legged dogs are the breed officially recognized as the Jack Russell terrier. The breed has been poplar with the horse crowd for years. Media exposure, especially the popularity of "Moose," the terrier who plays "Eddie" on the television show "Frasier," and "Soccer," who stars in the children's show "Wishbone," have catapulted the breed to popularity. The Jack Russell terrier is the newest member of the AKC terrier group, but that membership came amid protests from fanciers who feared AKC recognition was not good for the breed. The result is that two national associations exist for the breed, the original Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, and the newer AKC recognized Jack Russell Terrier Association of America.	i don't know
Desperate Dan appears in which comic book?	Desperate Dan (Character) - Comic Vine Desperate Dan The Desperate Dan wiki last edited by BumpyBoo on 09/20/13 11:01AM View full history Origin Hailing from Cactusville, Texas, Desperate Dan is the strongest man in the world. Creation Desperate Dan is one of the longest running comic strips in the world having appeared in issue 1 of The Dandy in 1937 and continues to appear in The Dandy today. Desperate Dan was created by artist Dudley D. Watkins and Dandy editor Albert Barnes , the latter of whom also provided the inspiration for Dan's massive chin and who wrote the strip for the first several years. Watkins drew the strip until 1969 and his sudden demise from a heart attack while at his drawing board; as a mark of respect, Barnes, then still editing the Dandy, refused to let another artist take over the strip, and for the next fourteen years Dan's adventures consisted of reprints of earlier, Watkins-drawn, stories. Barnes retired in 1982, and a year later the new editor finally commissioned new Desperate Dan strips. In 1984 Desperate Dan replaced Korky the Cat as the cover star. Character Development Dan's statue in Dundee, Scotland Dan hails from the wild west town of Cactusville . He was originally a bit of a desperado on the wrong side of the law hence his name, Desperate Dan. He later on became a friendlier character helping his fellow town folk and even becoming deputy and sheriff of Cactusville from time to time. Dan is arguably the strongest and toughest man in the world. Examples of his strength have been lifting whole buildings and using a crane to fish. He also uses a blow torch and chisel to shave. He like's nothing more than to tuck into a huge cow-pie which seems to be made of a whole cow with even its horns and tail sticking out of the pastry. Desperate Dan's family includes his Aunt Aggie , who makes him his cow-pies, and his nephew and niece, Danny and Katey. He has a pet dog called Dawg , the hardiest hound around. Latest Images Thanks, we're checking your submission. Whoah, whoah... slow down there. Thanks! Your changes are live! Some of your changes are live Because you're new to wiki editing, we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over. Most changes are approved within a few hours. We'll send an email when it is. Once you've earned over points you'll be able to bypass this step and make live edits to our system. Until then, gain points by continuing to edit pages. You are currently banned from editing the wiki. Wiki submissions are currently disabled. No changes were submitted, nothing was done! Please make changes to the wiki! Thanks for continuing to improve the site. Some of your changes are now live. However, some of your changes were sent to moderation because you do not have enough points to make those live edits. You need points to live edit the changes you commited. For the changes that went through, our robot math gave you points for this submission. Thanks for continuing to improve the site. Your changes are now live. Our robot math gave you points for this submission.	The Dandy
Cato is the manservant of which fictional character?	The Dandy - Desperate news: Dan's eaten his last cow pie \| Daily Mail Online comments Children from eight to 80 felt a kick from the hob-nailed boot of harsh reality yesterday. The Dandy, a staple of so many British childhoods, and the nation’s oldest surviving comic, is on the brink of closure. Seventy-five years after Desperate Dan ate his first cow pie, the modern world has unpleasantly intervened. Although its equally beloved stablemate, the Beano, continues to chug on, the Dandy now sells only 8,000 copies per issue, as children are seduced into the entirely less innocent world of computer games and the internet. The hideous reality of corporate balance sheets that the jolly world of Dandytown was designed partly to keep at bay has won the ultimate victory. The end of an era: The Dandy, which has been published for seventy-five years, is built on an attitude where everyone, in the end, had goodwill towards everybody else I read my first Dandy when I was about six, when it cost the considerable sum of 3d a week. Although published on Tuesdays, it used always to arrive with the newspapers on the previous Saturday, which gave me the luxury of reading it from cover to cover without worrying about having to go to school and interrupt the important business of digesting the comic. I used to read it from one end to another, and quite often would re-read it three or four times to fill the gap until its sister comic, the Beano, arrived on Tuesday. I think my parents had taken the slightly high-minded view that comics were not ideal reading material, so I was late into the starting blocks. However, I found one on a pile while sitting in the village barber’s shop waiting to have my hair cut, and was instantly corrupted. Under threat: The Dandy now sells only 8,000 copies per issue, as children are seduced into the entirely less innocent world of computer games and the internet The world of the Dandy and the Beano was far from the quiet Home Counties experience of my own upbringing. It was, for a start, populated by larger-than-life characters — literally so in Desperate Dan’s case — most of whom were on just the right side of feral. When the Dandy was first published it was called ‘a comic for boys and girls’. I always thought it was predominantly for boys — and rather naughty ones at that, or those who aspired to be naughty — or that interesting race of girls called tomboys. Another favourite character, Dirty Dick, was a stroke of genius. The small boy’s natural resistance to personal hygiene was never better depicted than in his adventures in the Dandy. Whatever Dick did seemed to end up with him covered in mud, falling in a river, rolling in a puddle or being victim to the falls of soot that were so frequent in a Britain before central heating. VIEW FULL ARCHIVE I remember a bizarre series — bizarre to a southerner like me — called the Jocks And The Geordies, which seemed to show the north of Britain red in tooth and claw, and presumably drawn directly from the experience of the artists who drew the comic. It was about two schools apparently right next each other, one full of Scots boys and the other full of Geordies (a word that, I recall, had to be translated for me). The Scots were discernible by the tam o’shanters that they, of course, wore at all times: the Geordies by the fact they said ‘wor’ a lot. The purpose of the strip was to show the two schools permanently fighting each other, in some sort of recreation of Bannockburn, because as I recall each week’s story ended with a brutal punch-up. I remember my father telling me that it was because of the martial tendencies of such people that we had in the end won two world wars. The Dandy’s other long-running school saga, Winker Watson of Greytowers school, might have had a distant inspiration from Frank Richards’s stories of Billy Bunter and his chums at Greyfriars, before World War II. But young Winker always got the better of his alarmingly thick schoolmasters in a way that Bunter couldn’t, outwitting them thanks to his status as Britain’s leading wangler. At the age of six I didn’t know what a wangler was. In that way, as in so many others, the Dandy was an education in life. And, of course, there were animals who were really human, notably Korky the Cat, who occupied the front page of the Dandy for decades until booted off — with superhuman force, of course — by Desperate Dan himself. When I and two million other children bought the comic in the Sixties, it was a highlight of our lives. Its characters lacked the prim, boot-faced propriety of the stuck-up little darlings of the books of Enid Blyton that constituted our usual literary diet. The children in the Dandy and Beano were genially anarchic in a way we would never have dared to be at school. They were kept in order — up to a point — by cane-wielding old men in mortar boards who had been the stuff of school stories when the artists who drew the Dandy were themselves boys. 'A British institution: Although published on Tuesdays, it used always to arrive with the newspapers on the previous Saturday' Now the comic is facing closure, its publishers, D.C. Thomson, have promised to give the title a new life online — a striking example of ‘if you can’t beat them, join them’. For whereas my generation of children just had Enid Blyton, something called ‘children’s television’ before the six o’clock news, and comics, today’s youngsters have more entertainment than they can possibly cope with. Most of it is animated and visual — not just all-day children’s programming and round-the-clock cartoons on digital television channels, but also on the internet. The Dandy has long since ceased to be the comic book of fantasy characters that we knew and loved. (In an attempt to attract more young readers, it started to run cartoon strips based on celebrities such as Harry Hill and Cheryl Cole.) But in its heyday it was a great success — the product of an amazing stable whose story was largely unknown to most of the comic’s readers. D.C. Thomson himself was a hard-nosed old bigot who ran newspapers from his business in Dundee. He refused to employ Catholics and, after the General Strike in 1926, trades unionists. Dennis the Menace: The children in the Dandy and Beano were genially anarchic in a way we would never have dared to be at school Thomson also had a fanatical loathing for a politician who was one of Dundee’s two MPs in the early Twenties: Winston Churchill. He would, for example, turn up and berate Churchill at public meetings. When Churchill stood for election in the town in 1922, Thomson ordered both his newspapers to advise their readers to vote for anyone but him. Churchill duly lost. Thomson then ordered his editors never to mention Churchill’s name in his papers again. This proved possible until World War II, when the policy was relaxed — but only occasionally. Thomson was well into his 70s when his firm launched the Dandy, a title for which longevity and continuity would become key ingredients in its success. His first editor served from 1937 to 1982 and Dudley Watkins, who drew Desperate Dan, produced those brilliant strips from the comic’s foundation until his death in 1969. As Dandy readers got older (it and the Beano were both available as undergraduate reading matter in the common room when I was at university in the Seventies) the jokes became better, not worse. We realised that the artists of the comic strips were enjoying the act of escapism just as much as we were. For each of us, the comics were a way of pretending that the jovial world of childhood innocence had not been lost for ever. It didn’t matter that in the real world, cats did not have the power of speech, or the ability to walk on their hind legs. Nor was it remotely a problem that we knew no men with a beard so tough that they had to shave with a blowtorch, or part their hair with a pistol shot (as Dan did), or who stuffed their pillows with rocks, and who could consume an entire bovine at one sitting. This was Monty Python long before Monty Python got there. After all these years, so much of the D.C. Thomson world has passed into our culture: a world in which children waged a constant battle of spiteless amusement against their elders, and got nothing worse than a clip round the ear for it, seemed to sum up not just a more black-and-white approach to life, but came close to representing that most elusive of qualities, the true nature of Britishness. A more innocent time: The Dandy represents a world in which children waged a constant battle of spiteless amusement against their elders, and got nothing worse than a clip round the ear for it It was built on an attitude where everyone, in the end, had goodwill towards everybody else. It celebrated an idea of friendship and a frighteningly cohesive society. And, above all, everything in the end had its funny side. The Dandy’s demise suggests that life is not like that after all — at least not any more. To many of us, even at our advanced ages, that comes as something of a shock. How sad that so many of our children have acquired a cynicism while still at primary school that many of us did not have until we had to work for a living. How sad, too, that so many seem to have lost the vital, and deeply enriching, habit of reading. But thank God for the dear old Dandy, and all it did to shape our national character — and to show us that reading was one of the truly great escapes.	i don't know
Frances Hodgson Burnett wrote the 1911 novel ‘The Secret ‘what’?	1911: The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett \| the moonlight reader 1911: The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett 2013/04/23 by Moonlight Reader (Christine) Frances Hodgson Burnett was born in 1849, and published The Secret Garden in 1911. The book itself relies heavily on Christian themes, and Burnett was an adherent of Mary Baker Eddy’s Christian Science theology (not to be confused with L. Ron Hubbard’s Scientology movement). These themes can be seen throughout the book, in which the physical frailty of Colin, one of the books three primary protaganists, can be seen to be entirely psychosomatic. Looking at the book as metaphor through the eyes of an adult, I didn’t find it particularly successful. To me, trying to imbue the book with too much depth causes it to lose much of it’s charm – I would compare it to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, which is wildly successful as a child’s fantasy tale, but is much too heavy-handed as allegory when evaluated using adult standards. Like The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, I liked The Secret Garden better before I knew WHY Burnett wrote it. Where The Secret Garden really shines is if it is simply approached as a simple, pretty tale of childhood. There is much to love in the descriptions of the moor, and of the garden, and the inquisitive robin who makes friends with the girl. Burnett’s descriptions of Mary’s transformation from the unloved, unhappy, resentment-filled and spoiled child to a robust, laughing youngster is charming. The clash between Mary and Colin – two brats who’ve had their own way much too much – is hilariously foot-stamping. And Dickon is simply delightful as the boy who can talk to animals. In addition, Burnett’s descriptions of the secret garden, and it’s impact on the children, are so winning: There was every joy on earth in the secret garden that morning, and in the midst of them came a delight more delightful than all, because it was more wonderful. Swiftly something flew across the wall and darted through the trees to a close grown corner, a little flare of red-breasted bird with something hanging from its beak. Dickon stood quite still and put his hand on Mary almost as if they had suddenly found themselves laughing in a church. Mary, describing the garden to Colin: Perhaps they are coming up through the grass – perhaps there are clusters of purple crocuses and gold ones – even now. Perhaps the leaves are beginning to break out and uncurl – and perhaps – the gray is changing and a green gauze veil is creepin – and creeping over – everything. And the birds are coming to look at it – because it is – so safe and still. “It’s so beautiful!” she said, a little breathless with her speed. “You never saw anything so beautiful! It has come! I thought it had come that other morning, but it was only coming. It is here now! It has come, the Spring! Dickon says so!” The Secret Garden is the perfect book to read in the spring, as it is full of descriptions of burgeoning life and youth. It’s enough to make me want to get outside and get some dirt under MY fingernails. Share this:	Garden
Billy Batson is the alter-ego of which fictional superhero?	Frances Hodgson Burnett (Author of The Secret Garden) edit data Frances Eliza Hodgson was the daughter of ironmonger Edwin Hodgson, who died three years after her birth, and his wife Eliza Boond. She was educated at The Select Seminary for Young Ladies and Gentleman until the age of fifteen, at which point the family ironmongery, then being run by her mother, failed, and the family emigrated to Knoxville, Tennessee. Here Hodgson began to write, in order to supplement the family income, assuming full responsibility for the family upon the death of her mother, in 1870. In 1872 she married Dr. Swan Burnett, with whom she had two sons, Lionel and Vivian. The marriage was dissolved in 1898. In 1900 Burnett married actor Stephen Townsend until 1902 when they got divorced. Following her great success as a nove Frances Eliza Hodgson was the daughter of ironmonger Edwin Hodgson, who died three years after her birth, and his wife Eliza Boond. She was educated at The Select Seminary for Young Ladies and Gentleman until the age of fifteen, at which point the family ironmongery, then being run by her mother, failed, and the family emigrated to Knoxville, Tennessee. Here Hodgson began to write, in order to supplement the family income, assuming full responsibility for the family upon the death of her mother, in 1870. In 1872 she married Dr. Swan Burnett, with whom she had two sons, Lionel and Vivian. The marriage was dissolved in 1898. In 1900 Burnett married actor Stephen Townsend until 1902 when they got divorced. Following her great success as a novelist, playwright, and children's author, Burnett maintained homes in both England and America, traveling back and forth quite frequently. She died in her Long Island, New York home, in 1924. Primarily remembered today for her trio of classic children's novels - Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886), A Little Princess (1905), and The Secret Garden (1911) - Burnett was also a popular adult novelist, in her own day, publishing romantic stories such as The Making of a Marchioness (1901) for older readers. ...more	i don't know
Love apple is another name for what?	Love apple - definition of love apple by The Free Dictionary Love apple - definition of love apple by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/love+apple n. A tomato. [Probably translation of French pomme d'amour (from the former belief in the tomato's aphrodisiacal powers) : pomme, apple + de, of + amour, love.] love apple (Plants) an archaic name for tomato to•ma•to (təˈmeɪ toʊ, -ˈmɑ-) n., pl. -toes. 1. a large, mildly acid, pulpy berry, red to red-yellow when ripe, eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable. 2. the plant bearing this berry, Lycopersicon esculentum, of the nightshade family. 3. Older Slang. a girl or woman. [1595–1605; earlier tomate < Sp < Nahuatl tomatl] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Lycopersicon esculentum , tomato plant , tomato tomato - mildly acid red or yellow pulpy fruit eaten as a vegetable herb , herbaceous plant - a plant lacking a permanent woody stem; many are flowering garden plants or potherbs; some having medicinal properties; some are pests cherry tomato , Lycopersicon esculentum cerasiforme - plant bearing small red to yellow fruit Translations Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Wolf's peach References in periodicals archive ? Improving safe access may further consumption of apple, pineapple, pear-apple (Asian pear), love apple (tomato), custard apple (cherimoya) and other 21st-century apples. Apple debuts smartwatch,18-karat rose gold to cost $17,000 I have an Apple computer and I love Apple products, but there's no way I would queue like this for it. MeezyCube Protects and Covers Apple MagSafe Adapters To Extend Cord Life It worries me greatly because I love Apple so much," the company's co-founder said, explaining that the focus on just cranking out the newest iPhone could leave them falling behind like they did back before Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1996. Steve Wozniak reveals concerns over Microsoft innovation Our customers love Apple products," said Starbuck's Chief Digital Officer Adam Brotman to VentureBeat in explaining its new Passbook app.	Tomato
Water is made up of which two elements?	The Tomato Had To Go Abroad To Make Good \| Archives \| Aggie Horticulture Search The Tomato Had To Go Abroad To Make Good 0ne of the strangest things about the history of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the fact that, although it is of American origin, it was unknown as food in this country until long after it was commonly eaten in Europe. Until hardly more than a hundred years ago it was generally thought to be poisonous in the United States. Long before it was considered here as fit to eat, it was grown only as an ornamental garden plant, sometimes called "love apple." The mistaken idea that tomatoes were poisonous probably arose because the plant belongs to the Nightshade family, of which some species are truly poisonous. The strong, unpleasant odor of the leaves and stems also contributed to the idea that the fruits were unfit for food. Our word "tomato" is but a slight modification of tomati, the word used by the Indians of Mexico, who have grown the plant for food since prehistoric times. Other names reported by early European explorers were tomatl, tumatle, and tomatas, probably variants of Indian words. In Their Native Andes, Tomatoes Grow Wild Cultivated tomatoes apparently originated as wild forms in the Peru-Ecuador-Bolivia area of the Andes. Moderate altitudes in that mountainous land abound today in a wide range of forms of tomato, both wild and cultivated. The cultivated tomato is very tender to cold and also rather intolerant of extremely hot or dry weather, a characteristic reflecting the nature of the climate in which it originated. Presumably the cultivated species of tomato was carried from the slopes of the Andes northward into Central America and Mexico in the same way as maize, by a prehistoric migration of Indians. Since few primitive forms of tomato are found in Central America and Mexico compared with the number in South America, this probably occurred in relatively recent times-perhaps in the last two thousand years. Because of the highly perishable nature of the fruit, it seems likely that the tomato was among the last of the native American species to be adopted as a cultivated food plant by the Indians and that it remained of little importance until after the arrival of the white man. Lack of evidence of its use by North American Indians further suggests its rather late movement from South America. For more than 200 years after 1554, when the first known record of the tomato was written, it was being gradually carried over the globe. European writers mentioned seeing it in far places, but not in what is now the United States. Italians first grew the tomato about 1550 and apparently were the first Europeans to eat it. About 25 years later it was grown in English, Spanish, and mid-European gardens as a curiosity, with little or no interest in it then as food. The French gave it the name pomme d'amour; hence the English and early American term "love apple." One early Italian writer called the tomato poma Peruviana, suggesting that it was introduced from Peru. Another called it poma d'oro, or "gold apple," indicating that the earliest introductions were yellow-fruited. By the middle of the 18th century the tomato was grown for food extensively in Italy and to some extent in many European countries. Thomas Jefferson Grew Tomatoes Not until after the Declaration of Independence do we find any record of the tomato as being grown by white men in this country. Thomas Jefferson, a remarkably progressive Virginia farmer as well as a statesman, grew it in 1781. It was supposedly introduced to Philadelphia by a French refugee from Santo Domingo in 1789 and to Salem, Massachusetts, in 1802 by an Italian painter. Tomatoes were used as food in New Orleans as early as 1812, doubtless through French influence; but it was another 20 to 25 years before they were grown for food in the northeastern part of the country. Many persons now living recall being told that tomatoes were poisonous. The various shapes and colors of tomatoes known today in the United States were found in America by the earliest explorers. Plant breeders have improved the size and smoothness of the fruit and the productivity of the plants, but have introduced nothing basically new in form or color. As a food of world-wide importance, the tomato is about the newest. It has been cultivated and bred so assiduously in Europe that European varieties are now contributing important characters to the improvement of the crop in the United States. Italy has long been famous for its excellent tomato paste, made from small, oblong, rich, red tomatoes; and spaghetti is hardly spaghetti without tomato sauce. After having made good abroad, the tomato has attained great importance in its native hemisphere. Today, in the United States alone, hundreds of thousands of acres yield millions of tons of tomatoes. For further information about Aggie Horticulture, see our about page . The term Aggie Horticulture® and associated logos are registered trademarks of the Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System.	i don't know
The late media proprietor Robert Maxwell became Member of Parliament for which UK constituency in 1964?	Robert Maxwell Robert Maxwell Monday, 27 October 2008 13:58 Ian Robert Maxwell Born: June 10, 1923, Czechoslovakia Died: November 5, 1991, Sea around Canary Islands Age: 68 Cause: Drowning, either by accident or by design. Notable because: Did he jump or was he pushed. Was he an Israeli agent, a greedy thief, or both? Robert Maxwell was a Czechoslovakian-born British media proprietor and former Member of Parliament (MP), who rose from poverty to build an extensive publishing empire, which collapsed after his death due to the fraudulent transactions Maxwell had committed to support his business empire, including illegal use of pension funds. Robert Maxwell was born Ján Ludvík Hoch in the small town of Slatinské Doly, Carpathian Ruthenia, the easternmost province of pre-World War II Czechoslovakia (now part of Slatina-Doly (in Russian Solotvino [Солотвино]) Ukraine) into a poor Yiddish-speaking Jewish family. His parents were Mechel Hoch, and Hannah Slomowitz. He had 8 siblings. In 1939, the area was reclaimed by Hungary. Most of his family was killed after Hungary was occupied in 1944 by its former ally, Nazi Germany but he had already escaped, arriving in Britain in 1940 as a 17-year-old refugee. He joined the British Army Pioneer Corps in 1941 and transferred to the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1943. He fought his way across Europe from the Normandy beaches, at which time he was still a sergeant, to Berlin. His intelligence and gift for languages gained him a commission in the final year of the war, and eventual promotion to captain, and in January 1945 he received the Military Cross. It has been alleged that in the same year he shot and killed the mayor of a German town his unit was attempting to capture. It was during this time that he changed his name several times, finally settling on Ian Robert Maxwell. He almost never used the "Ian", however; he only retained it as a vestige of his original name. Also in 1945, he married Elisabeth "Betty" Meynard, a Frenchwoman and they had nine children. Five of whom were subsequently employed within his companies; with the loss of two children (a daughter to leukaemia; a son following a car accident and six years on a life support machine). After the war, Maxwell first worked as a newspaper censor for the British military command in Berlin in Allied-occupied Germany. Later, he used various contacts in the Allied occupation authorities to go into business, becoming the British and United States distributor for Springer Verlag, a publisher of scientific books. In 1951 he bought Pergamon Press Limited (PPL), a minor textbook publisher, from Springer Verlag, and went into publishing on his own. He rapidly built Pergamon into a major publishing house. By the 1960s, Maxwell was a wealthy man, while still espousing in public the socialism of his youth. However, it would appear that he already had been identified as a problem for some people. An obituary for the Barclays banker Thomas Ashton states: "One Oxford resident who came to Ashton's attention was Robert Maxwell – to whom Ashton firmly forbade his managers to lend." In 1964 he was elected to the House of Commons for the Labour Party, and was MP for Buckingham until he lost his seat in 1970 to the Conservative William Benyon. Maxwell was a prosecution witness in the obscenity case concerning the American novel Last Exit to Brooklyn in 1966. He enjoyed mixed popularity in the Labour Party, having what was perceived by some to be an arrogant and domineering manner. Maxwell had also acquired a reputation for questionable business practices. In 1969 Saul Steinberg, who headed a company then known as Leasco Data Processing Corporation, was interested in a takeover bid for Pergamon. In negotiations, Maxwell falsely claimed that a subsidiary responsible for publishing encyclopedias was extremely profitable. Following Steinberg's withdrawal on the discovery of the dishonesty, Maxwell was the subject of an inquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) under the Takeover Code, then in force, and at the same time the U.S. Congress was investigating Leasco's takeover practices. The DTI report concluded: "We regret having to conclude that, notwithstanding Mr Maxwell's acknowledged abilities and energy, he is not in our opinion a person who can be relied on to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company." It was found that Maxwell had contrived to maximise Pergamon's share price through transactions between his private family companies. Maxwell lost control of Pergamon in England—but not in the United States—for a time. Backed by his editors, he resumed control and eventually sold the company. Maxwell long sought to buy a daily newspaper, hoping to exercise political influence through the media. In 1969 he was prevented from buying the News of the World by Rupert Murdoch, who became his arch rival in the British newspaper world. The battle for the News of the World was particularly acrimonious, Maxwell accused Murdoch of employing "the laws of the jungle" to acquire the paper and said he had "made a fair and bona fide offer... which has been frustrated and defeated after three months of [cynical] manoeuvring". Murdoch denied this, arguing the shareholders of the News of the World Group had "judged [his] record in Australia". In 1970 Maxwell established the Maxwell Foundation in Liechtenstein, a tax haven. A condition of this type of company was that very little information is publicly available, which according to the Department of Trade and Industry suited Maxwell's business methods. In 1974 he reacquired PPL. In 1981 Maxwell acquired (through PPL) the British Printing Corporation (BPC) and changed its name to the British Printing and Communication Corporation (BPCC). The company was later sold off to a management buy-out, and is now known as Polestar. In July 1984 Maxwell (again through PPL) acquired Mirror Group Newspapers from Reed International plc. MGN were publishers of the Daily Mirror, a pro-Labour Party newspaper. He also bought the American interests of the Macmillan publishing house. By the 1980s Maxwell's various companies owned the Daily Mirror, the Sunday Mirror, the Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail and several other newspapers, Pergamon Press, Nimbus Records, Collier books, Maxwell Directories, Prentice Hall Information Services, Macmillan (US) publishing, and the Berlitz language schools. He also owned a half-share of MTV in Europe and other European television interests, Maxwell Cable TV and Maxwell Entertainment. In 1987 Maxwell purchased part of IPC Media to create Fleetway Publications. Maxwell pioneered the dissemination of highly specialized scientific information, responding to the exponential growth of investment in academic research. After 1970, when research universities diverted attention from the growth of their libraries to the growth of financial reserves, he and other publishers were blamed for greatly increased subscription fees for scientific journals. The need to maintain profits for publishers and the profitability of higher education institutions created budget difficulties for academic libraries, and for publishers of monographs. At the same time, Maxwell's links with the Eastern European totalitarian regimes resulted in a number of biographies (normally considered to be hagiographies) of those countries' then leaders, with sycophantic interviews conducted by Maxwell, for which, in the UK, he received much derision. Maxwell was also well known as the chairman of Oxford United Football Club, saving them from bankruptcy and leading them into the top flight of English football, winning the League Cup in 1986. Oxford United were to pay a heavy price for his involvement in club affairs when Maxwell's questionable business dealings came into the public domain. Maxwell bought into Derby County F.C. in 1987. He also attempted to buy Manchester United in 1984, but refused to pay the price that the owner Martin Edwards had put on the club. Rumours circulated for many years about Maxwell's heavy indebtedness and his dishonest business practices. But Maxwell was well financed and had good lawyers, and threats of costly libel actions caused his potential critics to treat him with caution (the onus of proof in UK defamation law is on the defendant). The satirical magazine Private Eye lampooned him as a "Cap'n Bob" and the "bouncing Czech", but was unable to reveal what it knew about Maxwell's businesses. Maxwell took out several libel actions against Private Eye, one resulting in the magazine losing an estimated £225,000 and Maxwell using his commercial power to hit back with Not Private Eye. Evidence suggests that Maxwell's business empire was built on debt and deception. He had "borrowed" millions of pounds from his companies' pension funds to prop up the financial position of his group of companies. This was, at the time, not illegal and fairly common practice. In the late 1980s he bought and sold companies at a rapid rate, apparently to conceal the unsound foundations of his business. In 1990 he launched an ambitious new project, a transnational newspaper called The European. The following year he was forced to sell Pergamon Press and Maxwell Directories to Elsevier for £440 million to cover debts, but he used some of this money to buy the New York Daily News. By late 1990, investigative journalists, mainly from the Murdoch papers, were exploring Maxwell's manipulation of his companies' pension schemes. During May 1991 it was reported that Maxwell companies and pension schemes were failing to meet statutory reporting obligations. Maxwell employees lodged complaints with British and U.S. regulatory agencies about the abuse of Maxwell company pension funds. Maxwell may have suspected that the truth about his questionable practices was about to be made public. In Christopher Hitchens' 1995 book The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, the author claims that Maxwell was involved with Mother Teresa in a "fund-raising scheme" through his various newspaper businesses. According to the book: "Mr. Maxwell inveigled a not unwilling Mother Teresa into a fundraising scheme run by his newspaper group, and then, it seems (having got her to join him in some remarkable publicity photographs), he made off with the money." One such photograph is reproduced within the book. Shortly before his death, at a time of high interest rates and during a deep recession, Maxwell had substantial borrowings secured on his shareholdings in his public companies, Mirror and Maxwell Communications. The banks were permitted to sell these holdings in certain circumstances, which they did, depressing the share price and reducing the coverage of the remaining debt. Maxwell then used more money, both borrowed and redirected from pension funds and even the daily balances of his businesses, to buy shares on the open market, in an attempt to prop up the price and provide the shares as collateral for further debt. In reality he was bailing water back into a sinking ship. On November 5, 1991, at the age of 68, Maxwell is presumed to have fallen overboard from his luxury yacht, the 'Lady Ghislaine', which was cruising off the Canary Islands, and his body was subsequently found floating in the Atlantic Ocean. He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. The official verdict was accidental drowning, though some commentators have surmised that he may have committed suicide, and others that he was murdered. His daughter, Ghislaine Maxwell, quickly renounced on television the notion of an accidental death. Politicians were swift to pay their tributes. The then Prime Minister, John Major, said Maxwell had given him 'valuable insights' into the situation in the Soviet Union during the attempted coup. He was a 'great character', Mr Major added. Neil Kinnock, the then Labour Party leader, spoke of the former Labour MP for Buckingham, from 1964-70, as a man with "such a zest for life . . . Bob Maxwell was a unique figure who attracted controversy, envy and loyalty in great measure throughout his rumbustious life. He was a steadfast supporter of the Labour Party". It was later alleged that Maxwell had been financing the Labour leader's private office and that Maxwell was an agent of the MI6, the British Intelligence Agency. One version, proposed by John Loftus and Mark Aarons, has Maxwell hounded to death by the British Secret Service that conspired to deny him the financial credit he needed to save his publishing empire. Shortly before Maxwell's death, a self-proclaimed former Mossad officer named Ari Ben-Menashe had approached a number of news organizations in Britain and the United States with the allegation that Maxwell and the Daily Mirror's foreign editor, Nick Davies, were both long time agents for the Israel intelligence service, Mossad. Ben-Menashe also claimed that in 1986 Maxwell had tipped off the Israeli Embassy in London that Mordechai Vanunu had given information about Israel's nuclear capability to the Sunday Times, then to the Daily Mirror, (Vanunu was subsequently lured from London, where the Sunday Times had him in hiding, to Rome, whence he was kidnapped and returned to Israel, convicted of treason, and imprisoned for 18 years.) No news organization would publish Ben-Menashe's story at first, because of Maxwell's famed litigiousness, but eventually New Yorker journalist Seymour Hersh repeated some of the allegations during a press conference in London held to publicize The Samson Option, Hersh's book about Israel's nuclear weapons. On October 21, 1991, two Members of Parliament, Labour MP George Galloway and Conservative MP Rupert Allason (who writes spy novels under the pseudonym Nigel West) agreed to raise the issue in the House of Commons (with the protection of Parliamentary Privilege which allows MP's to ask questions in Parliament without risk of being sued for defamation), which in turn meant that British newspapers were able to report what had been said without fear of being sued for libel. Nevertheless, writs were swiftly issued by Mirror Group Solicitors on instruction from Maxwell, who called the claims "ludicrous, a total invention". Maxwell then sacked Nick Davies, and just days later, was found dead. The close proximity of his death to these allegations, for which Ben-Menashe had offered no evidence, served to heighten interest in Maxwell's relationship with Israel, and the Daily Mirror has since published claims, again without evidence, that he was assassinated by Mossad after he attempted to blackmail them. Maxwell was given a funeral in Israel better befitting a head of state than a publisher, as described by author Gordon Thomas: On November 10, 1991, Maxwell’s funeral took place on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, across from the Temple Mount. It had all the trappings of a state occasion, attended by the country’s government and opposition leaders. No fewer than six serving and former heads of the Israeli intelligence community listened as Prime Minister Shamir eulogized: "He has done more for Israel than can today be said" (Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad, St. Martin's Press, 1999). A hint of Maxwell's service to the Israeli state was provided by Loftus and Aarons, who described Maxwell's contacts with Czech anti-Stalinist Communist leaders in 1948 as crucial to the Czech decision to arm Israel in their War of Independence that year. Czech military assistance was both unique and crucial for the fledgling state as it battled for its existence Maxwell's death triggered a flood of revelations about his controversial business dealings and activities. It emerged that, without adequate prior authorisation, he had used hundreds of millions of pounds from his companies' pension funds to finance his corporate debt, his frantic takeovers and his lavish lifestyle. Thousands of Maxwell employees lost their pensions. The Maxwell companies filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992. His sons, Kevin Maxwell and Ian Maxwell, were declared bankrupt with debts of £400 million. In 1995 the two Maxwell sons and two other former directors went on trial for fraud, but were acquitted in 1996. In 2001 the Department of Trade and Industry report on the collapse of the Maxwell companies accused both Maxwell and his sons of acting "inexcusably". It came to light in early 2006 that, before his death, Maxwell was being investigated for possible war crimes in Germany in 1945. This led to renewed speculation that his death was a suicide	Buckingham
Who wrote the 1898 book ‘The War of the Worlds’?	Astrology: Robert Maxwell, date of birth: 1923/06/10, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer or your Ascendant is Cancer: you are emotional, sentimental, peaceful, imaginative, sensitive, faithful, resistant, protective, vulnerable, generous, romantic, nostalgic, tender, poetic-minded, motherly or fatherly, dreamy, indolent, greedy, devoted but also timorous, unrealistic, evasive, passive, anxious, dependent, stubborn, moody, passive, lazy, touchy, stay-at-home or inaccessible. Some traditional associations with Cancer: Countries: Holland, Scotland, North and West Africa, New-Zealand, Paraguay, Algeria. Cities: Amsterdam, Manchester, Tokyo, New York, Istanbul, Stockholm, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Cadix, Alger, Tunis, Bern, Magdeburg. Animals: crabs, animals with shells. Food: milk, fishes, watery fruits and vegetables, turnips, white and red cabbages. Herbs and aromatics: tarragon, verbena, saxifrage. Flowers and plants: geraniums, white roses and white flowers in general, water lilies, morning glory, bear's breeches, and lilies. Trees: all trees full of sap. Stones, Metals and Salts: pearls, silver, lime and calcium phosphate. Signs: Leo 2nd Fire sign - 2nd Fixed sign - Masculine In analogy with the Sun, his ruler, and the 5th House Leo governs the heart and the spine, and the eyes, according to some authors. His colour is gold or orange, his stone is the diamond, his day is Sunday, his professions are actor, manager, jeweller, fashion and arts, and action (e.g. fireman)... If your sign is Leo or your Ascendant is Leo: you are proud, determined, strong-willed, loyal, solemn, generous, ambitious, courageous, heroic, conquering, creative, confident, seductive, happy, daring, fiery, majestic, honest, magnanimous, charismatic, responsible, noble, dramatic but also domineering, vain, susceptible, bossy, stubborn, intolerant, self-centred, violent, quick-tempered, nonchalant. Some traditional associations with Leo: Countries: Italy, Romania, Sicily, Czechoslovakia, Iraq, Lebanon, Southern France. Cities: Rome, Prague, Bombay, Madrid, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, Bath, Bristol, Portsmouth, Syracuse, Damas. Animals: lions and felines in general. Food: meat and especially red meat, rice, honey, cereals, grapes, iron-rich vegetables: watercress, spinach etc. Herbs and aromatics: saffron, mint, rosemary, common rue (Ruta graveolens). Flowers and plants: marigolds, sunflowers, celandines, passion flowers. Trees: palm trees, laurel, walnuts, olive trees, lemon and orange trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: gold, rubies, magnesium and sodium phosphate. Signs: Virgo 2nd Earth sign - 2nd Mutable sign - Feminine In analogy with Mercury, her ruler, and the 6th house Virgo governs the intestine. Her colour is green or yellow, her stone is the agate, her day is Wednesday, her professions are accountant, secretary, writer, computer scientist, nurse, doctor... If your sign is Virgo or your Ascendant is Virgo: you are brainy, perspicacious, attentive to detail and numbers, analytical, serious, competent, scrupulous, sensible, modest, logical, tidy, well-organized, clean, hard-working, provident, honest, faithful, reserved, shy, helpful, a perfectionist, but also narrow-minded, calculating, irritating, petty, anxious, cold, repressed or caustic. Some traditional associations with Virgo: Countries: Brazil, Greece, Turkey, West Indies, United-States (the same as Gemini), Yugoslavia, Crete, Mesopotamia, Lower Silesia, State of Virginia. Cities: Paris, Boston, Athens, Lyon, Corinthia, Heidelberg, spa towns in general. Animals: dogs, cats and all pets. Food: root vegetables: carrots, celeriac, kohlrabies, potatoes etc... Also dried fruits such as chestnuts. Herbs and aromatics: the same as Gemini whose ruler is Mercury too, lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtles, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets, clovers. Flowers and plants: small bright-coloured flowers, especially blue and yellow, such as dandelions, buttercups, yellow dead-nettles, buglosses, forget-me-nots ; cardamoms, oak leaves, acorns. Trees: all nut trees, e.g. the hazelnut tree... Stones, Metals and Salts: sards (red agate), mercury, nickel, potassium sulphate and iron phosphate. Signs: Libra 2nd Air sign - 3rd Cardinal sign (autumn equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Venus, his ruler and the 7th House Libra governs the kidneys and the bladder. His colour is blue or red (not too bright), his stone is the opal, his day is Friday, his professions are in the beauty, luxury or fashion industry, musician, artistic creator, lawyer, mediator... If your sign is Libra or your Ascendant is Libra: you are sentimental, charming, polite, refined, loyal, a pacifist, fair, distinguished, light-hearted, romantic, learned, ethereal, nice, well-groomed, a perfectionist, calm, sweet, tolerant, sociable, elegant, considerate, seductive, aesthetic, indulgent, but also hesitant, weak, indecisive, selfish, fragile, fearful, indolent, cool or even insensitive. Some traditional associations with Libra: Countries: Japan, Canada, Indo-China, South Pacific Islands, Burma, Argentina, Upper Egypt, Tibet. Cities: Lisbon, Vienna, Frankfurt, Leeds, Nottingham, Johannesburg, Antwerp, Fribourg. Animals: lizards and small reptiles. Food: berries, apples, pears, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans, spices, corn and other cereals. Herbs and aromatics: mint, Cayenne pepper. Flowers and plants: hydrangea, big roses, blue flowers and those associated with Taurus also ruled by Venus, namely, poppies, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, and daisies. Trees: ash trees, poplars, apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses. Stones, Metals and Salts: sapphires, jade, copper, potassium and sodium phosphate. Signs: Scorpio 2nd Water sign - 3rd Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Pluto, her ruler with Mars, and the 8th House Scorpio governs the sexual organs and the anus. Her colour is black or dark red, her stone is the malachite, her day is Tuesday, her professions are gynaecologist, psychiatrist, detective, the military, army, stockbroker, asset managemer... If your sign is Scorpio or your Ascendant is Scorpio: you are secretive, powerful, domineering, resistant, intuitive, asserted, charismatic, magnetic, strong-willed, perspicacious, passionate, creative, independent, vigorous, generous, loyal, hard-working, persevering, untameable, possessive, cunning, ambitious, sexual, proud, intense, competitive but also aggressive, destructive, stubborn, anxious, tyrannical, perverse, sadistic, violent, self-centred, complex, jealous. Some traditional associations with Scorpio: Countries: Morocco, Norway, Algeria, Syria, Korea, Uruguay, Transvaal. Cities: Washington, New Orleans, Valencia, Liverpool, Milwaukee, Fes, Halifax, Hull, Cincinnati. Animals: insects and other invertebrates. Food: the same strong tasting food as for Aries: red meat, garlic, onions, leeks, spices. Herbs and aromatics: aloes, witch hazels, nepeta, mustard, capers, peppers. Flowers and plants: geraniums, rhododendrons, thistles, mint, honeysuckles. Trees: blackthorns, bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: opals, steel and iron, calcium and sodium sulphate. Signs: Sagittarius 3rd Fire sign - 3rd Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Jupiter, his ruler, and the 9th House Sagittarius governs the thighs and the liver. His colour is indigo, orange or red, his stone is the carbuncle, his day is Thursday, his professions are explorer, commercial traveller, pilot, philosopher, writer, clergyman... If your sign is Sagittarius or your Ascendant is Sagittarius: you are charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extraverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving. Some traditional associations with Sagittarius: Countries: Spain, Australia, Hungary, South Africa, Arabia, Yugoslavia. Cities: Stuttgart, Toledo, Budapest, Cologne, Avignon, Sheffield, Naples, Toronto. Animals: fallow deers, hinds, and all games. Food: grapefruits, raisins, onions, leeks, bulb vegetables. Herbs and aromatics: aniseeds, sage, bilberries, cinnamon, borage, mosses, sage, blueberry, patience, balsam. Flowers and plants: dandelions, carnations, thistles. Trees: mulberry trees, chestnut trees, ash trees, lemon trees, oaks. Stones, Metals and Salts: topaz, tin, silica, potassium chloride. Signs: Capricorn 3rd Earth sign - 4th Cardinal sign (winter solstice) - Feminine In analogy with Saturn, her ruler, and the 10th House Capricorn governs the knees, the bones and the skin. Her colour is black, or grey, green or brown, her stone is the jade, her day is Saturday, her professions are politician, researcher, jurist, scientist, engineer, administrator... If your sign is Capricorn or your Ascendant is Capricorn: you are serious, cold, disciplined, patient, focused, thoughtful, ambitious, indomitable, cautious, lucid, persistent, provident, steady, introverted, stern, wilful, hard-working, responsible, persevering, honest, realistic, loyal, reserved, resolute, moralistic, quiet, rigorous, attached and reliable. But you may also be curt, withdrawn, calculating, petty, cruel, unpleasant, ruthless, selfish, dull, rigid, slow or sceptical. Some traditional associations with Capricorn: Countries: India, Mexico, Afghanistan, Macedonia, Thrace, the Yugoslavian coast, the Orkneys and Shetland Islands, Albania, Bulgaria, Saxony. Cities: Delhi, Oxford, Brussels, Mexico, Port-Saïd, Gent, Constance, Mecklenburg, all the administrative centres of capital cities. Animals: goats, pigs and animals with split hooves. Food: meat, potatoes, barley, beets, spinach, medlars, onions, quinces, flour and starchy food in general. Herbs and aromatics: indian hemp, comfreys, centaureas, hemlocks, henbanes. Flowers and plants: ivies, wild pansies, amaranths, pansies. Trees: pines, willows, flowering ashes, aspens, poplars, alders. Stones, Metals and Salts: turquoises, amethysts, silver, lead, calcium phosphate, calcium fluorine. Signs: Aquarius 3rd Air sign - 4th Fixed sign - Masculine In analogy with Uranus his ruler, with Saturn, and the 11th House Aquarius governs the ankles and the legs. His colour is navy blue or indigo, his stone is the sapphire, his day is Saturday, his professions are astrologer, high technologies, scientist, astronaut, psychiatrist, actor, electrician... If your sign is Aquarius or your Ascendant is Aquarius: you are idealistic, altruistic, detached, independent, original, surprising, gifted, contradictory, innovative, humanistic, likeable, friendly, self-confident, impassive, quiet, intuitive, creative, charitable, elusive, disconcerting, generous, tolerant, paradoxical, and you cannot stand any kind of constraint. But you may also be marginal, resigned, distant, utopian, maladjusted, eccentric and cold. Some traditional associations with Aquarius: Countries: Russia, Sweden, Poland, Israel, Iran, Abyssinia. Cities: Moscow, Salzburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Saint Petersburg. Animals: long distance big birds such as the albatross. Food: citrus fruits, apples, limes, dried fruits and easily preserved food. Herbs and aromatics: peppers, hot red peppers, star-fruits, and generally herbs that are spicy or with an unusual flavour. Flowers and plants: orchids, dancing ladies, polygonatum. Trees: fruit trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: aquamarines, aluminium, sodium chloride and magnesium phosphate. Signs: Pisces 3rd Water sign - 4th Mutable sign - Feminine In analogy with Neptune her ruler with Jupiter, and the 12th House Pisces governs the feet and the blood circulation. Her colour is green or purple or turquoise blue, her stone is the amethyst, her day is Thursday, her professions are seamanship and and faraway travels, musician, social and emergency worker, doctor, writer and jobs in remote places... If your sign is Pisces or your Ascendant is Pisces: you are emotional, sensitive, dedicated, adaptable, nice, wild, compassionate, romantic, imaginative, flexible, opportunist, intuitive, impossible to categorized, irrational, seductive, placid, secretive, introverted, pleasant, artistic, and charming. But you may also be indecisive, moody, confused, wavering, lazy, scatterbrained, vulnerable, unpredictable and gullible. Some traditional associations with Pisces: Countries: Portugal, Scandinavia, small Mediterranean islands, Gobi desert, Sahara. Cities: Jerusalem, Warsaw, Alexandria, Seville, Santiago de Compostela. Animals: fishes, aquatic mammals and all animals living in the water. Food: melons, cucumbers, lettuces, vegemite sugar, pumpkins. Herbs and aromatics: lemon, chicory, limes, mosses. Flowers and plants: water lilies, willows, aquatic plants. Trees: fig-trees, willows, aquatic trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: heliotropes, moonstone, platinum, tin, iron phosphate and potassium sulphate. Sun 18ï¿½32' Gemini Sun Aspects Sun square Uranus orb +1ï¿½02' Sun trine Saturn orb -5ï¿½08' Sun semi-square Moon orb +0ï¿½32' Sun sextile Neptune orb -2ï¿½37' Planets: Sun The Sun represents vitality, individuality, will-power and creative energy and honours. For a woman, it also represents her father, and later her husband. The Sun is one of the most important symbols in the birth chart, as much as the Ascendant, then the Moon (a bit less for a man), the ruler of the Ascendant and the fast-moving planets. It's element is fire; it is hot and dry, it governs Leo, is in exaltation in Aries and is in analogy with the heart. It represents the boss, authority, beside the father and the husband ; the age of the Sun goes from 20 years old to about 40, following the Venus age when one is aware of his seductive power. Temperament : Bilious Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary, passionate type. Sun in Gemini With your outgoing nature and your inquisitive mind, you are made for communications. Your will to process information endows you with a sociable character, a pleasant and often courteous demeanour. Although there is a danger that you may scatter your energy, you focus your attention on each and every novelty. Your mobile mind works wonders when your activities demand a variety of capacities. Indeed, how is it possible to discover without searching and to be enriched without interacting? Geminiï¿½s curiosity offers unlimited perspectives. Are you considered to be superficial? When one is researching, one needs to launch experiments with no other goal than to enlarge oneï¿½s horizon. Gemini wants to embrace everything because everything may prove useful. This diversification ability is very helpful in relationships: chatting always produces something interesting. You are always comfortable in any communication position. More than anyone, you can leap at an opportunity subtly suggested during a debate. After several trials, you can also uncover solutions that remained unidentified. However, although diversification is fine, scattering may be risky. Therefore, it is important for you to limit your field of activities and to focus on the pieces already collected, to standardize and to synthesize them. Sun Dominant If the Sun is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Solarian: you loathe pettiness and Machiavellian manoeuvre, and you are fond of natural nobleness as well as of direct and honest attitudes. You endeavour to get out of muddled or dark situations as quickly as possible. Your need for transparency may lead you to make cut-and-dried judgments such as yes or no, and black or white. However, your honesty commands your entourage's consideration. At times, you come across as authoritarian. It is true that you never want to be thought of the notable absentee, and that you manage to make people pay attention to you, as well as to your plans and your assessments. To this end, the Solarian sometimes develops a great talent for placing himself under the spotlight without missing a single opportunity to arouse interest. Some other Solarians, although more discreet, still manage to be the focus of any debate, even in situations of exclusion. It is your way of being present even though you are actually not there... More than other people, you appreciate the esteem extended to you. It is useless to cheat with you, since in all areas you consider establishing enduring relationships only with those who love you, admire you, respect you, or express some degree of affection to you. Your will to straighten out your inter-personal relationships is your strength and sometimes, your Achilles' heel. You cannot achieve anything behind the scenes. Therefore, your comportment is marked with heroism, and your stands are devoid of ambiguity, in the sense that your commitments are unfailing, and your rebuffs, final. Interpretation of the 18ï¿½ Gemini symbolic degree "A wretched man courageously leaves his beautiful mansion behind him. His wife, in a lavish dress, follows him with deep regret and looks back at their former abode." ( Janduz version) Unless the natal chart strongly indicates otherwise, this degree heralds that years of prosperity are followed by ruin and destitution. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Moon 2ï¿½59' Taurus Moon Aspects Sun semi-square Moon orb +0ï¿½32' Moon opposite Jupiter orb -7ï¿½08' Moon semi-sextile Mercury orb -0ï¿½41' Moon sextile Mars orb +3ï¿½56' Moon semi-square Uranus orb +0ï¿½30' Planets: Moon The Moon represents instinctive reaction, unconscious predestination, everyday mood, sensitivity, emotions, the feminine side of the personality, intuition, imagination. For a man, she represents his mother and later his wife, and his relationship with women in general. For a woman, the Moon is almost as important as the Sun and the Ascendant. Her element is water, she is cold and moist, she rules Cancer, is in exaltation in Taurus and is in analogy with the stomach. She symbolizes the mother, wife, the crowd, the Moon is associated with birth and childhood. Tradition also matches her with the end of life, after Saturn the old age, it is thus customary to go back to one's place of birth to die: the end of life meets the very beginning. Temperament : Lymphatic Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, non Active and Primary, Nervous or Amorphous type. Moon in Taurus On the day and at the time of your birth, the Moon was in the sign of Taurus. Traditionally, the Moon is in exaltation in this sign: lunar values (quietness, rest, trust) find their complementary landmarks in Taurusï¿½ self-defence, need for stability and selectiveness. Your sensuality is strong and expresses itself in all life areas. You equally enjoy the pleasures of the senses and those of the mind and you never waste a single bit of a sensation. You take the time to enjoy life, to dream and to follow your imagination. You do not allow anything to disturb these moments of relaxation and calm. Your basic balance stems from these privileged moments where you can daydream at will and ï¿½have your head in the cloudsï¿½. Nothing bothers you, no external element disrupts the quiet course of your rest. Should anyone dare to break the charm, you become very upsetï¿½ Moon Dominant If the Moon is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Lunarian: the driving force behind your actions is mainly the pursuit of well-being and tranquillity. Your sensitive and romantic self lives on those periods of rest during which you let your imagination wander at will. This is your way of finding inspiration and balance. Nothing is allowed to disturb your feeling of fulfilment and security within a harmonious cell, be it a family or a clan. More than other people, the Lunarian is attached to those moments during which one forgets one's worries and lets oneself cast adrift aimlessly, with no other goal than to be lulled into an ambiance, a situation, or a perfect moment. Many people do not understand such absences and their meaning, which is to regain strength. These people readily describe you with such unflattering terms as apathy and nonchalance. Never mind! Some inspirations require surrendering as well as striking a balance derived from alternate action and passivity. Your qualities are expressed to the fullest in situations which demand familiarity and privacy. Your capacities to respect and blend into your environment is at least as valuable as some other people's aggressive dispositions. However, you are well-advised to avoid indolence and renunciation out of laziness or indifference. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Taurus symbolic degree "A mature woman fills up many baskets with the grapes she picks. Another woman, concealing her face under a large robe, watches her." ( Janduz version) Success and prosperity are achieved in the second part of life, at the moment when they are most needed. Profits and pleasures are linked to maturity. This degree often indicates that marriage is contracted with an older person for financial reasons. In some cases, it gives a strong interest in mathematics. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Mercury 2ï¿½18' Gemini Mercury Aspects Mercury conjunction Venus orb +8ï¿½23' Moon semi-sextile Mercury orb -0ï¿½41' Planets: Mercury Mercury represents communication, logical and rational mind, intellectual skills. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Virgo and Gemini, is in exaltation in Virgo and is in analogy with the arms, hands, nervous system. It represents tradesmen, lawyers, messengers; the age of Mercury goes from 8 or10 years old to about 15.. Temperament : Nervous Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, Active and Primary, Nervous or Sanguine type. Mercury in Gemini Mercury describes your relations, your communication skills and the way you relate to the external world. However, other astrological elements also influence these areas. The sign Mercury occupies is significant only if Mercury is part of your planetary dominantes. In your chart, Mercury is in Gemini. You need to know everything about the world around you and you probably want to share the results of your observations with everybody. You have a real gift ï¿½ or desire ï¿½ to pass on acquisitions and knowledge. Your inquiring mind is the drive behind your frequent discussions and your exchanges. You prefer to increase the number of your centres of interest rather than to lock yourself up in an exaggerate specialization. But donï¿½t lose sight of the essential thing: your thirst for knowledge may scatter your capacities. Diversification also has its dangersï¿½ However, your open-mindedness spares you the traps of cultural discrimination: everything is worth your interest, in principle. Rejecting a foreigner may deprive you of enriching discoveries or assessments. Your strength lies in your ability to broaden your horizon and to know. Mercury Dominant If Mercury is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Mercurian: the tradition points out the importance of communication. From idle but enriching chatters to observation gift, such a dominant endows you with a wide range of expression. Human beings have one thousand facets and one thousand masks they wear according to circumstances and the fortunes of the game of life. You take the role of an observer who is avid for novelties, discoveries, and surprises. Everything catches your attention and becomes an opportunity for new encounters, relationships, and learning. The world amazes you, amuses you sometimes, and stimulates your curiosity. Because the most important thing is to discover, and because you consider that each new situation is packed with potentialities, you try to fill the gaps in your knowledge. Although your open-mindedness may scatter your centres of interest, it also enables you to carefully avoid sticking to only one immutable and rigid view. The slightest sign enables you to perceive the other side of the coin, as well as the infinite complexity of people and of situations. On the human plane, you seek the dialogue and the information without which you know that you are not able to fully grasp the nature of your interlocutor. This keen interest in the Unknown sharpens your inter-relational skills. All these qualities are traditionally associated with Mercury. Interpretation of the 2ï¿½ Gemini symbolic degree "By a waterfall, a troubadour plays the lyre while his companion listens." ( Janduz version) Carefree, passionate, and whimsical character endowed with great artistic gifts. Success and fame can be achieved in any artistic discipline. Depending on the natal chart, one wastes one's talents or on the contrary, carefully cultivates them. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Venus 23ï¿½55' Taurus Venus Aspects Mercury conjunction Venus orb +8ï¿½23' Venus semi-square Pluto orb +1ï¿½14' Planets: Venus Venus represents the way one loves, relationships, sharing, affectivity, seductive ability. For men, she also corresponds to the kind of woman he's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is more symbolized by the Moon, Venus is the lover and not the wife). Her element is the Air, she is moist, rules Taurus and Libra, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the kidneys, the venous system, the bladder, the neck. She represents the artists, tradesmen, occupations linked to beauty and charm; the age of Venus goes from 15 to about 25 years old. Temperament : Sanguine and Lymphatic Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Emotive, non Active and Secondary type. Venus in Taurus Venus describes your affective life. On the day of your birth, she is found in Taurus. The most important thing for you is to retain sensations and feelings. You taste them, you savour them with sensuality and often, with greed. You respond to all palpable and tangible things. Your amorous life, like your artistic sensitivity, constantly involves your demanding and selective sensuality. There can be no balance without love. Passion is wild, imperious and final. Your strongly developed sensuality is demanding. Sensual pleasure is as important, more important in some cases, than cerebral connivance. You are not content with short-lived unionsï¿½ You want to take the time to enjoy your love, to savour its happiness and its spices. Your ideal is to couple the comfort of a lasting relationship with sensual fulfilment. Appetite is fine but it may tend to become bulimia! A demanding sensuality may be tyrannical. The sign of Taurus in its ï¿½pure essenceï¿½ becomes the victim and the slave of its passions. Of course, you are not the manifestation of this ï¿½Taurus in its pure essenceï¿½. But it is likely that you have to handle the necessities of your mighty and complex affectivity. Your memory for feelings is very strongï¿½ You never forget loyalty and similarly, you never forget your grudges. Venus Dominant If Venus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Venusian: you are a sensual and emotional person particularly receptive to the natural likes and dislikes aroused by your contact with people. You are prone to frequent instinctive aversions and true passions which are exclusively driven by the feeling of love. The heart has its reasons which Reason knows nothing of... Your balance is based on the richness of your affective life. Without love, the Venusian is resourceless, lost, and deprived of any reason for living. You have an obvious and strong will to charm and to arouse the attachments without which you cannot properly function. Every area of your life is thus marked by your affectivity. The danger is that you may "be taken in" by charm. In such cases, you would prefer to keep your emotions under better control. Thus, hyper-sensitivity has its own inconveniences. Nevertheless, better than anyone else, you know how to play with feelings and attractions. Although you are sometimes caught in the traps of an over sensitive emotionalism, feelings remain your best assets in many circumstances. There is another aspect to the Venusian dominant. According to the Tradition, this planet rules the Arts, and you are endowed with some degree of artistic dispositions, ranging from good to excellent. Interpretation of the 23ï¿½ Taurus symbolic degree "Crows peck their food in a dried-up river bed, and a poor wretch, leaning on a useless reed, seems to try to find a few leftovers also." ( Janduz version) Generous, helpful, and gullible character. Misplaced confidence results in sufferings and disappointments. One generously shares everything one possesses with less fortunate people. However, on must spare enough resources for oneself, otherwise, one is in danger of falling into the dire poverty which one has helped other people out of. In such a case, no one will come up to lend a helping hand. This degree indicates ingratitude and unrewarded qualities. There may also be eye problems. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Mars 6ï¿½56' Cancer Mars Aspects Mars conjunction Pluto orb +3ï¿½12' Mars trine Jupiter orb +3ï¿½11' Moon sextile Mars orb +3ï¿½56' Mars square Saturn orb +6ï¿½27' Planets: Mars Mars represents the desire for action and physical energy, sexuality, strength. For a woman, Mars corresponds to the kind of man she's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is rather symbolized by the Sun, Mars is the lover, not the husband). Fire is its element, it is hot and dry, and it rules Aries and Scorpio (along with Pluto), is in exaltation with Capricorn and is in analogy with the muscles and the spleen. It represents the soldiers, sportsmen, warriors, surgeons, blacksmiths... ; the age of Mars goes from 42 to 50 years old. Temperament : Bilious Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type. It is a Choleric. Mars in Cancer The planet Mars indicates how you react to life concrete stimulations. It also describes your fighting spirit, your abilities to stand for yourself and to take action. With Mars in Cancer, it is mainly within your familiar and intimate realm that you express your will. You may appear as an exceedingly flexible person, with no ascendancy over the external world. But this is misleading; when your life setting or your entourage are endangered, you may be forceful. You limit the scope of your action to the areas you control very well and you do not fight against things you are not deeply involved in. You prefer to dedicate your energy to struggling against circumstances that may endanger your environment. You concentrate your strength and this is probably the cause of your rare but dreaded interventions. Mars Dominant If Mars is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Marsian: in your hand-to-hand struggle for life, you demonstrate an acute and active sense of confrontation with the world, with other people, and with your own destiny. You need to take action and to fight for your projects and your desires. You perceive all situations with deep intensity, and you react to the here and now without bothering to step back in order to ensure that events are under your control. You take up challenges with excessive foolhardiness as a consequence of your impulsiveness. However, better than anyone else, you know how to mobilise your resources in case of crisis. You take action whenever it is necessary to do so, and you are present in a timely manner. With Mars, your attitudes are dictated by the realities of the moment, by your emotions, and by everything which proved to have worked in the past. When this dominant is not well integrated, it may bring about an aggressive or impulsive behaviour. Therefore, you must learn to control your hyper-sensitivity and your fits of temper. You are also endowed with Marsian qualities: the fighting spirit and the taste for duel without which one may find oneself overwhelmed by events. When this willpower is well channelled, its precious energy enables to cope with all sorts of contingencies. There are a thousand ways to win, and a thousand challenges to take up with the enthusiasm and the dynamism which make life so worthy. A certain idea of life which is wild, passionate, and in tune with events. Interpretation of the 6ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "A lavishly dressed woman seated under a flowery pergola gives away expensive jewels to beggars. Nearby, a young man in a harlequin's costume plunges a live lamb in a boiling pot." ( Janduz version) Whimsical, snobbish and unbalanced character. One has a strong tendency towards wastefulness and grants too much importance to fashion, luxury, lust, social functions, and outward appearances. Nevertheless, psychological insight and sound understanding of the human nature are the assets which open the way to wealth and artistic success during the periods when mood swings and extravagances are set aside. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Jupiter 10ï¿½07' Я Scorpio Jupiter Aspects Jupiter trine Pluto orb -0ï¿½01' Mars trine Jupiter orb +3ï¿½11' Moon opposite Jupiter orb -7ï¿½08' Jupiter square Neptune orb -5ï¿½46' Jupiter trine Uranus orb +7ï¿½21' Planets: Jupiter Jupiter represents expansion and power, benevolence, large vision and generosity. Its element is Air, it is hot and moist, and it rules Sagittarius and Pisces (along with Neptune), is in exaltation with Cancer and is in analogy with the hips and endocrinal system. It represents the governors, magistrates, professors, religious men too; the age of Jupiter goes from 50 to 55 or even 70 years old. Temperament : Sanguine Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is an extrovert Choleric. Actually the humid version of Mars, inclined to action like him. Jupiter in Scorpio The planet Jupiter symbolizes expansion, broadness and generosity. Jupiter is associated with the functions of synthesis, enthusiasm and optimism. In your natal chart, his house position is more important than his sign position because, like Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Jupiter in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Jupiter in Scorpio strengthens your emotional realm and your instinctive capacity to have more lasting and deeper feelings. Your sensuality and your sexuality are favoured by this configuration. You may enjoy strokes of luck in the areas of finance, speculations, investments and inheritances. More than anyone, you can deal with mysteries and anything linked to the unknown. Jupiter Dominant If Jupiter is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Jupiterian: because this planet brings about a keen interest in social and professional success, the Tradition considers it to be beneficial. Indeed, you know how to adjust to events and to jump at the chance when it arises. The members of you entourage gladly entrust you with high responsibilities because they are often impressed by your learning skills and your adaptation abilities as you deal with new structures and new languages. What is the secret of your good star? It is your self-confidence which wins public support. Now, what is the secret of your charm? Definitely, enthusiasm, euphoria, and exaltation. Exaggeration also. When this dominant is well integrated, it is a factor of affluence and optimism, and a certain degree of joviality enables you to easily fit into various spheres. It constitutes your main asset to manage your life. However, you must at times curb your desire for integration, lest your sense of opportunity turns into extreme opportunism. Here also, the key to success lies in a correct estimate of everyone's chances and possibilities. Although management is one of your forte, and you can adjust your objectives to current realities better than other people, you lack the hindsight which enables you to avoid short-term vagaries and daily fluctuations. If you strive too much to adapt, you run a risk of betraying yourself. This is the other traditional side of the coin with "The Greater Benefic"! Interpretation of the 10ï¿½ Scorpio symbolic degree "A hare watches a bright star in the sky and does not see the gun is pointed at it." ( Janduz version) Vigilant, astute, and timid character. One is so deeply engrossed in one's research, in occultism, astrology and the mysteries of life that one overlooks the danger lurking. Therefore, one is caught off guard when troubles and ordeals crop up. One must exercise more caution and clear-sightedness if one is to obtain the success and fame promised by this degree. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Saturn 13ï¿½23' Я Libra Saturn Aspects Saturn square Pluto orb +3ï¿½14' Sun trine Saturn orb -5ï¿½08' Saturn sextile Neptune orb -2ï¿½31' Mars square Saturn orb +6ï¿½27' Planets: Saturn Saturn represents concentration, effort, perseverance, time, the hard reality, inevitable consequences. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Capricorn and Aquarius (along with Uranus), is in exaltation in Libra and is in analogy with the bones (skeleton) and the skin. It represents the grandparents, old people, scientists, knowledgeable men, Saturn corresponds to old age; it goes from 70 years old until death. Temperament : Nervous Characterology : Non-Emotive, Active and Secondary type or Emotive, non Active and Secondary type or sometimes Non-Emotive, non Active and Secondary type; it is a Phlegmatic, a Sentimental or an Empathic type Saturn in Libra The planet Saturn symbolizes contraction, effort, time, limitation and concentration. Saturn eliminates anything that is not authentic, sooner or later. It is impossible to cheat him as he gives an irresistible desire to form a coherent whole with oneself, in responsible and wise ways. He is the great purifier. He represents our limitations but also our truth. In your natal chart, the house position where Saturn is posited is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Saturn in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Saturn in Libra gives you a serious and solemn nature. You may be tough in your contacts: you naturally focus on the essential and you have no concern for the charm you could display. You are irritated by flatteries or by thoughtless compromises. You are genuine and you value justice and authenticity. Saturn Dominant If Saturn is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Saturnian: you gladly leave to other people the decision to take life as it comes. As far as you are concerned, you prefer to take advantage of your experiences in order to discover, to grow, and to question yourself. Interpretation of the 13ï¿½ Libra symbolic degree "Masks, wigs, and other accessories meant for disguise are lain on a table below a mirror. Hidden behind drapes, a man and a woman spy on one another." ( Janduz version) Shrewd, subtle, and manipulative character endowed with numerous gifts, including artistic and acting skills. One is capable of simulating a wide range of feelings in order to reach one's goals, both in the professional and the affective spheres. In most cases, one is driven by self-interest. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Uranus 17ï¿½29' Pisces Uranus Aspects Sun square Uranus orb +1ï¿½02' Moon semi-square Uranus orb +0ï¿½30' Uranus inconjunction Neptune orb -1ï¿½34' Uranus trine Pluto orb -7ï¿½20' Jupiter trine Uranus orb +7ï¿½21' Planets: Uranus Uranus represents individual freedom, originality, independence, marginality, avant guard inspiration, ultra modernism. Fire is its element, it is dry, and it rules Aquarius, is in exaltation with Scorpio and is in analogy with the brain and the nerves. It represents inventors, odd characters, revolutionaries. Temperament : Nervous to the extreme Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary type; it is a Passionate type. Uranus in Pisces The planet Uranus symbolizes originality, independence and cerebral energy bursting suddenly. Uranus triggers the irresistible need for freedom that we have in ourselves. Uranus tends to break the constraints that have become unbearable and gives us the courage and the will to get rid of what has become a burden; when he is well aspected, he also indicates genius. In your natal chart, Uranusï¿½ house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Uranus in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendantï¿½s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Uranus in Pisces brings about sudden and spasmodic waves of emotions. You may be overwhelmed by feelings that creep over you, although they are inevitably filtered by your intellect: this is quite a peculiar configuration, indeed, made of cerebral-ness and inspiration. Uranus Dominant If Uranus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Uranian: personal values are prevailing. Inner certainties fuel an inflexible will and a desire to call attention on yourself as well as to follow your beliefs through. This planet prompts you to behave with determination, to put forward your own truth, and to start your personal revolution. More than other people, you are willing to keep some degree of autonomy in all circumstances, and you often display an individualistic nature. In order to achieve your ideal of freedom and independence, you may act like a despot as you try to convince and to impose your views, whether smoothly or forcefully. Regardless of the flexibility of your comportment, some situations demand an absolute firmness as well as uncompromising, frank and straightforward attitudes. People may criticise you for your intransigence and say that you are a hardliner. Outsider's opinions don't matter! The most important thing is that you act in all conscience and reach your primary objectives. More than anyone else, you know how to use your willpower and to focus your energy on a precise aim, relentlessly, whatever the consequences might be. In the chapter of qualities, let's mention a definite sense of responsibility, an innovative mind open to techniques and modern ideas, as well as a natural self-discipline which overcomes many an obstacle. Therefore, people are well-advised not to hound you into a corner. Interpretation of the 17ï¿½ Pisces symbolic degree "A man falls off as he jumps his horse over a fence. In a meadow, three wild horses fight each other." ( Janduz version) Daring, violent, and improvident character. It is necessary to avoid all forms of conflicts, learn to exercise some patience, and carefully ponder over the situation before taking action. Success can be achieved in sports, provided that one receives a good training. This degree portends dangers linked to horses and transportation in general. Expatriation or working abroad is strongly advised against. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Neptune 15ï¿½54' Leo Neptune Aspects Sun sextile Neptune orb -2ï¿½37' Saturn sextile Neptune orb -2ï¿½31' Jupiter square Neptune orb -5ï¿½46' Uranus inconjunction Neptune orb -1ï¿½34' Planets: Neptune Neptune represents escapism, impressionability, daydreaming, delusions, carelessness, deception or intuition, dishonesty or inspiration, telepathy. Water is its element, it is moist, it rules Pisces, is in exaltation in Cancer, though some authors say it is Leo, and is in analogy with the vegetative system. It represents dreamers, mediums, magicians, merchants of illusion, drug addicts. Temperament : rather Lymphatic Characterology : Emotive, non Active, Primary or Secondary type; it is a Sentimental, or sometimes Amorphous type. Neptune in Leo The planet Neptune symbolizes extreme receptivity, intense emotional sharpness, impressionability and inspiration; it is the planet of mediums, mystics and religious faith. In an astrological chart, it indicates dilution, vagueness, understanding oneï¿½s environment through emotions and the absence of clear and determined limits and structures. In your natal chart, Neptuneï¿½s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Neptune in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendantï¿½s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Neptune in Leo endows you with creativity in the fields of arts or literature. Your emotions are noble and idealized. Neptune Dominant If Neptune is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Neptunian: your intuition is highly developed. You are of a contemplative nature, and you are particularly receptive to ambiances, places, and people. You gladly cultivate the art of letting-go, and you allow the natural unfolding of events to construct your world. You follow your inspirations, for better or for worse. At times, you display an extraordinary clairvoyance gift. You seem to be able to read your subconscious like a book, and you track down subtle underlying mechanisms, flaws, or open breaches. This innate intuition might explain the strokes of good luck which the Neptunian is sometimes credited with. However, you may also be the victim of illusions and misleading intuitions. You are an idealist, and you let your deepest aspirations prevail over the realities of the moment. Then, you set off in quest of some quixotic objective, living like a Don Quixote who relentlessly pursues an impossible dream. You have a great talent for psychology and the mysteries of the human soul. Since you instinctively perceive people's intents and motivations, as you swim in the complexity of human nature, you feel in your element. The subtlety of your perceptiveness is the source of both special affections and irrevocable rejections. What is the danger of such a dominant? If it is not offset by other influences in your natal chart, you may not have an iron will. Your trump card is your instinct, which may be developed to the extent that it becomes clairvoyance. Interpretation of the 15ï¿½ Leo symbolic degree "A beautiful ram paws the barren soil of a headland. Further down, a donkey tethered to a tree strives to free itself." ( Janduz version) The ram symbolises bad temper, self-centredness, and loneliness. Although one achieves success, the sterile land heralds that one does not become very rich. The donkey represents stubbornness, dissent, and the will to do that which is forbidden. Repeated ordeals will teach the donkey to become more disciplined. Both animals are cautious, hard-working, and simple, all qualities that must be developed. This degree often warns against unreliable and dishonest employees or colleagues. Watchfulness is required with quadrupeds also. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. Pluto 10ï¿½09' Cancer Pluto Aspects Mars conjunction Pluto orb +3ï¿½12' Jupiter trine Pluto orb -0ï¿½01' Saturn square Pluto orb +3ï¿½14' Venus semi-square Pluto orb +1ï¿½14' Uranus trine Pluto orb -7ï¿½20' Planets: Pluto Pluto represents deep transformations, mutations and eliminations, sexuality and magnetism, power and secrets, destruction with a view to regeneration, the phoenix rising from the ashes. Its element is indefinite; burning (like lava in fusion ?), it rules Scorpio, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the sexual organs and excretion. It represents dictators, sadistic people, violent characters, is instinctive and powerful but also mysterious with hidden strengths. Temperament : rather Bilious Characterology : Emotive or non-Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is a Passionate Choleri typec. Pluto in Cancer The planet Pluto symbolizes deep disruptions and upheavals, domination and sexual instincts, and the inner power we have in ourselves. Pluto destroys in order to reconstruct and he provokes painful crises that are needed in metamorphosis. Pluto is our deepest instinctsï¿½ brutal force. It is the hidden and unconscious violence that can explode in us with incredible intensity before being projected in our actions; in itself, the planet is not negative: the might and the intensity of its energy are beyond the conceivable but it can be funnelled. Pluto is the only possibility we have at our disposal to overcome our inner blocks and to eliminate outgrown situations that have become inextricable. Plutoï¿½s energy is valuable because of its usefulness for the irreversible destruction of what constitutes a problem and not because of its negative side and its perversity. Pluto allows to reconstruct and to regenerate parts of our personality or whole stretches of our life, provided that we manage to funnel his wild energy and to step back. It is impossible to tame this energy, given its essence. However, it is possible to take advantage of it for a precise aim, through a temporary identification of some parts of us with this energy. In such a case, the outcome is our final evolution and even, our transformation. In your natal chart, Plutoï¿½s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Pluto is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Pluto in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality and they are not to be really taken into account, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendantï¿½s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Pluto in Cancer may create troubles in your home because your will to control is too strong or because you are exceedingly sensitive. Pluto Dominant If Pluto is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Plutonian: you sometimes feel like a foreigner who does not belong to the world, to its laws, and its concerns. The rules of life in society are not necessarily yours. You are interested in what is unknown and in the subtle laws of a hidden order. So, you take malicious pleasure in ridiculing the patterns you find too simplistic or too rigid. You also revel in underlining the limits of explanations you deem too common. There is something unconventional about the way you are, the way you think, and the way you act. What is your specificity made of? Is it an extraordinary partner? A life off the beaten path? Or do you only distance yourself from conventional morals? In any case, you have the feeling, sometimes quite vague, that you come from nowhere, and that you do not belong to any definite group... In short, it means that you cannot be simplified in order to conform to existing models. The gap between you and ordinary mortals is also an element of your strength. Your deep clear-sightedness, firstly, enables you to put things into perspective and to grant them only the attention they deserve. Your other remarkable asset is your capacity to intervene from behind the scenes, to secretly organise events, and to bring about the desirable outcome without seeming to impose or to dictate anything. However, you must still overcome one of the major difficulties of this dominant, which is to get people to accept your difference and to smoothly fit into your environment. Interpretation of the 10ï¿½ Cancer symbolic degree "A wrecked ship on a beach under a heavy rain." ( Janduz version) Ambitious, fanciful, and adventurous character. Undertakings are most likely to be doomed to failure. Decision-making must be based on past experiences so as not to avoid the same old mistakes. One may not have the skills required for an independent occupation. Unless the natal chart indicates otherwise, this degree is a portent of ruin and warns against anything related to the sea and water. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. If you wish, you can receive immediately in your mailbox your detailed astrological portrait , a nice gift for yourself or for your close friends and relatives, who will deeply appreciate it. %DYNAMIQUE_22% Asteroids: Chiron Chiron is almost renowned and used everywhere. Most astrologers consider it as a kind of "mediator" between Saturn and outer planets. Consequently, Chiron is of Saturn's nature and at the same time is influenced by Uranus, the first slow-moving planet. Astrologically, it symbolizes wisdom, patience and the faculty to reduce others' sufferings: it is said to be the "great healer" of the zodiac. Like all the secondary bodies, it must be in close conjunction with planets or angles in order to fully express its action. %TEXTES_22% %DYNAMIQUE_23% Asteroids: Ceres Ceres, the biggest of the four minor asteroids used besides Chiron, is associated with the mythological goddess of growing plants and harvest and also symbolizes physical constitution, vitality and fertility. She's also known as Demeter, according to the astrologer Zipporah Dobyns, linked to the symbolism of the mother but in a less emotive and more physical way than the Moon. Ceres is thought to be the ruler of Virgo, in exaltation in Gemini, in exile in Pisces and in fall in Sagittarius. Keywords associated with Ceres could be order, practical sense, worry, precision, modesty, method, sobriety, motherhood, fertility, the Earth: a kind of a more cerebral Moon... %TEXTES_23% %DYNAMIQUE_24% Asteroids: Pallas Pallas is sometimes used in modern Astrology: she represents intelligence, abstract and global thinking talents. It is usually considered to be a determining element in political strategy. %TEXTES_24% %DYNAMIQUE_25% Asteroids: Juno Juno is the asteroid corresponding to the adaptation to the marital partner and to the defence of individual rights; it is thus used in the field of marriage. %TEXTES_25% Vesta is rarely used and brings the ability to efficiently devote oneself to a cause. %TEXTES_26% True North Node 16ï¿½02' Я Virgo North Node The North Node (True Node here) represents the goals that must be achieved during life, in the karmic sense according to some traditions. Its position in house indicates in what field an effort is necessary in order to evolve. The North Node is often called the Dragon's head, it is usually considered beneficial, a bit like Jupiter with the planets. The Lunar nodes are fictional points and not actual heavenly bodies: they are the intersections of the Moon with the Ecliptic (the path made by the Sun in its orbit as seen from the Earth). The axis of the Lunar nodes moves 19 degrees each year, namely a bit more than three minutes each day. The South Node is diametrically opposed to the North Node, therefore it faces it (it's not drawn here, it's the same symbol but upside down). It symbolizes what has already been achieved or acquired, in a karmic sense: it's the past from which it's advised to move on in order to progress. The South Node is rather negative, of a Saturnian nature: the experience through suffering. Interpretation of the 16ï¿½ Virgo symbolic degree "In a public place decorated for some festivity, several men debate around a table while two dogs are racing." ( Janduz version) Sociable, sincere, and fickle character. One is more suitable for teamwork rather than for solitary effort. Good friends abound, and establishing punctual associations with them is very profitable. All activities aiming at the improvement of the public good are highly favoured. Initiatives which bring together people of complementary nature and skills result in big and effortless success. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. True Lilith 24ï¿½52' Aries Lilith Lilith or the Dark Moon (True Lilith here) represents the uncrossable threshold, taboos, the individual's provocative and fascinating side, including on a sexual level. She symbolizes violence and "untameability", the radical and deep-seated refusal to submit. The keywords for Lilith can be sterility, sadism, perversity, castration, sadomasochism, eroticism, orgasm, forbidden fantasies, marginality, cruelty; redemption, illumination, rebelliousness... Lilith's opposite point is called Priapus; it is the Lunar perigee, the position where the Moon is closest to the Earth. It symbolizes man's primitive nature, the horror hidden in our deepest self; masochism, extreme sensuality, impulsiveness, irrationality and excess. Physically speaking, the Dark Moon is the focal point unoccupied by the Earth: it is not a concrete body but a mathematical point. Interpretation of the 24ï¿½ Aries symbolic degree "A strong man easily controls the stubborn horse he rides and scornfully looks at a small, bushy-haired and panic-stricken man who strives not to be unseated by the ram he rides." ( Janduz version) Domineering, careful, and trustworthy character. One has the capacity to fight against all kinds of opponents. However, one must understand that people are entitled to have different opinions and lifestyles, and that they must be respected. Otherwise, one may spark off relentless resistance, serious ordeals, and unnecessary troubles, in both the private and the public spheres. N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports. %DYNAMIQUE_29% Part of Fortune The Part of Fortune is an ancient concept, used by Ptolemy and other astrologers before him. Firstly, it has nothing to do with fortune! In modern astrology, it is actually used to enhance a planet or angle when in close conjunction with it: it thus amplifies the meaning associated to the point affected by its presence. It is calculated in the following way: Part of Fortune = AS + Moon - Sun (it is the Moons position when the Sun rises) The classical Part of Fortune, of which the calculus method is unchanged whether in a diurnal or nocturnal chart, is usually distinguished from the diurnal/nocturnal Part of Fortune which is calculated by the formula AS + Sun - Moon for a nocturnal chart, and AS + Moon - Sun in a diurnal chart. We currently use the latter formula for our astrological programmes. %TEXTES_29% %DYNAMIQUE_30% Ascendant or House I The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others, and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too, and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health. %TEXTES_30% %DYNAMIQUE_31% Midheaven or House X The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant. %TEXTES_31% %DYNAMIQUE_32% House I (AC) The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality as seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health; the Ascendant is as important as the Sun in a natal chart. %TEXTES_32% %DYNAMIQUE_33% House II The Second House is the sphere of material security, the money we earn, our possessions, also in a symbolic meaning (close people etc). It is in analogy with Taurus and Venus. It is a succedent house, quite important. %DYNAMIQUE_34% House III The Third House is the sphere of social and intellectual apprenticeship, studies, relationships with close people and surroundings, short trips, light-hearted and quick contacts, correspondences. It is in analogy with Gemini and Mercury. It's a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. %DYNAMIQUE_35% House IV (IC) The Fourth House also called Immum Coeli is the sphere of inner emotions, family, the father, home and roots, but also the home one creates. It's Home Sweet Home, security and cocoon. It is in analogy with Cancer and the Moon. It's an angular and important house. %TEXTES_35% %DYNAMIQUE_36% House V The Fifth House is the sphere of pleasures and love affairs (but not commitment or marriage), creations and entertainments, children, arts and game. It is in analogy with Leo and the Sun. It's a succedent and quite important house. %DYNAMIQUE_37% House VI The Sixth House is the sphere of apprenticeship and effort in the work environment, daily life, health on a daily basis and not operations or long-term diseases, relationships with co-workers or subordinates, desire for improvement, analysis and detail. It is in analogy with Virgo and Mercury. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. %DYNAMIQUE_38% House VII (DS) The Seventh House also called the Descendant (in front of the Ascendant) is the sphere of partnership, marriage, contracts, relationships with others, the outer world. It is in analogy with Libra and Venus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It is an angular and important house. %TEXTES_38% %DYNAMIQUE_39% House VIII The Eighth House is the sphere of emotional security, the depths of the self, secrets and paranormal, transcendence, sexuality, mysteries, upheavals, surgical operations, others' money (investments, inheritances), crises, transformation after evolution, death. It is in analogy with Scorpio and Pluto, and Mars to a lesser extent. It is a succedent and quite important house. %DYNAMIQUE_40% House IX The Ninth House is the sphere of high studies, both physical and mental journeys (philosophy, spirituality), rebelliousness, changes of scenery, desire for dealing with the unknown. It is in analogy with Sagittarius and Jupiter. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. %DYNAMIQUE_41% House X (MC) The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant. %TEXTES_41% %DYNAMIQUE_42% House XI The Eleventh House is the sphere of friendship and protection, projects, search for social acceptance and security, collective and humanitarian actions. It is in analogy with Aquarius and Uranus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It's a succedent and quite important house. %DYNAMIQUE_43% House XII The Twelfth House is the sphere of hidden things, enemies, closed or remote places (hospital, prison, convent etc.), ordeals, secrecy, solitude, long-term illnesses but also sincere devotion and genuine compassion. It is in analogy with Pisces and Neptune. %DYNAMIQUE_44% The Vertex The Vertex, sometimes called counter-Ascendant, is a fictitious point which is at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the West of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the West of the chart around the Descendant. It is the chart's fifth angle, so to speak, less important than the other angles. Its interpretation is controversial, because certain astrologers pay no attention to it. The Vertex is sometimes considered to be the second Descendant because, like the latter, it is related to communication and exchanges. It has to do with associations and fated encounters, those that are not chosen, and reveals the type of sensitivity and reactivity we have in our dealings with other people: a refined and tolerant way in Libra, straightforward and spontaneous in Aries, etc. %TEXTES_44% %DYNAMIQUE_45% The East Point The East Point is a fictitious point at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the East of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the East of the chart, around the Ascendant. The East Point is sometimes considered to be a second Ascendant, less important, but also related to how one is seen by other people, and to how one expresses one's personality. %TEXTES_45% %DYNAMIQUE_46% Cupido Cupido is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Cupido, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. On the upside, Cupido is related to socialisation, the arts, and marital life. On the downside, it indicates vanity, addiction to pleasures, and being strongly influenced by groups of people. %TEXTES_46% %DYNAMIQUE_47% Hades Hades is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Hades, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Hades corresponds to intellectual rigour, service rendered to people, the purpose of being useful. On the downside; it leads to carelessness, indifference, apathy, and mess. %TEXTES_47% %DYNAMIQUE_48% Zeus Zeus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Zeus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Zeus is related to creativity, as well as to organisational and leadership capacities. On the downside, it may lead to aggressiveness and to excessive militancy. %TEXTES_48% %DYNAMIQUE_49% Kronos Kronos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Kronos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Kronos is related to authority and cleverness. In tough aspect, it may make the person conceited, presumptuous, or elitist. %TEXTES_49% %DYNAMIQUE_50% Apollon Apollon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Apollon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Apollon is related to the ability to synthesise, as well as to broad-mindedness, and fame. In difficult aspect, it may bring about superficiality or extravagance. %TEXTES_50% %DYNAMIQUE_51% Admetos Admetos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Admetos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Admetos is related to the deepness of the mind, asceticism, simplicity, and analytical mind. In tough aspect, it may make the person nit-picking, inflexible, and narrow-minded. %TEXTES_51% %DYNAMIQUE_52% Vulcanus Vulcanus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Vulcanus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Vulcanus, sometimes said to be the higher octave of Saturn, provides strength to improve collective relations, to structure things, to be efficient, and to get straight to the point. On the downside, he may bring about arrogance and scattered efforts. %TEXTES_52% %DYNAMIQUE_53% Poseidon Poseidon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Poseidon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Poseidon brings about wisdom, a clear mind, and sometimes spirituality. On the downside, it may make the person dogmatic, manipulative, or out of touch with reality. %TEXTES_53% %DYNAMIQUE_54% Proserpina Proserpina, sometimes referred to as Persephone, is a trans-Plutonian hypothetical planet. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Proserpina, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points. Proserpina is related to mysteries, revival and reconstruction, as well as cycles. She enriches the unconscious, and gives the possibility to combine modern life with spirituality, the East with the West, and mysticism with concrete life. %TEXTES_54% Biography of Robert Maxwell Ian Robert Maxwell MC (10 June 1923 ï¿½ 5 November 1991) was a Czechoslovakian-born British media proprietor and former Member of Parliament (MP), who rose from poverty to build an extensive publishing empire, which collapsed after his death due to the fraudulent transactions he had committed to support his business empire, including illegal use of pension funds. Early life Robert Maxwell was born Jï¿½n Ludvï¿½k Hoch in the small town of Slatinskï¿½ Doly, Carpathian Ruthenia, the easternmost province of pre-World War II Czechoslovakia (now Solotvino, Ukraine) into a poor Yiddish-speaking Jewish family. His parents were Mechel Hoch, and Hannah Slomowitz. He had 8 siblings. In 1939, the area was reclaimed by Hungary. Most of his family was killed after Hungary was occupied in 1944 by its former ally, Nazi Germany but he had already escaped, arriving in Britain in 1940 as a 17-year-old refugee. He joined the British Army Pioneer Corps in 1941 and transferred to the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1943. He fought his way across Europe from the Normandy beaches, at which time he was still a sergeant, to Berlin. His intelligence and gift for languages gained him a commission in the final year of the war, and eventual promotion to captain, and in January 1945 he received the Military Cross. It has been alleged, after his death, that in the same year he shot and killed the mayor of a German town which his unit was attempting to capture. It was during this time that he changed his name several times, finally settling on Ian Robert Maxwell. He almost never used the "Ian", however; he only retained it as a vestige of his original name. Also in 1945, he married Elisabeth "Betty" Meynard, a French Protestant woman, with whom he had nine children with the goal of "recreating the family he lost in the Holocaust. Five of them were subsequently employed within his companies; two died early (a daughter to leukaemia; a son following a car accident after six years on a life support machine). After the war, Maxwell first worked as a newspaper censor for the British military command in Berlin in Allied-occupied Germany. Later, he used various contacts in the Allied occupation authorities to go into business, becoming the British and United States distributor for Springer Verlag, a publisher of scientific books. In 1951 he bought Pergamon Press Limited (PPL), a minor textbook publisher, from Springer Verlag, and went into publishing on his own. He rapidly built Pergamon into a major publishing house. By the 1960s, Maxwell was a wealthy man, while still espousing in public the socialism of his youth. However, it would appear that he already had been identified as a problem for some people. An obituary for the Barclays banker Thomas Ashton states: "One Oxford resident who came to Ashton's attention was Robert Maxwell ï¿½ to whom Ashton firmly forbade his managers to lend." Member of Parliament In 1964 he was elected to the House of Commons for the Labour Party, and was MP for Buckingham until he lost his seat in 1970 to the Conservative William Benyon. Maxwell was a prosecution witness in the obscenity case concerning the American novel Last Exit to Brooklyn in 1966. He enjoyed mixed popularity in the Labour Party, being perceived by some as arrogant and domineering. Maxwell had also acquired a reputation for questionable business practices. In 1969 Saul Steinberg, who headed a company then known as Leasco Data Processing Corporation, was interested in a takeover bid for Pergamon. In negotiations, Maxwell falsely claimed that a subsidiary responsible for publishing encyclopedias was extremely profitable. Following Steinberg's withdrawal on the discovery of the dishonesty, Maxwell was the subject of an inquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) under the Takeover Code, then in force, and at the same time the U.S. Congress was investigating Leasco's takeover practices. The DTI report concluded: "We regret having to conclude that, notwithstanding Mr Maxwell's acknowledged abilities and energy, he is not in our opinion a person who can be relied on to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company." It was found that Maxwell had contrived to maximise Pergamon's share price through transactions between his private family companies. Maxwell lost control of Pergamon in the United Kingdomï¿½but not in the United Statesï¿½for a time. Backed by his editors, he resumed control and eventually sold the company. Business activities Maxwell long sought to buy a daily newspaper, hoping to exercise political influence through the media. In 1969 he was prevented from buying the News of the World by Rupert Murdoch, who became his arch rival in the British newspaper world. The battle for the News of the World was particularly acrimonious, Maxwell accused Murdoch of employing "the laws of the jungle" to acquire the paper and said he had "made a fair and bona fide offer... which has been frustrated and defeated after three months of manoeuvring". Murdoch denied this, arguing the shareholders of the News of the World Group had "judged record in Australia". In 1970 Maxwell established the Maxwell Foundation in Liechtenstein, a tax haven. A condition of this type of company was that very little information is publicly available, which according to the Department of Trade and Industry suited Maxwell's business methods. In 1974 he reacquired PPL. In 1981 Maxwell acquired (through PPL) the British Printing Corporation (BPC) and changed its name to the British Printing and Communication Corporation (BPCC) and then to Maxwell Communications Corporation. The company was later sold off to a management buy-out, and is now known as Polestar. In July 1984 Maxwell (again through PPL) acquired Mirror Group Newspapers from Reed International plc. MGN were publishers of the Daily Mirror, a pro-Labour Party newspaper. He also bought the American interests of the Macmillan publishing house. By the 1980s Maxwell's various companies owned the Daily Mirror, the Sunday Mirror, the Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail and several other newspapers, Pergamon Press, Nimbus Records, Collier books, Maxwell Directories, Prentice Hall Information Services, Macmillan (US) publishing, and the Berlitz language schools. He also owned a half-share of MTV in Europe and other European television interests, Maxwell Cable TV and Maxwell Entertainment. In 1987 Maxwell purchased part of IPC Media to create Fleetway Publications. Maxwell pioneered the dissemination of highly specialized scientific information, responding to the exponential growth of investment in academic research. After 1970, when research universities diverted attention from the growth of their libraries to the growth of financial reserves, he and other publishers were blamed for greatly increased subscription fees for scientific journals. The need to maintain profits for publishers and the profitability of higher education institutions created budget difficulties for academic libraries, and for publishers of monographs. At the same time, Maxwell's links with the Eastern European totalitarian regimes resulted in a number of biographies (normally considered to be hagiographies) of those countries' then leaders, with sycophantic interviews conducted by Maxwell, for which, in the UK, he received much derision. Maxwell was also well known as the chairman of Oxford United Football Club, saving them from bankruptcy and leading them into the top flight of English football, winning the League Cup in 1986. Oxford United were to pay a heavy price for his involvement in club affairs when Maxwell's questionable business dealings came into the public domain. Maxwell bought into Derby County F.C. in 1987. He also attempted to buy Manchester United in 1984, but refused to pay the price that the owner Martin Edwards had put on the club. Business difficulties Rumours circulated for many years about Maxwell's heavy indebtedness and his dishonest business practices. But Maxwell was well financed and had good lawyers, and threats of costly libel actions caused his potential critics to treat him with caution (the onus of proof in UK defamation law is on the defendant). The satirical magazine Private Eye lampooned him as a "Cap'n Bob" and the "bouncing Czech", but was unable to reveal what it knew about Maxwell's businesses. Maxwell took out several libel actions against Private Eye, one resulting in the magazine losing an estimated ï¿½225,000 and Maxwell using his commercial power to hit back with Not Private Eye. Evidence suggests that Maxwell's business empire was built on debt and deception. He had "borrowed" millions of pounds from his companies' pension funds to prop up the financial position of his group of companies. This was, at the time, not illegal and fairly common practice. In the late 1980s he bought and sold companies at a rapid rate, apparently to conceal the unsound foundations of his business. In 1990 he launched an ambitious new project, a transnational newspaper called The European. The following year he was forced to sell Pergamon Press and Maxwell Directories to Elsevier for ï¿½440 million to cover debts, but he used some of this money to buy the New York Daily News. By late 1990, investigative journalists, mainly from the Murdoch papers, were exploring Maxwell's manipulation of his companies' pension schemes. During May 1991 it was reported that Maxwell companies and pension schemes were failing to meet statutory reporting obligations. Maxwell employees lodged complaints with British and U.S. regulatory agencies about the abuse of Maxwell company pension funds. Maxwell may have suspected that the truth about his questionable practices was about to be made public. Christopher Hitchens' 1995 book The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, claims that Maxwell was involved with Mother Teresa in a "fund-raising scheme" through his various newspaper businesses. According to the book: "Mr. Maxwell inveigled Mother Teresa into a fundraising scheme run by his newspaper group, and then, (having got her to join him in some remarkable publicity photographs), made off with the money." One such photograph is reproduced within the book. "Death spiral" Shortly before his death, at a time of high interest rates and during a deep recession, Maxwell had substantial borrowings secured on his shareholdings in his public companies, Mirror and Maxwell Communications. The banks were permitted to sell these holdings in certain circumstances, which they did, depressing the share price and reducing the coverage of the remaining debt. Maxwell then used more money, both borrowed and redirected from pension funds and even the daily balances of his businesses, to buy shares on the open market, in an attempt to prop up the price and provide the shares as collateral for further debt. In reality he was bailing water back into a sinking ship. Death On 5 November 1991, at the age of 68, Maxwell is presumed to have fallen overboard from his luxury yacht, the 'Lady Ghislaine', which was cruising off the Canary Islands, and his body was subsequently found floating in the Atlantic Ocean. He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. The official verdict was accidental drowning, though some commentators have surmised that he may have committed suicide, and others that he was murdered. His daughter, Ghislaine Maxwell, quickly renounced on television the notion of an accidental death. Politicians were swift to pay their tributes. The then Prime Minister, John Major, said Maxwell had given him 'valuable insights' into the situation in the Soviet Union during the attempted coup. He was a 'great character', Major added. Neil Kinnock, the then Labour Party leader, spoke of the former Labour MP for Buckingham, from 1964-70, as a man with "such a zest for life . . . Bob Maxwell was a unique figure who attracted controversy, envy and loyalty in great measure throughout his rumbustious life. He was a steadfast supporter of the Labour Party". It was later alleged that Maxwell had been financing the Labour leader's private office and that Maxwell was an agent of MI6, the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service. One version, proposed by John Loftus and Mark Aarons, has Maxwell hounded to death by the British Secret Service that conspired to deny him the financial credit he needed to save his publishing empire. Shortly before Maxwell's death, a former Mossad officer named Ari Ben-Menashe had approached a number of news organizations in Britain and the United States with the allegation that Maxwell and the Daily Mirror's foreign editor, Nick Davies, were both long time agents for the Israel intelligence service, Mossad. Ben-Menashe also claimed that in 1986 Maxwell had tipped off the Israeli Embassy in London that Mordechai Vanunu had given information about Israel's nuclear capability to the Sunday Times, then to the Daily Mirror, (Vanunu was subsequently lured from London, where the Sunday Times had him in hiding, to Rome, whence he was kidnapped and returned to Israel, convicted of treason, and imprisoned for 18 years.) No news organization would publish Ben-Menashe's story at first, because of Maxwell's famed litigiousness (through lawyers Maislish & Co.), but eventually New Yorker journalist Seymour Hersh repeated some of the allegations during a press conference in London held to publicize The Samson Option, Hersh's book about Israel's nuclear weapons. On 21 October 1991, two Members of Parliament, Labour MP George Galloway and Conservative MP Rupert Allason (who writes books on the world of espionage under the pseudonym Nigel West) agreed to raise the issue in the House of Commons (with the protection of Parliamentary Privilege which allows MP's to ask questions in Parliament without risk of being sued for defamation), which in turn meant that British newspapers were able to report what had been said without fear of being sued for libel. Nevertheless, writs were swiftly issued by Mirror Group Solicitors on instruction from Maxwell, who called the claims "ludicrous, a total invention". Maxwell then sacked Nick Davies, and just days later, was found dead. The close proximity of his death to these allegations, for which Ben-Menashe had offered no evidence, served to heighten interest in Maxwell's relationship with Israel, and the Daily Mirror has since published claims, again without evidence, that he was assassinated by Mossad after he attempted to blackmail them. Maxwell was given a funeral in Israel better befitting a head of state than a publisher, as described by author Gordon Thomas: On 10 November 1991, Maxwellï¿½s funeral took place on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, across from the Temple Mount. It had all the trappings of a state occasion, attended by the countryï¿½s government and opposition leaders. No fewer than six serving and former heads of the Israeli intelligence community listened as Prime Minister Shamir eulogized: "He has done more for Israel than can today be said" (Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad, St. Martin's Press, 1999). A hint of Maxwell's service to the Israeli state was provided by Loftus and Aarons, who described Maxwell's contacts with Czech anti-Stalinist Communist leaders in 1948 as crucial to the Czech decision to arm Israel in their War of Independence that year. Czech military assistance was both unique and crucial for the fledgling state as it battled for its existence Events after his death Maxwell's death triggered a flood of revelations about his controversial business dealings and activities. It emerged that, without adequate prior authorisation, he had used hundreds of millions of pounds from his companies' pension funds to finance his corporate debt, his frantic takeovers and his lavish lifestyle. Thousands of Maxwell employees lost their pensions. The Maxwell companies filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992. His sons, Kevin Maxwell and Ian Maxwell, were declared bankrupt with debts of ï¿½400 million. In 1995 the two Maxwell sons and two other former directors went on trial for fraud, but were acquitted in 1996. In 2001 the Department of Trade and Industry report on the collapse of the Maxwell companies accused both Maxwell and his sons of acting "inexcusably". It came to light in early 2006 that, before his death, Maxwell was being investigated for possible war crimes in Germany in 1945. This led to renewed speculation that his death was a suicide. In 2008, Maxwell's wife published her memoirs, A Mind of Her Own, which sheds light on her life with Maxwell when the publishing magnate was ranked as one of the richest people in the world. Maxwell in popular culture Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (May 2008) * Former Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky alleged in his book The Other Side of Deception that Robert Maxwell was a long-time Mossad agent, providing them with money to finance operations. Ostrovsky claims that Maxwell was assassinated by a Mossad Kidon unit on his yacht while in the Canary Islands. * The character Lubji Hoch/ Richard Armstrong in Jeffrey Archer's novel The Fourth Estate is clearly based on Maxwell. The character of Keith Townsend, Armstrong's arch-rival in publishing, is based on Rupert Murdoch * In The James Bond movie Tomorrow Never Dies, M (Judi Dench) gives instructions for a cover story to be announced in the media for the death of the villainous media tycoon Elliot Carver (Jonathan Pryce): Carver, they are to say, is missing, believed drowned, having fallen from his luxury yacht. * A BBC drama titled Maxwell covering his life shortly before his death starring David Suchet was aired on 4 May 2007. * In the comedy Only Fools and Horses, Del Boy's character refers to unsecure private pensions as "Maxwell Money" with reference to Maxwell's looting of pensions. * Another reference to Maxwell's looting of pensions is in Series 5 of Hustle, Episode One, where Eddie admits that being partners with Mickey and Ash is like "setting up a pension fund with Robert Maxwell". * Maxwell, through his software company Mirrorsoft, played a role in the acquisition of the video game Tetris from its developers in the Soviet Union and its eventual marketing and sale in the West. * Carol Ann Duffy, England's new Poet Laureate, is introduced in a TLS essay with her poem "Fraud" (1992) which does not name but portrays Maxwell (6 May 2009, article by Alan Jenkins). * In the 1997 series I'm Alan Partridge the title character Alan Partridge meets a fan called Jed Maxwell who asks Alan for an autograph. Alan asks Jed if he is related to Robert Maxwell and jokingly asks whether Jed would "go all fat and steal my pension". Further reading * Short BBC profile of Robert Maxwell * Accountancy Age timeline * Department of Trade and Industry report on Maxwell's purchase of the Mirror Group * Biography * Hersh, Seymour. 1991. The Samson Option * Thomas, Gordon and Dillon, Martin. (2002). Robert Maxwell: Israel's Superspy : The Life and Murder of a Media Mogul, Carroll and Graf, ISBN 0-7867-1078-0 * Henderson, Albert, (2004). "The Dash and Determination of Robert Maxwell, Champion of Dissemination," LOGOS. 15,2, pp. 65-75. * A book by Martin Dillon, The Assassination of Robert Maxwell, Israeli Superspy * Research report: details Robert Maxwell's other names	i don't know
Pernio is the Latin name for which medical complaint?	Lupus pernio - definition of lupus pernio by The Free Dictionary Lupus pernio - definition of lupus pernio by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lupus+pernio Related to lupus pernio: sarcoidosis , Schaumann bodies Lu·pus A constellation of stars in the Southern Hemisphere near Centaurus and Scorpius. [Latin, from lupus, wolf; see lupus.] lu·pus 1. See systemic lupus erythematosus . 2. Any of several other forms of lupus erythematosus. [Medieval Latin, ulcerative skin disease, from Latin, wolf (the scarring caused by such diseases being likened to the marks left by wolf bites); see wl̥kwo- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] lupus n (Pathology) any of various ulcerative skin diseases [C16: via Medieval Latin from Latin: wolf; said to be so called because it rapidly eats away the affected part] Usage: In current usage the word lupus alone is generally understood to signify lupus vulgaris, lupus erythematosus being normally referred to in full or by the abbreviation LE Lupus n, Latin genitive Lupi (ˈluːpaɪ) (Astronomy) a constellation in the S hemisphere lying between Centaurus and Ara system′ic lu′pus er•y•the•ma•to′sus (ˌɛr əˌθi məˈtoʊ səs, -ˌθɛm ə-) n. an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the connective tissues, chiefly characterized by skin eruptions, joint pain, recurrent pleurisy, and kidney disease. [1950–55] disease of the skin , skin disease , skin disorder - a disease affecting the skin lupus vulgaris - tuberculosis of the skin; appears first on the face and heals slowly leaving deep scars discoid lupus erythematosus , DLE - a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose LE , lupus erythematosus - a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints) disseminated lupus erythematosus , SLE , systemic lupus erythematosus - an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms 2.	Chilblains
Traditionally a ‘coven’ traditionally refers to a meeting of how many witches?	Lupus \| definition of lupus by Medical dictionary Lupus \| definition of lupus by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lupus Related to lupus: Discoid lupus lupus [loo´pus] a name originally given to a destructive type of skin lesion, implying a local degeneration rather than systemic involvement. Although the term is frequently used alone to designate lupus vulgaris and sometimes lupus erythematosus, without a modifier it has no meaning. The Latin word lupus means wolf; erythematosus refers to redness. The name lupus erythematosus has been used since the 13th century because physicians thought the shape and color of the skin lesions resembled the bite of a wolf. Currently, there are at least two recognized manifestations of the disease: discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus. chilblain lupus erythematosus a form of discoid lupus erythematosus aggravated by cold, initially resembling chilblains , in which the lesions consist of reddened infiltrated patches on the exposed areas of the body, especially the finger knuckles. cutaneous lupus erythematosus one of the two main types of lupus erythematosus ; it may involve only the skin or may precede involvement of other body systems. It may be chronic ( discoid lupus erythematosus ); subacute ( systemic lupus erythematosus ); or acute (characterized by an acute edematous, erythematous eruption, often with systemic exacerbations). The acute form may be the presenting symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus , such as after sun exposure. discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) a superficial inflammation of the skin, marked by red macules up to 3 to 4 cm in width, and covered with scanty adherent scales, which extend into spreading follicles that fall off and leave scars. The lesions typically form a butterfly pattern over the bridge of the nose and cheeks, but other areas may be involved, notably the scalp and other areas that are exposed to light. drug-induced lupus a syndrome closely resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, precipitated by prolonged use of certain drugs, most commonly hydralazine , isoniazid , various anticonvulsants , and procainamide . lupus erythemato´sus (LE) a group of connective tissue disorders primarily affecting women aged 20 to 40, comprising a spectrum of clinical forms in which cutaneous disease may occur with or without systemic involvement. lupus per´nio 1. soft, purplish skin lesions on the cheeks, forehead, nose, ears, and digits, frequently associated with bone cysts, which may be the first manifestation of sarcoidosis or occur in the chronic stage of the disease. 2. chilblain lupus erythematosus . systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a chronic inflammatory disease, usually febrile and characterized by injury to the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes. It can, however, affect any organ of the body and usually has periods of remissions and exacerbations. (See plate in Dermatology Atlas.) It was once thought that this was a fairly rare disease, but improved immunologic testing procedures have shown that it is not. It is primarily a disease of women, occurring five to ten times more often in females than in males. Although the peak incidence is between 30 and 40 years of age, the condition has also been diagnosed in the very young and the very old. SLE is the classic prototype of autoimmune disease of connective tissue. Its etiology is unknown, but the high level of autoantibodies in persons with the condition indicates a defect in the regulatory mechanisms that sustain self-tolerance and prevent the body from attacking its own cells, cell constituents, and proteins. Patients with SLE can have a wide variety of autoantibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular components. The presence of high levels of antinuclear antibody (ANA) in SLE patients with glomerulonephritis indicates a pathogenic role for that antibody. The antibodies are directed against deoxyribonucleoprotein, DNA, histone, and a soluble non–nucleic acid molecule called Sm antigen. Factors that appear to contribute to the development of SLE include exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation from sunlamps, a genetic predisposition to the disease, certain drugs, viral infections, and hormonal influences. Clinical manifestations of SLE are confusingly diverse owing to the involvement of connective tissue throughout the body. Typically, the patient seeks medical help for relief of fever, weight loss, joint pain, the characteristic butterfly rash, pleural effusion and pleuritic pain, and nephritis. The detection of ANA by microscopic immunofluorescence is supportive evidence for the presence of SLE. Either glomerulonephritis , which is usually mild, or cardiovascular manifestations such as myocarditis , endocarditis, or pericarditis , are found in about half the patients with SLE. Pulmonary disease, especially pleurisy, is also relatively common, as are gastrointestinal disturbances and lymph node involvement. Organic neurologic disturbances produce behavioral aberrations and frank psychosis in some patients; in a few others, there are peripheral neuropathies , motor weakness, and diplopia . Supportive measures are used to prevent or minimize acute relapses and exacerbations of symptoms. The patient is instructed to avoid exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet radiation from other sources, blood transfusions, penicillin, and the sulfonamides. Active disease is treated with topical steroids , nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for fever and joint pain, corticosteroids , and immunosuppressants . The goal of drug therapy is suppression of the immune system. Treatment of specific manifestations of SLE is aimed at prevention of complications. Physical therapy may be required to alleviate muscle weakness and prevent orthopedic deformities. lupus vulga´ris the most common and severe form of tuberculosis of the skin, most often affecting the face, with formation of reddish brown patches of nodules in the corium , which progressively spread peripherally with central atrophy, causing ulceration and scarring and destruction of cartilage in involved sites. lu·pus (lū'pŭs), A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating the various diseases listed below. [L. wolf] lupus /lu·pus/ (loo´pus) any of a group of skin diseases in which the lesions are characteristically eroded. chilblain lupus erythematosus a form due to cold-induced microvascular injury, aggravated by cold; the lesions initially resemble chilblains but eventually assume the form of discoid lupus erythematosus. cutaneous lupus erythematosus one of the two main forms of lupus erythematosus, in which the skin may be either the only or the first organ or system involved. It may be chronic ( discoid l. erythematosus ), subacute ( systemic l. erythematosus ), or acute (characterized by an acute, edematous, erythematous eruption). discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) a chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus marked by red macules covered with scanty adherent scales that fall off and leave scars; lesions typically form a butterfly pattern over the bridge of the nose and cheeks, but other areas may be involved. drug-induced lupus a syndrome closely resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, precipitated by prolonged use of certain drugs, most commonly hydralazine, isoniazid, various anticonvulsants, and procainamide. lupus erythemato´sus (LE) a group of chronic connective tissue diseases manifested in two main types: cutaneous l. erythematosus and systemic l. erythematosus . lupus erythemato´sus profun´dus a form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus in which deep brawny indurations or subcutaneous nodules occur under normal or, less often, involved skin; the overlying skin may be erythematous, atrophic, and ulcerated and on healing may leave a depressed scar. lupus erythemato´sus tu´midus a variant of discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus in which the lesions are raised reddish purple or brown plaques. hypertrophic lupus erythematosus a form of discoid lupus erythematosus characterized by verrucous hyperkeratotic lesions. lupus hypertro´phicus 1. a variant of lupus vulgaris in which the lesions consist of a warty vegetative growth, often crusted or slightly exudative, usually occurring on moist areas near body orifices. • Systemic lupus erythematosus, see there. (2) Cutaneous tuberculosis (lupus vulgaris). lu·pus (lū'pŭs) A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating different varieties of the disease. [L. wolf] lupus (loo'pus) [L. lupus, wolf] Originally any chronic, progressive, usually ulcerating, skin disease. In current usage, when the word is used alone, it has no precise meaning. discoid lupus erythematosus Abbreviation: DLE A chronic skin disease characterized by periodic acute appearances of a scaling, red, macular rash. DLE is caused by an autoimmune process involving both B-cell– and T-cell–mediated mechanisms that destroy the skin's basal cells. DLE is treated with topical corticosteroids. It is found in about 5% to 30% of patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (esp. those who smoke) but also may occur alone (without other findings of SLE). See: autoimmune disease ; systemic lupus erythematosus Treatment The patient should avoid exposure to the sun. Skin lesions should be treated with topical corticosteroids, but overuse of these preparations should be avoided. drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus A group of signs and symptoms similar to those of systemic lupus erythematosus, caused by an adverse reaction to drugs, esp. procainamide, hydralazine, and isoniazid. Joint inflammation and pain, skin rash, pleurisy, and fever are the most common manifestations; kidney and central nervous system involvement are rare. Antinuclear antibodies, specifically against the histones that fold DNA, are common. Some patients develop antinuclear antibodies but do not develop lupus-like symptoms. The lupus-like syndrome usually disappears when the drug causing it is discontinued. See: antinuclear antibodies ; systemic lupus erythematosus lupus erythematosus Lupus profundus. lupus pernio Purple, noncaseating granulomas occurring on the face, esp. around the nose, eyes, cheeks, lips, and ears. Lupus in lupus pernio is misleading because it suggests a connection with systemic lupus erythematosus; lupus pernio is actually a finding of the skin in sarcoidosis. lupus profundus A deeply scarring, atrophic rash occasionally found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, caused by inflammation of subcutaneous fatty tissue. Synonym: lupus panniculitis systemic lupus erythematosus Abbreviation: SLE A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of connective tissue involving multiple organ systems and marked by periodic acute episodes. Its name is derived from the characteristic erythematous butterfly rash over the nose and cheeks, which resembles a wolf's snout, although this is present in less than 50% of patients. The disease is most prevalent in women (ratio of 8:1 women:men) of childbearing age (ratio of 15:1). Although it occurs worldwide, it is most prevalent among black and Asian peoples. Etiology and Pathology SLE is classified as an autoimmune disease in which the body seems to be unable to maintain normal mechanisms of tolerance to autoantigens. Activation of T helper cells and B cells results in the production of autoantibodies that attack antigens in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells and on the surface of blood cells. The exact cause of SLE is unknown: genetic defects, hormonal changes, infection, physical or mental stress, some drugs, immunizations, and environmental triggers (sunlight, UV light exposure) are possible predisposing factors. See: autoimmune disease ; glomerulonephritis Autoantibodies can react with autoantigens to form immune complexes in such large numbers that they cannot be completely excreted; the immune complexes may precipitate within blood vessels, producing inflammation at the site and disrupting the flow of blood and oxygen to tissues. These deposits are particularly damaging in the glomeruli. Autoantibodies also promote the destruction of cells by stimulating neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic activity, which increases cell destruction from trauma, infection, or drugs. Diagnosis In 1997, revised criteria for diagnosis of SLE were established. The diagnosis can be made if four or more of the following criteria are present, either at one time or sequentially: (1) butterfly rash; (2) raised, scaly discoid skin lesions; (3) abnormal titer of antinuclear antibodies seen by immunofluorescence; (4) other autoantibodies (anti-Sm; serological tests for syphilis); (5) pleuritis or pericarditis (together referred to as “serositis”); (6) hemolytic anemia, leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 4,000 mm3), lymphopenia (lymphocyte count less than 1,500/mm3), or thrombocytopenia of less than 100,000/mm3; (7) oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers; (8) nonerosive arthritis; (9) psychosis or seizures without other clear cause; (10) photosensitivity skin rash; and (11) proteinuria greater than 0.5 g/day or cellular casts in the urine. Some drugs can cause a lupus-like syndrome; the most common of these are procainamide, isoniazid, and hydralazine. See: drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus Symptoms The onset of the disease may be acute or insidious. Patients have a wide variety of clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, but anemia, thrombocytopenia, polyarthritis, (polyarthralgia) skin rashes, glomerulonephritis, fever, malaise, weight loss, fatigue, and low blood levels of complement are the most common. Other signs include pleuritis, pericarditis, myocarditis, neurological changes including behavioral changes and seizure activity (neural lupus), gastrointestinal ulcerations, Raynaud's phenomenon (present in about 20% of patients), and other problems caused by inflammatory changes of the blood vessels or connective tissue. Most patients are prone to infection. Treatment No cure for SLE exists, and complete remission is rare. About 25% of patients have mild disease, demonstrating only minor skin and hematological signs, and can be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for their arthritis symptoms and topical treatment (sometimes with corticosteroid creams) for skin lesions. Rashes may respond to antimalarials, e.g., hydroxychloroquine, but patients must be observed closely for the possibility of drug-induced retinal damage. Other treatments for skin rash include quinacrine, retinoids, and dapsone. Life-threatening and severely disabling conditions should be treated with high doses of corticosteroids and supplemental calcium to minimize osteoporosis, which may be an undesired side effect of long-term glucocorticoid use. Immunosuppressive drugs are used for severe exacerbations and to reduce steroid dosage. Prognosis The prognosis depends on which organ systems are involved, how severely they are damaged, and how rapidly the disease progresses. Ten-year survival rates are high (80%). Renal failure and infections are the most common causes of death. Patient care Patient education related to the disease, diagnostic procedures, and treatment is essential in lupus, as in any chronic disease. Ongoing assessment is carried out to assess flares of the illness. The purpose, proper dosage, use, and side effects of drugs is taught. Patients need emotional support to help cope with changes in appearance. Patients should be taught to wear clothing and hats that block direct sunlight, use a sunscreen with a 15 or higher protection factor, and to maintain a diet appropriate for their renal functional status. The health care professional should help establish a regimen for adequate relief of both the musculoskeletal pain and chronic fatigue experienced by most patients, encouraging adequate rest. Heat packs relieve joint stiffness and pain, and regular gentle exercise helps to maintain full range of motion. Physical and occupational therapy consultations are provided as appropriate. Additional support and teaching depend on the organ system most affected by the disease. If the female patient of childbearing age has no renal or neurologic impairment, she can have a safe, successful pregnancy if desired. Over time, patients with severe progressive disease need assistance in coping with chronic illness and the possibility of mortality. Referrals to the Lupus Foundation of America (202-349-1155; www.lupus.org) and the Arthritis Foundation (800-283-7800; www.arthritis.org) are helpful. See: illustration lupus vulgaris Tuberculosis of the skin; characterized by patches that break down and ulcerate, leaving scars on healing. lupus A general and imprecise term referring to one of a variety of severe skin disorders, especially LUPUS VULGARIS . Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE) A chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that may affect many organ systems including the skin, joints, and internal organs. lupus generic term for systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus discoid lupus erythematosus; DLE localized systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by similar skin lesions, but without marked systemic effects; may later progress to SLE systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE; lupus autoimmune, inflammatory, connective tissue disease, characterized variably by fever, weakness and fatigability, joint pain and/or rheumatoid-like arthritis, severe Raynaud's phenomenon, diffuse erythematous vasculitis of sun-exposed skin (facial 'butterfly' rash), red nails/lunulae, epidermal atrophy (± ulceration), lymphadenopathy, pleurisy, pericarditis, glomerulonephritis, anaemia, hyperglobinaemia; more common in younger women, and women of Black African ancestry lupus (lōōˑ·p n an inflammatory, autoimmune disorder of connective tissue; occurs mainly in young women. Citation, lu·pus (lū'pŭs) A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating various diseases. [L. wolf]	i don't know
In the ‘Harry Potter’ series of books what is the American version of the game of Quidditch?	American National Quidditch team \| Harry Potter Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia American National Quidditch team Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Warning! At least some content in this article is derived from information featured in the latest update of Pottermore . As such, spoilers will be present within the article. Please take care when reading this article if you have not yet been through the latest update. American National Quidditch team Navy blue and dark red Known players [Source] "If this is what they do when they get into the semis, imagine what we're facing if they reach the final. I'm thinking Security Trolls ." —A senior member of the International Confederation of Wizards' Quidditch Committee on the American team's celebrations following their win against Liechtenstein in the 2014 Quidditch World Cup. [src] The American National Quidditch team are the national side of the United States of America . Contents [ show ] Team Special Move The U.S.A. has a basketball-style Team Special Move named The Harlem Shuffle (20 points). The name is taken from the popular Muggle basketball team The Harlem Globetrotters , who are best known for their skilful and entertaining play involving a ball of similar size to the Quaffle , during games. Chasers Green and Muntz with Seeker Singleton The Harlem Shuffle plays out as follows: First, Chaser Gianni Fedele spins it atop his finger, shouting to his fellow Chasers , "Get ready, guys!" He passes the Quaffle immediately on to Robert Green , who dribbles it back and forth on his broomstick for a few moments, then passes to Debbie Muntz . Muntz plays piggie-in-the-middle with the other team's Chaser(s), while sliding the Quaffle down her outstretched arms and behind her head. She throws it to Fedele, who throws it to Green, who scores by throwing the Quaffle in from behind the goal post after diving off of his broomstick, while falling. Muntz takes it and scores once again, the other team's Keeper diving off their broom, but failing to make the save. [1] Stadium The American Quidditch team's National Quidditch pitch The American team's national stadium appears to be on a New England farm, with a barn behind one goal and a road leading to a hilltop Victorian mansion behind the other, heavily implying that the stadium and field are privately owned (a possible nod to America's emphasis on private, rather than state-run enterprise). The field seems to always be dark with its cloudy grey sky and Hallowe'en theme. It is covered with jack-o-lanterns, surrounded by autumn-colored trees, and its buildings are quite old, being New England Victorian in architecture. The bottom of the Quidditch pitch is covered with dirt and quite a few weeds and mowed-down crops, and the pitch itself sports line markers similar to those seen on an American football field circa 1920. Given the farm buildings and the ploughed dirt nature of the field, it is likely that the field is used to grow crops in the off-season. The side banners have red and white stripes and blue stars. Team's emblem Emblem and Flag The team's emblem is blue on top with three white stars. There are vertical stripes of red and white below and a black eagle with a Beater's bat in each claw. Their flag is the stars and stripes. Team's flag	Quidditch
Which European porcelain company introduced its black and white ‘Dazzle’ collection in 2013?	Quidditch - MuggleNet Quidditch Trivia Challenges Quidditch Quidditch is the most loved and watched sport in the wizarding world of Harry Potter. The sport is played by two teams of seven people (three Chasers, two Beaters, one Keeper, and one Seeker) and involves three different types of balls (a Quaffle, two Bludgers, and a Golden Snitch). Quidditch is so popular that the sport has even been adapted for the Muggle world with hundreds of teams competing around the world and watched by thousands of fans. This Muggle version of the sport has even been featured in both television and film. The International Quidditch Association governs the Muggle version of this sport. Latest Quidditch News Experiencing Quidditch Through a Camera Lens - At the USQ Midwest Regional Championship tournament last weekend, I was able to sit down and talk with Cally O'Neill, who offered a new perspective on the beloved sport. Quidditch Gets a Premier League in the UK - Muggle Quidditch has been gaining popularity all over the world, so much that the UK just announced the launch of its Quidditch Premier League (QPL) today. USQ Midwest Regional Championship Recap - This weekend, 13 teams from the Midwest competed for five spots in the US Quidditch Cup 10 and the title of Midwest Regional Champions. Tweets by @IQAscores About the IQA The International Quidditch Association (IQA) represents hundreds of club Quidditch teams within more than twenty national bodies. This association works in various areas regarding the Muggle Quidditch world, anywhere from organizing international competitions to improving the official rulebook . History Xander Manshel and Alex Benepe created Muggle Quidditch in 2005 at Middlebury College. Intramural games became regular, and in 2007 they played the first official match. The sport became international in 2008, when the first non-US team, a Canadian team from McGill University of Quebec, debuted in the first World Cup championship. As the sport gained popularity, it was decided that more formal leadership was needed. As a result, the IQA was created in 2010. Finland joined the US and Canada in 2011 for World Cup V. Over 10,000 fans came to watch this tournament, where 96 teams performed in New York City. 2012 saw the first bi-annual Global Games, which had teams from the US, Canada, the UK, France, and Australia perform in Oxford, England. This event sparked interest and growing popularity of the sport all around the world. In 2014, the IQA became US Quidditch, which manages the sport within the US. The new IQA took on a more international management and developmental position for the sport. National Bodies Wizard vs. Muggle Quidditch Harry Potter Book Series The Quaffle is the ball with which Chasers score goals and, due to the nature of the game, must be caught and thrown one-handed since the player must at the same time control his or her broomstick. The Bludger is a round, jet-black iron ball, 10 inches in diameter that is hit by a Beater with a bat and attempts to unseat the nearest player, which is why Beaters attempt to knock Bludgers toward opposing players. The Golden Snitch is a very small ball in diameter with golden wings which allow for the ball to fly at a very fast speed, causing it to be extremely difficult to see and catch. The capture of the Snitch ends the game and gives the team whose Seeker caught it 150 points, which usually determines which team wins the game. Quidditch falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Magical Games and Sports, part of the Ministry of Magic. The professional organization is called the International Association of Quidditch. Professional matches are attended by trained mediwizards, and while there are many injuries, there are few deaths from Quidditch accidents. However, referees have been known to disappear completely only to turn up weeks later in the middle of the Sahara Desert. There are seven hundred possible ways to commit a foul in Quidditch, all of which occurred in a World Cup match held in 1473. The name “Quidditch” comes from Queerditch Marsh, the place where the game originated in the 1000s. The colorful, exciting history of this thousand-year-old sport is detailed in the excellent book, Quidditch Through the Ages , now available in a Muggle edition. Muggle Quidditch Muggle Quidditch was founded in 2005 at Middlebury College by then-freshman Xander Manshel. Looking for a variation on their normal Sunday activities, Manshel and his friends laid the foundation for a game that has grown in leaps and bounds to become a widely respected, physically intense sport. Some of the notable adaptations of the sport (aside from the players’ inability to fly on broomsticks) was the use of three Bludgers, a human being as the Golden Snitch, and the capture of the Snitch (called a “snitch snatch”) that is worth only 30 points but still ends the game. The popularity of Muggle Quidditch has been growing rapidly around the world since the formation of the International Quidditch Association, which was founded in 2010 as a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The organization’s CEO and Co-Founder is Alex Benepe, who was one of the original players at Middlebury College with Manshel. Currently, there are over 800 registered teams with the IQA around the world that follow a specific set of standards and rules adapted for the game. Each year, typically in April, the IQA hosts the Quidditch World Cup that places the top teams in the world against each other in a weekend tournament. The IQA has become the USQ , United States Quidditch, and the IQA Congress, which oversees Quidditch worldwide. This change took effect July 1, 2014. The USQ is also divided into leagues throughout the United States and Canada. In April 2013 at the Quidditch World Cup VI, the University of Texas at Austin was the first team aside from Middlebury College to be crowned Quidditch Champion with their defeat of UCLA in the final match by a score of 190-80. The livestream of the finals match gained over 8,000 views. In commemoration of Texas’s victory, the University of Texas at Austin illuminated the Main Building on campus, an honor also given to recognize Big 12 Conference championships. Quidditch World Cup VII was held in North Myrtle Beach, SC in April of 2014. The University of Texas at Austin won for the second year in a row, defeating Texas State in the finals 130-70. In April 2015, Rock Hill, SC saw Quidditch World Cup VIII. For the third year running, the University of Texas at Austin was crowned Champion. Tied with Lone Star Quidditch Club 90-90, seeker Evan Carr caught the snitch, winning the title for his team. In June 2013, Muggle Quidditch was featured prominently in the motion picture The Internship. US Quidditch Cup IX: April 16-17, 2016 Columbia, South Carolina Here you can find results and information about the most exciting Quidditch event of the season, US Quidditch Cup 9. This tournament was held at the new Palmetto Health Fields at Saluda Shoals Park in Columbia, SC. Teaser October 31 and November 1 Rochester, New York District of Columbia Quidditch Club George Mason Club Quidditch Penn State University Nittany Lions Rutgers University Quidditch The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Quidditch University of Richmond Quid ditch Virginia Quidditch Club Texas State University – San Marcos Texas Tech Quidditch The Fighting Farmers of America The Lost Boys University of California Los Angeles Utah State Quidditch Club Ohio State University Quidditch Club Ohio University Quidditch Club Here you can watch the selection process of the pools for US Quidditch Cup 9: And here are the results: After three years of University of Texas at Austin holding on to the title, a new champion has been crowned. Q.C. Boston defeated Rochester United in a close final match in overtime after Rochester United caught the snitch to tie the game. The final score was 130-140. Quidditch World Cup VIII: April 11-12, 2015 Rock Hill, South Carolina Look no further for information regarding the Quidditch World Cup 8. Here you will find the best news about the 80 teams that participated in the tournament that took place in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Teaser: Penn State University Nittany Lions The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Quidditch University of Richmond Spiders Indiana University Midnight Snipes Quidditch Minnesota Quidditch University of British Columbia Quidditch Western Washington Wyverns University of South Florida Quidditch SOUTHWEST Texas State University – San Marcos Texas Tech Quidditch The University of Texas at Austin Tribe Quidditch University of Arkansas Quidditch Club University of Texas at San Antonio Club Quidditch WEST The Long Beach Funky Quaffles The Lost Boys University of California Los Angeles Wizards of Westwood Swiss System Instead of using the pool play system that the Quidditch World Cup has used in the past, USQ World Cup 8 switched to the Swiss system , which is preferable for large tournaments such as this one. The 80 teams were split up and seeded into two flights of 40 based on their standings in USQ. To view the rankings of the two flights for World Cup 8, click here . To ensure that two teams favored to win do not play against each other in the initial round, the teams were grouped into sections of four and the top four played against their corresponding bottom four, (e.g. seeds 1, 2, 3, and 4 played against one of random seeds 37, 38, 39, and 40.) Each round after the first round is completed in this manor, teams then play against those with identical records to their own, or as similar as can be if there is an odd number. To learn more about this new system, or to learn the rankings and matchup of the two flights, watch the video below: Scores World Cup 8 Bracket Denotes Snitch Snatch The University of Texas at Austin once again won the World Cup, for the third year straight. They beat out Lone Star Quidditch Club in the finals. Texas seeker Evan Carr caught the snitch, winning the match – and title – for his team 120-90. If you missed the match, you can catch the final below: Quidditch World Cup VII: April 5-6, 2014 North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina Quidditch is an intense, co-ed contact sport played by over 300 teams around the world. In April 2014, 80 of those teams descended upon North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to crown the sport’s world champion – the winner of the seventh annual IQA World Cup. With 14 players, four balls, and the elusive human Snitch, the World Cup games unfolded over two days of top-tier athleticism, incredible competition, and a community like no other. There are lots of championships, but there’s only one IQA World Cup. News The Promo: Driving Directions The North Myrtle Beach Park and Sports Complex is finishing construction, so it doesn’t have an address yet! But you can get driving directions from Google Maps by clicking this link . Teams Indiana University South Bend Titans Kansas Quidditch Michigan State University Spartan Quidditch Minnesota Quidditch University of South Florida Quidditch US SOUTHWEST REGION TEAMS Eastern Florida State College Titans Lone Star Quidditch Club Texas State University – San Marcos Texas Tech University The University of Texas at Austin University of Arkansas Razorback Quidditch US MID-ATLANTIC REGION TEAMS Penn State University Nittany Lions Q.C. Pittsburgh University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Quidditch University of Richmond Spiders Quidditch at the University of Virginia US WEST REGION TEAMS Arizona State University – Sun Devil Quidditch Cal Quidditch San Jose State University Owls Santa Barbara Blacktips The Long Beach Funky Quaffles The Lost Boys University of California Los Angeles Wizards of Westwood Have all withdrawn from Quidditch World Cup VII Pools & Matches QWC Coverage April 5-6 from North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina The IQA gameplay department and World Cup staff are excited to present the pools for World Cup VII, below. Pool 1 Texas State University – San Marcos 3-1 Eastern Florida State College Titans 1-3 Quidditch Club of Central Michigan 3-1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Quidditch 2-2 San Jose State University Spartans 0-4 University of Arkansas Razorback Quidditch 4-0 Michigan State University Spartan Quidditch 3-1 The Long Beach Funky Quaffles 2-2 University of California Los Angeles 3-1 Penn State University Nittany Lions 3-1 University of South Florida Quidditch 0-4 Arizona State University – Sun Devil Quidditch 2-2 The University of Texas at Austin 3-0 Indiana University South Bend Titans 0-3 Quidditch at the University of Virginia 2-2 Brackets Denotes Snitch Snatch The University of Texas at Austin won the World Cup for the second year in a row, beating out Texas State in the finals 130-70. Watch the full final match in the video below: Quidditch World Cup VI: April 13-14, 2013 Kissimmee, Florida (#) – World Ranking at time of Quidditch World Cup Pool 1 University of California, Berkeley (#33) Virginia Commonwealth University (#48) Qwertyrians Tijuana This is very much Baylor’s pool to lose. After beating No. 1 Texas A&M University and No. 2 University of Texas at the Southwestern Regional Championship, these opponents should represent a relative cakewalk. Given the performances of the other four teams at regionals, I don’t foresee anyone challenging Baylor, and I expect that they should be able to go undefeated. However, if there is any team that can challenge Baylor, it’s Kansas. The Lawrence-based team’s biggest challenge at Midwestern Regionals was their seeker play. In their six games at the regional championship, Kansas grabbed just two Snitches, and lost to Purdue twice and Bowling Green State by Snitch grabs. At the Spring Breakout, Kansas appeared to have remedied their seeking, with a new seeker; the team caught the Snitch in all three official games that have reported scores, twice over University of Missouri (Columbia, MO) and once against University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN). However, their seeking game is still inexperienced compared to some of their more established peers. Baylor’s seeking has been one of the keys behind its emergence. The Bears caught the Snitch in each of their five matches against World Cup-qualifying teams at the Southwestern Regional Championship. Their victory over Texas A&M resulted from a regulation Snitch catch that sent it to overtime, and an overtime snatch, while Baylor’s victory over Texas came when the team caught the Snitch down by 10 points. Even with Kansas’ improved seeking, I don’t think they can match Baylor in that department. Their quaffle game may be strong enough, but their seeking is inexperienced. I see Cal and VCU competing for the third advancing spot. I don’t think either has a chance against Kansas or Baylor, and in all probability will fall to both teams by large margins. I also think both teams will probably handle Qwertyrians rather easily. This means the last advancing spot will come down to the Cal-VCU match. If the Mid-Atlantic Regional had taken place in the spring, I’m not sure VCU would have qualified. They’ve lost twice to University of Virginia (Charlottesville, VA), a team that was unable to qualify for World Cup, in the spring, and also to QC Carolinas (Winston-Salem, NC), a team VCU beat in qualifying. VCU’s road to the World Cup was fairly easy, as they didn’t have to go through many top-tier teams in qualifying. Cal also looks like a team that barely belongs. Berkeley barely reached the World Cup, as detailed above, and has struggled all year against top teams (which really consists of a handful of games against the Skrewts, and a contest against NAU and Santa Barbara). In fact, Berkeley is winless against peer teams, and has only beaten teams that can be considered vastly inferior. While I’m skeptical of both teams, I think VCU is the more complete team and I’ll pick them to earn the final advancing spot. How They Got Here No. 6 Baylor University qualified for the World Cup as the champions of the Southwest Region. The Bears finished as the top seed following pool play, earning an automatic World Cup bid prior to bracket play. Baylor defeated Silver Phoenixes (College Station, TX), Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK), and University of North Texas (Denton, TX) in pool play. Baylor continued their run in regionals with wins over Austin Quidditch (Austin, TX), Texas A&M University (College Station, TX) and University of Texas (Austin, TX) en route to the title. No. 19 University of Kansas reached the World Cup by finishing in the top 10 at the Midwest Regional. After a 2-2 record in bracket play, Kansas overcame Loyola University Chicago (Chicago, IL) 110-30 to earn their spot. In the next round of Midwestern Regionals, Kansas fell to Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN) 80-50, failing to earn a spot in the quarterfinals. Kansas’ victories in pool play came over Denison University (Granville, OH), and Southern Illinois University (Carbondale, IL), while their losses were to Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green, OH) and Purdue. No. 33 University of California, Berkeley finished in 8th place at Western Cup IV, the West’s regional championship. Cal went 3-1 in pool play, earning the seventh seed entering the bracket. After a victory over rivals Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA), 70-60, Berkeley was blown out, 170-50 by Silicon Valley Skrewts (Mountain View, CA), forcing them to attempt to earn a World Cup shot through the consolation bracket. After defeating San Jose State University (San Jose, CA), Berkeley was defeated by Northern Arizona University (Flagstaff, AZ), with a World Cup spot on the line. After losing in both the bracket and consolation semi-finals, when a win in either would earn them a World Cup chance, Berkeley fell to Santa Barbara Blacktips 80-70 in the consolation finals to finish in eighth place. The Western Region was originally awarded six bids to the World Cup, but also held the first priority if another spot were to become open. This opportunity was originally offered to the Blacktips, who were unable to attend. The spot was next opened to Cal, who accepted the spot in Division I at the World Cup. No. 46 VCU qualified for the World Cup through more conventional means, earning a spot at the Mid-Atlantic Regionals. VCU finished second in their pool with a 4-2 record, earning the sixth seed in bracket play. The squad from Richmond then faced Steel City Quidditch Club (Pittsburgh, PA) in a best of three, which they won handily: 150-30 and 240-90. VCU fell in the Mid-Atlantic quarterfinals 150-80* to QC Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA). Qwertyrians Tijuana earned a World Cup spot through one of the slots reserved for International teams. Pool 2 Rochester Institute of Technology (#38) University of Florida (#44) Loyola University Chicago (#83) I am confident that the Silicon Valley Skrewts, Penn State, and Florida will be the top three teams in this pool; however, the order is a complete mystery to me. Three players will look to lead their respective teams to the top of pool 2, and it could come down to which of the three players is the best. Kevin Oelze might as well rename himself Mr. Skrewt, but that team is more than just Mr. Oelze. The Skrewts come in as the top-seed, a ranking that is by no means indicative of how they will perform. The Skrewts just haven’t played much top-level competition. They’ve split a pair of close games this year with the Lost Boys, and they split with Berkeley this season (the loss was early in the year, and the win, which was much more recent, was resounding). These few encounters comprise the entirety of Skrewts’ matches against World Cup-level competition. While the Skrewts may not be as battle-tested as others, they do possess the skills needed for a run at the World Cup. In particular, their beater play is very strong, and it has helped them defensively in their matches against the Lost Boys. Speedy chaser Michael Parada will lead a Penn State offense that has exhibited a bit of a tendency to disappear against stronger teams. Unlike their two rivals for the top spot, who have taken advantage of warm southern and western weather, Penn State has played just three official matches this spring. These matches are not particularly telling, as Penn State fell 80-50* to Hofstra University (Hempstead, NY), while beating New York University (New York, NY) 50-0 and the New York Badassilisks (New York, NY) 100-10. What these matches do show is that Penn State is a strong defensive team. Florida has had a rough season thus far, but given their past success, there is no doubting the talent they possess. Dre Clements took the Quidditch world by storm at the last World Cup, and if he can replicate his performance there, Florida may be the team to beat despite being the second-lowest ranked team in this pool. How They Got Here No. 12 Silicon Valley Skrewts reached the World Cup with a semifinal appearance at Western Cup IV. California’s first community team (Lost Boys: please note that this is not an indication of favoritism, but simply a fact) cruised through their pool on the first day with a 3-0 showing, defeating the Utah Crimson Fliers (Salt Lake City, UT), University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), and Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA). In pool play, the Skrewts scored no fewer than 170 points, and gave up no more than 50 in their three games en route to a +500 point differential. In bracket play, the team qualified for the World Cup with a 170-50 victory over the University of California-Berkeley (Berkeley, CA). The Skrewts’ attempts at a Regional championship were uprooted in their next game, a 100^-60 semifinal loss to archrivals, the Lost Boys (Lomita, CA). No. 25 Penn State University qualified for the World Cup by reaching the semifinals of the Mid-Atlantic Regional tournament. A 4-1 record in pool play left Penn State as the fourth seed prior to bracket play, earning them a World Cup spot in the process. They then reached the semifinals with a narrow victory over Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) 80-40. Penn State lost just twice during the tournament, both times to Villanova University (Villanova, PA) by a Snitch catch: 140-80 in pool play, and 110-80 in bracket play. No. 38 Rochester Institute of Technology earned their World Cup spot by reaching the semifinals of the loser’s bracket at the North Eastern Regional Championship. After finishing 3-1 in their pool, RIT entered bracket play as the sixth seed. An 80-30 upset by Macaulay Honors College (New York, NY) sent RIT into the consolation bracket, where they needed to defeat Stony Brook University in the loser’s bracket quarterfinals (Stony Brook, NY) and win one of their next two games to earn a spot. The RIT defense proved more than equal to the challenge as they held Stony Brook to just 10 points in a 70-10 victory. In their next match, it was defense and seeking again that led the way, as RIT overcame the University of Massachusetts-Amherst (Amherst, MA) 40-20. No. 44 University of Florida easily earned a return trip to the World Cup after making the finals last year. A perfect 6-0 record in pool play was enough to send the Gators to the quarterfinals at the Southern Regional tournament, with a 140-20 win over Florida Atlantic University (Boca Raton, FL.) to clinch their berth. An upset by Tennessee Technological University (Cookeville, TN) 110-50 in the semifinals ended Florida’s chance at a regional title. No. 82 Loyola University is the newest addition to the Division I World Cup field. Loyola finished 10th after pool play at the Midwestern Regional tournament with a 2-1 record, but was knocked out by the University of Kansas 110-30* with a World Cup spot on the line. When spots opened due to teams being unable to attend, Loyola was the third and final team offered a spot, after Cal and Central Michigan University (Mount Pleasant, MI). Pool 3 Texas A&M University (#1) University of Michigan (#20) New York University (#50) Fleming College (#67) Texas A&M is the obvious favorite in this pool, having lost just once all year. The only loss the Aggies suffered was to a Baylor team that pulled the Snitch in both regulation and overtime. None of these teams are as good as Baylor, and consequently I don’t expect any of them to challenge Texas A&M. Michigan has played in two tournaments this spring, going 5-1 at the Glass City Invitational with victories over World Cup-bound squads: Ohio State University (Columbus, OH), Central Michigan University (Mount Pleasant, MI), and Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN). Michigan’s lone loss at the tournament came in the championship game to familiar foes, the same Michigan State squad that ousted them from the Midwestern Regional Championship. At the Spartan Quidditch Bonanza hosted by Michigan State this past weekend, Michigan fell once to Central Michigan and Michigan State, while also beating Central Michigan. Unlike the three lower-ranked squads in this pool, Michigan has shown an ability to consistently beat World Cup-caliber competition, and while they don’t have much of a chance against A&M, Michigan should handle the rest of their competition. The third advancing spot will likely come down to Hopkins and NYU. While those two squads have not faced off this year, their close proximity (less than a four-hour drive apart) does mean they have numerous mutual opponents that can be used to compare them. This spring, both have played Hofstra, with Hopkins facing them at the Shell Shocking Spectacular hosted by the University of Maryland (College Park, MD). NYU faced Hofstra at the Big Apple Quidditch Conference tournament, hosted by Hofstra. In those matches, Hopkins fell 90-40, while NYU lost 140-20. NYU also faced Hofstra at the Empire Classic, also hosted by Hofstra, suffering a narrow 70-40 defeat. Both teams also faced the New York Badassilisks (New York, NY), matches each squad won by 50. In the fall, Hopkins lost to Penn State, 80-40, while NYU fell to them this spring 50-0. The results indicate that these two teams are very evenly matched, and I think this game will come down to a Snitch catch. Who catches that Snitch is tough to say, since neither side has faced off often against an equally talented foe. My gut tells me that Hopkins is a little bit better, but it is also worth noting that NYU has played many more games this spring and may come into the matchup a bit more battle-tested. In the end, I’m going to pick Hopkins as the third team to advance. There is nothing to indicate that Fleming has a chance to unseat any of these teams, as they really haven’t succeeded against any groups with similar talent. How They Got Here No. 1 Texas A&M qualified for the World Cup when they reached the semifinals of the Southwest Regional Championship. A&M went 2-0 in pool play, earning the fourth seed entering bracket play. In the first round of the bracket, Texas A&M defeated Roadrunner Quidditch (San Antonio, TX) 170-30 to easily secure a spot at the World Cup. A 140-90* quarterfinal victory over Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, LA), sent A&M to the semifinals where they faced a surprising upset 140^-110 by a Baylor University (Waco, TX) squad. No. 20 Michigan qualified for the World Cup by going 4-0 in their pool at the Midwestern Regional Championship. The only team to ever beat Middlebury College (Middlebury, VT) at a World Cup kept all of their pool matches out of Snitch range, racking up a +390 point differential in their four matches. Their performance in pool play catapulted them to the quarterfinals and into a bout against rivals Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI). Although they performed well in pool play, Michigan was unable to sneak by the Spartan Spitfires, falling 90-80 in the quarterfinals. No. 35 Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) earned their spot at the World Cup by beating Edinboro University (Edinboro, PA) at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Championship. Johns Hopkins earned the fifth see entering bracket play after posting a 4-1 record in pool play. This led them to a best of three against the No. 12 seed Edinboro. Hopkins came into the series with a 170-40 victory in hand from pool play, and thus needed only one victory over Edinboro to qualify. They got that win in their next match, 100^-70. Hopkins could not advance farther as Penn State cut them down 80-40 in the quarterfinals. No. 50 New York University reached the World Cup with a quarterfinal berth at the North Eastern Regional Championship. A 3-1 record in pool play earned NYU the eighth seed in bracket play. In the round of 16 they handled Syracuse University 110-50, before bowing out in the quarterfinals with a 60-30 loss to Hofstra University (Hempstead, NY). No. 67 Fleming College claimed one of the three Eastern Canadian spots, after a sixth place finish at that regional championship. Pool 4 University of Southern California (#18) University of South Florida (#30) University of Minnesota (#42) Roadrunner Quidditch (#69) If all of these teams were at full strength, this would be quite the pool to watch. However, USC has been devastated by injuries recently, and are really just a shell of the team they were at the beginning of the season. Keeper August Lührs should return to lead USC after missing Western Cup IV, but the team will still likely be without star chaser Remy Contaser and beater Spencer Gold. With USC, a top-10 team earlier this year, so hampered by injuries, Emerson is the clear favorite in this pool. Emerson may be hampered by their location. Based in Boston, where winter weather is much more of an obstacle than in Los Angeles or Tampa, Emerson has yet to play an official game in 2013. While they were sharp at their last tournament of 2012, the North Eastern Regional Championship–which they made the finals of–they may need to shake off some rust at the World Cup while adapting to a very different climate. South Florida will have no such difficulties. Whereas none of their pool competitors will travel fewer than 1000 miles, USF has the luxury of a measly 75-mile commute. This lack of travel combined with familiarity with the weather could provide a major advantage. As far as gameplay is concerned, South Florida has been a difficult team to read this year. They’ve played well against the University of Miami (Coral Gables, FL), clearly the region’s top team, but have also lost to the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL), which carries no shame; and University of Southern Mississippi, a game they simply should not lose. The Southern Region is one of the most isolated regions, with teams rarely traveling to other areas, so it’s tough to predict how they will fare in relation to teams from other regions, but my hunch is USF may be overrated. On paper, Minnesota seems like a formidable squad, but that’s only if one looks at the name written on the top of the page and nothing else. Yes, Minnesota made the Final Four last year, but this year they’ve shown no ability to repeat that achievement. They underwhelmed at the Midwestern Regional Championship in November, and rebounded decently at the Spring Breakout before falling to Kansas 90-40 in the finals. Of course, nobody saw their run last year coming, and a lot of the talent is still there, even though they did not advance very far at the Midwestern Regional Championship. Still, there’s something to be said for having the experience of a World Cup run; their leadership will know what needs to be done. Roadrunner Quidditch falls into two categories: they are lucky to be here, but have a very tough pool. Having cut their teeth against the best of the Southwest, Roadrunner is a team that is capable of pulling an upset. Unfortunately for them, they got drawn into a pool where that simply won’t be possible. I think that Emerson and USC are both safe to make it through, but I’m really on the fence between USF and Minnesota. In the end, I’m picking Minnesota. I think they have the better experience given their run at the World Cup and the tough squads they’ve faced in the Midwest, and that should be enough to help them beat an inconsistent team from the Southern Region, despite the local advantages USF possesses. How They Got Here No. 7 Emerson qualified for the World Cup when they finished as the runner-up at the North Eastern Regional Championships. After topping their historic pool, which featured Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, NY), Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, NY), and Middlebury College (Middlebury, VT), Emerson entered bracket play as the fourth seed. A 190-0 shutout of Green Mountain College (Poultney, VT) earned Emerson a trip to the World Cup, but they weren’t done for that tournament. Victories over their own B-Team, Boston Riot (Boston, MA), 160-60, and Hofstra University 50-20 sent Emerson to the finals. Ultimately though, it was crosstown rivals Boston University (Boston, MA) that took home the title, winning 150-80. No. 18 USC reached the World Cup by making the semifinals of Western Cup IV. A 3-0 performance in pool play gave USC the fourth seed, and a spot in the quarterfinals. A 140-90* victory over Northern Arizona University (Flagstaff, AZ) booked USC’s trip to the World Cup. While the Trojans might have been wishing for a regional championship, their hopes were dashed by rivals University of California-Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA) No. 31 South Florida advanced to the World Cup with a consolation quarterfinal rout of College of Charleston (Charleston, SC), 160-20. USF finished second in their pool and earned the number three seed, but were upset by the University of Southern Mississippi (Hattiesburg, MS) 60-30 in the quarterfinals. They still earned one of the six World Cup spots allocated to the Southern Region with their win over Charleston. No. 42 Minnesota went 2-2 in pool play at the Midwestern Regional Championship, and defeated the Crimson Warhawks (Lawrence, KS) in a qualifying match 90-10 to reach the World Cup. Minnesota, a team that reached the semifinals at World Cup V, could do no more damage at the tournament as they fell to The Ohio State University (Columbus, OH) 80-50 with a spot in the quarterfinals on the line. No. 69 Roadrunner Quidditch successfully qualified for the World Cup despite a 0-3 record in pool play that saw them earn the 13-seed entering bracket play at the Southwestern Regional Championship. Texas A&M University (College Station, TX) easily disposed of Roadrunner 170-30 in the first round of the bracket, but Roadrunner assembled a three-game winning streak to run through the consolation bracket and earn one of 10 Southwestern World Cup slots. A 150-70 win over Loyola University New Orleans (New Orleans, LA) avenged a pool-play loss and sent Roadrunner through to the consolation semifinals, where a World Cup berth would be on the line. In that contest, Roadrunner defeated Northern Colorado Golden Griffins (Greeley, CO) 180-110 before conquering Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK) 200-140 in the consolation finals. Pool 5 University of California, Los Angeles (#3) Bowling Green State University (#22) University of Rochester (#41) Oklahoma State University (#54) Paris Phénix (#78) I have complete confidence that UCLA will top this pool. After their dominant showing at Western Cup IV, where they beat a number of teams: Lost Boys, and USC to name two, that could easily finish in the top-three of this pool, I don’t see UCLA having much trouble. In general, UCLA boasts all the tools required to be a contender. They are an experienced group with talent across the board. They’ve shown an ability to beat good teams, and to beat bad teams by large margins (which could be very useful in grabbing a high seed). They also have some of the best inter-regional experience, having played No. 2 University of Texas (Austin, TX), and No. 11 University of Miami (Coral Gables, FL). My biggest fear with UCLA is their seeking. They’re 14-3 overall, but only 1-2 in games decided by a Snitch catch: the losses were to USC 100-80 and Miami 110-90, with the win over the University of Texas 90-40. What UCLA has shown is amazing skills at the beater and chaser position, which means the 10 minute seeker floor should play right into their hands, and allow them time to build a big enough lead that seeking might not matter. I haven’t yet discussed UCLA relative to their Pool 5 competition, which is simply because I don’t believe any team in the pool is a match for the Bruins. If there is a squad that has any hopes of hanging with UCLA in the pool, it’s Bowling Green State. Their showing at the Midwestern Regional Championship was impressive, but as I’ve said previously, I’m not very high on the Midwest as a region. I think Bowling Green State falls into the long list of good but not great teams from that region. Outside of their play at Midwest Regionals, they’ve lost to Ball State University (Muncie, IN), and Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) this spring, neither of which gives me confidence they can beat UCLA. Still, I believe they are talented enough to handle the rest of this pool with no real trouble. Rochester is a team capable of some good wins, and boast a 17-9 record. However their record against World Cup foes has been just 5-6 (note: this includes Carleton University (Ottawa, ON) who qualified but will not be attending), with three of those wins over Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester, NY), and the other two are over SUNY Geneseo (Geneseo, NY), and Macaulay Honors College (New York, NY). Rochester is an experienced team with a lot of gameplay under their belt, but they haven’t shown ability to beat top-level teams. This makes an upset over either Bowling Green State or UCLA improbable. Still, based on their experience compared to their other two World Cup foes, I have to give Rochester the edge to advance. Oklahoma State has played very few games against top-level teams. Outside of the Southwestern Regional Championship, they are 1-3 against World Cup bound foes, with one win and one loss against the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR) and two to the University of Kansas (Lawrence, KS). In fact, if we include the Southwestern Regional Championship, Oklahoma State drops to 1-7 against World Cup bound teams. It’s tough to view them as a legitimate threat to advance, when they’re only win against a World Cup team is against a squad they’ve played thrice and been outscored by 160 points in aggregate against. Rochester is an experienced squad; they’ve played 11 games against World Cup qualifiers, and have played in the two previous World Cups. I think this experience will give them the edge over Oklahoma State. There is one more team to consider: the Paris Phénix. Unfortunately, I have never seen them play, nor have they played any team I’m familiar with, so I really can’t judge the Phénix. My gut tells me that at this point European Quidditch lags far behind the American brand, and that the Phénix will be overmatched. I could be wrong, but for now, given the information I have, Phénix will be go winless. How They Got Here No. 3 UCLA qualified for the World Cup when it won the Western Regional Championship at Western Cup IV. UCLA went a perfect 6-0 at the tournament, defeating Lost Boys (Lomita, CA) in the finals, 130-60. UCLA showed its dominance from the get-go, posting a 3-0 record and +680 point differential in pool play that saw the Bruins surrender just a pair of goals in the three matches. UCLA had no difficulty disposing of Santa Barbara Blacktips (Santa Barbara, CA) 160-50* in the quarterfinals, or University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA), 140-30 in the semifinals. No. 22 Bowling Green reached the World Cup at the Midwestern Regional Championship, where they finished in second place. BGSU went through pool play with a 4-0 record, earning the top seed in bracket play, before turning it over to their fantastic defense. In the quarterfinals, they defeated the Ohio State University (Columbus, OH) 40-10, and in the semifinals they overtook Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) 110-30. Ultimately, BGSU fell to Marquette University (Milwaukee, WI) 170-90 in the regional championship game. No. 41 University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) earned a spot at the World Cup through their efforts at the North Eastern Regional Championship. Rochester went 3-1 in pool play, earning the number five seed, but was upset by Boston Riot (Boston, MA) 50-40 in the round of 16. Two wins in the consolation bracket, 100-40 over Harvard University (Cambridge, MA), and 110-40 against University of Syracuse (Syracuse, NY) were enough for Rochester to advance to Kissimmee. No. 54 Oklahoma State University finished third in their pool, and sat 11th overall after pool play, but still managed to cement their spot at the World Cup with a solid run in bracket play. After a 200-40 loss to the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR) sent them to the consolation bracket, Oklahoma State won twice to reach the World Cup. Clutch seeking did it for Oklahoma State as they beat Denver Dementors (Denver, CO) 90-30 and Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, TX) 70-30 to reach the World Cup. In the consolation finals, Oklahoma State fell to Roadrunner Quidditch 200-140. No. 78 Paris Phénix was the very first team to qualify for the World Cup when they won the European Regional Championship. They finished 5-0 at the tournament with a +450 point differential (more than double their next closest competitor). A 50-20 win over cross-town rivals Paris Frogs was their closest match of the tournament. Defense was key for the Phénix, as they allowed no more than two goals in any one match. Pool 6 Florida State University (#55) Boston Riot (#74) Marquette should be looking for someone to thank for this pool. I think they are one of the weaker Pot 1 teams, but there is absolutely no one in this pool that can challenge them. Marquette has yet to play this spring, but they did face an impressive fall schedule including their Midwest Regional Championship and a 140^-120 victory over Southwest Regional Champions Baylor University (Waco, TX) at the Collegiate Cup. Outside of those wins, Marquette was beaten twice handily by Texas A&M University (College Station, TX), and they lost to Ball State University (Muncie, IN) 140-80. Marquette does have the ability to win close games: they beat Central Michigan University (Mount Pleasant, MI) in the spring 80-40 and the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) 60-40. In a three-game series against the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN), they caught just two of six Snitches – all three games went to overtime – and none of the regulation snatches. Marquette tends to rely on their seeker, which could serve them in close games against tough teams. If the rest of their lineup can keep the matches close within their pool though, Marquette should have no difficulties. Ottawa will likewise benefit from a weak pool. They’re 3-1 in just four matches this spring, including a 50-point win over Syracuse University (Syracuse, NY) who failed to qualify for Division I, and a narrow 50-20 loss to SUNY Geneseo (Geneseo, NY). Ottawa also owns a 100-30 win over Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester, NY) from the fall. While they are the second seed in this pool, Ottawa’s performance has not been indicative of such a lofty position. Based almost exclusively on the weak pool though, I see Ottawa advancing. Northern Arizona University has only competed at regionals this spring, and at that tournament none of their performances were overly impressive. They beat a relatively weak Cal squad 80-40, and they do have two wins over Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ) and a win over Austin Quidditch (Austin, TX) from the fall, but I don’t find any of those wins to be particularly impressive: although Arizona State is a good team, October was a long time ago. At Western Cup IV, NAU was decimated by the University of California-Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA) 170-10, and lost to a depleted USC squad 140-90. NAU also may be competing without their seeker, Porter Marsh, who broke his leg at Western Cup IV. All three of these teams suffer from their climate. Being based in cold-weather locales limits the amount and productivity of practice, constraints that more southern and western teams can avoid. This could result in these teams being rusty compared to their competition, and also just not as practiced and coordinated overall. Florida State will try to benefit from their competitors’ lack of activity this spring. Florida State has already played in three tournaments this year, notably winning the Rocky Top Rumble hosted by Tennessee Technological University (Cookeville, TN). While they have had the benefit of competing, Florida State has not been overly impressive. They beat a field that included a number of relatively weak Southern Region squads at the Rocky Top Rumble, and came within one game of missing a World Cup spot at the regional championship. At the Florida Quidditch Conference meet in February, Florida State finished with a 2-2 record, losing to the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL) and the University of South Florida (Tampa, FL). Florida State has been very average all year, and has not beaten a single team of the caliber of any of the three previously mentioned teams. The Boston Riot has the same problems that plague their cohorts in Pool 6. They are a cold weather team that has yet to play in the spring, and they have not beaten a single team on the level of their opponents at the World Cup. They have cut their teeth against some of the best the Northeast has to offer, playing Emerson twice and Boston University (Boston, MA) three times. Those that believe in Northeastern superiority may like them to pull an upset or two, but ultimately they have little hope of advancing out of the pool. How They Got Here No. 16 Marquette earned its World Cup spot at the Midwestern Regional Championship, where they took home the tournament title. Marquette finished a perfect 6-0 on the tournament, going 3-0 in pool play to earn a spot in the quarterfinals, and then winning the next three matches. In the quarterfinals, a dominant performance gave Marquette a 120-50 win over Illinois State University (Normal, IL). A 120-70 semifinal victory over Ball State University (Muncie, IN) sent Marquette to the finals where they beat Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green, OH) 170-90. No. 29 University of Ottawa earned one of the three Eastern Canadian slots at that region’s championship tournament. Of the squads that qualified, Ottawa will be the only one attending the World Cup. A 3-0 record in pool play sent Ottawa straight to the semifinals as the top seed. A 70-10 win over Queens University (Kingston, ON) was enough for the university from the capital to reach the championship round. In the finals, Ottawa could not overcome McGill University (Montreal, QC), falling 90-10. No. 36 Northern Arizona University reached the World Cup by way of the consolation bracket at Western Cup IV. After a 2-1 performance in their pool, NAU entered bracket play as the fifth seed. NAU advanced to the quarterfinals with a 130-40 win over the University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), but were knocked into the consolation bracket by the University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA). Two wins in the consolation bracket put NAU through to the World Cup. In their first contest of the consolation bracket, Northern Arizona prevailed over the Utah Crimson Fliers (Salt Lake City, UT) 140-40, while they defeated the University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, CA) 80-40 in the consolation semifinals. No. 55 Florida State also made the World Cup via the consolation bracket when they competed at the Southern Regional Championship. Florida State finished second in its pool and thus faced the third seed from the other pool in the first round. In this quarterfinal match, Florida State was defeated 110-30 by a Tennessee Technological University (Cookeville, TN) squad they had beaten 50-10 the previous month. FSU rebounded to beat Florida Atlantic University (Boca Raton, FL) 170-30 to qualify for the World Cup being hosted in their home state. Pool 7 University of Pittsburgh SUNY Geneseo (#43) University of Toronto This should be one of the more wide-open pools. I think Texas State, Michigan State, and Pitt all have legitimate chances to take the top spot, and I could conceivably see any of those teams plus SUNY Geneseo reaching the bracket. Texas State is the top seed in this pool, but I’m skeptical of them as a unit. They are very clearly a top five team in the best region (I don’t think anyone can really argue at this point whether or not the Southwest is the best region), but as far as good wins go, Texas State doesn’t really have any. Their losses aren’t really bad, excepting the previously mentioned 210-30 loss to Texas, they fell 50-0 to Texas A&M University (College Station, TX) and 110-70 to Baylor University (Waco, TX). However even their wins over mediocre teams haven’t been that impressive, with the margin exceeding 100 just once: 140-10 over the Denver Dementors. Basically Texas State beats the teams they should beat and loses to the teams that are better than them. However, they have yet to play a team that’s even with them; that changes here as Michigan State, Pitt and arguably Geneseo are all better than any team they’ve yet to beat. Texas State is the team I’m most eager to see play since I have little perception of their ability. Texas State is not the only team in this pool that is an expert at winning close games; Michigan State has made a habit of it this spring. In their first four games of 2013 against World Cup-bound competition, Michigan State has had all of their matches decided by Snitch catches. In those games, they are 3-1, including a 2-0 record in overtime. Both Texas State and Michigan State have had excellent performances from their seekers, which should make a game between these two particularly exciting, and these contests could very easily decide the pool. Pitt has shown themselves to be a very good team this year boasting a 16-0 record in games that were not against the University of Maryland. Overall, they are 16-3 on the year, with a 5-3 record against World Cup squads. They seem to fly a bit under the radar compared to Maryland and Villanova University (Villanova, PA) in the Mid-Atlantic, but Pitt is just two years removed from a third-place World Cup finish. They have all the tools needed to be successful at the World Cup and I would not be surprised to see them make a strong run. I foresee them being very dangerous both within this pool and in the bracket. Geneseo is a stronger team than they are generally given credit for, having both experience and skill; however, I just can’t see them beating any of the three previously mentioned teams. They’ve faced talented teams before, losing 120-70* to Hofstra University (Hempstead, NY) and 170-40 to Tufts University (Medford, MA). I think the other three teams in this pool resemble those two squads, and therefore ultimately Geneseo will likely not be able to compete. Toronto is quite frankly, not a very good team. They went 0-2 with a -260 point differential at the Canadian Cup, and will not be a threat at the World Cup. How They Got Here No. 14 Texas State earned a trip to the World Cup at the Southwestern Regional Championship, where they eventually lost in the semifinals. Texas State topped its pool with a 3-0 record, and easily defeated the Denver Dementors (Denver, CO) in the Round of 16 160-70 to qualify for the World Cup. In the quarterfinals, Texas State took out the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR) 90-30, before being ultimately knocked out by the University of Texas (Austin, TX) 210-30. No. 24 Michigan State’s 3-0 record in pool play at the Midwestern Regional Championship was enough to qualify them for the World Cup. A dramatic 90-80 victory over the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) sent Michigan State to the semifinals, where they were upended by Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green, OH) 110-30. No. 32 Pitt likewise qualified for the World Cup by topping their pool at the regional championship. Pitt earned the third seed with a 5-0 pool record, and, like their previously mentioned competitors in Pool 7, was knocked out in the semifinals. Pitt beat Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, VA) 150-80* in the quarterfinals, but then lost to the University of Maryland (College Park, MD) 150-80. No. 42 SUNY Geneseo (Geneseo, NY) earned a World Cup berth with their performance at the North Eastern Regional Championship. Geneseo earned the seventh seed with a 3-1 record in their pool, and defeated Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, NY) 100-70 in the Round of 16 to reach the World Cup. Tufts University knocked Geneseo out of the regional tournament 170-40 in the quarterfinal round. No. 168 University of Toronto was granted one of the three Eastern Canadian slots after teams that placed ahead of them elected not to attend. Pool 8 Austin Quidditch (#45) Tec Quidditch This pool features what I think will be the best game of pool play: Villanova vs. Boston University. BU is one of the best teams in the world. Led by Team USA chaser Kedzie Teller, and Team USA reserve keeper Brendan Stack, BU ran the table at the Northeastern Regional Championship, with all of their wins outside of Snitch range. That they could dominate a strong Tufts team as completely as they have this year, two wins: 160-10 and a160-40 shows Boston University’s strength. BU has lost just once this season, in October to Emerson, but they have also yet to play an official game in 2013. This relative inexperience could harm them come bracket play, but regardless with such strong play they will be tough to top. Villanova deserves to be a top seed. Had they not sent a mediocre squad lacking most of their starters to Charlottesville, VA for A Cup Worth Fighting For, they would likely have been placed into Pot 1 and would never match up against BU in pool play. At that February tournament, Villanova went 0-3 and saw their ranking plummet. Outside of those losses, Nova has just one defeat on the year, 120-100 to Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) in September. Villanova also boasts impressive victories over an excellent Maryland squad and a great Hofstra University (Hempstead, NY) team. Neither BU nor Nova will struggle in pool play, except against each other. Villanova’s star seeker Billy Greco may be considered the X-factor in such a matchup, but a contest between such elite teams really can’t be oversimplified in that manner. While I question Villanova’s depth based on their performance in Charlottesville, it’s worth remembering that when they beat Maryland, Nova’s star chaser Zach D’Amico did not play. I really like both of these squads and think they’re threats to go far, but based on what I’ve seen from both teams I think BU is better. They’ve managed to pull out of Snitch range against some really good teams, such as Emerson in the Northeast championship match, while Nova has had some trouble separating from top teams–their two wins over Pennsylvania State University (University Park, PA), and win over Maryland were all within Snitch range – with only one of their four wins over good teams outside of Snitch range (a 130-60 win over Hofstra). I think faced with a long game against an elite team, BU will be able to sneak out of Snitch range, and hold off Villanova. Central Michigan and Austin, neither of which is a threat to BU or Nova should have a hotly contested battle for third in this pool. While Central Michigan snuck into the World Cup, don’t let that fool you; they are a good team. This spring they have played a lot of games, including contests against nearly every World Cup team in the Midwest, which is quite a strong and sizable contingent. While Central Michigan boasts just a 2-5 record against World Cup bound teams in 2013, their matches against good teams have been close. They own a win over the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) and relatively narrow losses over Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green, OH), 100-20 and 90-40, Ball State University (Muncie, IN), 80-10, and Michigan. The key thing to note about all those scores is how few points Central Michigan scored. Excepting a few games, Central Michigan has had trouble scoring points, which could plague them at the World Cup; still they’re a talented squad. Their chief rival for the third spot is Austin Quidditch, University of Texas’ B-team. While I’m not going to argue that Austin isn’t a World Cup squad–they absolutely belong–I do believe them to be overrated. They’ve beaten a bunch of average teams and lost to some good ones, save for one huge win: 90-50 over Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, LA). Ever since that win, people, myself included, have been locked onto this side, but they really do just have one signature win to their name, with no bad losses. Still when they face Central Michigan, I think we’ll see a pretty average squad. In another pool, I think Austin could advance, but I don’t think they’ll make it out of this one. I have no real knowledge of Tec Quidditch, but I just can’t see them beating any of these four teams. How They Got Here No. 5 Boston University qualified for the World Cup when they won the Northeastern Regional Championship. BU’s 4-0 record in pool play gave them the third seed entering bracket play, and from there they cruised into the finals. In the Round of 16, it was University of Massachusetts that fell victim, 70-30. The quarterfinals yielded a 160-40* win over Macaulay Honors College (New York, NY), while the semifinals resulted in a 160-40 victory over Tufts University (Medford, MA). The finals saw a rivalry renewed as Emerson College and BU squared off, but it was the group from Boston University that proved victorious: 150-80. No. 22 Villanova was also champion of their region, taking the Mid-Atlantic Regional Championship, and earning a World Cup spot in the process. A 5-0 record with a +610 point differential earned Villanova the top seed in the bracket, and from there they didn’t look back. A 130-0 shutout of Richmond University (Richmond, VA) sent Villanova to the semifinals, where they took out Penn State 110-80. In the finals Villanova overcame the University of Maryland (College Park, MD) 60-50. No. 39 Central Michigan earned their World Cup spot when a spot reserved for international teams was left unfilled. CMU narrowly missed the World Cup at Midwest Regionals; finishing sixth after pool play with a 3-1 record, but falling to 15-seed Illinois State University (Normal, IL) 100-90. Central Michigan was granted the first additional bid from the Midwest, which was awarded after the University of California-Berkeley (Berkeley, CA) claimed the first such bid. No. 45 Austin Quidditch (Austin, TX) advanced to the World Cup because of their performance at the Southwestern Regional Championship. Austin went 2-1 in pool play to earn the eighth seed. The squad from Texas’ capital beat the Northern Colorado Golden Griffins (Greeley, CO) 170-90 to cement their World Cup berth. Baylor University (Waco, TX) ended Austin’s run in the quarterfinals 190-90. Tec Quidditch claimed one of the international slots to gain a spot at the World Cup. Pool 9 QC Carolinas (#65) Silver Phoenixes (#80) Hofstra has had a strong year, going 11-2 so far this spring, with both losses to the University of Maryland (College Park, MD). In total, Hofstra has lost just five times this year with defeats against Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, NY), Villanova University (Villanova, PA), and Emerson. Their competition has been strong too, as seven of their spring victories have been over World Cup squads. Hofstra is a strong team and will have no trouble advancing, but may have their hands full with a talented Ball State squad. Ball State has looked sharp this year, dropping just two contests the entire season. Those two were a 70-60* loss to the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) and the loss to Marquette. In total, Ball State is 17-2 this season, with 11 of those wins over World Cup teams, including a victory over Marquette. In my opinion, Ball State is the top team in the Midwest, and they’ve shown that on the pitch with victories over seven different World Cup teams from that region. Ball State relies on Team USA seeker Tyler Macy to pull them out of close games, which he has all year. As the competition becomes tougher, seeker play will be crucial, and Ball State is well positioned for this. I think Macy will lead Ball State over Hofstra and to the top of the pool. Tennessee Tech, QC Carolinas, and the Silver Phoenixes will all be locked in a battle for third, which I think could be very interesting. I think QC Carolinas is probably the least likely to advance. They have competed a fair amount, but at the end of the day, I don’t think the concept of an “All-Star Team” can succeed at a tournament such as this, certainly not this one anyway. The players on QC Carolinas are spread across three states, and don’t have the luxury of practicing with one another often. Ultimately, this will prove to be their downfall. I’m going to take Tennessee Tech to take the third spot. I don’t know what to think about this team, but after they came out of nowhere to make the finals at the Southern Regional Championship, I’m going to give them the benefit of the doubt. They’re a young team, and that inexperience may be harmful at such a huge event, but they defied the odds so extensively at their last tournament, I’m going to pick them to finish third on trust. The Silver Phoenixes round out this pool. As for their reputation, they are viewed as a strong squad, based largely off their place as the “B-team” for Texas A&M University (College Station, TX). However, their performance hasn’t justified the regard in which they’re held. The Silver Phoenixes have just one win over a World Cup squad, an 80-20 victory over Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK). In total, the Silver Phoenixes have just a 7-10 record this year, and if they can’t even win half of their games, I can’t foresee them pulling that off at the World Cup when they’ll probably need at least two wins to advance. How They Got Here Hofstra qualified for the World Cup with their performance at the Northeast Regional Championship. The squad from Hempstead went 4-0 in pool play and earned the top overall seed in bracket play. A 130-10 win over Harvard University (Cambridge, MA) sent Hofstra to the quarterfinals where they knocked New York University (New York, NY) out 60-30. Hofstra’s run ended in the semifinals with a 5020 loss to Emerson College (Boston, MA). Ball State likewise made the semifinals at their regional championship – the Midwestern Regional Championship – and thus earned a World Cup spot. Pool play left them with a 4-0 record and the second seed entering bracket play. Ball State’s first contest of the bracket was a strong 120-20 victory over instate rival Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN). In the semifinals, Ball State and Marquette University (Milwaukee, WI) fought a tight contest, but it was the latter squad that eventually prevailed, 200-120. Tennessee Tech had the most success of any Pool 9 team during the Regional Championships, as they finished second at the Southern Regional Championships to qualify for the World Cup. TTU finished third in their pool, and thus squared off against the second seed from the opposite pool, Florida State University (Tallahassee, FL). TTU won that matchup 110-30 and then shocked the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL), who was at that point 7-0 in the tournament, 110-50 in the semifinals. TTU’s magic eventually ran out as they were stormed by the University of Miami (Coral Gables, FL) 120-0 in the championship match. QC Carolinas, a newly formed community team from the Mid-Atlantic, qualified for the World Cup with their performance at that region’s championship tournament. QC Carolinas finished 4-2 in their pool and earned the seventh seed entering bracket play. This set up a best-of-three series against Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, VA), in which QC Carolinas already held a 1-0 lead based on Carolinas 110-100 victory over Virginia Tech in pool play. In the second match of the series, Carolinas prevailed 100-50, earning their spot at the World Cup and in the quarterfinals where they were promptly thwacked by the University of Maryland (College Park, MD), 180-0. The Silver Phoenixes’ performance at the Southwestern Regional Championships earned them their invitation to Kissimmee. A 2-1 record in pool play gave the Silver Phoenixes the seventh seed in the bracket. A 90-30 win over Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, TX) qualified the Silver Phoenixes for the World Cup. After successfully earning a World Cup berth, the Silver Phoenixes were knocked out of the bracket resoundingly by the University of Texas-Austin (Austin, TX) 300-0. Pool 10 University of Texas at Austin (#2) Tufts University (#21) University of Richmond (#49) University of Southern Mississippi (#94) I think Texas is a truly elite team. They have lost just three times this year, twice to Baylor on Snitch catches, and once to University of California Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA). Those mark all but one of the contests decided by a Snitch grab for Texas, who is 18-3 on the year. UT has shown an ability to run up the score on an unparalleled level. Texas averages 142 points per game, 22 more than their next closest foe. Their defense has been outstanding as well, allowing just 22 per contest, third fewest of any team attending. Having a superb offense and phenomenal defense is a good way to win games, and for these reasons I really don’t see Texas being challenged. Tufts is as a strong a team as you would expect from a semifinalist in the Northeast region. They’ve lost a handful of games, but only one was truly a bad loss, to Harvard. The others were to University of Maryland (College Park, MD), Hofstra University (Hempstead, NY), Emerson College (Boston, MA), and twice to Boston University (Boston, MA) were nothing to hang one’s head over. Outside of those defeats, Tufts has a smattering of wins over World Cup bound foes from the Northeast, and a pair of wins over Emerson. They should do fine in this pool, placing second behind Texas, but Tufts is by no means a threat to win it all, unless they can recapture the magic they showed with a run to the finals at World Cup IV. Ohio State has made a habit of playing close matches, with a 5-7 record in games decided by Snitch catches. Those matches have come nearly exclusively against World Cup bound foes, which perhaps doesn’t bode well for Ohio State. In fact, Ohio State is 3-7 against World Cup bound teams in matches decided by Snitch catch. None of those matches saw either team exceed 100 points. Ohio State seems to exhibit a trend; they play low-scoring close matches and then lose on Snitch catches. It is relatively easy to compare Ohio State to Richmond since both have faced Mid-Atlantic foes. Ohio State is 2-2 against the Mid-Atlantic, with Snitch-grab wins over Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, VA), and University of Virginia, and two losses to Maryland. Against those same teams, Richmond went 6-8. While Richmond did lose three times to the same Maryland squad that beat Ohio State, they also lost numerous times to both VCU and UVA, two teams Ohio State beat. These performances against common opponents, make me think Ohio State is better than Richmond, and would likely prevail in a game between the two. Southern Miss really hasn’t shown any indication that they can do damage at the World Cup. With just a 3-8 record against World Cup foes, and many of those matches coming against less than top teams, they don’t appear to be a team that can do any damage. How They Got Here No. 2 University of Texas-Austin turned in an impressive showing at the Southwest Regional Championship to earn their World Cup spot. UT went 3-0 in their pool to earn the second seed in the bracket. Texas’ performance across the bracket was one of the most impressive of the year. They defeated the University of North Texas (Denton, TX) 200-30* in the Round of 16. The quarterfinals saw an even better victory: 300-0 over the Silver Phoenixes (College Station, TX), while in the semifinals Texas toned it back, defeating Texas State University (San Marcos, TX) 210-30. Still, UT could not quite complete the run, falling to Baylor University (Waco, TX) 100-80 in the championship match. No. 20 Tufts reached the semifinals of the Northeastern Regional Championship and in the process qualified for the World Cup. A 4-0 pool play performance gave Tufts the second seed. In the Round of 16, they knocked Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, NY) out 130-20. The quarterfinals yielded a 170-40 victory over SUNY Geneseo (Geneseo, NY) before a 160-40 defeat in the semifinals to Boston University (Boston, MA) ended Tufts run. No. 40 Ohio State University went 2-1 in pool play, in the process earning the ninth seed at the Midwestern Regional Championship. In the play-in round, OSU defeated Miami University (Oxford, OH) 120-50. An 80-50 victory over University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) sent Ohio State through to the quarterfinals, where they were upended by Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green, OH). No. 50 Richmond earned a World Cup berth through its performance at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Championship. A 3-2 record gave Richmond the eighth seed, and placed them in a best of three against the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, VA). Richmond took the series lead with a 110-30 victory, before UVA leveled the series with an overtime win, 120^-100. In the rubber match, Richmond sealed their spot in Kissimmee with an 80-20 victory. A 130-0 loss to Villanova University (Villanova, PA) in the quarterfinals knocked Richmond out of the regional championship. No. 92 University of Southern Mississippi earned their World Cup bid at the Southern Regional Championship. A 3-2 record in pool play placed Southern Mississippi third in their pool, matching them against the second place team in the other pool, University of South Florida (Tampa, FL). USM won that matchup 60-30, but they fell to University of Miami 120-40 in the semifinals. Pool 11 Macaulay Honors College (#60) Illinois State University (#91) This is Maryland’s pool to lose, and I don’t see that happening. UMD has lost just once this year: in the finals of the regional tournament to Villanova. Outside of that defeat, they own two victories over Hofstra (Hempstead, NY), a win over Tufts (Medford, MA), two over Ohio State (Columbus, OH), and wins over just about everyone in the Mid-Atlantic, other than Villanova. In addition, Maryland has caught more Snitches than any other team, led by chaser/seeker hybrid Harry Greenhouse. UMD is a strong team, and should do decently in the tournament; I don’t anticipate any struggles in this pool for them. They have already faced pool-mate Macaulay this year, winning 100-0 in February. While I don’t think they can beat Maryland, Lost Boys should easily place second in this group. No team has seen a more rapid rise than the community team from Southern California. Just a year old, Lost Boys finished second at Western Cup, seemingly coming out of nowhere to best well-regarded teams such as the Skrewts, Arizona State, and University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA). It’s still worth remembering that Lost Boys’ victories over the Skrewts and Arizona State were by very narrow margins, overtime, and a Snitch catch, respectively. While I don’t think Lost Boys has what it takes to beat Maryland, I’m still eagerly awaiting the matchup. This is one of my favorite things about World Cup; you get to see teams face off that would never play each other. Although Maryland has competed against many of the players on Lost Boys when they were students on the East Coast, you would never see these two teams face off anywhere other than the World Cup. Arkansas, Macaulay, and Illinois State will likely be in a three-way battle for the third spot. None of these teams have had very successful years. Arkansas is 1-4 this year against World Cup qualifying teams, the one victory: a 110-50 one over Roadrunner Quidditch (San Antonio, TX). Outside of that match, Arkansas fell twice to University of Kansas (Lawrence, KS), and once to both University of Texas (Austin, TX) and Texas State. Macaulay has played more matches against World Cup bound foes, but has not had any more success, posting a record of 2-11 against those teams. The only two victories were over University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) and Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester, NY). Illinois State has also struggled in their matches against World Cup foes, posting a record of 1-9 in ten such contests. I can’t possibly foresee Illinois State doing enough to advance. Their losses have not always been against particularly strong World Cup teams, and their showing at the Midwest Regional Championship was actually rather poor, other than one shocking victory. I think that Arkansas will probably end up going over Macaulay. I’d rather take the team that I don’t know about than the one that has shown me they struggle against good teams. Arkansas cannot be reasonably expected to beat Texas, and there’s nothing wrong with that. They managed to keep Texas State and Kansas within Snitch range, both of which are strong teams. Macaulay is experienced, but those experiences haven’t tended to be good ones. How They Got Here No. 4 University of Maryland reached the World Cup with a runner-up performance at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Championship. UMD went 6-0 with a +840 point differential to earn the second seed in bracket play. From there, Maryland took down QC Carolinas (Winston Salem, NC) 180-0 in the quarterfinals and QC Pitt (Pittsburgh, PA) 150-80 in the semifinals, setting up a dramatic final against Villanova University (Villanova, PA). In a hard-fought matchup, Villanova took the regional title, 60-50. No. 27 Lost Boys also were runners up at their regional championship, finishing in second at Western Cup IV to reach the World Cup. A 4-0 record with a +630 point differential garnered the third seed for Lost Boys. The team from Lomita eked out a narrow 60-50 victory over Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ) to qualify for the World Cup, and followed that with an even narrower 100^-60* win over their heated rivals, the Silicon Valley Skrewts (Mountain View, CA). The Lost Boys’ dramatic run was ended by the University of California, Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA) 130-60 in the finals. No. 31 University of Arkansas surprised many with their play at the Southwest Regional Championship, which ultimately earned them a spot at the World Cup. A 2-1 record in pool play yielded the sixth seed, and a 20040 shellacking of Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK) sealed the World Cup spot. A 90-30 loss to Texas State University (San Marcos, TX) ended Arkansas’ run in the quarterfinals. No. 57 Macaulay Honors College (New York, NY) qualified for the World Cup through their performance at the Northeast Regional Championship. A 2-2 record gave Macaulay the eleventh seed. In the Round of 16, they cemented their World Cup berth with an 80-30 upset of Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester, NY). In the quarterfinals, Macaulay proved no match for Boston University (Boston, MA), falling 160-40. No. 91 Illinois State University similarly reached the World Cup through an upset, qualifying at the Midwestern Regional Championship. After a 1-2 record, Illinois State held the 15th seed; however, a 100-90 victory over Central Michigan University (Mount Pleasant, MI), put Illinois State in the World Cup. In the quarterfinals, Illinois State’s run was cut short, 120-50* by Marquette University (Milwaukee, WI). Pool 12 Purdue University (#51) University of Massachusetts Amherst (#66) This pool was initially pronounced the Pool of Death, and three weeks later, I see no reason to change that assessment. The University of Miami is the favorite to top this group after spending all of 2013 beating up on southern squads. In 2013, Miami is 11-0 with no matches being decided by Snitch catches. The fall saw an equally strong Miami performance as they posted a 10-2 record. The only two losses happened on the team’s trip to California in October, both to the University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA), who was a stronger squad then than they are now. On that same trip, Miami picked up their best win of the season over the University of California Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA). With superb seeking from David Moyer, Miami is one of the most well rounded squads, and they have the ability to pull out of tight games. They also have the intangible benefits of a short journey without a flight, and of being accustomed to the warm weather. Arizona State is a bit of an unknown, having not competed outside of Western Cup IV this spring. ASU looked strong at that tournament, but went 0-2 against the top level competition they faced, falling narrowly to USC and the Lost Boys. I think ASU is safe to advance out of pool play behind the extremely physical keeper Willie Jackson, who competed for Team USA, but I don’t see them as a threat to unseat Miami at the top of the group. LSU rounds out the tremendous trio in pool 12, despite having a down year. Although highly regarded historically, LSU has seemingly fallen out of the upper echelon of the Southwest. Still, they are a solid squad with a 14-1 record against teams ranked outside of the top-10. If you include LSU’s games against the University of Texas-Austin (Austin, TX), Texas A&M, and Baylor University (Waco, TX), LSU still possesses a 14-6 record. In addition, LSU should be well-prepared for the physical battles they’ll get from ASU and Miami, having previously faced these top-ranked Southwestern squads. The LSU-ASU game should be physical and could end up being one of the best games of the World Cup. I see them as two very evenly matched teams, and I am excited to see the titanic clash that ensues. Purdue may be one of the unluckiest teams in the World Cup with their pool placement. They’ve beaten some strong teams this year, including Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) and Kansas (twice), and have held others to close games. Still, I don’t think they can hope to upset any of the three previously mentioned schools, meaning that the only team to go undefeated at World Cup V will probably be ousted in pool play. UMass is looking at a 0-4 pool play record. They haven’t played an official match since the Northeast Regional Championship, and they didn’t look particularly sharp at that tournament, earning the very last slot. I can’t see them upending any of the four teams in Pool 12. How They Got Here No. 11 University of Miami reached the World Cup by taking home the Southern Regional Championship. Miami posted a perfect 5-0 record in pool play, with a dominant showing. Every one of Miami’s victories was by more than 100 points; the squad posted 810 points in their five games, and they allowed just 70 points in total. In the quarterfinals, Miami took out the College of Charleston (Charleston, SC) 180-20. The semifinals produced a 120-40 victory over the University of Southern Mississippi (Hattiesburg, MS), setting up a finals showdown against Tennessee Tech University (Cookeville, TN). The finals yielded another transcendent performance from Miami, as they won 120-0. No. 26 Arizona State University earned a trip to the World Cup with their performance at Western Cup IV. A 2-1 record in pool play produced the sixth seed and a quarterfinal matchup with San Jose State University (San Jose, CA). A 130-40 victory sent Arizona State to the semifinals, where they were upended by the Lost Boys (Lomita, CA) 60-50. No. 28 Louisiana State University reached the World Cup based on their play at the Southwestern Regional Championship. LSU earned the fifth seed in the bracket with a 2-1 record in pool play. In the Round of 16, LSU qualified for the World Cup with a 140-30 victory over Loyola University New Orleans (New Orleans, LA). In the quarterfinals, LSU ran into a strong Texas A&M University (College Station, TX) squad who knocked them out, 140-90. No. 51 Purdue University qualified for the World Cup with their performance at the Midwestern Regional Championship. Purdue received the seventh seed in the bracket with a 2-1 showing in pool play. Purdue beat Eastern Michigan University (Ypsilanti, MI) in the first round of the bracket to qualify for the World Cup, and then beat University of Kansas (Lawrence, KS) 80-50 to reach the quarterfinals. The defending Division II champion’s run was cut short in the quarterfinals with a 120-20 loss to state rivals Ball State University (Muncie, IN). No. 66 University of Massachusetts booked their World Cup trip to Kissimmee at the Northeastern Regional Championship. UMass finished 2-2 in pool play, receiving the 14th seed in the bracket. A 70-30 win over the University of Vermont (Burlington, VT) placed UMass in the Round of 16, where they squared off with Boston University (Boston, MA). UMass could not get by BU, falling into the loser’s bracket with a 70-30* loss. In the quarterfinals of that bracket, UMass took out Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, NY) 80-40. They still had not yet earned their berth, as they fell to Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester, NY) 40-20 with a spot on the line. With one more shot to qualify, UMass beat Syracuse University (Syracuse, NY) 120*-40 to earn the spot in their third attempt. POOL SELECTION – Division 2 Balls There are three kinds in all. Four are used in the game. Quaffle: Large and red, about the size of a soccer ball, used to score goals, worth ten points. Bludger: Two in a game, black, slightly smaller than a Quaffle, fly around trying to knock players off brooms. Snitch: Tiny, the size of a golf ball with wings, very fast and hard to catch, the most important ball in the game. Players Seven play at one time for each team. Chaser: Throws the Quaffle to the other Chasers trying to score goals. Three on each team. Keeper: Kind of like a soccer goalie. Guards the goal posts. One on each team. Beater: Uses a baseball-like bat to knock the Bludgers at the other team. Two on each team. Seeker: Flies around trying to catch the Golden Snitch, scoring 150 points if caught. One on each team. Other Rules Chaser: Adrian Pucey (1991) Hogwarts Match Schedule Each year, each house would play the other houses resulting in 6 Quidditch matches throughout the year: Gryffindor vs. Slytherin – November (except POA when it was moved to end of season) Hufflepuff vs. Ravenclaw – End of November Ravenclaw vs. Slytherin – January Gryffindor vs. hufflepuff – shortly after Valentine’s Day (except in POA when it was moved to November) Hufflepuff vs. Slytherin – Early May Gryffindor vs. Ravenclaw – Last match of the season in late May before final exams World-Wide Teams Robes: Pale Blue with silver arrow Site of Origin: Northern England Ballycastle Bats Robes: Black with scarlet bat across chest Site of Origin: Northern Ireland Caerphilly Catapults Robes: Vertically striped Light Green and Scarlet Chudley Cannons Robes: Orange with speeding cannon ball on front and double C’s on back Information: Ron’s favorite team. Falmouth Falcons Robes: Dark-Grey and white with a falcon head on the chest Holyhead Harpies	i don't know
Which Egyptian Pharoah was known as ‘The Boy King’?	King Tutankhamun - The Boy King King Tutankhamun "The Boy King" Tutankhamun, Tutankhaten (his original name which means 'Living image of Aton'), the boy King of Egypt (reigned 1333 � 23 BC) or King Tut (as known to most of the western people) is by far the most famous Egyptian Pharaoh today he was was born around 1342 BC. Tutankhamun was eight or nine years old when he became pharaoh and reigned for approximately ten years. Since his death in his late teens the boy King remained unknown at rest in Egypt�s Valley of the Kings for more than 3,300 years because his tomb was concealed beneath the mud brick houses of the workmen who cut the tomb of Ramesses VI. Suddenly every thing was changed in November 1922, when Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun. The tomb most likely was not carved for a king (rather for a high official), but due to the fact that King Tut died so young, the tomb was subjected to rush modifications	Tutankhamun
Corriedale is a breed of which animal?	TUTANKHAMUN BOY KING EGYPTIAN PHAROAHS Tutankhamun was the last pharoah of Egypt. Tutankhamun (alternately spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon) was an Egyptian pharaoh betwen 1341 BC ï¿½ 1323 BC, of the 18th dynasty (ruled ca. 1332 BC ï¿½ 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. He is popularly referred to as King Tut. His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image of Amun". In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was typically written Amen-tut-ankh, because of a scribal custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence. He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters, and likely the 18th dynasty king Rathotis who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years ï¿½ a figure which conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's Epitome. The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter and George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon of Tutankhamun's nearly intact tomb received worldwide press coverage. It sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun's burial mask remains the popular symbol. Exhibits of artifacts from his tomb have toured the world. In February 2010, the results of DNA tests confirmed that he was the son of Akhenaten (mummy KV55) and his sister/wife (mummy KV35YL), whose name is unknown but whose remains are positively identified as "The Younger Lady" mummy found in KV35. On February 12, 1924, English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team removed the lid on the third and last sarcophagus of the burial chamber in tomb KV62 revealing the mummy of Tutankhamun. By February 1923, Carter had already discovered the Burial Chamber of Tutankhamun's tomb hidden in the Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 11th pharaoh of Dynasty 18 of the New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. The discovery of the tomb as a whole was one of the most significant and famous archeological discoveries in modern times. There has been great speculation about the alleged Curse of the Pharaohs and also the actual cause of death of King Tutankhamun since very little data about the young king is known. Although most Egyptologists agree that King Tutankhamun, or King Tut (as he is commonly referred to), was the 11th pharaoh during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom, what is still not exactly clear is to the exact dates of Tut's reign. An educated estimate is that he ruled over Ancient Egypt from about 1346-1355 BCE. After an initial examination of the 3,300 year old mummy, it was estimated that Tut was a teenager of approximately 17ï¿½19 years of age when he died. Since it was believed that Tutankhamun became king as child no more than 10 years old, many refer to him as the "Boy-King" or "Child-King." A majority of his reign was devoted to restoring Egyptian culture, including religious and political policies because Tut's predecessor Akhenaten (recently proven to be Tut's father) had altered many Egyptian cultural aspects during his reign, and one of Tut's many restoration policies included changing the political capital from Akhenaten's Amarna back to Memphis. Following the discovery of Tut's mummy, much debate has arisen as to his exact cause of death. This has led to numerous medical studies and procedures performed on his remains, including as recent as 2009. As medical technology advanced throughout the years, new techniques were utilized on the mummy to discover the true age, genealogy, and cause of death of the young pharaoh (is either a war battle wound or chariot fall) so some of the mysteries surrounding the "Boy-King" could finally be put to rest. Discovery of the mummy Under the commission of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who is commonly called just Lord Carnarvon, Howard Carter and his team set out to Egypt in 1922 to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because of other recent discoveries during that time in a particular area of the Valley of the Kings, Carter believed he had a good idea of where he would find it. Theodore M. Davis, a contemporary archeologist of Carter, discovered pottery with Tut's name a short distance from where Carter would on November 4, 1922 discover KV62. The location at the Valley of the Kings was significant to the New Kingdom because it is where the pharaohs of the time and some other important people to the king were buried. The idea behind burying them there was that is was supposed to be a hidden location in a remote area since tomb robbing was a constant problem during Ancient Egyptian times. Unfortunately the location was not as secret as it was hoped to be, and most of the tombs were broken into and either stolen from or damaged. King Tut's tomb did suffer from some tomb robbing, but overall much of it was left intact and some areas including the burial chamber appeared to be left unscathed. Initial examination On November 11ï¿½19, 1925 Dr. Douglas Derry and Dr. Saleh Bey Hamdi along with Carter and other members of the expedition team began to examine the mummy. It was initially very difficult for the team to unwrap the mummy because it appeared the anointing oils that were most likely used during the mummification ceremony had caused the mummy to stick to the tomb. Although the wrappings were in poor condition, it seemed they were of the same material that other kings from the period had been wrapped in. As each layer was removed, the team began to discover many fine objects were wrapped between the layers all over Tut's body. Some of these objects included gold jewelry, jumping castels, and pieces of armor. Once the layers had been removed and they could finally begin to examine the actual corpse, they began to take anatomical notes of the body. He was determined to be approximately 5 feet, 6 inches and have had a slight build. He had a slightly curved spine, small bone fragments were found from the skull, a lesion was discovered on his left side of the jaw, and because the chest cavity was filled with wrappings, no further studying was done on it. Later studies Since Carter's discovery and examination of the mummy there have been three important further examinations done with more modern medical techniques and equipment. X-rays done in 1968 In 1968, R. G. Harrison, a professor of anatomy, used a portable x-ray machine to get a better look at the internal structures of the mummy to better determine age and cause of death of Tutankhamun. One of the most abnormal findings was the sternum (breastbone) and most parts of the frontal ribs were missing. Removing these bones was not part of the normal mummification process, which lead Harrison to believe they might have been removed because they were badly damaged before his death. Harrison quickly discovered that Carter was not as careful as many of his personal notes had claimed. The mummy was not re-wrapped after 1926, which led to more deterioration due to the extremely hot external elements over the forty-two years. Also many of the limbs had been amputated in the body in order to remove some of the jewelry. Both hands were cut off, both legs were removed from the pelvis, and the head was severed from the body in order to get the mask off. Even more remarkable is that the king's right ear and penis were missing, but photographs from Carter show they were both present during his examination. Harrison believed the slight curve in the spine and small bone fragments might have been the result of the embalming process. The lesion on the left jaw showed signs of healing occurred before Tut's death and one of his legs had been broken, but it could not be determined if it happened naturally or as a result of the embalming or Carter's examination. The fact that skull fragments were discovered led many to assume the king was murdered by a blow to the head, but the x-ray could not support or discredit this theory. CT Scan done in 2005 On January 15, 2005, under the direction of Dr. Madeeha Khattab, the Dean of the School of Medicine at Cairo University, Tutankhamun was removed from the tomb and a CT scan (computerized tomography) was performed on the mummy. The scan allowed for accurate forensic reconstruction of Tut's body and face, as well as further evidence of his cause of death. Testing showed there was no traumatic injury to the head, he had a small cleft palate that went probably unnoticed, and the elongated shape of his skull was within the normal range and appeared to be a family trait after some studies were done on mummies that were believed to have been related to Tut. Based on bone maturity and his wisdom teeth, Tutankhamun was confirmed to be 19 years old at the time of his death. The CT scan proved Tut was in good health and did not show any signs of disease that would have affected his build. Study concluded Tut was not murdered from traumatic head injury, but a non-violent murder could still not be ruled out. There appeared to be no indication of any long-term disease. DNA testing done from 2007-2009 From September 2007 to October 2009, 11 royal mummies of the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty have undergone extensive genetic and radiological testing. A team of doctors, under the leadership of Dr. Zahi Hawass, took DNA samples from bone tissue of the 11 mummies to determine a family pedigree and to determine if any familial, pathological diseases caused Tutankhamun's death. The study was able to provide a 5-generation pedigree, and the KV55 mummy and KV35YL mummy were identified as Tut's parents. KV55 is believed to have contained the body of Ahkenhaten and in KV35, a young lady mummy was discovered and believed to be either Kiya or Nefertiti. It was discovered that Tutankhamun's family had a large number of irregularities. Four of the mummies, including Tut, were shown to have had Malaria tropica. Based on all the data, the study concluded the most likely cause of death for the young king was the combination of avascular necrosis and Malaria. The fact that a cane and Ancient Egyptian-style medicines were found in the tomb backed up Hawass's claim that Tut suffered from a walking impairment. Popular speculation Since the discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy, there has been a lot of speculation and theories[by whom?] on the exact cause of death, which until recent studies had been hard to prove with the evidence and data available. While it was a widely debated topic for many Egyptologists, it had also spread to the general public as popular culture has come up with many conspiracy theories that played out in movies, TV shows, and fictional books. Author James Patterson has even recently written his own take in his new book, The Murder of King Tut. There are many educated and respected Egyptologists as well as trained professionals in other fields who have devoted a lot of time researching Tut and who have varying beliefs to Tut's cause of death. Some have stood by their theories even in light of new evidence. Some of the theories are better known and supported than others. Bob Brier Bob Brier, an Egyptologist who specializes in paleopathology, uses evidence of the condition of the mummy including the skull fragments as well as other historical data from the period to illustrate his belief that King Tut was murdered by his Grand Vizor, who stood the chance to gain the most when Tut died. Paul Doherty Paul Doherty, a British historian who has written many articles and books on the subject of Ancient Egypt, uses physical evidence collected about the mummy to suggest his theory that Tut suffered from Marfan Syndrome. He believed Tut must have genetically inherited the disease, and it eventually led to his death. Christine El Mahdy Christine El Mahdy, an Egyptologist, argues that Tut died of natural causes, which she believes was most likely a tumor of some sort. She uses the original assumption from Carter's examination that Tut had a quick burial ceremony since some elements of the mummification appeared rushed, as proof that he needed to be buried quickly following his unexpected death because the man who was next in line for the throne wanted to avoid a power struggle that would have occurred if the burial process took too long. By speeding up the burial ceremony, the new pharaoh maintained order in Egypt. Michael R. King Much like Paul Doherty, Michael R. King, a detective with a lot of experience studying King Tut, and FBI profiler Gregory M. Cooper, came together with an actual Egyptologist to form their own theory which was Tut was murdered. With the use of forensic evidence and their extensive backgrounds in Criminology, they came to the conclusion that Tut was likely murdered by one of his closest advisors, Ay. Ay did succeed Tutankhamun on the throne, so they used that as the motivation for the murder. Christian Timmann and Christian Meyer Christian Timmann and Christian Meyer, medical doctors and scientists at the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany, have used the most recent medical testing done on Tutankhamun's mummy by Dr. Hawass, and have come to the conclusion that Tut did not die from a combination of bone disease and malaria, but instead had Sickle Cell Disease. Dr. Timmann and Dr. Meyer believed the Sickle Cell Disease turned fatal when Tut also contracted severe malaria that was rampant in Ancient Egypt during Tut's era. Tut is expected to have been homozygous recessive for the sickle cell gene thus making him not immune to severe malaria, which would have been fatal. Significance of Discovery The royal bloodline that Tutankhamun's family shared, ended with the death of the young pharaoh, and with that came a question of the legitimacy of the following rulers. King Tut's tomb was the only one discovered that was not very disturbed by grave robbers, which allowed Carter to uncover many artifacts and the untouched mummy. It gave amazing insight into the royal burials, mummification, and tombs of the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty. Since its discovery and wide-spread popularity, it has led to DNA testing done on it and other mummies from the time period that now give a proven family tree for many of the royalty during the 18th Dynasty. Since his death was unexpected and either poorly recorded or simply the records were lost over the years, with the discovery of his mummy and advances in modern technology, there is now strong and supported evidence as to Tut's death, and with that one of Egypt's most popular mysteries appears to have been solved. Current Location As of October 2010, the mummy of Tutankhamun can be found in his original resting spot in KV62 in the Valley of the Kings. If one visits the location at the ancient city of Thebes, there are tours that will take people into the tomb where they can see the actual sarcophagus that holds Tut's mummy.	i don't know
Winnipeg is the capital of which Canadian province?	Winnipeg, the Capital of Manitoba, Canada Updated: 10/29/2014 About the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg is the capital city of the province of Manitoba , Canada. Located at the geographical centre of Canada, Winnipeg is a transportation centre, with extensive rail and air links, as well as the head offices of several major Canadian trucking firms. Winnipeg has a diverse economy and is also a multicultural city where more than 100 languages are spoken. While Winnipeg is an eminently affordable city, it is host to world-class ballet, theatre, visual arts, music and festivals. Location of Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg is located at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, near the centre of North America. 464.08 sq km (179.18 square miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population 663,617 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Date Winnipeg Became the Capital of Manitoba 1870 Date Winnipeg Incorporated as a City 1873. Reincorporated in 1972. Government of the City of Winnipeg A Winnipeg general municipal election is held every four years on the fourth Wednesday in October. This includes elections for the Mayor and city councillors, as well as elections for school trustees. Date of the last Winnipeg municipal election: Wednesday, October 22, 2014 Date of the next Winnipeg municipal election: Wednesday, October 24, 2018 Winnipeg's city council is made up of 16 elected representatives: one mayor and 15 city councillors.	Manitoba
What is the first name of US actor Al Pacino?	CanadaInfo: Provinces and Territories: Manitoba The Honourable Brian Pallister (Progressive Conservative Party) Click on the picture for free downloads including this image. Manitoba, easternmost of the Prairie provinces of Canada, in the central part of the country, bounded on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the northeast by Hudson Bay, on the east by Ontario, on the south by the states of Minnesota and North Dakota, and on the west by Saskatchewan. Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation on July 15, 1870, as the fifth province. Manitoba has traditionally been known for its primary economic activities: agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing. Although Winnipeg is a leading manufacturing center of interior Canada, in the early 1990s the processing of primary products retained a leading role in the provincial economy. The name Manitoba is taken from Lake Manitoba and is a Native American phrase meaning "great spirit's strait." Winnipeg is the source of Winnie the Pooh's name and is also home of the windiest intersection in Canada, Portage and Main. Riding Mountain National Park This natural wonder features almost 3000 square kilometres of boreal forest, aspen parkland, deciduous forest and open grasslands and meadows. The area is a haven for fishing, hiking, wildlife viewing - including a herd of bison living in the park! Explore the park via a network of day-use and overnight trails, designed for hiking, cycling or horseback riding. Interpretive programs are offered throughout the summer. There are several campgrounds and picnic areas at many of the other lakes in the park, including Lakes Audy, Grayling, Katherine, Moon, Deep, and Whirlpool. Famous sons and daughters of Manitoba include: Billy Bishop, WWI flying ace Margaret Laurence, author	i don't know

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