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Gunnersaurus Rex is the mascot of which English football club? | Arsenal Mascot Gunnersaurus, The Premier League's Finest (PICTURES) | The Huffington Post
Arsenal Mascot Gunnersaurus, The Premier League's Finest (PICTURES)
20/12/2013 09:51
The Huffington Post UK
Arsenal icon Gunnersaurus's visit to the Whittington Hospital earlier this week re-emphasised how he is unmatched in the Premier League mascot stakes.
The lean and occasionally mean green dino brought some cheer to poorly children and goofed around with Gunners goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny.
Gunnersaurus with interim assistant mascot Wojciech Szczęsny
Whether it is observing a minute's silence, striking fear into Andy Carroll, putting Theo Walcott in his place or snubbing John Terry in the pre-match handshakes , he cannot help but be endearing.
So, since it is Christmas, here is a collection of Gunnersarus's finest moments...
Gunnersaurus tribute
| Arsenal F.C. |
Who became the presenter of the UK television show ‘Antiques Roadshow’ in 2008? | Arsenal FC Official Maskot Headcover
£19.99 RRP: £24.99
Arsenal FC Official Maskot Headcover
The Arsenal FC Football Club Official Maskot Headcover is in the design of the Arsenal's Gunnersaurus Rex mascot.
The Arsenal Gunnersaurus Rex mascot Golf Club Headcover has furry body, arms and tail, is wearing the Arsenal FC Kit and Cap and is fitted with a sock for shaft protection.
Specifically designed to fit even the largest drivers in the market today the Arsenal FC Football Club Official Gunnersaurus Rex Maskot Headcover makes a great novelty gift or souvenir for any Arsenal FC Supporter.
Official Arsenal FC Football Club Merchandise.
| i don't know |
Gabel is German for which item of cutlery? | WW2 GERMAN MILITARIA - Utensils
A. ARMY OFFICER�S ISSUE FIELD CUTLERY SET. (Essbesteck)
Army officer�s early issue steel field cutlery set.
The set consists of a butter knife, spoon, fork and handle can/bottle opener.
All pieces has stamped same markermark and year GAG42 and national eagle.
Hard to find set with same markemarks, all steel pieces and in this excellent condition.
Shows period use and wear.
Condition: 8.5
B. POLITICAL ISSUE FIELD CUTLERY SET. (Essbesteck)
Political early issue aluminum field cutlery set.
The set consists of a butter knife, spoon, fork and handle can/bottle opener.
Can opener is half steel half aluminum.
All pieces has stamped same markermark and year C&CW43 and Political eagle.
NOTICE: The eagle is different then set �A� with head pointing to the right.
Hard to find set with same markemarks, all pieces and in this excellent condition.
Shows period use and wear.
Condition: 8.5
| Fork |
‘Blue Monday’, said to be the most depressing day of the year, falls during which month? | How to say fork in German: gabel
—Contact
How to say fork in German: gabel
Speak better. Travel easier. Have more fun. We offer some of the very best language sheets for your international travels, including German.
How to say fork in German: gabel
Learning German for travel or study? Let’s try this term:
To say fork in German: gabel
Say it out loud: “gah buhl“
You can learn how to say fork and over 220 other travel-friendly words and phrases with our inexpensive, easy-to-use German language cheat sheets. We can help you make your next trip to another country even more fun and immersive. Click below!
German Language Set
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Vietnamese–Nĩa (Nee-Uh)
Cutlery comprises of all table ware items that are used during a meal. A "fork" (gabel) is an important piece of the table ware as it is used to hold down food when cutting it or lifting big chunks of food. So always ensues you have a "fork" (gabel) on your table. Get instant access to the German Language Set.
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| i don't know |
Former Formula One racing driver Nelson Piquet was born in which country? | Nelson Piquet, Formula one racer • Biography & Facts
Nelson Piquet
Formula one racer
Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈnɛwsõ piˈke], born August 17, 1952), known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver and businessman. Since his retirement, Piquet has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls.Piquet had a brief career in tennis before losing interest in the sport and subsequently took up karting and hid his identity to prevent his father discovering his hobby. He became the Brazilian national karting champion in 1971-72 and won the Formula Vee championship in 1976. With advice from Emerson Fittipaldi , Piquet went to Europe to further success by taking the record number of wins in Formula Three in 1978, defeating Jackie Stewart 's all-time record.In the same year, he made his Formula One debut with the Ensign team and drove for McLaren and Brabham. In 1979, Piquet moved to the Brabham team and finished the runner-up in 1980 before winning the championship in 1981. Piquet's poor performances in 1982 saw a resurgence for 1983 and his second world championship. For 1984-85, Piquet had once again lost chances to win the championship but managed to score three wins during that period. He moved to the Williams team in 1986 and was a title contender until the final round in Australia. Piquet took his third and final championship in 1987 during a heated battle with team-mate Nigel Mansell which left the pair's relationship sour. Piquet subsequently moved to Lotus for 1988-89 where he experienced his third drop in form. He eventually went to the Benetton team for 1990-91 where he managed to win three races before retiring.After retiring from Formula One, Piquet tried his hand at the Indianapolis 500 for two years. He also tried his hand at sports car racing during and after his Formula One career. Piquet is currently retired and runs several businesses in Brazil and manages his son Nelson Piquet Jr.
Personal facts
| Brazil |
What is the highest straight flush in a game of poker? | People in Sports | Piquet takes driving course to regain license | The Seattle Times
Seattle Times staff
Nelson Piquet: Brazil’s former car-racing star needs more than three Formula One titles to be considered a good driver in his native country.
Piquet — Formula One champion in 1981, ’83 and ’87 — has to take an intensive driving course after losing his license because of an accumulation of speeding and parking tickets.
The 54-year-old Piquet and his wife, Viviane, exceeded the limit of fines allowed by Brazilian law and must complete an eight-day, 30-hour course to regain their licenses.
“There are several different speeds in several different roads,” Piquet told Globo TV. “Sometimes you don’t pay attention and you break the speed limit — and you can lose your driver’s license in a very fast way.”
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| i don't know |
The resort island of Boracay forms part of which country? | Boracay - Number One Beach in the Philippines - TravelOnline
Boracay, an Island Tropical Paradise in the Country of the Philippines
Boracay Island, Philippines – Boracay Map
Boracay Island is in Southeast Asia, about 316 kms or two hundred nautical miles south from the capital of the country, called Manila and part of the Panay Island group in the Western Visayan region of the country. The island of Boracay is the Philippine’s most well known tourism attraction and the island itself is composed of three main ‘barangays’ or small districts which are called Manoc-Manoc, Balabag and Yapak.
These are actually three of the 17 small districts which comprise the town of Malay in which Boracay belongs to. The island is governed in by both the provincial government of Aklan and the Philippine Department of Tourism or DOT. Local and international visitors and vacationers go to Boracay to experience what the powdery white sands and crystal clear waters of the beach are all about.
Etymology of the name “Boracay”
Boracay Beaches, Philippines
Bo-ra-cay as said in three syllables, is attributed to the Aklanese or local dialect’s word “Borac” which, when translated to English means Cotton. This is in connection to the colour and texture of the world famous sand of the island.
Boracay Beaches:
Boracay’s Geographical Qualities
Boracay Beaches, Philippines Geography
Boracay Island’s shape is somewhat similar to a butterfly, which is appropriate for its beauty. The whole island is about 7 kilometers in length and 1 kilometer wide at its narrowest point. In terms of governance, Boracay is a portion of the town of Malay, Aklan Province within the Panay island group. This is just one island collection of islands which comprise the middle region of the Philippine’s island chains.
Now Yapak Beach is one of the beaches which is found over some of the island’s hills and is located a few meters distant from the primary tourist areas. Although it is composed of gorgeous, unspoiled sands away from the crowds such as the Puka and Balinghai Beaches. It is also the location of the sole 72-par golf course on the island called the Fairways and Bluewaters golf and country club. Getting there takes only 3-5 minutes by tricycle from White Beach and the heart of Boracay.
See Boracay Geography
Languages and Dialects Spoken in Boracay
The official language of the country is called Pilipino and is a mixture of Tagalog. But many local dialects are used in Boracay, along with English. Aklanon or Aklanese is mainly used in the whole province where Boracay is located. The main portion of the province is about 20-30 minutes away by boat. Guests coming from Manila to Boracay Island will find it very easy since most Filipinos are well versed in the English language.
Boracay Island’s Climate and Weather
The Amihan and Habagat Winds
Boracay Weather / Climate
The weather of Boracay Island is commonly divided into 2 seasonal weather phenomena which are locally called the Amihan and Habagat. The Pilipino language describes Amihan as the cool wind which comes from the northeast and the Habagat is the wind which comes from the southwest and brings the south to west monsoons.
These two seasons are usually associated with the La Nina and El Nino weather phenomena which affect the whole world. Amihan seasons are usually those which are hot, with very minimal rainfall and a constant wind coming from an eastern direction. And Habagat is usually the cold with hot and humid climates, maximum rainfall with hurricane like storms called typhoons and a constant wind coming from a western direction.
On Boracay Beach, locals can always tell the transition from the Amihan and Habagat weather when there is a change in the direction of the wind. Usually, this switch is very fast and may even happen after just a day. Other times, there is a longer transition where the winds will go from Amihan to Habagat many times prior to becoming stable and entering the new weather pattern. Generally, Boracay Island experiences the Amihan climate during the months starting from September or October all the way to the months of May or even June. The other months usually take after the Habagat season, although the months may be different in some years.
Temperatures and climates on Boracay Island usually go from 77-90 degrees Fahrenheit or 25-32 degrees Celsius at the start of the Amihan season up to March or late February. It will then go up to about 82-100 degrees Fahrenheit or 28-38 centigrade for the summer season up to the start of the Habagat pattern and slowly go back down again to the 77-90 degree range. When the Tropical Storm periods begin, it can go down to about 68 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees centigrade. Some storms can affect Boracay Island at any time during the year, although they are generally experienced in the Habagat weather pattern.
The island’s own seasons can usually be seen in the low and high room rates of the beach hotels and resorts of Boracay. Amihan season is generally the low or slow time of the year from June to the end of October. Habagat would be the peak season where rates are high. This usually starts on November 1 all the way to the end of May. December 15 to January 15 are considered the Super Peak seasons along with the Chinese New Year and Holy Week when most people go on vacation. Room rates, transportation, food and drinks are generally high during this time.
How To Get To Boracay Island
Via Airplane:
Caticlan Airport, Philippines
After arriving from an international flight, visitors to Boracay Island can go to Manila’s domestic terminal which is about 40 minutes away from the island and get another flight all the way to Kalibo to Boracay. That usually means a hour trip by land and then a boat ride to the island which lasts about 20-30 minutes. This is actually not the best route to take since there’s more travel time involved. From the Kalibo airport, vans and buses with air-conditioning will take travellers to the Caticlan Jetty Port where medium sized boats are waiting to take them to Boracay Island directly. Those who take the plane to Caticlan directly can hire motorcycles with covered sidecars to the same Caticlan Jetty Port which is just a few minutes travel time.
See Boracay Flights
Most package tours utilize a transfer service option which meets travellers right at the Caticlan Airport or Kalibo Airport Terminal and transports them directly to the jetty for a private boat ride to whichever boat station they prefer to be transported, whether one, two or three. From there, guests can either walk to the resort of their choice or take another motorcycle with sidecar ride to their reserved rooms. This is a much easier option.
Boracay Flights, Philippines
All travel agencies and even people who’ve been there will suggest the direct to Caticlan option since normal flight time to the air terminal is just thirty five minutes on SeAir planes and about an hour for the Air Philippines planes. These 2 airlines have about ten flights to the island each day and there are additional airlines which is convenient for getting the best flight time. Travellers who miss their flights can always get another plane to the island. The best part about it is getting to the boats which are only about three minutes away compared to the two hours over land from the Kalibo Airport. That route and the lack of successive flights will lead some travellers to lose a full day just for travel. Being on a bus all day and ending the first day of a holiday with an additional boat ride will spoil any vacation.
Both the Manila to Caticlan and the Manila to Kalibo routes are serviced by all the major domestic carriers of the country. Namely; Seair – south East Asian airlines , Zest Airways , Cebu Pacific Airlines , Philippines Airlines (PAL) and Air Philippines (airphillexpress) .
And the Cebu to Kalibo route if you’re coming from much further south, takes about the same time. It is serviced by the following airlines; Cebu Pacific Airlines, Philippines airlines and Seair or South East Asian airlines.
Getting To Boracay Island By Land
Boracay Bus Transfers
All forms of land transport can go from Manila and even further up north and into the south with the use of the Nautical Highway which was promoted by the government in the year 2000. There are even public buses which leave Manila everyday such as the Cubao and Pasay City terminals of Philtranco. The trip takes about half a day and more, not including the boat ride. Caticlan is the fourth stop that the boats go to and when travellers arrive at the Caticlan Boat Jetty, they can usually find a boat to transfer them to the island. Generally, cheaper rates mean cheaper and slower means of transport and more waiting times. Vacationers will have to hone their bargaining skills.
Getting To Boracay Island Directly By Boat
There are many ferries which ply the Manila to Caticlan route. Usually, this takes about 14 to 18 nautical hours travel time, and some trips can be made overnight. This is perhaps the cheapest route to take.
Some of the ferries which go to Caticlan directly are MBRS Lines, Negros Navigation and SuperFerry which is the most popular on the islands.
Transportation within Boracay Island
Boracay Tricycle Cab
On Boracay, the majority of people use motorized pedi-cabs or motorcycles with covered sidecars which are very abundant on the island. All of those which travellers can hire have set-fees which are tacked on tariff cards for riders to see what they need to pay. First timers would do well to heed this piece of advice; always get on a tricycle which is passing by as opposed to one that is waiting at a corner or a stop. Those that are waiting generally charge higher than those who are already on the road.
There are of course, alternative means such as renting a mountain bike for a day or four-wheeled all terrain vehicle or a motorcycle. Although all motorized vehicles are not allowed on the beach areas and any beach paths.
If you want to go around the island, to the other side, there are local outrigger canoes which are called “Paraws” that can also be rented as well. These are small boats with narrow hulls with passengers and rowers often seated on some webbing or a small plank of wood placed in the middle of the structure. They can go really fast on the water when handled expertly, although they can be quite challenging as well. Getting to other parts of the island can be an adventure in itself.
| Philippines |
What is the name of the medal known internationally as the animals Victoria Cross? | Shangri-La’s Boracay Resort & Spa | Audley Travel
Our rating: Deluxe
The first five-star international resort to open on Boracay Island, Shangri-La’s Boracay Resort & Spa brings new dimensions in luxury and leisure to this fabulous tropical destination with its 219 rooms, suites and villas (all with sea views) in a classic yet contemporary style infused with local cultural influences. Located in the northern part of Boracay Island, the resort's secluded setting includes 350 metres of pristine beachfront and 12 hectares of grounds that are home to a number of interesting and rare wildlife species.
Like all Shangri-La properties, the resort offers extensive facilities making it an ideal vacation spot for families or those who like to have the option of keeping busy, while the Shangri-La's signature CHI spa offers a peaceful sanctuary for those looking indulge and be pampered. Varied restaurants and bars also make the resort the island's foremost dining destination. The resort is set at the end of the island beyond boat station one and can only be accessed via Shangri-La's private boat. There is road access at the rear and the resort provides regular complimentary shuttles for those who want to reach White Beach or D'Mall.
Speak to someone who's been there
Start planning your tailor-made trip by
calling one of our Philippines specialists on 01993 838 155
| i don't know |
Aurora, Chandler, Legacy and Reka are all varieties of which fruit? | Northern Highbush Varieties(Reka,Spartan,Patriot,Hardyblue,Bluegold,Chandler.Legacy) : 占쏙옙占싱뱄옙 占쏙옙慣占�
Northern Highbush Varieties(Reka,Spartan,Patriot,Hardyblue,Bluegold,Chandler.Legacy)
Northern Highbush Varieties
High Chill Varieties
Northern Highbush varieties are the most widely planted blueberries in the world. They grow best in temperate climates where total winter chilling is 1,000 hours or more. Except where listed, most Northern Highbush varieties are relatively self-fertile. Our subjective evaluations are compiled with the most recent information from growers throughout the world.
Varieties are listed in order of ripening.
占쏙옙占쏙옙占쏙옙 占쌍뤄옙 품占쏙옙占쏙옙占쏙옙 키占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙 占쏙옙占쏙옙 품占쏙옙
Reka(Excellent Flavor & Aroma),
占쌩몌옙占쏙옙
Denotes varieties licensed to Fall Creek Farm & Nursery, Inc. Please refer to our Variety Charts for license details.
Light Blue, Sweet
Open, Upright
Earliblue produces some of the first berries on the market and is easy to grow. Earliblue is not as heavy a producer as many of the mid-season varieties. Avoid frost pockets and poorly drained soil.
Light Blue, Mild Flavor, Very Firm
Stocky, Upright
Duke is the leading early ripening Northern Highbush variety. It is known for its high yields of uniform sized, quality fruit. Duke占쏙옙s mild flavor seems to improve with cold storage. Duke can be a challenge to maintain plant vigor over a long period of time. Growers must choose a quality growing site and continually employ good cultural practices. Duke is one of the leading candidates for mechanical harvest, U-pick and local sales.
Dark Blue, Excellent Flavor & Aroma
Upright, Vigorous
Reka is an early ripening, high yielding, and adaptable variety with good machine harvest characteristics. It is vigorous and more tolerant of heavier soils than many other varieties. Berries are medium sized, slightly dark in color, and have a pleasing aroma and sweet flavor. A percentage of the berries often have a 占쏙옙red back占쏙옙, similar to Bluecrop, if the bush is over cropped. Reka has found reasonable success in the fresh market and for local sales, but is predominantly grown as a processed variety.
Medium Blue, Superb Flavor & Aroma
Moderately Vigorous, Upright
We introduced Spartan on the West Coast in 1981. It is moderately productive, blooms late but ripens early, and is frost resistant. Spartan prefers light, well drained soils. Spartan占쏙옙s flavor and large berry size are noteworthy making it a favorite for local fresh markets.
Good Flavor, Medium Blue, Slightly Flat
Short Stature, Slightly Spreading
Patriot is a cold hardy variety and a heavy producer. The bush is of low to medium stature with pliable branches that yield to heavy snow loads in winter. Plants are easy to establish and seem to tolerate less than ideal conditions such as wet or heavier soils. Berries are very large with a small, dry scar and fair fresh fruit quality. Patriot is well suited for U-pick or local sales in areas with cold winters or shorter growing seasons.
Dark Blue, Sweet
Spreading, Vigorous
Northland is the one of the most cold-hardy Highbush varieties. It is vigorous, easy to grow and adaptable to different soil types and conditions. Northland yields are heavy and the berries are sweet with high sugar content. Northland is sometimes used for local sales in colder regions but is predominantly grown as a processed variety.
Firm, Medium Blue, Mild Flavor
Round, Spreading
Toro produces outstanding quality fruit for fresh market U-pick and local sales. The easy-to-pick, medium scar berries form in large clusters that hang like grapes. The large, tight clusters discourage machine harvest of the first picking.
Firm, Light Blue, Mild Flavor
Extremely Vigorous, Upright
Bluejay is recommended for growers focused on mechanical harvest for the processed market. The bush grows rapidly and is easy to establish. Berries form on loose clusters that hang for long periods of time so that most of the fruit can be harvested in one picking. The medium- sized berry has a small dry scar and thick skin. It is acceptable for fresh sales, but is best suited for the process market.
Aromatic, Dark Blue, Very Sweet
Upright, Vigorous
Hardyblue is more adaptable to heavier soils than many varieties. It is known for moderate yields of uniform sized, dark blue, aromatic fruit with consistently high brix content. The bush shape, open cluster and concentrated ripening characteristics favor mechanical harvesting. Hardyblue is recommended for processed markets.
Firm, Crisp, Light Blue, Sweet Flavor
Round, Stocky
Draper has become a standout variety in mid and high chill climates throughout the West. Draper has a compact habit, ripens early to mid-season, is highly productive as a young plant and has outstanding quality fruit. Draper has exceptionally firm berries and concentrates its ripening. The berries have excellent post-harvest color retention and superior shelf life. It is extremely fast to hand-pick and also has potential to be harvested by machine. After only 3 years in the market, Draper fruit has become a leading choice for both fresh and IQF markets and has also performed well in controlled atmosphere storage.
Licensor: Michigan State University Exclusive Territory(s): US (West of Mississippi River), Canada Non-Exclusive Territory(s): Europe
Flavorful, Round, Sky Blue, Very Firm
Compact, Spreading
Bluegold is a mid-season, cold-hardy variety with high production and superior fruit quality. The berries are very firm, flavorful and evenly sized with a small recessed scar. Because of its concentrated ripening, Bluegold is economical for hand and mechanical harvest. We recommend Bluegold for growers desiring a superior quality mid-season berry for fresh or processed sales.
Light Blue, Slightly Tart
Open, Upright
Bluecrop, until recent years, has been the industry占쏙옙s most widely planted variety. An easy bush to grow, Bluecrop has presented very few field management problems. It can withstand spring frosts quite well, resulting in high, consistent yields. The fruit can be tart and have a large percentage of 占쏙옙red backs占쏙옙 if picked too early or if the bush is over cropped. Machine harvesting of Bluecrop remains a challenge but has become more feasible with the use of color sorters in processing lines. Bluecrop is recommended for process and local fresh market sales.
Excellent Flavor, Medium Blue
Slightly Spreading
Chandler produces exceptionally large, high quality fruit. Berries are often as large as a quarter. Chandler can be picked regularly over 4-6 weeks. It is perfect for U-pick and direct market local sales where handpicked standout berries are needed. Yields are good to excellent. It is recommended for production in northern areas with milder winters.
Dark Blue, Intense Flavor
Medium Vigor, Upright
Unchanged since being discovered from the wild in 1912, Rubel continues to be grown in many areas. Rubel produces small fruit on loose clusters and is best suited for machine harvest. Though yields are not exceptional, Rubel is well liked by processors because of its uniform dark color, strong blueberry flavor, and high antioxidant levels. Food manufacturers covet the small berries as one of the best for muffins, yogurts and dried products.
Excellent Flavor, Light Blue
Open, Upright, Vigorous
Legacy is a highly adaptable variety recommended for both fresh and process sales. This variety tends to be a little slower to produce in the first few years; however, yields can be very high once the plants become established. Legacy has received good reviews for its fruit quality, small scar and flavor. Mechanical harvest suitability is good. In many areas, Legacy will keep its leaves through most of the winter, and may require a different approach with pruning, often at a higher cost than many other northern varieties.
Balanced Flavor, Sky Blue
Slightly Open, Upright, Vigorous
Liberty is the leading solution for outstanding flavor and good shelf life in the mid-late season market. Liberty is a fast growing upright bush and often has very high yields during the establishment years. It has performed particularly well in Oregon and southern Washington. Harvest begins 7-10 days before Elliott and ends after two to three pickings. The berries are slightly flat with an attractive sky-blue color, and have a balanced flavor that is a consistent favorite in our taste tests. Care must be taken during harvest as high temperatures can result in soft fruit. Fruit size is smaller in later pickings. Observations from growers suggest good potential for mechanical harvest as the cluster is loose and ripe berries detach easily.
We highly recommend Liberty for mid-late season fresh and process markets.
Licensor: Michigan State University Exclusive Territory(s): US (West of Mississippi River), Canada Non-Exclusive Territory(s): Europe
| Blueberry |
Hombro is Spanish for which part of the body? | Northern Highbush Varieties | Fall Creek
Northern Highbush Varieties
Northern Highbush Varieties
High Chill Varieties
Northern Highbush varieties are the most widely planted blueberries in the world. They grow best in temperate climates where total winter chilling is 1,000 hours or more. Except where listed, most Northern Highbush varieties are relatively self-fertile. Our subjective evaluations are compiled with the most recent information from growers throughout the world.
Varieties are listed in order of ripening.
Denotes varieties produced by Fall Creek Variety Solutions and exclusive to Fall Creek Farm & Nursery, Inc.
Denotes varieties licensed to Fall Creek Farm & Nursery, Inc. Please refer to our Variety Charts for license details.
Light Blue, Sweet
Open, Upright
Earliblue produces some of the first berries on the market and is easy to grow. Earliblue is not as heavy a producer as many of the mid-season varieties. Avoid frost pockets and poorly drained soil.
Northern Highbush
Light Blue, Mild Flavor, Very Firm
Stocky, Upright
Duke is the leading early ripening Northern Highbush variety. It is known for its high yields of uniform sized, quality fruit. Duke’s mild flavor seems to improve with cold storage. Maintaining the plant vigor of Duke can be a challenge over a long period of time. Growers must choose a quality growing site and continually employ good cultural practices. Duke is one of the leading candidates for mechanical harvest, fresh and process sales.
Northern Highbush
Dark Blue, Excellent Flavor & Aroma
Upright, Vigorous
Reka is an early ripening, high yielding, and adaptable variety with good machine harvest characteristics. It is vigorous and more tolerant of heavier soils than many other varieties. Berries are medium sized, slightly dark in color, and have a pleasing aroma and sweet flavor. A percentage of the berries often have a “red back”, similar to Bluecrop, if the bush is over cropped. Reka has found reasonable success in the fresh market and for local sales, but is predominantly grown as a processed variety.
Northern Highbush
Medium Blue, Superb Flavor & Aroma
Moderately Vigorous, Upright
We introduced Spartan on the West Coast in 1981. It is moderately productive, blooms late but ripens early, and is frost resistant. Spartan prefers light, well drained soils. Spartan’s flavor and large berry size are noteworthy making it a favorite for local fresh markets.
Northern Highbush
Good Flavor, Medium Blue, Slightly Flat
Short Stature, Slightly Spreading
Patriot is a cold hardy variety and a heavy producer. The bush is of low to medium stature with pliable branches that yield to heavy snow loads in winter. Plants are easy to establish and seem to tolerate less than ideal conditions such as wet or heavier soils. Berries are very large with a small, dry scar and fair fresh fruit quality. Patriot is well suited for U-pick or local sales in areas with cold winters or shorter growing seasons.
Northern Highbush
Dark Blue, Sweet
Spreading, Vigorous
Northland is the one of the most cold-hardy Highbush varieties. It is vigorous, easy to grow and adaptable to different soil types and conditions. Northland yields are heavy and the berries are sweet with high sugar content. Northland is sometimes used for local sales in colder regions but is predominantly grown as a processed variety.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Light Blue, Mild Flavor
Extremely Vigorous, Upright
Bluejay is recommended for growers focused on mechanical harvest for the processed market. The bush grows rapidly and is easy to establish. Berries form on loose clusters that hang for long periods of time so that most of the fruit can be harvested in one picking. The medium- sized berry has a small dry scar and thick skin. It is acceptable for fresh sales, but is best suited for the process market.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Light Blue, Sweet
Spreading, Long Laterals
New! Exclusive to Fall Creek Variety Solutions, Blue Ribbon is an early-to-mid-season selection released primarily for the high quality, hand harvest, fresh market. Its most notable attributes are high yields, flavorful large berries, and good post-harvest shelf life. We recommend Blue Ribbon for commercial trial plantings in the Pacific Northwest and like areas throughout the U.S.
Fall Creek is the exclusive nursery for sales and distribution of Blue Ribbon worldwide.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Medium Blue, Mild Flavor
Round, Spreading
Toro produces outstanding quality fruit for fresh market U-pick and local sales. The easy-to-pick, medium scar berries form in large clusters that hang like grapes. The large, tight clusters discourage machine harvest of the first picking.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Crisp, Light Blue, Sweet Flavor
Round, Stocky
Draper has become a standout variety in mid and high chill climates throughout the West. Draper has a compact habit, ripens early to mid-season, is highly productive as a young plant and has outstanding quality fruit. Draper has exceptionally firm berries and concentrates its ripening. The berries have excellent post-harvest color retention and superior shelf life. It is extremely fast to hand-pick and also has potential to be harvested by machine. After only 3 years in the market, Draper fruit has become a leading choice for both fresh and IQF markets and has also performed well in controlled atmosphere storage.
Fall Creek is the exclusive licensed nursery for sales and distribution of Draper in all U.S. west of the Mississippi River and is also licensed in the Canadian Provinces and Europe.
Northern Highbush
Flavorful, Round, Sky Blue, Very Firm
Compact, Spreading
Bluegold is a mid-season, cold-hardy variety with high production and superior fruit quality. The berries are very firm, flavorful and evenly sized with a small recessed scar. Because of its concentrated ripening, Bluegold is economical for hand and mechanical harvest. We recommend Bluegold for growers desiring a superior quality mid-season berry for fresh or processed sales.
Northern Highbush
Light Blue, Slightly Tart
Open, Upright
Bluecrop, until recent years, has been the industry’s most widely planted variety. An easy bush to grow, Bluecrop has presented very few field management problems. It can withstand spring frosts quite well, resulting in high, consistent yields. The fruit can be tart and have a large percentage of “red backs” if picked too early or if the bush is over cropped. Machine harvesting of Bluecrop remains a challenge but has become more feasible with the use of color sorters in processing lines. Bluecrop is recommended for process and local fresh market sales.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Medium Blue, Intense Berry Flavor
Narrow Crown, Extreme Upright Growth
New! Exclusive to Fall Creek Variety Solutions, Clockwork is a mid-season selection released primarily for the machine harvest high quality processed marketplace. Clockwork has an upright growth habit, narrow crown, and a highly concentrated ripening period. The berries are medium sized, have intense flavor, aroma and high brix. As a new introduction into the commercial marketplace with true potential for a single pick harvest, we highly recommend Clockwork for commercial trial plantings in the Pacific Northwest and like areas throughout the U.S.
Fall Creek is the exclusive nursery for sales and distribution of Clockwork worldwide.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Sky Blue
Upright
New! Exclusive to Fall Creek Variety Solutions, Top Shelf is notable for its very large and flavorful, firm fruit. While similar to Draper in many ways, Top Shelf seems to excel in critical areas such as plant vigor, fruit size and flavor. We recommend Top Shelf for commercial trial plantings in the Pacific Northwest and like areas throughout the U.S.
Fall Creek is the exclusive nursery for sales and distribution of Top Shelf worldwide.
Northern Highbush
Excellent Flavor, Medium Blue
Slightly Spreading
Chandler produces exceptionally large, high quality fruit. Berries are often as large as a quarter. Chandler can be picked regularly over 4-6 weeks. It is perfect for U-pick and direct market local sales where handpicked standout berries are needed. Yields are good to excellent. It is recommended for production in northern areas with milder winters.
Northern Highbush
Excellent Flavor, Light Blue
Open, Upright, Vigorous
Legacy is a highly adaptable variety recommended for both fresh and process sales. This variety tends to be a little slower to produce in the first few years; however, yields can be very high once the plants become established. Legacy has received good reviews for its fruit quality, small scar and flavor. Mechanical harvest suitability is good. In many areas, Legacy will keep its leaves through most of the winter, and may require a different approach with pruning, often at a higher cost than many other northern varieties.
Northern Highbush
Balanced Flavor, Light Blue
Slightly Open, Upright, Vigorous
Liberty is the leading solution for outstanding flavor and good shelf life in the mid-late season market. Liberty is a fast growing upright bush and often has very high yields during the establishment years. It has performed particularly well in Oregon and southern Washington. Harvest begins 7-10 days before Elliott and ends after two to three pickings. The berries are slightly flat with an attractive sky-blue color, and have a balanced flavor that is a consistent favorite in our taste tests. Care must be taken during harvest as high temperatures can result in soft fruit. Fruit size is smaller in later pickings. Observations from growers suggest good potential for mechanical harvest as the cluster is loose and ripe berries detach easily.
Fall Creek is the exclusive licensed nursery for sales and distribution of Liberty in all U.S. west of the Mississippi River and is also licensed in the Canadian Provinces and Europe.
Northern Highbush
Firm, Medium Blue, Tart
Spreading & Round, Vigorous
Aurora is the latest ripening Highbush, offering northern growers an opportunity to extend the fresh fruit season. Our observations in the Pacific Northwest find Aurora to have extremely high yields. Berries ripen over three to four pickings and are on average about 25% larger than Elliott with a slightly darker color. Aurora can be tart if not harvested fully ripe. Aurora is often more resistant to cracking and shriveling than Elliott and as a result, it can be allowed to hang longer, developing much better flavor in many cases. We recommend Aurora for growers where a cold hardy, hand harvest berry is desired to extend the fresh market harvest season.
Fall Creek is the exclusive licensed nursery for sales and distribution of Aurora in all U.S. west of the Mississippi River and is also licensed in the Canadian Provinces and Europe.
Northern Highbush
| i don't know |
Which US boxer was born Joseph Barrow? | Joe Louis Biography - life, family, children, name, school, mother, information, born, drugs, contract
Joe Louis Biography
Las Vegas, Nevada
African American boxer
African American boxer Joe Louis was world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1948. He defended his title twenty times in four years.
Early years
Joseph Louis Barrow, born on May 13, 1914, was the seventh of eight children of Munroe Barrow and Lily Reese. His father was an Alabama sharecropper and died when Joe was four. His mother took in washing to support her family. Joe was close to his large family, particularly to his mother, from whom he inherited a deep religious sentiment. His mother married Patrick Brooks, with children of his own, when Joe was seven, and the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1926.
Joe Louis.
AP/Wide World Photos
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After Brooks lost his job, Joe and his brothers shined shoes, ran errands, and sold newspapers before and after school to help out the family. Joe also worked as an assistant to an ice-wagon driver. He later said that carrying heavy ice helped him to develop his big shoulder muscles.
As a teenager, Joe was the best boxer of his group. At nineteen he won the National Light Heavyweight Amateur Crown of the Golden Gloves in 1933.
Louis received his ring name from one of his managers, John Roxborough, who found the name Joe Louis Barrow too long. Jack Blackburn, a very knowledgeable boxing man, was Louis's trainer. He taught Louis how to punch and worked with him to develop his body coordination.
Early matches
Before Louis became champion, he was beaten once, by Max Schmeling in 1936. The following year he defeated Jim Braddock for the championship. In 1938 Louis met Schmeling again and knocked him out in the first two minutes of the first round. Louis fought boxers including Billy Conn, Tony Galento, Rocky Marciano (1923–1969), and "Jersey Joe" Walcott (1914–1994). He won nineteen other title fights.
During World War II (1939–45; a war fought between the Axis powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies: England, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union) Louis was drafted, served faithfully, and fought two bouts for army and navy relief.
The curse of many victories in a short period of time was the accumulation of a heavy tax burden. For example, Louis won $349,228 for his victory over Schmeling and $591,117 for beating Conn. In his entire ring career he earned $4,677,992. But his federal income taxes were $1,199,000. When penalties were assessed, taxes became astronomical.
Business ventures
Another source of trouble for Louis was his partnership in a public relations firm. In the early 1960s this firm entered into a contract with Cuba for $250,000 to promote tourism. Although this was not illegal, it was considered in poor taste to deal with a country with whom the United States did not maintain diplomatic relations.
Louis's other business ventures included the Joe Louis Food Franchise, a chain of food shops he opened in 1969 with his former ring rival Billy Conn. The former champ also served as a celebrity greeter at the Caesar's Palace Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Final years
Unfortunately, drugs took a toll on the once indomitable (not able to be beaten) champion in his final years. In 1969, he was hospitalized after collapsing on a New York City street. While the incident was at first credited to "physical breakdown," Louis later admitted to cocaine use and fears of a plot against his life. The following year, Louis spent five months in the hospital suffering from paranoid delusions (irrational anxiety and fear toward others). Strokes and heart ailments caused his condition to worsen. He had surgery to correct an aortic aneurysm (abnormal widening of a blood vessel) in 1977 and was thereafter confined to a wheelchair.
Despite failing health, Louis still found time to attend major boxing events. On April 12, 1981, he sat ringside at the Larry Holmes and Trevor Berbick heavyweight championship bout at Caesar's Palace. Hours after the fight, Louis went into cardiac arrest (a heart failure) and died at the age of sixty-six.
In 1994, the bronzed boxing glove that Louis used to defeat Max Schmeling was donated to the city of Detroit by the Michigan Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Dubbed "The Glove That Floored Nazi Germany," it was enshrined in a plexiglass case at the city's Cobo Center, a monument to Louis's enduring legacy.
For More Information
Bak, Richard. Joe Louis: The Great Black Hope. Dallas: Taylor Publishers, 1996.
Barrow, Joe Louis, Jr., and Barbara Munder. Joe Louis: 50 Years an American Hero. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Louis, Joe, with Edna and Art Rust, Jr. Joe Louis, My Life. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.
Mead, Chris. Champion—Joe Louis, Black Hero in White America. New York: Scribner, 1985.
User Contributions:
| Joe Louis |
‘Take Me Home’ is a 1995 autobiography by which late US singer? | 08 Apr US Boxer Joe Louis Barrow dies at 67 Photos and Images | Getty Images
08 Apr US Boxer Joe Louis Barrow dies at 67
December 28, 1946 License
Dr Clark Foreman (left), President of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare,...Dr Clark Foreman (left), President of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, congratulates American boxer and world heavyweight champion Joe Louis, (Joseph Louis Barrow, 1914 - 1981), at a dinner in his honour as a 'Great American and a Great Fighter' at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York, where he was presented with a scroll. Louis held the world championship for a record 12 years, defending his title 25 times. Behind them are American singer and actor Frank Sinatra and American actress Carole Landis. Original Publication: People Disc - HP0270 LessMore
| i don't know |
Which English city is known as ‘The Faithful City’? | Worcester, ‘The Faithful City’ – Cathedral City Guide
View from Cathedral Tower, by Cathedral City Guide
City sights
Tudor House – a volunteer-run local history museum in a historic setting. Free admission.
Greyfriars’ House and Garden (pictured above) – a medieval merchant’s house with a walled garden
The diverse architectural styles of Worcester Cathedral , which houses the tomb of King John in its chancel
Suggested activities
Climb the 235 steps of Worcester Cathedral Tower for a fantastic view – weather and opening times permitting!
Visit the Worcester Porcelain Museum , which houses the world’s largest collection of Worcester Porcelain
Enjoy a day at the races at Worcester Racecourse
Take a walk – or a traditional narrowboat – along the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , which begins in Worcester
Further afield
The Malvern Hills , part of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and very popular with walkers
The cathedral cities of Gloucester and Hereford – both less than 30 miles away and easily accessible by car or train
Location and getting there
Map data ©2013 Google, GeoBasis – DE/BKG (©2009)
Worcester is the county town of and only city in Worcestershire, in England’s West Midlands (see our interactive map) .
The River Severn, the longest river in the United Kingdom, runs north to south through the city.
There are two train stations in Worcester: Foregate Street right in the centre, and Shrub Hill about 15 minutes’ walk away to the east. Direct trains run from London Paddington (a little over two hours) and Birmingham New Street (approximately 40 minutes).
For a slower but potentially cheaper journey, take a National Express coach from London Victoria (four hours).
Worcester facts
Worcester houses the Lea & Perrins factory where the traditional Worcestershire Sauce (sometimes known as Worcester Sauce) is made. The sauce, which contains anchovies and tamarind, was invented in the city in the 1830s.
Edward Elgar (1857-1934), one of England’s greatest composers, was born in a village just outside Worcester and a statue of him can be found in Worcester High Street. Every three years Worcester hosts the Three Choirs Festival , a classical choral music festival dating back to the 18th century.
The final battle of the English Civil War, the Battle of Worcester, took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester. The city is known as the ‘Faithful City’ because of its unwavering support of the Royalist cause during the Civil War.
Worcester calendar
This mini-calendar shows events taking place in and around Worcester. For events at cathedral cities across the UK, please see our main Cathedral City Calendar .
Using an iPhone? Please hold your phone horizontally for the best results with our calendar.
Useful links
Twitter list for Worcester with Cathedral City Guide
x
Email us at [email protected]
or use the comment form below.
Posted by James Clark
George Marshall Medical Museum
There is a FREE family open day at the George Marshall Medical Museum on Saturday 27th October. Between 1pm and 3pm you can join Worcester illustrator Sarah Millin and staff from the medical museum as we create a brand new mascot for the museum using Indian ink and gruesome medical objects from our collection. All are welcome. Parking is free at the Charles Hastings Education Centre for all those taking part. You can find us on the site of Worcestershire Royal Hospital! Contact Louise Price for more information on 01905 760738 or e-mail [email protected]
!
http://www.cathedralcityguide.co.uk/ Cathedral City Guide
Thanks! We didn’t make it to the George Marshall Medical Museum on our recent trip to Worcester but it sounds fascinating and we will try to pop by on our next visit to the city.
| Worcester |
Emetophobia is the irrational fear of which bodily function? | The Faithful City - Worcester's part in the English Civil War (From Worcester News)
Jobs Business Directory Local Info Dating Buy Sell Book an Ad
The Faithful City - Worcester's part in the English Civil War
Many historians argue that the English Civil War began and ended at Worcester, and probably gave rise to the city's motto Civitas Fidelis - The Faithful City - because of its support of the Stuart cause.
How things looked at the time of the English Civil War - which can still be experienced today through The Commandery experience
Worcester has an unique place in English Civil War history, having seen its start with a small but bloody skirmish at Powick Bridge in 1642, and its finish with the large-scale bloodshed of the 1651 Battle of Worcester.
There's a legend that on the eve of his great victory at Worcester, Cromwell went alone into Perry Wood and ''sold his soul'' to the Devil on condition that he could emerge triumphant from the following day's conflict.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE CIVIL WAR 1640-49
* 1641 -- May 12: The Earl of Strafford, Charles's hardline minister, voted a traitor by Parliament and beheaded.
July-August; Reforms to prevent Charles raising taxes without parliamentary agreement and ensuring trial by jury.
November 22: The House of Commons (by a small majority) passed the Grand Remonstrance, a catalogue of royal misdeed and a demand for further limits to the King's power.
* 1642 -- January 5: Charles enters the Commons escorted by troops and tries unsuccessfully to arrest five leading members.
August 22: The king raises his standard at Nottingham. War is declared.
September 23: The first skirmish of the Civil War at Powick Bridge, near Worcester.
October 23: The Battle of Edgehill, Warwickshire, a narrow royalist victory.
* 1643 -- July 26: The capture of Bristol is the highpoint of the king's year.
September 25: A treaty with the Scots -- Solemn League and Covenant -- promises to bring 20,000 Scottish troops to the aid of parliament.
* 1644 -- January-March: Defeats at Nantwich, Cheshire and Cheriton Surrey, begin royalist collapse in the North Midlands and the South.
July 2: Oliver Cromwell and the Scots are victorious at Marston Moor, the largest-ever battle on British soil; more tha 40,000 troups engaged.
* 1645 -- June-July: The New Model Army heavily defeats the king's men and western armies at Naseby, Northants and Langport, Somerset.
September 24: Last remaining royalist army defeated at Rowton Moor, Chester.
* 1646 -- May 5: The king surrenders to the Scots near Newark and is taken to Newcastle.
* 1647 -- August 1: Army leaders and their allies in Parliament present their own peace terms -- known as the Heads of Proposals.
* 1648 -- March-May: Royalist rebellions in Wales, Kent and East Anglia crushed by the new Model Army.
* 1649 -- January 20; The High Court of Justice, set up by the purged Parliament, puts the king on trial.
January 30: Three days after receiving the death sentence, King Charles I is beheaded.
CIVIL WAR FACTFILE
| i don't know |
Suzy and the Red Stripes was a pseudonym used by which English band for the release of the 1977 single ‘Seaside Woman’? | Suzy & the Red Stripes — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
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Suzy and the Red Stripes was a pseudonym used by the band Wings for the release of the Linda McCartney and Wings single "Seaside Woman" in 1977. It was the only release by Wings under that name and was written and sung by Linda McCartney. Linda said that the "Suzy and the Red Stripes" pseudonym came about because she had been called "Suzi" in Jamaica because of "a fantastic reggae version of 'Suzi Q'", and Red Stripe is Jamaica's leading… read more
| Wing |
Who won a gold medal in the women’s 400m hurdles at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona? | BootlegZone • View topic - what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Wed Aug 03, 2016 12:42 am
Joined: Tue Jun 18, 2002 12:39 pm
Posts: 581
This is how I reformatted the notes to "Pure McCartney" made by peerke.
You may want to use this for your pdf.
Chris
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Wed Aug 03, 2016 2:10 am
Joined: Mon Nov 18, 2013 4:03 pm
Posts: 67
Thanks CJ and Corporation!!!
CJ Not saying one is any better than the other....I actually am looking forward to having both! But do you happen to have ALL your reformatted notes handy to post?
And Corporation... I'm really looking forward to seeing your version this weekend.
THANKS to both you guys (and everyone else who contributed little nudges and corrections here and there and everywhere)!
-RUBBERSOLOF
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Wed Aug 03, 2016 11:23 pm
Joined: Mon Nov 18, 2013 4:03 pm
Posts: 67
PS PEERKE... I did not mean to slight you at all by not mentioning you by name also...GREAT JOB!! How can we get a PDF of your version??
RS
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Thu Aug 04, 2016 1:06 pm
Joined: Sat Jul 31, 2004 7:32 am
Posts: 517
mikesolof wrote:
PS PEERKE... How can we get a PDF of your version??
I haven't made a pdf of my texts. I haven't even updated my files. So, it's best to take it all from the site and make a pdf for yourself.
_________________
"Picking up scales and broken chords / Puppy-dog tails in the House of Lords / Tell me darling, what can it mean?"
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Fri Aug 05, 2016 1:52 am
Joined: Sun Nov 01, 2015 8:15 pm
Posts: 41
I had some time this evening and did an update of the pdf. This includes CJ's formatted notes for Pure McCartney and Dave's introductions for the last releases. Enjoy!
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Fri Aug 05, 2016 5:42 am
Joined: Tue Jun 18, 2002 12:39 pm
Posts: 581
Excellent work.....thanks for sharing corporationteeshirt.
Just needs some notes for the "Rarities" sets to finish it off......
I hope peerke can figure out where all these songs come from!!
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Fri Aug 05, 2016 9:02 am
Joined: Tue Dec 15, 2015 10:38 pm
Posts: 135
peerke, just a quick thought I had this morning:
As I personally organize my UAC in my iTunes (I keep the flacs on my harddrive, of course), my albums are not restricted to the 80 min-CD-corset. Plus, I don't really like the idea of having a 12-CD-set of odd stuff on my iPod. It's almost like a jungle
Therefore I'd like to add the rarities-tracks to the respective albums/time-frames they really belong to.
So, I think you could help (at least me) with adding "this track should actually go here and there ..." to your annotations. Anyone with me? Thanks for your work in the past!!!
_________________
The only moment that you can live here comfortably in these absolutely irreconcilable conflicts is in this moment when you embrace it all and you say "Look, I don’t understand a fucking thing at all – Hallelujah!”
- Leonard Cohen
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Fri Aug 05, 2016 1:27 pm
Joined: Fri Jan 30, 2015 11:00 pm
Posts: 37
Corporationteeshirt wrote:
I had some time this evening and did an update of the pdf. This includes CJ's formatted notes for Pure McCartney and Dave's introductions for the last releases. Enjoy!
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Fri Aug 05, 2016 8:15 pm
Joined: Sat Jul 31, 2004 7:32 am
Posts: 517
Here's the first set of notes.
Give Us That Knowing Wink - Official Rarities
CD 1
1 - Too Many People – The album Ram was mixed both in stereo and in mono. In August 1971, when ‘Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey’ b/w ‘Too Many People’ was released as a single in the U.S. , Apple also released a promo 45 (PRO 6279) with mono mixes of both songs. The mix for ‘Too any people’ is unique to this promo.
2 - Hi, Hi, Hi – instrumental - isolated backing track, taken from the Wings Track Pack for the video game Guitar Hero World Tour. The Wings Track Pack, containing 'Hi, Hi, Hi', 'Junior's Farm' and 'Jet' was released on February 12, 2009.
3 - Live and Let Die – the Bond movie Live and Let Die has been released three times on DVD, including as a Special Edition, and as an Ultimate Edition. On November 11, 2008 a Blu-Ray disc was released, using the same source as the Ultimate Edition DVD. The English audio option on the Blu-Ray is dts HD Master Audio 5.1 surround.
4 - Helen Wheels - extended version
A Voodoo mix, using the MOGGs.
5 - Junior's Farm – see CD 1, track 2.
6 - Seaside Woman - song written by Linda McCartney. Recorded with Wings on November 7, 1972 in AIR Studios, London with Paul producing. Released as a single by Suzy and the Red Stripes on May 31,
1977 in the US and August 10, 1979 in the UK. The 7” version is an edit of the 12”, released on July 7, 1986.
7 - B-Side to Seaside – the b-side of the 7” ‘Seaside Woman’.
8 - Mull of Kintyre - to promote the single, two different videos were shot. The first in Scotland, on October 13, 1977 with Michael Lindsay-Hogg directing. The second (set to a radio edit of the track.) on a film set in Elstree Studios in London, on December 9 with director Nicholas Ferguson. (A third version circulates, but is taken from the TV show "The Mike Yarwood Christmas Show" and is not a video clip.)
The Scottish Version was newly-remixed in 2016 for the first version of the video, released in July 2016 to promote Pure McCartney as part of a 360VR video available on YouTube. It adds foley and for the first time, a cold ending to the track. The original video's release featured the record as the soundtrack.
9 - Coming Up – Wingspan, released on May 7, 2001 has a unique edit of the studio version.
10 - Get it – in September 1982, the song was relased as the b-side of ‘Tug of War’. The same mix as on the album was used, but with a fade out.
11 - It's Not On - one of the (too) few surprises on the ‘Archive Collection’ of Paul’s album was the so called demo of an unknown song: ‘It’s Not On’. It was recorded in AIR Studios, London, on February 2, 1982. This is a sequence of the recording process.
12 - The Girl is Mine – an alternate edit, released in October 1982 on a US promo.
13 - Theme from 'The Honorary Consul' - a single by classical guitarist John Williams, released in December 1983 as ‘Paul McCartney’s Theme’. Recorded in February ’83 in the AIR Studios, London.
14 - Ballroom Dancing – a remake of the Tug Of war song, recorded on February 28, 1983 in the AIR Studios, London for McCartney’s movie Give My Regards to Broad Street. Paul and Linda are accompanied by John Paul Jones on bass, Ringo Starr on drums, Dave Edmunds & Chris Spedding on guitars. George Martin produced. This version used in the movie is longer than the version on the soundtrack.
15 - No Values – recorded on March 11, 1983, with Paul on bass, Dave Edmunds and Chris Spedding both on guitars and backing vocals, Linda on keyboards and vocals and Ringo on drums. As can be seen in the movie, the song originally ended in a jam, that was edited for the album Give My Regards to Broad Street.
16 - Rupert and the Frog Song – a TV ad for the mini-movie around Rupert Bear, featuring ‘We All Stand Together’.
17 - We All Stand Together – promo edit, released in November 1984.
18 - Do They Know It's Christmas – For the b-side of the 12” version single from Band Aid, Trevor Horn produced a track in his own studio, using the same instrumental track and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording, and also from those who had been unable to attend, including David Bowie, Paul McCartney, the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood. This was released in December 1984.
19 - Feed The World – the b-side of the charity single from Band Aid, containing messages (including Paul McCartney's) over a remix of the backing track.
20 – Messages – The Crowd was a charity group formed specifically to produce a charity record for the Bradford City stadium fire, in which 56 people died on 11 May 1985. The group consisted of singers, actors, television personalities and others. Paul contributed a message to the b-side, which was called... 'Messages'. The a-side was a cover of 'You'll Never Walk Alone'. The record reached Number 1 in the UK, on June 1, 1985.
21 - All The Best – another TV ad, this one for Paul’s new compilation album - from November 1987.
updated with the info from afilosa09, ghosthost and Dave1dMarx.
_________________
"Picking up scales and broken chords / Puppy-dog tails in the House of Lords / Tell me darling, what can it mean?"
Last edited by peerke on Wed Aug 10, 2016 3:46 pm, edited 3 times in total.
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Sat Aug 06, 2016 1:27 am
Joined: Mon Nov 16, 2015 2:28 pm
Posts: 70
The instrumentals like Jet and Junior's Farm come from the multi tracks. Those songs were featured in the video game Rock Band (or Guitar Hero...) and thus the individual tracks were available. One of the interesting things is that, in the isolated vocal, you can hear that Paul is whistling along
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Sat Aug 06, 2016 1:33 am
Joined: Sat Aug 06, 2016 1:30 am
Posts: 56
Location: You know my location, look up the number
Has anybody put together a list of all of the fonts Dave has used for the back covers of these CDs?? They all match the official albums perfectly, and I'd like to see which ones he used.
Thx
You should have seen me with the poker man
I had a honey and I bet a grand
Just in the nick of time I looked at his hand
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Sat Aug 06, 2016 4:30 am
Joined: Mon Feb 02, 2015 7:01 pm
Posts: 53
Location: San Diego, CA
THANKS Peerke! This compilation is the hardest to figure out, I'm sure. I appreciate the work you're doing on this!
Post subject: Re: what's on PAUL McCARTNEY - ULTIMATE ARCHIVE COLLECTION?
Posted: Sat Aug 06, 2016 8:49 am
Joined: Sat Jul 31, 2004 7:32 am
Posts: 517
2 - I Saw Her Standing There
3 - Long Tall Sally
4 - Get Back
To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the The Prince's Trust charity, a concert was held in the Wembley Arena, on June 20, 1986. A variety of rock stars performed and the Prince and Princess of Wales attended.
A live album of the concert, called Recorded Highlights Of The Prince's Trust 10th Anniversary Birthday Party released on May 4, 1987, included the live version of ‘Get Back’ by Paul McCartney with Tina Turner and Paul Young. British copies of the album also contained a bonus single with two more contributions by Macca: ‘Long Tall Sally’ on one side and ‘I Saw Her Standing There’ on the other. These tracks can be found on the Ultimate Archive Collection of Tripping The Live Fantastic.
The track presented here are the unedited versions, taken from UK Prince's Trust Rock Gala DVD, released on September 25, 2000.
5 - Rockestra Theme
6 - Rockestra Theme
In 1987 guitarist Duane Eddy recorded an album with producer Eddy Pumer. They visited George Harrison on January 30 to record in his F.P.S.H.O.T. studio, and a few days later, on February 4, recorded a cover of Paul’s ‘Rockestra Theme’ in the ex-Beatle’s studio Hog Hill Mill. "It was a wonderful session’, remembers Eddy Pumer. “Paul wrote a new middle-eight for the track, in order that Duane could pluck on that famous E string. We all had a lot of fun, and then went back again the next day to see Paul mix it. It was quite a thrill." The band is formed by Duane Eddy (guitar), Paul McCartney (bass and vocals), Jim Horn (sax), Charlie Morgan (drums), Phil Pickett (piano) and Nick Glennie-Smith (keyboards). Finishing touched were applied the next day and the track was mixed on the sixth. The album Duane Eddy was released on June 19, 1987.
When it was decided that ‘Rockestra Theme’ would be released as a UK single, on September 7, 1987, Paul prepared (on September 4) an extended version, with the help of Bert Bevans. This was released on the b-side of the 12”, on September 21, 1987 – the same day as Magical Mystery Tour was released on cd for the first time.
7 - Let it Be - Ferry Aid
8 - Let it Be - The Gospel Jam Mix
9 - Let it Be - extended version
10 - Let it Be - Mega Message Mix
On March 6, 1987, the MS Herald of Free Enterprise ferry capsized not far from the Belgian coast. 193 passengers and crew were killed. A charity organization was set up in the aftermath of the disaster. The Sun newspaper organized the recording of benefit record by recruiting record producers Stock, Aitken and Waterman. On March 14 to 16, a cover of ‘Let It Be’ was recorded by many artists. The guitar solo was divided with Gary Moore first, then Mark Knopfler, then back to Gary Moore. Original writer, Paul McCartney also contributed to the song, although his performance (and section in the accompanying video) were recorded independently in his own studios. (In fact, it was later revealed that McCartney used his voice of the original recording of the 1970 Beatles track and added it to the Ferry Aid recording.)
The single was released on Monday 23 March 1987.
The B-side of the 7" single is a gospel version of ‘Let It Be’, made up on the spot by improvising. The 12" single mixed by Burni Adams and Jamie Bromfield has ‘Let It Be (Mega Message Mix)’ on the B-side. The extended version is from the 12”.
11 - Children In Need
12 - Children In Need - instrumental
A song written by Craig Mathieson and Nicky Hopkins for the BBC run charity Children In Need. In August 1987 Paul produced the song at his Hog Hill Mill Studio in Icklesham, and also contributed bass. Nicky Hopkins plays piano and keyboards, Woody Woodmansey on drums, Ken Wilson and Paul Fink on guitars and Craig Mathieson on vocals.
The single was released in January 1988 on a 7” by Spirit of Play.
13 In Liverpool
The Liverpool Sound was a concert held at Anfield stadium in Liverpool on June 1, 2008 to celebrate the city's year as the European Capital of Culture. The concert was headlined by Paul McCartney, playing in his home city for the first time in five years. As 14th song he played ‘In Liverpool’ – a song he only ever played once before: in the auditorium of the Liverpool Institue of Performing Arts. This "studio" version can be found on the DVD extras disc of the "Liverpool Oritorio" in the part caleld 'Echoes'. The DVD was released on November 15, 2004.
14 Ferry 'Cross The Mersey
In May 1989, a charity version of ‘Ferry Cross the Mersey’ was released in aid of those affected by the Hillsborough disaster, which claimed the lives of 95 Liverpool fans the previous month. The song was recorded on April 20, 1989, by Liverpool artists The Christians, Holly Johnson, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman. The single was released on May 1, 1989 and held the #1 spot in the UK chart for three weeks and the Irish chart for two weeks.
15 This One - remix
An exclusive Voodoo Records remix put together by adding rhythmic components of the extended version to the more melodic LP version.
16 - Coming Up
17 - Hey Jude
These tracks, performed live on June 30, 1990 at Knebworth Festival in Hertfordshire, as presented on the DVD Live at Knebworth can be found on the Ultimate Archive Collection of Tripping The Live Fantastic. These are the versions as presented on Knebworth: The Album , released on August 2, 1990.
Updated, thanks to Beatlened and Ghosthost.
_________________
"Picking up scales and broken chords / Puppy-dog tails in the House of Lords / Tell me darling, what can it mean?"
Last edited by peerke on Sat Aug 06, 2016 1:32 pm, edited 1 time in total.
2 - I Saw Her Standing There
3 - Long Tall Sally
4 - Get Back
To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the The Prince's Trust charity, a concert was held in the Wembley Arena, on June 20, 1986. A variety of rock stars performed and the Prince and Princess of Wales attended.
A live album of the concert, called Recorded Highlights Of The Prince's Trust 10th Anniversary Birthday Party released on May 4, 1987, included the live version of ‘Get Back’ by Paul McCartney with Tina Turner and Paul Young. British copies of the album also contained a bonus single with two more contributions by Macca: ‘Long Tall Sally’ on one side and ‘I Saw Her Standing There’ on the other. These tracks can be found on the Ultimate Archive Collection of Tripping The Live Fantastic.
The track presented here are the unedited versions, taken from the stereo broadcast on BBC radio.
Actually, having provided this for the set, I can tell you the source here was the UK Prince's Trust Rock Gala DVD release.
Last edited by ghosthost on Sat Aug 06, 2016 12:44 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Spokes, Ribs, Rim Row and Lashing are all terms used in which handicraft? | The Country Seat - Basketweaving Tips - basketry and basket weaving helpful hints for basket making fun.
"A knot in the handle brings good luck and assures that your basket will always be full, never empty. It may be full of love, and hope, good health and other things we oft times cannot see, but never empty."
Author Unknown
Lashing Made Easier
Try these special tools:
~ the Weaverite tool letter B, it's a flat tipped awl. Slide the tip in between the last row of weaving and the rim to create just enough space for your lasher.
~ and the Lash Buddie, which allows your lasher to slide along the smooth metal instead of rubbing against the rim and weaving.
Lashing with Cane
When lashing with natural or bleached cane (or weaving a cane seat) look for the tiny nodules along the length. These nodules are where the thorns were removed (cane is the bark of the rattan plant, reed comes from the core of the plant). The cane should ALWAYS be pulled though with the high side of the nodules coming first. If it is pulled in the other direction, the nodules can catch and may rip or shred the cane.
Oval Core
Oval core makes a nice substitute for round reed ribs in ribbed baskets. Oval core is cut from the core of the rattan plant and is slightly oval on both sides (think of 2 pieces of flat oval pasted together). If you like the look of old oak melon baskets with the flat spokes, you will probably like using oval core. Oval core can also be carved for handles.
Packing Rows
Reed and wood have a tendency to shrink as they dry. Allow your basket to dry overnight before tucking down the stakes and lashing the rim. If you have extra space between your rows the next day, you can easily adjust the weavers to ensure a tightly woven basket. The Weave-Rite heavy duty packing tool (H) is excellent for this job and saves your finger nails. Even when you don't see spaces between the rows before you pack, you might be amazed at how much space is revealed once you start packing down the rows.
Pencil Marks
Marking some of the spokes on the wrong side in the center helps to line up the base quickly and easily. The Central Pennsylvania Basket Weavers' Guild December 2000 newsletter gives this tip to remove the pencil marks; After the base is woven, "Use your finger to rub off pencil marks on your reed while the spokes are still wet and they will come right off."
Plato Shear
The Platoshear Diagonal Cutter is a good tool for cutting the ends of round reed on the inside of baskets. The Platoshear can also be used to cut the inside spokes flush with the top of the row under the rim for flat reed baskets (works best for spokes 3/8" or smaller-wider spokes need to be cut once from each side because the blade on the shear is not very long). The angled blade of the Platoshear makes these tasks much easier.
Help - I got reed that's very thick or very thin - what do I do with it?
Just because you received a coil of reed that doesn't meet your imediate needs doesn't make it a bad coil of reed. Brittle or splitting reed is bad, too thick or too thin reed is just not what you need at that time. Someone else may be desperately looking for exactly what you have.
A good coil of reed should have pieces of varying thickness, some thicker, some thinner. This give you weavers and stakes.
Please don't throw away thicker pieces of reed! They are perfect for stakes and the very thickest pieces are great for rims.
Even the short pieces 6" or longer are great for slotted bases and the heavier, thicker pieces make the best spokes.
Even the super paper thin pieces are perfect for plaited ornaments like the reindeer. I've been making larger ones with 3/8 and 5/8" flat and they are a lot of fun.
It can be frustrating when you don't have the right piece of reed for the project that you are working on but if you keep what doesn't work for the current project, you will have what you need the next time.
We're happy to look for �longer lengths� or �thin and flexible�, etc. just let us know. We'll do our best.
Shaker Tape
Instead of sewing together the ends of Shaker Tape on the bottom of a basket, carefully glue the ends together with super glue. Be careful not to get the glue on anything other than the cloth. The gel and liquid seem to work equally well. After the glue sets, the joint can be hidden between overlapped spokes.
How to keep Reeds & Cane from Tangling
CANE - Tie a piece of string or twist tie around the "loop" of cane (all hanks of cane are tied in the center, doubled over and then coiled so that there is a "loop" on the outside of the hank). Always keep this center "loop" secure. Hang the hank of cane from the ceiling or a hook on the wall. Put the hook through the loop, leave one or more ties right below the loop and remove all other binding from the hank. Allow the cane to relax and straighten. When removing pieces of cane from the hank, always pull pieces of cane from the loop. DO NOT try to pull a piece cane from the loose ends, it will tangle.
REEDS - Place two rubber bands, twist ties, hair bands, etc. (using two bands is a safety measure, just in case one breaks - the bands will allow easy removal and insertion of reed ends) around the ends of the reed, before you snip the last of the ties that hold the coil together. Hang the reed from the ceiling or a hook on the wall and allow the reeds to relax and straighten.
Try to pull round reed from the end or close to the end of the coil. Try stretching the long reeds out over the back of a chair or table and then pull out one or two pieces at a time.
Taking Classes ~ Student Tips
Here are some tips on how to be a good student and how to get the most enjoyment and learning from your basket classes:
Always check the weaving level of the class before you sign up. If it says advanced, then it means advanced in that style of weaving, not just that you have woven lots of baskets. You should have woven or taken classes that were intermediate level in that style already.
Pay attention when the instructor speaks. You may not be as far along as others, but you will need the instructions when you get to that point in the basket. Stop what you are doing and watch what she/he is demonstrating.
Try to weave in the manner and with the methods that the instructor demonstrates. It may not work for you and you may like a different method better, but you took the class to learn. You may be surprised at how changing one little technique can improve your basket. Give it a try!
Do not be easily frustrated. There will be others in the class that will be faster (or maybe slower) than you are. The instructor is there to help all of you. Slow down, take a deep breath, ask for help. Often there are many students in a class and it's hard for the instructor to notice everything. If you are not sure of the next step, ask. But, be patient if she/he is working with another student. You will get your turn.
Arrive early or on time for class. It's frustrating and time consuming when the instructor has to repeat the introduction and beginning instructions several times. If you are late, you have now lost valuable time that you have paid for. The instructor is not required to stay after the class to continue to teach. Many will stay, but many will not.
Respect your neighbor's space. Sometimes there will not be extra room between students. Place only what you need on the table in front of you, the rest should go under the table or in the hallway or other open space approved by the instructor.
Clean up after yourself, this includes any drink containers or food wrappers. Look for recycling bins for cans and bottles. If you have large pieces of reed left over, see if the instructor wants them back.
Always be considerate of your other students, the instructor and the people and building hosting the class.
Class Checklist:
Know which class you are taking as well as the day and time the class starts.
Know how long it will take you to get to the class and leave extra time.
Check the required tools and supplies list, each class is different. Make sure that you have everything listed or that you can purchase them the day of class.
Mark your initials with a woodburning tool or permanent marker on everything you bring to class. If you leave something behind, it will be much easier to return it to you.
Know what the lunch plans are, will there be a break or will the teacher expect you to pack a lunch and eat and weave. Know if there is a refrigerator available and what type of restaurants or take out is available locally.
Relax, learn and have fun!
Time Savers
If you weave a lot of a particular basket, cut enough stakes for several baskets at the same time. A lot of time is wasted with the coiling and uncoiling of reed. Open a coil of reed and use the whole coil for stakes (save any thin pieces for weavers and recoil them with a tag saying "weavers" and the size of the material). Twist tie the stakes together, one bundle for each basket. Don't forget to make a tag for each bundle (so you know later on, what they are for!) or tie the bundles together with one tag.
Twist Ties
Some of our handles are held together with long green twist ties. Some produce also come with long thick twist ties. Save these ties.
Place two rubber bands around the ends of the reed, before you snip the last of the ties that hold the coil together (using two rubber bands is a safety measure, just in case one breaks - the bands will allow easy removal and insertion of reed ends). Recoil the reed. Hold the coil together with the long green twist ties or other long twist ties. They can be reused many times.
The "D" handles can be hung by a loop of twist ties. Just untwist and remove the handle that you need.
Look around your workspace. You might be surprised at all the things that can be held together with twist ties.
Weaving Table
Our weaving table is wonderful for starting spoked bottom and double spoked bottom baskets. The table is 14" square with a 1" square grid marking. The grid also has 1" apart circles for measuring the rows of twining. The spokes are laid out in a pin wheel fashion and a T-pin is inserted into the center and through the hole in the weaving table to hold them all in place. Then you can begin twining and be sure that all the spokes are spaced evenly. The table is mounted on a ball-bearing base so it spins as you work. The surface of the table is treated with a waterproof finish. The weaving table can also be used for laying out square or rectangle bases, no measuring, just use the 1" grid markings. The table also works great for slotted bases. You can turn the base (actually the weaving table) while weaving the first couple of rows, without knocking any of the stakes out of the groove.
When working on a spoked bottom basket- if it is hard to get the T-pin through the reed spokes, turn the table over and tap the T-pin through the reed with a small hammer. Once the tip of the T-pin is through the reed, you can place the pin into the center hole of the weaving table. This way you will not put extra holes into the weaving surface of the table.
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www.englishwillowbaskets.co.uk
Typically, commercial growers sell willow shoots which have been graded into bundles of different lengths (measured in feet). You can buy whatever quantity you like, the willow is weighed out in kilograms and tied in bundles of different weights for sale. There will likely be many types of willow for sale, as they treat the willow in different ways such as stripping the bark and steaming it etc, mainly to give different aesthetics. But as a beginner, to keep things simple you might want to just buy 'brown' willow. 'Brown' simply means that the willow has been harvested and then dried out with it's bark left unstripped, simple! In terms of the actual variety of willow, the most common is called 'Black Maul', which is incredibly flexible and durable; great for beginners.
So, if you're going to buy willow, for the project that follows in this article, I'd recommend a single 5kg bundle of 4-foot 'brown' willow of the variety 'black maul'. 5kg is way more than needed, but this will give you a good selection of rods (they vary slightly in thickness) and you'll have spare for extra practice.
Preparing the Willow
- Drying
If you have freshly picked your own willow, then you will ideally want to Dry it. Baskets made from freshly cut willow will shrink and the structure will become all loose. This is because Willow shrinks the most the first time it dries out. It may take several weeks to dry completely.
If you have purchased 'Brown' willow from a grower, this has already been dried.
- Soaking
In order for the willow to be flexible enough for weaving, Your dry willow needs to be submerged in water and left to soak. A good rule of thumb for the soaking time is one day per foot of length, i.e. If the length of your Willow shoots is 4 foot then soak for four days. Some willow can take a bit longer and it depends a bit on the water temperature too. When you think the willow is probably soaked enough, as a test bend a rod and see how it responds. Note: At the start of the actual project below, you will be informed of how much willow to actually sort out and soak.
Tools
You wont need many tools for this project: a knife e.g. a bushcraft knife or pen knife; a pair of secateurs; a weight e.g. a cobble stone; a ruler/tape measure; and a basket maker's 'Bodkin' (a simple pointed tool used for separating the weave). However for this simple project a pointed stick or 6 inch nail will work plenty well enough as an improvised bodkin, If you don't have a proper bodkin, Just get weaving and you'll work something out when it comes to it.
Half of these sticks need to be split at their centre using a knife.
Working onto a surface, push the knife into the stick as central as possible. Then pick the stick up and push the blade through. Now turn the knife to open out the split, which needs to be about 2" (5cm) long.
The non-split sticks are now threaded through the centres of the split sticks to form a cross called a �slath�. This is most easily done by first threading the three split sticks onto one non-split stick, then simply push the other two through into place. Note, it can be a good idea to alternate the thick and thin ends to keep things balanced.
Weaving the base: The base is woven with a �pairing� weave. To begin, you�ll be weaving clockwise around each of the four �arms� of the slath to hold it tightly together.
Select your two thinnest longest rods to use as weavers. You�ll Start with their tip ends (the thinner ends). Trim a couple of inches off if they are damaged or very wispy.
Insert the tips into the split of the slath as shown.
Then, position the weavers so that the next arm of the slath is between them, as shown.
Now, bring the weaver from the back up and over the next arm, and the top weaver down behind.
Do the same again around the next arm, bringing the weaver from the back up and over, and the top weaver down behind...
Rotate the slath as you go (anticlockwise) so that the handling is the same with each stroke. This will help a lot.
Keep the weavers pulled in tightly as you go.
Note that when the weaver from the back comes up, it should come under the weaver resting at the top, and then the top weaver goes down over it.
You will need to continue in this way until you have completed two rounds.
Continue weaving around and around...
Splice in new weavers as shown, simply adding a new weaver alongside the old one and continuing. Butt ends are replaced with butt ends and tips with tips. After replacing one, weave ahead at least a few moves before replacing the other. The protruding stubs should be trimmed after completing the base. Note, you can weave quite far towards the tip end (the thinner end) of a weaver, leaving only about 4" (10cm) before replacing it.
*KEY TECHNIQUE*
As well as doing the weave correctly, you need to focus on spacing the spokes evenly and keeping them level like a disk. To achieve this, hold the spokes where you want them to be while you weave around them, thus locking them in position.
You are aiming for a base which is either flat or �crowned�. Crowned means that the underside will be slightly concave. Crowning the base makes it stronger and also gives the basket a rim to sit on.
To do this, when the woven area is about 3" (7- 8cm) wide, hold and flex it as shown, pushing the centre in with your thumbs. Turn the base around a little and repeat. Weave another row or two and then repeat this procedure again. The crowing can be worked toward or away from you as you weave. Monitor the shape as you go, you don�t want the crowning to be too extreme either.
Note: While weaving, if you end up with one weaver working towards its tip end and the other working towards its butt, when you replace one of them, add the new weaver in so that it evens things out.
Continue weaving until the base is 8.5" (22cm) wide. It is preferable to finish with tip ends. Lock them off with a single move, threading the weaver which would go next, between the weavers of the previous row. This will keep the other end held in too.
The weaver ends should now be cut off very close to the weave. However, the ends must still be resting against a spoke, or have no way of flicking out to the other side of the base.
Base complete. If yours does not look like this, that is totally normal for a first attempt; do not feel hopeless. If you are not satisfied you could always weave another now that you know how... Stage 2 - Staking Up
At this stage, you now need to insert new rods into the weave of the base alongside each spoke. These will then be turned up vertically, giving you �side stakes� around which to weave. Use your medium-thick rods for this. Remember, the stake material must always be thicker than the weaving material.
Before we start, you should notice that each willow rod has a natural curve in it. The outside of the curve is known as the �back�, and the inside is the �belly�.
A basket of this size with spokes spaced as they are will require two side stakes inserting next to each spoke, a total of 24.
*Insight for future projects*
If there was only one stake per spoke, the overall spacing of the side stakes would be much wider. As a result, the weave on the sides would be very loose. Too many stakes can also be a problem. With you own projects in future, you will need to carefully judge how many stakes a basket requires to achieve a nice tight weave. It can often be the case that for example, only a few of the spokes need to have two stakes inserting next to them in order to tighten up the overall spacing; the others needing only one. Note, no more than two stakes can be inserted next to any one spoke. You will learn more about all this in the projects to follow.
In order to insert the stakes, you will need to �slype� the butt end of each, that means to make a long point. This can be done with a knife or a skilful snip of the secateurs. The cut surface should be on either the back or the belly, and not sideways. Be consistent.
While holding the base with the concave side facing down (the underside), push the bodkin deep into the weave beside a spoke as shown. Remove, and then insert a stake belly side down into the weave as far as it will go. Repeat on the other side of the spoke. In this way, insert two stakes next to every spoke.
Inserting the stakes belly side down means they will be bent up against their natural curve, which will result in straighter sides. Note, Inserting the stakes back side up instead, gives sides which bow out more like a bowl.
The stakes are now bent up, known as �pricking up�. To do this, make a kink in each one slightly away from the edge of the weave, about 5mm (3/16"), no further. Use your thumb nail as shown. Let the rods relax back until you�ve kinked them all, then bring them all up in one go.
The stakes are held up with either a hoop as pictured (which is tied in place), or by simply tying them tightly together. If simply tied, do this high enough that the stakes are not leaning inwards. Also ensure they are not being held in a lopsided manner.
The base spokes can now be trimmed back level with the edge of the weave, ensuring that their ends are now further back than the turn-up of the stakes.
Stage 3 - The Upsett
During the �upsett�, a weave called �waling� is used as a transition between the base and the side. The main purpose of this is to begin to secure the stakes upright and also to space them more evenly.
The method of �waling� to follow involves weaving with three rods; it is called a �3 rod wale�. Use your average thickness weaving material for this.
To begin with, work with the basket lying down on your lap as pictured.
1.
Take three similar rods and cut them to the same length. Start with the tip ends. Insert them a couple of inches deep (5cm) into the weave of the base on the left hand side of three consecutive uprights, as shown.
Note, for the first round, you will be weaving not on the side, but on the edge between the base and the side.
2.
Begin by taking the leftmost rod over two stakes, behind the next and out to the front, as shown.
3. Now take the next leftmost rod and weave it in the same manner; over two stakes, behind the next and out to the front.
4. Continue in this manner around the basket, always weaving the next leftmost rod. Note, the rod in use must always pass over the top of the other rods.
See in the photos how the uprights are starting to be spaced more evenly by pulling and holding them in place while weaving around them.
Once you�ve gone around the basket once, switch to working with the basket upright on a flat surface such as a table.
*KEY TECHNIQUE*
This photo shows correct weaving technique. The rod is brought across, pinched and held in place against the stake, before being taken behind the next stake. Note: avoid threading the end of the rod through the stakes like a needle; that is hard work.
When you come to your ends, leave at least some length on the outside as shown. Add new rods in one by one starting with the left one as usual. The old end is pulled back slightly and then the new rod is simply inserted alongside as shown. Weave the new rod one stroke, before replacing the next, and so on... Note, when inserting a new rod, the end must go in far enough to be held behind the stake so that it can�t flick back out once woven.
Finish when the rods come to their tip ends and the pattern cannot continue. Squash the weave down to make sure it is firmly seated. Note, by both starting and finishing the waling with tip ends, the pattern fades nicely in and out.
All the ends are cut off about half way between the stakes. Stage 4 - Weaving the Sides
There are many types of weave which can be used on the side of a basket. Being as this is your first, it�s good to keep things simple and do a �randing� weave. With randing, the weaver/s simply goes around the stakes, in-front, then behind, in-front, then behind, and so on...
If you had an odd number of stakes then you�d weave with just one rod going around and around (obviously joining in new rods when necessary). However, because you have an even number, two rods need to be used, one �chasing� the other.
Before you begin, place some kind of weight inside the basket, this will hold it steady and give you more control.
Begin by placing the butt end of a rod behind an upright, lying directly on top of the wale. Now weave it simply around the stakes; in-front, behind, in-front, behind. Do this for just a short distance. Now, the second weaver is added in behind the stake previous to where the first weaver started. Switch between weaving one weaver a little and then the other. It is important that one does not overtake the other at any point.
Remember to use good weaving technique as explained in the precious 'key technique' box. Also, continue to work on positioning the stakes evenly by holding them where you want them to be while weaving around them.
When weavers run out, add in new ones as shown. Join butts to butts and tips to tips. Note, trim some off tip ends so as not to weave with incredibly thin material.
By now the stakes will most likely be supported. Undo the tie (or remove the hoop). If they now lean too far out, re-tie temporarily.
Weave 3 1/2" (9 cm) high or a little more if you wish. Firm down as you go.
When that�s done, weave a band of three rod wale on top. Same method as for the upsett, except the tip ends start simply resting behind the uprights as shown.
Sides complete...
Before moving on to weaving the finishing border, ensure the weave is firmed down and level on top. Push on the weave with your thumbs.
Stage 5 - The Border
To complete the basket the upright stakes are turned down and woven into a border. The kind detailed below is a �trac� border. There are many possible versions of this, you will be starting with a fairly simple one.
In preparation, a kink needs to be made in each stake slightly higher than the top of the weave. This ensures that each rod will bend at exactly the right point when turned down. The space below the kink allows room for woven rods underneath.
It is very important that the kink is made at the correct height. In this version, it is made at the height of three rod thicknesses. As a measure, hold three rods (off-cuts as thick as stakes) on top of one another, then bend a stake over them to the right as shown. Let the stake stand back up again, then do the next, and so on... Take care in getting them all the same. You may find it less fiddly to bend them over something else of equal size.
Each stake is woven in the same manner. To begin, take one down to the right in-front of two uprights, behind the next, then out to the front as shown.
The next stake to the right is then woven in the same manner, and so on...
Ensure each stake is fully down before taking the next.
When only three stakes remain upright, they continue to be taken in the same pattern, except you�ll now need to thread them into place under the already woven stakes where you started.
If you find it difficult to see how they should be threaded, look back at a complete portion and use it as your guide. Also remember that each rod lies on top of the one before it.
When complete, trim all the ends off with a slanted cut, making sure they still rest on the outside against an upright.
Stage 5 - Picking Off
The last stage is to trim off any other excess ends anywhere on the basket. This is called �picking off�. Make slanted cuts so they lie as flush as possible. Ensure they are not cut back too far, which would allow them to flick out to the other side.
Congratulations on completing your first basket!
You covered some really fundamental techniques and principles in this project. If you feel that you need more practice to remember them, you may want to make a second attempt. If you like, you could always use different types of willow to spice things up a bit.
The project you have just finished is one of the many diverse tutorials which feature in my book 'Willow Basketry: A How-To Guide', available to purchase from Amazon, or in eBook form on my website, see here for either .
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The Dally M Awards are held annually for players of which sport? | NRL players may boycott Dally M Awards - Sport - NZ Herald News
NRL players may boycott Dally M Awards
9:23 AM Thursday Sep 10, 2015
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Jarryd Hayne and Johnathan Thurston pose after being presented as joint winners of the 2014 Dally M Medal. Photo / Getty
NRL players are reportedly set to boycott the end-of-season Dally M Awards due to a cash row.
The Rugby League Players Association (RLPA) have been in discussions with the NRL about the game's financial position for several months and been told by senior officials the game could not afford to meet their demands, according to a Fairfax report.
But with the NRL earlier this season trumpeting a $50-million surplus for the last financial year, and Channel Nine having agreed to pay another $50 million up front as part of the new $925 million free-to-air television deal beginning in 2018, players believe they are entitled to a share of that money.
It's believed the demand is not centred around an increase in the salary cap but a desire for the NRL to contribute more to retirement funds and education welfare costs.
While the five-year collective bargaining agreement between the RLPA and the NRL isn't due to expire until 2017, there is a provision for the two parties to undertake a review of the profitability of the game with a view to ascertaining whether payments or allowances can be increased.
The report said the NRL had told the RLPA that spending on the game had also increased and pointed to a predicted $40 million in losses by clubs this season as evidence of why they couldn't accommodate their demands.
Players boycotted the 2003 Dally M awards, and with this year's event to be held in grand final week, there is a possibility they may do so again.
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| Rugby league |
Who played the title role in the 1996 film ‘The English Patient’? | NRL players want cut of $925m TV deal, may boycott Dally M's - report | 1 NEWS NOW | TVNZ
NRL players want cut of $925m TV deal, may boycott Dally M's - report
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AAP
NRL players are reportedly set to boycott the end-of-season Dally M Awards due to a cash row.
Johnathan Thurston and Jarryd Hayne celebrate being the first ever dual winners of the Dally M award
The Rugby League Players Association (RLPA) have been in discussions with the NRL about the game's financial position for several months and been told by senior officials the game could not afford to meet their demands, according to a Fairfax report.
But with the NRL earlier this season trumpeting a $50-million surplus for the last financial year, and Channel Nine having agreed to pay another $50 million up front as part of the new $925 million free-to-air television deal beginning in 2018, players believe they are entitled to a share of that money.
It's believed the demand is not centred around an increase in the salary cap but a desire for the NRL to contribute more to retirement funds and education welfare costs.
While the five-year collective bargaining agreement between the RLPA and the NRL isn't due to expire until 2017, there is a provision for the two parties to undertake a review of the profitability of the game with a view to ascertaining whether payments or allowances can be increased.
The report said the NRL had told the RLPA that spending on the game had also increased and pointed to a predicted $40 million in losses by clubs this season as evidence of why they couldn't accommodate their demands.
Players boycotted the 2003 Dally M awards, and with this year's event to be held in grand final week, there is a possibility they may do so again.
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In the Scottish expression ‘Lang may yer lum reek’, what is a ‘lum’? | Did You Know? - Festive Greetings and Toasts
Did You Know?
- Festive Greetings and Toasts
Many people add greetings with a Scottish flavour at the end of their e-mails (and paper messages too). Here is a selection which has been gathered over the years. Where necessary, a "translation" has been provided!
Firstly, here's a selection in Scots:
May the best ye hae ivver seen be the warst ye'll ivver see.
May the moose ne'er lea' yer girnal wi a tear-drap in its ee.
May ye aye keep hail an hertie till ye'r auld eneuch tae dee.
May ye aye juist be sae happie as A wuss ye aye tae be.
The above, in translation, reads:
May the best you have ever seen be the worst you will ever see.
May the mouse never leave your grain store with a tear drop in its eye.
May you always stay hale and hearty until you are old enough to die.
May you still be as happy as I always wish you to be.
Here's to all those that I love
Here's to all those that love me.
And here's to all those that love those that I love,
And all those that love those that love me.
(You have to think about that one!)
I drink to the health of another,
And the other I drink to is he -
In the hope that he drinks to another,
And the other he drinks to is me!
Here's to them that like us -
Them that think us swell -
And here's tae them that hate us -
Let's pray for them as well!
Here's to the heath, the hill and the heather,
The bonnet, the plaid, the kilt and the feather!
Here's to the heroes that Scotland can boast,
May their names never dee -
That's the Heilan' Man's Toast!
Here's tae us -
May the hill rise behind you,
And may the mountain be always over the crest;
And may the God that you believe in
Hold you in the palm of his hand.
Or alternatively:
May the road rise to meet you,
May the wind be always at your back,
The sun shine warm upon your face,
The rain fall soft upon your fields.
Lang may yer lum reek! (Long may your chimney smoke!)
Wi' ither folks coal! (With other people's coal!)
(The second line is said to have originated in Edinburgh!)
May we be happy - and our enemies know it!
A guid New Year and mony may ye see.
May ye ne'er want a frien' or a dram to gie him.
When we're gaun up the hill of fortune, may we ne'er meet a frien' comin' doun!
And here are two toasts for the start of the meal (both written by Robert Burns):
Some hae meat, and canna eat,
And some wad eat that want it;
But we hae meat, and we can eat -
And sae the Lord be thankit.
O Thou who kindly dost provide
For every creature's want!
We bless Thee, God of Nature wide,
For all thy goodness lent.
And, if it please Thee, heavenly Guide,
May never worse be sent;
But, whether granted or denied,
Lord bless us with content.
And here is another Burns toast, this time for after a meal:
O Thou, in whom we live and move, Who made the sea and shore; Thy goodness constantly we prove, And grateful would adore; And, if it please Thee, Power above! Still grant us with such store The friend we trust, the fair we love, And we desire no more.
Here is a lucky folklore chant taken from Highland myths and legends. It is carved on a memorial marking one of Scotland's best known drovers' trails near Gleneagles Hotel.
Great Good Luck to the House.
Good Luck to the Family.
Good Luck to every rafter in it,
and to every Worldly Thing in it.
Good Luck to the Horses and Cattle
Good Luck to the Sheep
Good Luck to Everything
and Good Luck to all your Means.
Good Luck to the Good-Wife
Good Luck to the children
God Luck to every Friend
and Good Fortune and Health to al.
And now, here's a selection of Gaelic greetings (with translations!).
Sl�inte maith, h-uile latha, na chi 'snach fhaic!
(Good health, every day, whether I see you or not!)
(Particularly appropriate for e-mail only friends?)
Nollaig Chridheil agus Bliadhna mhath �r!
(Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!)
Gun cuireadh do chupa thairis le slainte agus sonas.
(May your cup overflow with health and happiness.)
Sl�inte, sonas agus beartas
(Health, wealth and happiness)
| Chimney |
With whom are pirates having an adventure in the title of a 2012 animated film? | 25 Scottish Sayings That Will Get You Through Life | Anglophenia | BBC America
25 Scottish Sayings That Will Get You Through Life
The cottage—with unreeking lum—in Alloway where the poet Robert Burns was born in 1759. (Pic: AP Images)
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By Fraser McAlpine | 2 years ago
The cottage in Alloway—with unreeking lum—where the poet Robert Burns was born in 1759. (Pic: AP Images)
No matter what happens in the referendum over Scottish independence this week, the wit, expressive depth and wisdom of the Scottish people is something to be cherished. They know a thing or two about stoicism in the face of poor fortune, and there’s a clear knack for cutting through airs and graces too.
So here are are few expressions and truisms that should come in handy when everything turns as black as the Earl of Hell’s waistcoat.
Note: Where absolutely necessary we’ve also provided a brief translation from Scots dialect into English:
• Failing means you’re playing.
Translation: It’s better to be doing badly than not taking part.
• Mony a mickle maks a muckle.
(mickle = small thing, muckle = big thing)
Translation: Look after the pennies and the dollars look after themselves.
• You’re all bum and parsley.
Translation: You’re all mouth and trousers . You’re a blowhard.
• Keep the heid.
Translation: Don’t lose your head. Stay calm.
• We’re a’ Jock Tamson’s bairns.
(bairn = child)
Translation: We are all equal in the eyes of God. Or Jock Tamson.
• Heid doon arse up!
Translation: Get on with it!
• Whit’s fur ye’ll no go past ye.
Translation: Que sera sera. What ever will be, will be. The future’s not ours to see.
• Don’t be a wee clipe.
Translation: Don’t be a tattle-tale.
• Yer bum’s oot the windae.
Translation: You’re talking nonsense.
• You’re a long time deid.
Translation: Lighten up, you’ve got plenty of time to be a misery after you die.
• Lang may yer lum reek.
(lum = chimney, reek = smoke)
Translation: I wish you well for the future.
• Guid gear comes in sma’ bulk.
Translation: Good things come in small packages.
• All his eggs are double-yoakit.
Translation: He’s a boastful windbag.
• She doesnae hae enough room inside her for a rheumatic pain.
Translation: She is thin.
• You’re the wee hen that never layed away.
Translation: Don’t play the innocent with me.
• Tatties o’wer the side.
Translation: It’s all gone Pete Tong . Disaster has struck.
• Haud yer wheesht!
• It’s a lang road that’s no goat a turnin.’
(goat = got)
Translation: Don’t lose heart in dark times, things can’t keep going in the same direction forever.
• Yer aywis at the coo’s tail.
(coo = cow)
Translation: Hurry up, you’re always dragging your heels.
• It’s gaein be awricht ance the pain has gane awa.’
Translation: As soon as that pesky bad stuff is out of the way, everything will be fine.
• A clean shirt’ll do ye.
Translation: You’re not long for this world. One more change of laundry and that’s it.
• It’s a sair ficht for half a loaf.
Translation: Life is hard work. It’s a sore fight and you only get half of what you want.
• Sewn wi’ a hate needle an’ a burnin’ threed.
(hate = hot)
Translation: This garment was made shoddily.
• They have thrown a stone at my door.
Translation: My loved ones have sent me to Coventry . They’re no longer speaking to me.
• Ye mak a better door than a windae.
Translation: Get out of the way, you’re obscuring my view.
See also: Yer faither wisnae a glazier.
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Politics. Who was Leader of the Opposition in the U.K. from 1994 to 1997? | Irish Peace Process — Important People
Leader of Sinn Fein , political wing of the Irish Republican Army .
b. 1948, West Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Adams became politically active in the 1960s, joining Sinn Fein and working to end discrimination against the Catholics of Northern Ireland in areas such as housing and employment. Interned by the British during the 1970s for suspected terrorism, Adams was elected president of Sinn Fein in 1983. The same year, Adams was also elected a member of the British parliament from West Belfast, but, refusing to take an oath of allegiance to the British queen, he never actually took his seat in Westminster. Although he did not formally renounce violence until 1997, Adams actively sought to involve Sinn Fein in peace talks beginning in the late 1980s. In Jan. 1994 the Clinton administration signaled its belief that Adams was working for peace by granting him a 2-day visa to speak in New York. Some months later, following the declaration of an IRA cease-fire in Aug. 1994, the order prohibiting Adams from speaking on British radio and TV was lifted (previously his statements could only be read on air by actors). Subsequently Adams achieved international prominence as the chief contact with the IRA during the negotiations leading up to the Good Friday Agreement. In Dec. 1999 Adams received a seat in the 4-party 12-member Northern Irish cabinet. Since then, the Irish parliament has been suspended four times, the last time in Oct. 2002. It remains suspended today. Sinn Fein's reluctance to disarm was a major reason the government faltered.
But on July 28, 2005, the IRA announced that it was entering a new era in which it would unequivocally relinquish violence. The statement said that IRA members have been "instructed to assist the development of purely political and democratic programs through exclusively political means" and that "all IRA units have been ordered to dump arms" and "to complete the process to verifiably put its arms beyond use." In late September, the Irish Republican Army made good on its promise to give up all its weapons, and their disarmament was verified by an international mediator. Some Protestant groups, however, continued to doubt the veracity of the IRA's claims.
Patrick B. (Bertie) Ahern
Prime minister of the Republic of Ireland 1997-.
b. 1951, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
Elected to the Dáil Éireann in 1977, Ahern held a number of positions within the Fianna Fáil political party before being unanimously elected leader of the party in 1994. In June 1997 he was elected taoiseach (Gaelic for prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland, following in the footsteps of his mentor Charles Haughey . Ahern has been especially active in pressing for an end to the violence sponsored by the IRA and other paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland. He has also supported the Republic's main concession in the peace agreement, namely that the Republic of Ireland would relinquish its goal of a united Ireland.
Tony Blair
Prime minister of the United Kingdom 1997-.
b. 1953, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
A practicing lawyer from the mid-1970s, Blair was elected a member of the British parliament for Sedgefield in 1983. After assuming the leadership of the Labour Party in 1994, he set about reforming the traditionally socialist minority party into a more centrist organization, which won a landslide victory in the May 1997 general election. Consequently Blair was voted in as prime minister, the first Labour Party member to hold that post since 1979. Just two weeks after his election, Blair made a high profile visit to Northern Ireland and gave the go ahead for preliminary talks between government officials and Sinn Fein, giving new momentum to the peace process. He later attended meetings with Sinn Fein president Gerry Adams in Oct. and Dec. 1997. (The Dec. meeting at 10 Downing Street, the prime minister's residence, was the first meeting there between a British prime minister and a leading Irish nationalist since David Lloyd George met with Michael Collins in 1921.) The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 marked the first considerable achievement of Blair's Labour government.
John Hume
Leader of the mainly Catholic Social Democratic and Labour Party 1979-2001.
b. 1937, Derry, Northern Ireland.
A former teacher, Hume became active in the Catholic civil rights movement in Northern Ireland in the 1960s. In 1970 he helped found the moderate Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), the largest Catholic party in Northern Ireland, becoming its leader in 1979. Hume was elected to the European parliament in 1979 and to the British parliament in 1983. A longtime advocate of all-inclusive government in Northern Ireland, he served in a short-lived coalition government during the mid-1970s and helped shape the Anglo-Irish Agreement, which sought to establish another power-sharing government in 1985. He also worked to promote Northern Ireland's economic interests, particularly among American investors, in the hope that more jobs would lead to prosperity and less conflict. In 1988 he began a series of private talks with Gerry Adams of the rival Catholic party Sinn Fein , which led into the peace negotiations of the 1990s. Following the Good Friday Agreement of Apr. 1998, Hume was elected to the new Northern Ireland Assembly; however, he stepped aside for health reasons and let a fellow SDLP member assume his role as first deputy. With David Trimble, Protestant leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, Hume was a co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize. He stepped down as leader of the SDLP in Nov. 2001.
John Major
Prime minister of the United Kingdom 1990-1997.
b. 1943, London, U.K.
Formerly employed in the banking industry (1965-1979), Major ran unsuccessfully for parliament twice before winning a seat as a member for Huntingdonshire (now Huntingdon) in 1979. Having served in a number of important posts, including foreign secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer, he succeeded Margaret Thatcher as Conservative Party leader and prime minister in 1990. Major's government gradually lost popular support, however, despite a win in the national elections in 1992 and an economic recovery in the mid-1990s. He resigned as leader of the Conservative Party after losing the 1997 general election to Tony Blair's Labour Party. It was during Major's tenure, however, that a peaceful dialogue was initiated with Sinn Fein . Major, along with Irish prime minister Albert Reynolds, was also instrumental in engineering the Downing Street Declaration (1993), in which both countries agreed to cooperate in finding a peaceful, mutually agreeable settlement to the conflict in Northern Ireland.
Peter Mandelson
British secretary of state for Northern Ireland 1999-2001.
b. 1953, Hendon, U.K.
Elected to parliament in 1992, Mandelson held a variety of posts, including secretary of state for Trade and Industry. He was appointed secretary of state for Northern Ireland in Oct. 1999. The British government's senior official in Northern Ireland, Mandelson suspended the new home rule government in Feb. 2000 after the IRA failed to make significant progress toward disarmament. He resigned his post in Jan. 2001 following allegations of his involvement in a "cash for passports" scandal.
Martin McGuinness
U.S. lawyer and politician.
b. 1933, Waterville, ME.
An attorney in government and private practice during the 1960s and 70s, Mitchell ran unsuccessfully for Maine governor and served as a federal district court judge before he was appointed to fill the U.S. senate seat vacated by Edmund Muskie in 1980. Considered a liberal Democrat, he was reelected in 1982 and 1988. He was named to the senate committee that investigated the Iran-contra affair in 1987 and became the senate majority leader in 1989. Following his retirement from the senate in 1995, Mitchell was tapped by President Clinton to serve as economic adviser to Northern Ireland. Mitchell's quiet, patient manner and grasp of the province's political complexities won over Irish and British politicians alike, and Mitchell was asked to chair the multiparty peace talks opening in Belfast in June 1996. After nearly two years at the negotiating table, Mitchell announced that an agreement had been reached on Apr. 10, 1998.
Marjorie (Mo) Mowlam
British secretary of state for Northern Ireland 1997-1999.
b. 1949, Watford, U.K., d. 2005.
A member of the Labour Party since 1969, Mowlam was elected to the British parliament in 1987. Appointed secretary of state for Northern Ireland by Tony Blair when the Labour Party came to power in May 1997, Mowlam's first priority was to obtain another IRA cease-fire (one had lasted from Aug. 1994 until Feb. 1996) so that Sinn Fein , the political wing of the IRA, could participate in multiparty peace talks. A cease-fire was achieved in July 1997. Despite her easy-going manner and popular appeal, Mowlam was subject to the fury of both Catholics and Protestants over the handling of the controversial Orange Order parade through a mainly Catholic area of Portadown, County Armagh. The blockade of the parade route by police and the British Army in July 1998 sparked violent protests across Northern Ireland, and many Catholic homes and businesses were attacked. She was appointed minister for the Cabinet Office, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1999. Mowlam was diagnosed with a brain tumor in 1997 and continued on in politics until 2001.
Ian Paisley
Protestant cleric and leader of the Democratic Unionist Party.
b. 1926, Armagh, Northern Ireland.
Ordained in 1946, Paisley cofounded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951. During the 1950s Reverend Paisley gained notoriety for speaking out against Roman Catholicism, and during the 1960s, when Catholics began demonstrating for civil rights, he denounced the movement and organized marches in opposition. As a result he served 6 weeks in jail in 1968 for unlawful assembly. In 1971 Paisley cofounded the Democratic Unionist Party, which led the opposition to the coalition government established under the Sunningdale Agreement in 1973-1974. Similarly Paisley has also staunchly opposed other arrangements that appear to weaken Northern Ireland's union with Britain or give the Republic of Ireland any say in Northern Ireland's affairs, including the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement and the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Paisley has been a member of the British parliament for North Antrim since 1970. Between 1999 and 2002, the rocky power-sharing years of the Northern Irish parliament, Paisley seemed to fade in influence. But in Nov. 2003 legislative elections, his party had a resurgence. Frustrated by the inability of moderate Unionists to create a lasting government, and infuriated by Sinn Fein's seats in the Northern Irish government, the hard-line, uncompromising Unionist was in the ascendency.
David Trimble
Leader of the mainly Protestant Ulster Unionist Party.
b. 10/15/44, Bangor, Northern Ireland.
A former university lecturer in law (1968-1990), Trimble joined the Ulster Unionist Party in the 1970s and rose to become its leader in 1995. Early on in his political career Trimble sought to end British direct rule of Northern Ireland , but he rejected the idea of a power-sharing arrangement with southern Catholics such as the one established by the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985. His hardline unionist stance helped him attain the leadership of the UUP, but after the election he agreed to join in peace negotiations chaired by former U.S. senator George Mitchell. Shortly after the signing of the momentous Good Friday Agreement in Apr. 1998, Trimble was named first minister of the new coalition government's executive cabinet. His peace-making efforts were rewarded in Oct. 1998 when he won the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with Catholic leader John Hume. In Nov. 1999 Trimble made a heroic effort to keep the peace process on track by relenting on the unionists' longtime "no guns, no government" policy and agreeing to let the nascent government form before the IRA disarmed. Despite this gesture, the government was suspended by the British from Feb. to May 2000 because the IRA failed to begin turning over their weapons. Trimble resigned as first minister in the power-sharing government on July 1, 2001, as a protest against the IRA's continued refusal to decommission its weapons. However, on Oct. 23, the IRA announced that it had begun to disarm, and Trimble regained his former post in a vote rerun on Nov. 6, after narrowly losing his reelection bid in the initial vote a few days earlier. Trimble has been a member of the British parliament for Upper Bann since 1990.
Click here for the Northern Ireland Primer
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In what year did Princess Diana die? | London has its first Muslim mayor - but who is he?
London has its first Muslim mayor - but who is he?
Monday, 9 May 2016 | 3:04 AM ET
CNBC.com
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Photographer | Collection | Getty Images
It's the rags-to-riches story of a poor boy done well. Sadiq Khan is the son of a London bus driver and a seamstress. He grew up on a government funded housing estate in a poorer area of the city and attended a local state school.
But what is behind the rise of the new mayor and what will he do as chief politician of one of the world's most powerful cities?
Early Career
Friday, 6 May 2016 | 3:38 AM ET | 02:35
Prior to becoming an MP, Khan was a Human Rights lawyer who acted in actions against the police, employment and discrimination law, judicial reviews as well as inquests and crime.
During this time, Khan also represented the Tooting area as a Labour party Councilor for the London Borough of Wandsworth from 1994 to 2006.
In the May 2005 general election he moved to the national stage after winning the vote to become the Member of Parliament for Tooting.
In doing so, he became the first MP of Islamic faith to win election in London.
Member of Parliament
Serving under the Tony Blair cabinet, Sadiq Khan signed an open letter critical of his party's counter terrorism and foreign policy.
In 2008, The Sunday Times claimed that a conversation between Khan and a man later convicted of terrorism was recorded by police.
He also hit the headlines around this time for criticizing the Pope, following remarks from a Catholic bishop in relation to the Holocaust.
Under Gordon Brown's premiership in 2008, Khan was promoted to Minister of State for Communities and then Minister of State for Transport.
After regaining his Tooting seat in 2010, and with his party now in opposition, Khan then set about running the successful campaign to appoint Ed Miliband as the next leader of the Labour party.
Last year, he won his Tooting seat for a third straight term and offered lukewarm support to Jeremy Corbyn, the new left wing leader of the U.K. opposition.
Policies & views
The 45-year-old is viewed as politically to the right of the current Labour leadership and has been described by one journalist as a center-left social democrat.
On winning the Labour party nomination to run for London Mayor, he centered his campaign on the following policies:
Tackling London's housing shortage
Putting a freeze on transport fares
A promise to work with business on skills and growth
Making London a 'Living Wage City'
Returning London's air quality to safe levels
Personal life
Married a solicitor in 1994. The couple has two daughters.
Khan claims to be a keen follower of sport, supporting Liverpool FC in soccer and Surrey County Cricket Club. He is also a governor of two local primary schools.
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Ayrton Senna’s nephew is himself a famous Formula 1 driver. What is his first name? | Bruno Senna's surname legacy still follows him - India.com
Comments
Greater Noida, Feb 11: “If you think I’m fast, just wait until you see my nephew Bruno.”
Possibly the greatest Formula 1 driver to have lived, late great Ayrton Senna’s famous line of 1993 had engulfed nephew Bruno Senna when the young Brazilian started his professional racing career. The surname and its legacy still shadows him despite spending more than a decade in Formula racing, trying to create a name for himself.
Does he get tired of still answering questions about his mother Viviane’s younger brother, who won three World Championship titles before succumbing to injuries and dying following a devastating accident at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. “It (questions on Ayrton) has gone down massively to what it was at the beginning of my career but it is part of the job. In the end, it is really nice to see that people have so much respect and admiration for Ayrton. Even over 20 years later (after his death) he is still a big subject. So yeah I do not have a problem,” Bruno told IANS during a chat here. (ALSO READ: Fernando Alonso: Formula 1 not as exciting anymore)
Because of his surname, the media hounds Bruno each time he turns out for Public Relations (PR) related activities when not racing. But the 32-year-old said it must be done “for the larger picture. It is part of the job. We are all working not only for the fun of racing but there is a whole big picture that you have to understand if you want to be in the sport. Nowadays, sports are also more and more about PR,” added Bruno. The Brazilian was at the Buddh International Circuit (BIC) here for a promotional event of his Formula E team Mahindra Racing where he partners German Nick Heidfeld.
The transition from the first season (2014-15) of the electric-racing series into the second (2015-16) hasn’t translated into big results for Bruno with the former Formula 1 driver able to achieve only one top-5 spot in four races this season. “It has been a really interesting transition. The team has changed a lot since last year. We have done some development in the car. The series has become harder than last year. The competition is very strong this year and we have been improving the car,” said Bruno, who raced in Formula 1 from 2010 to 2012 with Hispania Racing, Lotus Renault and Williams.
“The pre-season testing was very good for us this year. We are getting there. We still need to get results and I hope that soon it will pay off on the track,” added the Sao Paulo-born, who is a very close friend of Indian racer Karun Chandhok. These days the former F1 driver has developed a new hobby — to fly drones! He does not get much time off the racing calendar, but whenever he does, Bruno takes his quadcopters and flies them on a nice, sunny off day. “During my free time at home, I fly quadcopters and drones. They are racing drones. I build them and it is my new enthusiasm. It is a lot of fun. It is something that trains your reflexes, conditions your mind and at the same time is quite relaxing. So having a nice day out somewhere outside in the sun, nature and flying — something I really enjoy,” concluded Bruno.
Published Date: February 11, 2016 1:35 PM IST
| Bruno (software) |
Which actress and former model is the mother of Melanie Griffith? | Bruno Senna's surname legacy still follows him
Formula E
Bruno Senna's surname legacy still follows him
Senna speaks about he deals with questions regarding his uncle and how he is preparing for the new Formula E season.
News 11 Feb 2016, 15:09 IST
Bruno Senna during the Formula E Moscow ePrix
"If you think I'm fast, just wait until you see my nephew Bruno."
Possibly the greatest Formula 1 driver to have lived, late great Ayrton Senna's famous line of 1993 had engulfed nephew Bruno Senna when the young Brazilian started his professional racing career. The surname and its legacy still shadows him despite spending more than a decade in Formula racing, trying to create a name for himself.
Does he get tired of still answering questions about his mother Viviane's younger brother, who won three World Championship titles before succumbing to injuries and dying following a devastating accident at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.
"It (questions on Ayrton) has gone down massively to what it was at the beginning of my career but it is part of the job. In the end, it is really nice to see that people have so much respect and admiration for Ayrton. Even over 20 years later (after his death) he is still a big subject. So yeah I do not have a problem," Bruno told IANS during a chat here.
Because of his surname, the media hounds Bruno each time he turns out for Public Relations (PR) related activities when not racing. But the 32-year-old said it must be done "for the larger picture".
"It is part of the job. We are all working not only for the fun of racing but there is a whole big picture that you have to understand if you want to be in the sport. Nowadays, sports are also more and more about PR," added Bruno.
Formula E a challenge for Senna
The Brazilian was at the Buddh International Circuit (BIC) here for a promotional event of his Formula E team Mahindra Racing where he partners German Nick Heidfeld.
The transition from the first season (2014-15) of the electric-racing series into the second (2015-16) hasn't translated into big results for Bruno with the former Formula 1 driver able to achieve only one top-5 spot in four races this season.
"It has been a really interesting transition. The team has changed a lot since last year. We have done some development in the car. The series has become harder than last year. The competition is very strong this year and we have been improving the car," said Bruno, who raced in Formula 1 from 2010 to 2012 with Hispania Racing, Lotus Renault and Williams.
"The pre-season testing was very good for us this year. We are getting there. We still need to get results and I hope that soon it will pay off on the track," added the Sao Paulo-born, who is a very close friend of Indian racer Karun Chandhok.
These days the former F1 driver has developed a new hobby -- to fly drones! He does not get much time off the racing calendar, but whenever he does, Bruno takes his quadcopters and flies them on a nice, sunny off day.
"During my free time at home, I fly quadcopters and drones. They are racing drones. I build them and it is my new enthusiasm. It is a lot of fun. It is something that trains your reflexes, conditions your mind and at the same time is quite relaxing. So having a nice day out somewhere outside in the sun, nature and flying -- something I really enjoy," concluded Bruno.
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What is the name of the national airline of Spain? | IBERIA.COM in Spain. The Best prices for Iberia flights - Iberia
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What word in our language comes from the Icelandic word for ‘to gush’? | Madrid Airport Barajas (MAD) International Airport
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Madrid Airport info - Madrid International Airport Barajas (MAD)
The major Airport in Madrid, Spain, is the Madrid Airport, commonly known as Barajas, and is the major gateway to the City of Madrid. This international airport is the busiest and largest in the country and was ranked the eleventh busiest globally and fourth in Europe in 2008.
Madrid Airport Barajas opened its services in 1928, growing up to become a major crucial European aviation center that is now so important. Its location is in Madrid�s city limits, 5.6 miles from the financial district and around 8.1 miles on the northeastern part from the historical center of Madrid, the Puerta Del Sol. The airport derives its name from Barajas, an adjacent district, and is served by its own rail line and metro station.
The first construction of the airport was in 1927 and full-fledged international and national air traffic commenced on the 22nd of April in 1931with constant commercial operations commencing about two years later.
The international flights that really opened the airport commenced within the 30s with the airport serving major African and European destinations.
The original flight field of the earlier Barajas was made up of a huge unpaved circle of land aptly full of natural grass with the title �Madrid� in a white hue on the inside. However, it was in the 1940s that the Barajas flight field received a facelift with new runaways and paving being designed.
Madrid Airport�s first runaway in 1944 was about 1400 meters in length while the width was about 45 meters.
Currently, Madrid Airport serves as the major gateway to the crucial Iberian Peninsula from not only the rest of the European countries but also the world at large and is the main important link between Latin America and Europe. It is a primary hub for Iberia and its main maintenance base, with the airline being responsible for about 60% of all Madrid Airport�s traffic. Passengers totaling to around 50 million use the airport every year.
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In which English county will you find Wisbech? | Wisbech Map | United Kingdom Google Satellite Maps
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| Cambridgeshire |
What is the first name of Bill Gates’s wife? | · January 17 at 4:00pm ·
Today it will be announced by the Secretary of State for Education that Fenland and East Cambridgeshire will be one of 12 areas to secure a total of £72 million..., as new social mobility “opportunity areas”.
A few months ago, on 4th October 2016, the Department for Education announced the first six areas out of a suggested 10 areas who would share in £60 million of extra funding. Fenland was not one of the six.
I received a tip off that day from Brookes Weston Trust who manage the Thomas Clarkson Academy, who expressed their understandable disappointment that Fenland had missed out. I immediately contacted the Schools Minister Nick Gibb to ask for an explanation, speaking later that day to his official with responsibility for the social mobility programme.
Four places were still to be allocated, and I felt it important that Fenland and East Cambs should be more actively considered. As an office, my team and I then set about an intense week of research, contacting local schools, Fenland District Council, and Cambridgeshire County Council for social economic data to support our pitch for inclusion.
The next week, on Thursday 13th October, I presented a paper to the Schools Minister Nick Gibb at his office in the Department for Education. This set out comparative data between Fenland and Norwich (which was one of the first six to have been awarded the funding), and explained why we should be included in the remaining four. The Schools Minister said the case presented was strong, but that officials would need to review this further in the weeks ahead.
In the weeks that followed, I discussed our case on a number of further occasions with both the Secretary of State, and with the Schools Minister amongst others. Today it is clear they have listened and responded positively. The Schools Minister said yesterday that we had "made a compelling case"
Instead of a total of ten areas, twelve have been announced, and the new funding of £60 million increased to £72 million to share between the twelve areas. Fenland and East Cambs has been confirmed as one of the 12.
So what does it mean? Firstly Fenland and East Cambs schools will now have access to around £6 million of new funding, separate to any other funding streams they have. This is to spend in the period between now and 2020.
Secondly, in addition to the £72 million, a further £3.5 million is being allocated between the 12 areas for each one to have their own Research School, to help lead the development and sharing of best practice in schools.
Thirdly, each opportunity area will have priority access to other Department of Education funding. This will cover other areas, like mentoring and career advice.
Quite simply put, this is the best day of my six years in Parliament. If Brookes Weston had not flagged this, if we had not worked collaboratively locally to pull a case together, and if we had not made the pitch effectively, Fenland and East Cambs would no doubt have missed out.
We have great talent and potential amongst the students in our schools which I see on a regular basis. This money will mean Fenland and East Cambs are now at the heart of the Department for Education’s flagship programme, and will have priority when bidding for other schemes in the future.
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In the UK these books are called ‘Where’s Wally?’ What is his name in the USA? | Where's Waldo? And Who's Wally? | Mental Floss
Where's Waldo? And Who's Wally?
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Since I moved to London, I've gotten used to things being just a bit different: Sure, there's the whole accent thing and the driving on the other side of the road and the insertion of u's where they hadn't been before, but I mean the much more subtle differences "“ like Waldo.
With his trademark red-and-white striped shirt, his knit cap topped with a pom-pom, glasses and walking stick, Waldo has wended his way through virtually every country on every continent, through time and space and imagination, the sets of Hollywood movies and the pages of beloved books.
And Where's Waldo? you ask? Everywhere. His books have sold more than 50 million copies worldwide and have been translated into over 25 languages, and as a character, Waldo has become an icon, appearing on TV shows such as The Simpsons, Friends and Frasier. Waldo even made it onto the cover of Rolling Stone.
But here in the UK, Waldo is Wally.
And, shockingly enough, Waldo was actually Wally first "“ and he's British. Wally was the brainchild of Martin Handford, an illustrator born in the Greater London neighborhood of Hampstead. Handford said that growing up, his earliest influences were large-scale cinema epics, the kinds of movies with large crowd scenes, which he would then try to recreate with pen and paper.
Already a known illustrator who specialized in crowd scenes, Handford was asked to put together a book of his work "“ and voila! Wally was born, a visual tie-in that kept continuity from scene to scene.
Eventually, after publishers bought the book, Wally evolved into the bespectacled bumbling traveler we now know: In a typical book, Wally/Waldo carries his trademark walking stick, in addition to 11 other items that are designed to help him on his travels: kettle, mallet, cup, backpack, sleeping bag, binoculars, camera, snorkel, belt, bag and a shovel. Waldo, however, isn't particularly good at keeping track of his items and so, on each page, he loses one, requiring the reader to help him find it. To find him and his lost item, readers are tasked with visually sorting through vast scenes, often rife with visual puns and humor (sometimes a bit risqué humor at that).
The book series launched in 1987 in the UK, with Wally as its titular character; later that same year, the series was launched in the US, where Wally was introduced as Waldo. The series took off, becoming a sensation within only a few years and eventually morphing into a TV series in both the US and the UK, a comic strip, several video games (including one due out this September from Ubisoft), and even a few magazines (in the UK and Australia, Wally went on weekly adventures to new countries, which he reported on his children's geographical and cultural magazine, Wally's World).
By 1997, when the publishers of the books came out with Where's Waldo? The Wonder Book, the Waldo world also had several new characters to find: Woof, Waldo/Wally's faithful canine companion; Wenda, Waldo's girlfriend and the "one who takes pictures," according to the introduction to The Wonder Book; Wizard Whitebeard, whose magic allows the apparently jobless Waldo to travel as much as he does; and Odlaw, whose mean disposition, black-and-yellow striped clothing and slick mustache make him the villain in the Waldo-verse.
The intrepid traveler had even by then sparked some controversy "“ Waldo was spotted on the American Library Association's list of 100 most frequently challenged books, after wandering through a beach scene containing a nearly topless sunbather.
But not only has this international man of mystery gotten lost in scenes across the world, but so has his original identity. Continuing the pattern started with its introduction to the US, Wally got a new name and it seems, a new attitude with every country he was introduced. In some countries, Waldo retained the whimsical "˜w' in his name: For example, in Germany, he's Walter ("Wo ist Walter?") and in Norway, he's Willy ("Der hvor er Willy?"). But in France, he became Charlie ("Ou est Charlie?"), in Denmark, Holger and in Israel, Effi. According to Wikipedia (and therefore not entirely to be believed), American Waldo is a hipper, more "tech-savvy" traveler, while British Wally is a bit of a dork.
These days, Waldo and Wally (and Walter, Willy, Charlie, Holger and Effy) have been popping up in some pretty interesting places "“ and in some cases, in incredibly large numbers. This April, students at Rutgers University earned a Guinness Book of World Records distinction for the most number of people dressed as Waldo in one place.
In 2006, Waldo met with a bit of misadventure: According to Internet lore, he appeared in a field of corpses, with an arrow through his head, in a single frame of the theatrical release of the film Apocalypto. And that's not all: Now that Google Streetview has canvassed more of the earth, Waldo/Wally was recently seen at 77 Putney High Street in London; in 2008, Google Earth made a 55-foot tall version of Wally on top of a building visible; he's been found in some pretty atrocious fanfiction on the Internet; and he even made an appearance at this year's ComicCon, flanked by two scantily clad Waldettes.
Word also has it that we might be seeing more of Waldo in the near future "“ Universal has recently acquired the rights to the Where's Waldo? franchise and plans to make the beloved if plot-less books into a live action family film.
So, who do you think should play Waldo in the movie? Do you have any Waldo memories that stand out (say, the nearly topless lady in the beach scene)? Waldo/Wally turns 22 on September 21 "“ any plans to celebrate the worldwide wanderer's birthday?
August 3, 2009 - 11:25am
| Waldo |
What was the name of the dwarf who is a chief character in ‘Lord of the Rings’? | What a wally! Man has scene from Where's Wally? tattooed across his back | Daily Mail Online
What a wally! Man has scene from Where's Wally? tattooed across his back
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One Where's Wally fan will always be able to find his favourite stripy-shirted children's character - after having him tattooed on his back.
Music producer John Mosley , 22, sat patiently for 24 hours while tattooist Rytch Soddy created a scene featuring150 characters and Wally hiding among them.
The artwork was created in s studio in Norwich and raised £2,000 for charity.
There's Wally: John Mosley's tattoo features the stripey-jumper wearing explorer from his favourite children's books
Mr Mosley decided on the intrepid explorer due to his happy childhood memories of looking at Where's Wally books which feature pictures of the character hidden in unusual settings.
The finished tattoo also shows a view of Norwich with the city's castle and two cathedrals in the background.
Mr Mosley said: 'It will be a talking point for years to come. People will able to look at my back and have fun searching around for Wally.
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'I can't think of anyone who doesn't love the Where's Wally books and I am delighted to be a living version of one.
Tattooist Mr Soddy, 35, started the tattoo at noon on Friday and worked on it solidly for 24 hours with only a two minute break every hour for him and John to stretch their legs.
The finished result features inch-and-a-half high people in normal dress and historic and fantasy figures like Vikings, pirates, a caveman, cowboys and Star Wars characters
Can you spot him? The scene featuring 150 people with Wally hidden among them
As well as the distinctive Norwich skyline, it also includes a pair of UFO flying saucers and a rocket blasting into the sky besides a smiling moon wearing a red and white hat.
Wally is pictured with his distinctive glasses, red and white striped top, bobble hat and blue trousers standing behind three women in bathing costumes.
Mr Mosley said: 'I am 6ft 5ins tall and I have a pretty big back so Rytch did a brilliant job filling it up with so many interesting things.
'It was quite painful having needles going in and out of me for 24 hours - but the hardest part was sitting still for so long.
'I still have not seen the finished result so I don't actually know where Wally is on my back. Everyone says he is not too difficult to find.'
Mr Soddy, a tattooist for 13 years, created the picture to raise cash for the Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital in London which saved his life after he suffered an allergic reaction to a bee sting at the age of seven.
Painful: Mr Mosley is yet to find Wally hidden on his back
He also wanted to thank doctors at the hospital for a heart operation carried out on a friend's nine-year-old daughter last year.
He said: 'It is the longest tattoo that I have ever completed in terms of the time taken. It was certainly more fun than the average tattoo and I am really pleased with it.
'We borrowed a couple of Where's Wally book s from the library and looked on the internet for some examples for inspiration.
'I had a basic plan to make it look like Norwich and then the rest got made up as I went along.
'I told John that I would be tattooing Wally last of all, but then I realised he would know where he was so I did him about 20 minutes from the end.'
The first of the seven main Where's Wally books was published in 1987 by British illustrator Martin Handford.
The books feature double page spreads of the distinctive explorer character hidden in a montage of scenes through the ages.
The books have been published in 28 countries and have also been turned into a TV series comic strip and video games.
Wally has different names in many countries - but always wears the same outfit.
He is known as Waldo in the USA, Hugo in Sweden, Willy in Norway and Charlie in France.
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What bird is mentioned in the lyrics of ‘My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)’? | Don't Dilly Dally On The Way by Marie Lloyd Songfacts
Songfacts
Also known as "The Cock Linnet Song" and "My Old Man Said Follow The Van", this humorous music hall number about doing a moonlight flit was a big hit for Marie Lloyd. The sheet music "Don't Dilly Dally on the Way. (The 'COCK LINNET' Song.)" is credited written by Charles Collins and Fred W. Leigh, and is copyright 1919 by B. Feldman of London. Marie introduced this number in 1918, in the twilight of her career. On stage she performed it dressed as an old woman wrapped in a shawl and carrying a bird in a cage, presumably not a live one. Although it became one of her best known songs, she did not actually record it. Marie Lloyd died in October 1922 aged only fifty-two, but the song remained popular and was recorded by Lily Morris, among others. >>
Suggestion credit:
Alexander Baron - London, England
Miss Piggy performed this on Episode 211 of The Muppet Show. Her version was the first track on the Muppet Show Music Hall EP, which reached #19 in the UK singles charts in 1979.
"Cock Linnet" is cockney rhyming slang for minute and to "dilly dally" means to linger.
| Common linnet |
Which mountain range is often described as “the backbone of England”? | Lily Morris, British Music Hall Performer & Singer - The Great Scot, Bardic Magician
The Great Scot, Bardic Magician
greatscotmagic
I don't know what started me on liking British Music Hall, unless it was in my genes, but I really love it.
I got exposed to British Music Hall by listening to records of modern singers of the music hall songs. They included Derek Lamb ( "She Was Poor but She Was Honest: Nice, Naughty and Nourishing Songs of the London Music Hall and Pubs" Folkways Records - FW08707 1962 http://www.folkways.si.edu/search/Album
Details.aspx?ID=1469 ), Oscar Brand (also known for his Bawdy Folksongs (some of which I suspect were the original versions of Music Hall songs), Elsa Lanchester ( 2 albums of Cockney and Music Hall Songs) and John Roberts and Tony Barrand (who produced a Music Hall Show featuring themselves and Lou Killen). They recorded the show and I was unaware of the recitation tradition in the Music Hall until I heard Tony do "Albert and the Lion," on the music hall record.
I had started playing English Concertina and that also set me off to research the music halls, as did hearing George Formby records on the jukebox in "Himself," the pub that Malachy McCourt had in NYC.
I was a huge fan of The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem. Tom Clancy used to sing a song from the music halls entitled "They're Moving Father's Grave to Build A Sewer." At the end of the song, they all chimed in to sing the chorus of this song with the last variation "You can't trust the specials like the old-time coppers
When you can't find your way home."
Much to my delight, while researching British Music Hall on Youtube, I found a video of the original song by a really wonderful Music Hall performer. Her name was Lilly Morris and I was able to find more videos of her, which you can find at the bottom of the post.
DON'T DILLY DALLY (MY OLD MAN SAID FOLLOW THE VAN)
(Charles Collins and Fred W. Leigh)
We had to move away, 'cos the rent we couldn't pay,
The moving van came round just after dark;
There was me and my old man, shoving things inside the van,
Which we'd often done before let me remark.
We packed all that could be packed in the van and that's a fact;
And we got inside all we could get inside,
Then we packed all we could pack on the tailboard at the back,
Till there wasn't any room for me to ride.
cho: My old man said, "Follow the van, don't dilly dally on the way!"
Off went the cart with the home packed in it,
I walked behind with me old cock linnet.
But I dillied and dallied, dallied and dillied,
Lost the van and don't know where to roam.
Variation: I stopped on the way to have the old half-quartern,
And I can't find my way home.
I gave a helping hand with the marble wash-handstand,
And straight, we wasn't getting on so bad;
All at once the carman bloke had an accident and broke,
Well, the nicest bit of china that we had.
You'll understand of course, I was cross about the loss,
Same as any other human woman would;
But I soon got over that, what with 'two-out' and a chat,
'Cos it's little things like that what does you good.
Chorus:
Variation: Now who's going to put up the old iron bedstead
If I can't find my way home?
Oh! I'm in such a mess - I don't know the new address -
Don't even know the blessed neighbourhood,
And I feel as if I might have to stay out all the night,
And that ain't going to do me any good.
I don't make no complaint, but I'm coming over faint,
What I want now is a good substantial feed,
And I sort o' kind o' feel, if I don't soon have a meal,
I shall have to rob the linnet of his seed.
Chorus:
Variation: You can't trust the specials like the old-time coppers
When you can't find your way home.
Lyrics found at The Mudcat Cafe, a great searchable site to find lyrics to thousands of songs: http://www.mudcat.org/
All of Lily's songs are humerous and singable, besides "My Old Man," I really love "Don't Have Any More, Mrs. Moore," and her signature piece "Why Am I Always The Bridesmaid?" "Mrs. Moore" could have been the inspiration for the population explosion segment in Monty Python's "Meaning of Life."
Watch and listen closely for all of the nuances and characterizations Lily puts into her songs. Some of them are so subtle, I had to watch and listen to them a number of times before I could get them all.
I have to say that even though the modern interpreters of the songs did fine jobs, hearing the original artists perform them add a certain authenticity and depth of characterization to the songs that most modern singers lack (John and Tony and Lou Killen are exceptions).
The Lily Morris website: http://www.lilymorris.co.uk/
Lots of pictures, playbills, information.
Lily Morris Biography at Wilipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Morri
s
Here is the entry for the song from Wikipedia: "The song My Old Man is an old music hall song written by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins, made popular by Marie Lloyd.
It is a humorous song, but it also reflects some of the hard aspects of working class life in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century. The couple, in the song, are obliged to move house quickly in the middle of the night, because they can't pay the rent. They fill up the van with their possessions, but there is not room for the two of them also, so the husband instructs his wife to follow behind the van, which she does, carrying the pet bird.
The chorus of the song is well-known.
My old man said "Follow the van,
And don't dilly dally[1] on the way".
Off went the van wiv me 'ome packed in it,
I walked behind wiv me old cock linnet[2].
But I dillied and dallied, dallied and I dillied
Lost me way and don't know where to roam.
Well you can't trust a special like the old time coppers
When you can't find your way 'ome[3]
An alternative to the fourth line is: "I followed on wiv me old cock linnet"
An alternative to the last two lines is
I stopped on the way to have me old half quarten, now I can't find my way home
"Half quarten" was a slang expression for a measure of spirits (usually Gin) and was equal to 2½ Imperial ounces.
The chorus is the basis of a terrace chant popular among English football fans. The lyrics were originally changed to My old man said "Be a City fan", by Manchester United fans (about Manchester City) then copied by Aston Villa fans (about Birmingham City) among others.
The first verse and the chorus were featured in episode 211 of The Muppet Show, performed by Miss Piggy. In the Muppet fan community the song is better known as "Don't Dilly Dally On the Way".
The song also appeared in the Sega Master System version of Lemmings, making its first appearance in the 17th level rated "Fun".
In The Catherine Tate Show, during the Life at Ma's sketch (a spoof of Life on Mars), the last four lines are sung by Catherine Tate and a variety of other characters."
Here are the videos of Lily Morris, put your cursor over the bottom of the player and you will see the list of videos. Click on any of them to choose a video or just click on the arrow in the center of the player and they will automatically play one after another.
| i don't know |
Born 1899, died 1947 (cardiac arrest). Indicted for tax evasion in 1931. Who was he? | Al Capone (1899 - 1947) - Find A Grave Memorial
Miami-Dade County
Florida, USA
Organized Crime Figure, Chicago Gangster. Probably the best known of the 1920s gangsters, he controlled Chicago until brought down by FBI Agent Elliott Ness. Ness later wrote a book "The Untouchables" which detailed his efforts to jail Capone. Capone was the largest of the racketeers, and captured the American public's imagination as few ever did. Born Alphonse Capone in Brooklyn, New York, of Italian immigrant parents, Gabriele and Teresina Capone, the fourth of nine children. Raised in a loving middle class Italian family, he was brought up to be honest and hard working. Surprisingly unbiased for his time, he would become friendly with anyone of any race, creed or color who was loyal to him. He quit school at 8th grade, and began work for Johnny Torrio, a new breed of gangster then taking over New York. From him, Al Capone learned his trade, initially running errands and working his way up the ladder to manager. He also learned from a rough local gangster, Frank Yale, about the use of violence to build an empire, while maintaining a respectable home and social life. He married an Irish Catholic, Mae Coughlin, and they had a son, Albert Francis Capone, born December 4, 1918. Baby Albert was born with congenital syphilis, which Al later admitted he had contracted many years before, but had thought the disease had gone away when it went into remission. His syphilis was never treated properly. When Johnny Torrio moved his operations to Chicago in 1921, he brought Capone with him, and together, they built up the crime empire, concentrating on nightclubs, prostitution, and illegal liquor. His first murder occurred in 1924, for which he was found innocent when the eyewitnesses were bribed. In March 1925, Torrio quit the business to retire to Florida, and gave his entire empire to Capone. Killing other gang members to build his empire, Al Capone's violence peaked with the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, 1929 when seven members of Bugs Moran's gang were murdered. This murder brought the attention of the Federal government, who swore to get Capone off the street and into jail. In 1931, he was indicted and convicted of Income Tax evasion and sentenced to eleven years in jail. He died in his home in Miami, Florida, of cardiac arrest resulting from third stage syphilis. He was originally buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. (bio by: Kit and Morgan Benson)
| Al Capone |
Which jockey won the Derby in 1979, 1980, 1989 and 1994? | Al Capone (Gangster) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Al Capone
Male
Born Jan 17, 1899
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. The Chicago Outfit, which subsequently became known as the "Capones," was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.… Read More
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Jailed 5 Years Without Trial, Prisoner Issues Airborne Plea
NYTimes - Sep 13, 2011
'He has been blogging about his case from jail, pleading his side in lengthy writings. He says he has cut his hand and written on the wall of his cell with blood. And he has hired a pilot to fly a banner along the New York skyline proclaiming what he sees as an injustice. Vadim Vassilenko says he is being denied a speedy trial. Mr. Vassilenko, 44, a'
Bites Nearby: Komb's Beef And Dogs' Mexican Menu Will Satisfy Cravings Patch.Com
Google News - Aug 25, 2011
'<mark>Al Capone</mark>, The Blues Brothers and a Michael Jordan are all present. Pulling up in the lot, your gaze immediately takes you to a rotisserie of reddish meat resembling gyros in the window. At first glance, I got a little nervous looking at the unfamiliar'
Loopholes Big Enough To Drive A Bus Through: Regional Transit Authority's Tax ... Chicago Tribune
Google News - Aug 24, 2011
'The other's the crime for which they put away <mark>Al Capone</mark>. The Regional Transit Authority and the city of Chicago filed suit in Cook County Circuit Court on Tuesday against the municipalities of Kankakee and Channahon. At issue is the diversion of at'
Al Capone Had Nothing On Miami Enid News & Eagle
Google News - Aug 21, 2011
'... of the biggest takedowns since the feds nailed <mark>Al Capone</mark>. Except <mark>Al Capone</mark> may have had more redeeming qualities than the Hurricanes. It's time for the NCAA to rid the college football landscape of the stench emanating from the shores of South Beach'
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Al Capone.
CHILDHOOD
1899 Birth Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born in the borough of Brooklyn in New York on January 17, 1899. … Read More
His parents were Italian immigrants Gabriele Capone (December 12, 1865 â November 14, 1920) and Teresa Capone (née Raiola; December 28, 1867 â November 29, 1952). His father was a barber and his mother was a seamstress, both born in Angri, a town in the Province of Salerno.<br /><br /> Gabriele and Teresa had nine children: Alphonse "Al" Capone; Vincenzo Capone, who later changed his name to Richard Hart and became a Prohibition agent in Homer, Nebraska; Raffaele James Capone, AKA Ralph "Bottles" Capone, who took charge of his brother's beverage industry; Salvatore "Frank" Capone, Ermina Capone, who died at the age of one, Ermino "John" Capone, Albert Capone, Matthew Capone, and Mafalda Capone (who married John J. Maritote). Ralph and Frank worked with him in his criminal empire. Frank did so until his death on April 1, 1924. Ralph ran the bottling companies (both legal and illegal) early on, and was also the front man for the Chicago Outfit for some time until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1932. Read Less
TEENAGE
1918 19 Years Old Capone married Mae Josephine Coughlin on December 30, 1918 at age 19. … Read More
She was Irish Catholic and, earlier that month, had given birth to their son Albert Francis "Sonny" Capone. Capone was under the age of 21, so his parents had to consent to the marriage in writing.<br /><br /> At about 20 years of age, Capone left New York for Chicago at the invitation of Johnny Torrio, who was imported by crime boss James "Big Jim" Colosimo as an enforcer. Capone began in Chicago as a bouncer in a brothel, where he contracted syphilis. Timely use of Salvarsan probably could have cured the infection, but he apparently never sought treatment. In 1923, he purchased a small house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue in the Park Manor neighborhood on the city's south side for. In the early years of the decade, Capone's name began appearing in newspaper sports pages, where he was described as a boxing promoter. Read Less
TWENTIES
1920 - 1925 2 More Events
1920 21 Years Old Chicago's location on Lake Michigan gave access to a vast inland territory, and it was well-served by railroads. Torrio took over Colosimo's crime empire after Colosimo's murder on May 11, 1920, in which Capone was suspected of being involved. … Read More
Torrio headed an essentially Italian organized crime group that was the biggest in the city, with Capone as his right-hand man. He was wary of being drawn into gang wars and tried to negotiate agreements over territory between rival crime groups. The smaller, mixed ethnicity, North Side Gang led by Dean O'Banion (also known as Dion O'Banion) came under pressure from the Genna brothers, who were allied with Torrio. O'Banion found that, for all Torrio's pretensions to be a settler of disputes, he was unhelpful with the encroachment of the Gennas into the North Side. In a fateful step, Torrio either arranged for or acquiesced to the murder of O'Banion at the latter's flower shop in October 1924. This placed Hymie Weiss at the head of the gang, backed by Vincent Drucci and Bugs Moran. Weiss had been a close friend of O'Banion, and the North Siders treated revenge on his killers as a priority. Read Less
1925 26 Years Old In January 1925, Capone was ambushed, leaving him shaken, but unhurt. … Read More
Twelve days later, Torrio was returning from a shopping trip when he was shot several times. After recovering, Torrio effectively resigned and handed control to Capone, age 26, who became the new boss of an organization that took in illegal breweries and a transportation network that reached to Canada, with political and law-enforcement protection. In turn, he was able to use more violence to increase revenue. Refusal by an establishment to purchase liquor from him often resulted in the premises being blown up. As many as 100 people were killed in such bombings during the 1920s. Rivals saw Capone as responsible for the proliferation of brothels in the city.<br /><br /> Capone indulged in custom suits, cigars, gourmet food and drink (his preferred liquor was Templeton Rye from Iowa), and female companionship. He was particularly known for his flamboyant and costly jewelry. His favorite responses to questions about his activities were: "I am just a businessman, giving the people what they want"; and, "All I do is satisfy a public demand." Capone had become a national celebrity and talking point. Read Less
1926 27 Years Old …
Capone based himself in Cicero after using bribery and widespread intimidation to take over during elections for the town council. This made it difficult for the North Siders to target him. Capone's driver was found tortured and murdered, and there was an attempt on Weiss's life in the Chicago Loop. Read Less
On September 20, 1926, the North Side Gang used a ploy outside the Capone headquarters at the Hawthorne Inn, aimed at drawing him to the windows. … Read More
Gunmen in several cars then opened fire with Thompson submachine guns and shotguns at the windows of the first-floor restaurant. Capone was unhurt and called for a truce, but the negotiations fell through. Three weeks later, Weiss was killed outside the former O'Banion flower shop North Side headquarters. Read Less
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Who was the creator of the St. Trinian’s schoolgirls? | St. Trinian's cartoonist Ronald Searle dies at 91
St. Trinian's cartoonist Ronald Searle dies at 91
RAPHAEL SATTER
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LONDON (AP) — British cartoonist Ronald Searle, the creator of the willfully wicked schoolgirls of St. Trinian's who amused generations of Britons, has died, his family said Tuesday. He was 91.
Searle was a prolific illustrator who drew for The New Yorker, Punch, and Walt Disney but it was the fictional girls' boarding school where the students ran riot that most captured the public imagination.
The long-legged, leering schoolgirls drank, smoked and generally cut a swath of destruction; their weapon-wielding antics were colored by Searle's morbid sense of humor. His satire of the venerable English school system struck a chord, launching a series of hit films, including one recent incarnation starring Colin Firth, Gemma Arterton and Russell Brand.
Searle's secret, as one early profile noted, was to turn "the very epitome of decency and polite tradition for every right-thinking Englishman" into "a place of terror more hellish than anything conceived since the days of Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Brueghel."
Searle's dark streak may well have been informed by his experiences as a soldier during World War II. Born in Cambridge on March 3, 1920, his promising career as cartoonist was interrupted by his capture by the Japanese at Singapore. He spent the rest of the conflict under atrocious conditions as a prisoner-of-war, but somehow managed to keep drawing despite beatings and bouts of malaria and beriberi.
His drawings of camp life were published following his liberation in 1945 in fellow prisoner Russell Braddon's account of his own captivity, "The Naked Island."
St. Trinian's sly schoolgirls made him famous, but Searle long insisted that the students were just "a small part of my work."
He designed cover art for The New Yorker and a series of editorial cartoons for France's Le Monde newspaper. He designed wry, occasionally absurd advertisements for Church's shoes and U.S. Rubber. His Molesworth books, set in the fictional St. Custard's, also proved popular.
But St. Trinian's refused to die, despite Searle's attempt to draw a line under the series by having the girls' blow up their school with an atom bomb.
In a statement, Searle's family said that he died "peacefully in his sleep" on Friday in the small city of Draguignan in southern France following a short illness.
Funeral arrangements were not immediately made clear Tuesday. The statement said Searle had requested a "private cremation with no fuss and no flowers."
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| Ronald Searle |
American E.F.Blackwood gave his name to a common tactic used in which game? | St. Trinian's cartoonist Ronald Searle dies at 91
St. Trinian's cartoonist Ronald Searle dies at 91
RAPHAEL SATTER
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LONDON (AP) — British cartoonist Ronald Searle, the creator of the willfully wicked schoolgirls of St. Trinian's who amused generations of Britons, has died, his family said Tuesday. He was 91.
Searle was a prolific illustrator who drew for The New Yorker, Punch, and Walt Disney but it was the fictional girls' boarding school where the students ran riot that most captured the public imagination.
The long-legged, leering schoolgirls drank, smoked and generally cut a swath of destruction; their weapon-wielding antics were colored by Searle's morbid sense of humor. His satire of the venerable English school system struck a chord, launching a series of hit films, including one recent incarnation starring Colin Firth, Gemma Arterton and Russell Brand.
Searle's secret, as one early profile noted, was to turn "the very epitome of decency and polite tradition for every right-thinking Englishman" into "a place of terror more hellish than anything conceived since the days of Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Brueghel."
Searle's dark streak may well have been informed by his experiences as a soldier during World War II. Born in Cambridge on March 3, 1920, his promising career as cartoonist was interrupted by his capture by the Japanese at Singapore. He spent the rest of the conflict under atrocious conditions as a prisoner-of-war, but somehow managed to keep drawing despite beatings and bouts of malaria and beriberi.
His drawings of camp life were published following his liberation in 1945 in fellow prisoner Russell Braddon's account of his own captivity, "The Naked Island."
St. Trinian's sly schoolgirls made him famous, but Searle long insisted that the students were just "a small part of my work."
He designed cover art for The New Yorker and a series of editorial cartoons for France's Le Monde newspaper. He designed wry, occasionally absurd advertisements for Church's shoes and U.S. Rubber. His Molesworth books, set in the fictional St. Custard's, also proved popular.
But St. Trinian's refused to die, despite Searle's attempt to draw a line under the series by having the girls' blow up their school with an atom bomb.
In a statement, Searle's family said that he died "peacefully in his sleep" on Friday in the small city of Draguignan in southern France following a short illness.
Funeral arrangements were not immediately made clear Tuesday. The statement said Searle had requested a "private cremation with no fuss and no flowers."
Reblog
| i don't know |
What is the proper scientific name for table sugar? | Chemical formula for sugar
Chemical formula for table sugar
A molecule of sucrose
Glucose and fructose are monosaccharide sugars. A monosaccharide is the smallest unit of sugar, mono meaning 1.
Sucrose is commonly called table sugar and is a disaccharide. A disaccharide is a sugar that is made up of two sugar units, di meaning 2.
Sucrose is produced as glucose and fructose are joined together by a condensation reaction. In the process a water molecule is eliminated. See the following equation.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 => C12H22O11 + H2O
glucose + fructose => sucrose + water
Hint: This is an easy way to remember the chemical formula for sucrose. 2 x C6H12O6 - H2O = C12H22O11
The molecular formula for sucrose is C12H22O11
Chemical Formula for Sugars
Sugars are a white crystalline group of soluble carbohydrates that are sweet tasting in nature. These sugar molecules include glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, lactose and galactose. Sugar molecules are classified as monosaccharides or disaccharides. The following table lists the common sugar molecules are their chemical formula.
Name
Disaccharide (glucose + glucose)
C12H22O11
The monosaccharides glucose, galactose and fructose all have the same molecular formula but they vary in their molecular structure.
The three common disaccharides lactose, sucrose and maltose also have the same molecular formula but differ in their structural formula
Lactose is also known as ‘milk sugar’ because it is primarily found in dairy products. Lactose intolerance is a genetic disorder which affects many people who lack the enzyme necessary to break down lactose into glucose and galactose. This prevents lactose being absorbed by the body.
Sucrose is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beet and is commonly called table sugar.
| Sucrose |
Which band was Up The Junction in 1979? | sugar | chemical compound | Britannica.com
chemical compound
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Sugar, any of numerous sweet , colourless, water-soluble compounds present in the sap of seed plants and the milk of mammals and making up the simplest group of carbohydrates. (See also carbohydrate .) The most common sugar is sucrose , a crystalline tabletop and industrial sweetener used in foods and beverages.
Explaining the chemical differences between high-fructose corn syrup and sugar.
© American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
As a chemical term, “sugar” usually refers to all carbohydrates of the general formula Cn(H2O)n. Sucrose is a disaccharide , or double sugar, being composed of one molecule of glucose linked to one molecule of fructose . Because one molecule of water (H2O) is lost in the condensation reaction linking glucose to fructose, sucrose is represented by the formula C12H22O11 (following the general formula Cn[H2O]n - 1).
Learn why some foods taste sweet.
© American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Sucrose is found in almost all plants, but it occurs at concentrations high enough for economic recovery only in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and sugar beets (Beta vulgaris). The former is a giant grass growing in tropical and subtropical areas; the latter is a root crop growing in temperate zones (see Figure 1 ). Sugarcane ranges from 7 to 18 percent sugar by weight, while sugar beets are from 8 to 22 percent sugar by weight. Sucrose from either source (or from two relatively minor sources, the sugar maple tree and the date palm) is the same molecule, yielding 3.94 calories per gram as do all carbohydrates. Differences in sugar products come from other components isolated with sucrose.
The first cultivated sugar crop was sugarcane, developed from wild varieties in the East Indies—probably New Guinea . The sugar beet was developed as a crop in Europe in the 19th century during the Napoleonic Wars, when France sought an alternate homegrown source of sugar in order to save its ships from running blockades to sugarcane sources in the Caribbean. Sugarcane, once harvested, cannot be stored because of sucrose decomposition. For this reason, cane sugar is generally produced in two stages, manufacture of raw sugar taking place in the cane-growing areas and refining into food products occurring in the sugar-consuming countries. Sugar beets, on the other hand, can be stored and are therefore generally processed in one stage into white sugar.
See a lemon drop candy-making demonstration from a scientific perspective.
© American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
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| i don't know |
A Shavian is a big fan and aficionado of which famous playwright? | Project MUSE - A Continuing Checklist of Shaviana
A Continuing Checklist of Shaviana
John R. Pfeiffer
I. Works by Shaw
Shaw, Bernard. The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God. Chicago: Trafalgar Square, 2007. 75 pp., illustrated. List: $15.95. Not seen.
———. Androcles and the Lion. Bel Air, Calif.: Dodo Press, 2007. Paper. List: $10.99. Not seen.
Other Shaw titles with this imprint at $10.99 unless otherwise noted: Methuselah ($21.99), Cashel, Dark Lady, Doctor's, Getting Married ($12.99), Great Catherine, Heartbreak ($12.99), Irrational ($23.99), John Bull, Superman ($14.99), Man of Destiny, Mrs Warren, Perfect Wagnerite, Press Cuttings, Pygmalion, and Blanco Posnet.
———. Androcles and the Lion. Edited "for modernity" by George Arthur Lareau (does not apply to other titles listed below). Amazon.com : Kindle ed., 2007. List: $7.99 in August; $1.60 in September. Not retrieved.
The "product description" erroneously informs us that "it won the Nobel Prize for literature." Kindle edition titles are a 2007 innovation by Amazon.com. The selling points are ease of use on a specialized "reader" and speed of "wireless via Amazon Whispernet" delivery to the reader. Particulars are available on the Amazon.com home Web site. At least twenty-one Shaw titles are advertised, priced at $1.60 unless otherwise indicated: Annajanska, Augustus, Caesar ($0.95), Candida, Cashel Byron, Devil's, Doctor's, Fanny's, Great Catherine, How He Lied, Irrational, John Bull, Major Barbara, Preface to Major Barbara, Superman, Man of Destiny, Misalliance, Mrs Warren, O'Flaherty, Overruled, Press Cuttings, and Pygmalion.
———. Androcles and the Lion, Overruled, and Pygmalion. Eastbourne: Gardner's Books, 2007. Not seen.
Other Shaw titles with this imprint: Methuselah, Caesar, Cashel and Bashville, Doctor's, Dramatic Opinions, Fabian Essays, Getting Married, Heartbreak Great Catherine [End Page 272] and Playlets of the War, Irrational, Love Among the Artists, Misalliance and Dark Lady, On Going to Church, Philanderer, Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant, Quintessence, Three Plays for Puritans, An Unsocial Socialist, and The Wisdom of Bernard Shaw.
———. Arms and the Man. Ed. J. P. Wearing. London: Methuen Drama, 2008. New Mermaids series. Not seen.
One of five Shaw plays to be released in the New Mermaids series of classic plays. The others are Major Barbara, ed. Nicholas Grene; Mrs Warren, ed. Norma Jenckes; Pygmalion, ed. L. W. Conolly; and Saint Joan, ed. Jean Chothia.
———. Arms and the Man. Temecula, Calif.: Peacock Books, 2008. List: $20.52. Not seen.
———. Aventuras de una negrita en busca de Dios. Trans. Benito Gómez Ibánez. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2007. List: $27.05. Not seen. Spanish translation.
———. Captain Brassbound's Conversion. Titus Digital Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2008. List: $12.19. Accessed on Amazon.com . Not seen.
Also publishes Superman, Pygmalion, and An Unsocial Socialist.
———. Cashel Byron's Profession. Cambridge, Mass.: IndyPublish, 2007. List: $46.99. Not seen.
Also publishes Devil's Disciple and Doctor's Dilemma.
———. Cashel Byron's Profession. Rockville, Md.: Tark Classic Fiction, 2008. List: $9.99. Not seen.CS.C
———. Cashel Byron's Profession; also The Admirable Bashville. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. List: $40.05. Not seen.
Also publishes Fabian Essays, Heartbreak, Love Among the Artists, and Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant.
———. "The Cinema as a Moral Leveller" (June 27, 1914). Reprinted in the New Statesman, May 28, 2007, 62.
———. Dark Lady of the Sonnets as Sonnetternas mörka dam. In Shakespeares älskade. Trans. Ulf Liljedahl. Lund: Ellerstrom, 2007. Not seen. Swedish translation.
———. The Devil's Disciple. Charleston, S.C.: BiblioBazaar, 2007. List: $9.99. Not seen. Also publishes Heartbreak, John Bull, Superman, and Pygmalion. See also More Short Works of George Bernard Shaw, below.
———. Don Juan in Hell. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2007. List: $2.00. Also publishes Heartbreak House ($2.00), Major Barbara ($2.00). and Pygmalion ($1.50). No frills paper texts at bargain prices.
———. "82 'Irreverent Quotations."' In Big Curmudgeon. Ed. Jon Winokur. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers, 2007. 660 pp. List: $12.95. Save your money.
———. George Bernard Shaw Note Book: With 224 Quotes. Niagara-on-the [End Page 273] Lake, Ontario: Shaw Festival, 2007. A blank book with a quote from Shaw at the foot of each page.
———. Major Barbara. Ed. Nicholas Grene. See Arms and the Man, ed. J. P. Wearing, above.
———. Major Barbara. Ed. Philip M. Parker. Webster's Japanese Thesaurus ed. San Diego: Icon Group, 2008. Not seen.
———. Major Barbara. Webster's Afrikaans Thesaurus ed. San Diego: Icon Group, 2008. List: $19.95. Not seen.
———. Major Barbara. In Great Conversations 4. Ed. Daniel Born, Donald Whitfield, and Mike Levine. Chicago: Great Books Foundation, 2008. Not seen.
———. "Major Barbara Meets Her Maker." Lapham's Quarterly 1, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 169-70.
Excerpt from play in an issue subtitled "About Money," beginning with Undershaft: "Cleanliness and respectability do not need justification, Barbara" and ending with Undershaft: "Not at all. I had the strongest scruples about poverty and starvation. . . . Kill them."
———. More Short Works of George Bernard Shaw. Vols. I and II. Charleston, South Carolina: BiblioBazaar, 2008.
List: $15.99/volume. Volume I includes Androcles, Annajanska, Bolshevik Empress, Arms, Augustus, Preface to Androcles, Preface to Major Barbara, and Candida. Volume II includes Brassbound, Catherine, How He Lied, Inca, Misalliance, O'Flaherty, Overruled, and Press Cuttings.
———. Mrs Warren. Ed. Norma Jenckes. See Arms and the Man, ed. J. P. Wearing, above.
———. "A Note on Irish Nationalism" (July 12, 1913). Reprinted in New Statesman, January 14, 2008: 62.
———. "On Architecture." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 6-10.
———. "Peace and Good Will to Managers." In A Family Christmas. Ed. Caroline Kennedy. New York: Hyperion, 2007. Not seen. "A collection of favorite holiday stories and excerpts."
———. The Perfect Wagnerite. Rockville, Md.: Arc Manor, 2008. List: $6.99. Not seen. Also publishes A Treatise on Parents and Children.
———. Pigmalion. Trans. Florian Soblenlowski. Warszawa: TMM Polska/ Planeta Marketing, 2007. Polish translation. Not seen.
———. Pygmalion. Ed. L. W. Conolly. See Arms and the Man, ed. J. P. Wearing, above.
———. Pygmalion. Minneapolis: F Q Classics, 2007. List $19.99. Not seen.
———. Pygmalion. Saint Louis Park, Minn.: Filiquarian, 2007. List: $4.99. Not seen.
———. Pygmalion. Webster's Afrikaans Thesaurus ed. San Diego: Icon Group, 2008. List: $18.95. Not seen. [End Page 274]
———. Pygmalion. Webster's Brazilian Portuguese Thesaurus ed. San Diego: Icon Group, 2008. Not seen.
———. Pygmalion. Webster's Thai Thesaurus ed. San Diego: Icon Group, 2008. Not seen.
———. Quotation from Doctor's Dilemma. In Charles N. Serhan, The Resolution of Inflammation. Basel: Birkhauser, 2008.
A long quotation on the preference of "nature's remedy," which Serhan's research in some ways recommends (93).
———. Saint Joan. Ed. Jean Chothia. See Arms and the Man, ed. J. P. Wearing, above.
———. Santa Juana. Ediciones Catedra S.A., 2007. Not seen. Spanish translation.
———. "Scene from Man and Superman, Act Four: Jack Tanner and Ann Whitefield." About.Com.Plays/Drama , April 26, 2008, http://plays .about.com/od/monologues/a/superman . Selected by Wade Bradford.
———. "Shaw and the Sound Barrier." Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter 1960), http://www.vqronline.org (March 19, 2008).
Published on Virginia Quarterly Review's Web site on March 19, 2008, the date of Clarke's death, contains two letters each by Shaw and Clarke in a correspondence between June 25, 1946, and February 8, 1947. The correspondence is in Laurence's Collected Letters, vol. 4.
———. "An Unearthed Christmas Letter." The Shavian 10, no. 4 (Spring 2007): 24-26.
Barbara Smoker presents a letter entirely in Shaw's handwriting of December 25, 1903, from Maybury Knoll, Woking, Surrey. "The content is of considerable interest," especially to the play The Doctor's Dilemma.
———. "Writers on Writing: George Bernard Shaw on Edith Nesbit," letter to Molly Tompkins, February 22, 1925. Reprinted in The Guardian (London), October 13, 2007, 15.
———. Xia fa Xiaobona you mo [Bernard Shaw humor]. Ed. Qian Shen zhu. Taibei Shi, China: Jiu ge chu ban she you xian gong si, 2007. ISBN: 9789574443840; 9574443841. In Chinese.
———. You Never Can Tell. Rockville, Md.: Wildside Press, 2007. List: $14.95. Not seen.
II. Books and Pamphlets
Andrews, Julie. Home: A Memoir of My Early Years. New York: Hyperion, 2008. Includes stories of performing in My Fair Lady on Broadway with Rex Harrison. Not seen.
Bertolini, John A. "Wilde and Shakespeare in Shaw's You Never Can Tell." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 156-64.
Brown, Andrew. J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science. New York: Oxford University [End Page 275] Press, 2007.
Bernal was lured into a complacent acceptance of Stalin's Russia by a Shaw letter to the Guardian.
Burnett, Archie, ed. The Letters of A. E. Houseman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Several references to Shaw, including two: (1) Artist John Rothenstein is quoted as telling Shaw "that the secret of his health at his age must be that he has been able to extract ultraviolet rays from limelight" (Houseman to James Barrie, 20 February 1928); (2) Cambridge don John Sparrow, responding to a request to have a book of poems autographed, Houseman writes, "G. B. Shaw lately advised a young man of my acquaintance to specialise in collecting unautographed copies of authors' works, which bid fair to become rarities, so my name probably detracts from the value of this book" (16 October 1934).
Byrne, Sandie. The Unbearable Saki: The Work of H. H. Munro. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Some references to Shaw.
Carpenter, Charles A. "The Strategy and the Bacteriology: Scrutinizing the Microbe in Shaw's Too True to Be Good." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 135-55.
Chervysheva, Viktoriia. Bernard Shou: Skandal Zakazyvali? Moscow: OLMA Mediagrupp, 2007. In Russian. Not seen.
Chesterton, Gilbert K. George Bernard Shaw. Kindle ed. Amazon.com , 2007.
Not retrieved. Kindle edition titles are a 2007 innovation by Amazon.com. The selling points are ease of use on a specialized "reader" and speed of "wireless delivery via Amazon Whispernet" to the reader. Particulars are available on the Amazon.com home Web site. At least twenty-one Shaw titles are advertised, priced at $1.60 unless otherwise indicated. See Androcles and the Lion in "I. Works by Shaw," above.
———. George Bernard Shaw. Eastbourne: Gardner's Books, 2007. Not seen.
Coward, Noel. Letters of Noel Coward. Ed. Barry Day. London: Methuen, 2007. Not seen. Includes correspondence with G.B.S.
Crawford, MaryAnn K., and Michel W. Pharand. "Introduction: The Evolution of Shavian Consciousness." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 1-5.
Dabashi, Hamid. Masters and Masterpieces of Iranian Cinema. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers, 2007.
Includes the following information: Simin Daneshvar (b. 1921) is Iran's most distinguished female novelist, married to Jalal Al-e Ahmad, one of the towering intellectuals of twentieth-century Iran. Daneshvar, who went to Stanford, translated extensively from Chekhov, Hawthorne, and G.B.S.
Dabney, Lewis M. Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature. Baltimore: Johns [End Page 276] Hopkins University Press, 2007. Paper. First published in 2005. Many references to Shaw.
Dailey, Jeff S. Sir Arthur Sullivan's Grand Opera Ivanhoe and Its Theatrical and Musical Precursors: Adaptations of Sir Walter Scott's Novel for the Stage, 1819-1891. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
Includes one substantial reference to Shaw whom Dailey reports wrote the only "uniformly negative review" of Sullivan's Ivanhoe. Disgruntled by this, Dailey contends Shaw had little authentic appreciation of music but is respected because of the "wit and petulant style" of his writing about it and because he was a successful playwright whose music criticism has been much reprinted. In this instance, Dailey's loyalty to Sullivan's opera borders on the fatuous, ignoring the fact that Shaw's music criticism is influential because thousands of musicians and music critics respect its analysis—well below the surface of its "style."
Davis, Tracy C. See Saint Joan, below.
Delap, Lucy. The Feminist Avant-Garde: Transatlantic Encounters of the Early Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Some references to Shaw.
DiGaetani, John Louis. "1. George Bernard Shaw: The Gay Subtext." In Stages of Struggle: Modern Playwrights and Their Psychological Inspirations, 9-25. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company, 2008.
DiGaetani begins by acknowledging Sally Peters's Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman, which argues Shaw might have been a closet homosexual, but he concludes her evidence is not persuasive. Even so, he concludes, "There is a gay subtext to many of Shaw's plays [Mrs Warren, Arms, You Never Can Tell, Pygmalion, Major Barbara, Man and Superman, Getting Married, Androcles, Devil's Disciple, Heartbreak, Saint Joan, and Millionairess] and that subject indicates his awareness of the neurosis of closeted homosexuality, and his sympathy for people who were forced to live dishonest and thwarted lives thanks to the stupidity of English laws of the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries. . . . He states that people and social realities are much more complicated and that the really interesting people are the masculine women and the effeminate men." Pygmalion "most clearly questions masculinity and suggests the taboo topic of homosexuality."
Dostaler, Gilles. Keynes and His Battles. Williston, Vt.: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007. Some references to Shaw.
Doyle, Arthur Conan. Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. Ed. Jon Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, and Charles Foley. New York: Penguin Press HC, 2007.
A number of G.B.S. references, especially evidencing the tension between Doyle and Shaw.
Dukore, Bernard F. "G.B.S. Boxed (The Bernard Shaw Collection, Six-DVD Set)." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 213-21. [End Page 277]
Firchow, Peter Edgerly. Modern Utopian Fictions from H. G. Wells to Iris Murdoch. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2007. Examines the works of Wells, Shaw, Huxley, Orwell, Golding, and Murdoch. Not seen.
Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2008.
"In the late Victorian, Edwardian, and High Modernist times, intellectuals faced the dying belief in a totalizing synthesis of the world. Many fought against a plunge into incoherence and fragmentation in their attempts at universalizing theories or in their invention of substitute aesthetic devices. . . . The discursive exchange among artists, philosophers, and religious thinkers that initially sought to synthesize worldviews culminated in the pragmatic construction of modernist artificial or 'synthetic' wholes." "Part II, the fourth chapter discusses the historical reception of heresy while considering the debate between Shaw and G. K. Chesterton at the Heretics Society, Shaw's play Saint Joan (1924), and the figure of Giordano Bruno. In his play, Shaw draws on his address before the Heretics and recasts heresy as a positive value and claims that religion must eventually respond to an evolving world since he believes in 'the law of change' as underwritten by the gradual reception of heretics and other people he considers forward-minded thinkers and doers. The figure of Joan of Arc presents a unique composite illustrative of historical revaluation, for Joan is successively perceived as a hero, a heretic, and finally a saint. The hegemony of orthodoxy comes to the foreground in my discussion of the processes of canonization, rehabilitation, and accommodation used by the Catholic Church in its treatment of her." Franke's twenty-three pages of this discussion are clear and subtle on both Chesterton and Shaw and Shaw and Saint Joan.
Fraser, Kathryn. "Chapter Thirteen: 'Now I Am Ready to Tell How Bodies Are Changed into Different Bodies. . . ."' In Makeover Television: Realities Remodelled, ed. Dana Heller, 177-92. London: I. B. Tauris and Co., 2007.
Chapter presents a subsection, "Class Transformation: Pygmalion," beginning "I have tried to show how the makeover is addressed first and foremost to women as relational and consuming subjects: all makeovers present the idea of the unmediated self as a problem, if not the problem, to be remedied by self-commodification. Self-transformation is always promised as a means of self-empowerment on the surface, but the ideology of the makeover is a fiction which narrates self-empowerment as self-commodification, and as giving oneself over to, and actively pursuing, what in the end amounts to conjugal, or what we might call 'relational,' status." "To Higgins, the problem of Eliza's future has, for the most part, been resolved [End Page 278] by the transformation of her appearance: 'you're what I should call attractive. . . . You go to bed and have a good nice rest; and then get up and look at yourself in the glass; and you won't feel so cheap.' Higgins reiterates here the ideology of the makeover, which promises [falsely] to remedy all dissatisfaction through the commodification of the subject's appearance, the ultimate reward being a flattering self-image and the added 'bonus' of marriage."
Frye, Northrop. "George Bernard Shaw." In Northrop Frye's Fiction and Miscellaneous Writings. Ed. Robert D. Denham and Michael Dolzani. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Not seen.
Gahan, Peter. "Shaw at 150: The BBC on DVD (The Bernard Shaw Collection, Six-DVD Set)." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 222-29.
George Bernard Shaw: A Catalogue. London: Bernard Quaritch, 2007. No ISBN. OCLC accession number: 166423113. Listed in WorldCat. Not seen.
George Bernard Shaw: A Playwright's Biography. Saint Louis, Minn.: Biographiq, 2008. A potted biography (fifty-six pages). Not seen.
Gibbs, A. M. "G.B.S. and the 'Law of Change."' SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 28-41.
Grene, Nicholas. "Shaw and Conversion." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 59-68.
Haines, Kathryn Miller. The War Against Miss Winter. New York: Harper Paperbacks, 2007.
Shaw references are a considerable motif (thirty-one instances—many to "Shaw House") in this mystery yarn by aspiring actress Rosie Winter whose day job is with a Manhattan detective agency.
Hannavy, John, ed. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. New York: Routledge, 2007. Five references to Shaw.
Harper, Sue, and Vincent Porter. British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Many references to Shaw.
Hayward, Allyson. Norah Lindsay: The Life and Art of a Garden Designer. London: Frances Lincoln, 2007.
Lindsay knew Shaw relatively well. Several references, especially 150-51.
Hobbins, Daniel, trans. The Trial of Joan of Arc. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. Paper. First published in 2005. List: $24.95. The record of the 1431 heresy trial.
Holeman, J. K. "86 George Bernard Shaw and Alfred Turco." In Wagner Moments: A Celebration of Favorite Wagner Experiences, 180-82. New York: Amadeus Press, 2007.
"His own Wagner Moment having apparently been prenatal, Turco here reconstructs that of his favorite dramatist." Turco reconstructs the "Moment": Chichester Bell, a cousin [End Page 279] of the telephone's inventor, made G.B.S. take Wagner seriously in 1873: "When I found that Bell regarded Wagner as a great composer, I bought a vocal score of Lohengrin: the only sample to be had at the Dublin music shops. The first few bars completely converted me."
Hubbard, Elbert. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great, vol. 13: Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Lovers. Charleston, S.C.: BiblioBazaar, 2007. List: $17.99.
A reissue of the 1928 William L. Wise edition. Substantial references to Shaw on 73-75.
Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and de Gaulle. New York: Harper, 2007. Nothing in French is comparable to Shaw's Saint Joan (74).
Kennedy, Matthew. Joan Blondell: A Life Between Takes. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007. Blondell acted in Candida.
Kershaw, Baz. Theatre Ecology: Environments and Performance Events. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Fifteen references to Shaw; one on Arms.
King, Annie Papreck. "Shakespeare's Shavian Cleopatra." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 165-74.
Lakin, Warren. Driving Miss Smith: A Memoir of Linda Smith. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2007.
A successful Radio 4 comedian of the late twentieth century. Her family gave her the complete works of Shaw when she left home.
Lerner, Alan Jay, and Frederick Loewe. My Fair Lady. The musical score. Van Nuys, Calif.: Alfred Publishing, 2007. Not seen.
Li, Kay. Bernard Shaw and China: Cross-Cultural Encounters. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2007.
Includes "Prologue: Xiao Bo-na [Bernard Shaw] and China: (Un)Intended Encounters," "1. Bernard Shaw and China: Cross-Cultural Encounters," "2. Shaw, Confucius, and Sir Robert Ho Tung: From Inverse Cultural Appropriation to Cultural Infusion," "3. Shaw's Works in Chinese: From Sinicization to Cultural Translation," "4. The First Chinese Production of a Shaw Play [Mrs Warren]: Difficulties in Cross-Cultural Translations," "5. Repercussions of the First Chinese Production of a Shaw Play: Factors for Cross-Cultural Adaptations," "6. Shaw's Passage to China: Confronting Chinese Nationalism," "7. The Performance of Shaw's Plays in Modern China: Constructions of the Myth of the Nation," and "8. China with a Mind of Its Own: CyberShaw and the Pygmalion Effect." To be reviewed in SHAW 29.
Mann, William J. Kate: The Woman Who Was Hepburn. New York: Picador Reprint, 2007. Hardcover issue in 2006. Many references to Shaw.
Martin, Andrew. The Blackpool Highflyer: A Jim Stringer Mystery. Fort Washington, Pa.: Harvest Books, 2007.
Hardcover in 2004. Shaw reference: "A book had been pitched among the leaves of the fern: a book [End Page 280] of plays by George Bernard Shaw. I picked it out. 'They're going brown at all the edges,' I said. 'What? The books?' said George. 'Better get 'em read, in that case.' 'The plants,' I said" (64).
Meisel, Martin. "Shaw, Stoppard, and 'Audible Intelligibility." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 42-58.
Meyers, Jeffrey. Grandes matrimonios en la literatura. Mexico City: Grupo Editiones Tomo, 2007.
Spanish translation of Meyers's Married to Genius (2005). In a discussion of nine major writers who were married, includes a chapter on the Shaws.
Moi, Toril. Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theater, Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Paper. Hardcover 2006.
Shows how unexpected Ibsen's rise to world fame was and the extent of his influence on writers such as Shaw, Wilde, and Joyce.
Morra, Irene. Twentieth-Century British Authors and the Rise of Opera in Britain. London: Ashgate, 2007.
Shaw is important. Intelligent credit to his music criticism.
Pfeifer, Barbara. "A Dramatist for All Seasons: Bernard Shaw in Vienna, 1933-1945." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 105-17.
Pharand, Michel W. "Getting Published: Grant Richards and the Shaw Book." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 69-86. See also Crawford, MaryAnn, above.
Porter, Bernard. Critics of Empire: British Radicals and the Imperial Challenge. London: I. B. Tauris, 2008. Paper and hardcover. Seven references to G.B.S.
Porter, Vincent. See Harper, Sue, above.
Ritschel, Nelson O'Ceallaigh. "Shaw, Connolly, and the Irish Citizen Army." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 118-34.
Ryan, Vanessa L. "'Considering the Alternatives . . .': Shaw and the Death of the Intellectual." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 175-89.
Saerchinger, Cesar. Hello America: Radio Adventures in Europe. [City not known]: Read Books, 2008. Paper. Hardcover by Houghton-Mifflin, 1938.
Chapter 4 is "Get Shaw on Anything" (50-64), to do with radio, that is. Listed on Amazon.com .
Sage, Steven F. Ibsen and Hitler: The Playwright, the Plagiarist, and the Plot for the Third Reich. New York: Basic Books, 2007. Hardcover 2006. Some references to Shaw's championing of Ibsen.
Saint Joan: Shaw Festival 2007
(Shaw Festival production program). Includes "Director's Notes" by Deragh Campbell and "Joan the Remade" by Tracy C. Davis, which notes, "Shaw echoes nineteenth-century views of her as a precursor of the Reformation," and also the origins of the nurturing nationalism in Europe that would be made [End Page 281] an obscenity by the Third Reich. In addition to summarizing the ways in which Saint Joan was appropriated by "secular factions with markedly contrasting agendas," Davis reviews the levels of celebration the ultimate rehabilitation of Joan by canonization in 1920 was given in the United States, Rome, England, and Paris.
Sanger, Margaret. The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger. Ed. Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, and Peter C. Engelman. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. Paper. Hardcover in 2002.
The editors' organization of the materials traces Sanger's life and work with other reformers and activists, including Shaw.
Saslav, Isidor. "Shaw's Letters in Other People's Books: 'The Orphans."' SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 201-12.
Sebba, Anne. American Jennie: The Remarkable Life of Lady Randolph Churchill. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
Mother to Winston Churchill, she was a friend to Shaw and Mrs. Patrick Campbell.
Senelick, Laurence. "'More Looked at Than Listened To': Shaw on the Prerevolutionary Russian Stage." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 87-104.
Smith, Janna Malamud. My Father Is a Book: A Memoir of Bernard Malamud. New York: Mariner Books, 2007. Malamud read Shaw (43).
Sparks, Julie A. "Dick Dudgeon, Caesar, and Captain Brassbound in Poland (G. B. Shaw's Unconventional Hero in Three Plays for Puritans, by Malgorzata Bielecka)." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 236-37.
Stetz, Margaret D. Facing the Late Victorians: Portraits of Writers and Artists. Newark: University of Delaware, 2007.
A "lavishly illustrated" catalog of the Mark Samuels Lasner Collection, which was on exhibit at the Grolier Club (New York) in 2007, February to April. Two portraits of G.B.S. are included in the exhibition. Not seen.
Turco, Alfred. See Holeman, J. K., above.
Van Vuuren, Melissa S., and Angela Courtney. "George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856-2 November 1950)." In Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 332, 186-205. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007.
This article in a volume titled "Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature" is deficient in major ways: It does not note Charles A. Carpenter's bibliography of secondary sources on Shaw; the International Shaw Society and its Web site; the periodicals devoted to Shaw; the societies in Ireland, Japan, India, England, and the United States; or one of the world's major Shaw repositories in the archive at the University of Guelph, Ontario. To the Guelph collection, which includes materials from the Shaw Festival, the Hamon Collection, and the Dan Laurence Collection, will soon be added Leonard Conolly's important "Audio-Visual Shaw" [End Page 282] collection. The Guelph theater archives as a whole are named the "L. W. Conolly Theatre Archives."
Watts, Alan W. In My Own Way: An Autobiography. Novato: New World Library, 2007.
First edition in 1972. A very popular personality and writer in the U.S. zen movement in the mid-twentieth century. He read Shaw.
Weintraub, Stanley. "King Magnus and King Minus: A Play and a Playlet." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 11-27.
———. "More Shaw on the Great War (What Shaw Really Wrote About the War, edited by J. L. Wisenthal and Daniel O' Leary)." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 230-32.
Welcome to the Shavian World. Ed. the Bernard Shaw Society of Japan (BSSJ). Tokyo: Bunkashobo-Hakubunsha, 2006.
In Japanese. "A guidebook . . . to commemorate the playwright's 150th birth year. Although he was fairly popular before World War II, Shaw is far from popular in Japan today; his plays are seldom produced—once in nearly ten years or so—and most of the translations of his works are out of print. Probably Shaw is only slightly known by the public as the author of the original play for My Fair Lady.
"The book [is] . . . to reintroduce Shaw to the Japanese in the 21st century. The members of the BSSJ would like to show what he wrote, what he did, and what influence he had on other writers and the world. We also hope that this book will help young people, especially university students, to become interested in Shaw and to start reading his plays."
The contents are written by a number of Japanese Shaw scholar contributors, in five chapters, which include a chapter with individual short discussions of twenty of Shaw's plays and his books on Wagner and Ibsen. Contributors are Tetsuo Anzai, Taketoshi Furomoto, Toshihiro Iida, Tetsuya Isobe, Kenji Kono, Junko Matoba, Hisashi Morikawa, Minoru Morioka, Masako Obata, Mariko Oe, Masafumi Ogiso, Tatsuo Otsuka, Ryuichi Oura, Totaro Shimamura, Kiyoshi Shinkuma, and Ryuichi Suzuki.
Wilson, Edmund. Edmund Wilson: Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1930s and 1940s: The Triple Thinkers, The Wound and the Bow, Classics and Commercials, Uncollected Reviews.Library of America 177. Ed. Lewis M. Dabney. New York: Library of America, 2007. At least eighty-one pages with references to Shaw.
Wise, Ivan. "The Voice of Shaw (The Spoken Word, Two-CD Set, by Bernard Shaw)." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 27 (2007): 233-35.
Womack, Kenneth. Long and Winding Roads: The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007. In the 1960s, Paul McCartney auditioned for the role of Warwick in [End Page 283] the Liverpool Institute's production of Saint Joan and became mortified when he was relegated to a minor role.
Wyke, Maria, ed. Julius Caesar in Western Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
Also issued by Colchester: Granta Books, 2007. Many references to Shaw.
III. Periodicals
Allen, Brooke. "Heartbroken Wrecks" review of Roundabout Theater (New York) production of Heartbreak. New Criterion 25, no. 3 (November 2006): 37.
Als, Hilton. "Love for Sale: A Revival of Pygmalion" review of Roundabout Theater (New York) production. New Yorker, October 29, 2007, 98-99.
Amalric, Jean-Claude. Review of A. M. Gibbs's Bernard Shaw. Études Anglaises 60, no. 2 (April-June 2007): 242-44.
"Arms and the Man," production announcement for Rude Guerrilla Theater (Santa Anna, California). Back Stage West 14, no. 48 (November 29, 2007): 29.
Bellafante, Ginia. "The Life of a Scullery Maid or Factory Slave? No Thanks," review of Berkshire Theater (Stockbridge, Mass.) production of Mrs Warren. New York Times, August 28, 2007, B6.
Billington, Michael. "Major Barbara," review of Olivier Theatre (London) production. Guardian, March 5, 2008, Arts section.
———. "Quadruple Bill," contains review of the Orange Tree Theatre (Richmond) production of Shakes vs. Shav. Guardian Unlimited, June 13, 2007, Arts section.
Blankenship, Mark. "The Devil's Disciple," review of the Irish Repertory Theater production. Variety 409, no. 6 (December 24, 2007): 25.
Bows, Bob. "Her Husband or a Younger Man? Shaw's 'Candida' Must Decide," review of the Germinal Stage (Denver) production. Denver Post, February 15, 2008, F16.
Brantley, Ben. "Forecast: Rain in Spain, with No Chance of Song," review of American Airlines Theater (Manhattan) production of Pygmalion. New York Times, October 19, 2007, B21-22.
Bullock, Ken. "The Theater: A Panoply of Strange Customers at the Rep," review of the Berkeley Repertory (Calif.) production of Heartbreak. Berkeley Daily Planet, July 9, 2007, http://www.berkeleydaily.org .
Bushe, Andrew. "How Dev [Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera] Blew Our Chance to Own My Fair Lady." Daily Mail, December 28, 2007, 21.
Recently opened records show that Shaw made the offer to the taoiseach in discussions between 1945 and 1947. The enormous royalties went to other beneficiaries. [End Page 284]
Byrne, Terry. "A Passion Unfolds in Letters Between a Dynamic Duo," review of Gloucester (Mass.) Stage Company production of Dear Liar. Boston Globe, July 25, 2007, F3.
Carter, Alice T. "Dialects Play Big Role in My Fair Lady," review of Benedum Center (Pittsburgh) production. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, September 16, 2007.
Carter, John. "Heartbreak House Will Be Staged on Jacksonville University [Florida] Campus," production announcement. Florida Times Union, September 29, 2007, K9.
Cavanaugh, Jack. "Polly Lauder Tunney, 100, Fighter's Widow, Dies." New York Times, April 15, 2008, "Other Sports" section. The wife of Gene Tunney and mother of Jay Tunney, who has pursued an academic and personal interest in Shaw, who was a good friend to his father.
Chamberlain, Adrian. "Chemainus [Theatre, Victoria, Canada] Tackles Saint Joan's Paradox," production review. Times Colonist, April 20, 2008.
Chappelow, Allan. "Then and Now," a reprint of the December 22, 1961, review by Lawrence Irving of Chappelow's Shaw the Villager and Human Being. TLS, February 8, 2008, 16. The trial for the 2006 murder of Chappelow began in early February 2008.
Clarke, Arthur. "Shaw and the Sound Barrier." Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter 1960), http://www.vqronline.org (March 19, 2008).
Clarke died on March 19, 2008, and the Virginia Quarterly Review put this article of Shaw's correspondence with Clarke on its Web site as part of a memorial discourse. See also "Shaw and the Sound Barrier," in I. Works by Shaw, above.
Cohen, Howard. "Humor Keeps the Lady Fresh," review of Miami's Carnival Center for the Performing Arts production of My Fair Lady. Miami Herald, December 19, 2007.
Cohen, Patricia. "The Theatrical Katherine Hepburn in Journals and Letters." New York Times, October 30, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/theater/30kate.html? .
Hepburn read Shaw from an early age, encouraged by her parents. This article is a feature on theater-related materials forming a gift to the New York Public Library, four years after her death. One letter is from Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, who, with his wife Armina, was trying to get Shaw to sign off for Hepburn on a production of Millionairess. Langner represented the meeting as a script:
GBS: What sort of an athlete is Kate? She had to do judo. That's what you call jiu-jitsu.
Armina: She a very good athlete. [End Page 285]
GBS: (not hearing correctly) I know she's a good actress. I mean is she strong?
Armina: Is she strong? why, she gets up and plays tennis every morning. She's one of the most athletic girls I know. She's terrific.
GBS: Then I think its dangerous for her to play the part.
LL (getting a word in edgeways): Why?
GBS: Dangerous for the actor she's doing the judo with. She'll probably kill him.
LL: Oh, no, GBS. She's a very tender-hearted girl. She wouldn't kill another actor.
Coutts, John. "Letters to the Editor: Major Barbara." TLS, April 4, 2008, 6.
A footnote remark on Lucie Sutherland's March 21 TLS review of Barbara, noting the implications of Shaw's non-Christianity.
Craig, Pat. "Current Off-Broadway Hit Headline Aurora Theatre's [Berkeley] Season," review of Devil's Disciple. Contra Costa Times (Walnut Creek, Calif.), March 21, 2008.
———. "Shaw's Powerful Superman Soars," review of California Shakespeare Theater production. Contra Costa Times (Walnut Creek, Calif.), July 10, 2007.
———. "Traveling Jewish Theatre Gives Dead Mother Her Due." Mercury News (San Jose), January 18, 2008, http://www.mercurynews.com .
David Greenspan's play is in part a "send-up of Shaw's Don Juan in Hell, with Alice B. Toklas as either the devil or just a nice lady at the Styx Ferry terminal."
Dabkowski, Colin. "Life of Joan: Tara Rosling Embraces the Role of the Martyr," review of Shaw Festival's Saint Joan. Buffalo News, May 11, 2007, G15.
Daniels, Anthony. "The Cure for Bernard Shaw." New Criterion 26, no. 2 (October 2007): 4-9.
Daniels seems to identify himself as a medical doctor. The following response to the article by Stanley Weintraub is with permission: "It is a piece in ignorant schoolboy humor about Shaw's eccentricities in medical and dress matters—largely on vaccination and Jaeger clothing—which to this idiot invalidate all of Shaw writings. He seems not to know, for example, that Shaw's anti-vaccination polemics (obviously silly) arose from getting smallpox after being vaccinated. In any case, Shaw's health idiosyncrasies certainly shortened his life, as he didn't make it to 95. And few if any of them negatively impact his plays, of which Daniels is largely ignorant. Still, he was 'cured' of his admiration for Shaw. Daniels should write learnedly equivalent trashing pieces on Newton, Darwin, Dr. Johnson, Tolstoy, Rossetti, Einstein, and other eccentrics. He has a book there." [End Page 286]
Delaney, Frank. Tipperary: A Novel. New York: Random House, 2007.
The early twentieth-century civil war in Ireland is the setting for the novel's embedded story of the itinerant healer Charles O'Brien. He seeks advice from W. B. Yeats and Shaw.
Dietrich, Richard F. Review of L. W. Conolly's edition of Mrs Warren's Profession. University of Toronto Quarterly 77, no. 1 (2008).
D'Souza, Karen. "Shaw Can Still Be Shocking," review of Berkeley (Calif.) Shotgun Players Mrs Warren production. San Jose Mercury News, March 26, 2008.
———. "A Superlative Take on Shaw: Man and Superman Captures Playwright's Biting Wit," review of the California Shakespeare Theater (Berkeley) production. San Jose Mercury News, July 19, 2007.
Eck, Michael. "Laughs Missing from Shaw Classic," review of Theatre Company at Hubbard Hall (Albany, N.Y.) production of Heartbreak. Albany Times Union, March 11, 2008, E7.
Einsohn, H. I. Review of Kay Li's Bernard Shaw and China. Choice, April 2008: 1338.
Evans, Lloyd. "Water Torture," includes review of Olivier Theatre (London) production of Saint Joan. Spectator, July 21, 2007, 46.
Flitton, Stuart. "The Shavian Art of Letters to the Times," review of Ronald Ford's edition of Shaw's letters. The Times, June 30, 2007, 80.
Forn, Juan. "El otro, el mismo. Cuando Frank Harris retrato a G. B. Shaw." Revista de Occidente 314-15 (July 2007): 195-205. In Spanish. Not seen.
Fox, Margalit. "Dan H. Laurence, 87, Bibliographer and George Bernard Shaw Scholar, Dies." New York Times, February 10, 2008, A34. An obituary article for Dan H. Laurence.
Gahan, Peter. Review of J. L. Wisenthal and Daniel O'Leary's edition of Shaw's writing on the war. English Literature in Transition 50, no. 3 (Summer 2007): 333-34.
Geier, Thom. "Language Barrier," review of Broadway Theater production of Pygmalion. Entertainment Weekly 962 (November 2, 2007): 70.
Hall, Peter. "A Shaw Thing Peter Hall, Now Directing a New [Theatre Royal, Bath] Production of Pygmalion, Reflects on Its Writer's Genius for Mixing the Comic and the Serious." Financial Times, June 16, 2007, 15. "Shaw pursued laughter as a way of being taken seriously."
Hurwitt, Robert. "Tragicomic Heartbreak Tilts Toward Laughter," review of the Berkeley Repertory Roda Theatre production. San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, 2007, E1.
Hwang, Hoonsung. "The Plot Structure of George Bernard Shaw's Didactic Plays Influenced by Ibsenism." Journal of Modern British and American Drama 19, no. 2 (2006): 147-68.
In Chinese. Selection from the English abstract: "Shaw's contemporary stage is inundated with cheap [End Page 287] romantic comedies fettered by the convention of Well-made play. In an attempt to debunk this 'ridiculous' convention, Shaw proposes to emulate Ibsen's dramaturgy in terms of 'discussion' and 'naturalism,' which would guarantee to elevate the role of stage to 'a temple of the Ascent of Man' like a church or school. His dramatic experiment under the tutelage of Ibsenism is pervasive in most of the significant works in his dramatic career: ranging from those included in Plays Unpleasant (Widower' Houses, The Philanderer, Mrs Warren's Profession) to those discussion scenes in Saint Joan, Heartbreak House, and Man and Superman. In a sense, Shaw gives up the process of plot development while enjoying the digression of 'cerebral capers in inconsiderate exuberance.'
"In this essay, I have made a comparative analysis of Shaw's Pygmalion and Ibsen's A Doll's House with a view to illuminating the relationship of influence as well as the nature of modernity on stage at the turn of this century. Focused on a single issue, i.e., Nora's battle to find herself, the discussion initiated by Nora in A Doll's House is impregnated with dramatic ironies and trenchant criticism of the contemporary structure of patriarchy. However, diluted and contaminated by Eliza's romantic sentiment toward Higgins, the discussion transpiring between Eliza and Higgins is insipid and unconvincing. In a final analysis, the introduction of discussion in Pygmalion falls short of achieving didactic purpose or dramatic pleasure, which has canonized A Doll's House as world masterpiece."
Innes, Christopher. Review of A. M. Gibbs's Bernard Shaw. Victorian Studies 49, no. 2 (Winter 2007): 374-77.
"In Passing: Deborah Kerr, 86, Actress." Maclean's, November 5, 2007, 6. Kerr's first screen role was in the 1941 production of Major Barbara.
Jang, Lei-Hee. "Shaw and Galtonian Eugenics in Victorian Britain: Breeding Superman in Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman." Journal of Modern British and American Drama 20, no. 3 (2007): 225-50.
In Chinese. Selection from the English abstract: "Examines Developments in Bernard Shaw's scientific and intellectual thinking on evolution and eugenics during the Victorian period comparing these with how his contemporaries reflect changes in thought on the subject and related issues but also explores how Shaw's ideas on eugenics are perceived in his Man and Superman. Shaw develops the Galtonian eugenic idea of improving the human race through selective reproduction to create a superior man with his view of the eugenic breeding of the superman. . . . In this regard, real social progress can be achieved only through every individual's evolution into a superman."
Johnson, Andrew. "The Extraordinary Case of Britain's Most Secret Murder Trial." Independent.com.uk, January 27, 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk/news . [End Page 288]
More on the extraordinary developments in the trial of the accused murderer of Alan Chappelow in June 2006, with some details of Chappelow's personality in the last years of his life.
Jones, Chris. "Houses Has Laughs, but Little Social Relevance," review of the Timeline Theatre Company production of Widowers' Houses. Chicago Tribune, May 9, 2007.
———. "Our Enemies' Playwright [Yussef] El Guindi Has Read His Shaw." ChicagoTribune.com, March 14, 2008, http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment .
Guindi says, "I'm a big fan of George Bernard Shaw." Jones says, "Our Enemies: Lively Scenes of Love and Combat . . . [is] gutsy and whip-smart, the play is about the contemporary Arab American experience and, indeed, the immigrant experience in general. And it is, most assuredly, Shavian."
———. "A Show's a Show, but Fests Are High Fashion." Chicago Tribune, January 11, 2008, Entertainment section.
The 2007 Shaw Festival season production of Saint Joan visits Chicago's Navy Pier venue through January 20, 2008.
———. "Writer's Theatre [Chicago] Lands Two World Premieres." Chicago Tribune, April 1, 2008.
Production announcement of new musical version of Candida: music by Josh Schmidt, lyrics by Jan Tranen, directed by Michael Halberstam.
Kennedy, Louise. "At the Publick [Theatre (Boston)], A Witty Poke at Hypocrisy" review of Misalliance. Boston Globe, July 13, 2007, D4.
———. "This Fair Lady Is Easy to Love," review of the Opera House (Boston) production. Boston Globe, February 8, 2008, D5.
Koontz, John P. "Mozart and Shaw." Independent Shavian 44, no. 3 (2006): 70-73.
Mozart's Giovanni, for example, "does not deny, he does more than that—he defies. And this defiance takes on a heroic form. . . . With Shaw the stakes are simply too low. . . . For Mozart and for his audience, the arc of Giovanni's life and death is truly spectacular. This is something Goethe immediately grasped. But Shaw never did. . . . He regarded the tale of Don Juan as one unfortunate misunderstanding. Blind to the defiant, to the heroic, he was left with the merely comic."
Krystal, Arthur. "Annals of Letters: Age of Reason: Jacques Barzun at One Hundred." New Yorker, October 22, 2007, 94-103.
A celebration of Barzun that quotes one of Barzun's many comments on G.B.S.: "Shaw knows at any moment, on any subject, what he thinks, what you will think, what others have thought, what all this thinking entails. . . . Shaw is perhaps the most consciously conscious mind that has ever thought—certainly the most conscious since Rousseau; which may be why both of them often create the same impression of insincerity amounting to charlatanism." [End Page 289]
Levitt, Paul. "Justice and Salvation in Major Barbara." The Shavian 10, no. 4 (Spring 2007): 8-11.
"If . . . the [apparently incoherent] second act of [Barbara] is viewed as a dialectic that pits justice, as found in the Old Testament and classical Greece, against salvation, as found in the New Testament, then the second act presents a superb and coherent thesis and antithesis that find their synthesis in the third act, where we learn that salvation can be realized only through the justice found in a Fabian society."
Li, Kay. Review of A. M. Gibbs's Bernard Shaw. English Studies 88, no. 6 (December 2007): 736-37.
Lowry, Mark. "So Timely, You'd Never Guess It's 100 Years Old," review of the Stage West (Fort Worth) production of Major Barbara. Fort Worth Star-Telegram, March 24, 2008.
McCarter, Jeremy. "One Cheer for the Roundabout [Theatre (New York)]: Pygmalion Shows Exactly What the Company Should Be Doing . . . ," review. New York, October 29, 2007, 126.
McSmith, Andy. "Shaw and the Saint [Joan] Who Brought Him Back to Life." The Independent (London), July 21, 2007.
A feature piece on the revival of Joan at the Olivier Theatre, which briefly picks up the story of the decline of Shaw's currency after 1950 and includes John Osborne's 1977 bizarre insult: "It is clearer to me than ever that Shaw is the most fraudulent, inept writer of Victorian melodramas ever to gull a timid critic or fool a dull public. . . . He writes like a Pakistani who had learnt English when he was 12. . . . I have read these plays, watched them, indeed toured as an actor in them—they are posturing and wind and rubbish."
Millard, Rosie. "Saints and Sinners," review of the Olivier Theatre (London) production of Joan. New Statesman, July 23, 2007, 46.
Milmo, Cahal. "Millionaire Author 'Was Killed for His Identity.'" The Independent, February 2, 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk .
Additional details on the murder of Alan Chappelow in June 2006.
Mizell, Leslie. "'Mrs Warren' Showing Its Age but Remains Solid," review of the Triad Stage (Greensboro, N.C.) production. News and Record (Piedmont, N.C.), February 3, 2008, B7.
Muckian, Michael. "Misalliance Is Rich Comic Stew," review of the American Players Theatre (Spring Green, Wisc.) production. Capital Times, June 25, 2007, B8.
"My Fair Lady," AAODS Junior Section (Cardiff, Wales) production announcement. Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), November 23, 2007, 8.
Nathan, Rhoda. "Major Barbara: Plot Synopsis; Critical Essay: He Knows Nothing and Thinks He Knows Everything." In Guide to the Seasons Plays, 2007-2008 Season. Washington, D.C.: Shakespeare Theatre, 2007. Not seen. [End Page 290]
"Obituary: Joseph Weizenbaum." New York Times, March 13, 2008, A20.
Weizenbaum invented a once-famous conversational computer program, Eliza, which foreshadowed the potential of artificial intelligence. He named it for Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion, especially because it did appear to give a computer the unlikely ability to think when few believed such a capability possible.
O'Hara, Michael M. Review of A. M. Gibbs's Bernard Shaw. Theatre History Studies 27 (2007): 143-46.
Ouzounian, Richard. "Classic Makeovers: [Des] McAnuff Takes on the Bard [and] Shaw," production announcement by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival of the season's mounting of Romeo and Caesar. Variety, August 27, 2007, 120.
Page, Chris. "Two E. V. Plays Civilize the Opposite Sex," in part a review of theMesa Arts Center (Mesa, Ariz.) production of Pygmalion. Tribune (Mesa), April 6, 2008.
"[Paula] Prentiss at BoarsHead Theatre [Lansing, Mich.]," production announcement of Mrs Warren. Grand Rapids Press, June 3, 2007, C10.
Pharand, Michel W. Review of A. M. Gibbs's Bernard Shaw. Modern Language Review 102, no. 4 (October 2007): 1149-50.
The Philanderer: Shaw Festival 2007 (Shaw Festival production program).
Includes "Director's Notes" by Alisa Palmer and "The Ibsen Factor" by Ann Wilson, who comments, "The broad terms of the play, a study of how men and women fashion roles for themselves, retains currency." Wilson also reviews the influence of Ibsen on William Archer and Elizabeth Robins and concludes, "Shaw, Archer, and Robins circulated in the same milieu of political activism. For each, Ibsen was important: for all, as a playwright who challenged Victorian certainties; for Shaw, as a theatrical and political inspiration; for Archer, as a poet; for Robins, as a fellow artist. And for the Shaw Festival [Ibsen is] a Shavian contemporary with a canon of great plays for the repertoire."
Rahim, Sameer. "She'd Stake Her Life on It," review of Olivier Theatre (London) production of Saint Joan. TLS, July 27, 2007, 16.
Redman, Bridgette. "Front Row Center: Resolve to Embrace the Arts in 2008." The Hub: Lansing State Journal, January 3, 2008.
Note that in the Lansing, Michigan, area, there were at least five Shaw productions in 2007: Doctor's Dilemma, Saint Joan, Methuselah, Mrs Warren, and Pygmalion.
———. "Front Row Center: Shaw Feast Continues at Michigan State [University, Lansing]," Fairchild Theatre production announcement of Pygmalion. The Hub: Lansing State Journal, October 5, 2007.
"Review of Reviews: Pygmalion," review(s) of the American Airlines Theater (New York) production. The Week, November 2, 2007, 28. [End Page 291]
Roche, Anthony. Review of Peter Gahan's Shaw Shadows. Irish University Review 37, no. 2 (Autumn-Winter 2007): 586-89.
Root-Bernstein, Robert. Review of David R. Riddle's Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms (2007). Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 23 (2007): 2798-99.
Shaw (94) is a candidate case, along with Grandma Moses (101) and Madame Calment (122).
Roy, Emil. "G. B. Shaw's Heartbreak House and Harold Pinter's The Homecoming: Comedies of Implosion." Comparative Drama 41, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 335-48.
"In Heartbreak House and Pinter's work, both playwrights have not so much abandoned the hackneyed conventions of the well-made, three-act play as they have hollowed it out, slowed its pace and sought poetic, highly evocative language and action. They build their mastery of stagecraft on the ruins of earlier dramatic contrivances designed either to hide their often flimsy plotting . . . or to be parodied, most brilliantly in much of Shaw and Oscar Wilde. . . . Shaw still clings to the pretense that his characters are artfully constructed amalgams of opposites, complicated but knowable. For his part Pinter affirms a deeply rooted uncertainty principle regarding the knowability of his characters indebted as much to his social ambience as to Beckett. . . . Shaw's outdated social distinctions have not so much disappeared in The Homecoming as they have been posited, then undermined and negated."
Schulman, Michael. "The Boards: You Say Potato." New Yorker, October 22, 2007, 60-62.
A warm-up production announcement for the Roundabout's (New York) revival of Pygmalion at the American Airlines Theatre, which notices Majella Hurley, an English dialect coach brought in to help Claire Danes play Eliza.
"Shaw, George Bernard." Irish University Review 37, no. 2 (Autumn/Winter 2007): 551-52.
Fifteen entries in the International Association for the Study of Irish Literatures annual bibliography for 2006. Five items not listed in this checklist.
"Shaw's Bite Still Leaves Its Mark," review of National Theatre (London) production of Major Barbara. Sunday Herald (Scotland's Independent Newspaper), March 8, 2008.
"Shorn Shaw Makes Hellava Show," review of the Irish Repertory (New York) production of Devil's Disciple. New York Post, December 31, 2007, 28.
Shortall, Eithne. "Gold Dust in Shaw's Letters to a Binman." Sunday Times (London), March 30, 2008, 6.
Ten letters of a correspondence between Shaw and Patrick O'Reilly, a chairman of the Dublin branch of the Irish Labour Party, were expected to bring Euro 15,000 at auction. Dan Laurence's Collected Letters of Shaw show three to O'Reilly. [End Page 292] The topic was designing and erecting a commemorative plaque at Shaw's birthplace on Synge Street.
Sims, David. "Salvation: Paging George Bernard Shaw, Vests, Breastplates and Capes Worn with Graphically Patterned Minidresses and Leggings Add Up to a Look That's Part Joan of Arc, Part Motley Crew." W 37, no. 3 (March 2008): 416-18.
Not seen. At least ten illustrations.
Smoker, Barbara. "God and GBS." The Shavian 10, no. 5 (Winter 2008): 2-9.
"Shaw did indeed declare that the Life Force is still evolving, that it operates through trial and error, and that, for instance, it could not think without the material structure of our brains to think with.
"That is a reversion to Aristotle, who proclaimed that the phenomena of life and mind are due to immaterial principles that could nevertheless not exist apart from matter. But it does not seem to tally with what Shaw says in the Freethinker letter and elsewhere, let alone with the impracticable advice he gave to Fenner Brockway, which presupposes self-existent thought to produce purposeful desire. So it looks as if Shaw never clarified in his own mind what he did mean by the Life Force."
Stafford, Tony. "Great Creating Nature and Human Invention in Shaw's Heartbreak House." The Shavian 10, no. 4 (Spring 2007): 12-23.
The "pairing of the epitome of the human inventiveness of Beethoven and the human inventiveness of the destructive bombs completes the theme of invention. Human beings contain within them simultaneously the capacity for both good and evil, and great creating Nature, in Shaw's treatment of it, remains the better influence."
Sutherland, Lucie. "Arms for Oblivion: Inside Shaw's Dramatic Factory of Thought," review of the Olivier Theatre (London) production of Major Barbara. TLS, March 21, 2008, 17.
Thornton, Michael. "The Siren Who Disappeared: Uncovering the Mystery of Britain's First Sex Symbol." Daily Mail, March 27, 2008, news section.
The subject is bisexual Frances Day, actress and singer, who inspired Eleanor Roosevelt and Shaw. She got Shaw, at ninety-two, to write Buoyant Billions for her. By 1981 she had changed her name to Samta Young Johnson and taken up residence in Maidenhead, Berkshire. She died in 1984. A substantial feature article.
Thorp, Brandon K. "Sacred Screwball: Shaw's War and Words Come to New Theatre [Coral Gables] in Saint Joan," production review. New Miami Times, August 23, 2007.
Topper, Scott. "Family Foibles Brought to Life in Misalliance," review of American Players Theatre (Spring Green, Wisc.) production. Wisconsin State Journal, July 15, 2007, G1.
Turco, Alfred. "Nobody's Perfect: GBS as Wagnerite." Leitmotive: The Journal of the Wagner Society of Northern California 19, no. 3 (Fall 2005): [End Page 293] 2-5, 16.
The second installment of a two-part piece. Picking up where part 1 ended (see "Checklist" for SHAW 26), Turco maintains that Shaw's treatment of Wotan as the hero of the tetralogy has as much to do with depth psychology as with political allegory. The one meeting between Siegfried and Wotan (now disguised as "The Wanderer") is for Shaw the climax of the cycle before Wagner lost track of his own thematic conception. The dramatist who wrote that "all my characters are right from their several points of view; and their points of view are, for the dramatic moment, mine also" builds a case that even unappealing personages such as Fricka and Alberich are entitled to an empathetic hearing—mere dismissal being too easy a response. Far from disparaging all the music of Die Götterdämmerung, Shaw grants that much of it is "enormously elaborate and gorgeous"—but holds nonetheless that the pessimistic Schopenhauerian overlay was an afterthought rather than (as the composer insisted) the originating impulse of the work. Wagner's impact on Shaw's own plays and thought was immense—all the more so in instances where he may have been unconscious of it. Turco stresses that The Perfect Wagnerite is the only major book on Wagner written by a dramatist arguably of his own rank, whose works are often structured around the dialectical interplay of ideas. (This two-part essay is based on a transcript of lectures delivered to the Wagner Society of Northern California in June 2005 and the Wagner Society of Washington, D.C., in May 2007. It is a work in progress.)
Waters, Steve. "Keeping It Real." New Statesman, April 17, 2008, http://www.newstatesman.com .
Waters discusses the genesis and context of his play Fast Labour, in which he evokes a naturalism he describes as in the worldview of Ibsen and Shaw and which Brecht found reactionary. He argues to set Brecht's view aside. A naturalist drama may be progressive.
Weaver, Neal. "Why Marry? [first published 1917] At the Secret Rose Theatre [North Hollywood]." Back Stage West, May 3, 2007: 20.
Review of Jesse Lynch Williams's play, revived, that owes much to inspiration of Shaw's Getting Married and You Never Can Tell.
Weintraub, Stanley. "Rebels Without a Cause: The Gospel According to George Bernard Shaw." TLS, July 20, 2007, 13-15.
A magisterial exegesis of Shaw's blank verse Passion Play: A Dramatic Fragment (ca. 1878; published in 1971 and 1974). It interprets Shaw's unique representation of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph and a number of other New Testament personalities. Interesting as well is Weintraub's speculation upon how the play might have ended. It takes into account the alterations Shaw interpolated, for example, as follows: "In Shaw, that end would not have been arranged for thirty pieces of silver, for his Judas [End Page 294] is already wealthy; nor would it have been an act of treachery, for the martyrdom would have been at Jesus's bidding. But Shaw, whose creative thrust would always be satiric, would not have closed with anything that did more than foreshadow a death ordained for the wrong reasons. Endings for him were always paradoxical, and ended little. Audiences were often left to contemplate an unwritten next Act. A rebel and unbeliever at twenty-one, Shaw could not have written a 'Passion Play' in the conventional sense. If he were planning an ironic use of passion, with a lover entering (or re-entering) the life of Jesus, even if too late, Mary Magdalene was waiting."
———. "Shaw for the Here and Now." Collections 12 (2007): 12-31.
The expansion of a talk given at the International Shaw Society conference in Sarasota, Florida, 2004.
———. "Shaw's Don Juan in Hell and Schiller's Die Räuber." English Literature in Transition 50, no. 4 (2007): 393-402.
"Shaw's creative uses of some of the rhetoric suggested by the debates among von Moor and his intellectual brigands, the dream references, the ethereal dimensions of heaven and hell, and much else in Die Räuber foreshadow Man and Superman so strikingly that Schiller must be added to Mozart among the building blocks of what may have been the first great play of the new century."
Wells, Stephen. "Stepping Onstage: Flawed and Enigmatic," review of John Morogiello's 2001 play, Engaging Shaw. New York Times: In the Region, March 2, 2008.
Westgate, J. Chris. "Heartbreak House," review of a 2007 production. Theatre Journal 59, no. 1 (March 2007): 110-12. Not seen.
Wilson, Ann. See The Philanderer, above.
Wise, Ivan. "The Enemy of the Doctor." The Shavian 10, no. 5 (Winter 2008): 22-31.
"The biggest criticisms which writers have of doctors are just the same now as in Shaw's time. they believe that doctors are charlatans, who lie to get their way out of any situation, they are ignorant and have no real idea of how to cure their patients, that they offer ineffective treatment which can actually make the patient worse, have an inappropriate bedside manner, are unconcerned about the plight of their patients, behave in a cruel manner and are greedy and only interested in financial reward."
———. "Kipling, Shaw and the War." The Shavian 10, no. 5 (Winter 2008): 10-19.
But "for most of their lives, both were sickened by the pointlessness of war, and were anxious to instill in their readers the reality of what it was really like."
———. "Saint Joan on Film." The Shavian 10, no. 4 (Spring 2007): 2-7.
A brief account of Shaw's eventual sale of the movie rights to his plays, with a concentration on the filming of Saint Joan. [End Page 295]
Wood, Hugh. "Serenade in B: How Historians, Philosophers, Modernists, Musicologists—and Musicians—Have Celebrated the Work of Sir Edward Elgar." TLS, March 21, 2008, 3-5.
This lead review of five new books on Elgar makes brief but pointed acknowledgment of the support he got from his friend, Bernard Shaw.
Bernard Shaw Studies, no. 9 (November 2007).
The Bernard Shaw Society of Japan. Includes "Bernard Shaw and Samuel Butler: The Quickening of Creative Evolution" by Minoru Morioka, "G. B. Shaw and J. M. Barrie in Adelphi Terrace" by Mariko Oe, and "On Reconciliation in Rattigan's Separate Tables" by Mayu Ochiai. In Japanese.
GBS 29 (September 2006).
The Bernard Shaw Society of Japan. Includes (based on English text only) "Shaw Looked at Anew" by Nicholas Williams, "Mrs Warren's Profession" by M. Morioka, "Mrs Warren's Profession" by M. Obata, "The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet" by T. Ohtsuka, a piece by R. Oura, "Geneva" by M. Ogiso, "Shawdolater" by M. Obata, and "Review of You Never Can Tell" by Nicholas Williams.
GBS 30 (June 2007).
The Bernard Shaw Society of Japan. Includes (based on English text only) "On the Publication of Welcome to the Shavian World" by K. Shinkuma, "Mrs Patrick Campbell in the New Century" by R. Oura, "Shaw and Wilde" by M. Morioka, "'Profession': The Philosophy of Life in Terms of 'Profession"' by T. Ohtsuka, "Peter Pan and Pygmalion" by M. Oe, "Separate Tables: A Study of Separate Tables: On the Socialist Mr. Malcolm" by M. Ochiai, "Bernard Shaw Studies in North America" by Michel W. Pharand, and "Candida: External Tranquility and Internal Intensity in Candida" by H. Morikawa. A note on the history of GBS: The first number of GBS was published in November 1972, as the journal of "the Shaw Society of Japan," changed in 1980 to "the Bernard Shaw Society of Japan." The thirty yearly numbers of the journal have followed to the present one in 2007, but it was not published in the years 1979, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1992, and 1994. Months of publication vary.
The Independent Shavian 44, no. 3 (2006). Journal of the Bernard Shaw Society.
Includes "Granville Barker: Then and Now" by Richard Nickson, "Mozart and Shaw" by John P. Koontz, "A Friendly Editorial Remonstrance," "Theater Review: Heartbreak House" by Rhoda Nathan, and "2005 Index." See also Koontz, John P., above.
The Shavian 10, no. 4 (Spring 2007).
The Journal of the Shaw Society. Includes "GBS One-Liners," "Saint Joan on Film" by Ivan Wise, "Justice and Salvation in Major Barbara" by Paul Levitt, "Great Creating Nature and Human Invention in Heartbreak House" by Tony Stafford, "An Unearthed Christmas Letter" by Barbara Smoker, "The Sesquicentenary," "Conway Hall," and "Fifty Years On." See also Levitt, [End Page 296] Paul; Stafford, Tony; and Wise, Ivan, above. See "An Unearthed Christmas Letter" in I. Works by Shaw, above.
The Shavian 10, no. 5 (Winter 2008).
The Journal of the Shaw Society. Includes "GBS Quotations," "God and GBS" by Barbara Smoker, "Kipling, Shaw and the War" by Ivan Wise, "The Enemy of the Doctor" by Ivan Wise, "Major Barbara Introduction," "In the News," and "Conway Hall." See also Smoker, Barbara; and Wise, Ivan, above.
IV. Dissertations and Selected Theses
Bentley-Wright, Kelly. "A Barthes-Shavian Exploration: The Uncharted Territory of Man and Superman." M.A. thesis, University of South Alabama, 2007.
No abstract available. WorldCat Dissertations and Theses, "Bernard Shaw, 2007-2008."
Dekker, Nicholas John. "The Modern Catalyst: German Influences on the British Stage, 1890-1918." Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2007.
"Explores the ways British theatre engaged German culture." J. T. Grein, William Archer, Bernard Shaw, and Harley Granville Barker are the main figures studied. "Bernard Shaw introduced English audiences to Richard Wagner's operas, ideas, and productions. Shaw's plays also enjoyed a rich production history in Germany through his working relationship with his translator, Siegfried Trebitsch." "In the context of WWI, their relationship to German culture changed radically." Archer turned against Germany. "Shaw, meanwhile, wrote articles criticizing British leadership during the war." OhioLink ETD, "Dekker, Nicholas," April 20, 2008.
Hultgren, Neil Emory. "Distance Overcome: Melodrama and British Imperial Fiction, 1857-1902." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 2007.
Treats Captain Brassbound's Conversion. No abstract available. WorldCat Dissertations and Theses, "Bernard Shaw, 2007-2008."
Humphries, David. "Peace and Mind: Religion, Race, and Gender Among Progressive Intellectuals and Activists." M.A. thesis, Georgia State University, 2006.
Abstract: "This paper explores how changing conceptions of religion, race, and gender at the beginning of the twentieth century promoted transnational antisystemic movements and increased cooperation between progressive intellectuals and political activists. Using the cases of Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw, W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Jane Addams, and Sylvia Pankhurst, this paper chronicles and analyzes protest to the First World War and objection to the organization of the world-system." Online at http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-121143/ . [End Page 297]
V. Recordings
Albert Einstein: Historic Recordings, 1930-1947. CD. London: British Library, 2005.
Includes a live recording of the historic fund-raising dinner on behalf of Jewish charities at the Savoy Hotel, London, in 1930 with the speeches made by Shaw and Einstein. Compiled by Richard Fairman. This CD will remain in stock for several years. Available from the British Library Online Bookshop: http://www.bl.uk/acatalog/Catalogue_ISBN_012305211_370.html . Price: £9.95.
Apple Cart. DVD, 163 min. Burbank, Calif.: Warner Home Video, 2008. Not seen.
Arms and the Man. CD. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, [2006] 2007. Available electronically from NetLibrary. Not seen.
Candida. CD. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, [1994] 2007. Available electronically from NetLibrary. Not seen.
The Devil's Disciple. CD. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, [1997] 2007. Available electronically from NetLibrary. Not seen.
The Doctor's Dilemma. CD. Princeton: Recordings for the Blind and Dyslexic, 2008. Not seen.
Eight Great Comedies [including] Arms and the Man. Princeton: Recordings for the Blind and Dyslexic, 2007. Not seen.
Essential Classics [including] My Fair Lady. 3-DVD set. Burbank, Calif.: Warner Brothers, [1964] 2007. Not seen.
Famous Authors: George Bernard Shaw. DVD, 30 min. Wallingford, Conn.: Kultur Video, 2008. List: $19.99. Not seen.
George Bernard Shaw. CD e-book plus audio. Independence, Ky.: Only the Best, 2005. Thirty-eight complete works by G.B.S. Works only in a computer. Price: $7.95 plus $3.95 shipping.
George Bernard Shaw and His Times. VHS, 38 min. New York: Insight Media, [1984] 2007.
Includes scenes from Man and Superman and includes a dramatization of Shaw rehearsing with actors that is based on The Art of Rehearsal, where Shaw outlined his theory of directing. Order from www.insight.media.com . Phone: 800-2339910. $139.00.
Heartbreak House. 3-CD set, 208 min. Washington, D.C.: Audio Book Contractors, 2007. Not seen.
Irish Theater: Raw Bones and Poetry. DVD, 50 min. New York: Insight Media, 2000.
Reviews the "history of Irish drama . . . considers the influences of . . . Wilde, Yeats, Shaw, Synge, and O'Casey." Order from www.insight.media.com . Phone: 800-233-9910. $159.00. Not seen.
John Bull's Other Island. MP3, 180 min. London: HarperCollins, 2008. $12.75. Not seen. [End Page 298]
Living Doll: Background to Shaw's "Pygmalion." DVD, 30 min. Princeton: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1997.
Explores most of the influences in the making of the film. Phone: 800-257-5126. $149.95. Not seen.
Major Barbara. DVD, 116 min. Earl Shilton, U.K.: Second Sight, [1941] 2007. Not seen.
Major Barbara. 2-DVD set, 146 min. In Chinese. Tran. Ruocheng Ying, [1994] 2007.
No other data. Listed in WorldCat; search term bernard shaw in 2007-8. Not seen.
Major Barbara. In Classical Monologues, vol. 4. Ed. Leon Katz. Princeton: Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic, 2007.
Not seen. Excerpt: "Twentieth-century English: Major Barbara, discovering the rue secret for saving souls, rededicates her life, Act IV."
Michael Holroyd on George Bernard Shaw. DVD, 53 min. Princeton: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1988.
On Shaw's biography and the effects upon Holroyd from studying G.B.S. Order from www.films.com . Phone: 800-257-5126. $149.95. Not seen.
Misalliance. CD, 105 min. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, [2004] 2007.
Available electronically from NetLibrary. Not seen.
Mrs Warren's Profession. DVD, 109 min. Burbank, Calif.: Warner Home Video, [1972] 2006. Not seen.
Mrs. Warren's Profession. In The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Victorian Age, vol. E, 8th ed. Ed. Carol T. Christ and Catherine Robson. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006. CD by Princeton: Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic, 2007. Not seen.
Music from the Olivier Films. CD. Colchester: Chandos Classics, [1991] 2007. Includes music for Major Barbara. Not seen.
My Fair Lady. DVD. Burbank, Calif.: Warner Brothers, [1964] 2007. Not seen.
Pygmalion. CD, 99 min. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, [1995] 2007. Available electronically from NetLibrary. Not seen.
Pygmalion. In The Longman Anthology of British Literature: The Twentieth Century, vol. 2C, 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2006. CD by Princeton: Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic, 2007. Not seen.
The Spoken Word: Bernard Shaw. 2-CD set. London: British Library, 2006. ISBN 0-7123-0531-9. £15.95.
"Brings together rare BBC radio recordings of Shaw speaking on a variety of subjects, ranging from drama to social equality to economics." Includes a controversial speech entitled "A Message to America." Broadcasts span the period 1931-37. Contact Ruth Howlett at British Library Press office: 020 7412-7112 or at [email protected] . [End Page 299]
VI. Bernard Shaw on the World Wide Web
Altimari, Daniela. "Pete Seeger Honored at Avon Old Farms School." Pete Seeger Appreciation Page Updates, May 11, 2008, http://peteseegersite.wordpress.com (May 14, 2008).
Seeger was Class of 1936 at the school and, at thirteen, acted in the school's production of Saint Joan.
"Bernard Shaw." Global Performing Arts Database, Cornell University, October 2002, http://www.glopad.org (April 27, 2008).
"Records include authoritative, detailed, multilingual descriptions of digital images, texts, video clips, sound recording, and complex media objects relating to the performing arts around the world." Listed sixty-six items for Shaw on April 27, 2008 (links for items 16 to 30 did not operate). High-definition electronic pictures, playbills, production programs, and photographs. Examples: Sydney Cockerell's admission ticket to Shaw's cremation and Shaw's 1908 auto club membership card: "Royal Automobile Club, 119 Piccadilly, London, W."
"Bernard Shaw: Antiquarian. . . ." eBay, http://search.ebay.com/bernardshaw (April 13, 2008).
Seventy-nine items offered on this date. A few have special interest. Examples: "Richard Ziegler Portrait of George Bernard Shaw"; signed postcard to Clarkson Rose; "stunning" signed photo print. eBay provides a temporary electronic catalog, with appropriate photos, but the catalogs are not archived after auctions are complete.
"Bernard Shaw Collection." University of Delaware Library, Manuscript Collection Number: 102 (upload date not provided), http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/shaw_ber.htm (April 24, 2008).
"Collection consists of correspondence, manuscripts, a contract, receipts, proofs, and inscriptions by the playwright." Web site lists twenty-seven folders listed with detailed descriptions of contents and about twenty names of familiar Shaw associates.
Broadway World News Desk. "Encompass Opera Presents 'Shaw Sings!' at Symphony Space [Theatre, New York]." BroadwayWorld.com , May 15, 2008.
Production announcement for June 19-22, 2008, of the Philip Hagemann compositions for comic opera versions of Passion, Poison and Petrifaction and The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. Hagemann has composed five comic operas based on Shaw's plays. The others are The Six of Calais, Music Cure, and Androcles.
[Burton, Bonnie]. "Grrl Still Kickin'—It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad Galaxy." Blatherings from Bonnigirl, November 10, 2007, http://bonnigrrl.li-vejournal.com .
Comment on Dick DeBartolo's writing in Mad Magazine includes his answer to her question, "How did it feel to have George Lucas write a fan letter to Mad Magazine calling you the [End Page 300] 'George Bernard Shaw of comic satire'?" He was thrilled. He framed it.
Cabot, Meg. The Official Website of Meg Cabot, June 26, 2007, http://www.megcabot.com .
Cabot is a novelist. The Web site advertises a critic's compliment to Cabot: "What Meg Cabot produces for us: Fun. She is the master of her genre; she is the George Bernard Shaw if not the George Eliot of chick lit."
Carpenter, Charles A. A Selective, Classified International Bibliography of Publications About Bernard Shaw: Works from 1940 to Date, with Appendix of Earlier Works, last updated on June 4, 2008, http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/Carpenter-Shaw-Bibliography-TOC .
International Shaw Society (ISS) members may also reach this link by clicking on "Bibliographies" under "Menu B." This online bibliography is a segmented version. E-mail Professor Carpenter for a one-piece version if you wish to search the entire database as a single page. Carpenter has made the bibliography available on the ISS Web site as a gift to Shaw Society members. For a very nominal cost, bibliographies of similar design and scope by Carpenter are on Barker, Becket, O'Casey, O'Neil, Pinter, Stoppard, Synge, Yeats, and Miller. He may be reached at "Al Carpenter" ( [email protected] ).
Dietrich, Richard. Shaw Bizness: Links to the Life, Times, and Work of Irish Playwright George Bernard Shaw, http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/shawbizness.html (May 21, 2008), and International Shaw Society Home Page, http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/iss (May 21, 2008).
Dietrich's two Web sites, are, in combination, by far the most important Web sites for matters about Shaw.
"George Bernard Shaw." IMDb [Internet Movie Database, upload dates seriatim], http://www.imdb.com (May 21, 2008).
Lists with basic production information almost one hundred movies/films/videos of Shaw works, in several languages, including English, Spanish, French, German, Russian, and others. See also "George Bernard Shaw" in V. Recordings, above.
"George Bernard Shaw." Technorati [upload dates seriatim], http://www.technorati.com/search/george%20bernard%20shaw (May 21, 2008).
About 28,300 nondifferentiated hits on December 12, 2006. The Technorati blog search engine yields about 150 hits, with "a lot of authority," for "George Bernard Shaw." Most of these hits are substantively lightweight. Wikipedia lists four other blog search engines, Amatomu, Bloglines, IceRocket, and Sphere.
"The George Bernard Shaw Collection." The British Library: The Integrated Catalogue [upload dates not provided], http://blpc.bl.uk/cgi-bin/print.cgi?url=/collections (April 24, 2008).
Thirty-three titles by Shaw are listed here; some are replicate. "Works privately printed by Shaw, [End Page 301] such as the playscripts he used for rehearsals." A number are represented here in different states of revision. Other titles are of works associated with Shaw.
Google Alert for: Bernard Shaw. Putting Google Alert with Bernard Shaw into the Google search engine will allow you to arrange to have e-mailed to you from "News" and "web" all new mentions of anyone/ anything named "Bernard Shaw" as they are posted.
"Happy Birthday, Peter Falk." Welcome to Limbo Blogspot.Com , September 16, 2007.
Falk, in the late 1950s, early in his career was in a Broadway production of Saint Joan.
"Inventory of the Bernard Shaw Papers, 1878-1964." Library of the University of North Carolina [no upload date], http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/s/Shaw,Bernard.html (April 24, 2008).
The fourteen-page on-line listing is of items in the Archibald Henderson collection. "Collection Overview" provides extensive description of the materials and the people connected to G.B.S. Henderson was a biographer of Shaw and on the mathematics faculty at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill.
Langston, Patrick. "Smash a Fresh Delight," review of the Arts Court Theatre production of Jeffrey Hatcher's stage adaptation of Shaw's An Unsocial Socialist. Canada.Com , January 18, 2007, http://www.canada.com/components/print .
Li, Kay. A Virtual Tour of Shaviana [upload dates seriatim], http:///www.geocities.com/issbernardshaw/ (May 21, 2008).
Li's Web site, linked to the International Shaw Society Web site, has reached a diversification so interesting and useful that, by the ease of access it provides to online Shaw materials of interest to scholarship of all levels of seriousness, it has become almost independently indispensable. Much that would otherwise have to be listed in this "Checklist" is listed here. It may also be reached from the ISS Web site at http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/iss~members .
Mars, Bill. "Theater Views: Farewell, Laurence of Shaviana." The Arts Fuse, March 9, 2008, http://www.theartsfuse.com .
A laudatory obituary: "A man who was generous with his time and knowledge, whose loving, herculean task of editing the length and breath of GBS's writing—particularly his fabulous letters—puts Shavians in his debt now and for centuries to come."
"(May 20 [2008]) Today We're Celebrating . . . Eliza Doolittle Day." Holidays on the Net Holiday Blog, May 20, 2008.
"In honor of the heroine of . . . Pygmalion and . . . My Fair Lady . . . Eliza Doolittle, this day pays tribute to developing mastery over your native language."
Mitchell, Andy. "Theatre and Dance Faculty [Northern Illinois State University] [End Page 302] to Present Shaw's Don Juan in Hell." Northern Star Online, May 9, 2008, http://www.northernstar.info/article/print .
Monaghan, John. "Stratford Season Begins with Some Changes," production announcement of Christopher Plummer in Caesar and Cleopatra. Freep.com (Detroit), April 23, 2008, http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.ll/article? .
Moskowitz, Jessica. "In Love, in War: First-Year Theater," review of Colgate first-year seminar production of Arms and the Man. Maroon News, student newspaper of Colgate University, November 29, 2007, http://media.www.maroon-news.com .
Rusland, Peter. "Mining Reality from an Icon," review of Chemainus Theatre (Chemainus, BC) production of Saint Joan. Black Press, April 12, 2008, http://www.printhis.clickability.com .
Shadrak, Herb. "Nehemiah Persoff: From Jerusalem to Hollywood—and Beyond." Cinemaretro, April 10, 2008, http://www.cinemaretro.com .
The interview of Persoff discovers yet another actor whose early break came by doing an audition from a Shaw play, in this case Devil's Disciple.
"Shavings." The Oscholars, August 18, 2007, http://www.oscholars.com .
The Web site is devoted primarily to Oscar Wilde. "Shavings" is its link for matters on Shaw. The general editor of Oscholars, David Rose, says the mailing list for the online journal is about 1,400, the potential readership of "Shavings." "Shavings" 27 was posted in February 2008.
Shaw Chicago Theater Company. 2008, http://www.shawchicago.org/about.html (May 21, 2008).
Shaw Chicago presents the plays of Bernard Shaw and his contemporaries. Promotion and production information for the 2008-9 season.
Shaw Festival 2008. http://www.shawfest.com/ (May 21, 2008).
Promotion and production information for the 2008 season. Shaw play productions for 2008 are Mrs Warren's Profession and Getting Married.
The Shaw Society. 2006, http://www.shawsociety.org.uk/gallery.htm (April 24, 2008).
The Web site of the Shaw society that publishes The Shavian.
"Stanley Holloway." Boot Sale Sounds, February 17, 2008, http://bootasalesounds.blogspot.com .
British actor Holloway was in the 1941 cast in one of the biggest films, Shaw's Major Barbara. It led to major parts in films throughout the World War II years. He was a big hit as Alfred P. Doolittle in the New York smash My Fair Lady in the 1950s. He died in 1982, leaving an autobiography titled Wiv a Little Bit of Luck 1981
"UST-CSC. [University of St. Thomas and College of St. Catherine, St. Paul] Theater Department Presents Mrs Warren's Profession April 9- [End Page 303] 13," production announcement. Bulletin Today, April 7, 2008, http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news .
VII. Other Media
"Bernard Shaw." Global Performing Arts Database, Cornell University, October 2002, http://www.glopad.org (April 27, 2008). See "Bernard Shaw" in part VI above.
"Charles Chaplin George Bernard Shaw Candid Hawaii [Associated Press] Photo." eBay, October 30, 2007.
Not retrievable. "Vintage and original of Chaplin Having Dinner with the great George Bernard Shaw in Honolulu." 7" _ 9". March 3, 1936. Two others in the photo are Shirland Quinn, Honolulu novelist, and P. Y. Chong, the city's famous Chinese caterer. Contact me for a photocopy of the photo.
Frehm, Ron. AP Photo of Gay Talese, Susan Sontag, Norman Mailer, and Gore Vidal following their benefit performance of Don Juan at Carnegie Hall, February 15, 1993. Washingtonpost.com Camera Works, November 20, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/photo .
"Making Odd Masks Is New Hobby (Aug, 1933)." Modern Mechanix, July 16, 2007, http://blog.modernmechanix.com .
Web page presents a vintage photo captioned, "Old brushes form the whiskers on tin face of Bernard Shaw mask. [Greta] Garbo mask has gilded steel wool for hair."
Ziegler, Richard. "Portrait of George Bernard Shaw." eBay, April 13, 2008.
Not retrievable. Ziegler is German. Drawing is in ink, measuring 10 × 8, in generally good condition. Contact me for a photocopy of the drawing.
VIII. Miscellany
Huggett, Richard. The First Night of "Pygmalion": A Comedy for Two People. London: Faber and Faber, 1970. This listing is to support interest in the recent revival of this play.
Loewen, Walter. GBS: Three Days in the Life of George Bernard Shaw, or Seduction of the Unseduceable, a Comedy. 2nd ed. Hanover: Moorburg-Verlag, 2007. ISBN 3927267074. Not seen.
Obata, Masako. Rose and Cabbage: Bernard Shaw's Married Life. Tokyo: Inaho Press, 2007.
In Japanese. A play in six scenes (original title Bara to Kyabetsu) utilizing Shaw's plays and biographical data to illustrate how Charlotte felt about her husband and his philandering. With an appendix, "Mrs. G.B.S.," originally published in Bernard Shaw Studies 6 (Bernard Shaw Society of Japan, 2003). Not seen. [End Page 304]
Note
Thanks go to Richard W. Winslow III for discovering and supplying page copies for a number of entries in this list. As SHAW bibliographer, I welcome information about new and forthcoming Shaviana: books, articles, pamphlets, monographs, dissertations, films, videos, audio recordings, and the like, citations and copies of which may be sent to me at the Department of English Language and Literature, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859; e-mail [email protected]; fax 989-774-1271.
Special advice for searching for works by and about Shaw: Use Amazon .com as a search engine and enter Bernard Shaw; select "by date of publication" in the "relevance" box. The result is a list of works by and about Shaw published from 2008 to earlier years. Each entry provides links to all mentions of G.B.S. in the listed work, in PDF pages, which can also be "turned" to view surrounding text. The printer on ordinary Web crawlers is surfer disabled so that readers must take hand notes of texts to be copied. This procedure produced 19,951 hits on April 26, 2008; about three hundred for the year 2008. Contact information for publishers is on Amazon. com. or Google.
WorldCat and Amazon.com enable identification of numerous hardcopy, e-book, and sound recording (listed in V. Recordings) editions and reprints of Shaw works. This listing makes an effort to list only titles issued after April 2007. New or repetitions of pre-April 2007 listings provide new information on the title. Furthermore, unlike previous lists, the SHAW 28 "Checklist" provides individual entries for new Shaw title publications only for editions and presses that have at least some scholarly status, special content, or the potential of wide popular sale. Of the fourteen nonscholarly publishers that appear in the entries here, IndyPublish .com is generally four times more expensive than the others.
Many entries under "II. Books and Pamphlets" are listed accurately as "Not seen" (by me). A number of entries taken from listings on Amazon .com are listed without caveat, though the viewing of the texts is through the limited PDF electronic display made possible by Amazon's merchandising strategy, which allows virtual viewing of almost unlimited pages.
In his article in SHAW 25, "Tracking Down Shaw Studies: The Proper Use of Printed and Online Bibliographical Sources," Charles A. Carpenter names an array of online reference tools, the use of which in the period covered by this 2008 "Checklist" discovered hundreds of serial reviews of performances of Shaw works and many other pieces on Shaw topics of every kind—often not formally "scholarly." The principle of selection of [End Page 305] those pieces included under "III. Periodicals" is intended to be selective and illustrative. In many cases articles that are published in hard copy are listed here in electronic archives from which they can be more conveniently retrieved. A few additional articles are listed in "VI. Bernard Shaw on the World Wide Web." Reviews of performances and publications are not annotated in the "Checklist."
Entries in the "V. Recordings" section sometimes repeat entries in checklists of prior SHAW annual volumes, for at least one of two reasons: (1) to inform "Checklist" readers that a recording remains advertised for sale or possible acquisition in a current source's listing or (2) to inform readers that the description, source, or price of a recording has changed. Audio recordings of many Shaw works are increasingly for sale or acquisition. A small number of those available are listed here, especially from the Princeton-based Recordings for the Blind and Dyslexic, which are not for sale.
The search terms George Bernard Shaw and Bernard Shaw on a standard search engine such as Google or MSN in 2008 produce well over one and a half million hits. The items include many for the U.S. television journalist Bernard Shaw, duplications and iterations, and other maverick ones. Many of the G.B.S. items produce online information that is dated, incomplete, simplifying, or inaccurate. Nevertheless, searching for Shaw on the Web is increasingly productive, especially through the agency of a handful of Web sites devoted to Shaw. In addition, persons with access to JSTOR, Muse, WorldCat, MLA International Bibliography Online, and Books in Print, for example, through perhaps a university library subscription, may complete as much as 80 percent of primary and secondary research in texts online. Increasingly available at business Web sites such as Amazon.com are downloadable "etexts" or "e-books" of primary and secondary Shaw publications. URLs are furnished when other entry retrieval information is insufficient. Entries in the "VI. Bernard Shaw on the World Wide Web" section of the "Checklist" are representative and selected. [End Page 306]
Copyright © 2008 The Pennsylvania State University
| George Bernard Shaw |
What sport is contested in the Vuelta a Espana? | Project MUSE - A Continuing Checklist of Shaviana
I. Works by Shaw 2
Shaw, Bernard. The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God. Ebooks. Adelaide.edu.au/s/shaw/George_bernard/black_girl . 2011.
The University of Adelaide Library eBooks @ Adelaide. Not seen.
———. Androcles and the Lion. Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace, 2012.
CreateSpace also advertises Arms, Caesar, Devil's Disciple, and Doctor's Dilemma. Not seen.
———. "Are Doctors Really Inhuman?" Whitefish, Montana: Literary Licensing, 2011.
Not seen. [End Page 194]
———. Arms and the Man. Amazon Kindle, 2012.
Users have complained about the electronic text Amazon provides. Not seen. See also, Unsocial Socialist, below.
———. Arms and the Man. Mineola, New York: Dover Books, 1990. $2.50.
Dover also continues to list Don Juan in Hell, $2.00; Major Barbara, $3.00; and Pygmalion, $2.00 in usable, economical, if older editions.
———. "At Last I Went to Ireland." Comeheretome.wordpress.com. 23 December 2011.
The New York Times Article Archive for 22 May 1931 reports this GBS verse as an answer to Maisie Hurl's copy of the first verse of her new song, "My Irish Daddy," which follows: "Tho' my eyes have never rested on / that dear delightful land, / Yet I know her hills and valleys are / the work of beauty's hand; / And I'm sure there's angels' laughter / in each gleaming stream that flows— / For my Irish daddy says it / and my Irish daddy knows." Shaw apparently returned the copy to her with the following: "L'Envoi by G. Bernard Shaw: At last I went to Ireland, / 'Twas raining cats and dogs; / I found no music in the glens, / nor purple in the bogs; / And as for angels' laughter / in the smelly Liffey's tide! / Well, my Irish daddy said it, / dear old humbug died."
———. Back to Methuselah. Amazon, Kindle edition. PlanetMonk Books, 2012.
An annotated "acting edition." Similar Kindle editions available for Man and Superman, How He Lied to Her Husband, and Caesar. Not seen.
———. The Bodley Head Bernard Shaw Collected Plays with Their Prefaces 5. ISBN 978-0370013947. Pima552.blog.com . 29 March 2012.
A sample title. Texts are downloadable with a trial membership of $1.99—to a lifetime membership of $69.99. Tags: Torrent—pdf, hotfile, filesonic, megaupload, rapidshare. Good reviews. Not seen.
———. Caesar and Cleopatra.
See Androcles and Back to Methuselah, above.
———. The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. In Books for Women Volume I. Amazon Kindle, 2012.
———. "The Drama, the Theatre, and the Films" (an excerpt) 1925. Stage and Screen: Adaptation Theory from 1916 to 2000. Ed. Bert Cardullo. London and New York: Continuum, 2011: 34-38.
See also Cardullo, in Books and Pamphlets, below.
———. How He Lied to Her Husband.
See Back to Methuselah, above.
———. Letter from Shaw to Beatrice Campbell (27 February 1913). 98 Love Letters that will Bring You to Your Knees: Poems and Love letters of Great Men and Women. Ed. John Bradshaw. Seattle: Pacific Publishing Studio, 2012: 99, 100.
Also includes a letter to Shaw from Campbell (18 November 1912).
———. Man and Superman. New York: Penguin Classics, 2012.
See also, Back to Methuselah, above. Not seen.
———. Man and Superman. tebbo eBooks, 2012.
From David Tebbutt; address: 18, Courtlands Close, Ruislip, Middlesex, HA4 8AX, UK. Not seen. [End Page 195]
———. The Miraculous Revenge. Fantasy and Horror Classics, 2011. Thirty-two pages.
First appeared in Time (March 1885). No postal address for publisher.
———. Misalliance. The Dark Lady of the Sonnets, and Fanny's First Play. Brentano's, 2012.
A reprint (?) advertised on Amazon. ASIN: B005B5Z9D2.
———. Mrs. Warren's Profession. Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt, Carol T. Crist, Alfred David, Barbara K. Lewalski, et al. Ninth edition. New York: W. W. Norton, [2012].
Not seen.
———. "On Reviewing" (1943). SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 4-7.
———. Quotations of GBS Dublin Wit. Ed. Des MacHale. Cork: Mercier Press, 2011: 62-65.
About 20 selections by GBS.
———. El perfecto wagneriano [The Perfect Wagnerite]. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2011.
A Spanish translation. Not seen.
———. The Philanderer. Nabu Press, 2012.
Not seen. See footnote number 2 to Works by Shaw, above.
———. P'gumallion [Pygmalion]. Kyonggi-do P'ajusi: Yollin Ch'aektul, 2011.
A Korean translation. Not seen.
———. An Unsocial Socialist. Amazon Kindle, 2012.
Not seen.
II. Books and Pamphlets 3
Adams, Elsie B. Bernard Shaw and the Aesthetes. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. 1971.
Online in pdf format as of January 2012.
Ahmed, Hadia. A Rereading of George Bernard Shaw as a Romantic Dramatist: An Analysis of Selected Plays by Shaw in the Light of the English Romanticism and the Ideas of Carl Jung. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011.
Contends that Shaw has been designated a "social Realist, and one of the staunch opponents of Romanticism. Equating Romanticism with idealism, Shaw believes that Idealism is 'a flattering name for romance in politics and [End Page 196] morals.'" Attempts to establish Shaw as a Romantic dramatist despite his conscious revolt against Romanticism. Explains with extensive use of Romantic poetry and ideas that Man and Superman, Pygmalion, and Saint Joan are comparable to writing in the Romantic tradition. Apparently an M.A. Thesis written for the Department of English Language and Literature, Cairo University. Not seen.
Albert, Sidney. Shaw, Plato, and Euripides: Classical Currents in 'Major Barbara.'Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012.
Reviewed in this volume of SHAW.
Bevir, Mark. The Making of British Socialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.
Chapter 8 is on "George Bernard Shaw": 152-77. Chapter 9 is on "Sidney Webb." Major Barbara is the main play discussed. From the dust cover: "Skillfully analyzes the complex ideological strands that were woven together to form the political thought of British socialism and he deftly corrects the numerous misunderstandings that have accumulated in the secondary literature. He takes the intellectual history of socialism in this period to a new level of sophistication"—Ben Jackson, University of Oxford. Not seen.
Candida: Shaw Festival 2011 (Shaw Festival production program).
Includes "Director's Notes" by Tadeusz Bradecki, and "Managing Motherhood" by Dorothy Hadfield: Candida is Shaw's "Mother Play." As one of Shaw's Plays Pleasant, it deals with the "romantic follies" of society and the "struggles of individuals against those follies." In it Shaw presents part of his response to the woman question, posing the problem as one in which in marriage it is women who treat men as children, and not the reverse. The Candida wife enables her husband to gain recognition and respect. Men win a moral victory by rejection of this dependence upon a wife. More directly, the feminist goal to combine any kind of motherhood and career might not be a realistic one. A century beyond the premiere of Candida, this balance remains elusive.
Cardullo, Bert. An Idea of the Drama: Six Modern Playwrights in One Movement: Essays in Revisionism. New York: Peter Lang, 2011.
Contains three essays on Shaw: "Comedy and Tragedy According to Shaw" (63-65); "Shaw, The Philanderer, and the (Un)Making of Shavian Drama" (65-82); and "The Doctored Dilemma: Shaw's Approach to Tragedy in The Doctor's Dilemma" (83-96; see also, Cardullo, Bert, in III. Periodicals, below). The five other playwrights are Ibsen, Strindberg, Brecht, Stein, and Pinter. Not seen.
———, editor. Theatre and Cinema: Contrasts in Media,1916-1966. Palo Alto: Academica Press, 2011.
An anthology of 16 theoretical writings about theater and film from the silent film era to the predigital mid-1960s. [End Page 197] Includes a contribution by Shaw, possibly "The Drama, the Theatre, and the Films" (1925). Not seen.
———. "Whose Life is it, Anyway? Shaw, The Doctor's Dilemma and Modern Tragedy." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 102-17.
Carpenter, Charles A. The Dramatic Works of Samuel Beckett: A Selective Bibliography of Publications about his Plays and their Conceptual Foundations. London: Continuum, 2011.
Includes three periodical articles that connect Shaw and Beckett. A fundamentally important new contribution to Beckett scholarship and criticism.
Casanova, Pascale. The World Republic of Letters. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Contains an abbreviated account of Shaw in his Irish context, pages 313-15. Not seen.
Chazin-Bennahum, Judith. René Blum and the Ballets Russes: In Search of a Lost Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
A biography of René Blum, writer and producer, who fought in the French army in World War I and became a hero, resurrected the Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo, and perished in Auschwitz. Presents nine reference to Shaw, although the indexes show only three. Mentions Great Catherine, Man of Destiny, Arms, and Candida. Not seen.
Cochrane, Claire. Twentieth-Century British Theatre: Industry, Art and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Contains eight references to Shaw, including mentions of Methuselah, Caesar, Fanny's First Play, and Superman. Not seen.
Conolly, L. W. Bernard Shaw and the BBC. Amazon Kindle edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.
———. The Shaw Festival: The First Fifty Years. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Reviewed in this volume of SHAW.
———. See On the Rocks, below.
Cox, Gordon. The Musical Salvationist: The World of Richard Slater (1854-1939), 'Father of Salvation Army Music'. Rochester, New York: Boydell Press, 2011.
Includes ten references to Shaw . . . and Major Barbara.
Chesterton, G. K. George Bernard Shaw (1909). Hamburg: Tredition, 2012.
A title in the Tredition Classic series.
Cutter, Kimberly. The Maid: A Novel of Joan of Arc. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011.
Fictionalizes "the story of Jehanne—the girl—whose sister was murdered by the English, who sought an escape from a violent father and a forced marriage, who taught herself to ride and fight." Not seen.
David-Fox, Michael. Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921-1941. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Fifteen references to GBS. "Many of the twentieth-century's [End Page 198] greatest writers and thinkers, including Theodore Dreiser, André Gide, Paul Robeson, and George Bernard Shaw, notoriously defended Stalin's USSR."
DeJong-Lambert, William. The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research: An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair. New York: Springer Publishing, 2012.
Includes a number of references to Shaw and a chapter section, 5.3, "Muller vs Shaw" (pages 119-23), in which Shaw's vitalist view of nature is attacked by Hermann Joseph Muller, geneticist and Nobel laureate, who represents the scientific view.
Dukore, Bernard F. "How to Win an Election." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 179-91.
———. "Sophoclean Shaw with Solos." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 169-78.
Drummond, Pippa. The Provincial Music Festival in England, 1784-1914. London: Ashgate, 2011.
Two references to Shaw. One is substantial. Not seen.
Garebian, Keith. See My Fair Lady, below.
Gibson, Katie. See Layera, Ramón, below.
Gilbert, Sky. See Heartbreak House, below.
Gould, Marty. Nineteenth-Century Theatre and the Imperial Encounter. London: Routledge, 2011.
Includes ten references to GBS, including to Captain Brassbound and John Bull. Not seen.
Gregory, Rosalyn, and Benjamin Kohlman, eds. Utopian Spaces of Modernism: Literature and Culture: 1885-1945. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
The book "brings together work by leading academics and younger scholars." Five references to Shaw and Major Barbara. Not seen.
Gray, Christopher. "The Devil on the Road to Damascus: Saint Paul in The Devil's Disciple." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 59-70.
Guy, Josephine and Ian Small. The Textual Condition of Nineteenth-Century Literature. New York: Routledge, 2011.
"The authors explore works by Dickens, Wilde, Hardy, Yeats, Swinburne, . . . and Shaw, connecting questions about what a work textually 'is' with questions about why we read it and how we value it." Mentions Mrs Warren and Plays Unpleasant. Not seen.
Hadfield, Dorothy. See Candida, above.
Hadfield, D. A., and Jean Reynolds, eds. Shaw and Feminisms: On Stage and Off. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013. Forthcoming.
Heartbreak House: Shaw Festival 2011 (Shaw Festival production program).
Includes "Director's Notes" by Christopher Newton, and "Heartbreak House: Allegory or Shakespearean Fantasy?" by Sky Gilbert: There are [End Page 199] a number of interpretations of Heartbreak. It gave Shaw a chance to complain about his countrymen and the English involvement in World War I. It also is a lot like Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard, without the humor and the dramatic action. It is also allegorical. Each character represents a different "demographic" of English society. But as primarily allegory, Heartbreak attracts interpretation of "masochistic" fantasy where vice's personalities inherit the earth. A compelling alternative is to understand the play as like Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream because Shaw's language is as "tempting and lushly pessimistic as Shakespeare's." "Shaw's charming and frightening play . . . is a fantasy of various finalities that we can pick and choose" as various scenarios of our own lives and deaths.
Hewitt, Gerald. See Reinelt, Janelle, below.
Heyer, Paul. Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2012.
Includes several pages that review Shaw's opinion of the disaster in The Daily News and Leader of 14 May 1912, and his subsequent argument with Conan Doyle about the British reputation as treated in the press after the disaster. Not seen.
Hill, Judith. Lady Gregory: An Irish Life. Cork: Collins Press, 2011.
Chapter 16 is on "Shaw and Horniman," pages 343-63. Annie Horniman originally funded the Abbey Theatre but later became an adversary of its success. Not seen.
Holroyd, Michael. Bernard Shaw: One Volume. Missoula: Pimlico, 2012.
Another edition of the earlier one-volume abbreviation of the four-volume original completed in 1990. Not seen.
James, Paula. The Ovid Myth of Pygmalion on Screen: In Pursuit of the Perfect Woman. London: Continuum, 2011.
A title in Continuum's Studies in Classical Reception. Includes five references to Shaw, 15 to My Fair Lady, and one each to Pygmalion and Methuselah. Not seen.
James, Simon J. Maps of Utopia: H. G. Wells, Modernity, and the End of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Seven references to Shaw, but no new information. Not seen.
Kalb, Jonathan. Great Lengths: Seven Works of Marathon Theater. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.
Back to Methuselah is not mentioned, but there are a number of references to Shaw. Not seen.
Ker, Ian. G.K. Chesterton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Many references to Shaw, and Chapter Eight, "Shaw and Beaconsfield [Disraeli]," pages 233-76. Not seen.
King, Robert L. The Ethos of Drama: Rhetorical Theory and Dramatic Worth. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2010.
Not seen. "King demonstrates how Shaw used the theater for moral-political ends and how he was successful because his ability to provoke laughter compelled his audiences to forget about analyzing the argument he was making and instead thoughtlessly accept the truth of what the play was [End Page 200] meant to teach. One is left, however, with a question: If Shaw's plays changed the opinions of his audiences, then what value could the plays have in the future, after the 'problem' had been accepted as a problem and addressed by society? We are led to a paradox: Instructive dramas will remain of value beyond mere entertainment if the playwright loses authorial control." From the review by Martin J. Plax in Comparative Drama 45.2 (Summer 2011): 127-30.
Koren, Yehuda. See Negev, Filat, below.
Lawrence, T. E. Correspondence with Bernard Shaw and Charlotte Shaw, IV: 1929-1935. Edited by Jeremy and Nicole Wilson. Fordingbridge, Hants, England: Castle Hill Press, 2009.
Reviewed in this volume of SHAW.
Layera, Ramón, Katie Gibson, and Kerry Powell. You Have Nothing to Learn from Me: A literary relationship between George Bernard Shaw and Rodolfo Usigli. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University Libraries, 2011.
Reviewed in this volume of SHAW.
Levenson, Michael. Modernism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
Eleven references to Shaw, including his philosophy of theater (pages 214-18), Major Barbara, Man and Superman, Quintessence, and Wagner. Not seen.
Lewis, Pericles, ed. The Cambridge Companion to European Modernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
The section on "Ireland" by Megan Quigley treats Shaw along with Wilde, Stoker, and Joyce. Not seen.
Li, Kay. "Digitizing Shaw: The Magic of High-Speed Interactive Platforms." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 207-23.
Lynch, Brendan. Prodigals and Geniuses: The Writers and Artists of Dublin's Baggotonia. Dublin: Liffey Press, 2011.
"Baggotonia" refers to the area of Dublin centered on Baggot and Leeson Street, and bounded by the Grand Canal—home to many of Ireland's greatest writers and artists. This volume reconstructs the cultural milieu of Baggotonia and discusses its role in the careers of the usual suspects, including GBS. Not seen.
Macintosh, Jay W. The Origins of George Bernard Shaw's Life Force Philosophy. CreateSpace, 2011.
CreateSpace is another virtual-only (no postal address available) publishing entity listing offerings on Amazon. This one appears to offer vanity publishing services. Not seen.
Martín, Gustavo A. Rodríguez. "'I Often Quote Myself' (and Others): Modified Quotations in the Plays of Bernard Shaw." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 192-206.
McGovern, Derek. "From Stage Play to Hybrid: Shaw's Three Editions of Pygmalion." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 9-30.
McGuire, Charles E. See Plank, Stephen F., below.
McLaren, Angus. Reproduction by Design: Sex, Robots, Trees, and Test-Tube Babies in Interwar Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Includes several references to GBS, especially on eugenics. One also on Karel [End Page 201] Čapek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), to the effect that "if you want more leisure it is necessary to 'robotize the world.'"
Montgomery, Denise L. Ottenmiller's Index to Plays in Collections: An Author and Title Index to Plays Appearing in Collections Published Since 1900. Eighth edition. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
Index indicates this edition includes Shaw plays in collections published after the seventh edition (1986). Not seen.
Morikawa, Hisashi. "Widowers' Houses: Shaw's Spin on Das Rheingold." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 46-58.
Murray, Roston. The Comic Mode in English Literature from the Middle Ages to Today. London: Continuum, 2011.
A number of references to Shaw. Not seen.
My Fair Lady: Shaw Festival 2011 (Shaw Festival production program).
Includes "Director's Notes" by Molly Smith, and "Incomparably Wise, Witty and Winning" by Keith Garebian: Inescapable in Pygmalion is Shaw's "championing of Eliza's Life Force. When Eliza walks out at the end, her life is really beginning," but Higgins is too attached to his mother to have a capacity for romance. He is not Pygmalion. He is Oedipus. My Fair Lady, however, moves away from the Pygmalion myth toward the story of Cinderella. This commentary enumerates the differences between Pygmalion and Lady. In Lady Higgins and Liza learn from one another. Higgins encounters his deep feeling for Eliza, articulated in "I've Grown Accustomed to her Face." In fact, Lady is "surcharged with realism larger than realism," and this production by Molly Smith and her team of designers "transcend[s] its intrinsic conventionality and allows for an emancipation of imagination and spirit."
Negev, Filat, and Yehuda Koren. The First Lady of Fleet Street: The Life of Rachel Beer, Crusading Heiress and Newspaper Pioneer. New York: Bantam, 2012.
Includes ten references to Shaw. Not seen.
O'Grady, Jean, compiler. Index. Collected Works of Northrop Frye. Vol. 30. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
Shaw gets dozens of references on two pages (496-97).
On the Rocks: Shaw Festival 2011 (Shaw Festival production program).
Includes "Director's Notes" by Joseph Ziegler and "The Road to Utopia" by Leonard Conolly: The Preface to On the Rocks (1934) is among the most reactionary things Shaw wrote. "There is a tone of regret in his acknowledgement that 'we cannot exterminate one another at present,' but such a time 'cannot be very far off' if Utopia is every to be achieved." The cause of Shaw's stridency was likely the social and cultural effects of World War I and the Great Depression. He wished for a Utopian solution but did not believe it could be attained in a democracy. [End Page 202] Heartbreak (1920) had predicted the "wreck of the ship of state." On the Rocks depicted its arrival. Another interpretation of the play stops short of complete gloom: "Audiences might conclude . . . not that they have been lectured by a cynical and disillusioned old socialist, but that 'all the flood-lit mediocrity which bores us on the political stage of real life' has been transmuted in traditional Shavian fashion into an open-minded 'sparkling farce of ideas.'"
Perry, Anne. Highgate Rise: A Charlotte and Thomas Pitt Novel (1991). New York: Ballantine, 2011.
One reference to GBS: "Are you talking about George Bernard Shaw and those fearful Webbs?" "He is talking about anarchy and the total change and loss of everything you know." Clemency Shaw has been killed in a fire. Her husband, Dr. Shaw, is a "free-speaking" liberal. The novel's eponymous couple, we presume, do solve the crime. Not seen.
Pierce, Robert B. "Bernard Shaw as Shakespeare Critic." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 118-32.
Plank, Stephen F. and Charles E. McGuire. Historical Dictionary of Music: ca. 1400-1958. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2011.
Includes a very complimentary entry on Shaw. Not seen.
Powell, Kerry. See Layera, Ramón, above.
Preece, Rod. Animal Sensibility and Inclusive Justice in the Age of Bernard Shaw. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2011.
The book is "a study in the history of ideas, specifically those of radical idealism in relation to animal sensibility. The ideas in focus are primarily those of Bernard Shaw but also to some degree those of others of his age. . . . [T] he first chapter is a summary of Shaw's life, concentrating on the various themes of his remarkably broad intellectual interests. In the remainder of the book, I attempt to examine Shaw's animal sensibilities in relation to other views he espoused and the sensibilities of others in relation to Shaw. After the first biographical chapter the concentration is on the extent to which Shaw's animal views correspond to, or differ from those of others of the age in which he lived, with special attention to the inclusivity of Shaw's vision, as well as the inclusivity of several of his contemporaries. By 'inclusivity,' I mean the fact that Shaw is concerned with the elimination of suffering of all species, human and nonhuman alike. Inclusivity is the implicit basis of his philosophy. . . . [T]he book is concentrated on Shaw rather than Henry Salt (1851-1939), who is arguably, the father and premier representative of the Victorian inclusivist approach and the most eloquent and prolific of the proponents of the interests of animals. Shaw, as we shall see, was not only acknowledged as the foundation of the modernist world by many of his literary contemporaries but was also deemed by later-twentieth-century mainstream socialists to have been [End Page 203] the greatest influence on them. For many, Shaw was the central figure of his time."
Quigley, Megan. See Lewis, Pericles, above.
Raw, Louisa, and Sheila Rowbotham. Striking a Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and their Place in History. London: Continuum, 2011.
From the reviews: "Raw's primary motive is that the true contribution of the matchwomen be given proper respect in trade union history." "The strike was not confined to hapless young girls." More than twenty references to Shaw. Not seen.
Reinelt, Janelle, and Gerald Hewitt. The Political Theatre of David Edgar: Negotiation and Retrieval. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
In the Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre series. One reference to Shaw: "It is probably not surprising that the great modernist playwright who most reminds us of David Edgar is George Bernard Shaw." Not seen.
Riley, Kathleen. The Astaires: Fred and Adele. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
A number of references to Shaw because the Astaires captivated both GBS and James Barrie, and Adele "fell under the spell" of Shaw. Mentions Heartbreak, Methuselah, Apple Cart, and Too Good to Be True. Not seen.
Ritschel, Nelson O'Ceallaigh. Shaw, Synge, Connolly, and Socialist Provocation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011.
Reviewed in this volume of SHAW.
Rowbotham, Sheila. See Raw, Louisa, above.
Salamensky, S. I. The Modern Art of Influence and the Spectacle of Oscar Wilde. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Includes seven references to Shaw. Not seen.
Sharland, Elizabeth. The Private Life of George Bernard Shaw: Shaw in Love. iUniverse, 2011.
Discusses Shaw's relationships with Ellen Terry, Mrs. Patrick Campbell, Florence Farr, and women politicians, suffragettes, and young students, along with Charlotte Payne Townsend. Probably a self-published work. Not seen.
Simonds, Alan G.V. Britain and World War One. London: Routledge, 2011.
Includes seven references to Shaw and one to Common Sense about the War. Not seen.
Stafford, Tony J. "You Never Can Tell: Shaw's Shakespearean Comedy." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 31-45.
Sternlicht, Sanford. Modern Irish Drama: W.B. Yeats to Marina Carr. Second edition. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2010.
Shaw is treated principally in Chapter 1 of Part Two, "The Founders (Lady Gregory, Yeats, Shaw, and Synge)." Not seen. Reviewed by Brian W. Shaffer in ELT 55.1 (Winter 2012): 118. [End Page 204]
Stober, Katharyn. "Shaw's Xenophilous New Woman: Raina Petkoff as Mistress of Her Domain." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 89-101.
Storm, William. Irony and the Modern Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
In the Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre series. Chapter 3 is titled "Irony and Dialectic: Shaw's Candida," pages 73-103. Not seen.
Switzky, Lawrence. "Shaw Among the Modernists." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 133-48.
Tchaprazov, Stoyan. "The Bulgarians of Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 71-88.
Terry, Ellen. The Collected Letters of Ellen Terry: Volume I, 1865-1888. Edited by Katharine Cockin. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2010.
Includes letters to Shaw. Not seen. Reviewed by Tara Aveilhe in Upstage: A Journal of Turn-of-the-Century Theatre 2 (Summer 2011). Web. Please see Martin Meisel's important negative review and Cockin's response at www.nbol-19.org/view_doc.php?index=89 .
———. The Collected Letters of Ellen Terry: Volume II, 1889-1893. Edited by Katharine Cockin. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011.
Not seen. A total of eight volumes are projected.
Tilak, Raghukul. "Pygmalion" (Test and Notes)—Bernard Shaw. New Delhi: Rama Brothers, 2011.
Not seen.
Tobin, Robert. The Minority Voice: Hubert Butler and Southern Irish Protestantism, 1900-1991. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
A number of references to Shaw. Not seen.
Tóibín, Colm. All a Novelist Needs: Colm Tóibín on Henry James. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Excerpts a James letter (undated) in reply to Shaw's request to him for "more socialism and science" in an unpublished play, Saloon: "I do such things because I happen to be a man of imagination and taste, extremely interested in life, and because the imagination, thus, from the moment direction and motive play upon it from all sides, absolutely enjoys and insists on and incurably leads a life of its own, for which just this vivacity itself is its warrant. . . . And if you waylay me here . . . on the ground that we 'don't want works of art,' . . . I think, frankly, even, that we scarce want anything else at all. They are capable of saying more things to man about himself than any other 'works' whatever are capable of doing." Quoted from the TLS (5 August 2011, page 28) review by Paul Delany.
Vreeland, Susan. Clara and Mr. Tiffany: A Novel. New York: Random House, 2012.
In a fictional account of Clara Driscoll, the actual designer of the "Tiffany" lampshade, and Louis Comfort Tiffany, Chapter 43, [End Page 205] "Gemstone," begins with the two characters participating in a reading of Shaw's Man and Superman. Not seen.
Wagner, Sven. The Scientist as God: A Typological Study of a Literary Motif: 1818 to the Present. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag, 2012.
Chapter 6 is titled "'I have created this thing out of the squashed cabbage leaves of Covent Garden': Reading Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion as a Comic Reworking of the Frankenstein Myth," pages 206-28. The chapter analyzes Pygmalion as a comic adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel about the creation of a human being by a scientist. It points out a considerable number of parallels but also emphasizes the comic reworking of these parallels and the surprisingly positive attitude that the play takes to the scientific (re) creation of a human being.—Thanks to Professor Burkhard Niederhoff, University of Bochum. Other critics have noticed the connection between Frankenstein and Pygmalion, but only in a few lines. This first extended description and analysis of the critical similarities between the two works is very interesting.
Wearing, J. P. American and British Theatrical Biographies: An Index. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2012.
An extensive revision and expansion of the 1979 edition. For each person (Shaw included) listed, the entry provides the Name, Birth and Death Date, Nationality, Theatrical Occupation(s), and Codes to sources containing more extensive biographical information. Not seen.
Weintraub, Rodelle. "Don Roberto in Bernard Shaw's Plays." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 149-55.
Weintraub, Stanley. Farewell Victoria: British Literature, 1880-1900. Greensboro, North Carolina: ELT Press, 2011.
Three of the book's 13 chapters are essays on or by Shaw: "Exasperated Admiration: Bernard Shaw on Queen Victoria" (reprinted from Victorian Poetry XXV (1987); "Shaw's Lady Cicely and the Remarkable Mary Kingsley" (reprinted from Rodelle Weintraub, ed. Fabian Feminist: Bernard Shaw and Women); and [Shaw writing anonymously] "A.D. 3,000. The True Report of a County Council Candidate's Dream, The People He Saw, What They Thought of Him, and He of Them" (revised and reprinted from The Star (London), and SHAW 6 (1986). Most of the other chapters have references to GBS. "The critiques collected here, published over many years but now revised and updated, are one scholar's glance into late-Victorian writing, primarily but not exclusively its fiction, which looked both backward to its popular antecedents and forward to the societal and technological future."
———. "Noël Coward and the Avuncular Shaw." SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies 31 (2011): 156-68. [End Page 206]
———. Who's Afraid of Bernard Shaw? Some Personalities in Shaw's Plays. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011.
Reviewed in this volume of SHAW.
Weissmann, Gerald. Epigenetics in the Age of Twitter: Pop Culture and Modern Science. New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2012.
"Epigenetics, which attempts to explain how our genes respond to our environment, is the latest twist on the historic nature vs. nurture debate. In addressing this and other controversies in contemporary science, Weissmann taps what he calls 'the social network of Western Civilization,' including the many neglected women of science." "This is a one-volume introduction to modern biology, viewed through the lens of today's mass media and the longer historical tradition of the Scientific Revolution." Includes a number of references to Shaw.
III. Periodicals 4
Arrington, Lauren. "St. John Ervine and the Fabian Society: Capital, Empire and Irish Home Rule." History Workshop Journal 72.1 (Autumn 2011): 52-73.
Shaw was strongly in favor of Irish Home Rule, but the Fabian Society was apathetic toward it. Ervine wrote plays set in Belfast in support of his conviction that the religious sectarianism that caused Ireland's labor wars between Catholics and Protestants would end, and the two sects would unify if Home Rule were achieved in Ireland. The London-centrism of the Fabian Society impeded an understanding of Ervine's works.
"Avant-Garde Art in Everyday Life," an exhibit at the Art Institute of Chicago, Summer 2011. The Wall Street Journal (23/24 July 2011): C12.
This review notes that the exhibit focuses on six artists and includes a book cover picture by one of them (Czech artist Ladislav Sutnar) for Shaw's Getting Married. [End Page 207]
Beard, Mary. "Hannibal at Bay." TLS (23 April 2012). Web.
Beard instructs the reader at the beginning of her essay that Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, from whom the British Fabian Society takes its name, is not known for his sympathy for the poor, and soon explains that the second-century
B.C.
Roman poet Enniuis, credited him with, single-handedly, saving Rome from Hannibal by delaying (cunctando)—an official strategy of the British Fabian Society.
Berkson, William. "Readability and Revival: The Case of Caslon [type font]." Printing History 10 (July 2011): 3-24.
Shaw insisted that Caslon font be used in all editions of his works.
Canavan, Michelle. See Cotter, Paul E., below.
Cardullo, Robert J. "Bernard Shaw, The Philanderer, and the (Un)Making of Shavian Drama." Neophilologus 96 (2012): 137-50.
"Considers this early play by Shaw in the context of the popular theater of the time, and bases its appreciation or advocacy on The Philanderer's honesty in exploring human relationships—a characteristic that disappears from Shaw's oeuvre as his various philosophies ossify into orthodoxy. The first section supplies historical and background information; the second section summarizes and comments on The Philanderer's action, scene by scene; and the third section analyzes Shaw's interest in this play in the dramatic confrontation between realists and idealists, before offering some final parting comments. In sum, the author attempts to reevaluate The Philanderer and to try to understand why it has been neglected, how Shaw himself may have contributed it its neglect, and why, in some ways, this drama may not only be better than it has long been thought to be, but may also be better even than the plays by which Shaw is best known (e.g., Major Barbara, Saint Joan, Heartbreak House)."
———. "The Doctored Dilemma: Shaw's Approach to Tragedy in The Doctor's Dilemma. The Modern Language Review 106.3 (July 2011): 647-61.
———. "Play Doctor, Doctor Death: Shaw, Ibsen, and Modern Tragedy." Comparative Drama 45.3 (Fall 2011): 271-88.
Cassidy, John. "The Demand Doctor: What would John Maynard Keynes tell us to do now—and should we listen?" The New Yorker (10 October 2011): 46-56.
The article begins with an excerpt from a New Year's Day 1935 letter from Keynes to "his friend" Bernard Shaw: "I believe myself to be writing a book [The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)] on economic theory which will largely revolutionize—not, I suppose, at once but in the course of the next ten years—the way the world thinks about economic problems. . . . I can't expect you, or anyone else, to believe this at the present stage. But for myself I don't merely hope what I say,—in my own mind, I'm quite sure." Keynes was right. [End Page 208]
Clarke, Mike. "Budo and the Beast." Blitz Martial Arts Magazine 26.3. (March 2012): 36-40.
"Presents the author's insights on the Japanese concept of mizu no kokoro, a Japanese phrase which means a state of one's mind like water or stillness of mind. The author relates the idea of mizu no kokoro in philosophical teachings and physical training including martial arts or karate. Furthermore, the author relates the philosophy of Taoist philosopher Chuang-tsu and writer George Bernard Shaw on mizu no kororo." Not seen.
Cotter, Paul E., Catherine Wilkinson, Michelle Canavan, and Shaun T. O'Keefe. "Language Change with Ageing in Pelham Grenville Wode-house and George Bernard Shaw. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59.8 (August 2011): 1567-68.
"Linguistic examination of literary output has been used for posthumous detective work with works of Iris Murdoch, Agatha Christie and King James I, showing an exaggerated decline in vocabulary size and syntax from earlier to later works consistent with the early effects of their later dementia [in their 70s]." In the works of P. G. Wodehouse and Bernard Shaw, using writing up to their early 90s, there is no evidence of decline in these two kinds of evidence.
Dalby, Andrew. Review of James Gregory's Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth-Century Britain (2007). Historian 73.3 (Fall 2011): 613-14.
Edwards, Owen. "Down but not Out." Smithsonian 42.5 (September 2011): 36-9.
Discusses the famous heavyweight boxing championship match between Jack Demsey and Gene Tunney, which Tunney won, at Soldier Field, Chicago, on 22 September 1927, noting that Dempsey appealed the final outcome. Edwards also comments on Tunney's friendship with literary figures and examines the views of Jay Tunney, especially in his book about Tunney and Shaw, The Prizefighter and the Playwright (2010). Not seen.
Einsohn, H. I. Review of Nelson O'Ceallaigh Ritschel's Shaw, Synge, Connolly, and Socialist Provocation (2011). Choice (December 2011): 679-80.
Feldman, Alex. "Alan Bennett, Tom Stoppard, and the Theatre of War." Modern Drama 54.4 (Winter 2011): 456-78.
Shaw is noticed: "Bennett and Stoppard gesture towards the revisionist positions of Alan Clark, A.J.P. Taylor, and others who condemn the generals, and toward the society to which they belonged, while celebrating the courage of the ordinary combatant. And yet, although the grafting of Wildean characteristics onto portrayals of the Edwardian soldier forms part of a satirical critique, the article argues that both playwrights are sympathetic to the objects of their parody." There is a similar reactionary sympathy in Shaw. While he believes that the self-absorption of "cultured, leisured [End Page 209] Europe before the war," or 'Heartbreak House,' as he "labels it, was as much a cause of that conflict as the bellicosity of the equestrian classes, Shaw's assaults on the Bohemian intelligentsia are tempered by a deep vein of nostalgia. Indeed, Heartbreak House is, in part, a tribute to the charm and elegance of their world. Writing while the war raged across the channel, Shaw spared little sympathy for the belligerents, the denizens of Horseback Hall, but later writers have painted a picture of the Edwardian period which bridges the Shavian divide."
Fink, Joel G. Review of the American Players Theatre, Spring Green, Wisconsin, production of Major Barbara. Theatre Journal 63.2 (May 2011). Web.
Foley, Kathy. "Roger Long." Asian Theatre Journal 28.2 (Fall 2011): 463.
An obituary biography of the University of Hawaii drama and theater professor begins with a comment by Long in 2007: "Nine Plays by Bernard Shaw—a book I stole from the Stephen Decatur High School library over fifty years ago in Decatur, Illinois. It changed my life; it started the process of slowly moving me away from the angry, arrogant, self-centered and self-absorbed James Dean wannabe that I was, to someone who began to realize what theatre could mean, and what it could do."
Gagnier, Regenia. "Victorian Self-Projection and Critique: Response. Victorian Studies 53.3 (Spring 2011): 479-84.
"I have been recently doing collaborative work on how late-Qing and May Fourth writers and literati viewed the Victorians at a time when China was going through probably the most radical and radically self-critical rejection of tradition in world history. They often looked to the Victorians and especially to the late Victorians like Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, and Henrik Ibsen for radical, even demonic, self-critique, from which they took revolutionary inspiration, without in any way diminishing Chinese clear-sightedness on the faults of the West. (These faults were typically understood to be that, rather than Millian moral development, Europeans were more likely to take material and technological advances as the measures of progress.)"
Gates, Anita. "In Candida, Tribute to Women's Strength." Review of the Two River Theater Company, Red Bank, New Jersey, production of Candida. New York Times (3 April 2011): O8.
Gold, Daniel M. "Modern Love à la Shaw, From His Life." Review of Pearl Theater, New York, production. New York Times (1 February 2012): C4.
Graham, Philip. "Why Feminists Ignore Shaw." The Shavian 11.7 (Autumn 2011): 16-23.
On the similarities of the thought of Germaine Greer and Shaw, especially relevant since Greer had recently attacked Shaw, contending he should not be considered a feminist.
Holmes, Malcolm. "Shaw and St Pancras." The Shavian 11.8 (Spring 2012): 10-18.
Holmes, MBE, was the archivist of Camden Council. His [End Page 210] knowledge rendered him exceptionally useful to biographers about Shaw's years in St. Pancras. The depth of his involvement was illustrated in working with the executors of Richard Hughes of Roseberry Avenue, a fanatical follower of Shaw, who left a massive collection. "I went to his flat and Shaw material was everywhere—used as book markers, in cutlery drawers, on the walls. I sorted out everything, but each time I came back the Victoria and Albert museum had been through my pile and taken Shavian material out for their pile. Twice I retrieved it, as we had the right to it, but on the third occasion they had arrived just before me and took material not rightly theirs."
Hooti, Noorbakhsh, and Mojtaba Jeihouni. "Fragrance of Deliverance in the Slough of Agony in George Bernard Shaw's The Devil's Disciple. Studies in Sociology of Science 2.2 (2011): 19-22.
"Disciple shows the senses of resentment and fear that were felt during the American Revolution towards Britain's imperialism. This study intends to search into the world of American colonists and their sense of fear and, meanwhile, focuses on the protagonist, Richard who with the stability of his false identity jeopardizes his life in search of freedom for his nation in order to free it from the shackles of Britain."
Isherwood, Charles. "Three Hearts Butt Heads in One Marriage," review of the Lincoln Center, New York, production of A Minister's Wife, based on Candida. New York Times (9 May 2011): CI.
Jeihouni, Mojtaba. See Hooti, Noorbakhsh, above.
Kent, Brad. "Censorship and Immorality: Bernard Shaw's The Devil's Disciple. Modern Drama 54.4 (Winter 2011): 511-33.
"This essay challenges the tendency in censorship studies to focus on banned works and causes célèbres. It suggests that critics need to attend more carefully to adversarial works that have eluded detection by authorities to better understand censor-avoiding and censor-baiting techniques. In Disciple Kent argues that Shaw was subversive of morality and censorship through encoded attacks on the institution of the Lord Chamberlain's Office. This becomes clearer through analysis of Shaw's censorship discourse in the years following the writing of the play in which he taps into its ethos and adopts the perspective of the title character, especially in his promotion of American-style postperformance trials of plays as against the British system of applying for licenses before production. Shaw also undertook intertextuality by drawing upon Disciple in composing The Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet, a play that intentionally provoked British censors and provided him with ammunition when he appeared before the Joint Select Committee on the Censorship of Plays in the summer of 1909. Finally, Shaw himself refused war-time productions of Disciple because of its threats to morality and its potential for instigating radical change." [End Page 211]
Kent, Brad. Eighteenth-Century Literary Precursors of Mrs Warren's Profession. University of Toronto Quarterly 81.2 (Spring 2012): 187-207.
Köseman, Zennure. "The Reappraisal of 'Nature versus Nurture' Debate in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion and Willy Russell's Educating Rita. The Journal of International Social Research 4.16 (Winter 2011): 248-54.
"Explores the association" between Pygmalion and Rita in which the 'nature versus nurture' debate demonstrates the significance of education on social ascendancy in life. Personal insufficiencies can be transcended by education activities and various personal experiences as reflected through the main female characters in the plays."
Lawrence, T. E. "1925: Dorset: Setting the Record Straight." Lapham's Quarterly 4.1 (Winter 2011): 159.
Reprint of a letter in which Lawrence writes to Shaw complaining about the misrepresentation and errors of Lowell Thomas' portrayal of him in With Lawrence in Arabia, engaging Shaw with the prospect of writing a review of the book.
Levitt, Paul M. "Mrs. Warren's Profession: A Precursor of Major Barbara." The Shavian 11.6 (Summer 2011): 30-35.
"Both plays are iconic in their treatment of 'profession,' a word that makes one think of the law, medicine, education, and similar respectable enterprises; but in these plays the two professions are brothels and armaments. Both plays treat salvation (or survival) not in spiritual terms but in material ones; both begin and end on the subject of money; both have a parent who is a lovable scoundrel. Mrs. Warren may be a pale Undershaft, but in partnership with Sir George Crofts she is prepared to take the world on its own terms and turn them to advantage. Both plays argue that poverty, the result of wage slavery, will not succumb to virtue or prayer; it must be opposed with the devil's own weapons. . . . Prostitution in the earlier play becomes religion in the latter."
McEwan, Alice. "Shaw and Art." The Shavian 11.8 (Spring 2012): 31-35.
"All in all, Bernard Shaw spent much time in the company of artists, designers and craftsmen, whose names and addresses fill his address books. He helped some of them in ways other than giving them money, or using their artifacts. For instance, he led a group that took over The New Age magazine, and re-organised it to address the major social and political issues of the day, debating the nature of modernism in literature and the arts." The piece ends with more examples.
McSweeny, Ethan. Review of the Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, production of Arms and the Man. American Theatre 28.5 (May/June 2011): 46-47.
Morikawa, Hisashi. "John Bull's Other Island: Wagnerian Allegory of Economic Imperialism." Bernard Shaw Studies, no. 12 (2011): 19-36.
"In The Perfect Wagnerite (1898), Bernard Shaw defined Richard Wagner's Der Ring Des Nibelungen as an allegory of nineteenth-century capitalist [End Page 212] society." Shaw's John Bull corresponds to Die Walküre, the second part of Der Ring. In John Bull, "Tom Broadbent, innocently believing in the superiority of the English system, quickly achieves the material goals of the Land Development Syndicate. Larry Doyle is aware of the brutality of the land development, but chooses the action of the syndicate over the inactive dreaming of the old Ireland. Peter Keegan sees the world as hell, predicting that the development will even aggravate his hellish village, but he ends in meditating at the Round Tower." "The play is an allegory of the modernization of an underdeveloped village [as imposed by an imperial economic power]."
Norton, Scott. "What Would Shaw Do?" The Lancet 377 (12 March 2011): 903.
From the "Correspondence" section. "The Comment on the charitable contributions of Mexico's Carlos Slim Helú informs us that his wealth comes partly from tobacco sales. Should Slim's philanthropic partners or his beneficiaries decline his money because of its origin? . . . The quandary evokes . . . Shaw's play, Major Barbara. . . . Barbara's father, an arms merchant, sells to anyone who can afford 'mutilation and murder' on a grand scale. His generous philanthropy, however, benefits society far beyond Barbara's ineffectual efforts. . . . Shaw concludes that 'the notion that you can earmark certain coins as tainted is an unpractical individualist superstition.'"
Nottingham, Chris. Review of Charles A. Carpenter's Bernard Shaw as Artist Fabian (2009). Victorian Studies 53.4 (Summer 2011): 732-34.
Ouzounian, Richard. "A Work in Progress." Variety (25-31 July 2011).
Another rumination on the future of the Shaw Festival's production of plays by Shaw. It reviews the Festival's history and its latest changes to address the shrinking attraction of Shaw plays. See also the footnote to Section VI: Shaw on the World Wide Web, in this Checklist, below.
"Pandolph" [Corey Pandolph], "Those who can't do, comment." The New Yorker (13/20 February 2012): 53.
Caption and cartoon of early middle-aged male at a computer desk in a home office, addressing an early middle-aged female standing at a door holding a cup of coffee.
O'Keeffe, Shaun T. See Cotter, Paul E., above.
Parini, Jay. "Rethinking Chesterton." Chronicle of Higher Education. 58.5 (23 September 2011): B12-13.
An article making a case that Chesterton's work deserves high regard. Discusses Chesterton's relationship with Shaw, among other topics.
Plant, David. "A Look at Narcissism Through Professor Higgins in Pygmalion." British Journal of Psychotherapy 28.1 (February 2012): 50-65.
"Drawing upon Professor Higgins in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion as a template, and making use of clinical material, I will reflect upon the painful, poignant and self-inflicted inner loneliness of the narcissistic individual. In order [End Page 213] to master early trauma, the narcissistic person constructs an outwardly substantial self in which he seeks to control others and the way he is perceived by others. In so doing he renounces the more emotionally vulnerable parts of himself, the very parts he needs in order to develop a more authentic self and emotionally connect with others. Sometimes a crack appears in his defensive narcissistic structure with the possibility of something more life-enhancing emerging." Not seen.
Richardson, Brian. "Nabokov's Experiments and the Nature of Fictionality." Storyworlds: A Journal of Narrative Studies 3 (2011): 73-92.
"Shaw and Oscar Wilde were likewise castigated for using their characters as mere mouthpieces for their authors' ideas. We should restore this practice to our critical and theoretical lexicons. In response to the question 'How does one know when a character is articulating the views of its author?' one can answer: by comparing the valorization of ideas in a work of fiction with statements on the same subjects in nonfictional works by the same author. To take an easy case, tyrants and totalitarian regimes are regularly pilloried in Nabokov's fiction and denounced in his essays."
Saslav, Isidor. "Shaw-Cago." The Shavian 11.6 (Summer 2011): 17-22.
An account of Shaw's many ties to Chicago, noting especially the founding of the Chicago Shaw Society in 1956 by Lois Weisberg to celebrate Shaw's 100th birthday.
Smoker, Barbara. "Society's Seventieth." The Shavian 11.6 (Summer 2011): 15-16.
Presents a summary of the history of The Shaw Society and the editorial production of The Shavian.
Stuckey, Karyn. "Man and Cameraman." The Shavian 11.7 (Autumn 2011): 24-28.
A summary of a talk to the Shaw Society of her work digitalizing and cataloguing 20,000 photographic images by and about Bernard Shaw, left in the house at Ayot St. Lawrence and recently processed at the London School of Economics. The collection can be accessed at www.lse.ac.uk/libraryshawphotos .
Taunton, Matthew. "Cottage Economy or Collective Farm? English Socialism and Agriculture Between Merrie England and the Five-Year Plan." Critical Quarterly 53.3 (October 2011): 1-23.
In "1917 when collectivized agriculture was being implemented on a previously unimaginable scale, with disastrous consequences, the case for this model was made enthusiastically by 'British Stalinists' such as George Bernard Shaw, Jean Beauchamp, Margaret Cole, and Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Others like Chesterton, Belloc, and Orwell supported the cottage economy ideal, and were often seen as cranks." The article explores the debate and considers its continuing relevance to current thinking about the ways food is produced. [End Page 214]
Teachout, Terry. "George Bernard Shaw, With Passion." Review of the Lincoln Center, New York, production of A Minister's Wife (Candida as a musical). The Wall Street Journal (13 May 2011): D9.
Tunney, Jay. "The Zen in Shaw and Tunney." Bernard Shaw Studies 12 (2011): 135-36.
"One of Zen Buddhism's most provocative tenets, the metaphor of a vacuum, has held sway over individual action sports like boxing, wrestling and fencing for a long time. . . . The Zen lesson is, 'ease and strength, effort and weakness go together.'"
"Valerie [Pascal] Decatur (1919-2011)" The New York Times (17 July 2011): A18.
Obituary notice of the wife of Gabriel Pascal. Pascal produced film versions of Major Barbara and Caesar and Cleopatra. Valerie also wrote The Disciple and His Devil (1970) with her view of the relationship of Pascal and Shaw.
Warfel, David K. "The Sunny Side of the Stage." Live Design 45.8 (October 2011): 44-49.
Presents a personal narrative from designer David K. Warfel on how he designed lighting for a presentation of the University of Illinois 2010 production of Misalliance.
Watson, George. "Snobs & Snobbishness: Class Consciousness, Accents & Accentuation: Hypocrisy." Sewanee Review 199.3 (Summer 2011): 483-89.
"Focuses on the snobbery theme depicted in the fictional works of several writers concerning Europe. It highlights several writers who showed this kind of theme in their works which include" Shaw, Twain, and James. "It discusses various factors that influenced the writers in depicting Europe's snobbery in their work, including class accents, totalitarianism, and social inequality."
Weinbaum, Batya. "Cleveland International Film Festival." Femspec 11.2 (2011): 164-67.
Includes a review of Bibliothèque Pascal, directed by Szabolcs Hadju (Hungary, Germany 2010) in which a fortune teller takes tickets to have her grandniece dream: During the dream, the child sees her grandfather lead a brass marching band to liberate her mother from a house of prostitution in far-off Liverpool, where her mother was about to be gassed to death and then raped to lines of Shakespeare's Othello, after playing lines of George Bernard Shaw's Joan of Arc [sic]. There she had been raped by a "john" for wearing men's clothing, a military uniform. YouTube provides a 110-minute clip of Bibliothèque Pascal uploaded 22 November 2011.
Weinman, Jaime J. "The Shaw Festival with a Little Less Shaw." Maclean's (19 September 2011): 76.
Reports a conversation with Jackie Maxwell and Leonard Conolly about the current and future viability of producing plays by Bernard Shaw. Out of copyright in Canada, future production of Shaw's plays at the Festival may benefit in the same way Shakespeare [End Page 215] survives, because directors are free to cut, change, and add music to the scripts.
Weintraub, Stanley. "Shaw and the Strongman: GBS's Dealings with Dictators on Stage and in Reality." TLS (29 July 2011): 13-15.
"This week in July 2011 is the eightieth anniversary of Bernard Shaw's journey to the land of Oz—Communist Russia—and the 155th anniversary of his birthday in 1856. It is an unhappy task to draw aside the mythical curtain. The self proclaimed superpowerful Wizard of Oz was a benign fiction, unlike the authoritarian wizards to whom Shaw was increasingly drawn. He deplored parliamentary democracy as flawed and irreparable. Conflicting interests curdled reforms and impeded efficient government. Money manipulated the economy; class commanded society; prejudice poisoned morality; press proprietors muddled minds; elitism and ignorance impacted elections; the professions conspired in their own interests. Shaw's plays involving governing often focused on strong figures possessing what he called 'original morality'—instincts not predicated on failed ideals. Among them, real and invented, were a young Napoleon, an ageing Caesar, the industrial baron Undershaft, a charismatic Joan of Arc, the cranky sage Shotover, a Platonic philosopher-king Magnus, and the managerial Private Meek—a fantasy Lawrence of Arabia." The rest of this essay is magisterial. The TLS cover picture is "Bernard Shaw Visiting a Moscow Factory," 1937, by Sergei Fyodorovich Sokolov. The article frames "Return with the Butter," a caricature showing Shaw's journey to Russia—after Bernard Partridge from Punch, 1931.
Wicke, Jennifer. "Epilogue: Celebrity's Face Book." PMLA 126.4 (October 2011): 1131-39.
Professor Wicke begins, "Celebrity relies on a gaze, a collective or public regard that, in gazing, confers value. Celebrity also demands a face to celebrate." She aptly chooses Shaw as a person and personality that can illustrate her rumination upon the processes of "celebrity" arriving at the beginning of "modernity." Appropriating more "faces," her essay interests itself in a number of characteristics of "celebrity." It returns to Shaw for a conclusion that is distracted by a confusion of the facts of the connection of Pygmalion (1912-13) as play and Pygmalion (Academy Award film in 1938; not "the 1934 [sic] film My Fair Lady") as film, and these errors migrate to subvert the commencement of her essay's peroration with, "Shaw attended the British premiere of My Fair Lady."
Williams, N[icholas]. R. "Mr. Shaw's Odd Little Comedy: How He Lied to Her Husband." Bernard Shaw Studies 12 (2011): 37-52.
"This lesser known play by Shaw will no doubt continue to be performed occasionally as an amusing period piece. There is a lot of commercial capital to be [End Page 216] made out of slick comedy with or without thoughtfulness." Yet, "the enjoyment of good comedy means that, apart from the situation itself, nothing much more needs to be remembered." However, the ending of the play does no more than reinforce the message that Apjohn's failure to tell the truth momentarily ruined the game, and the Shavian virtue of speaking the truth and damning the consequences would have been the best course of action—but then the awful Puritan trait of truth-telling would have destroyed the lies and misrepresentations that make up this comedy. Shaw is caught tactically between revelation and resolution. The reversal of mood at the end of the play is so abrupt and complete that it makes of the play something slightly absurd and disconcertingly so."
Wilkinson, Catherine. See Cotter, Paul E., above.
Wise, Ivan. "The Religion of Graham Greene and Shaw." The Shavian 11.6 (Summer 2011): 23-29.
Recounts the circumstances that lead Greene to writing the movie script for the 1956 Otto Preminger film of Saint Joan.
Yamaguchi, Michiyo. "The Shaw Alphabet and Shorthand." Bernard Shaw Studies 12 (2011): 53-65.
"The present paper examines the characteristics of the Shaw Alphabet by discussing its relation to the contemporary systems of shorthand. If one is asked, 'Is the Shaw Alphabet a shorthand system?', the most likely answer would be in the negative. Actually, it was the answer that I received when I read a draft version of this paper to the group of professional shorthand reporters and researchers in Japan. However, when one examines the characteristics and functions of the Shaw Alphabet, it becomes clear that it shares a certain number of characteristics with shorthand. What are those characteristics, and why are they there? This paper will discuss these points."
Bernard Shaw Studies 12 (2011).
The Bernard Shaw Society of Japan. "In Commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of the Founding of BSSJ." Includes "Forward" by Toshihiro Iida (President of the Bernard Shaw Society of Japan); "Messages for the 40th Anniversary of the Founding of the BSSJ" by Leonard Conolly (President of the International Shaw Society), R. F. Dietrich (Treasurer and Webmaster of the ISS), and Michel W. Pharand (General Editor of SHAW: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies); "Forty Years of the Bernard Shaw Society of Japan" by Masahumi Ogiso; John Bull's Other Island: Wagnerian Allegory of Economic Imperialism" by Hisashi Morikawa; "Mr. Shaw's Odd Little Comedy: How He Lied to Her Husband" by N. R. Williams; "The Shaw Alphabet and Shorthand" by Michiyo Yamaguchi; "The Politics of Humor: The Reality of Ireland in John Bull's Other Island" by Yumiko Isobe; "Eliza's Self-Formation in Society and Sociability" by Mayu Ochiai; 'Creative Evolution' in Heartbreak House" by Minoru Morioka; "The Twilight of the Goddess: Mrs Patrick [End Page 217] Campbell in Later Life" by Ryuichi Oura; and "Zen in Shaw and Tunney" by Jay Tunney. See also Morikawa, Hisashi; Tunney, Jay; Williams, N. R.; and Yamaguchi, Michiyo, above.
GBS 34 (June 2011).
The Bernard Shaw Society of Japan. Includes "An Actress Manager, Lena Ashwell (1872-1957)" by H. Yamamoto; "'Creative Evolution' in Major Barbara—the Expression of the 'Life Force'" by M. Morioka; "How to translate the title of Major Barbara into Japanese" by K. Shinkuma; "A Study of the Film Version of Major Barbara" by S. Uchi; "Pygmalion at the Chichester Festival Theatre" (review) by H. Morikawa; "George Bernard Shaw on Language and Sir James Pitman" by M. Yamaguchi; "A Translation of The Dark Lady of the Sonnets" by M. Oe; "The Pioneers of Shavian Plays' Performances in Japan" by R. Oura; and "Activities of the Society in 2010.".
The Shavian 11.6 (Summer 2011).
The Journal of the Shaw Society. Includes "LSE [London School of Economics] Attacks Shaw," "Germaine Greer Attacks Shaw," "Editing Saint Joan [New Mermaid edition]" by Jean Chothier, "[Shaw] Society's Seventieth [anniversary]" by Barbara Smoker, "Shaw-Cago: Celebrating Shaw's Chicago Century" by Isidor Saslav, "The Religion of Graham Greene and Shaw" by Ivan Wise, "Mrs Warren's Profession: A Precursor of Major Barbara" by Paul M. Levitt, and "Two Pygmalion(s) and a My Fair Lady (review)." See also Chothier, Jean; Levitt, Paul M.; Smoker, Barbara; Saslav, Isidor; and Wise, Ivan, above..
The Shavian 11.7 (Autumn 2011).
The Journal of the Shaw Society. Includes "Fifty Years of Niagara" (a review of Leonard Conolly's The Shaw Festival: The First Fifty Years, 2011), "The Life of Barry Morse" (recollections) by Anthony Wynn and Robert E. Wood, "Shaw Cornered" (review), "Death of Pascal's Widow," "Why Feminists Ignore Shaw" by Philip Graham, "Man and Cameraman" (summary) by Karyn Stuckey, "In Good King Charles's Golden Days" (review) by Michael Sargent, "Seventieth Party," and "Pygmalion(s) Galore" (review) by Phillip Riley. See also, above, Graham, Philip; and Stuckey, Karyn, above.
The Shavian 11.8 (Spring 2012).
The Journal of the Shaw Society. Includes "Shaw & The Shakespeare Reading Society" (the evidence of how much Shaw liked Shakespeare) by Frances Hughes, "Shaw and the Amateur" (extract from A Handbook for the Amateur Theatre) by Barbara Smoker, "Shaw and St Pancras" by Malcolm Holmes, "Who's Afraid of Bernard Shaw? by Stanley Weintraub" (review) by Phillip Riley, "Shaw and the Great Dictators by Stanley Weintraub" (review of the TLS 29 July 2011 article), "Mournful Indifference" (review of Russian film based on Heartbreak House), "Award Winner" Theodore D. Kemper (of the 'Could [End Page 218] you write like Bernard Shaw?' contest), "Ayot as Theatre" by Richard Farr Dietrich, and "Shaw and Art" by Alice McEwan. See also Holmes, Malcolm; and McEwan, Alice, above..
IV. Dissertations and Selected Theses
Andrianova, Anastassiya. "A Spirit of the Earth: Vitalism in Nineteenth-Century Literature." Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2011. Dissertation Abstracts International—A, 73/02, August 2011.
"The nineteenth-century authors examined in this dissertation (George Meredith, Leo Tolstoy, Butler, and Shaw) did not reject science altogether and were draw to contemporary evolutionary theories; seeing nature as a living being, they reinvented science and gave evolution a purpose, claiming that we could reconnect with nature through instinct, not reason, and becoming part of this organism, come to know it as well as ourselves.".
Banthakit, Chutarat. "Feminism and Realism in George Bernard Shaw: An Analysis of the Heroines of Mrs. Warren's Profession, Candida, and Saint Joan." M.A. Thesis, Thammasat University, 2011.
Published as a book by Bangkok, Thailand: Department of English Language and Literature, Thammasat University, 2011. No abstract. Not seen.
Costello, Virginia Mary. "Revolutionizing Literature: Anarchism in the Lives and Works of Emma Goldman, Dorothy Day, and Bernard Shaw." Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2010. Dissertation Abstracts International—A 72/08, February 2012.
"Thus, the autobiographies of Goldman and Day are read as literary works as well as historical documents. Grounded in evidence from these autobiographies, personal and political correspondence, particularly correspondence between Goldman and Shaw, essays, lectures, a novel, and archival documents including Secret Service files, my dissertation seeks to show that Goldman and Day's aesthetic vision of anarchism was based on their belief in and commitment to the capacity of human goodness."
Delgado, L. Anne. "Cosmic Plots: Occult Knowledge and Narratives of Belief." Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 2011. Dissertation Abstracts International 73/05, November 2011.
"Examines how discourse about and knowledge of the occult and alternative spiritualities like Theosophy and Spiritualism permeated the popular imagination at the end of the 19th century and the dawn of the 20th. In doing so, it reveals what this transitional period in history, literature, and science has to tell us about [End Page 219] the nature of knowledge and belief among Victorians and Edwardians who had seemed, in the words of George Bernard Shaw, to have abandoned reason in their 'drift to the abyss.' Yet, while Shaw characterized popular parlor-room practices such as table-tipping, séances, and palmistry as idle entertainments, the spiritual inquiry that guided such practices was for many Victorians and Edwardians, more than a leisurely pursuit."
Fritz, Morgan D. "Utopianism and Form in fin-de-siècle British Literature." Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 2011. Dissertation Abstracts International 72/08, February 2012.
The project seeks to reconcile the anxiety of cultural and national disintegration in the period with the upsurge of novels in the utopian genre, "whereby authors . . . sought for utopian alternatives, often doing so outside of the genre confines of the utopian novel itself . . . in the work of Olive Schreiner, Sarah Grand, Bernard Shaw, and H.G. Wells. . . . I subsequently look at utopianism's role in Shaw's shift from the novel to dramatic form."
McCall, Jessica D. "Woman or Warrior? How Believable Femininity Shapes Warrior Women." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2011. Dissertation Abstracts International 72/08, February 2012.
"I define and apply my theory of believable femininity: the notion that in order for characters gendered female to be accepted by an audience, specific textual markers must render them submissive to a dominating male figure." Analyzes, among other examples, Joan of Arc as she appears in Shakespeare's 1 Henry VI and Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan.
McGovern, Derek John. "Eliza Undermined: The Romanticisation of Shaw's Pygmalion." Ph.D. Dissertation. Massey University, 2011. WorldCat Dissertations and Theses Detailed Record, 27 March 2012.
No abstract.
Simons, Rebecca Jones. "Misalliance: A Stage Manager's Process." M.F.A.University of Iowa, 2011. WorldCat Dissertations and Theses Detailed Record, 27 March 2012.
"Herein is outlined the process of a stage manager in working on a production of Bernard Shaw's Misalliance at the University of Iowa's Department of Theater in Fall of 2010."
Thompson, Maureen Sherrard. "Rural Solutions in the Industrial Age: Joseph Fels, the Single Tax, and Land Reform. "M.A. Thesis, Temple University, 2011. Masters Theses and Abstracts International, 50/02 April 2011.
"Fels supported single tax candidates, and corresponded with national and international reformers including Samuel Gompers, Booker T. Washington, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, and George Bernard Shaw. Fels was an equitable employer, a philanthropist, and a reformer who campaigned fervently for the rights of the working class until he died in 1914 at age sixty." [End Page 220]
Yde, Matthew. "The Utopian Imagination of George Bernard Shaw: Totalitarianism and the Seduction of the Superman." Ph.D. Dissertation. Ohio State University, 2011. WorldCat Dissertations and Theses Detailed Record, 27 March 2012.
"Shaw has a reputation as a humanitarian, an indefatigable seeker of justice and, in his own words, a 'world betterer.' But this reputation is difficult to reconcile with his support for the totalitarian regimes and dictators that emerged after the First World War, which is not so well known. . . . However, as I believe this dissertation proves, Shaw's support was genuine, rooted in his powerful desire for absolute control over the unruly and chaotic, in a deep psychological longing for perfection. . . . By looking closely at Shaw's plays and connecting them to his political activity, we will see that for Shaw the dictators were provisional supermen clearing the way for the advent of the real supermen who would come later, such as we see in the utopian plays that Shaw wrote in the last three decades of his life.
V. Recordings 5
Candida (2011). 3 CDs, 142 min. Riverdale, Maryland: Audio Book Contractors, LLC, 2011. $19.95.
Flo Gibson founded this company. Also on CD by Audio Book are Heartbreak, Major Barbara, Misalliance, and Pygmalion. Audiobookcontractors.com .
Der tapfere Soldat: Operette in 3 Akten [The Chocolate Soldier]. 2 CDs. Vienna: Cappriccio, 2011.
A German-language production. Alternative German title: Pralinésoldat.
Fanny's First Play (2011). 2 DVDs, 132 min. Washington, D.C.: Washington Stage Guild, 2006, 2011.
Videotaped 1 April 2006 for the Washington Area Performing Arts Video Archive. Director: John MacDonald. Restricted to individual viewing only at the Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library, University of Maryland.
The George Bernard Shaw Collection (2010, 2011). Sound recording, 13 hours, 3 min. Solon, Ohio: Playaway Digital Audio, 2011. $94.99.
Contains eight plays adapted for radio: Mrs. Warren, Major Barbara, Arms, Doctor's [End Page 221] Dilemma, Candida, Misalliance, Disciple, and Pygmalion. Previously released by Los Angeles: L.A. Theatre Works.
Hossick, Malcolm. George Bernard Shaw: A Concise Biography. Projected image computer file. 36 min. New York: Films Media Group, 2011.
Access through Films on Demand, Films Media Group, Cambridge Educational, Meridian Education, and Shopware.
An Ideal Husband (2011). 2 DVDs, 154 min. Washington, D.C.: Shakespeare Theatre, 2011.
Live performance recorded 7 April 2011 for the Washington Area Performing Arts Video Archive. Director: Daniel Rehbehn. Restricted to individual viewing only at the Michelle Smith Performing Arts Library, University of Maryland.
Major Barbara (29 April 2012). Audio, 47 min. LibriVox Free Audiobook Collection.
Sample of cast: Undershaft: Chuck Williamson; Lady Britomart Undershaft: Amy L. Gramour; Barbara: Elizabeth Klett.
A Minister's Wife (26 June 2011). CD. New York: Avatar Studios, 2011.
Based on the play Candida. An original off-Broadway cast recording. Recorded and mixed by Bart Migal.
A Minister's Wife (8 June 2011). DVD, 93 min. New York: The New York Public Library's Theatre on Film and Tape Archive at Lincoln Center Theater, 8 June 2011.
Directors: André Bishop and Bernard Gersten. "Restricted to qualified researchers."
Misalliance. See Candida, above.
Mrs. Warren's Profession (2010). 2 DVDs, 131 min. Director: Keith Baxter.
Videotaped 19 June 2010 for the Washington Area Performing Arts Video Archive. See Fanny's First Play, above.
My Fair Lady (1964). DVD, 172 min. Hollywood: Paramount Pictures, 2011.
The original film on videodisc. Subtitled for Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish.
My Fair Lady (1964).
A Blu-Ray issue of the original film. See preceding entry.
Pygmalion (2011, 2012). 2 CDs, 90 min. London: BBC Radio 4, 2012. North Kingston, Rhode Island: AudioGO, 2012.
Unabridged. $29.95. Starring a full cast.
Saint Joan (9 October 2011, 8:30 pm, Sunday until 16 October 2011 10:42 pm, Sunday). West London: BBC Radio Broadcast, 90 min. Adapted, produced and directed by Jonquil Panting.
Downloaded 9 October 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0155n063/Drama_on_3_Saint_Joan_by_Bernard_Shaw This entry included to illustrate the broadcast dissemination of Shaw works and because this sound production is almost certainly preserved and archived by the BBC. [End Page 222]
VI. Shaw on the World Wide Web 6
"A & E Notebook: My Fair Lady, Pirates of Penzance, Comedian. . . ." Announcement of University of Illinois, Springfield, production. Sj-r.com . 3 November 2011.
Alexandre, Mary. "Monday: Live Radio Show at the Library; Senior Center Yoga." Announcement of East Providence, Rhode Island, Weaver Library 'Live Radio Show' reading of Village Wooing. Eastprovidence.patch.com . 13 April 2012.
"Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw." Announcement of the University of Indianapolis production. Facebook.com . 13 November 2012.
Aubrey, Sophie. "Moreland Play Revisits the Classics." Production report for Pygmalion production in Melbourne. Moreland-leader.whereilive.com.au . 21 September 2011.
"Auditions for Getting Married by George Bernard Shaw—Bethesda, Maryland." Announcement of production. Getbethesdaevents.com . 6 September 2011.
Aveilhe, Tara. Review of The Collected Letters of Helen Terry: 1865-1888, (2010). Upstage: A Journal of Turn-of-the-Century Theatre 2 (Summer 2011). 17 January 2012. Oscholars.com/Upstage/issue2 .
Bartlett, David. "George Bernard Shaw." Olney Doc Muses: Practicing Medicine Living as a Christian Enjoying Creation. This 26 April 2012 blog entry expresses admiration for Shaw. Olneydoc.com . 29 April 2012.
Barr-Moody, Karen. "A Trove of Legal Trouble for Oscar Wilde: Writer's Downfall Chronicled in Gross Indecency at Roxy." Theleafchronicle.com . 18 March 2012. The director of this Clarksville, Tennessee, production reports motivation from Shaw. [End Page 223]
Barrett, Michael P. "My Fair Lady Charms." Review of a San Antonio production. Mysanantonio.com . 23 March 2012.
Barton, Madeline. "Pygmalion at Shaw's Home in Ayot St Lawrence." Announcement of the production. Hertsad.co.uk . 23 June 2011.
Bass, Christina. "Gretna Theatre's [Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania] My Fair Lady Production Welcomes Broadway Stars to the Stage." An announcement. Blog.pennlive.com . 9 June 2011.
"Bedlam Presents Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw." Access Theater, New York, production announcement. Ovationtix.com .
Begelman, David. "Mrs. Warren's Profession at Theater Barn." Review of Ridgefield, Connecticut, production. Ctpost.com . 22 November 2011.
Bentley, David. "Elegant Eliza Anchors Masquerade's My Fair Lady." Review of a Houston production. Yourhoustonnews.com . 9 December 2011.
"Bernard Shaw Musicals Competition Launches." Societyofauthors.com . 1 November 2011.
The Bernard Shaw estate through the Society of Authors has launched a competition in search of a new musical based on a Bernard Shaw play. Prize is £3,600.
"Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion to be on Display on Oct 1-3 in Dalian." Announcement of Dalian, Liaoning, China, production. Whatsondalian.com . 27 September 2011.
Berson, Misha. "Actor Slips Easily into Prof. Higgins' Shoes in Pygmalion." Review of the Seattle Shakespeare Theater production. Seattletimes.nwsource.com . 23 February 2012.
Bevilacqua, Dante J. J. "An Old-Fashioned Musical Delight at Act II [Playhouse]." Review of the Ambler, Pennsylvania, production of My Fair Lady. Montgomerynews.com . 5 May 2012.
Billington, Michael. "Canadian Theatre Comes into its Own." Guardian.co.uk . 1 August 2011.
Billington praises the offerings at Stratford and the Shaw Festival at Niagara-on-the-Lake, with special notice of the productions of On the Rocks and Candida. "The Biographers' Biographer." The Wall Street Journal. wsj.com . 29 July 2011. Uses a review of Michael Holroyd's A Book of Secrets to reprise all of Holroyd's writing of biography, including that of Bernard Shaw.
Blake, Daisy. "Review: You Should Get to See this Lady on Time." A Salt Lake City production of My Fair Lady. Sltrib.com . 20 October 2011.
Blake, Elissa. "Cultural Resolutions." Announcement of a Sydney Theatre, Walsh Bay, Australia, production of Pygmalion. Smh.com.au . 4 January 2012.
Bolker, Jordan. "Fair Appraisal: Students Think Hard Work Will Pay in Musical." Announcement of Coal City, Illinois, High School production of My Fair Lady. Morrisdailyherald.com . 11 March 2012. [End Page 224]
Bosanquet, Theo. "Chichester [West Sussex] Festival Announces 50th Anniversary Season." Announcement of Heartbreak House production. Whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/London . 6 February 2012.
Bosch, Sandy Illian. "Snyder Starts with Shaw at TWS [Theatre of Western Springs, Western Springs, Illinois]." Review of production of Devil's Disciple. Hinsdale.suntimes.com . 11 April 2012.
Bose, Pramita. "Arms and the Man not Regular Love Story: Naseer." Review of a Kolkata production. Asianage.com . 16 February 2012.
"Bush High School [Houston] Presents a [Production of Pygmalion." Announcement. Yourhoustonnews.com . 30 October 2011.
Carpenter, Charles A. A Selective, Classified International Bibliography of Publications about Bernard Shaw: Works from 1940 to Date, with Appendix of Earlier Works. Last updated on 24 April 2012, http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/Carpenter-Shaw-Bibliography-TOC .
International Shaw Society (ISS) members may also reach this link by clicking on "Bibliographies" under "Menu B." This online bibliography is a segmented version. Email Professor Carpenter for a one-piece version if you wish to search the entire database as a single page. Carpenter has made the bibliography available on the ISS website as a gift to Shaw Society members. For a very nominal cost, bibliographies of similar design and scope by Carpenter are on Barker, Becket, O'Casey, O'Neill, Pinter, Stoppard, Synge, Yeats, and Miller. Carpenter's The Dramatic Works of Samuel Beckett: A Selective Bibliography of Publications about the Plays and Their Conceptual Foundations, Continuum, appeared in 2011. He may be reached at "Al Carpenter" ([email protected]).
Caldwell, Suzanne. "Modern Themes Make Shaw's Misalliance Resonate Today." Review of A Fairbanks, Alaska, production. Newsminer.com . 20 April 2012.
Candalepas, Angelos. "Sense of Place Permeated Works of Great Designer." Theage.com.au . 21 September 2011.
Col Madigan, a visionary architect responsible for some of the significant twentieth-century works of architecture in Australia, died in Byron Bay at 90. His work was heavily influenced by his commitment to the fragile earth, the writing of Bernard Shaw, and his father, Frederick.
"Candida by George Bernard Shaw." Announcement of the Flight Theatre, Hollywood, California, production. Lasstagealliance.com . 20 February 2012.
"Candida: George Bernard Shaw in the Berkeley Hills." Announcement of the Bruns Amphitheatre, Orinda, California, production. Meetup.com . 16 August 2011.
Carbone, Claudia. "Heartbreak House Spoofs British Society at Denver Center for Performing Arts." Review. Examiner.com . 9 April 2012. [End Page 225]
"Comedy Double Bill—Bernard Shaw." Announcement of Dorset area tour of Thespis productions of Village Wooing and Augustus Does His Bit. Mags4dorset.co.uk . 14 October 2011.
Coussens, Darcy Rosa. "ShawChicago Revisits George Bernard Shaw's Androcles and the Lion." Review. Chicagotheatrereview.com . 24 February 2012.
Courtice, Stephen. "Bangkok Post: Pygmalion with a Thai Twist." Production announcement. Bangkokpost.com . 8 September 2011.
Craig, Bob. "Pygmalion Comes to Hammond [Indiana] Stage." Announcement. Posttrib.suntimes.com . 8 February 2012.
Craig, Pat. "Review: Center Rep Breaks Hilarious New Ground with Shaw's Arms and the Man." A Walnut Creek, California, production. Mercurynews.com . 1 February 2012
———. "Review: My Fair Lady Given Loverly Staging by Woodminster Summer Musicals." An Oakland, California, production. Mercurynews.com . 10 August 2011.
"'Curtain Call' Theatrical Competition—George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion." Kozhikode, India review. Flickr.com . 17 January 2012.
Dargan, Michele. "Gene Tunney's Son Tells Story about Father's Friendship with George Bernard Shaw." Review of presentation in Palm Beach, Florida. Palmbeachdailynews.com . 6 December 2011.
Davis, Bob. "The Ways We Speak: What Your Accent Says about You, Why it Matters." Review of the Anniston, Alabama, Performing Arts Center production of Pygmalion. Annistonstar.com . 13 November 2011.
Dean, Jennifer. "Momarama: My Fair Lady Performances for Youth, Adults." Announcement of Landis Performing Arts Center production in Riverside, California. Blogs.inlandsocal.com . 12 December 2011.
DeBeer, Diane. "Director Brings Double Bill of Classic Comedy." Announcement of Johannesburg, South Africa, productions of Overruled and How He Lied to Her Husband. Iol.co.za. 28 February 2012.
Diorio, Tiffany. "Wallingford [Connecticut] Library Theater Project Starts 'Getting Wilde' Tonight." Myrecordjournal.com . 29 March 2012.
Directors Bennis and Brooks Appelbaum created Getting Wilde with Shakespeare and Shaw, from parts of plays by each of the playwrights.
Dayton, Lily. "PacRep's 'Words on Stage' Features the Work of George Bernard Shaw." Announcement of a Carmel, California, reading of The Black Girl in Her Search for God. Montereyherald.com . 10 February 2012.
Dietrich, Richard. Dietrich's two websites, Shaw Bizness: Links to the Life, Times, and Work of Irish Playwright George Bernard Shaw, accessed: 15 May 2012, http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/shawbizness.html , and the International Shaw Society Home Page, 15 May 2012, www.shawsociety.org , are, in combination, by far the most important websites for matters about Shaw. [End Page 226]
Dolen, Christine. "Stage Door's My Fair Lady is only Fair." Review of the Coral Springs, Florida, production. Miamiherald.com . 26 February 2012.
———. "World Premiere by New Theatre in New Home." Announcement of a Twain and Shaw Do Lunch production in West Miami-Dade, Florida. Miamiherald.com . 27 November 2012.
Dolgin, Ellen E. "The Landscape of Beyond: Barbara's Disillusionment and Transformation in Bernard Shaw's Mayor Barbara." Upstage: A Journal of Turn-of-the-Century Theatre 2 (Summer 2011). 17 January 2012. Oscholars.com .
"Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara is a play that opens with sparkle and intimacy, exploding tenets of Victorian morality while portraying one of its most cherished institutions: confidential conversation between mother and son. By the time the play premiered in 1905, the Victorian spheres for men and women were dissolving but remained embedded." An explication of the play with a number of astute comments, including its last: "Had Shaw's play ended with the Glory Hallelujah line, the focus would be on Barbara and the resolution of the contest with her father would be complete. However, the final few moments of the play, which arguably serve to remove an idealized language as ending, cast Barbara as a puerile, indecisive adolescent, turning to her mother to choose her marital home. The ending is totally out of synch with any other moment of her onstage presence, leaving us to wonder why Shaw chose to close the play on a more Victorian note than it began."
Dowker, Luke. "Kelly Critic Review: My Fair Lady, North Hills [Philadelphia] High School [production]." Post-gazette.com . 22 April 2012.
Durlach, Tonya. "Beloved Musical My Fair Lady comes to WMU [Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo]." Wmich.edu . 5 October 2012.
Edwards, Jordan. "HCC [Houston Community College] to Present Arms and the Man." Ultimatewestu.com . 14 February 2012.
"Empire Theatre Celebrates 100 Years with My Fair Lady." A Richmond, Virginia, production. Timesdispatch.com . 27 November 2011.
"Enda Tells China all the Good Reasons to Visit Ireland—But What are They?" Thejournal.ie . 27 March 2012.
"The Taoiseach namechecked writers George Bernard Shaw and James Joyce and golfers Rory McIlroy and Darren Clarke in a speech aimed at encouraging Chinese tourists to visit Ireland."
"Enduring Story, Music at Heart of Magical Show." Announcement of My Fair Lady production in Jackson, Mississippi. Clarionledger.com . 13 November 2011.
Ernest, Dagney C. "Curtains! It's [Rockport] Maine Drama Festival Time." Announcement of Searsport District High School production of Passion, Poison, and Petrifaction. Knox.villagesoup.com . 8 March 2012. [End Page 227]
"Eureka College [Peoria, Illinois] Offers Shaw's Classic Play Arms and the Man." Pjstar.com . 25 September 2012.
Evans, Leslie. "George Bernard Shaw: Can His Reputation Survive His Dark Side?" Boryana Books: Publisher of Ebooks and Commentary. February 2012. Boryanabooks.com .
Also in Shaggy Man's Ramblings: Essays by Leslie Evans. CreateSpace (2 April 2012): 229-61. Price: $12.95. An intelligent and historically grounded reexamination of the writer's youthful idol in the light of the recent spotlight turned on Shaw's (long-known) attraction to political "strong men" and his supposed advocacy of eugenics. Evans knows Shaw's complexities, contradictions and satirical strategies—as well as the ways in which his views have been ignorantly (and rarely innocently) pounced upon by right-wing commentators bent on equating Fabian socialism with fascism. If its title suggests to some degree a conversion to a negative view of a former hero, the essay just as often defends Shaw against such misrepresentations. Usefully pointing out that "selective breeding" was championed by famous figures on both sides of the political divide (Churchill and Yeats no less than Russell and Wells), Evans might have gone further to recognize Shaw's Swiftian debunking of this ideology as early as "The Revolutionist's Handbook." Later in life shifting from outrageous hyperbole into his own voice, Shaw devotes entire chapters to undermining the rationale for eugenics in The Intelligent Woman's Guide (#16) and Everybody's Political What's What?(#XXIX). All in all, Evans offers a personally engaged and honest (if overextended) attempt to reckon with an important issue. While the view of Shaw's "dark side" is unflinching, his stature as a great dramatist is never impugned.—Thanks to Al Turco and Dick Dietrich.
Farrar, Jennifer. "Sparkling Revival of Shaw Satire The Philanderer." The Pearl Theatre, New York, production. Sfgate.com . 23 January 2012.
Feeney, Katherine. "By Jove! From Guttersnipe to Duchess in a Few Lessons." Review of Queensland Theatre Company, Brisbane, production of Pygmalion. Brisbanetimes.com.au . 28 October 2011.
Fischer, Mike. "'Love' Springs Inspirational for Madison's [Wisconsin] Forward Theater." Review of a production of a trio of plays that includes Village Wooing. Jsonline.com . 17 April 2012.
Fleming, Christine. "Bernard Shaw Comes to Barnes." Announcement for Barnes Greene, West Sussex, production of Mrs. Warren's Profession. Richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk . 15 February 2012.
Freeman, Mike. "My Fair Lady Filled with Timely Social Themes." Review of the Lakeland, Florida, production. Theledger.com . 7 March 2012.
Frey, Carol. "Wesleyan High School [Norcross, Georgia] Theatre Presents Pygmalion." Peachtreecorners.patch.com. 8 November 2011. [End Page 228]
"Froebel Drama Society Stages A Man of Substance." Adapted from Arms and the Man, a Karachi, Pakistan, production. Brecorder.com . 6 November 2012.
Gardner, Kurt. "Theater Review (LA[Los Angeles]) George Bernard Shaw's Candida." Blogcritics.org . 20 February 2012.
"George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man at Source Theatre." Review of a Washington, D.C., production. Goldstar.com . 12 October 2011.
"George Bernard Shaw's Enchanting Comedy, Candida." Announcement of Morrisville, Pennsylvania, production. Princetonol.com . 22 October 2011.
"George Bernard Shaw's House Goes Up for Sale." Whtimes.co.uk . 15 March 2012.
"Pennyfathers, a 16th century country house in Harmer Green, near Digswell, is being put on the market through agent Bryan Bishop & Partners. Shaw rented it between 1904 and 1906, and tried without success to buy it. Offers in the "region of £3.25 million are invited."
"George Bernard Shaw's Romantic Satire, Arms and the Man, Set for Mago Hunt Theater." Announcement of University of Portland, Oregon, production. Noodls.com . 8 November 2011.
Grajewski, Julian. "Play Review: Runaway Success—Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw." A Hamburg, Germany, production. Thehamburgexpress.com . 13 November 2011.
"The Grand Theatre Auditions: The Crucible." Cityweekly.net . 10 December 2011.
This Salt Lake City, Utah, audition announcement advice is to prepare something by Shakespeare, Greek drama, or Bernard Shaw.
Grant, Lauren. "'Ello Govna! It's the Barksdale Theatre's [Richmond, Virginia] My Fair Lady." Rvanews.com . 13 December 2011.
"Grasmere Players Stage George Bernard Shaw Classic." Review of Mrs. Warren's Profession production at Grasmere, Westmoreland, Cumbria, England, Village Hall. Thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk . 23 June 2011.
"The Guide: Theater." Announcement of Candida Comedy Playhouse production in Tucson, Arizona. Explorernews.com . 8 June 2011.
Haagensen, Erik. "A Minister's Wife: Lincoln Center Theater." Review of New York production. Back Stage, National ed. 12 May 2011. Web.
Hagedorn, Emily. "Collegiate to Present Pygmalion." Announcement of Louisville, Kentucky, production. Courier-journal.com . 25 April 2012.
Henry, Bill. "Wardrobe Mistress Turns Director." Review of Devil's Disciple production in Owen Sound, Ontario. Owensoundsuntimes.com . 1 February 2012.
"Holladay Arts Council [Salt Lake City, Utah]: Dear Liar." Reading announcement. Cityweekly.net . 10 February 2012.
Holroyd, Michael. "Paperback Q & A: Michael Holroyd on Bernard Shaw: The Writer Explains Why the 15 Years it Took to Write his Biography of GBS was 'Remarkably Quick.'" Guardian.co.uk . 13 December 2011. [End Page 229]
Howell, Blair. "Hale's My Fair Lady to Focus on Original Source's Wit and 'Clever' Characters." West Valley City, Utah, production announcement. Deseretnews.com . 9 October 2011.
Hunt, Geoffrey P. "Why Can't a Woman Be More Like a Man." American Thinker.com. 25 March 2012.
A long wind-up reviewing the reputedly reassuring male chauvinism of Shaw's Pygmalion and My Fair Lady precedes a diatribe against legal abortion. The mantra is "The War on Women is the sisterhood's War on the Womb."
Johnston, Rory. "Denis Johnston on Shaw." Boryana Books: Publisher of Ebooks and Commentary. May 2012. 12 May 2012. Boryanabooks.com .
Rory Johnston compiles and edits this substantial article from his famous Irish playwright father's materials, calling him a "protégé" of Yeats and Shaw. He begins with a reminiscence of his father: As a "schoolboy in Dublin I went to the Abbey Theatre one evening expecting to see an amusing play by Lady Gregory called The Workhouse Ward. I was disappointed to find there had been some mistake, and that instead I was in for a debate between a fat man called Chesterton and a thin man called Shaw. What the subject was I don't' remember, but the fat man was very bluff and jolly, and tried to raise a laugh at the expense of the thin man by praising drink and overeating and good living generally. But then the thin man got to his feet. 'My friend,' he said, 'always reminds me of a piece of music we've all heard, called "The Merry Peasant." You know how it goes: 'Ta-ra, Ta-ra, Ta-ra-ra-ra-ra-ra. . . .' With that he brought down the house. In that moment I decided that Shaw was all right, and I have never had any occasion to change my opinion." A lot more on Johnston and Shaw follows.
Jones, Kenneth. "Allegiance, Starring Lea Salonga and Telly Leung, to Play Old Globe [San Diego] Season with Gentleman's Guide, Ibsen, Shaw and More." Announcement of Pygmalion production. Playbill.com . 27 April 2012.
Kelly III, Bill. "Style, Beauty, Wit and Music Highlight My Fair Lady on Blu-Ray." Review of the release of the 1964 film on Blu-Ray. Hamptonroads.com . 17 November 2011.
Kennedy, Veronica. "Theater Students at the University of Montevallo [Alabama] to Offer Play [Heartbreak House], Musical in April." Blog.al.com . 17 April 2012.
Kilmek, Chris. "Wives and Wits." Review of Washington, D.C., Stage Guild productions of Overruled and Village Wooing. Washingtoncitypaper.com . 2 May 2012.
Lavin, Margaret. "Class Notes: Pygmalion Syndrome." The Santa Clara Weekly. Santaclaraweekly.com . 2 May 2012.
Citing Pygmalion and My Fair Lady, [End Page 230] a teacher distinguishes for students the difference between "formal" and "informal . . . register."
Law, John. "Shaw's 50th Season a Recordbreaker." Niagarafallsreview.ca . 31 August 2011.
"'These figures give us the confidence to continue vigorously re-examining, re-imagining and ultimately presenting plays by Shaw in fresh, interesting and innovative ways,' said artistic director Jackie Maxwell."
Lesnick, Silas. See Sutherland, Donald, below.
Li, Kay. The SAGITTARIUS-ORION SHAW Digitizing Project at http://shaw.yorku.ca A Virtual Tour of Shaviana 15 May 2012. A Virtual Tour of Shaviana has moved to http://shaw.yorku.ca/virtual-tour-of-shaviana/ .
The SAGITTARIUS-ORION Shaw Digitizing Project continues to undergo substantial expansion, in research projects funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. There are two main sections: (1) an open access platform and (2) a restricted access platform accessible only on the Ontario Research and Innovation Optical Network (ORION) which will ensure copyright restrictions. On the much-enlarged open access platform, there is a Shaw Video Gallery featuring video essays on Footsteps of Bernard Shaw, various productions of Shaw's major plays, and various works related to Shaw. There is also a Shaw Image Gallery showcasing the wonderful world of Shaw from Shaw's Corner to his Revolving Writing Hut in their contexts, complete with photos taken by George Austin on site. There are Crossword Puzzles for all seasons: Shaw scholars, fans, and even children. The restricted access platform continues to feature classroom resources such as annotated full texts, study guides, reference materials written by world-renowned Shaw scholars, annotated bibliography, complete with concordances and a search engine. Strongly interested visitors are encouraged to apply for access to this platform. The site is becoming fully interactive with new social media features. Look for a much more complete report in the upcoming International Shaw Society Newsletter in late 2012
"Limited Run of Arms and the Man in Athboy [Co. Meath, Ireland]." Meathchronicle.ie . 14 March 2012.
"London, Tekworx." "IPhone Insurance Hints: George Bernard Shaw's Timeless Fiction on Your Iphone." Tekworxlondon.co.uk . 23 October 2011.
Begins with a long listing of Shaw's nondramatic titles, which, with an "IPhone," one can purchase from the "App Store," with the download cost, presumably completely covered, in case of damage to the IPhone, by the insurance being peddled here.
Lowry, Max. "Giveaway: Arms and the Man." Announcement of Stage West, Fort Worth, Texas, production. 20 October 2011. [End Page 231]
Mackin, Laurence. "The Irish Times Theatre Awards Shortlist." Irishtimes.com . 14 January 2012.
The Abbey Theatre production of Pygmalion had nominations of Charlie Murphy as Eliza for Best Actress, Peter O'Brien for Best Designer: Costume, and Paul O'Mahony for Best Designer: Set.
Majuma, Sasa. "Back Stage." Announcement of Major Barbara production in Gaborone, Botswana. Mmegi.bw . 14 March 2012.
Mariani, Ian. "Blending Wit, Drama, in Occidental's [College, Los Angeles] Latest Play: Shaw's 1897 Show You Never Can Tell." Oxyweekly.com . 8 December 2011.
"Mariinsky Theatre: A Step into Musical Space." Review of the St. Petersburg, Russia, production of My Fair Lady. Englishruv.ru . 27 February 2012.
"Mark Twain in Person." ShawChicago's production announcement of a Richard Henzel's one-man performance of Twain, who talks about GBS. ShawChicago.org . 20 January 2012.
Marowitz, Charles. "Re-Examining Candida: Is George Bernard Shaw Passé?" Upstage: A Journal of Turn-of-the-Century Theatre 2 (Summer 2011). Oscholars.com . 17 January 2012.
Did Candida "regret asserting her loyalty to the vicar simply because they were legally bound to one another, and would she, after a time, fantasize on what life would have been like with a younger, more intellectually imaginative lover? It is that sort of speculation that adds a certain dimensionality to Shaw's play, giving it reverberations I believe the playwright never consciously intended," but which make it completely provocative to modern audiences.
"Master Playwright Festival: Shaw Unbound." Masterplaywrightfest.com . 29 November 2011.
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada-based, two-week Festival program included Leonard Conolly's "Why Shaw Still Matters"; a panel on "Shaw and Women's Rights"; a director's panel "Discovering Shaw"; and productions of Arms and the Man, Augustus Does His Bit, Caesar and Cleopatra, Candida, double-billed Great Catherine and Annajanska, Heartbreak House, How He Lied to Her Husband, Major Barbara, Mrs. Warren's Profession, My Affair with George Bernard (collage), My Fair Lady, pShaw! A Literary Roast of George Bernard Shaw, The Shaw Redemption (radio rebroadcast of Don Juan in Hell from the 1950s), Queen of My Heart (adapted from the Shaw/Mrs Patrick Campbell letters), Saint Joan, and Village Wooing. The festival ran from January 18 to February 5, 2012.
May, Elijah. "Can Your Leadership Change Business or Even the World?" Agebeat.com . 28 January 2012.
Shaw's "Pygmalion-effect" is often imagined as a good thing by people in business cultures. This piece is selected as an example of several found in the 2011-12 web listings.
McKay, Verda. "My Fair Lady is Loverly Every Time." Chico, California, production announcement. Chicoer.com . 12 January 2012. [End Page 232]
McMillan, Joyce. ""Theatre Reviews: My Fair Lady—See How They Run." Review of the Port Na Craig, Pitlochry, Scotland, production. Thescotsman.scotsman.com . 16 June 2011.
Mietke, Randall G. "It's 'Curtain Up' for Paramount's Self-Produced Shows." Production announcement for My Fair Lady, in Aurora, Illinois. Beaconnews.suntimes.com . 3 September 2011.
Mikailian, Arin. "May 14: Play Reading, Boutique Sale." Includes announcement of Calabasas, California, Library reading of Major Barbara: A Comedy. Calabasas.patch.com . 14 May 2012.
"Morris Performing Art Center [South Bend, Indiana] Presents My Fair Lady." Southbend.broadwayworld.com . 21 February 2012.
Moross, Matthew G. "Theater Review: Shaw's Mrs. Warren Given Sturdy Performance at ACT." The Albany, New York, Civic Theater production. Dailygazette.com . 8 September 2011.
Moser, Emily. "George Bernard Shaw's Dark Comedy Arms and the Man Currently Running at Houston Community College." Yourhoustonnews.com . 22 February 2012.
Mosley, Davia L. "My Fair Lady to Entertain, Raise Funds for United Way." A Marietta, Georgia, production announcement. Mdjonline.com . 6 December 2011.
Munson, Daniel C. "Doolittle Economics." Online.barrons.com . 24 July 2011.
Unemployment benefits and make-work employment are a stop-gap strategy. "So the next time you hear another such official or economist trot out one of these arguments, think of Alfred P. Doolittle and his economic policy, and remember that the money will all be gone by Monday."
Muthalaly, Shonali. "Shah and Shaw." Review of Sir Mutha Venkatasubba Rao Concert Hall production of Arms and the Man in Chennai, Tamil, Nadu, India.
"My Fair Lady." Production announcement for Analy High School, Sebastopol, California. Events.sfgate.com . 21 March 2012.
"My Fair Lady." Production announcement for Mayde Creek High School Fine Arts Department, Katy, Texas. Katytimes.com . 17 January 2012.
"My Fair Lady Takes Stage in Rehoboth Beach [Delaware]." Delmarvanow.com . 15 March 2012.
Naughton, Pete. "Drama on 3: Saint Joan, Radio 3, Preview." Telegraph.co.uk . 7 October 2011.
O'Donnell, Molly. "Motherless Nature: The Implications of Landscape in Mrs. Warren's Profession. Upstage: A Journal of Turn-of-the-Century Theatre 2 (Summer 2011). 17 January 2012. Oscholars.com .
"Literalizing the theme he exploits more explicitly in plays like The Simpleton of the Unexpected [End Page 233] Isles, Shaw's social-issue play, Mrs. Warren's Profession reveals a complex use of metaphor as regards landscape and nature, imbuing them with something telling beyond the New Woman's perceived predicament." Vivie does not need to be a mother to be a properly natural woman. At the end of the play "Vivie's 'delving into the great sheafs [sic] of paper on her desk in order to lose herself in her work' does not seem to signal despair and disillusionment to either the character herself or the author personally. These interpretations have more to do with scholarship that applies Shaw's later theories retroactively to Vivie instead of vice versa. To say that Vivie is discontent and working to 'lose herself' borders on paternalistic and sexist. Perhaps the end of the play is viewed as ambiguous merely because audiences are unaccustomed to a person rewarded for following the dictates of her own nature rather than those conventionally or eugenically prescribed at the time, prizing individual productivity and peace over romance or duty."
"100th Anniversary of Pygmalion Honored by [Westport, Connecticut's] Play With Your Food." Announcement of excerpt to be presented at scheduled performances of other plays. Connecticutplus.com . 29 March 2012.
"OSF's 2013 Schedule." Ashland, Oregon, Shakespeare Festival production announcement of My Fair Lady. Dailytidings.com . 2 February 2012.
"Outdoors and Inspired." Announcement of Theatricum, Topanga, California, production of Heartbreak House. Topangamessenger.com . 3 May 2012.
Outwater, Myra Yellin. "Act 1 Presents a Lesser-Known Shaw." Review of You Never Can Tell at DeSales University, Pennsylvania. Articles.mcall.com . 23 September 2011.
"PhotoFlash: Westchester Broadway Theatre [Elmsford, New York] Presents My Fair Lady" Rockland.broadwayworld.com . 27 September 2011.
Powers, Nancy Chipman. "On Stage: Endgame." Announcement of Hilberry Theatre, Detroit, production of Major Barbara. Freep.com . 26 April 2012.
"Production of Shakes vs. Shaw: Theatricalia." Announcement by Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, Surrey. 16 June 2012.
"Prokofiev: Man of the People?" Southbank Centre's [London] Royal Festival Hall programme includes a performance of Prokofiev's "Incidental Music to Egyptian Nights" to accompany extracts of texts by Pushkin, Bernard Shaw, and Shakespeare. Guardian.co.uk . 15 December 2011.
"Pygmalion at Heartland." Announcement for Heartland Players Theatre, Redland, California, production. Redlandsdailyfacts.com . 28 October 2011. [End Page 234]
"Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw." London Putney Arts Theatre production announcement. Britevents.com . 18 August 2011.
"Pygmalion Play Provides Witty Entertainment." Review of After Hours Theatre, Clearwater, Florida, production. Clearwatertimes.com . 27 February 2012.
"Pygmalion Plays the Pub! A Staged Reading (Public House Theatre Company [Portland, Oregon])." Artslandia.com . 21 February 2012.
Reeves, Terry Bryce. "Gilbert and Sullivan Players Present My Fair Lady in Tarpon Springs [Florida]." Tampabay.com . 21 July 2012.
Reidenbach, Beth. "Director Comments on My Fair Lady." Announcement of Hudson, Wisconsin, production. Hudsonstarobserver.com . 27 October 2011.
"[Chicago's] Remy Bumppo Announces New Season." You Never Can Tell production announced. Chicagotribune.com . 1 March 2012.
Review of Rod Preece's Animal Sensibility and Inclusive Justice in the Age of Bernard Shaw (2011). Reference & Research Book News (December 2011). Web.
Rhyme, Ellie. "Bryn Mawr [Pennsylvania] Now." Announcement of Pygmalion production. Brynmawr.edu . 12 April 2012.
Rodel, Kristina. "Review: Four Seasons Theatre's My Fair Lady Dazzles and Delights." A Madison, Wisconsin, production. Dane101.com . 20 August 2011.
"Rodelle Weintraub." Wikipedia.org . 26 August 2011.
Professional biography.
Roderick, Kevin. "Ray Bradbury's Typewriter." Laopbserved.com . 4 December 2011.
L.A. civic leader Steve Soboroff is a noted collector of typewriters. He has one of Bradbury's and he has one of Bernard Shaw's—a fitting pair of keepsakes since Bradbury has repeatedly expressed his admiration of Shaw over the years.
"Roselle Park [New Jersey] High School to Present My Fair Lady." Nj.com . 17 March 2012.
Rowell, John. "Same-Sex Shakespeare . . . Keeping Up with Joan." Announcement of Access Theater, New York, production of Saint Joan. Showbusinessweekly.com . 10 April 2012.
Royal, Margie. "RVCO's [Rose Valley Chorus and Orchestra] Anniversary My Fair Lady is a Winner." Review of the Wallingford, Pennsylvania, production. Delconewsnetwork.com . 26 April 2012.
Sabhagriha, Swatantryaveer Savarkar Smarak. "Bernard Shaw: What are you Doing this Weekend?" Announcement of a Mumbai production of Arms and the Man. Mumbaitheatreguide.com . 27 April 2012.
Sagittarius Orion Shaw Website. http://libra.apps01.york.ca . See Li, Kay, above. [End Page 235]
"Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw." Announcement of The Rose, London, production. Rosetheatre.org.uk . 15 December 2011.
"San Pedro [San Antonio, Texas] Playhouse to Present My Fair Lady." Sanantonio.broadwayworld.com . 7 March 2012.
Scheck, Frank. "Smooth Bride." Review of the Irish Repertory Theatre [New York] production of Man and Superman. Bypost.com . 15 May 2012.
"The Seattle Public Theater Presents Smash, a Play from a Story by George Bernard Shaw." Mygreenlade.com . 19 April 2012.
ShawChicago Theater Company. 2012. 15 May 2012. http://www.shawchicago.org/about.html .
Shaw Chicago presents the plays of Bernard Shaw and his contemporaries. Promotion and production information for the 2012-13 season. Shaw productions associated with ShawChicago this season: Dear Liar, Androcles, Mrs Warren's Profession, Village Wooing, Don Juan in Hell, Shaw vs Shakespeare, A Shaw Lecture, Widowers' Houses, and Millionairess.
"Shaw Pokes Fun at Manners." Announcement of the Elms Lane, West Wittering, production of My Fair Lady. Wscountytimes.co.uk . 23 November 2011.
"Shaw's Pygmalion in Breytenbach Theatre [Sunnyside, Pretoria] Soon." Thenewage.co.za . 7 September 2011.
Shelangoskie, Susan. "Spiritualism and the Representation of Female Authority in Shaw's Getting Married." Upstage: A Journal of Turn-of-the Century Theatre 2 (Summer 2011). Oscholars.com . 17 January 2012.
The 2008 Shaw Festival production of Getting Married "focused attention on the character of Mrs. George by placing the single intermission just at the point where she descended the long staircase and entered the Bishop of Chelsea's Norman kitchen (the single setting of the play). This deliberate choice of structure emphasizing one of the few characters not interested in the outcome of the doomed marriage-alternative contract suggests that a different reading of thematic stress is possible, one that is concerned not just with marriage but also with the larger issue of women's political and social authority. The center of this discourse—just as she is located at the center of the play—is Mrs. George, and I argue that her function as a spiritualist medium is the nexus of her several roles that offer varying models of female authority. The absent but authoritative and passive but potent qualities of the spirit and the medium in the séance symbolize the political potential of female authority that was incompletely translated as an individual cultural reality, and the adaptation of this distinctively Victorian cultural model reflects the state of marriage and divorce reform that, at the time [End Page 236] of the first production of Getting Married, was still mired in mid-Victorian legislation."
Silk, Chris. "Review: Some Stumbles, but My Fair Lady Has its Delights." A Fort Meyers, Florida, touring production. Naplesnews.com . 8 March 2012.
"A 'Simply Loverly' Musical Production in Ipswich [Massachusetts, High School production of My Fair Lady]." Announcement. Widkedlocal.com . 3 December 2011.
"Stage Tube: Sneak Peek at Mann, Fulton in [Storrs] Connecticut Repertory Theatre's My Fair Lady." Broadwayworld.com . 9 July 2011.
"Stage West [Fort Worth, Texas] to Present Arms and the Man." Dallas.broadwayworld.com . 12 October 2011.
"Stanley Weintraub." Wikipedia.org . 26 August 2011.
Professional biography.
Storey, Deborah. "Broadway Theatre League Brings My Fair Lady to Von Braun Center Concert Hall [Huntsville, Alabama]." Announcement. Al.com . 29 February 2012
Stratford, Herb. "Shaw's Major Barbara on Stage at Rogue Theatre [Tucson]." Insidetucsonbusiness.com . 9 September 2011.
Sutherland, Donald (interviewed by Silas Lesnick). "Donald Sutherland on the Sociopolitical Importance of The Hunger Games." Comingsoon.net . 14 March 2012.
Sutherland likens Hunger Games film character protagonist Katniss Everdeen to Shaw's version of Saint Joan: "I talked to Gary [Ross, director,] about George Bernard Shaw and Saint Joan. And I'm not a big fan of the play, but the premise is extraordinary and Shaw talks about Joan and all those guys being genius [sic]. In their particular moment of their political ascendancy, they were genius [sic]. And she Katniss Everdeen [played by actress Jennifer Lawrence], is a genius. You know, she doesn't know it when she goes into the arena and she's in the middle of this coliseum, but it develops. Everything she does is correct. When she reaches down and picks up those berries and puts them in her pocket, I know that she needs them for a scene later on. I've read the script. But the character doesn't know it and [there's] just the genius of how that character knows that that might be a weapon that she can use. But most actors who play that will give you something. Just a little hint of an indicator that they actually know that they need it later. This girl! I said to her, I said, 'You should change your name to Jennifer Lawrence Olivier!'"
Tatangelo, Wade. "Asolo Rep Opens Season with Special Staging of My Fair Lady." A Sarasota, Florida, production. Bradenton.com . 13 November 2011.
"Theatre Stages Man and Superman." A University of North Carolina, Greensboro, production. Ure.uncg.edu . 13 March 2012. [End Page 237]
"300.00—Montblanc Writers Edition George Bernard Shaw Ballpoint Pen." Ballpointpensforsale.com . 5 February 2012.
At least a 75 percent discount from the original price several years ago.
"Two Lifelong Learning Program Courses Scheduled for April [2012]." Uticaod.com . 4 April 2012.
Hamilton, Ontario's program: Professor Hugh Humphreys will present one class on "From the Stage, via George Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan with emphasis on the trial scene, plus the reflections of some who played Joan."
Trussell, Robert. "Actors, Audiences Rate Readings High." Announcement of the Equity Actors' Readers' Theatre, Kansas City, presentation of Misalliance. Kansascity.com . 27 April 2012.
Vaughn, Katie. "Feeling the Love." Review of Village Wooing Madison, Wisconsin, production. Madisonmagazine.com . 15 May 2012.
"Wagner College [Staten Island] Theatre's My Fair Lady Opens at Sung Harbor." Offofbroadway.broadwayworld.com . 7 November 2012.
Walsh, Jane. "Dublin's George Bernard Shaw Conference to Focus on Literary Giant's Irish Identity and Influence." An informational feature article. Irishcentral.com . 5 May 2012.
Wegenke, Eric. "Warrior Times Weekly, Lakeside Lutheran High School, Fairest Musical of Them All." Review of Lake Mills, Wisconsin, High School production of My Fair Lady. My.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper . 4 May 2012.
"Westville Puts on My Fair Lady." Announcement of the Westville, Illinois, High School production. Commercial-news.com . 3 November 2011.
Whitnall, Catherine. "Rags to (almost) Riches Story Hits Local Stage: Play that Inspired My Fair Lady Marks its 100th Anniversary at Lindsay [Ontario] Little Theatre." Announcement of production of Pygmalion. Mykawartha.com . 30 April 2012.
Whitworth, Melissa. "My Vanity Fair Lady Gaga." Fashion.telegraph.co.uk . 30 November 2011.
The cover and story shoot of Lady Gaga, photographs the star in Edwardian-style garb—a modern take on costumes from My Fair Lady."Willamette University [Salem, Oregon] Theatre Features Smash. Oregon. salem-news.com . 29 September 2011.
"Wordsmith on Trial." Indianexpress.com . 22 April 2012.
On World Shakespeare Day, the bard faces his critics. In a mock courtroom, a scene will unfold wherein Shakespeare will face his critics Leo Tolstoy and Bernard Shaw. Writer and activist Vinay Hardikar, the founder of Shakespeare for All, will stand in the accused box as Shakespeare and face the questions and criticism from other characters in the plot and "effectively answer them." Presented in Symbiosus Vishwabhavan Auditorium, Pune, Maharashtra, India. [End Page 238]
VII. Other Media
"Cigarette Card: George Bernard Shaw." Flickr. 23 March 2012. 13 April 2012 Flickr.com/photos .
Provides a photo of the "Carreras Cigarettes 'Famous Men' (series of 25 issued in 1927) "#4 George Bernard Shaw— Irish playwright and author 1856-1950." Card with bust of Shaw viewed from right side of his face is captioned "Mr. G. B. Shaw."
"George Bernard Shaw Fridge Magnet." The Literary Gift Company. 19 February 2012.
Description: "A portrait of George Bernard Shaw on a metal fridge magnet. Measures 8 x 6 cm." Price: £2.95.
VIII. Miscellany
Carinci, Ciara. Tales at the Crosley (unpublished 2011).
Play production from 20 October to 2 November 2011 at Powel Crosley Theater, Tamiami Trail, Manatee County, Florida. For the Halloween week, Carinci wrote, directed, and acted the role of Dorothy Parker, in a play which also features Oscar Wilde and Bernard Shaw, for a three-person verbal sparring script using their favorite ghost stories by H. G. Wells, M. R. James, and Clive Barker. The production is announced by Wade Tatangelo, "Crosley Opens Season with Spooky Tales at the Crosley, Bradenton [FL].com . 20 October 2011.
Gash, "Doctor." "Take a First Look at My Fair Zombie with First Teaser Trailer." Myfairzombiemovie.com . 21 February 2012.
HorrorMovies.ca —Brett Kelly dropped me a line to share the trailer for his upcoming zombie comedy, My Fair Zombie. ~ MY FAIR ZOMBIE is a horror comedy to be directed by Brett Kelly. Based on George Bernard Shaw's PYGMALION, the story concerns a professor of phonetics who attempts to teach a zombie woman to be a proper English Lady. The script is by Kelly and frequent collaborator Trevor Payer (She-Rex).
Gurira, Canai. The Convert (2011-12, unpublished).
Directed by Emily Mann, produced at T.Carter Erickson/McCarter Theatre, Princeton, New Jersey. "Colonial History, Through the Eyes of the Colonized." Npr. org. 10 February 2012. Interviewed by Jeff Lunden, Gurira related she wanted to make her play an "adaptation of Pygmalion, about Zimbabwe, because I just feel like there are so many parallel themes." In Pygmalion, Henry Higgins takes a poor flower girl and teaches her to speak the King's English. In The Convert, Jekesai, a young woman from the Shona people, runs away from an arranged marriage and is taken under the wing of a black Catholic missionary named Chilford. "She's learned [End Page 239] a whole new language," says Pascale Armand, who plays Jekesai. "She's learned about a whole new religion, which she has put complete and utter faith in . . . [put] her life into this new way of thinking and new way of believing."
Larry Crowne. Director: Tom Hanks. Universal Studios, 2011.
Returning to college after he loses his job, Tom Hanks takes a course from Julia Roberts who has written an M.A. Thesis entitled "Political Discourse in Shakespeare and Shaw." Other Shavian bits are included.
"Mariam Fares and Duraid Laham Together on the Big Screen." Albawaba.com . 2 November 2011.
Lebanese singer Mariam Fares is preparing to produce, fund, and star in a film based on Pygmalion, co-starring prominent Syrian actor Duraid Laham.
Mournful Indifference. Director: Alexandr Sokurov. Lenfilm, 1987.
Incorporates a heavy debt to Heartbreak House. Not listed on Amazon. Available for free download at Torrent website as of 20 April 2011. Read annotation at thepiratebay.se/torrent/6331997Mournful Unconcern (Alexandr Sokurov, 1987).
Murphy, Brian. The Importance of Being: A Play. Copyright by Brian Murphy, 2011.
Brian Murphy's play has been performed a number of times in recent years. This copyright provides "A Prefatory Paragraph." "Although Stewart Headlam was quite famous as a radical clergyman, in London, in the years around the sharp turn history took into the 20th century, it is his appearances in fascinating footnotes to literary history which make him the subject of the following play. Historically, he appears (a) as the model for Shaw's character The Reverend James Mavor Morell, in Candida. (b) visiting a self-described 'Shavian' in prison who refused to speak to anyone except Shaw—when Shaw was out of the country—and most fascinatingly of all, (c) as a surprise figure in the story of Oscar Wilde's trials and incarceration. There is a biography of Headlam, a very 'official' biography published soon after his death in 1924. One discovers which committees he sat on, learns of his many good works; and one is continually reminded how wonderful a friend he was. The book contains exactly one personal detail—a tantalizing fact about his marriage. This fact, some others, and some actual lines attributed in various accounts to the historical personages, are to be found within. Everything else is a dramatic fantasia."
Norinsky, Sid. Comrade Marx (unpublished 2011). See "Shaw and Marx." Recordlonline.com . 21 June 2011.
In the play Shaw teams up with Marx in a notorious 1871 confrontation with Russian anarchist Mikhall Bakunin in the London pub, Jack Straw's Castle.
Platonov, Andrei. Fourteen Little Red Huts (1932).
In a 26 January 2011 web posting, "14 Little Red Huts at the London School of Economics: [End Page 240] George Bernard Shaw Greets the Russian Socialist Utopia," Patrick Wright explains, "On 9 February 2011, the first act of Andrei Platonov's play, Fourteen Little Red Huts, will be performed in the Shaw Library at the London School of Economics. The play, which was banned under Stalin, satirizes the visit of George Bernard Shaw, who was guided round the USSR in 1931, enjoying an audience with Stalin and insisting that all talk of hunger in the workers' paradise was a lie. . . . Since George Bernard Shaw and Sidney and Beatrice Webb were dramatically wrong about the USSR, it is appropriate that the performance and discussion will take place in the Shaw Library at the London School of Economics, an institution that counts all three of them among its founders, and with the present director, Howard Davies, playing a part. The event is free."
Stevens, Chambers. Twain and Shaw Do Lunch.
Unpublished play made its world premiere at Miami's New Theatre in December 2011. It is based on a real meeting between Mark Twain and George Bernard Shaw. The full-length comedic play has won the Fourteenth Annual Long Beach Playhouse New Works Festival award in Long Beach, CA, the 2005 Palm Springs International Playwriting Festival award for Best Comedy, and has also appeared in the Futurefest at the Dayton Playhouse ( Wikipedia.com . 13 May 2012). A public reading of the play was presented on 27 April 2012 at the Björklunden, Wisconsin, Estate, for a high-school writing award event, "The Play's the Thing," which provides playwriting instruction to high school students from Gibraltar and Sevastopol schools in Door County, Wisconsin.
"Unheard Melodies from the Gozo [Malta] Creative Theatre Club." Gozonews.com . 14 June 2011.
Written by Norman Beim, this short play is based on the relationship of Shaw and his wife, Charlotte, noticing its unusual terms. Unpublished. [End Page 241]
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Which modern musical instrument used to be called the 'sackbut'? | sackbut | French musical instrument | Britannica.com
French musical instrument
See Article History
Alternative Title: tenor trombone
Sackbut, (from Old French saqueboute: “pull-push”), early trombone , invented in the 15th century, probably in Burgundy. It has thicker walls than the modern trombone, imparting a softer tone, and its bell is narrower.
Sackbuts.
Multimann
The sackbut answered the need for a lower-pitched trumpet that composers of the time sought. Its telescoping slide mechanism is retained in the modern trombone.
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Date Published: July 20, 1998
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Which style or school of art did Picasso pioneer? | MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
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NOTE: It has been a few decades since this research was done. It is possible that additional information may have been discovered during that time. The value of this report lies in the fact that it introduces the various instruments that are mentioned in the Old Testament, along with Scripture references that show some of the passages where those instruments are mentioned. Such information can be a starting point for further research, if desired.
The King James Version word for the instrument is sometimes included in parentheses, when it is different from a more commonly-used word.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
Dennis Hinks © 1976
INTRODUCTION
Music played a vital part in Hebrew culture. It was present in all aspects of their life: work, worship, merrymaking, and military activities. It was used to soothe depressed kings (1 Samuel 16:14- 23) and it accompanied shepherds watching their sheep (David was a musician). It even accompanied specific acts of God (for example, the destruction of Jericho, Joshua 6:4-20).
Music was invented within a few generations of Adam (Genesis 4:21). By the time of the Hebrews, there were many types of instruments. Due to the centuries between us and them, it is hard to determine the identity of the various instruments mentioned in the Bible. However, with the etymology of the various words, pictorial sources on coins, monuments and seals (mostly from nations surrounding Israel, perhaps because the Hebrews had a commandment against creating images), various manuscripts, and even discovered musical instruments, we are able to get a good idea of what types of instruments existed, as well as identify many (not all) of the biblical names used for those instruments.
STRINGED INSTRUMENTS
Kinnōr--LYRE (CITHARA) (KJV-"harp") and Nebel--HARP (KJV-- "psaltery"; "viol")
A lyre has a body with two arms, which are joined by a crossbar. The strings stretch from the body to the crossbar. Harps have a neck at an angle to the body, either arched (of the same piece as the body) or angular (the neck fastened to the body at a near right angle). There is some overlap between these two instruments.
Kinnōr comes from the root "to twang." Nebel means "a skin bottle," perhaps referring to the shape of the sound box. Most authorities say kinnōr is a lyre and nebel is a harp. However, there is some confusion between these terms. Some feel that the main difference between them might be that of size and number of strings.
The joyful music of the kinnōr was heard in the temple (1 Chronicles 15:16; 2 Chronicles 5:12), as well as during festivities and banquets (Isaiah 5:12). David used this instrument to calm Saul's spirit (1 Samuel 16:23). It was played by itself (1 Samuel 16:16) or with other musical instruments (1 Samuel 10:5).
The nebel was often played with the kinnōr (1 Kings 10:12) or with other instruments (Isaiah 5:12). It was used in the temple (2 Chronicles 5:12).
Asōr; Nebel Asōr (KJV-- "an instrument of ten strings")
Asōr means "ten." Some believe nebel asōr (Psalms 33:2; 144:9) refers to a "ten-stringed nebel" and asōr (Psalms 92:3) to a shortened form of the name. Others believe this term refers to a zither, an instrument with many strings (in this case, ten) stretched across a body (sounding box), either struck (dulcimer) or plucked (psaltery).
LUTE
A lute has strings stretched along a neck attached to a resonating body, as does a guitar-like or violin-like instrument. No biblical term has been identified with it, although they probably existed in Israel, since they have been found in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Hittite art.
WIND INSTRUMENTS
Shōfar--HORN (KJV-- "cornet," "trumpet") and Yōbēl--HORN (KJV-- "ram's horn", "trumpet")
There is no evidence of any distinction between these two terms. Shōfar is used more frequently. Usually the horn was a male ram's horn, which has a curved shape and a relatively wide conical bore. Some were flattened and straightened with heat. Straight (female) mountain goat's horns were also used during the second temple period.
The horn was sometimes used with other instruments (1 Chronicles 15:28). Yet it was used chiefly as a signal instrument in religious and secular activities. It was used in war (Joshua 6:20; Judges 7:16-22). It also announced the year of the Jubilee (Leviticus 25:8-10).
This instrument is still in use today.
Hasōsera--TRUMPET
This instrument consisted of a straight narrow tube flared out at one end, not quite a cubit long. They were usually made of brass or silver, sometimes gold-plated. The tone was sharper than the low-pitched shōfar, and it had a limited number of pitches (two or three).
Two long silver trumpets played an important part in Israel's history (Numbers 10:1-10). Trumpets were used to assemble the people or the chiefs, to prepare them for moving camp (during the wilderness wanderings) or for war, as well as during feasts and ceremonies.
FLUTE
Pipes were probably made from a cane, hollowed wood, or bone; often pierced with holes. They may be divided into two types: pipes with one or two reeds (comparable to modern- day clarinets and oboes) and pipes with no reeds (flutes).
Flutes may be end-blown, cross-blown, or blown like a whistle. Often two pipes (with or without reeds) were played simultaneously by the same person.
Flutes were used at this time, but no biblical term has yet been positively identified with them (although there are a few possibilities).
Halīl--REED PIPE (KJV-- "pipe")
Halīl is derived from the Hebrew word meaning "pierced," which probably indicates fingering holes similar to those in a modern day flute. Some believe halīl was a simple flute. Most believe it had a double reed like a modern-day oboe.
The halīl could produce bright sounds for joyous occasions (1 Kings 1:40) as well as sad notes of grief (Jeremiah 48:36). It was used by common people, as well as in the second temple.
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS
Tōph--HAND-DRUM (KJV-- "timbrel," "tabret")
These could be of any size and shape, yet most of them were small hand-drums. Some were made from a wooden hoop covered with two skins. Others were made with a single drum-head; two of which were sometimes put together, back- to-back. Many were light enough for women to use while dancing (Exodus 15:20). They were used during joyous occasions and religious celebrations (2 Samuel 6:5).
Meziltayim--CYMBALS and Selzelim--CYMBALS
The same root word forms both of these words, so they may be synonymous; yet this need not be so. (There is a third word from the same root, yet with a totally different meaning.) Cymbals varied greatly in size, shape, and sound. These words may signify different types, since both are used in the same context (Psalms l50:5). Perhaps one refers to castanets (some feel this is unlikely).
These instruments were used in temple service (1 Chronicles 15:16, 28) to mark the beginning, end, and pause in the singing and playing.
Mena'anim--SISTRUM (KJV-- "cornet")
The root designates a shaken instrument--whether a rattle (beads in a gourd) or a sistrum. Most believe mena'anim was a sistrum, which was common, especially in Egypt. It consists of a handle and a frame with jingling cross-bars. It produced a sound, when shaken. David used a mena'anim (2 Samuel 6:5).
Pā'amonim--BELLS
Though used in Israel, they apparently were not used in a strictly musical sense. The high priest wore bells on his garment (Exodus 28:33-35).
INSTRUMENTS OF UNKNOWN IDENTITY
Alamōth
Alamōth (1 Chronicles 15:20; Psalms 46 subtitle) could be a high soprano instrument. Soprano voices have also been suggested.
Gittīth
This could refer to an instrument named after "Gath" or a group of instruments (Psalms 8; 81; 84 subtitles).
Mahōl (KJV-- "dance")
This is one of the instruments that formed the orchestra of praise (Psalms 150:4). Possibly a pipe, it is not "dance" (though from the same Hebrew word).
Minnim (KJV-- "stringed instruments")
It is an instrument (Psalms 150:4) but its identity is unknown.
Negīnoth
Its identity is uncertain. It could refer to a stringed instrument (Psalms 4; 6; 54 subtitles, etc.).
Shālishim (KJV-- "instruments of music ")
The Hebrew word suggests possibly a three-stringed instrument or a three-sided instrument (1 Samuel 18:6).
Shemīnith
This could refer to an eight-stringed lyre or to a pitch an octave lower (higher?) than normal (Psalms 6 subtitle).
Ugab (KJV-- "organ")
It's identity is unknown. It has no satisfactory etymology. It could possibly be a flute, but not an "organ" (Genesis 4:21; Psalms 150:4).
INSTRUMENTS OF DANIEL 3:5ff.
[These are some of the instruments that the Israelites would have been familiar with, during their captivity in Babylon.]
Kātaros (KJV-- "harp")
Kātaros is of Greek origin, indicating a stringed instrument--a cithara or lyre.
Sabbeka (KJV-- "sackbut")
Sabbeka has no convincing etymology. A similar Greek word refers to a harp. An Aramaic name suggests a seven-stringed instrument. A Roman word suggests the name of a tree its wood could have come from. It is definitely not a sackbut (trombone).
Pesanterin (KJV-- "psaltery")
The name is derived from the Greek word for "psalter," but its identity is unknown. Some have suggested a harp or psaltery.
Mashrōkī
Derived from "hiss" or "whistle," it probably signifies some type of pipe or whistle.
Keren (KJV-- "cornet")
Keren is probably an animal horn (compare to Hebrew: keren, "ram's horn"), possibly synonymous to shōfar. Some believe it could be a trumpet.
Sumpōnia (KJV-- "dulcimer)
A few believe sumpōnia could be a reproduction of a Greek word meaning "drum" (tumpanon). More likely, it probably came from Greek sumphonia, which means "in unison", and could refer to the whole orchestra. It is quite unlikely that sumpōnia is a bagpipe (as some believe) or a dulcimer.
CONCLUSION
We do not understand all the Hebrew musical terminology. Yet, from what we do know, we can still get a better appreciation of the music that was a part of their life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Best, H. M., and D. Huttar. "Music; Musical Instruments." The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, vol. 4. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975.
Cornfeld, Gaalyahu, ed. Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964.
Corswant, W. A Dictionary of Life in Bible Times. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.
McKenzie,. John L. Dictionary of the Bible. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1965.
Negev, Avraham, ed. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1972.
New American Standard Bible. Chicago: Moody Press, 1973.
Olson, Lee G. "Music." Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1963.
Strong, James. The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. MacLean, Virginia: MacDonald Publishing Co., n.d.
Unger, Merrill F. Under's Bible Dictionary, 3rd ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1966.
Dennis Hinks © 1976; drawings (and a few additional comments) © 2006
060112
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Which political party did Picasso join in 1944? | Movement for a Socialist Future
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Picasso as political icon
Picasso - the Communist years. Gertje Utley, Yale University Press, £35.
Pablo Picasso, arguably the greatest artist of the 20th century, in his art stood for everything that Communist Parties were accustomed to denouncing.
Stalin and his henchman Zhdanov, imposed the doctrine of Socialist Realism in the early 1930s as the only acceptable style in the visual arts.
Picasso�s great adventure with George Braque in the years before World War I, however, produced an anti-naturalist style � Cubism. Together they sparked off an artistic movement which revolutionised the visual arts for the coming centuries.
A virtuoso in all styles of drawing, painting and sculpture, a master of Surrealism and other styles, Picasso developed Cubist principles of space and form throughout his artistic career.
His political masterpiece, Guernica, painted to support the Spanish revolution is a heroic fusion of the Cubist dislocation of space with Surrealist imagery.
The French Communist Party (PCF) from the 1930s adhered to Zhdanov�s dogma of Socialist Realism. It was clearly in opposition to the new styles developed by Picasso and others in the decades running up to World War II.
Therefore, when Picasso joined the French Communist Party in October 1944, many people were surprised.
Why did he join? And was his friend the poet Jean Cocteau right when he remarked that joining the PCF was the "first ever anti-revolutionary gesture by Picasso"? And, equally important, why did Picasso remain a loyal member until the end of his life, despite the sharp differences between him and the party that often surfaced? Gertje Utley�s book goes a long way to answering these questions.
Picasso�s commitment to communism is ignored in most of the innumerable writings about him. But in reality, his political beliefs were central to his very being. He took a strong stand against Fascism, militarism and war.
Before World War II, Picasso�s sympathies, backed up with generous donations, lay with the revolutionary left (FAI and POUM) rather than the Republican government when it came under Stalinist control, even though he created Guernica at the request of the Spanish Republic.
It was the decision to remain in Paris during the years of the German Occupation which drew Picasso closer into the circle of writers and artists which included Resistance fighters, Communist Party members and sympathisers.
Utley draws together a wealth of information and personal recollections showing how Picasso�s studio became a haven for anti-fascists, "where even members of the underground felt safe".
At the same time, staying in Paris separated Picasso from anti-Stalinist intellectuals, such as Surrealist leader André Breton, who could have provided a sympathetic communist alternative.
Picasso�s close friend, the poet Paul Eluard, re-joined the PCF in 1943 and many other French intellectuals followed. Picasso found in the PCF "a fatherland" where he could be among brothers and friends.
Eluard and a large group of artists and writers including Louis Aragon provided Picasso with a rationale which seemed to reconcile the anti-creative dogmas of Stalinism with his own modernist revolution in art.
Utley shows how, even as Eluard and Aragon wrote eulogies to Stalin, and paid lip service to "Socialist Realism" they sought at the same time to make Picasso�s art acceptable to the party.
Picasso was reduced to tears in 1948 while attending the Stalinist Congrès Mondial des Intellectuals pour la Paix in Wroclaw, Poland where he was criticised for the "decadent and bourgeois manner of his art". Nonetheless he remained a party member, donating innumerable works, large sums of money and appearing at many PCF and international events.
When Stalin died in 1953 a notorious scandal erupted over Picasso�s drawing of Stalin, which Aragon commissioned for the front page of PCF cultural journal Les Lettres Francaises. Denunciations of the portrait poured in.
But an elaborate network of cynical operators, from PCF Secretary General Maurice Thorez downwards, kept Picasso on board, apologising for the dogmas and crimes of Stalinism to make them less obnoxious to the artist.
Only a year later, the PCF was forced to acknowledge at least some of Stalin�s crimes and apologise for its attack on Picasso. He showed he had their measure when he said "Don�t you think that soon they will find that my portrait is too nice?"
Picasso refused to condemn the Soviet invasion of Hungary, but his painting Massacre in Korea was used by people in the streets of Warsaw to show their support for the victims of the tanks. This infuriated the PCF but secretly pleased Picasso. In private he deplored the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, but in public he remained silent.
Picasso needed the party as an intellectual home and as a way of reaching the masses. The PCF needed him as a popular figurehead and status symbol more than he needed them. This gave him a measure of independence denied to others.
Cocteau was right when he warned that there was a reactionary aspect to Picasso�s relationship to the PCF. His attempts to make his work acceptable to them tended to dull his creative edge and he could not repeat the powerful fusion of the symbolic and political which characterised Guernica.
| Communism |
In which novel does William Dobbin finally win the hand of Amelia Sedley? | Picasso: Love & War 1935-1945
Collection Dora Maar, Musée National Picasso, Paris, MP 1998-222
© Dora Maar/ADAGP. Licensed by Viscopy, Sydney, 2006
A Journey Through the Exhibition
Guernica
An Introduction to Guernica
On April 26 1937, late in the afternoon, the undefended Basque town of Guernica was bombed relentlessly for three hours by German and Italian aircraft that were acting on the instructions of Franco's Nationalist forces. The horrific campaign experimented with the potency of modern warfare, including incendiary bombs, explosives and shrapnel and was deliberately aimed at destruction of the civilian population. Escort planes that plunged from the sky to strafe people fleeing from the town exacerbated the massacre. The town was razed to the ground. Of the ten thousand inhabitants and refugees who made up the population of Guernica, three thousand were estimated to have died and thousands more were injured and mutilated.
When newspaper reports of the brutal attack appeared the following day the world was shocked and outraged, particularly as the attack took place on market day. Also, most of the inhabitants of Guernica were women, children and the elderly, because the younger men were away fighting in the Republican army.
To access Bombing of Guernica: original Times report from 1937:
www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2151248,00.html
Picasso had never been moved to engage in overtly political art, but his deep sorrow at the outbreak of civil war in his homeland (where his cousins were fighting on the Republican side), and his relationship with the politically charged Dora Maar, a member of the French Communist Party, had galvanized the passionate Spaniard into publicising his outrage. Early in 1937 he began the Dream and Lie of Franco, a series of fourteen etchings designed to be published as individual postcards to raise funds for 'Governmental Spain'. Resembling a comic strip, they evoked a traditional form of satiric Catalan engraving and depicted Franco as a giant, grotesque, demonic dictator in a series of ridiculous postures and costumes, including the elaborate attire of a courtesan. A nightmarish parody of civil war and a protest against Franco's claim to be a champion of traditional Spanish culture, the works show him in various frames riding a mad and disembowelled horse, destroying a classical sculpture or mounted on a pig. In each case Franco is leaving a trail of death and destruction. The key messages were in no doubt, that Franco was an oppressor of the common people, an enemy of the arts and a murderer of women and children.
When news of the bombing of Guernica reached Picasso he was stunned and horrified to such an extent that he was again driven to respond with impassioned political statements. He added four new plates to the Dream and Lie of Franco series that were first printed in the journal Cahiers d'Art in 1937, and later as a portfolio with an epic poem by the artist mourning the tragic events in Spain.
'Cries of children cries of women cries of birds cries of flowers cries of wood and of stones cries of bricks cries of furniture of beds of chairs of curtains of casseroles of cats and paper cries of smells that claw themselves of smoke that gnaws the neck of cries that boil in cauldron and the rain of birds that floods the sea that eats into bone and breaks the teeth biting the cotton that the sun wipes on its plate that bourse and bank hide in the footprint left embedded in the rock.. '
The above is Picasso's poem accompanying the Dream and Lie of Franco
Picasso was appointed honorary director of the Prado in 1936 and commissioned by the Spanish Republican Government to create a mural for the Spanish Pavilion at the World Fair being held in Paris in 1937. He started on a large painting based on the theme of The Studio: The Painter and His Model. The emotional wave of horror and indignation following the barbaric attack on Guernica led Picasso to instead create what was to become one of the greatest masterpieces in the history of art – a monumental outpouring of grief and rage condemning the senselessness of war.
The Making of Guernica
Picasso moved into a new studio in the attic of 7, rue des Grands-Augustins, which Dora Maar found for him in early 1937. Originally part of a grand 17th-century mansion, it had an intriguing history that appealed to Picasso's sense of irony, particularly as he was painting Guernica. The studio was said to be the setting for The Unknown Masterpiece, a short story written in 1837 by the famous French author, Honoré de Balzac. It describes an obsession by the painter, Frenhofer, the greatest painter of his time, to represent the absolute on his canvas, a process that takes years for his creative powers to complete. When the picture, which becomes less and less recognizable as time goes on, is ridiculed by his artist friends as the work of a madman, he destroys the work and dies. The story resonated with Picasso who, like Frenhofer, also locked himself away in the same studio to create a masterpiece, although in his case it was recognized as such.
Picasso made hundreds of preliminary drawings for Guernica and more than fifty studies. In some of these the heads of Weeping Women appear for the first time.
Constraints such as the enormous size of the stretched canvas, measuring 3.5 x 7.8 metres and so had to be tilted to fit under the rafters of the ceiling, and dim lighting from bay windows on one side of the studio, failed to hinder Picasso. The painting was completed in twenty-four frenetic days. Streams of ideas, emotions, traditions, myths, obsessions and symbols of his roots deeply embedded in Hispanic and Mediterranean culture spilled onto the canvas. These were fuelled by anger and a need to express his pain.
Motifs of a woman screaming in agony as she clutches the limp body of her dead child; another woman stretching out from a window with a lamp, hoping in vain to illuminate the encroaching darkness; mutilated bodies and the gaping mouths of those hysterical with pain, fear and sorrow merge with a wounded horse and the ever-present bull to create a profound dramatic tension. The gruesome imagery encircled by burning buildings and painted in black, white and subtle gradations of grey, suggests that Picasso may have drawn on newspaper photographs and newsreels documenting the tragedy in Guernica. The fine patterning in the centre of the painting resembles words on torn pieces of newspaper, suggesting that art is as powerful as the mass media in communicating a message. Chaos and despair are amplified by sharp, angular shapes, particularly the bold triangular form at the centre of the painting and vivid contrasts of light and shade. Purity of line from Picasso's Neo-classical period, elements of Surrealism and Cubism, and a reference to Goya's famous painting of 1814 depicting the horrors of war, El Tris de Mayo (Third of May), coexist in this summation of Picasso's development as an artist to date.
Speculations about the exact meaning of the symbolism in Guernica have varied. Some insist that the bull represents brutality or the ritual of life and death epitomised by the bullfight, while the horse is a metaphor for the suffering people. Others suggest that the reverse is true and maintain that the bull signifies the people and the horse can be read as Franco's Nationalist forces. Picasso was adamant that he had not intended to symbolise in such a concrete way and it was entirely up to the viewers to interpret the painting.
A photographic record of a masterpiece
The creation of Guernica was to stimulate an even greater personal closeness and deeper professional understanding between artist and photographer when Picasso asked Dora to document his art in the making. Her photographic record brings to life the intensity and passion of Picasso at work and provides the first complete record of a Modern work of art in the making. Dora's documentation of the eight key successive stages clearly explains both the development of the work and the multiple transformations that occurred during the course of its journey. The photographs reveal that the bull's head, for example, changes direction over time, and that Picasso experimented with applying strips of coloured paper collage to the painting that were later removed. Dora gives insightful glimpses into the workings of Picasso's artistic genius as he composes, adds, experiments and deletes in the search for perfection.
The constant conversation between the painting in progress and its photographic recording manifests in a number of ways. The dramatic intensity of the dark tones slowly making their appearance felt as the painting evolves can be likened to the gradual appearance of an image in a developing tray. In a more concrete way, the tonal variations Picasso observed in Dora's photographs appear to have influenced the development of those in the middle stages of the painting. Guernica was to be published as postcards for sale at the exhibition (to fund the Spanish Republican war effort), which also meant that Picasso must constantly consider how the painting would work as a photographic image on a small scale.
The composition has at its heart a white triangle of light projected by a naked light globe, resembling the dazzling eye of a flash bulb used to take photographs in the dark.
Dora again demonstrated her skill and innovation as a photographer, unobtrusively recording the passion and energy of Picasso at work, the physical challenges of working on a monumental scale and the emotional power of the painting as it materialised. Picasso moved the lighting as he worked, sometimes causing halos and spots to appear in the photographs. In order to correct these defects, Dora manipulated the photographs taken at stages one and two through the process of photomontage. She cut out and rearranged sections from several shots and attached them to a background with drawing pins before photographing them again.
Dora's influence was again embedded in the masterpiece of Guernica, created in perhaps the most impassioned and innovative period of Picasso's career. Her presence is recorded in the painting as the face of the woman bearing the lamp. We also know that she painted a few vertical strokes on the image of the horse. At the heart of Guernica, however, is the unique fusion of Picasso's painting and Dora's photography, sparked by the empathy between two fiercely inventive minds attuned to the world in such a similar way.
Guernica - Quick facts and figures
Length of execution – 24 days
Size – 3.5 X 7.76 metres – 27 square metres of oil paint
Henry Moore, the famous British sculptor, and Salvador Dali, renowned Surrealist artist, visited Picasso's studio to see Guernica in progress, adding to the mystique surrounding the story of this historic work.
1937 – 1937 - Picture acquired by the Spanish Republican government for a total of 200,000 francs – ten percent of the pavilion's total cost.
1937 – First displayed in the Spanish Pavilion at the World Fair in Paris.
1938 – Toured Scandinavia and Great Britain
1939 – Travelled around the US until 1944 when it was installed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
1981 – Guernica was returned to Picasso's country of birth in the year of his centenary, following negotiations made by the now-democratic government of Spain.
1992 – After initial residence at the Cason del Buen Retiro Museum, Guernica made the journey to Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid.
Due to the vigorous brushwork and intense physical movement of Picasso as he executed Guernica, it can be seen as a precursor to Action Painting, a style made famous in the 1950s by the American painter, Jackson Pollock.
Questions for Further Discussion:
Discuss which art elements contribute to making Guernica a powerful and universal statement about the horrors of war.
Why did Picasso make Guernica monochromatic?
Does this painting resonate as much today as it did in the 1930s and 1940s ? Discuss.
What does the documentation of the making of a great work of art contribute to our understanding of the artist and the artwork?
Study the key stages of Guernica photographed by Dora Maar. Discuss the alterations, additions and deletions that took place until its completion. How do they make a difference to the final work?
Discuss the similarities and differences between Goya's famous painting of 1814 depicting the horrors of war, El Tris de Mayo (Third of May) and Guernica. Research other great works of art that explore the horror of war.
What evidence is there to suggest that Picasso has made reference to photography, newsreels and mass media in the painting?
Picasso did not want to explain the symbolism in the painting. He was adamant that viewers should construct their own interpretation. List all of the motifs in Guernica such as the bare light bulb, the bull and the woman holding a dead child and discuss their particular meaning to you. What symbols would you create to symbolise these meanings?
Locate a picture of Picasso's The Charnel House, 1944-45, oil on canvas (which hangs in the Museum of Modern Art, New York), in a book or on the internet. What is going on in this painting? In what ways is it similar to Guernica?
Other References (Preparing for Your Visit)
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The word ‘haptic’ relates to which of the five senses? | Haptics | Define Haptics at Dictionary.com
haptics
noun, (used with a singular verb)
1.
the branch of psychology that investigates sensory data and sensation derived from the sense of touch and localized on the skin.
2.
Digital Technology. the study or use of tactile sensations and the sense of touch as a method of interacting with computers and electronic devices:
Haptics allows you to feel and manipulate digitized objects in a virtual 3D environment.
Origin of haptics
of or relating to the sense of touch:
the haptic sensation of holding a real book in your hands.
2.
Digital Technology. of or relating to tactile sensations and the sense of touch as a method of interacting with computers and electronic devices: smartphones that incorporate haptic feedback;
haptic technology.
a vibration or other tactile sensation received from a computer or electronic device:
You can save power by adjusting the haptics and brightness of your phone.
an input or output device that senses the body's movements by means of physical contact with the user:
joysticks and other haptics.
Origin
Expand
1860-70; < Greek haptikós ‘able to grasp or perceive,’ equivalent to háp(tein) ‘to grasp, sense, perceive’ + -tikos -tic
Dictionary.com Unabridged
British Dictionary definitions for haptics
Expand
relating to or based on the sense of touch
Word Origin
C19: from Greek, from haptein to touch
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for haptics
Expand
1895, from haptic ; see -ics .
haptic
adj.
"pertaining to the sense of touch," 1890, from Greek haptikos "able to come into contact with," from haptein "to fasten."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
| Somatosensory system |
What name is given to the negative electrode of an electrolytic cell? | 5 senses - Vocabulary List : Vocabulary.com
5 senses
August 19, 2010 By Anonymous
Rate this list:
olfaction
the faculty that enables us to distinguish scents
Note: that taste is not the same as flavour; flavour includes the smell of a food as well as its taste.
[edit] Smell
hertz
the unit of frequency
Since sound is vibrations propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the inner ear which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000 hertz,[4] with substantial variation between individuals.
a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair
Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect pheromones.[citation needed]
[edit] Touch
Touch, also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa.
tingle
cause a stinging or tingling sensation
Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary.
[edit] Balance and acceleration
Main article: Vestibular system
Balance, equilibrioception, or vestibular sense is the sense which allows an organism to sense body movement, direction, and acceleration, and to attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance.
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Which substance is also known as ‘woolly rock’? | Types of Asbestos - Chyrsotile, Actinolite, Tremolite & More
Types of Asbestos
Get a Free Wristband
Types of Asbestos
Asbestos refers to six unique substances that belong to the serpentine and amphibole mineral families: chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite.
These terms do not refer to mineral descriptions but to a broad term that refers to unique fibers. According to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the asbestiform varieties of the following minerals are classified as asbestos.
Chrysotile
This is the most commonly used form of asbestos and can be found today in roofs, ceilings, walls and floors of homes and businesses. Chrysotile asbestos also was used in automobile brake linings, pipe insulation, gaskets and boiler seals. Although it is more prevalent, some studies show it takes more exposure to chrysotile than other types of asbestos to develop related diseases.
Learn More About Chrysotile Asbestos
Amosite
This is known as brown asbestos, and it originates mostly in Africa. It was used most frequently in cement sheet and pipe insulation. It can be found in insulating board (which contained up to 40 percent asbestos), ceiling tiles and in thermal insulation products. Like the other forms of amphibole asbestos, it has needle-like fibers.
Learn More About Amosite Asbestos
Crocidolite
This is also called blue asbestos, and it has the least heat resistance. Mined mostly in South Africa, Bolivia and Australia, crocidolite was commonly used to insulate steam engines. It was also used in some spray-on coatings, pipe insulation and cement products.
Learn More About Crocidolite Asbestos
Tremolite
This is not used commercially, but it can be found as a contaminant in chrysotile asbestos, vermiculite and talc powders. It was occasionally found as a contaminant in certain asbestos-containing insulation products, paints, sealants and roofing materials. Tremolite can be white, green, gray and even transparent.
Learn More About Tremolite Asbestos
Anthophyllite
This type was mined primarily in Finland and displays a gray-brown color. It was not commercially used and was rather found as a contaminant. Anthophyllite was most commonly found in composite flooring.
Learn More About Anthophyllite Asbestos
Actinolite
This form of asbestos has a harsh texture and is not as flexible as the others. It is most often found in metamorphic rock. Actinolite was never used commercially, but it can be found as a contaminant in some asbestos products.
Learn More About Actinolite Asbestos
This classification was adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976. The TSCA granted the EPA permission to regulate these six types of asbestos, and they have since been banned in 52 countries.
However, hundreds of other asbestos-like minerals have since been recognized by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, yet they are not restricted or regulated. Erionite and taconite are two minerals that contain asbestiform fibers with the potential to cause serious health problems.
Is All Asbestos Dangerous?
While some types of asbestos may be more hazardous than others, all are dangerous. Leading health agencies, including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, classify all types of asbestos as cancer-causing substances.
All of the identified forms of asbestos can cause asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, laryngeal cancer and other serious diseases.
Some agencies, such as the Health Protection Agency in the U.K., claim crocidolite (blue asbestos) and amosite (brown asbestos) are the most dangerous forms. The EPA has abandoned projects aiming to identify which asbestos fiber types are the most toxic, citing that the overall regulation of asbestos and asbestiform minerals is a more pressing priority.
Get Your Free Asbestos Guide Get Your Free Asbestos Guide
Serpentine Asbestos
Chrysotile is the only type of asbestos that is from the serpentine family and is known as white asbestos. These fibers are curly and are comprised of sheets of crystals.
Throughout industrial history, more than 95 percent of all asbestos used around the world was of the chrysotile variety. In many countries where other types of asbestos have been banned, the “controlled use” of chrysotile is still permitted. Despite the numerous studies that have proven chrysotile's carcinogenicity, this exemption is the result of a long lobbying history by those in the asbestos industry.
Chrysotile Asbestos
Many studies have proven that exposure to chrysotile asbestos, commonly referred to as white asbestos, can cause a number of serious health conditions. While most commercial uses of asbestos in the United States have been of the chrysotile type, the use of this toxic mineral has declined significantly during the last few decades.
Naturally occurring deposits of chrysotile are often accompanied by trace amounts of tremolite (amphibole) asbestos, which is considered more toxic than chrysotile. However, several reports have indicated that exposure to solely chrysotile asbestos fibers can occur and such exposure can be equally hazardous as exposure to amphibole asbestos types.
Scientists from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health concluded that chrysotile asbestos should be treated with virtually the same level of concern as the amphibole forms of asbestos.
Uses of Chrysotile Asbestos
In comparison to amphiboles, chrysotile fibers are generally finer with high flexibility and good heat resistance. Known as the most common asbestos mineral, chrysotile accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of asbestos used in commercial applications in the United States.
This toxic mineral has been utilized in a number of products , including:
Gaskets
Roofing materials
Amphibole Asbestos
The other five types of asbestos are classified in the amphibole category. Amosite (brown asbestos) and crocidolite (blue asbestos) are considered the most commercially valuable types. Anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite are the other non-commercial forms of amphibole asbestos. All amphibole fibers are straight and longer than chrysotile fibers, and studies suggest it may take less exposure to amphibole asbestos to cause mesothelioma than chrysotile asbestos.
Amosite Asbestos
According to the American Cancer Society, exposure to amosite asbestos creates a higher risk of cancer in comparison with other types of asbestos. Several asbestos studies suggest exposure to amosite can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.
In its natural state, amosite is known as the mineral grunerite. Commercially, grunerite is referred to as amosite or brown asbestos. Approximately 80,000 tons of amosite were mined in the Transvaal province of South Africa by 1970.
Uses of Amosite Asbestos
Amosite asbestos offer good tensile strength and heat resistance. Commercial products that have been manufactured with amosite include:
Cement sheets
Fire protection
Gaskets, lagging
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has determined amosite to be the second most commonly used mineral type of asbestos in the United States.
Crocidolite Asbestos
Multiple asbestos studies suggest crocidolite may be responsible for more deaths than any other type of asbestos because its fibers are so thin — about the diameter of a strand of hair. When airborne, these fibers can be inhaled easily and become lodged in the lining of the lungs, more so than other forms of asbestos forms. Once inside the body, the fibers do not break down easily. This can lead to potentially life-threatening lung and abdominal conditions, including lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.
These health risks are especially serious among crocidolite miners. An estimated 18 percent of crocidolite miners die from mesothelioma, research shows, and people living near crocidolite mines may also have increased risks for mesothelioma and other diseases.
The existence of crocidolite asbestos was first established in the early 1800s in South Africa. At the time, the mineral was known as "wooly stone," but interest in the naturally occurring mineral didn't take off until the 1880s, and large mining efforts of the material didn't begin until the early 1900s.
Crocidolite is also known as "blue" asbestos. This form can be translucent or nearly opaque (which means light can't penetrate it). The most common mining sites for this type of asbestos were Bolivia, Australia and southern Africa.
Today, crocidolite mining has virtually ceased because of both physical limitations and serious health risks. Crocidolite-containing materials are also more brittle than other amphibole asbestos products, meaning they break down sooner and can more readily lead to asbestos exposure.
Crocidolite is categorized as an amphibole, which is usually a needle-like mineral that forms in crystal groupings, either as fibers or columns. Typically, crocidolite fibers can be curved or straight. While brittle, the fibers are flexible enough to bend beyond 90 degrees before breaking.
Uses of Crocidolite Asbestos
Like other types of asbestos, crocidolite was used to make a number of commercial and industrial products. It did have a drawback that other asbestos types did not: It is less heat-resistant, making it less useful for industrial manufacturing.
Some of the leading uses of crocidolite asbestos included:
Ceiling tiles
Thermal insulation (lagging and gaskets)
Millboards (commercial ovens and steam pipes)
| Asbestos |
Of whom did Princess Diana say ‘Yes I adored him’. ‘Yes I was in love with him’? | Types of Asbestos - Chyrsotile, Actinolite, Tremolite & More
Types of Asbestos
Get a Free Wristband
Types of Asbestos
Asbestos refers to six unique substances that belong to the serpentine and amphibole mineral families: chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite.
These terms do not refer to mineral descriptions but to a broad term that refers to unique fibers. According to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the asbestiform varieties of the following minerals are classified as asbestos.
Chrysotile
This is the most commonly used form of asbestos and can be found today in roofs, ceilings, walls and floors of homes and businesses. Chrysotile asbestos also was used in automobile brake linings, pipe insulation, gaskets and boiler seals. Although it is more prevalent, some studies show it takes more exposure to chrysotile than other types of asbestos to develop related diseases.
Learn More About Chrysotile Asbestos
Amosite
This is known as brown asbestos, and it originates mostly in Africa. It was used most frequently in cement sheet and pipe insulation. It can be found in insulating board (which contained up to 40 percent asbestos), ceiling tiles and in thermal insulation products. Like the other forms of amphibole asbestos, it has needle-like fibers.
Learn More About Amosite Asbestos
Crocidolite
This is also called blue asbestos, and it has the least heat resistance. Mined mostly in South Africa, Bolivia and Australia, crocidolite was commonly used to insulate steam engines. It was also used in some spray-on coatings, pipe insulation and cement products.
Learn More About Crocidolite Asbestos
Tremolite
This is not used commercially, but it can be found as a contaminant in chrysotile asbestos, vermiculite and talc powders. It was occasionally found as a contaminant in certain asbestos-containing insulation products, paints, sealants and roofing materials. Tremolite can be white, green, gray and even transparent.
Learn More About Tremolite Asbestos
Anthophyllite
This type was mined primarily in Finland and displays a gray-brown color. It was not commercially used and was rather found as a contaminant. Anthophyllite was most commonly found in composite flooring.
Learn More About Anthophyllite Asbestos
Actinolite
This form of asbestos has a harsh texture and is not as flexible as the others. It is most often found in metamorphic rock. Actinolite was never used commercially, but it can be found as a contaminant in some asbestos products.
Learn More About Actinolite Asbestos
This classification was adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976. The TSCA granted the EPA permission to regulate these six types of asbestos, and they have since been banned in 52 countries.
However, hundreds of other asbestos-like minerals have since been recognized by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, yet they are not restricted or regulated. Erionite and taconite are two minerals that contain asbestiform fibers with the potential to cause serious health problems.
Is All Asbestos Dangerous?
While some types of asbestos may be more hazardous than others, all are dangerous. Leading health agencies, including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, classify all types of asbestos as cancer-causing substances.
All of the identified forms of asbestos can cause asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, laryngeal cancer and other serious diseases.
Some agencies, such as the Health Protection Agency in the U.K., claim crocidolite (blue asbestos) and amosite (brown asbestos) are the most dangerous forms. The EPA has abandoned projects aiming to identify which asbestos fiber types are the most toxic, citing that the overall regulation of asbestos and asbestiform minerals is a more pressing priority.
Get Your Free Asbestos Guide Get Your Free Asbestos Guide
Serpentine Asbestos
Chrysotile is the only type of asbestos that is from the serpentine family and is known as white asbestos. These fibers are curly and are comprised of sheets of crystals.
Throughout industrial history, more than 95 percent of all asbestos used around the world was of the chrysotile variety. In many countries where other types of asbestos have been banned, the “controlled use” of chrysotile is still permitted. Despite the numerous studies that have proven chrysotile's carcinogenicity, this exemption is the result of a long lobbying history by those in the asbestos industry.
Chrysotile Asbestos
Many studies have proven that exposure to chrysotile asbestos, commonly referred to as white asbestos, can cause a number of serious health conditions. While most commercial uses of asbestos in the United States have been of the chrysotile type, the use of this toxic mineral has declined significantly during the last few decades.
Naturally occurring deposits of chrysotile are often accompanied by trace amounts of tremolite (amphibole) asbestos, which is considered more toxic than chrysotile. However, several reports have indicated that exposure to solely chrysotile asbestos fibers can occur and such exposure can be equally hazardous as exposure to amphibole asbestos types.
Scientists from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health concluded that chrysotile asbestos should be treated with virtually the same level of concern as the amphibole forms of asbestos.
Uses of Chrysotile Asbestos
In comparison to amphiboles, chrysotile fibers are generally finer with high flexibility and good heat resistance. Known as the most common asbestos mineral, chrysotile accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of asbestos used in commercial applications in the United States.
This toxic mineral has been utilized in a number of products , including:
Gaskets
Roofing materials
Amphibole Asbestos
The other five types of asbestos are classified in the amphibole category. Amosite (brown asbestos) and crocidolite (blue asbestos) are considered the most commercially valuable types. Anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite are the other non-commercial forms of amphibole asbestos. All amphibole fibers are straight and longer than chrysotile fibers, and studies suggest it may take less exposure to amphibole asbestos to cause mesothelioma than chrysotile asbestos.
Amosite Asbestos
According to the American Cancer Society, exposure to amosite asbestos creates a higher risk of cancer in comparison with other types of asbestos. Several asbestos studies suggest exposure to amosite can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.
In its natural state, amosite is known as the mineral grunerite. Commercially, grunerite is referred to as amosite or brown asbestos. Approximately 80,000 tons of amosite were mined in the Transvaal province of South Africa by 1970.
Uses of Amosite Asbestos
Amosite asbestos offer good tensile strength and heat resistance. Commercial products that have been manufactured with amosite include:
Cement sheets
Fire protection
Gaskets, lagging
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has determined amosite to be the second most commonly used mineral type of asbestos in the United States.
Crocidolite Asbestos
Multiple asbestos studies suggest crocidolite may be responsible for more deaths than any other type of asbestos because its fibers are so thin — about the diameter of a strand of hair. When airborne, these fibers can be inhaled easily and become lodged in the lining of the lungs, more so than other forms of asbestos forms. Once inside the body, the fibers do not break down easily. This can lead to potentially life-threatening lung and abdominal conditions, including lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.
These health risks are especially serious among crocidolite miners. An estimated 18 percent of crocidolite miners die from mesothelioma, research shows, and people living near crocidolite mines may also have increased risks for mesothelioma and other diseases.
The existence of crocidolite asbestos was first established in the early 1800s in South Africa. At the time, the mineral was known as "wooly stone," but interest in the naturally occurring mineral didn't take off until the 1880s, and large mining efforts of the material didn't begin until the early 1900s.
Crocidolite is also known as "blue" asbestos. This form can be translucent or nearly opaque (which means light can't penetrate it). The most common mining sites for this type of asbestos were Bolivia, Australia and southern Africa.
Today, crocidolite mining has virtually ceased because of both physical limitations and serious health risks. Crocidolite-containing materials are also more brittle than other amphibole asbestos products, meaning they break down sooner and can more readily lead to asbestos exposure.
Crocidolite is categorized as an amphibole, which is usually a needle-like mineral that forms in crystal groupings, either as fibers or columns. Typically, crocidolite fibers can be curved or straight. While brittle, the fibers are flexible enough to bend beyond 90 degrees before breaking.
Uses of Crocidolite Asbestos
Like other types of asbestos, crocidolite was used to make a number of commercial and industrial products. It did have a drawback that other asbestos types did not: It is less heat-resistant, making it less useful for industrial manufacturing.
Some of the leading uses of crocidolite asbestos included:
Ceiling tiles
Thermal insulation (lagging and gaskets)
Millboards (commercial ovens and steam pipes)
| i don't know |
Which member of the royal family is often referred to as ‘Princess Pushy’? | Princess pushy and her son's not very royal wedding | Express Yourself | Comment | Daily Express
VIDS
Princess pushy and her son's not very royal wedding
IT HAS been billed as the wedding of the year. Not, it should be stressed, by the bride, who is on record as saying the event would have taken place at Starbucks if it had been left up to her.
00:00, Wed, Sep 9, 2009
HAPPY: Freddie and Sophie at a wedding last weekend []
She and her fiancé have turned down regal sums from celebrity magazines and the budget – while generous by most people’s standards – is not in the stratospheric league.
The determination to make a splash comes from the mother of the groom, who has pulled out all the stops to make the nuptials a right royal affair – even though it’s the bride’s poor parents who are footing most of the bill.
But this supposed highlight of the social calendar is in danger of falling flat on its face as the most eagerly sought guests – senior and not so senior members of the Royal Family – have suddenly found their diaries full of pressing engagements elsewhere.
The happy couple are Lord Freddie Windsor- the Oxford-educated party boy turned merchant banker, who also happens to be 32nd in line to the throne- and his bride Sophie Winkleman. She is a beautiful and cerebral actress best-known for playing a lust object called Big Suze in the cult Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show. The half-sister of the energetic TV presenter Claudia Winkleman, she could be poised for international stardom after securing the lead role in a US sitcom from the stable of Friends and Frasier.
POSE: Princess Michael of Kent has been accused of busting the budget
So far, so glamorous. What has threatened to flip the proceedings into farce is the involvement of Lord Freddie’s mother, the indefatigable Princess Michael of Kent.
The gaffe-prone princess – who once boasted that she has more royal blood than any of the Queen’s family and was famously nicknamed Princess Pushy by Princess Anne – took over the arrangements for Saturday’s ceremony even though Sophie’s parents, retired publisher Barry Winkleman and his wife Cindy Black, are picking up the tab. It was the princess – born Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz – who insisted the service be held in the Chapel Royal of Hampton Court Palace. That move is said to have eaten up half the £40,000 earmarked by the Winklemans.
With costs now soaring into the red, everyone involved is scrambling to get them back down, with the groom’s godmother, billionaire’s widow Lady Annabel Goldsmith, offering a free wedding supper to the younger guests in lieu of a present to the couple.
Despite such gestures of upper-class solidarity, the supposed royal wedding is turning out to be nothing of the kind. The Queen’s granddaughter Princess Eugenie, who is sixth in line to the throne, is the most senior royal going, along with the Queen’s cousins the Duke of Kent and Princess Alexandra (who are Lord Freddie’s uncle and aunt). The rest of the Royal Family seem to have prior commitments.
The Queen herself – who is first cousin to Freddie’s father, Prince Michael of Kent – will be in North Yorkshire presenting the new Elizabeth Cross to families of six members of the Queen’s Royal Lancers. Prince Philip will be otherwise engaged.
Unusually, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall have an official engagement on a Saturday, visiting Seaton Delaval Hall, a stately home which the National Trust is trying to save for the nation. Princes William and Harry have also pleaded prior commitments.
“All four were invited but none of them is able to attend,” says a senior aide at Clarence House. “They have, however, clubbed together to buy the couple a joint present.”
Meanwhile Prince Andrew is “spending the weekend privately”, his ex-wife the Duchess of York isn’t going either, while Prince Edward and his wife Sophie, Princess Anne and Peter and Zara Phillips have all politely declined.
Relations between the “Michaels” and the rest of the Royal Family are often strained. This stems from Prince Michael’s reputation as a royal-for-hire to anyone who will pay his fees, his wife’s outspoken comments and their 30-year-old son’s famous dabbling with cocaine a decade ago. So are the couple being snubbed?
A Buckingham Palace spokeswoman says it would be highly unusual for the Queen to attend the wedding of so junior a royal. “The 250th anniversary of the Queen’s Royal Lancers has been in the diary for a long time and it’s absolute garbage to suggest that this has been done to avoid going to the wedding. If she hadn’t wanted to go we could have just said she would be at Balmoral.”
The Queen certainly appears to bear the young couple no malice. She met them at a garden party in London in May, where they chatted amicably for 10 minutes with Prince Michael introducing Sophie.
But while royal commentator Margaret Holder agrees that the monarch would not normally be expected to attend, she says the response of the rest of the family could be interpreted as a snub.
“Charles, who raised eyebrows when he didn’t attend the wedding of his first cousin Lord Linley back in 1993, could perhaps have rearranged his engagement,” she says. “There has certainly been a bit of distancing from Freddie over the drugs business. To say he is persona non grata is overstating it – it’s more that they have a policy to keep anyone involved in that kind of thing away from William and Harry.
“And of course Princess Michael is not the world’s most popular figure with the rest of the family. I think she’s in a difficult position over this because she wanted a show of family unity and she hasn’t got it.”
The irony is that while the royals have turned down their invitations, virtually everyone else has accepted – leading to a crisis of numbers. Some 450 guests are expected, even though the chapel at Hampton Court holds a maximum of 370. And while there will not be the cost of a sit-down meal at the reception, they are now said to be panicking that they may run out of champagne and canapés.
Friends of Princess Michael deny that she sent her chauffeur across the Channel on a cut-price booze run. But it’s clear that Lady Annabel’s offer is a mark of financial solidarity. Meanwhile, Lord Freddie’s best man, Henry Morton-Jack, is providing free entertainment at the event with his band Black Milk.
The bride herself, who is said to be so stressed she is taking “herbal valium”, may now regret leaving all the wedding plans – including the choice of designer for her own dress – to her future mother-in-law.
Even though she once played the scheming Princess Eleanor in ITV’s deliberately trashy royal satire The Palace, 29-year-old Sophie has no need to try to elbow her way into the Royal Family proper. With bright prospects in Los Angeles, where she and Freddie will settle immediately after the wedding, she has been hurt by inaccurate accounts of a “nude” performance in the film Love Live Long, making her look like a modern-day Koo Stark.
“There has been so much rubbish talked about me that I felt I owed it to nice people to say the truth, which is that I’m not that sort of actress,” she said this week. “I was in my underwear for one scene in the film. I don’t kiss anyone in it and I don’t begin to have sex with anyone.”
If all goes well, the world will know her better as the star of the hot new sitcom, 100 Questions, than as Lady Frederick Windsor.
“She and Freddie are not important to the Royal Family and the most that will happen is that they will appear on the balcony at one or two royal occasions,” says Margaret Holder.
By all accounts, Sophie won’t mind that. Whether the same can be said for Princess Pushy is another matter.
| Princess Michael of Kent |
Which baronet had an eight-year affair with Princess Margaret in the 1970s? | Scandalous Women: Princess Pushy: The Fabulous Life of Princess Michael of Kent
Wednesday, August 20, 2008
Princess Pushy: The Fabulous Life of Princess Michael of Kent
She's tall, blonde and striking, married to a handsome prince, a member of The Royal Family. She's also haughty, gaffe (she once complained "The English distrust foreigners, they think the wogs begin at Calais") prone, and been linked to other men. Princess Anne dubbed her 'Princess Pushy' and the Queen once remarked mischievously to her husband's uncle, Lord Mountbatten 'that she sounds a bit grand to us.' Also known amongst the Royal Family as "Our Val" for Valkryie, Princess Margaret's son was said when asked what he would wish on his worst enemy, 'Dinner with Princess Michael of Kent.' The media have dubbed her the "Rent-a-Kents," for their habit of turning up at the opening of an envelope.
Who is this woman that has provoked such a sharp reaction in both the establishment and the media? How did the wife of a minor royal become such a lighting rod for bad behavior in a family where Prince Charles's youngest son once wore the uniform of a Nazi to a costume party (apparently he had no idea why that was such a no-no. And they say that Americans no nothing about history!), and the Duchess of York was caught getting her toes sucked by her financial advisor?
If you go to Princess Michael of Kent's web-site , you can trace her ancestry all the way back to Diane de Poitiers, along with Catherine the Great, Marie Antoinette and William the Conqueror. Quite a family for the former Marie Christine von Reibnitz or to be accurate Baroness Marie Christine Agnes Hedwig Ida von Reibnitz as she was born on January 15, 1945 in Carlsbad which is now part of the Czech Republic. Her mother was an Austro-Hungarian Countess, and her father Baron Gunther Hubertus von Reibnitz.
Her parents split up and her father moved to Mozambique while her mother decamped to Australia with Marie Christine and her younger brother Friedrich, where she ran a hair salon (makes one wonder where Princess Michael picked up her Eurotrash accent!). While growing up in Sydney, the future Princess Michael attended Catholic schools. After graduation, she headed off to Africa to finally get reacquainted with her long absent father. Marie Christine made her way to London where she did a course at the Victoria and Albert Museum and worked as an interior decorator. "Deep down inside me I always hear my mother's words: 900 years of breeding must be worth something."
She met her first husband, banker and Old Etonian, Thomas Troubridge, the younger brother of baronet Sir Peter Troubridge at a boar hunt of all places in Germany. They were married in 1971 and seperated two years later, although they didn't divorce until 1977. The marriage was later annulled in 1978 for undisclosed reasons but Marie-Christine was not allowed communion until she remarried in a Catholic ceremony which she and Prince Michael eventually did in 1983.
In the meantime, Marie Christine met her future second husband, Prince Michael of Kent while hunting (sense a theme?). "I was struck by this tall Austrian lady. I remember we had a long talk about the history of art while sitting in a hut eating sausages,' he has remarked. Her first impression was a little different. 'I just thought he was the funniest man I'd ever met. ' According to Princess Michael, they were friends first given that she was married, and Prince Michael was in another relationship. The prince would 'accidentally' run into her during early-morning rides in Richmond Park before he went to work at the Ministry of Defence. She would flatter his ego and spoil him which none of his English girlfriends had thought to do.
It was apparently that wily old matchmaker Lord Mountbatten who got them together by telling both Prince Michael and Marie Christine that the other was really keen on them, which then sparked their mutual interest. "One day Lord Mountbatten said to Michael, 'By the way, what are you going to do about that young woman?' He answered, 'Why should I do anything?' 'She's madly in love with you', came the reply. Then I too saw Lord Mountbatten and he said: 'What are you going to do about that young man? He's madly in love with you.' For all we knew, he believed it. I don't know but from then on we began to look at each other a little differently."
They married in June 30, 1978 in a civil ceremony in Vienna. Prince Michael had to give up his place in the succession since due to the Act of Succession of 1701 (at the time he was 15th in line for the throne), as no member of the Royal family can marry a Catholic and keep their place in the line of succession (their children Lord Frederick and Lady Gabriella were raised Anglican, and thus are still in the line of succession, although way down on the list, 31 and 32 respectively). Princess Michael has been quite vocal about how in the dark ages the attitude is, "They can marry a Moonie, A Seven-Day Adventist, a Scientologist, A Muslim. " (Okay, I have to agree with her on this one. If the heir to the throne can marry a divorcee that he had a thirty year affair with, I think they can bend and get rid of that Roman Catholic clause.)
Since then, Princess Michael has put her court shoes in her mouth more often than not. She attributes it to the fact that at 6ft tall in her stocking feet, she's hard to miss. Others put it down to her sense of entitlement. One of the first blows was the revelation that Princess Michael of Kent's father had not only been a member of the Nazi party but had also been in the SS, where he held the rank of Sturmbannfuhrer or "Assault Unit Leader" during the Second World War, although she produced papers that proved that he had actually been expelled from the party in 1944 (one wonders what he did to get the Nazi's to kick him out!)
Then there were the charges of plagiarism on her first two books Crowned in a Far Country, and Cupid and the King, which Princess Michael claims wasn't her fault but the fault of one of her researchers who didn't properly right down where the offending passages came from. In another interview, she allegedly claimed that she had more royal blood in her vieins than any person to marry into the royal family since Prince Philip. She's also a cat lover, in a family that adores dogs, particularly corgis. When she once complained about a cat being mauled by a corgi, she was promptly put in her place.
Her most famous moment stuffing those size 11's in her mouth came in 2004 while dining at Da Silvano, a restaurant much favored by celebrities in Greenwich Village. Objecting to the noise level at a table of black diners near hers, she first slammed her hand down on their table and allegedly told them to "Get back to the colonies," as she and her party were moved to another table. One of the women at the table, Nicole Young confronted the Princess about her remark. Prince Michael is reported to have replied "I did not say 'back to the colonies' - I said 'you should remember the colonies.' Back in the days of the colonies there were rules that were very good. You think about it. Just think about it." The New York Post reported that the diners thought that the remark was racist. She subsequently denied the charge. Her later explanation was that she had merely told one of her fellow dinner companions that she would be glad to go back to the colonies in order to escape the noise. In another article, she complained that she couldn't possibly be racist because she had once darkened her skin and pretended to be half-caste while traveling through Africa after a visit to her father.
In September 2005, she was caught on tape complaining about the Royal Family after a News of the World reporter pretendedto be a sheik, gained her confidence while pretending to be a buyer for her home Nether Lypiatt. In her defense, she wasn't the first royal to be caught out this way, Prince Edward's wife, Sophie Wessex too fell into the trapin 2001, which ended her PR career. While most of Princess Michael of Kent's revelations were pretty harmless (calling Princess Diana a 'nasty' and 'bitter' woman, who had been married merely as a 'womb'), it was her defense of Prince Harry for wearing the Swastika that really raised eyebrows. "But I believe that if he had been wearing the Hammer and Sickle there wouldn't have been so much fuss made." Recently Princess Michael has gone on record talking about how much smarter her children are then the other royals, having better education and a better degree than Prince William (Lord Frederick went to Oxford while Lady Ella graduated from Brown).
Princess Michael has a reputation for being someone who cultivates people who can and are willing to be generous in order to have a royal at their table (hence the nickname 'Rent-A-Kents'). She once convinced British Airways to lay on a special plane to ferry her from Manchester airport to London for a private engagement! She has also accepted gifts like a 150,000 pound building plot in Antigua from tycoon Peter de Savary and a 115,000 racehorse from another admirer. Since she and her husband receive no funds from the civil list, they are forced to actually work for a living. Prince Michael has his own consultancy business, and is fluent in several languages with a particular flair for Russian, which is appropriate for someone related to the Romanov's. He also holds several paid directorships with companies in the City. Princess Michael recently took a job as President of Partridge Fine Art, a gallery in New Bond Street. She has also given lectures around the world on various subjects related to her three books, however after her remarks at Da Silvano, there were fewer invites from the lucrative American market. Although they have no official duties, Princess Michael clearly likes to look and travel in royal style. She admits to having had botox which doesn't come cheap.
"I live in the 18th century in my mind," she once told an interviewer. "I see my whole life as a cultivation of taste. " Ah yes, when Royalty lived in splendid palaces, before a little thing called the French revolution! Unfortunately for the Kents, times are different. They were given a grace and favor apartment in Kensington Palace when they married (at various times royals from Princess Diana to Princess Margaret have lived at the Palace). However, in recent years, the public have complained about the fact that the Kents were paying only 67 pounds a week for the flat. The Queen stepped in and agreed to pay 10,000 pounds a month until 2010 by which time the Kents have to find another place to live. They've also had to sell their Cotswolds country estate Nether Lypiatt because of the upkeep, they received almost $11MM for the house.
Rumors about Princess Michael of Kent's marriage to Prince Michael started almost as soon as they were married. In 1985, she was seen leaving the apartment of Texas oil millionaire J. Ward Hunt wearing a rather tragic red wig, and there were rumors of her canoodling in a New York movie theater with Senator John Warner, ex-husband of Elizabeth Taylor. In 2006, she was seen holding hands, kissing, and taking romantic gondola rides with a Russian millionaire Mikhail Kravchenko, who the media were happy to report was 21 years younger, while on a trip to Venice, where they stayed in adjoining $4,000 a night rooms at the 5-star Hotel Cipriani. Princess Michael's explanation was that she holds hands and kisses all her friends, and that they were discussing business.
Until recently, it was assumed that Princess Michael of Kent wore the pants in the family and Prince Michael was just her mild-mannered hen-pecked hubby (shades of Sunny and Tsar Nicholas II who Prince Michael resembles). "She doesn't henpeck him, she lion-claws him," said a close friend. But it appears that still waters run deep. Recently, in the press, he was seen around town with an attractive blonde named Marianne Krex who is 30 years his junior. They even attended the ballet together with Marianne hiding her face from the cameras with her jacket. This isn't the first time that Prince Michael has been seen with a female friend. The ballet dancer Bryony Brind and historian Leonie Frieda are just two of the women he's been seen with without Princess Michael of Kent. Apparently Prince Michael is a regular at Julie's restaurant and bar where he takes many female 'friends. Lucy Weber , an American artist, is shopping around her memoirs, alleging that she and Prince Michael had an affair for 8 years. The artist kept a diary about her lover with such entries as "He loves sex pure, unadulterated. He thinks about it quite a bit during his working hours - loves white suspenders, beige or tan. His sexual senses are keen and he has a vivid imagination." Princess Michael went on the offense immediately, stating that her husband was not having an affair and that it was her idea for him to take Marianne Krex to the ballet. She also labels Lucy Weber as a fantasist.
If it is true, then the apple doesn't fall far from the tree. Prince Michael's father, the Duke of Kent, cut a wide swathe through society in the 1920's before his marraige to Princess Marina of Greece. He was alleged to have had affairs with everyone from the black singer Florence Mills to a 19 year affair with Noel Coward, there were even rumors of an illegitimate child, possibly Michael Canfield, Lee Radizwill's first husband. There were also rumors that he was addicted to drugs, cocaine and heroine, and that his cousin, the Prince of Wales used tough love to get him off. Prince Michael's mother, Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, was no slouch in the lover department either, having had affairs (allegedly) with the conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent and the black society pianist Leslie Hutchinson. Prince Michael's niece Lady Helen Taylor was once known by the horrible nickname 'Melons' due to her ample cleavage, and was considered a bit of a party girl during the 1980's. Even Prince Michael's son, Lord Frederick has admitted dabbling in drugs at college.
Of course, it is possible that Prince and Princess Michael are innocent of any infidelity, that the friendships are simply what they say they are. After 30 years of marriage this past June, it is clear that they have come to some kind of understanding and contentment. Whatever the truth, it is clear that Princess Michael likes the perks and privileges that come from being a member of the Royal family, no matter how minor.
Perhaps Princess Michael herself says it best. "They will always have to have a bad girl in the family..but I'm not going to have sleepless nights worrying about what the good citizens of Newcastle are thinking about me."
Sources include:
| i don't know |
A boomer is a large male ...............what? | Boomer | Define Boomer at Dictionary.com
boomer
a person or thing that booms .
2.
a person who settles in areas or towns that are booming .
3.
Informal. a wandering or migratory worker; hobo.
5.
a period of sudden and decisive economic growth:
July was a boomer for the retail trade.
6.
Informal. a person, fad, etc., that enjoys a brief popularity or financial success:
A new group of boomers made this season's hit record.
7.
The boomers tell us our town can double its size.
8.
Australian. a fully grown male kangaroo, especially a large one.
Origin of boomer
1820-30; boom 1 + -er 1
boom1
to make a deep, prolonged, resonant sound.
2.
to move with a resounding rush or great impetus.
3.
to progress, grow, or flourish vigorously, as a business or a city:
Her business is booming since she enlarged the store.
verb (used with object)
to give forth with a booming sound (often followed by out):
The clock boomed out nine.
5.
to boost; campaign for vigorously:
His followers are booming George for mayor.
noun
a deep, prolonged, resonant sound.
7.
the resonant cry of a bird or animal.
8.
a buzzing, humming, or droning, as of a bee or beetle.
9.
a rapid increase in price, development, numbers, etc.:
a boom in housing construction.
10.
a period of rapid economic growth, prosperity, high wages and prices, and relatively full employment.
11.
a rise in popularity, as of a political candidate.
adjective
caused by or characteristic of a boom:
boom prices.
Origin
Expand
1400-50; 1910-15 for def 10; late Middle English bombon, bummyn to buzz; cognate with Dutch bommen, German bummen, orig. imitative
Related forms
Examples from the Web for boomer
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British Dictionary definitions for boomer
Expand
(Austral) a large male kangaroo
2.
(Austral & NZ, informal) anything exceptionally large
Word Origin
to make a deep prolonged resonant sound, as of thunder or artillery fire
2.
to prosper or cause to prosper vigorously and rapidly: business boomed
noun
a deep prolonged resonant sound: the boom of the sea
4.
the cry of certain animals, esp the bittern
5.
a period of high economic growth characterized by rising wages, profits, and prices, full employment, and high levels of investment, trade, and other economic activity Compare depression (sense 5)
6.
any similar period of high activity
7.
the activity itself: a baby boom
Word Origin
C15: perhaps from Dutch bommen, of imitative origin
boom2
noun
1.
(nautical) a spar to which a sail is fastened to control its position relative to the wind
2.
a beam or spar pivoting at the foot of the mast of a derrick, controlling the distance from the mast at which a load is lifted or lowered
3.
a pole, usually extensible, carrying an overhead microphone and projected over a film or television set
4.
a barrier across a waterway, usually consisting of a chain of connected floating logs, to confine free-floating logs, protect a harbour from attack, etc
the area so barred off
Word Origin
C16: from Dutch boom tree, beam
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for boomer
Expand
boom
v.
mid-15c., earliest use was for bees and wasps, probably echoic of humming. The meaning "make a loud noise" is 15c. Cf. bomb . Meaning "to burst into prosperity" (of places, businesses, etc.) is 1871, American English. Related: Boomed; booming. Boom box first attested 1978.
n.
"long pole," 1540s, from Scottish boun, borrowed from Dutch boom "tree, pole, beam," from a Middle Dutch word analogous to Old English beam (see beam (n.)).
in the business sense, 1873, sometimes said to be from boom (n.1), from the nautical meaning "a long spar run out to extend the foot of a sail" -- a ship "booming" being one in full sail. But it could just as well be from boom (v.) on the notion of "suddenness."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Slang definitions & phrases for boomer
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| Kangaroo |
Which is the smallest ape? | boomer | Definition, meaning & more | Collins Dictionary
1. Australian a large male kangaroo
2. Australian and New Zealand informal anything exceptionally large
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
Word origin of 'boomer'
boomer1 in American English (ˈbumər ; bo̅omˈər)
Definitions
noun
Us, Informal a worker, as in bridge construction, who travels about, working for different employers
Webster’s New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, compiled by the editors of Webster’s New World Dictionaries. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.
Word origin of 'boomer'
boomer2 in American English (ˈbumər ; bo̅omˈər)
Definitions
| i don't know |
What name is given to areas of land in Holland that have been reclaimed from the sea? | Protective Dikes and Land Reclamation, The Netherlands | Building the World
Protective Dikes and Land Reclamation, The Netherlands
Protective Dikes and Land Reclamation, The Netherlands
Maeslant Barrier in Rotterdam, from The Wall Street Journal, at wsj.com.
WHY THE NETHERLANDS?
“God created the earth but the Dutch made Holland.”
– popular proverb
The Dutch, living on a seacoast, save disappearing land by building protective dikes, and reclaiming marshland for agriculture, and have been doing so for a very long time. In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder described inland farmers constructing dams in tidal creeks to protect their land against high water. Today’s world is also plagued by flooding. Thailand suffered serious inundation in 2011; factories near Bangkok closed, delaying the production of Toyota automobiles whose specialized parts are manufactured in Thailand. Water disasters have impacted New Orleans on the Gulf as well as the farmlands along the Mississippi River. What of island nations disappearing due to rising oceans – the Maldives, Kiribati? Can the medieval Dutch teach us a few lessons for a safer and more productive future?
IS IT ALL DUE TO A CAT?
During the Middle Ages, cats were introduced to Europe to control the rodent population that had long ravaged stored grains. As a result, agriculture became more efficient and there was throughout Europe a period of growth. The farming opportunities began to appeal to the Dutch who dug up marshes to create farmland. From 800 to 1250 AD due to a boom in farming and a growing coastal trade, the population of the Netherlands grew ten-fold. To keep up with the demand for food, the Dutch dug up the marshes and sold the peat, converting marshes to farmland. But as the marshes were drained, the groundwater was lowered and the land began to sink. It therefore became imperative to build a series of linked major dikes to protect the land from flooding. Previous to this change, the land had been 6.5 to 9.8 feet above sea level (2-3 meters).
It is worth noting that while dikes are not unique to The Netherlands, they have provided the country with one undeniable distinction: it constitutes the only country in the world whose key areas were reclaimed from the sea, not from neighbors. Additionally the thousand-year-old dike army can be regarded as an authentic progenitor of the concept of “an army enlisted against nature” as proposed by William James in the essay “The Moral Equivalent of War.” Around the year AD 1100, West-Friesland had built an enclosure dike (omringkijk). At the same time, the Frisians established a “dike peace” or strongly enforced consensus that whenever a dike was endangered, family feuds must cease forthwith so that all available manpower could be mobilized to reinforce the dikes.
THE BOYS WHO SAVED HOLLAND
A statue to the boy who saved Holland.
Many children know the story of Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates, thinking it to be translation of a Dutch book. Hans, a valiant fifteen-year-old boy who skates very well, saves his father’s life and lets his friend win the championship skating race because his buddy needs the prize money even more. But the story, first published in 1865, was written in fact by an American who had never even been to Holland. The book captured the imaginations of many. In addition to introducing the sport of speed skating to the United States, the book was taken up by Disney in films both in 1962 and in 1998, adapted for in-line skating set in Los Angeles.
Erroneously, many people think Hans also is the boy who saved Holland by plugging a hole in the dike and staying there all night until adults checked the dikes in the morning and were able to fix the leak. It’s the kind of thing Hans Brinker would indeed have done. But actually this is a sub-story in the Hans Brinker book by Mary Mapes Dodge, who merely refers to the boy as The Hero of Haarlem. Later, Phoebe Cary, an American poet living not too far from an area of New York City that became known as Harlem, wrote a poem called “The Leak in the Dike” in which she named the boy Peter.
From the Museum De Lakenhal, at lakenhal.nl.
While Hans and Peter dwell in legend, Arie Evegroen is a hero of history, as are Cornelis Heuvelman and Johannes Aart van Vliet. During the North Sea flood of 1953 when over 1,800 people died, Evegroen was asked by the mayor to use his grain barge Twee Gebroeders (Two Brothers) to plug a dike leak in the area of Nieuwerkerk aan den Ussel. Heuvelman volunteered to help hold the barge, roping the ship to the dike so the waves would help to push it into the breach and hold the water back. Soon the Mayor of the town who had summoned Evegroen saw that more was needed, so Mayor Vogelaar next asked Johannes Aart van Vliet to use his barge, Onderneming II, to bring sandbags to the dike. But Van Vliet did more than asked; he also brought hot coffee, and a portable stove so Dike Army volunteers were warm throughout the crisis.
In 2009, over 50 years later, Heuvelman and Van Vliet received awards at a ceremony in the main hall of Nieuwerkerk aan den Ijssel, where the current mayor Bonthuis praised the heroes, reminding all that each individual can make a great difference in saving the world. Earlier, a monument showing a replica of Evegroen’s barge sticking out from the dike’s shoulder had already been installed as a reminder through public art of the role of everyday people in disaster response
LOCAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Another lesson to be learned from the Dutch is collective governance. Local communities came together to form water boards that had, by common consent, wide powers of inspection, discipline and governance. The aristocracy, which possessed large landholdings, supported the water boards; these local organizations called out the dike army as needed. Water boards were democratic organizations, but slowly received formal charters from the rulers of various districts. In effect, local water boards also produced revenue through self-taxation: each village contributed to the upkeep of their local dikes. What can we learn from the democratic, self-regulating and self-taxing water boards as we consider governance and maintenance of key infrastructure? Is there a role for locals in highway maintenance, canal improvement, bikeway development?
Still, the seven provinces had slightly different policies on rivers and water. The need for central coordination led, in 1789, to the establishment of a state water authority, the Rijkswaterstaat, to plan and supervise large-scale construction including reclamation of the Zuider Sea. This same effort resulted in the creation of Lake Ijssel, the largest Dutch reservoir, assuring the northern provinces of an ever-normal freshwater supply even during dry periods. Can the success of the Rijkswaterstaat serve as a model for a regionally-applied “ever-normal” water supply? While our world has plenty of water, we still suffer from floods and droughts. What can we learn from the Dutch?
WINDMILLS
In 1282, an unknown Dutch carpenter built the first water-pumping windmill – probably an Arab invention observed by a crusader who later returned home and reported on its design and use. Nearly three centuries later, a windmill with a rotatable top was developed; this was an important improvement because winds in northwest Europe come from different directions, so the new kind of windmill could always take advantage of prevailing winds.
Windmills, from drexel.edu.
Windmills helped engineer artificial drainage in embanked areas called polders. With such innovation, it was now possible to drain large lakes. Unwanted water was dispatched into specially built drainage canals.
Documents of Authorization
The ruler of West-Friesland, Bishop van Zuden, commanded in April 1319: “Everybody shall come to work at the dike on instruction of the baliff or dike reeve/ende alman sal ten menen werke comen op den dijc, daers hem die Baeiliu, of die Dijcgrave vermaent.”
– A.A. Beekman. Het dijk – en waterschaprecht in Nederland voor 1795. (Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1905). English translation by Pieter Huisman.
The Water Board shall dig watercourses and construct sluices and bridges in the region. The Board shall develop these works in locations that will be the most adequate and profitable for the region and in such ways that the inhabitants downstream profit equally from these works as will the inhabitants in the upstream region…all people possessing land between the Meuse and the Waal shall stand ready to pay for the cost and the maintenance of the watercourses, sluices, weirs, and bridges according to the ratio of their land ownership…the dijkgraaf will inspect the dikes between the Meuse and the Waal with the same frequency in every village.
– H. van Heinigen, Tussen Maas en Waal. (Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1972, 440-442. English translation by Pieter Huisman.
VOICES OF THE FUTURE: Discussion and Implications
New Land: As world population increases, there will be more demand for land. Can we use principles and technology using water and wind to preserve our coasts? Boston Harbor and the Back Bay are examples of land reclamation and development. How can Boston, and of course Holland, serve as case studies to recommend similar actions for endangered global coastlines? Can Dutch Docklands lead the way to new floating cities? What sovereignty issues might evolve?
Shipping and global ocean environments: Coastal cities such as Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Lagos, Nigeria prospered due to access to water. So too, Boston. Songdo, a new city in South Korea is a case in point. And would New York be the metropolis it is today without both the Atlantic Ocean and the Erie Canal ? What opportunities for economic development await land with access to global waters? What environmental provisions must be considered when planning a safe future for our oceans?
RESOURCES
To read the complete chapter, members of the University of Massachusetts Boston may access the e-book through Healey Library Catalog and ABC-CLIO here. Alternatively the volumes can be accessed at WorldCat , or at Amazon for purchase. Further resources are available onsite at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Healey Library , including some of the following:
Building the World Collection Finding Aid
(* indicates printed in notebook series)
“Holland goes beyond holding back the tide: Nation endeavors to be climate-proof,” by Colin Nickerson, The Boston Globe, Monday, December 5, 2005.
Correspondence between Pieter Huisman and Frank Davidson detailing contents of four Annex documents regarding the dikes of 1456, 1611, 1500, 2000.
Correspondence between Pieter Huisman and Kevin Downing of Greenwood Press regarding photo of storm surge barrier in Rotterdam Waterway in 1997.
Digital files (on older formatted floppy disks – may need to be converted).
“West-Friesland’s ‘Oud en Nieuw’,” Uitgegeven door het historisch genoot-schap “oud West-Friesland,” ter Drukkerij “West-Friesland” te hoorn in 1936. Text begins: “Het octrooi der bedijking van Burghorn (1456).
“Water Legislation in the Netherlands,” by Pieter Huisman, DUP Satellite, 2004.
“The Dutch Windmill,” by Frederick Stokhuyzen, former chairman of “De Hollandsche Molen,” Association for the Preservation of Windmills in the Netherlands, publisher CAJ van Dishoek-Bussum-Holland, 1962, translated from the Dutch by Carry Dikshoorn. Pp. 1-17 (of 68).
“Shipping Canal at Rijswij,” illustration and description of Dutch landscape painting by Hendrik Weissenbruch. From Rijksmuseum.
“Water Mill,” illustration and description of painting of a water mill with three wheels by Jacob van Ruisdael. From Rijksmuseum.
“Cattle Ferry,” illustration and description of painting of a Dutch river activity, the first time such a Dutch river landscape was depicted on a monumental scale. Form Rijksmueseum.
Various laws concerning flood defense of Rhine and Ussel, and documents concerning the creation of the Rijkswaterstaat on 24thMay, 1789. Fax from TUDelft Water Management, February 15, 2002.
“THE NETHERLANDS: Built and Maintained by Engineering,” early draft of chapter by Frank P. Davidson, hand typed.
“Planet Earth Renewed: MacroProjects and Geopolitics.” R.B. Cathcart. Excerpt on Holland from unpublished manuscript, circa 1983.
Internet
Illustration. http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/images/aria/sk/z/sk-a-1718.z
“Mill Wijk-bij-Duurstede,” illustration and description of Dutch landscape painting of river Lek by Jacob van Ruisdael. http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria//aria_assets/SK-C-211?lang=en&context_space=aria_them.d
“The Netherlands: Organisation and Management of Water Management,” from Water Management Journal, Year 45, No. 7-8/2002, p. 12.
“Heroes of February 1953 Flood finally recognized for saving untold lives,” http://www.godutch.com/newspaper/index.php?id=1525 . GoDutch.com, February 09, 2009.
For Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies: www.apcss.org.
Litwin, Evan. “Climate Diaspora.” McCormack 2011 Master’s Thesis, UMB.
Hans Brinker and the story of the boy who saved Holland, Wikipedia.
*“Towns in Germania Inferior: Laurium (Woerden). http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/woerden.html .
*Koninkliijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. http://www.knag.nl .
*“Polders and Dykes of the Netherlands: The Reclamation of Land in the Netherlands,” by Matt Rosenberg. Copyright The New York Times Company. About, Inc. http://geography.about.coom/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/dykes.htm .
*“Welcome to Kindrtdijk,” http://www.kinderdijk.nl .
*“The Valour and the Horror in Desparate Battle: Normandy 1944 – Mulberry Harbour,” www.valourandhorror.com/DB/BACK/Mulberry.php .
*Glossary of Meteorology. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com
*“Collection Rijksmuseum Amsterdam,” close to one million objects, details of collection summarized. http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/index.jsp?lang=en .
*“Choosing a Cat,” role of cats in grain storage. http://www.isabellevets.co.uk .
*“The Moral Equivalent of War,” William James. (whole essay printed here) http://www.constitution.org/wj/meow.htm .
*“Impact of Emerging Technologies,” Technology Review, MIT.
Building the World Blog by Kathleen Lusk Brooke and Zoe G. Quinn is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License .
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What is the name for snow overhanging the edge of a mountain ridge? | Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Netherlands
I. CASE BACKGROUND
1. Abstract
As an economically and socially advanced nation, the Netherlands is a low-lying nation, with a sophisticated agricultural sector and high population density. Half of the country lies below 1 meter above sea level, with an eighth of the country lying below sea level. Without an extensive network of dams, dykes and dunes, the Netherlands would be especially prone to flooding. As a predicted outcome of Global Climate Change, sea level rise could impact the Netherlands drastically, leading to social and economic devastation.
2. Description
The Zuyderzee Flood of 1916 was a defining moment in Dutch history. The Zuyderzeeworks, a series of dikes to reclaim this shallow inlet, was made in part due to the outcome of this flood. Although, this flood did cause 16 human causalities, substantial material damage instigated the reclamation of Zuyderzee from its shallow water. During the 1916 flood the island of Marken was completely engulfed with water and many levee breeches occurred near the town of Edam, which lead to the flooding of Waterland and Durgerdam.
The Zuyderzeeworks designed by the Minister of Public Works, Ir. C. Lely, and approved by Queen Wilhelmina, began the reclamation of Zuyderzee. Minister Lely's plans included a large dike, the Afsluitdijk, which in turn allowed for further reclamation of the surrounding area. Unfortunately, further flooding occurred in 1953, with devastating consequences in loss of life, agricultural ability, and economic cost. The Flood of 1953 cost the lives of 1,835 people, ruined productive agricultural lands with the salts of seawater, and was costly to repair failed flood protection system.
The Zuiderzeeworks (a series of flood protection devices), reclaimed land from an inlet of the North Sea and also created the Ijsselmeer, or Lake Ijessel
The Netherlands is well suited geographically and geologically to be a nation heavily involved in shipping. The nation is in the center of Europe with access to many rivers and bodies of water. Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port city with access to the sea and several large rivers nearby (Rhine, Maas and Schelde), making it an important hub in the EU economy. The low-lying lands of the Netherlands are famous for several agricultural products. The towns of Gouda and Edam, as their names suggest, are very important to cheese production. The Netherlands supplies two-thirds of the world’s tulips, bulbs, and cut-flowers, helping the relatively small nation rank third in value of agricultural exports. For a small nation of 41,526 sq km, the Netherlands is densely populated with 486 persons per square kilometer.
The threat of sea level rise due to Climate Change will test the country’s flood protection system. A breach of this system would be costly to repair, but would be even more devastating to the country’s economy and way-of-life.
As its name suggests, the Netherlands, or ‘low countries,’ is and has been especially prone to flooding. Climate change has the potential to increase sea levels by 20 feet (6.1 m). The lowest city within the Netherlands lies 7 meters (23 ft.) below sea level, much lower than New Orlean's 9th Ward. The expansive system of dams, dykes, and dunes maintained by the country, may not be able to hold back the flood of Climate Change.
The Netherlands is often associated with peaceful rows of spring tulips, sharp and buttery cheeses, and windmills turning in the breeze. Yet, these popular associations with Dutch culture would not be possible without protection from the unpredictable North Sea. The North Sea is stronger and more unpredictable than the three Dutch rivers that flow through the country. Flood protection from the North sea is mandated to have a 1-in-10,000 years protection (a failure in the flood protection system would only occur once in 10,000 years). Without this level of protection, agricultural lands would often be inundated with floodwater. In most cases agricultural and pasture land lies on ‘polders,’ or land reclaimed from the sea, and the iconic windmills of the Netherlands were built to pump excess water off of agricultural soils.
With 41,526 sq kilometers, the Netherlands supports a population of just under 16.5 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. If flooding occurs on a mass scale many people will be displaced from their homes and workplaces. Rising sea levels could wreak havoc on the Dutch way of life. The people, economy, and land itself, would be swept away, costing the Dutch their livelihood and possibly their lives.
It is impossible to know when or if flooding will strike the Netherlands. The IPCC predicts that there will likely be increased incidence of extreme high sea level events in the 21st century. Global warming has caused the Earth’s polar regions to be much warmer for longer periods of time. Melting glaciers and polar ice caps 125,000 years ago increased sea levels by 4 to 6 meters.
Changes in climate and weather patterns will exacerbate the already rising sea level. Storm events over the North Sea are often powerful and unpredictable. Although the Netherlands does not experience hurricanes, similarly strong events could cause major damage and loss-of-life. New Orleans, like most of the Netherlands, lies below sea level and posses a series of flood control mechanisms. Unfortunately, New Orleans sustained a direct hit from one of the worst hurricanes in U.S. history. Hurricane Katrina caused 1,833 fatalities over five states, and resulted in a total economic loss of 81 billion dollars. Over 1.2 million people in the area were under an evacuation order. Evacuation efforts were slow and resulted in long back-ups on area interstates. Although New Orleans is heavily populated, the Netherlands population density is higher over a larger area. Most people rely on public transport to get around town and surrounding areas. Evacuation efforts in the Netherlands would have to be well planned and executed to avoid the difficulties that were seen during Hurricane Katrina in the United States.
Willems Bridge, Rotterdam
Hurricane Katrina impacted several U.S. states directly with flooding and storm surges, but also indirectly through migration and long-term economic damage. The Netherlands is only roughly equal to the size of twice New Jersey. If flooding should occur on a vast scale, it can be inferred that such an event would be extremely costly. Numerous lives could be lost. The Netherlands’s land area, an important resource for its aricultural economy, could be washed away. This type of event could threaten the long-term health of the Dutch people, economy, and government.
Conflict
Flooding on any large scale would cause evacuation and possible permanent displacement of the people living in the Netherlands. Higher socioeconomic classes are often able to adjust to environmental problems, because they can afford residence in areas with clean air, clear water, and lower chance of flooding. The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina illuminated the numerous environmental justice issues residents of the lower-ninth ward endured. Undoubtedly, similar issues will face the residents of the Netherlands. A Dutch Ministry of Water Management advisor has noted, “society must recognize that there will be losers from adaptation, and they must be compensated” (Hertsgaard, 2007).
In recent years Europe has seen an influx of immigrant populations from Africa and the Middle East. Some of these immigrants are Islamic and face cultural differences and discrimination. Many European countries have sought to ease the religious and political tension between differing cultures by implementing policies. Controversially, governments have sought out ways to integrate Islamic culture into traditional European society. France most notably banned schoolgirls from wearing headscarves in at the start of the school year in 2004, as adult women in France’s public sector were already forbidden to wear such “overt’ religious symbols. For comparison, a ban on headscarves for schoolchildren is also in effect in Turkey. But, other countries like Great Britain and the Netherlands allow headscarves in public schools. The Netherlands also subsidizes many mosques and Islamic schools throughout the country.
Yet, public support for Islamic institutions is the Netherlands is controversial. The contrast between the Dutch and Muslim cultures has lead to public conflict. Pim Fortuyn, ran for public office after a series of Muslim attacks on openly gay couples. Openly gay himself, Mr. Fortuyn was elected in 2001 for office in Rotterdam, even though he labeled Islam a “backward” religion. His platform included limiting immigration quotas for Muslim individuals. In May of 2002, Volkert van der Graaf assassinated Mr. Fortuyn for his controversial political comments. Pim Fortuyn’s assignation was the Netherlands’s first politically motivated murder in 300 years.
5.5 percent of the Dutch population is Muslim. Disproportionately however, Muslim women represent more than half the women in shelters seeking refuge from domestic disputes. Ayaan Hirsi Ali is a famous Dutch, Muslim, feminist who has focused attention on the treatment of Muslim women in the Netherlands and around the world. She has called on Muslim women in the Netherlands to claim equal rights in Dutch society, as the law allows. Hirsi Ali argues that Many Dutch Muslim women do live in segregated "parallel cities" where Islamic social codes are enforced. Often domestic disputes are not handled under Dutch law. She believes that Dutch officials and police have often turned a blind-eye the treatment of Muslim women in the Netherlands.
Ayaan Hirsi Ali was a member of the house of Dutch parliament. She also collaborated with Dutch filmmaker, Theo Van Gogh, on the film, Submission. Submission depicted discriminatory practices toward Muslim women. in the Islamic region. On November 2, 2004 Mohammed Bouyeri, upset with the film, brutally murdered Theo Van Gogh and threatened the life of Hirsi Ali. Van Gogh’s murder made international headlines and focused the world’s attention on European-Muslim conflict.
3. Duration: 1916 - Present
Sea level rise could be drastic and sudden or slow and gradual. The IPCC predicts an number of outcomes, based on the global community’s response to Climate Change. The best outcome for lowering sea level rise would be a drastic cut in greenhouse gas emissions. However, even under the best case scenario, the sea level will rise by about 0.4 meters at the turn of the century.
North Sea storms could worsen, and further threaten the Netherlands. The IPCC further predicts that long-term climatic patterns around the world will change. It is difficult to predict how the specific climate of the Netherlands will be impacted by climate change.
4. Location
6. Type of Environmental Problem:
GLOBAL PROBLEMS: Global Warming [GWARM]
The government of the Netherlands has recognized the threat of sea level rise and climate change. Current proposals in Dutch parliament call for upgrades in flood protection. If this proposal passes North Sea flood protection will be upgraded to 1-in-100,000 years status. Such a large commitment is part of the Netherlands’s “Living with Water/We are Here to Stay” campaign. This upgrade will be a costly and time-consuming project. It is estimated that this plan will cost 0.2% of the Netherlands yearly GDP to build and maintain.
7. Type of Habitat: Temperate
As a flat, low-lying country near the sea, the Netherlands’s temperature is fairly consistent and does not change drastically. Because of its proximity to open water and flat terrain, the sky is often cloudy and the wind is strong. 13 mph winds are the average, which the country utilizes for wind turbine generated power and traditional windmills use to pump water. Summers are cool and winters are not extreme. Severe weather events occasionally occur when high pressure areas over the Azores and low pressure areas centered around Iceland meet around the Netherlands.
8. Act and Harm Sites: Global and Netherlands
Global climate change will increase sea level and cause drastic changes in climatic weather patterns. Half of the Netherlands lies below sea level. Currently, these areas face the most serious threat of flooding. Presumably as sea levels rise, more areas will become below sea level, and face the same threat form flooding.
9. Type of Conflict: Regional
10. Level of Conflict: Threat
11. Fatality Level of Dispute: (1,833) New Orleans
Sea level rise combined with the potential for even more powerful North Sea storms could to impact the entire nation. Migration from such an event would affect the surrounding region. Loss of lives from Hurricane Katrina totaled 1,833. If a drastic flooding event were to occur, many more lives could be lost in the Netherlands.
12. Environment-Conflict Link and Dynamics
a. Direct (i.e., Resource)
A Typical Dutch Farm
Future environmental conditions will directly impact the Netherlands land mass. Its people, economy, and government will have to adapt to rising sea levels, by building higher dams and dykes. Directly, people will have to relocate at least until the waters recede. Migration of individuals could turn into a long-term issue if flood control technologies cannot keep up with climate change. Often, low lying areas are important modes of production in agricultural productivity. In the short-term crops could be lost, causing temporary economic shocks. Yet, larger flood events could cause substantial damage to agricultural infrastructure (rail, shipping lanes and ports, and processing facilities) important in delivering those goods to the proper markets, undiminished. No more than 2% of the Netherlands’s population is devoted to agricultural production. Yet, this country produces a large surplus in food-products for the surrounding region. Rising sea levels could prove too difficult to handle, along with changing climate and weather patterns. The government may plan and implement the most advanced system of flood protection. Yet, the government and climate scientists cannot predict the future climate of the Netherlands.
b. Indirect (i.e. Scarcity)
If flooding should occur, land will become scarce. Scarcity increases price and indirectly causes conflict between differing demographics in the Netherlands and surrounding countries. After a flood event, higher socioeconomic classes will be able to maintain a lifestyle that closely resembles the one they had prior to the event. Some Dutch citizens may also choose to move to other areas, further spreading land scarcity to other countries.
As the Netherlands is a large shipping hub, ports and the transport of consumer goods will change with a large flood event. The high storm surges and receding waters of Hurricane Katrina changed shipping lanes and damaged equipment dedicated to the safe passage of ships in the Mississippi river and Gulf of Mexico. If a similiar extreme weather event were to flood the Netherlands, a devastating disaster could occur.
Causal Diagram
A causal loop diagram relating the possible future outcome of a climatic flooding event on the Netherlands.
Climate change causes sea levels to rise while also affecting traditional patterns and strengths of storm events. A large flood would decrease the land area of the Netherlands which will effect its ability to directly (housing, employment, agricultural goods) and indirectly (scarcity leads to higher prices and more competition) support its population. Scarcity of land in the Netherlands will cause internal and regional tension as housing prices in the surrounding areas would be expected to increase.
13. Level of Strategic Interest: Regional
14. Outcome of Dispute In Progress/Stalemate
Policymakers within the Netherlands are addressing climate change with plans to heighten flood protection efforts throughout the country. They have asserted that, “We are here to Stay,” by committing their time and financial resources to the “Living with Water” strategy.
The Netherlands and surrounding countries have also sought to mitigate the tension and climate of conflict between secular Europeans and immigrant Muslims. Policies throughout Europe have been controversial and mixed on success. A flooding event could exacerbate regional conflict with European Muslims. As an environmental justice issue, immigrant populations often are hit hardest with environmental problems. Muslim immigrants currently face discrimination in Europe. If land suddenly becomes scarce due to climate caused flooding events, immigrant populations may face a high cost, both pencuniary and discriminatory, to be able to live in the Netherlands,
15. Related ICE and TED Cases
Windmill in the Town of Gouda
25. Danube - Danube River Dispute
64. Ogonioil - Ogoni and Nigeria conflict over Oil
142. Malacca - The Impact of Transportation on Wildlife in the Malacca Straits
145. James - James Bay Project
160. Katrina - Hurrican Katrina
171. Mohenjo - Daro, Aryan Invasions and Shifting Environments
185. Northwest Passage - Canadian Sovereignty at the Northwest Passage
206. Maldvives - The Maldives and Rising Sea Levels
210. Tuvalu - Tuvalu and Rising Sea Levels
16. Relevant Websites and Literature
BBC News. Q&A: Muslim Headscarves. Posted August 31, 2004. Access date: 10 April 2007. < http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3328277.stm >.
Britannica Encyclopedia: The Netherlands Climate. Access date: 10 April 2007. < http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-35861/The-Netherlands >.
The CIA World Factbook: The Netherlands. Access date: 27 January 2007. < https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/nl.html >.
Climate Crisis: What is Global Warming? Access date: 27 January 2007. < http://www.climatecrisis.net/thescience/ >.
Deltawerken Online: Floods. Access date: 27 January 2007. < http://www.deltawerken.com/Floods/22.html >.
Encarta Encyclopedia: The Netherlands. Access date: 27 January 2007. < http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572410/Netherlands.html >.
Hertsgaard, Mark. (2007). On the Front Lines of Climate Change, Time, April 9, 2007.
The Nation. The Dutch Muslim Culture War. Posted June 9, 2005. Access date: 10 April 2007. < http://www.thenation.com/docprem.mhtml?i=20050 627&s=scroggins >.
National Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina. Published Decemeber, 20, 2005. Access date: 10 April 2007. < http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf >.
National Public Radio. Dutch-Muslim View of Europe’s Future. Talk of the Nation, Aired May 5, 2005. Access date: 10 April 2007. < http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4632123 >.
Images:
"Zuyderzeeworks" < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Zuiderzeeworks.png >.
"Map of Netherlands" < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Netherlands_map_large.png >.
"Willems Bridge," "Dutch Farm," "Gouda Windmill," and "Amsterdam Canal" with permission from photographer, Nicholas McKinney. < http://www.flickr.com/photos/nickmckinney/ >.
A Canal in Amsterdam
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What was Miss Piggy’s surname on the Muppet Show? | Miss Piggy | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
designer/builder
First Mate Piggy of the USS Swinetrek.
Miss Piggy is one of the central characters on The Muppet Show . She is a force of nature who developed from a one-joke running gag into a complex, three-dimensional character.
Miss Piggy is a prima-donna pig who is absolutely convinced that she's destined for stardom, and nothing is going to stand in her way. Her public face is the soul of feminine charm, but she can instantly fly into a rage whenever she thinks she's insulted or thwarted. Kermit the Frog has learned this all too well; when she isn't smothering him in kisses, she's sending him flying through the air with a karate-chop.
Contents
[ show ]
Piggy's Biography
From modest beginnings (which she is quick to gloss over), Miss Piggy first broke into show business by winning the Miss Bogen County beauty contest, a victory which also marked her first meeting with the frog of her life, Kermit (whom she often calls "Kermie"). The rest, as they say, is history (and a lot of juicy gossip, too).
In 1976, Miss Piggy started out in the chorus of The Muppet Show. Thanks to her charisma and a correspondence course in karate, [1] Piggy made her presence known and soon became the lead chanteuse and femme fatale on the show. Quickly, her career expanded to include television specials, home videos, records and books. Her "how to" volume of advice on absolutely everything, Miss Piggy's Guide to Life , became a national bestseller, and her fabulous face has been featured on the cover of countless magazines too numerous to mention.
Miss Piggy starred in two regular Muppet Show sketches -- " Veterinarian's Hospital ", as the ravishing Nurse Piggy, and " Pigs in Space ", as the enchanting First Mate Piggy.
She also has a dog named Foo-Foo .
Miss Piggy has starred in all eight theatrically-released Muppet feature films, and both made-for-TV movies. She starred in two television specials, The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show and Miss Piggy's Hollywood . She also starred in her own workout album .
Miss Piggy's Talents
Miss Piggy considers herself a dramatic actress and a great singer, but she has other talents, too (besides karate).
In the Kaye Ballard episode of The Muppet Show, it has been proven that Miss Piggy can play a few instruments such as the trumpet and kazoo.
Miss Piggy proves to be great at bending metal bars (for example, in The Great Muppet Caper , she bent back the jail bars, and in The Muppets Take Manhattan, she was able to bend a metal bar).
As shown in The Great Muppet Caper, Miss Piggy also has the ability to model, tap dance, swim, drive a truck, and ride a motorcycle.
Pointed out by Rowlf in The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years and Kermit in A Muppet Family Christmas , no one can make an entrance like Piggy.
Kermit and Piggy
Eventually in the films, Kermit started returning her affections and (unwittingly) married her in The Muppets Take Manhattan —although subsequent events suggest that it was only their characters in the movie that married and that their relationship is really the same as ever.
Before The Muppets Take Manhattan, in episode 310 of The Muppet Show, Miss Piggy unsuccessfully attempted to get Kermit to marry her. She wrote a "comedy sketch" involving a wedding between her and Kermit, got Scooter to trick Kermit into signing a marriage license, and hired a real minister for the sketch. However, during the skit, before Kermit was to say "I do," he introduced Lew Zealand instead.
In episode 502 , after planting one too many rumors about her and Kermit's relationship to the gossip papers, Kermit fired Miss Piggy, having guest star Loretta Swit replace her in "Pigs in Space" and "Veterinarian's Hospital". The rest of the cast were sad, until they realized that this meant they'd be rid of Foo-Foo. Eventually, Loretta Swit got them to sing a song, and all was apparently forgiven after that.
A month before the debut of their 2015 ABC series, The Muppets , Miss Piggy and Kermit formally announced that they were breaking up. Piggy said in a statement that “Dating moi is like flying close too the sun. It was inevitable that Kermit would drop down to the ground while I stayed in the heavens.” while also concluding it was a mutual agreement. Kermit however countered “After careful thought, thoughtful consideration and considerable squabbling, Miss Piggy made the difficult decision to terminate our romantic relationship.” It was specified, however, that they will continue to work together. [2] [3] [4] Kermit has apparently moved on with his new girlfriend, a pig named Denise , who works for ABC. [5]
See also: Are Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy married?
Family and Background
Miss Piggy was born above Becker's Butcher Shop [6] in a small town. Frank Oz filled in some of her backstory in a 1979 People magazine article: "Miss Piggy's father chased after other sows, and her mother had so many piglets she never found time to develop her mind. 'I'll die before I live like that!' Miss Piggy screamed, and ran away to the city. Life was hard at first. People got all the jobs; pigs had to take what was left. To keep going, Miss Piggy walked a sandwich board for a barbecue stand. Desperate, she took a stage name, Laverne, and entered a beauty contest. She won and got her big break: a bacon commercial. This led to a season as mascot for a local TV sportscast called Pigskin Parade -- and then on to The Muppet Show."
Commentary in the Muppet Morsels on The Muppet Show: Season One revealed the fate of her father, and expanded more: "Her father died in a tractor accident when she was young and her mother wasn't very nice to her. She left home as a teenager after graduating charm school and working in a department store selling gloves. She was forced to pose for some ads including a bacon product. She also had to enter beauty pageants to survive in the world."
Speaking years later on Take Two with Phineas and Ferb about what it was like to grow up on a farm, she said that it was "Very humbling... I don't like being humble, so I got out fast." She also confirmed having done bacon ads during a 1984 appearance on The Merv Griffin Show , and her beauty pageant career culminated in a win at the Bogen County Fair , after which she began her rise to fame in Hollywood .
Piggy has two dim-witted nephews, Andy and Randy Pig , who she sometimes employs as seen in Muppets Tonight and The Muppets . She also has at least one niece, aged six, who she mentions in The Muppets episode " The Ex-Factor " to compare with Denise who eats her cupcakes upside-down so that there's just a handful of frosting left. A niece is mentioned again by Kermit in " Swine Song " when Piggy begins listing current trends that she thinks makes her relevant.
According to her her Facebook page , Miss Piggy was educated at the Paris School of Fashion, but she refuses to publish her birth date.
Performing Piggy
An assistant of Piggy's peeks in on a photo shoot.
Frank Oz with Miss Piggy
Frank Oz performed "Piggy Lee" on The Tonight Show on May 24, 1974 , lip-synching with Hamilton Pig to " Old Black Magic ". Five months later on October 13, 1974, Jerry Nelson performed "Piggy" (not yet Miss Piggy) on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass . A beady-eyed variation later appeared briefly in The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975), in a sketch called "Return to Beneath the Planet of the Pigs." By the time The Muppet Show began in 1976, she was recognizably Miss Piggy, sporting large blue eyes, wearing a flowing lavender gown, and jumping on Kermit, the love of her life.
Muppet designer Bonnie Erickson remembers, "My mother used to live in North Dakota where Peggy Lee sang on the local radio station before she became a famous jazz singer. When I first created Miss Piggy I called her Miss Piggy Lee -- as both a joke and an homage. Peggy Lee was a very independent woman, and Piggy certainly is the same. But as Piggy's fame began to grow, nobody wanted to upset Peggy Lee, especially because we admired her work. So, the Muppet's name was shortened to Miss Piggy." [7]
The character was referred to as "Piggy Lee" in one Muppet Show episode, episode 106 . She also uses that name in the 1977 Muppet Show Annual released in the U.K.
Miss Piggy soon developed into a major character as the Muppet creators recognized that a lovelorn pig could be more than a one-note running gag. Frank Oz has said that while Fozzie Bear is a two-dimensional character, and Animal has no dimensions, Miss Piggy is one of the few Muppets to be fully realized in three dimensions. She became one of The Muppet Show's most popular characters, which was noted by Jim Henson during the development of Fraggle Rock . When discussing characters for the show, Henson included this in his notes:
“ ...we would anticipate coming up with new personalities which would have much of the same kind of appeal as a Kermit, Fozzie or Gonzo . We will not create anybody with Miss Piggy's kind of appeal- nobody should try. ”
Miss Piggy's distinctive personality has been seen in a few other Muppet characters before the famous sow's debut. For instance, this personality and voice can be seen (and heard) in the Sesame Street versions of Little Miss Muffet and Snow White , both performed by Frank Oz.
Quotes about Miss Piggy
"She wants everyone to treat her like a lady, and if they don't, she'll cut them in half." -- Frank Oz in Time Magazine, Dec. 25, 1978.
"In one rehearsal, I was working as Miss Piggy with Jim, who was doing Kermit, and the script called for her to slap him. Instead of a slap, I gave him a funny karate hit. Suddenly, that hit crystallized her character for me -- the coyness hiding the aggression; the conflict of that love with her desire for a career; her hunger for a glamour image; her tremendous out-and-out ego -- all those things are great fun to explore in a character." -- Frank Oz in The New York Times Magazine, June 10, 1979.
"Miss Piggy's not aware of the fact that she's overweight -- she dresses as if she's 30 pounds lighter. So she has a lot of fantasy." -- Costume designer Calista Hendrickson in The New York Times Magazine, June 10, 1979.
"Well, it was actually a request from Jim. He wanted three pigs for a series that we were doing. He came to me because I'm from the Midwest, so I'm sure he thought I understood and knew pigs. The three pigs ended up being Miss Piggy, one was just sort of a background pig, and the other ended up being something very similar to Dr. Strangepork. So we first did her as a character for that bit, but she was quickly commandeered because we did a Herb Alpert appearance and they needed some sexy female, so I very quickly made her purple gloves, and I draped her in purple satin, and gave her some pearls and bigger eyes —I went to the eye drawer and changed her look and she went back and forth in those personalities for quite awhile. She started out in "the Muppet Show" as a chorus girl and as you know, she's now a big diva." -- Bonnie Erickson, when asked "How did you come up with the idea for Miss Piggy?" by Artinfo in 2011. [8]
Miss Piggy's entourage
Like all great Hollywood divas, Miss Piggy has employed a variety of personal assistants, servants, publicity and talent agents, and others to further her career. This sometimes included her Muppet Show colleagues (such as Scooter on several occasions), but more often required outside help.
According to Miss Piggy's Guide to Life , Miss Piggy's birthday is June 14.
In 1998, Miss Piggy had her own perfume released titled " Moi ."
In The Muppet Show episode 106 Piggy is referred to by the full name "Piggy Lee"; and in episode 116 Piggy tells guest star Avery Schreiber that Piggy is short for "Pigathius," which is "From the Greek, meaning 'river of passion'." Many years later, Piggy admitted to Marci Ien in a March 18, 2014 appearance on Canada AM that her full name is Miss Pigathia Lee, "but us stars, we keep trimming parts of our names off as we get bigger and bigger. Pretty soon you'll just be calling me P."
On her August 2, 2007 guest appearance on The Late Late Show , Piggy stated that her first name is actually "Miss". This fact was also mentioned in the inside cover for The Kermit and Piggy Story .
Because Frank Oz was busy with other projects and not on the set very often, Miss Piggy was puppeteered by Kevin Clash in Muppet Treasure Island and Peter Linz in Muppets from Space , with Oz dubbing the voice in later.
Though normally called "Piggy" in the original French version of the show, her name has become "Peggy" for the 2006 French Muppets TV series; "Peggy" has also been used in Spain and Mexico.
For several international dubs such as French Le Muppet Show , German Die Muppet Show and Italian Il Muppet Show , Miss Piggy was originally dubbed by female voice artists. They were replaced with male artists only much later when Disney Character Voices International, Inc. was put in charge, in some cases even ordering re-dubs of the series and select TV specials.
On being a gay icon, Piggy commented in 2014: "I love being anybody's icon. I'm an icon to all who will have me." [9]
In addition to her many real world endorsements and licensing, Miss Piggy has occasionally created her own brands and products, such as Piggy Water in the 2015 series The Muppets (" Going, Going, Gonzo .")
Miss Piggy's Fame
| Lee |
Which Northumberland heroine was the daughter of the keeper of the Longstone lighthouse? | Miss Piggy | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
“Kissy kissy!”
―Miss Piggy
Miss Piggy is one of the central characters on the Muppet Show . She is a force of nature who developed from a one-joke running gag into a complex three-dimensional character.
Miss Piggy is a prima-donna pig who is absolutely convinced that she's destined for stardom, and nothing is going to stand in her way. Her public face is the soul of feminine charm, but she can instantly fly into a violent rage whenever she thinks she's insulted or thwarted. Kermit the Frog has learned this all too well; when she isn't smothering him in kisses, she's sending him flying through the air with a karate-chop.
Contents
[ show ]
Piggy's Biography
From modest beginnings (which she is quick to gloss over), Miss Piggy first broke into show business by winning the Miss Bogen County beauty contest, a victory which also marked her first meeting with the frog of her life, Kermit (whom she usually calls "Kermie"). The rest, as they say, is history (and a lot of juicy gossip, too).
In 1976, Miss Piggy started out in the chorus of The Muppet Show. Thanks to her charisma and a correspondence course in karate. The correspondence course wasn't Piggy's only training. In an interview with Hitfix, she stated that she learned at Master Chang's Charm School and Karate Dojo; it was also a Chinese restaurant that Kermit used to go to. Piggy made her presence known and soon became the lead chanteuse and femme fatale on the show. Quickly, her career expanded to include television specials, home videos, records, and books. Her "how to" volume of advice on absolutely everything, Miss Piggy's Guide to Life, became a national bestseller, and her fabulous face has been featured on the cover of countless magazines too numerous to mention.
Miss Piggy starred in two regular Muppet Show sketches -- "Veterinarian's Hospital", as the ravishing Nurse Piggy, and "Pigs in Space", as the enchanting First Mate Piggy.
She also has a dog named Foo-Foo .
Miss Piggy has starred in all seven theatrically-released Muppet feature films and both made-for-TV movies. She starred in two television specials--The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show and Miss Piggy's Hollywood. She also starred in her own workout album.
Miss Piggy's Talents
Miss Piggy considers herself a dramatic actress and a great singer, but she has other talents, too (besides karate).
In the Kaye Ballard episode of The Muppet Show, it has been proven that Miss Piggy can play a few instruments such as the trumpet and kazoo.
Miss Piggy proves to be great at bending metal bars (for example, in The Great Muppet Caper , she bent back the jail bars, and in The Muppets Take Manhattan, she was able to bend a metal bar).
As shown in The Great Muppet Caper, Miss Piggy also has the ability to model, tap dance, swim, drive a truck, and ride a motorcycle.
As pointed out by Rowlf in The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years and Kermit in A Muppet Family Christmas, no one can make an entrance like Piggy.
Relationship with Kermit
Eventually, in the films, Kermit started returning her affections and (unwittingly) married her in The Muppets Take Manhattan, although subsequent events suggest that it was only their characters in the movie that married and that their relationship is really the same as ever.
Before The Muppets Take Manhattan, in episode 310 of The Muppet Show, Miss Piggy unsuccessfully attempted to get Kermit to marry her. She wrote a "comedy sketch" involving a wedding between her and Kermit, got Scooter to trick Kermit into signing a marriage license, and hired a real minister for the sketch. However, during the skit, before Kermit was to say "I do," he introduced Lew Zealand instead.
In episode 502, after planting one too many rumors about her and Kermit's relationship to the gossip papers, Kermit fired Miss Piggy, having guest star Loretta Swit replace her in "Pigs in Space" and "Veterinarian's Hospital". The rest of the cast were sad until they realized that this meant they'd be rid of Foo-Foo. Eventually, Loretta Swit got them to sing a song and all was apparently forgiven after that.
A month before the debut of their 2015 ABC series, The Muppets, Miss Piggy and Kermit announced their split. Piggy's statement said "Dating moi is like flying close to the sun. It was inevitable that Kermit would drop down to the ground while I stayed in the heavens." while also concluding it was a mutual agreement. Kermit, however, countered “After careful thought, thoughtful consideration, and considerable squabbling, Miss Piggy made the difficult decision to terminate our romantic relationship". It was specified, however, they will continue to work together. [1] [2] [3] Kermit has apparently moved on with his new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, who works on ABC. [4]
Kermit and Miss Piggy occasionally perform musical numbers together. Some of their duets include "I Won't Dance", "Ukulele Lady", "Waiting at the Church", " The First Time It Happens ", " Love Led Us Here ", and, via dream sequence, " Something So Right ".
Family and Background
Piggy has two dim-witted nephews, Andy and Randy Pig .
From a 1979 People magazine article: "According to Oz, Miss Piggy's father chased after other sows, and her mother had so many piglets she never found time to develop her mind. 'I'll die before I live like that!' Miss Piggy screamed, and ran away to the city. Life was hard at first. People got all the jobs; pigs had to take what was left. To keep going, Miss Piggy walked a sandwich board for a barbecue stand. Desperate, she took a stage name, Laverne, and entered a beauty contest. She won and got her big break: a bacon commercial. This led to a season as mascot for a local TV sportscast called Pigskin Parade -- and then on to The Muppet Show."
Miss Piggy looked fondly at a photo of her mother in The Case of the Missing Mother.
In her interview on Take Two with Phineas and Ferb , when Phineas Flynn asked what it was like to grow up on the farm, Piggy replied "Very humbling... I don't like being humble, so I got out fast."
When she appeared on So Random! ; she considers herself to be "much bigger than Oprah, and less pink than Simon Cowell".
According to her Facebook page, she was educated at the Paris School of Fashion, and born on "None of your beeswax".
Performing Piggy
Frank Oz performed 'Piggy Lee' on The Tonight Show on May 24, 1974, lip syncing with Hamilton Pig to 'Old Black Magic'. The first draft of the puppet was a blonde, beady-eyed pig who appeared briefly in the 1975 pilot special, The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence, in a sketch called "Return to Beneath the Planet of the Pigs." She was unnamed in that show, but by the time The Muppet Show began in 1976, she was recognizably Miss Piggy—sporting large blue eyes, wearing a flowing lavender gown, and jumping on Kermit, the love of her life. This early version of Miss Piggy also appeared on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass.
Muppet designer Bonnie Erickson remembers, "My mother used to live in North Dakota where Peggy Lee sang on the local radio station before she became a famous jazz singer. When I first created Miss Piggy I called her Miss Piggy Lee -- as both a joke and an homage. Peggy Lee was a very independent woman, and Piggy certainly is the same. But as Piggy's fame began to grow, nobody wanted to upset Peggy Lee, especially because we admired her work. So, the Muppet's name was shortened to Miss Piggy."
The character was referred to as "Piggy Lee" in one Muppet Show episode, episode 106. She also uses that name in the 1977 Muppet Show Annual released in the U.K.
Miss Piggy soon developed into a major character, as the Muppet creators recognized that a lovelorn pig could be more than a one-note running gag. Frank Oz has said that while Fozzie Bear is a two-dimensional character, and Animal has no dimensions, Miss Piggy is one of the few Muppets to be fully realized in three dimensions. She became one of The Muppet Show's most popular characters, which was noted by Jim Henson during the development of Fraggle Rock. When discussing characters for the show, Henson included this in his notes:
“...we would anticipate coming up with new personalities which would have much of the same kind of appeal as a Kermit, Fozzie or Gonzo . We will not create anybody with Miss Piggy's kind of appeal- nobody should try.”
―{{{2}}}
Miss Piggy's distinctive personality has been seen in a few other Muppet characters before the famous sow's debut. For instance, this personality and voice can be seen (and heard) in the Sesame Street versions of Little Miss Muffet and Snow White, both performed by Frank Oz.
Quotes about Miss Piggy
"She wants everyone to treat her like a lady, and if they don't, she'll cut them in half."—Frank Oz in Time Magazine, Dec. 25, 1978.
"In one rehearsal, I was working as Miss Piggy with Jim, who was doing Kermit, and the script called for her to slap him. Instead of a slap, I gave him a funny karate hit. Suddenly, that hit crystallized her character for me -- the coyness hiding the aggression; the conflict of that love with her desire for a career; her hunger for a glamor image; her tremendous out-and-out ego -- all those things are great fun to explore in a character."—Frank Oz in The New York Times Magazine, June 10, 1979.
"Miss Piggy's not aware of the fact that she's overweight -- she dresses as if she's 30 pounds lighter. So she has a lot of fantasy."—Costume designer Calista Hendrickson in The New York Times Magazine, June 10, 1979.
"Well, it was actually a request from Jim. He wanted three pigs for a series that we were doing. He came to me because I'm from the Midwest, so I'm sure he thought I understood and knew pigs. The three pigs ended up being Miss Piggy, one was just sort of a background pig, and the other ended up being something very similar to Dr. Strangepork. So we first did her as a character for that bit, but she was quickly commandeered because we did a Herb Alpert appearance and they needed some sexy female, so I very quickly made her purple gloves, and I draped her in purple satin, and gave her some pearls and bigger eyes —I went to the eye drawer and changed her look and she went back and forth in those personalities for quite awhile. She started out in "the Muppet Show" as a chorus girl and as you know, she's now a big diva." -- Bonnie Erickson, when asked "How did you come up with the idea for Miss Piggy?" by Artinfo in 2011.
Miss Piggy's entourage
Like all great Hollywood divas, Miss Piggy has employed a variety of personal assistants, servants, publicity and talent agents, and others to further her career. This sometimes included her Muppet Show colleagues (such as Scooter on several occasions), but more often required outside help.
Bernie, long-time agent
| i don't know |
What term is used for the vast plains of Northern Asia? | Steppe - definition of steppe by The Free Dictionary
Steppe - definition of steppe by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/steppe
A vast semiarid grass-covered plain, as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America.
[German, from Russian step'.]
(Physical Geography) (often plural) an extensive grassy plain usually without trees. Compare prairie , pampas
[C17: from Old Russian step lowland]
steppe
n.
1. an extensive plain, esp. one without trees.
2. The Steppes, the vast grasslands in the S and E European and W and SW Asian parts of Russia.
[1665–75; < Russian step' or Ukrainian step]
steppe
A vast, semiarid, grassy plain, as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America.
steppe
An extenive flat area of grassland, especially the semiarid plains of eastern Europe.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
1.
steppe - extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)
Russia , Soviet Union , Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , USSR - a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991
champaign , plain , field - extensive tract of level open land; "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain"; "he longed for the fields of his youth"
Translations
[step] N (also steppes) → estepa f
steppe
[ˈstɛp] n → steppe fstepping stone n
(lit) → pierre f de gué
a stepping stone to sth → un tremplin vers qchstep Reebok® n → step® m
steppe
steppe
(step) noun
a dry, grassy plain, as in the south-east of Europe and in Asia. steppe سَهْب степ estepe step die Steppe steppe στέπα stepp استپ؛علفزار بي درخت aro steppe ערבה स्तेपी, घास का मैदान stepa, pusta sztyepp padang rumput gresja, steppa steppa ステップ 나무가 없는 광활한 초원, 스텝 stepė stepe padang rumput steppe steppe step بيديا ، ډاك ، دښت estepe stepă степь step stepa stepa stäpp ที่ราบกว้างใหญ่ซึ่งไม่มีต้นไม้ bozkır , step (西伯利亞一帶沒樹木的)大草原，乾草原 степ میدانی خطہ thảo nguyên 无树林的平原，干草原
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Link to this page:
grassland
References in classic literature ?
He could not, any more than a man who has been looking at a tuft of steppe grass through the mist and taking it for a tree can again take it for a tree after he has once recognized it to be a tuft of grass.
View in context
They who have been traveling long on the steppes of Tartary say, "On re-entering cultivated lands, the agitation, perplexity, and turmoil of civilization oppressed and suffocated us; the air seemed to fail us, and we felt every moment as if about to die of asphyxia.
View in context
Next, having remarked that, though not a master of eloquence, he had always considered that obligations of gentility obliged him to have with me a clear and outspoken explanation, he went on to say that he sought my hand in marriage; that he looked upon it as a duty to restore to me my honour; that he could offer me riches; that, after marriage, he would take me to his country seat in the Steppes, where we would hunt hares; that he intended never to visit St.
| Steppe |
Which branch of medicine is concerned with providing artificial limbs for the human body? | Tundra | Define Tundra at Dictionary.com
tundra
[tuhn-druh, too n-] /ˈtʌn drə, ˈtʊn-/
Spell
noun
1.
one of the vast, nearly level, treeless plains of the arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Origin of tundra
1835-45; < Russian túndra < Lappish; compare Kola Lappish tūndar flat elevated area
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for tundra
Expand
Contemporary Examples
The emissions of frozen CO2 and the tundra around the Arctic Ocean have already begun as it thaws.
The Alaskan James Oliver Curwood
The snow was sifting over the tundra in icy gusts from the westward.
The Purple Flame Roy J. Snell
South of the tundra, the Great Northern Woodland encircles the planet, interrupted only by the treeless sea.
Johnny Longbow Roy J. Snell
British Dictionary definitions for tundra
Expand
noun
1.
a vast treeless zone lying between the ice cap and the timberline of North America and Eurasia and having a permanently frozen subsoil
(as modifier): tundra vegetation
C19: from Russian, from Lapp tundar hill; related to Finnish tunturi treeless hill
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for tundra
Expand
an Arctic steppe, 1841, from Russian tundra, from Lappish tundar "elevated wasteland."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
tundra
(tŭn'drə)
A cold, treeless, usually lowland area of far northern regions. The lower strata of soil of tundras are permanently frozen, but in summer the top layer of soil thaws and can support low-growing mosses, lichens, grasses, and small shrubs.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
Expand
tundra definition
A land area near the North Pole where the soil is permanently frozen a few feet underground.
Note: There are no trees on the tundra: the vegetation is primarily lichens and mosses.
Note: Tundra is widespread in Lapland and in the far northern portions of Alaska , Canada , and the Soviet Union .
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Which 60s chart-topping band were originally called The Alan Price Combo? | The Animals | New Music And Songs |
The Animals
About The Animals
One of the most important bands originating from England's R&B scene during the early '60s, the Animals were second only to the Rolling Stones in influence among R&B-based bands in the first wave of the British Invasion. The Animals had their origins in a Newcastle-based group called the Kansas City Five, whose membership included pianist Alan Price, drummer John Steel, and vocalist Eric Burdon. Price exited to join the Kontours in 1962, while Burdon went off to London. The Kontours, whose membership included Bryan "Chas" Chandler, eventually were transmuted into the Alan Price R&B Combo, with John Steel joining on drums. Burdon's return to Newcastle in early 1963 heralded his return to the lineup. The final member of the combo, guitarist Hilton Valentine, joined just in time for the recording of a self-produced EP under the band's new name, the Animals. That record alerted Graham Bond to the Animals; he was likely responsible for pointing impresario Giorgio Gomelsky to the group.
Gomelsky booked the band into his Crawdaddy Club in London, and they were subsequently signed by Mickie Most, an independent producer who secured a contract with EMI's Columbia imprint. A studio session in February 1964 yielded their Columbia debut single, "Baby Let Me Take You Home" (adapted from "Baby Let Me Follow You Down"), which rose to number 21 on the British charts. For years, it was rumored incorrectly that the Animals got their next single, "House of the Rising Sun," from Bob Dylan's first album, but it has been revealed that, like "Baby Let Me Take You Home," the song came to them courtesy of Josh White. In any event, the song -- given a new guitar riff by Valentine and a soulful organ accompaniment devised by Price -- shot to the top of the U.K. and U.S. charts early that summer. This success led to a follow-up session that summer, yielding their first long-playing record, The Animals. Their third single, "I'm Crying," rose to number eight on the British charts. The group compiled an enviable record of Top Ten successes, including "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" and "We've Gotta Get Out of This Place," along with a second album, Animal Tracks.
In May of 1965, immediately after recording "We've Gotta Get Out of This Place," Alan Price left the band, citing fear of flying as the reason; subsequent biographies of the band have indicated that the reasons were less psychological. When "House of the Rising Sun" was recorded, using what was essentially a group arrangement, the management persuaded the band to put one person's name down as arranger. Price came up the lucky one, supposedly with the intention that the money from the arranger credit would be divided later on. The money was never divided, however, and as soon as it began rolling in, Price suddenly developed his fear of flying and exited the band. Others cite the increasing contentiousness between Burdon and Price over leadership of the group as the latter's reason for leaving. In any case, a replacement was recruited in the person of Dave Rowberry.
In the meantime, the group was growing increasingly unhappy with the material they were being given to record by manager Mickie Most. Not only were the majority of these songs much too commercial for their taste, but they represented a false image of the band, even if many were successful. "It's My Life," a number seven British hit and a similar smash in America, caused the Animals to terminate their association with Most and with EMI Records. They moved over to Decca/London Records and came up with a more forceful, powerful sound on their first album for the new label, Animalisms. The lineup shifts continued, however: Steel exited in 1966, after recording Animalisms, and was replaced by Barry Jenkins, formerly of the Nashville Teens. Chandler left in mid-1966 after recording "Don't Bring Me Down," and Valentine remained until the end of 1966, but essentially "Don't Bring Me Down" marked the end of the original Animals.
Burdon re-formed the group under the aegis of Eric Burdon and the New Animals, with Jenkins on drums, John Weider on guitar and violin, Danny McCulloch on bass, and Vic Briggs on guitar. He remained officially a solo act for a time, releasing a collection of material called Eric Is Here in 1967. As soon as the contract with English Decca was up, Burdon signed with MGM directly for worldwide distribution, and the new lineup made their debut in mid-1967. Eric Burdon and the New Animals embraced psychedelica to the hilt amid the full bloom of the Summer of Love. By the end of 1968, Briggs and McCulloch had departed, to be replaced by Burdon's old friend, keyboard player/vocalist Zoot Money, and his longtime stablemate, guitarist Andy Summers, while Weider switched to bass. Finally, in 1969, Burdon pulled the plug on what was left of the Animals. He hooked up with a Los Angeles-based group called War, and started a subsequent solo career.
The original Animals reunited in 1976 for a superb album called Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted, which picked up right where Animalisms had left off a decade earlier and which was well-received critically but failed to capture the public's attention. In 1983, a somewhat longer-lasting reunion came about between the original members, augmented with the presence of Zoot Money on keyboards. The resulting album, Ark, consisting of entirely new material, was well received by critics and charted surprisingly high, and a world tour followed. By the end of the year and the heavy touring schedule, however, it was clear that this reunion was not going to be a lasting event. The quintet split up again, having finally let the other shoe drop on their careers and history, and walked away with some financial rewards, along with memories of two generations of rock fans cheering their every note. ~ Bruce Eder, Rovi
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| The Animals |
Who has the Jack Regan role in the new movie version of The Sweeney? | THE OUTpsiDER vs. THE ANIMALS - MUSIC 4 U 2 N JOY
Eric Burdon and the Animals site link
Originally called The Alan Price Combo in 1958, they became The Animals shortly after lead vocalist Eric Burdon joined the band in '62. By 1964, they had recorded their second single, House Of The Rising Sun,which went to #1 in the U.K. and the U.S.
In '65, keyboardist Alan Price left the band
(the result of tension between him and Burdon) and formed The Alan Price Set.* Dave Rowberry would be Price's replacement. In '66, drummer John Steel left being replaced by Barry Jenkins (formerly with The Nashville Teens). By the end of '66, bassist * Chas Chandler and guitarist Hilton Valentine left.
Chandler became manager for The Animals as well as Jimi Hendrix (and later Slade). Now billed as Eric Burdon And The Animals, the band endorsed psychedelia with San Franciscan Nights, which went to #9 in '67 and Sky Pilot (#14) in '68. By early '68, Burdon and The Animals fell apart, but in late '68, Burdon formed Eric Burdon and The New Animals with a line up that briefly included future Police guitarist Andy Summers(then, known as Andrew Somers). Soon after, Burdon went on an intermittenly successful solo career, at first fronting the R&B group War in which he had a Top Ten hit with Spill The Wine in 1970. During a 1971 European performance with War, Burdon suffered from exhaustion which would eventually end his collaboration with the group. In 1976, the original band reunited to record the one-shot album, Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted. In '83, they reunited once more and recorded Ark and mounted a tour that was captured on the '84 release of Rip It To Shreds before the band members again went their seperate ways. They were inducted in the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame in 1994.
Eric Burdon and The New Animals continue to tour extensively
* LIFE LINES
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Who won the first ever women’s boxing gold at any Olympics? | Nicola Adams wins Team GB's first women's Olympic boxing gold | Sport | The Guardian
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This article is 4 years old
Nicola Adams is a flat-footed asthmatic, a bubbling flyweight confection of unaffected charisma who makes every room and boxing ring she enters her personal property with a smile of serious wattage. She is as normal as a cup of tea and more special than she might ever have imagined, never more so than when holding an Olympic gold medal on Thursday night, a first among firsts, not only breaking the duck for the Great Britain squad at these Games but leading the way for her sport.
Hours later it was still hanging from her neck, a reminder of the heroics she performed over eight minutes in front of 16,000 throat-sore converts to her discipline in the ExCeL, as she emphatically turned back the challenge of China's Ren Cancan, knocking the three-times world champion on her backside along the way, to win 16-7.
"It hasn't sunk in yet," Adams said, the ritual response to the ritual question. "Maybe later, when I might even have a few drinks … Why not, eh?"
Her laughter filled the room, just as her punches had filled the ring. This was not the conclusion of her story but certainly the highest point to date. She says there is more to come.
"How cool would it to be to win two Olympic gold medals? It's never been done in our sport before, so I am going to go for it." Clearly, becoming the first woman to win an Olympic boxing gold medal has tapped into the natural energy of this very fine athlete.
There were no dreams, though, just an instinct that boxing and her were meant for each other, when her mother, Denver, took a then 12-year-old Nicola to the gym in Leeds 17 years ago. It was not to mould a champion, Denver said, but to "give her something to do".
The journey to the podium in east London on Thursday night has taken in the struggle against resistance to even her presence in the male preserve of boxing and a back injury that laid her out for three months in 2009 after she had tumbled down the stairs at home and endured the rehab that shaped her into the champion she is at 29.
"Now I will aim at Rio in 2016," she said, still struggling to take in the magnitude of her achievement but conscious of her contribution to women's boxing. "Knowing that young girls might be inspired to take up the sport is as good as winning this medal," she added, still clinging to the gold that will define her forever.
"I would love it if there were girls who watched that fight and thought, 'Yes, I can do that.' I got my inspiration when I sat down with my father, at about eight or nine years old, and watched The Rumble in the Jungle. It was amazing watching Muhammad Ali. I watched tapes of Sugar Ray Robinson too – what a terrific left hook.
"I hope, too, that winning here will inspire the rest of the guys and we can get even more gold. I will tell them to relax, keep their focus and they are bound to box at their best. It has been great working with all of them."
But the smiling star from Yorkshire – "Northerners, eh?" she laughed – is more than just a boxer, although she is supremely gifted at that, and she was only half-joking when she said later that winning this medal may well get her some bigger acting parts than those she has had as an extra in Coronation Street and Emmerdale.
She was headed for a night out with family and friends, then would make plans for a holiday, "although I don't know where". She wanted to get home to her dog, Dexter, and would drape that precious medal around his neck for a bit.
What made her day so memorable, though, were not just the details of her story to this point but what she produced in the ring against a formidable opponent.
Boxing calmly at distance, she took the first round 4-2, her shots landing cleanly and, more importantly, visibly. The judges have not always been alert in this tournament.
The bout went dramatically in her favour halfway through round two when she landed a peach of a left to the chin of the Chinese southpaw, followed by a right to the temple as she tottered backwards, and Ren was looking at the action from a horizontal position. Adams deserved more than a 5-2 margin, though.
In the third Adams went looking for her now slightly reticent opponent.
Ren's attacks were reduced to wild swings as she sought to make up the deficit and she was an even easier target. Adams danced away from the uglier exchanges and found openings on the counter to lead 14-5 going into the fourth round. A belting left down the pipe unsettled Ren and Adams walked back to the corner in jubilant mood.
She knew not to discount Ren, against whom she has won and lost before, but, husbanding a nine-point lead, she had little more to do than stay out of trouble.
Even so, she could not resist a flourish at the end and, like all good boxers – like the great Sugar Ray – she finished with a left hook.
| Nicola Adams |
Natalie Bennett was announced as the new leader of what? | Olympic Games history - AIBA
Olympic Games history
Rio 2016 Olympic Games official website
One of the oldest recorded sports in the world, boxing was first incorporated into the Ancient Olympic Games in 688 BC, when Onomastos of Smyrna won the first ever boxing gold medal. Just 18 athletes were competing when boxing was launched into the modern Olympic era at the third edition of the Games in St. Louis in 1904, but by the London Games four years later, that number had grown to 41, split across five weight categories.
By the Antwerp 1920 Olympic Games, competition was strong. In Belgium, 116 competitors from 12 nations challenged for medals, with Africa winning its first boxing gold thanks to Clarence Walker. Eight years later in Amsterdam, for the first time national teams were limited to fielding one boxer per weight class.
Since then, Olympic boxing has evolved and developed, and created its very own icons like Laszlo Papp, the Hungarian southpaw who claimed three consecutive gold medals in 1948, 1952 and 1956. Four years later it was the turn of an 18 year-old by the name of Cassius Clay to write himself into history and begin a glittering career by taking the gold in Rome.
The first Asian gold medalist would be Japan’s Takao Sakurai, who took the title on home soil at the Tokyo 1964 Games. Four years on, a consistently devastating Cuban team first appeared on the scene, spearheaded by Teofilo Stevenson, who repeated Papp’s feat of triple gold during the 1970s, and then by Felix Savon, who was crowned Olympic champion in 1992, 1996 and 2000.
Other legends of boxing including Joe Frazier, George Foreman, Ray Leonard and Oscar de la Hoya from the US, the Soviet Union’s Valeriy Popenchenko and Danas Pozniakas, Yugoslavian Mate Parlov, Canada’s Lennox Lewis, Bulgarian Petar Lesov and Kenya’s Robert Wangila all started long and glittering careers with an Olympic title. The youngest ever Olympic Boxing Champion was US athlete Jackie Fields, who won gold in 1924 at the age of just 16.
Following a historic IOC meeting in August 2009, women’s boxing became part of the official program of the Olympic Games for the first time at London 2012. Competing across three weight categories, Nicola Adams of Great Britain, Katie Taylor of Ireland and the USA’s Claressa Shields were crowned the first ever female Olympic boxing champions, bestowing three new superstars on this great sport in the process. Now, Rio 2016 awaits, and with qualification already underway, the world’s best boxers are once again preparing to carve their names into history, and a crop of relative unknowns will be hoping to burst onto the scene like so many before them.
The most successful boxing nations at the Olympic Games 1904-2012
Rank
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Which famous song was composed by Claude Roget de Lisle? | La Marseillaise
La Marseillaise
by gary_satanovsky
Like Francis Scott Key, who wrote the American national anthem The Star-Spangled Banner, Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle was also inspired to write the song that would become the national anthem of France in a pique of patriotic fervor. He was quartered in Strasbourg, when one night over dinner it was announced that France declared war against Austria and Prussia. Lisle went home and that night composed the most patriotic lines in French history.
On this day, April 24, in 1792 — or rather on this night Lisle composed his “Chant de guerre pour l’armée du Rhin” (War Song for the Army of the Rhine).
The song was written out in pamphlet form and given out to the French troops marching on Paris, but it was not called “La Marseillaise” yet. That name would adopted after the march from Paris to Toulouse — the song become quite popular with the volunteer soldiers from the city of Marseille, and was renamed after them.
Today’s History
| La Marseillaise |
Who wrote the words to Jerusalem? | 'La Marseillaise': French National Anthem provided by Legal Language Services
Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle
They handed him the job and he did it in one night. When Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle was asked to do a simple job of writing a basic marching song, who would have suspected that he would come up with a tune that would contribute to the fervor sweeping France during the Revolution. Eventually La Marseillaise became the national anthem of France.
Born in 1760 in Lons-le-Saunier, France, Rouget de Lisle is a man about whom not much is known. He was neither a political figure nor a famous musician, yet, while serving as a Captain of the Engineers, he composed a song that inspired the Rhine Army to reclaim Paris. Ironically, the truth about de Lisle is that he was a royalist and refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new constitution. He was then imprisoned and only escaped the guillotine because of the fact that he composed the famous song. Before his death in 1836, de Lisle wrote several novels and operas, none of which would ever achieve the success of La Marseillaise.
About La Marseillaise
La Marseillaise was originally divided into seven verses and a chorus. Most people are familiar only with the first verse and the chorus, and the tempo of the song has also been modified over time. Nevertheless, from time to time, French political leaders have requested that the song be played in its entirety using its original tempo. If one carefully listens to the song in its original tempo, slower than the modern version, one can almost feel the breeze of history blowing through the words.
On the night of April 25th 1792, Rouget de Lisle, as a member of the Rhine Army, was stationed in Strasbourg. France had just declared war on Austria and Prussia and the army was preparing to march on Paris. The mayor of Strasbourg approached de Lisle about composing a simple song that would serve as a marching tune for this march. It was first introduced when it was played at a patriotic banquet where it caputred everyone’s attention with its catchy hook and melody. Then, printed copies were given to the revolutionary forces. They entered Paris singing this song, and marched to the Tuileries on August 10th of that same year. It was accepted as the official national anthem of France shortly thereafter on July 14, 1795 by the Convention. The song was banned by Napoleon III during the Empire and by Louis XVIII during the Second Restoration of 1815. Napoleon’s decision was based on the song’s revolutionary character and its dangerous revolutionary association. In 1830 Napoleon III had to ban it again since it was brought back by the authorities after the revolution in the July of 1830. It was finally oficially restored in 1879.
The song was originally entitled Chant de guerre de l’armeé du Rhin (in English: War Song of the Army of the Rhine). However, it became so popular with volunteer army units from Marseilles, it was simply renamed after the location of those units. And so it came to be called La Marseillaise, an anthem which is extremely special to the people of France and the Francophone world.
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Which authority looks after Britain’s lighthouses? | Beacons of beauty - 7 of the most stunning lighthouses in the UK - BT
Beacons of beauty - 7 of the most stunning lighthouses in the UK
Britain’s beautiful lighthouses are both warning beacons to sailors and iconic landmarks. Here are seven that are definitely worth a visit.
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While lighthouses were originally built to save ships from smashing into rocks, today's maritime technology means the way they look to visitors on foot is now almost as important as their lifesaving function as a warning beacon.
We asked the General Lighthouse Authority, Trinity House, which looks after lighthouses in England and Wales, and the Association of Lighthouse Keepers to highlight seven of the most stunning and iconic beacons in the country…
South Foreland Lighthouse, Dover
Standing in one of the most dramatic and well-known locations in Britain, this beautiful Victorian lighthouse, built in 1843, perches on top of the White Cliffs of Dover, with outstanding views of the English Channel and the coast of France.
Although it's now decommissioned, it's conserved by the National Trust.
Tarbat Ness Lighthouse, Scotland
The third tallest lighthouse tower in Scotland, at 41 metres, the spectacular red and white striped Tarbat Ness lighthouse stands at the tip of the Tarbat Ness peninsula near the fishing village of Portmahomack on the east coast of Scotland.
First exhibited in 1830, the lighthouse is in a stunning location with unrivalled views across the Moray Firth and Dornoch Firth in the Scottish Highlands.
St John's Point Lighthouse, County Down, Northern Ireland
Set in a remote and beautiful spot, the unusual St John’s Point Lighthouse in gorgeous County Down has a tall 40 metres tower marked with vibrant bands of yellow and black. Its light was first exhibited in 1844, and although it was originally white, it was painted in its distinctive black and yellow hues in 1954.
With views over the Irish Sea and the Mourne Mountains this unique lighthouse is one of 70 lighthouses operated by the Commissioners of Irish Lights.
Start Point Lighthouse, Devon
Start Point is one of the most exposed peninsulas on the English coast, running sharply almost a mile into the sea on the south side of Start Bay, near Dartmouth.
The lighthouse, sited at the very end of the headland, has guided vessels in passage along the English Channel for over 150 years. Its 28 metres white tower has a gothic style, with a battlemented parapet.
Souter Lighthouse, Tyne & Wear
The iconic red and white beacon of Souter Lighthouse stands in the village of Marsden, near Sunderland. First lit in 1871, Souter is 23 metres high and is surrounded by miles of grassy fields, spectacular cliffs and rocky bays.
The lighthouse was decommissioned in 1988, but is owned by the National Trust.
Bishop Rock Lighthouse, Scilly Isles
Standing majestically on a remote rock ledge, 46m long by 16m wide, four miles west of the Scilly Isles, the dramatic Bishop Rock Lighthouse is known as 'King of the Lighthouses'. Its impressive structure makes it the second tallest lighthouse in Britain, after the Eddystone Lighthouse, and it marks the most South Westerly point in Britain.
Only accessible by boat, Bishop Rock's light was first exhibited in 1858. The rocks it stands on rise sheer from a depth of 45 metres, exposed to the full force of the Atlantic Ocean, making this one of the most hazardous sites for the construction of a lighthouse.
South Stack Lighthouse, Wales
Set in a spectacular location to the north-west of Holyhead, the tiny islet known as South Stack Rock lies separated from Holyhead Island by 30m of turbulent sea. The coastline from the breakwater and around the south western shore is made of large granite cliffs rising sheer from the sea to 60 metres. First lit in 1809, South Stack's stunning white lighthouse is approached by a footbridge via 400 steps cut into the cliff face.
South Stack is one of 64 lighthouses run by the Lighthouse Authority Trinity House, and its spokesperson Neil Jones says: “Trinity House lighthouses are world famous, whether they are offshore granite towers or pastoral clifftop beacons with broad white cottages.
“Often sited in spectacular locations, from the rock-girt west coast to the shifting sands of the east coast via the congested highway that is the English Channel, they perform a vital role in the safety of mariners in all weathers.”
For more information about lighthouses, visit www.trinityhouse.co.uk , and the Association of Lighthouse Keepers www.alk.org.uk
Where's your favourite lighthouse? Share your favourites in the Comments box below.
| Trinity House |
At what time does the first dog watch begin? | Grace Darling's lighthouse home reopened to visitors | Trinity House
Grace Darling's lighthouse home reopened to visitors
8 April 2016
Following the successful reengineering of Longstone Lighthouse, the visitor centre has been reopened to the public with improved displays and interactives for all the family
News
The lighthouse is famous as the scene of one of Britain’s most courageous rescues, when lighthouse keeper’s daughter Grace Darling rowed out with her father into storm conditions to save nine victims of the foundering steamer Forfarshire in 1838.
Much of the design of the upgraded visitor centre areas are given over to telling the story of Grace and her father William, of the rescue and their life at the lighthouse; the Darling family were the first to live in the lighthouse after it was built by Trinity House in 1826.
The visitor centre also looks at the history of Trinity House and brings visitors of all ages up to date on what the maritime charity and General Lighthouse Authority is doing today to carry on the work it began in 1514.
Visitors can view Grace's tiny bedroom from where she spotted nine survivors desperately clinging to the rocks. Despite a raging storm, the Darlings launched the lighthouse boat and rescued the survivors, caring for them in the lighthouse for two days until the storm subsided.
In putting together the new and improved displays, Trinity House was assisted in part by the team at the RNLI Grace Darling Museum in nearby Bamburgh, to whom Trinity House is very grateful; it is hoped that the two attractions will be the perfect complement to each other.
NOTES TO EDITORS
The Corporation of Trinity House was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1514 to oversee the improvement of pilotage on the River Thames and manage the welfare of distressed seamen and their dependents. Today it is the UK’s largest-endowed maritime charity, wholly funded by its endowments, spending over £4m each year on its charitable activities including the safety, welfare and training of mariners, and the promotion of safety at sea.
It also serves the mariner as the General Lighthouse Authority (GLA) for England, Wales and the Channel Islands, with responsibility for nearly 600 aids to navigation, from traditional aids such as lighthouses to the latest satellite navigation technology. As a maritime fraternity with over 400 men and women selected from all aspects of maritime UK it also advises or is involved with a number of other functions and duties that safeguard shipping and the mariner.
Please visit www.trinityhouse.co.uk for more information about Trinity House.
For further information please contact Neil Jones, Trinity House Public Relations and Records Manager: Tel: 01255 245155 / Email [email protected] / www.trinityhouse.co.uk
Longstone Lighthouse
For more information about the Longstone Lighthouse visitor centre, including tour operator and opening times, please visit www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouse-visitor-centres/longstone-lighthouse-visitors-centre
For more information about the recent reengineering of Longstone Lighthouse, please see the article at www.trinityhouse.co.uk/articles/re-engineering-the-longstone-lighthouse
RNLI Grace Darling Museum, Bamburgh
The Grace Darling Museum in Bamburgh, Northumberland, commemorates the life of Victorian Britain's greatest heroine and the story of the wreck of the steamship SS Forfarshire on 7 September 1838.
For more information visit http://rnli.org/aboutus/historyandheritage/museums/Pages/Grace-Darling-Museum.aspx
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Which king was the target of the Popish Plot and the Rye House Plot? | Popish Plot | English history | Britannica.com
English history
Wesselényi Conspiracy
Popish Plot, (1678), in English history, a totally fictitious but widely believed plot in which it was alleged that Jesuits were planning the assassination of King Charles II in order to bring his Roman Catholic brother, the Duke of York (afterward King James II), to the throne. The allegations were fabricated by Titus Oates , a renegade Anglican clergyman who had feigned conversion to the Roman Catholic church the year before and spent a few months as a student at two English seminaries abroad, from both of which he was expelled.
Illustration of Titus Oates in the pillory.
Museum of London/Heritage Images/age fotostock
Encouraged by a fanatically anti-Catholic acquaintance, Israel Tonge , Oates informed the government of the imagined plot and eventually gained access to the Privy Council , where the king’s questioning showed Oates to be lying. But meanwhile, Oates also made a sworn deposition of his “evidence” (Sept. 28, 1678) to a Westminster justice of the peace, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey , and when the latter was found murdered in October, a popular panic was engendered. Ramifications of the plot were imagined everywhere, and in all about 35 innocent people were executed. Eventually, Oates was discredited, and the panic died down.
Learn More in these related articles:
| Charles II |
Who was the last Roman Catholic king of England? | Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion - Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. Collection - LibGuides at University of Georgia School of Law
Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. Collection
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Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. Collection: Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion
The Law Library thanks Research Assistant Savanna Nolan, (J.D. '13) for her assistance with this project.
Map from Peter Earle, Monmouth’s Rebels the Road to Sedgemoor 1685 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1977).
By Stefanie Magid
On the evening of July 5, 1685 as Monmouth’s rebels stealthily encroached on the sleeping royal army in one last dire effort to overcome the strength of the King’s forces, a shot rang out from a pistol, prematurely awakening the unsuspecting royal army. With quick agility and speed, the king’s army dismantled the rebel forces and ended the nearly two month civil war against the throne of England. Ten days later, the rebels’ leader, James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth, was executed at the Tower of London for high treason against the King of England, James II.1
i. Background on the Rebel Leader
Thirty six years earlier, Monmouth entered into the world with a fate sealed with mixed fortune. Monmouth was the illegitimate son of King Charles II, born to
Lucy Walter on April 9, 1649 at Rotterdam after Charles II’s met Lucy during a visit to The Hague in 1648. While rumored that Charles married Lucy after Monmouth’s birth, the validity of the union has never been proven.2
During his childhood, Monmouth endured what most children could never imagine. His status as the illegitimate son of the King led to attempts at his kidnapping by agents of the Commonwealth and his mother’s disappearance for a short while.3 Eventually, in 1658 Charles II managed to successfully have his son kidnapped and “placed in the care of William, Lord Crofts, a gentleman of Charles’ bedchamber, whose surname he [took].”4 Monmouth never saw his mother again, who died at the end of that year just shy of his tenth birthday.
After his tragic childhood, Monmouth proceeded to live a life of privilege. While Charles II saw little of his son, he made sure Monmouth was well provided for. Charles ensured his son gained influence at the Court, granted him title of Duke of Monmouth and arranged his marriage to the wealthy Scottish heiress, Anna Scott, countess of Buccleuch.5 Monmouth continued to enjoy his life in the lap of luxury as the typical Restoration courtier of the time: hunting, racing, gambling, drinking and womanizing. Eventually his charades led him to the love of his life during an affair with Henrietta Maria Wentworth, whom he met in early 1680.6
What Monmouth lacked in his childhood Charles compensated in his adult life by bestowing on him honors under the crown and military leadership roles. However, it was in these honors that led to his eventual disgrace with his father. The king’s doting on his son, troubled James, the duke of York who stood to gain the throne following Charles II’s death as the heir behind his brother. James feared Charles would legitimize his son and he would be surpassed in gaining his title.7 The feud with James led to Monmouth’s opposition of the Tory party and disfavor with the Court in an effort to disagree with his uncle. Yet at the time the Whig party, to which Monmouth gradually fostered support became the target of the Popish plot and Rye House Plot against the King. Monmouth lost favor with his father following the plots against the throne to murder Charles and the Duke of York.8 He joined other political dissenters and exiles in the Netherlands, where he remained until his father’s death without formal reconciliation.
ii. Precursor to Rebellion
Though exiled to the Netherlands, Charles II “still loved [Monmouth] passionately.”9 His disfavor with the King and the court resulted from Charles’ fear of his brother, and an effort to support his heir to the throne, James II, duke of York. Yet, despite his love of Monmouth, “Charles II had forbidden Englishmen [in the Netherlands and elsewhere] to show Monmouth ‘any mark of respect- to placate York.”10 However, against the king’s proclaimed 11wishes Monmouth was warmly received in Holland by the hospitality of William Prince of Orange, who “told the senior British officers in Holland that ‘he would break the first who failed’ to obey his... commands”12 to treat Monmouth with marks of friendship.
Upon news of Charles II’s death, William “could no longer sanction Monmouth remaining in Holland... [for] if he were to do so, he would incur the enmity of his father- in- law James II.”13 Around this time, Monmouth had been in contact with the Earl of Argyle, “one of the most desperate of the exiled conspirators, who constantly stressed the importance of action [to prevent the Duke of York from firmly establishing a position on the throne of England].”14
While content to enjoy his retirement with his mistress Henrietta in the Netherlands, Monmouth’s “restless confederates, Grey, Ferguson, and Rumsey... gave him no peace and constantly egged him on to action [against James].”15 Furthermore, his mounting speculation that James II had poisoned his father to gain the throne, fueled Monmouth’s passion to avenge his father and gain the throne,16 as the rightful heir who would represent the Protestant interest of the English citizens. Also, James II’s outing of his Catholic faith left a country in fear of a “papist monarchy” and left the door open for Monmouth to protect the Protestant interest. Monmouth believed he had “many agents in England,”17 who would rally behind him once he reached England. With Argyle’s growing impatience for Monmouth’s procrastination, the two finally agreed to a joint rising led by Monmouth in England and Argyle in Scotland. “Argyle set sail from Amsterdam on May 2.”18 Unready to leave, Monmouth’s force set sail for South West England, a strongly Protestant region, on May 24, 1685.19 “There were eighty-three men in three ships: Monmouth with such men as Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, Colonel Foulkes and Nathanial Wade- all fine soldiers—and Robert Ferguson, who was appointed Chaplain- General to the rebel army.”20
iii. Monmouth lands at Lyme Regis
In the early morning of June 11, 1685, Monmouth landed on the western shore of England at Lyme Regis in Dorsetshire.21 As the duke touched shore, “he felt like a Crusader, whose mission was to deliver the nation from oppression... [and] he passionately believed in the rights of the Common man.”22 When the ships landed, “they stood off the harbour all day while a customs official examined them.”23 In a day filled with uncertainty by all the town folk, Monmouth finally emerged as the sun set, “dressed in a magnificent purple and red uniform, with a silver star on his breast.”24 As he disembarked, Monmouth set the standard for his rebellion proclaiming, “For Religion and Liberty” to the crowd.25 Monmouth then “[fell] on his knees... to thank the Almighty for their safe arrival.”26 “As the Duke marched easily down Broad Street [with his rebels] many welcomed him with shouts of ‘A Monmouth!, A Monmouth!, the Protestant Religion.’”27 Large crowds had gathered at the market to hear the following declaration read aloud:
As Government was originally instituted by God, for the peace, happiness and security of the Governed, and not for the private interest or personal greatness of those that rule: so that the Government has always with all the Power and Prerogatives that might capacitate, not only to preserve the people from Violence and Oppression, but to promote their Prosperity; and yet where nothing was to belong to them by the Rules of the Constitution that might enable them to injure and oppress them.
And it hath been the glory of England, above most other nations, that the Prince had all entrusted with him that was necessary either for advancing the Welfare of the people, or for his own protection in the discharge of his office; and withal stood so limited and restrained by the Fundamental Terms of the constitution, that without violation of his own oath, as well as the rules and measures of the Government, he could do them no hurt, or exercise any act of authority, but through the administration of such hands as stood obnoxious to be punished in case they transgressed; so that, according to the primitive frame of Government; the Prerogatives of the Crown and the Privileges of the subject were so far from jostling one another, that the Rights reserved unto the people tended to render the King honourable and great; and the Prerogatives settled on the Prince were in order to the subjects’ Protection and Safety.
But all humane things being libable to Perversion as well as decay, it hath been the fate of the English Government to be often changed, and wrested from what it was in the first settlement and institution. And we are particularly compelled to say, that all boundaries of the Government have of late been broken, and nothing left unattempted for turning our Limited Monarchy into absolute Tyranny. For such has been the transaction of affairs within this nation for many years long past, that though the Protestant religion and Liberties of the people were fenced and hedged about by as many laws as the wisdom of man could devise for their Preservation against Popery and arbitrary power, our religion has been all along undermined by Popish Councils, and our privileges ravished from us by Fraud and Violence. And more especially, the whole course and series of the life of the present usurper hath been but one continued conspiracy against the Reformed Religion, and Rights of the Nationals.28
The declaration went on to accuse James of “forging treason against Protestants, and suborning witnesses to swear the Patriots of [their Protestant religion] and Liberties.”29 Monmouth even accused the king of murdering Charles II proclaiming, “He hath poisoned the late King, therein manifesting his ingratitude as well as cruelty to the world, in murdering a brother, who had almost ruined himself to preserve and protect him from punishment.”30 Monmouth then declared his resolution to pursue James as a “mortal and bloody enemy... [and promised] with the assistance of his friends and the Law, to have justice executed upon him.”31
Not everyone welcomed the Duke’s arrival. The Mayor of Lyme, Gregory Alford, “was loyal to James II, and in great trepidation he... left for Honiton in Devon,”32 to alert the king of Monmouth’s arrival. From Honiton, Alford wrote at midnight to the king. “It was not surprising that he should exaggerate the enemy’s numbers. [He wrote]...
At least 300 men, the Duke of Monmouth among them, so that they became masters of the town. I presently, well knowing I should be the first seized, took my horse and came with speed to this town; and gave notice to all the country as I came; and sent my servants that notices should be given to Somerset and Dorsetshire... to be ready to take themselves to their arms against the rebels.33
The king immediately responded and “in the House of Commons the duke of Monmouth was attainted of High Treason.”34
Meanwhile, “all through the summer night, Lyme was the scene of heady bustle and warlike preparations.”35 The rebels, under the guidance of Nathanial Wade, the commissioned Major under Monmouth, unloaded the arms and ammunition from the ships along with the muskets, which were stored at the Town Hall.36 During the night, “some sixty young fellows of the town joined [Monmouth’s rebels]... and hundreds more from the farms and villages the next day.”37 “Before the close of the second day the Duke’s army amounted to 1,000 foot and 150 horses. It is related that Monmouth enlisted more men in one day than William of Orange on his landing three years later did in ten days.”38 The “greater part of the rebels came from urban backgrounds, with a heavy concentration from the depressed west country cloth trades, though there were some farmers and village craftsmen and labourers.39 Many who enlisted were either dissenters or people who sympathized with their plight.”40 The men were formally enlisted, made into squads and sent with a guide to the Town Hall to be issued their arms and ammunition.41 “Other guides then took them to the outposts, where the officers in command set about teaching them how to use their muskets... within an hour of enlisting, the recruits were in what might at any moment become the firing- line.”42 While Monmouth’s men made an impressive effort to recruit after realizing the “promised” army he thought would be waiting in England did not in fact exist, “the rebel army probably never exceeded 3000 men.”43
On June 13th, news of Monmouth’s landing reached James in London who actively began preparing his defense. “On 15th June regular troops under Lord Churchill, including four troops of the King’s Dragoons, four troops of the Earl of Oxford’s Horse, five companies of the Queen’s or West Surrey (the Queen- dowager’s regiment) set out for the West [to quash the rebellion].”44 Within two days, Churchill’s Royal army had reached Bristol and “on the following day, [they] were at Axminster before marching to Chard.”45
Around this time, Monmouth also had to accept the defeat of losing “his best officer, Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, for killing his paymaster general, Thomas Dare, in a squabble over a horse.”46 One evening while Monmouth’s men were still in Lyme, “he dined together with Lord Grey and Fletcher of Saltoun at the George.47 The men drank too much and Fletcher “mounted Heywood Dare’s excellent horse, which the Taunton man had brought from the stables of Ford Abbey.”48 There was an exchange between the two, “and when the paymaster [Dare] threatened violence, Fletcher shot him in the head with his pistol.”49 Because Dare’s son insisted on justice for the death of his father, Monmouth, was forced to dismiss Fletcher.50 The loss of the two men, “was disastrous for the Duke.”51 Andrew Fletcher “was a brilliant and intrepid leader of Cavalry, while old Dare had much influence on Taunton. Monmouth, being very superstitious, now felt full of foreboding, and that an evil star dogged his enterprise.”52
iv. Monmouth Proclaims himself King
With the King’s royal army in quick pursuit, the rebels made their way out of Lyme, brushed with Dorset Militia at Bridport, and occupied Chard by the 16th of June.5354in their hats green boughs, the badges of Monmouth’s case. Deafening shouts arose on all sides: ‘A Monmouth! A Monmouth!”55 Then, “twenty girls of the best families of Taunton presented their hero with ‘a small curious Bible,”56 to which the Duke replied: “I come to defend the truths contained in this book, and to seal them with my blood if occasion require it.”57 The Maids then presented the colours to Monmouth.58
Taunton was the “most disaffected and factious town in all England. It was referred to by the Court party as “a roguish place,” and “the sink of all the rebellion in the West... Among the people of Taunton were some of Monmouth’s most enthusiastic adherents, weavers, carpenters, masons, shoemakers, and bricklayers.”59 After his warm welcome, Monmouth made his first proclamation against pillage.60 Heeding the advice of Grey and Ferguson to garner support for his cause through leadership, Monmouth again addressed the crowd at Taunton market cross on June 20th with another proclamation. “The townspeople were rapturous at the words they heard...
Whereas, upon the decease of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Second, late King of England, the right and succession of the Crown of England... did legally descend and devolve upon the most illustrious and high- born Prince James Duke of Monmouth... but James Duke of York, (taking the advantage of the absence of the said James Duke of Monmouth beyond the seas) did first cause the said late King to be poisoned, and immediately thereupon did usurp and invade the Crown, and doth continue to do: We therefore, the noblemen, gentlemen and commons... do proclaim that said high and mighty Prince James Duke of Monmouth, our lawful and rightful sovereign...61
The proclamation “was read [and] affirm[ed] that on the death of Charles the crown did legally descend upon... Monmouth’ and declare[ed] him ‘our lawful and rightful sovereign and king, by the name of James the Second.62
v. Net Closes in on the Rebels headed toward Bristol
On June 21st, Monmouth and his army left Taunton for Bridgwater, where they moved to
Glastonbury and Shepton Mallet with the intention of marching on Bristol. The morning Monmouth marched out of Taunton was a Sunday, and “John, Lord Churchill, a fine looking solider of thirty-five, with intelligent eyes and resolution drawn on his lips, attended matins63 at the fifteenth- century church at Chard.64 Meanwhile, “the net was closing”65 on Monmouth’s rebels. James II had appointed Lieutenant General Louis Duras, Earl of Feversham as commander- in chief of the Royal Army on June 19.66 “Lord Feversham had left London the previous day with a troop of Life Guards and sixty Horse Grenadiers...[the next day] the main artillery train would leave the Tower, with an escort of Sir Francis Compton’s troop of Lord Oxford’s regiment.”67 The regiment included “16 large cannon with carriages, powder, ball, shovels, pickaxes and other warlike provisions... and eight more field- pieces were already on their way from Portsmouth to Sherborne under [the] excellent gunner, Mr. Sheres, with an escort commanded by Churchill’s brother.”68 The King would have no trouble reoccupying Taunton with such force.69
Despite the increasing threat of face to face contact with Feversham’s army, Monmouth’s “army was in good morale and in a fighting mood.”70 The day before Monmouth’s army left Taunton, “Churchill had sent out a party of Lord Oxford’s Horse under Lieutenant Monoux to see what damage could be done to the rebel outposts... and in a skirmish at Ashill, Monoux got a pistol shot through the head for his trouble.”71 Moreover, as Monmouth’s men arrived in Bridgwater, the people gave him a royal and warm reception.72 “Hundreds of fresh volunteers came in, and nearly half as many were turned away for lack of arms.” 73 In an effort to increase his army’s power with lack of resources, Monmouth used “his old tactical imagination, [and] had scythes converted into hand- weapons.”74 That night, Monmouth slept at the Bridgwater Castle, “but there was little to encourage sleep.... The news that Feversham was on his way... kept him preoccupied with strategy, for with no open support coming from the north, it might be neither possible nor expedient to march immediately for Gloucester.”75
The next day, Monmouth marched to Glastonbury through rain and had a minor cavalry encounter at Langport.76 Indeed, “all the while that the rebel army had been advancing in triumph, they were being mildly harassed from behind by dragoons under Colonel John Churchill.”77 By the 23rd of June, Monmouth’s men had reached Shepton Mallet. “It was [there] that Major Oglethorpe discovered them. He had left London three days before, in charge of a reconnaissance party of fifty mounted guards, whose assignment was to seek out the exact whereabouts of the rebel army and report to his chief, [Lord Feversham].”78 That day, Feversham and his forces reached Bristol. Feversham then “moved back to Bath, where he found Oglethorpe [and] instantly dispatched him again to gather more certain information regarding the enemy’s strength and intentions.”79 The more skilled and experienced Feversham utilized the strategizing of the Royal army and patiently waited for the right moment to strike. Meanwhile, on June 26th Churchill’s forces joined Feversham at Bath to amass a threateningly large and powerful royal army waiting for the time to shut down Monmouth’s rebellion.80
vi. Fight or Retreat?
“This was a decisive moment in the story of the rebellion. Monmouth had to decide whether or not to fight the King’s army, now concentrated around Bristol.”81 On the 25th, Monmouth held a council of war and abandoned his project for Bristol in favor of an advance into Wiltshire.82 “Doubtless [Monmouth] and his staff considered several plans of attack, such as creating a great diversion on the south- western side of Bristol, but then assaulting it from the east. Several of his soldiers, including Colonel Wade and Captain Tyley, were Bristol men and knew the layout well.”83 Monmouth knew that if he could defeat Feversham then, he would “temporarily have defeated the whole Royalist army... [and] he could march straight to London.”84 However, Monmouth likely took into account the potential harm to the inhabitants of Bristol and decided to march on toward Bath instead.85
v. News of Argyle’s Execution and the Rebels’ Retreat
The pressure continued to intensify on Monmouth’s rebels, who were daily deserting the cause. By the time the rebels reached Frome on the 28th of June, “as many as two thousand men deserted him. Probably the disappointment of not having fought a decisive battle [at Bristol], coupled with the foul weather, made the temptation of their own homes and hearths over-mastering. Discipline, which had been excellent, now deteriorated.”86 On June 29th, the rebels learned of Argyle’s execution. “When news of Argyll’s defeat reached the rebels at Frome, Monmouth seriously considered abandoning the whole enterprise and taking ship to Holland.”87 “With the collapse of the rebellion in Scotland, and with the anticipated rising in Cheshire and London having failed to materialize, Monmouth knew that the cause was lost.”88
Monmouth might have retreated had it not been for an “impassioned speech by Lord Grey, in which he argued that for Monmouth to leave the army now would be an act, ‘so base that it could never be forgiven by the people’... [This] persuaded Monmouth to [press forward with the rebellion].89 On the day that Argyle was executed, Monmouth turned west and returned to Shepton Mallet. He had wanted to move in the direction of London, but Feversham had marched across his intended route as far as Westbury, and this had deterred him.”90 At this stage in the rebellion, “Monmouth still had enough men to fight a decisive battle, and he had now to find a way of achieving this successfully. Bridgwater was chosen as a base, to occupy and fortify, before exploring new areas.”91
vi. The Battle of Sedgemoor
“Once again, arrived within the town of Bridgwater, Monmouth was having to make up his mind about future action.”92 When Monmouth re-entered the city on July 3rd, he received a lukewarm welcome, quite different from the cheers he received the first time his rebels passed through.93 Monmouth’s “first thought was to prepare the place for siege, and orders were issued for the local villages to send in workmen and labourers to assist with the task, as well as large amounts of requisitioned supplies.”94
The citizens of the town did not relish the prospect: Bridgwater had been destroyed in a disastrous fire. Memories of Civil War died hard; it was one thing to cheer a handsome ‘King Monmouth’ and his supporters through the streets when his cause had appeared to be on the flood-tide; it was quite another to be expected to support him to the last now that his fortunes were so clearly on the ebb... The local peasantry relished even less the prospect of having both their labour and their remaining cattle and grain committed to what to many must already have been seen as a ‘lost cause.’95
However, Monmouth’s efforts in Bridgwater were merely a scheme to confuse the Royal army on the rebels’ heels. “According to Wade... who was privy to Monmouth’s plans, the idea of the rebels sustaining a siege at Bridgwater was only a cover for a more ambitious scheme.”96 Monmouth simply wished to rest his army, “then march hard for Keynsham once more, cross the Avon, and head deep into Gloucestershire... [end eventually] to Cheshire... an area committed to his cause.”97 Monmouth still believed the Protestants and Whigs of London would rise to the occasion and support his rebel army.
Monmouth’s plans were foiled when Feversham received word of the news that he was contemplating a siege. On July 4th, the royal army moved forward from Somerton to Westonzoyland with the intent to blockade Bridgwater.98 With little choice to break-away from the Royal army waiting on him, Monmouth called a council of war with his most trusted men, including Grey and Wade and decided to “surprise the enemy in the dead of the night.”99 Excitement ensued amongst the rebels over the plan, who now had a sliver of hope that their efforts might prevail after all. “Bridgwater had rarely known such animation as it knew that evening of 5 July 1685. It was loud with horsemen’s boots, scabbards and jingling spurs over its cobbled streets, and with the cheerful speculation of simple countrymen living the lives of temporary warriors... [and] it was filled with admiration for the rebel commander.”100 The men also took with them “cider and the fruits of Bridgwater’s cellars”101 for courage.
vii. Good fortune runs out
Therefore, under Godfrey as their guide out of the town, the rebel army, horses, ammunition and all headed out silently in the night through the marshes and banks toward Sedgemoor.102 “Fear must have been in every rebel heart at this juncture—and doubtless the religious euphoria or effects of rough cider had worn off [by now].”103 The men attempted to stealthily move forward, however “the good fortune that so far had blessed the rebel march was about to run out.”104 Godfrey’s stopped short in the mist upon finding himself at the bank of Langmoor Rhine which was about eight feet across. Not warned of the ditch, the horsemen crowded up in the darkness; horses stumbled and neighed; men ran into one another; horses whinnied and snorted; a weapon or two were dropped; men doubtless cursed. This time they were heard. The time was shortly after one in the morning [on July 6th]. Suddenly there was a flash in the darkness, followed by the sound of a shot.105
viii. Battle, Flight and Execution
“All at once the camp began to stir... Frantic but orderly activity ensued as the regular soldiers [of the royal army], hardly pausing to rub the sleep from their eyes... quitted their tents to seize muskets or pikes from the bells- of- arms.” 106 They then “began to run towards the open space... [and] within minutes, the six battalions were formed in the line of battle.”107 “Monmouth’s infantry, guided by the glowing slow matches of the opposing muskets, moved to a position more than twenty yards from the edge of the ditch.”108 The rebels, “standing in battle order, started shooting, but they aimed too high to do any harm.”109 Feversham’s Royal army stood back as Monmouth’s infantry attempted to fight and cross the ditch, only to be “beaten back [and] los[e] both horses and men. “Perhaps daunted by this, Feversham refused to make any new offensive moves until the first streaks of dawn appeared in the sky.”110 It was then “that his infantry and the rest of the cavalry were ordered over the ditch, and by light of the early sun, pursued and routed their enemies [who were fleeing for their lives].”111
It remains unclear exactly how many rebels died during the battle. Some accounts claim “400 were killed on the battlefield, and up to 1000 more on the swords of the royal horse and dragoons or the pike-points and plug- bayonets of the royal foot... Many of the rebels were caught at the Langmoor Rhine.”112 Others were hunted through corn fields and “1200 were taken prisoner,”113 to meet their dreadful fate later before Judge Jeffrey’s during the Bloody Assizes. Monmouth’s fate was no different from his men. After two days of flight, he was captured on July 8th by Royalist forces near the Woodlands in Dorset.114
The fallen rebel leader was taken to London where “he spent many of his last hours abjectly pleading for his life on any terms. He would reveal names of all his fellow- conspirators, become his uncle’s most loyal subject, and even become a convert to the Roman Catholic Church.”115 Finally, on July 14, King James II agreed to see Monmouth. “Many believed this was a sure sign that a reprieve might be forthcoming. Doubtless so Monmouth hoped, and he was prepared to sob and grovel at his uncle’s feet.”116 However, all the groveling in the world would not change the merciless King’s decision to sign Monmouth’s death warrant for the next day.
Following his meeting with the King, Monmouth was sent to the Tower where he regained some dignity on his final day. “He saw his estranged wife, and their three children, and signed a written statement to the effect that his father, King Charles II, had always told him that he had never been married to his mother, Lucy Walters.”117 Monmouth refused the bishops’ insistence that he publicly declare “it would be a heinous sin to rebel against the King [but] he did apologise from the heart for all the trouble he had caused... particularly to his... supporters... and declared his undying affection for Lady Henrietta Wentworth.”118
On the scaffold Monmouth gave his executioner, Jack Ketch a sum of money and promised more from his servant if he made a quick cut. However, “to the horror of the vast and sympathetic crowd,”119 Ketch’s first blow barely broke the skin and four more blows followed with struggle to severe Monmouth’s head before the rebel leader could finally rest in peace. On July 15, 1685, “the agony of James Scott was over.”120
ix. The end
The question of who fired the fatal shot rousing the King’s sleeping army to victory against Monmouth’s rebels when they were within a mile of a successful rebellion is unknown.121 Some speculate the shot was an accident resulting from the surprise halt at the Langmoor Rhine. Others speculate treachery.122 Regardless of the outcome for Monmouth, his rebellion can be remembered with pride for the ideals he stood for. While unsuccessful in his own attempt, his rebellion spurred the even more irrational behavior of King James II to consolidate his power through fear. Three years after Monmouth’s failed attempt, a new savior of the Protestant religion and ideals, William of Orange would finish Monmouth’s task and peacefully take the throne of England to restore liberty and peace to a weary people.
Bibliography
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In which county is there an area called The Fylde? | History of Blackpool
Original text from Helen M Sullivan & additions by Olive Cookson - Download Word document
Dates are from various history books of Blackpool and the Fylde, but chiefly from the Government Survey Book Amounderness, published in the year 1934. To thoroughly understand the History of a District over a few Centuries you must know its Geography.
The first Map of the Fylde, or Saxon for Field, was published about the year 1500 and shows the Coastline to extend one mile further out into Morecambe Bay than it does now, also two miles further out into the Irish sea at Rischall Point, receding to one mile further out at halfway down the coast (that would be Bispham), and continuing still one mile out until it reaches the mouth of the Ribble.
The map shows the river Wyre as a tributary of the river Lune, hence the name Lune Deeps.
Marton Moss was a swamp and a small brook drained from it running North West, called Spen Brook this was widened and deepened later to the Moss and renamed Spen Dyke. This Brook or Dyke emptied into a pool situated in a large Depression about a mile (in those days) from the sea, and owing to the colour of the water was given the name THE BLACKPOOL. Further East was a lake running East and West for four and a half miles, by half a mile wide. This had an overflow at the West end, this ran through what is now Marton, and joined the Spen Brook in the vicinity of what is now known as Spen Corner, the junction of Waterloo Road, Ansdell Road and Hawes Side Lane.
The Lake was Marton Mere and ran from about what is now East Park Drive to beyond Peel. The Black Pool was situated in a hollow at the North end about the present Chapel Street or Princess Street and the South near Spion Cop end of the Football Field. This Pool had an overflow through a small Gynn which ran through what is now Manchester Square to the sea. There is no mention of Roman Occupation in any book that I have read, the nearest is Kirkham where the remains of a small Bath Building on the stump of the Roman Bath, were found when excavating at the beginning of the century. There is also the Roman Road running through Kirkham and on towards Fleetwood to the supposed Roman port of Portus Setantian, two miles out from the present Fleetwood. This road was afterwards called Daines Pad. This was the layout of the Coastal Strip of the Fylde in the Hundred of Amounderness.
The County of Lancashire was formed by the amalgamation of Six Hundreds, these being The Hundred of Lonsdale in the North, which takes in the North - Furness District including Lake Coniston and about Seven eights of Lake Windermere, Lancaster, Morecambe, nearly as far South as Pilling and across to the Yorkshire Border. The Hundred of Amounderness, or Oak Covered Swamp, taking in Pilling and Over Wyre District across to the Yorkshire Boundary taking in the Bleasdale Fells, Garstang, in the South across County, cutting Preston out, but including Ashton on Ribble, and then following the river to its mouth. The Hundred of Leyland, south of the river and including Southport and halfway across the Centre Strip of the County. The Hundred of Blackburn, taking up the Eastern half of the Centre Strip. The Hundred of Salford which includes Manchester and the whole of South East Lancashire. The Hundred of Derby in the South West Lancashire including Liverpool. The first mention of the Hundred of Amounderness is the year 661.
A Hundred is one hundred rouds of Cultivable land at that date when Cultivation was all by hand, and in batches over a large area including the rough land in between, which the Head Man of the district had to keep clear of outlaws and Merenders. A Roud is equivalent to one and a half square miles. The first mention of a Duke of Lancaster was in the year 1361. In 1500, the West District of the Fylde was very sparsely populated, the two centres of Poulton and Bispham being the principal centres. There was St. Cuthbert's Priory, situated where Lytham Hall now stands. Waddam Thorp, on the coast, a mile out from the present Squires Gate. Singleton Thorpe, just beyond the Pennistone rock at Bispham. Ross Hall, a Gentleman's Residence and accompanying building out towards the coast, beyond the present Rossall College. At that time there was no mention of Blackpool other than the Pool, so much for the geography of Blackpool and District. Now for the principal dates in the development of Blackpool and District.
1532
There was a large inundation by the sea which swept inland for two miles covering all the land from about the present Bloomfield Road, right down to the Ribble Estuary and inland to near Hawes Side Lane. Waddam Thorp was washed away and there is no record of any of the residents surviving. This land was covered by the sea for years and then it receded to the present coast line, causing a strip of land about one mile wide and useless for years.
1555
Another sea inundation further North in which Singleton Thorp was destroyed but the inhabitants or the bulk of them escaped and traced inland and settled in what is now Singleton Village.
1602
The first mention of Blackpool is found in the Register of Bispham Parish Church, in which is recorded the Christianry on September 22nd of that year of a Child belonging to a Couple who reside on the Bank of the Black Pool.
1643
This is one of the years of the Civil War between the King (Charles 1) and Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell. The gentry of the District were mainly Royalists and an Army was raised in the district to fight on the side of the King. This Army was commanded by Sir Thomas Tyldesley of Myerscough Lodge near Preston, with a son of the Rigbys of Layton Hall as his second in command, they clashed with the Parliamentarians in the Battle of Wigan Lain and Sir Walter was killed and the Army defeated. A Spanish Vessel came ashore at Rossall Beach. Both armies were after the prize, but as Cromwells army had to go round by Garstang and over Wyre where his supporters were, and Lord Derby being amongst friends was able to march right up to Layton Hawes and alongside the Fylde coast without any interference, therefore securing the Prize for the Royalists.
1650
After the death of Cromwell and the Restoration of the Monarchy, Charles the Second was very lavish with his promise to families who had suffered in the support of his father. Edward Tyldesley was one of these, for his father's death at Wigan Lane Battle. Unfortunately for them, the King, although a good promiser, was a very bad fulfiller of said promises. Edward Tyldesley of Mains Hall, having his eye on Layton Hawes which was now drying out, built a small hall at the very South of the then Blackpool as a seaside residence and called it Fox Hall, here he entertained the Gentry of the district, including horse racing on the Hawes. Unfortunately for Edward Tyldesley he was one to whom the King did not fulfill his promise, and after continuing as a private residence for several years, eventually became a farm house and as Blackpool developed, finished up as Licensed Premises, the present Foxall Hotel.
1735
Ernest Whiteside living in a two bedroom house at Fumblers Hill (bottom of present Cocker Street) added two more bedrooms to his house and became the first Company House Keeper as a business.
1750
In this year it is recorded that there were two dozen cottages in Blackpool, and a small Inn near where now stands the Clifton.
1752
Alderman John Bickerstaffe elected chairman.
Foundation stone of Tower laid September 21st.
1892
Wreck of "The Sirene" against the North Pier, the crew managed to climb onto the Pier to safety.
1893
The Victoria Pier, South Shore, opened.
1894
Opening of the Tower, Whit Monday May 14th.
Opening of Grand Theatre, December 22nd.
Wreck of the "Abana" off Norbreck. Lifeboat saved crew of seventeen.
The New Victoria Hospital in Whitegate Drive (now the Health Centre) received its first Casualty on August 25th. The new Hospital was maintained by voluntary subscription, one scheme being started by the Trades Council, by which members of the different branches in the town paid a voluntary contribution through their branch of two pence per week, this scheme was soon taken up in different firms in the town, by deducting the two pence from the employees wages, which in several cases was sixpence as the person was paying through both their branch and their employment.
1895
Opening of The Hippodrome Theatre, now the A.B.C Theatre, Church Street.
1896
The Big Wheel in Coronation Street opened.
1897
During the Summer there was a Railway Disaster at Poulton Curve.
On June 16th Lord Nelson's Flag Ship "The Foudroyant" which was anchored off-shore for Exhibition purposes, was driven ashore by a sudden gale and wrecked near the North Pier.
Alhambra theatre built.
1899
The Alhambra (afterwards named the Palace) opened by George R. Sims. This replaced the old Prince of Wales Theatre and the Prince of Wales Aquatic Entertainment Baths.
1900
This year was the completion and opening of the new Town Hall, the new Bethesda Chapel, Unitarian Church, South Shore and Ebenezer Primitive Methodist, Egerton Road.
1901
The First Musical Festival was held. The Marton Tramway was opened this year.
1903
Opening of the New Railway line from Waterloo Station, (now South Station) across The Moss to Kirkham.
1904
Blackpool raised to the Status of County Borough.
All Saints Church, Palatine Road, opened.
1905
The widening of the Promenade to the South Shore was completed, this was started in 1902.
St. Thomas`s Church, Caunce Street opened.
1906
Blackpool Secondary School opened. Mr M.W.Astley elected Conservative Member of Parliament.
Blackpool's first full programme Cinema opened in the old Coliseum, Lytham Road, on the site of the Coliseum Bus Station. There had previously only been "shorts" shown at the Palace and Hippodrome.
1907
The first Waterloo Bowling Tournament was held this year.
1909
Blackpool's First Aviation Week (18th - 23rd Oct) held during the summer at Squires Gate Racecourse (now the Airport) and the first flight round the Tower from the seaside.
1910
Blackpool Pleasure Beach Company Registered. This was not the start of the Pleasure Beach as several people had been operating a Pleasure Beach on the site for over twenty years previous to the Company being formed.
The Gipsy encampment of the Sandhills, south of the old Star Inn was erected this year.
The Second Aviation Week was held in July, the Frenchman Monsieur Tetard flew round the town.
1911
This year saw the Carnegie Free Library at the Grundy Art Gallery in Queen Street opened for use. St. Stephen's Church on the Cliff opened.
1912
The New Princess Parade was opened by Princess Louise.
1913
The Blackpool Cremation Society established in April.
King George V and Queen Mary visited Blackpool.
1914
The Great War commenced (August 4th). Blackpool was used as a training Ground for troops and also the headquarters of the Royal Army Medical Corp. (R.A.M.C.) Hospital beds erected in the old race-course grandstand at Squires Gate, under Doctor Winder of South Shore.
1916
Hebrew Synagogue in Leamington Road opened.
1918
Sir Albert Lindesy Parkinson elected Conservative M.P. for the Blackpool Division.
1919
The first Election held under the New Municipal Redistribution scheme for the rearrangement of wards.
1920
Blackpool Town Planning Act came into force.
St.Mary's Church, Highfield Road, South Shore opened.
1921
Blackpool Ramblers Club formed (March 2nd)
Allan Clark, Lancashire writer and author of Windmill Land was one of the leaders.
Regent Picture Palace, Church Street opened.
1922
David Lloyd-George, the Wartime Prime Minister, presented with the freedom of the Borough.
Major Morley (Conservative) elected Member of Parliament.
1923
The First Blackpool carnival (June 9th-16th) held.
South Shore Open Air Baths opened.
Lt. Colonel Maylor (Liberal) elected Member of Parliament.
1924
The Second Carnival held (June 11th-24th).
Sir Walter de Freece (Conservative) elected Member of Parliament. (Oct 29th)
1925
Stanley Park off Whitegate Drive, including golf course, tennis courts and bowling greens opened.
Independent Methodist Church, Central Drive opened.
The First Illuminations were held in the autumn of the year. (Nov & Dec) skating at Marton Mere.
This winter had the severest frost for years.
1926
St.Mark's Church Layton and New Baptist Church were being built. This was Blackpool's corporation "Jubilee Year", also the year of the general strike.
1928
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On which river does Preston stand? | Lytham and St Annes - the forgotten corner of Fylde
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The Fylde - Around Lytham and St Annes
This page is a personal view of the towns and villages lying within the Borough of Fylde on the south and south-western quadrant of the Fylde plain.
St Annes
St Annes Pier
The town of St Annes was mostly laid out according to a plan drawn up by businessmen who saw the economic benefits of attracting large numbers of visitors from the mill towns in the east. It retains much of it's original character today, but has less style than Lytham, it's near neighbour. It is a traditional quiet Victorian / Edwardian seaside resort with up-market hotels, a sandy beach, donkeys, a small pier and ice cream stalls. It also has picnicable sand dunes fringing the beach, and an excellent, but little known sand dune nature reserve, international sandyacht racing championships, and very good floral displays.
Ansdell
Ansdell Shopping Centre
Ansdell is a small district between Lytham and St Annes. It has it's own railway station, the "Ansdell Institute" club and a small library. It is famous however because of Richard Ansdell RA, an artist who lived in the area and painted lots of huge oil pictures of dead pheasants held by spaniel dogs and other similar hunting and shooting subjects. In fact, Ansdell enjoys the distinction of being the only place in England to be named after an artist.
Fairhaven
The White Church, Fairhaven
Fairhaven is the seaward bit of Ansdell really. You have to turn off the main road at the White Church to find it. It runs more or less from the White Church to St Annes, and includes popular vantage points such as "Granny's Bay" and Fairhaven Lake where many people enjoy parking up on a sunny day and watching the comings and goings around the lake. The more energetic can try the boats, and for sailors it is one of the few places left where (provided you have just a little experience) you can hire gaff-rigged, clinker-built sailing yachts to try your hand at proper sailing, as well as motorboats, pedlaos and rowing boats.
Lytham
The Windmill on Lytham Green
Lytham is a nice place. Its tree lined streets are flanked by interesting small shops that are still family businesses. There are some especially good speciality food shops for the more discerning customer. Lytham brims with old fashioned charm and courteous people. The town has a history as a seafaring area whose economy was based on fishing and shrimping. Later, wealthy industrialists moved from the industrial east of the county. To-day Lytham is famous for golf at Royal Lytham Golf Club, The Green, the recently restored Windmill and Old Lifeboat House Museum, and Lytham Club Day, a local festival each June. The Green overlooks the estuary of the river Ribble and the Welsh mountains.
Warton
St Pauls Church, Warton
Warton is the sort of place you go through. It was once famous for a 17th century Post or "Peg" Mill, although little remains. In a peg mill, the whole wooden building rotated around a fixed pole or peg, whereas in most windmills, the cap and sails rotated around the building. Warton is now famous as the home of British Aerospace, a major local employer, and test flights of prototype aircraft can sometimes be seen in the skies above the area. On the Warton /Lytham boundary you can find the Lucky Strike Golf Driving Range and Fort San Antone, a sort of hillbilly western theme/country park, together with several caravan parks.
Freckleton
Freckleton Centre
Freckleton is one of the oldest and largest of Fylde's villages, It is a former port situated on the Ribble Estuary, and now gives access to the Lancashire Coastal Way walking route. Up to the 1920s there was a toll gate where travellers to Lytham and Preston were obliged to pay a toll for the use of the road. These days it is primarily a residential area serving those working at British Aerospace nearby. Freckleton is especially well known for its annual Music Festival which is the largest such rural festival in the Country.
Newton
The Bell and Bottle
Newton is a small village which is now principally a residential commuter area for the larger towns like Preston and Blackpool. It has two public houses, both catering for families, The Highgate specialises in children's menus and play facilities. The Bell and Bottle is longer established as a restaurant and, unusually, offers a braille menu and a full range of facilities for people with a disability
Clifton
The Windmil Pub at Clifton
Clifton is a small residential village off the main A583 Preston to Blackpool road, near to Newton with Scales, Its origins are tied in with the Clifton estate, and one of the more notable features of the area is yet another of fylde's windmills, although this time it is attached to a countryside pub and restaurant.
Salwick
The Hand and Dagger Pub
The Hand and Dagger pub is set on the banks of the Lancaster canal which flows through Salwick, and is a popular watering hole for those enjoying a pleasant canal side walk. The canal in this area forms a main plank for countryside recreation, with angling and pleasure boating in addition to walking. Salwick is also the famous for the large British Nuclear Fuels industrial complex, a major local employer.
Treales
& Wharles
The Old Windmill at Treales
The hamlets of Treales, Roseacre and Wharles are at the heart of agricultural Fylde. They are well off the beaten track and enjoy the peace and quiet of country lanes punctuated with cottages, small woods, and individual farmsteads. An old windmill, one of many on the Fylde plain, which was originally used to grind corn, is now a beautiful home. There are several other tastefully restored properties in the area, including some very picturesque thatched roadside cottages. You will also find a couple of rural pubs, like the Derby Arms, or the Eagle and Child, with traditional food available. If you get up early and are very quiet, you might also be able to catch a glimpse of one of the wild deer that roam the farms and woodland in this area from time to time.
Wrea Green
The Village Green and Church
Wrea Green is probably the prettiest village in Fylde. It regularly wins the "Best Kept Village" competition, and many of the properties are owned by wealthy retired professionals. It is a "much sought after location" as the Estate Agents say. The focus of the village is The Green which provides a home for the pond (known locally as the Dub), and for cricket matches in summer. Here you can sit in the local pub enjoying a pint of beer and keep an eye on the game at the same time. It is within easy commuting distance of both Manchester and Liverpool and has a rail connection to the West Coast Main Line. Picturesque, tranquil and idyllic, what more could you ask?.
Kirkham
Kirkham Town Centre
Kirkham is a fairly traditional market town which once centred around the fish stones and market square, both of which can still be seen today. It was a town of some importance in Roman times. Some say it was en-route to a Roman port that is reputed to have existed on the Fylde coast at one time. More recently, during the industrial revolution, it was a centre for textile manufacture with several large mill buildings. To-day the mills are gone and the town bears the scars of ill conceived ribbon development, but Kirkham still fulfils a need as a local shopping centre for its resident population and the surrounding small villages. The pubs in Kirkham are also popular with forces personnel during evening and weekend leave from the nearby military facility at Weeton.
Wesham
The War Memorial, Wesham
Wesham (pronounced "Wessam" by locals) is only about 160 years old, and developed as the railway expanded to serve the growing popularity of resort towns like Blackpool. From the 1920s to the 1950s huge numbers of mammoth steam trains plied their way to the coast via the station at Kirkham and Wesham. Closely linked to its neighbour Kirkham, Wesham was also home to several cotton mills during the industrial revolution, although none remain today.
Esprick&
Greenhalgh
The Thatcher at Esprick
Esprick and Greenhalgh straddle the road from Kirkham to Fleetwood. Esprick used to be famous for the Fairfield Experimental Horticulture Station, a Government research centre for glasshouse tomato growing, but that was before the demise of the British tomato industry hastened by cheap subsidised oil for Dutch Growers in the mid 1960s. It is now not so famous, and really only boasts the Fairfield Arms, a roadhouse style restaurant and travelodge next to a motorway junction. There is an interesting cottage of quite recent renovation though, where a thatched roof has been added, and a lifesize thatched model of a man doing the thatching has been built into the roof. Greenhalgh is very small and has an Indian Restaurant and a pub called the "Blue Anchor" which lots of people pass en-route to Fleetwood or Thornton. It also has one of the best fishing ponds in Fylde, but the location of that is a secret!
Thistleton
Thatched Cottage at Thistleton.
Thistleton is a hamlet and an agricultural area, probably best known for Thistleton Lodge, built in 1907 by the Miller family who owned much of Thistleton. The surrounding countryside in this part of Fylde is generally unspoilt, and the area has won its class in the Best Kept Village Competition because of this.
Elswick
Bonds Ice Cream Parlour
Elswick village acts as a centre for smaller communities in the immediate area, and has modern recreational facilities, including a village hall, an all weather multi sports area, bowling green, and football pitch. It is most famous however, for "Bonds Ice Cream Parlour" where ice cream is made on the premises. Bonds is a popular venue for a drive on a sunny afternoon where Fylde residents call in for an ice cream. An older village history is evident in the Gothic church and spire which stand next to the original 17th Century non-conformist chapel, the oldest in Lancashire.
Little Eccleston
Cartford Bridge, Little Eccleston
Little Eccleston nestles on the southern bank of the River Wyre. It is a sleepy, quiet village, but it boasts a caravan site, the Smithy Restaurant and a pub called The Cartford Hotel which is a free house and renowned for its special and home made ales. It is one of very few pubs to have its own brewery attached, and is a must for real ale fans. The village is the second crossing point on the River Wyre, and travellers using Cartford Lane will cross the (inexpensive) Toll Bridge leading to the area known as "Over Wyre". The name "Cartford" implies an earlier origin as the lane leading to a ford across the River Wyre for agricultural horse drawn carts.
Singleton
The Old Fire Station, Singleton
Singleton is surrounded by farmland and is mentioned in the doomsday book. The whole village is a conservation area, and both the Church and the Fire Engine House, are Grade II listed buildings. In the 1970's the village was famous with Fylde locals for a sumptuous restaurant called The Millers Arms. It was one of the most sought after in the area. Their "Hors D'oeuvre Platter" and "Barbecued Loin of Lamb" were to die for. Nowadays the restaurant is part of a national chain doing good, if mass produced, pub meals, On the fringe of the village is the excellent Singleton Lodge Country House Hotel where meals are also available to non residents.
Weeton
The Eagle and Child, Weeton
Sheltering in the rural Fylde, between Blackpool and Kirkham, Weeton boasts a traditional triangular village green where Weeton Fair was once held, It is an ancient village, and the site of a bronze age archaeological find. The Eagle and Child Inn, on the village green is where Oliver Cromwell is said to have stayed (amongst other places!). Just outside the village is Weeton Camp, a services settlement, and "home" for many ex-servicemen at some stage in their military career.
Staining
The Plough, Staining
Staining lies on the border between the Boroughs of Blackpool and Fylde. It has agricultural origins, but is now more of a dormitory suburb to larger towns. It has a very attractive windmill used as a private residence, and in the village centre sits "The Plough" public house, fronted by a miniature replica Windmill. Around Staining you will find holiday caravan sites, notably Partingtons Newton Hall, which also has a Country Club and privately run Indoor Bowls Rinks. You will also find stables and other equestrian facilities. In recent years, Staining has "blossomed" by taking part in the Fylde in Bloom initiative, and now boasts superb floral displays through the village centre.
Westby
& Plumpton
Main Street, Plumpton.
Westby is a large agricultural area accommodating the six hamlets of Westby, Great and Little Plumpton, Ballam, Moss Side, and Peel. It is geographically large, but sparsely populated. It is famous for agriculture, and for Westby Hall, the seat of the Clifton family, Westby has several caravan sites that cater for the needs of those who enjoy the free and easy holidays that caravans can provide. Most are very conveniently located for the short hop into Blackpool.
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What is the Administrative HQ of East Sussex? | Maps of the county showing administrative areas – East Sussex County Council
Map of East Sussex main settlements and transport connections (ESiF) – Detailed map showing districts, towns and villages in East Sussex, transport routes and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
East Sussex districts (ESiF) – Map showing the boundaries of the five borough and district council areas within East Sussex.
Map of East Sussex electoral divisions (ESiF) – Map showing the 44 electoral divisions within East Sussex. Five of these are two-member divisions (Peacehaven and TelscombeTowns, Bexhill King Offa, Crowborough, Hailsham and Herstmonceux, and Polegate, Willingdon and East Dean), while the remainder are represented by a single member.
East Sussex wards (ESiF) – Map showing existing ward boundaries in the five borough and district council areas.
East Sussex Parliamentary constituencies (ESiF) – Each constituency is represented by one Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons, which is the primary legislature for the United Kingdom
East Sussex parishes (ESiF) – Map showing the civil parish boundaries in the three districts of Lewes, Rother and Wealden where residents elect a town or parish council. Bexhill is the only unparished area in these districts. Borough council areas (ie Eastbourne and Hastings) are also unparished.
Lower Super Output Areas (LSOA)
LSOAs are a geography designed for the collection and publication of small area statistics, the most significant being the Indices of Deprivation (ID) . LSOAs fit within current East Sussex ward boundaries.
| Lewes |
Which comedian co-stars with fellow comic Lee Mack in TV’s Not Going Out? | East Sussex County Council | Article about East Sussex County Council by The Free Dictionary
East Sussex County Council | Article about East Sussex County Council by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/East+Sussex+County+Council
Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Acronyms , Wikipedia .
East Sussex,
county (1991 pop. 670,600), 693 sq mi (1,795 sq km), extreme SE England. It comprises five administrative districts: Eastbourne, Hastings, Lewes, Rother, and Wealden. Brighton and Hove Brighton and Hove,
city and unitary authority (1991 pop. 134,581) and district, SE England. It was formed by the merger of the boroughs of Brighton and Hove in 1997, and became a city in 2000.
..... Click the link for more information. , former districts in the county, now form a single, administratively separate city. The county, the seat of which is Lewes Lewes
, town (1991 pop. 14,499) and district, East Sussex, SE England. The county seat of East Sussex, Lewes is a farm market with light manufactures. St. Pancras priory was founded in the town in the 11th cent.; its ruins remain.
..... Click the link for more information. , borders the English Channel. The South Downs form a chalky ridge on the coast, marshes line the southeast, and in the north are the Weald ridges, which are forested and comprised of clay and sand. Produce is grown, and cattle are raised. There is some light industry, but the area is mainly oriented toward tourism and resort towns that service London. William I the conqueror fought the battle of Hastings there. The remains of 12th- and 13th-century castles, churches, and abbeys are found throughout the region. See also Sussex Sussex,
former county, SE England, since 1888 divided for administrative purposes into East Sussex and West Sussex. Lewes is the county seat of East Sussex; Chichester of West Sussex.
..... Click the link for more information. .
East Sussex
a county of SE England comprising part of the former county of Sussex: mainly undulating agricultural land, with the South Downs and seaside resorts in the south: Brighton and Hove became an independent unitary authority in 1997 but is part of the geographical and ceremonial county. Administrative centre: Lewes. Pop. (excluding Brighton and Hove): 496 100 (2003 est.). Area (excluding Brighton and Hove): 1795 sq. km (693 sq. miles)
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What distinction has (Henry) Pu Yi? | How China, Not Your Grandfather, May Have Saved Buick's Future - NBC News
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For a brand nearly abandoned seven years ago, Buick has delivered quite an encore. Make that Encore, the maker's most popular model, and part of a growing line-up of products that has helped the long-struggling Buick reverse course and achieve record global sales.
Long derided for stodgy, outdated styling, Buick has been receiving kudos for the look of its new production models, as well as two recent, award-winning concept vehicles. But the Encore reveals how it has driven its turnaround by leading, rather than following, as competitors race to take advantage of one of the industry's biggest shifts in decades. By the end of 2017, officials predict, nearly three of four Buick vehicles sold in the U.S. will be crossover-utility vehicles.
Ironically, it's not the U.S. that's driving Buick's revival. Credit goes to China, though industry analysts suggest that demanding Asian consumers have actually helped the brand develop new products more in tune with American buyers, as well.
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"Buick wouldn't have survived if it wasn't for China," explained Ed Welburn, GM's local product design chief. But why is a somewhat convoluted story.
A century ago, Buick was one of America's most prestigious brands, on a par with Cadillac, and had a strong following abroad, as well. It was the favorite of Henry Pu Yi, the last emperor of China, in fact, and his car was passed down among subsequent Chinese leaders, surviving the Second World War to land in the hands of Mao Zedong's faithful lieutenant, Zhou Enlai.
Read More: Can Chrysler Save the Minivan After Years of Decline?
In the late 1990s, when General Motors wanted to become one of the first Western automakers to set up a plant in China, government officials told then-CEO Jack Smith they wanted GM's "best brand," he once recalled — not Cadillac, not Chevrolet, but Buick. Today, GM is the second-largest automaker in China and Buick is its top brand.
In fact, Chinese motorists purchased about 1 million of the roughly 1.2 million Buicks sold worldwide in 2015, an all-time record on both counts.
To stay ahead in that increasingly competitive market, Buick has had to up its styling game and boost both the quality and features of its products. Since many of those models are sold in the U.S., American motorists have benefitted, as well.
For decades, "If you thought about Buick, you thought about a big, boaty sedan or wagon with plush velour seats," said Joe Phillippi, senior automotive analyst with AutoTrends, Inc. But the brand is rapidly revising what he calls its "hoary" reputation.
Buick showed off its new design direction at the 2015 Detroit Auto Show with the widely hailed Avenir, a full-size luxury sedan concept. It scored an equal success at this year's show with the even more sporty Avista, a concept coupe.
Unfortunately, for their legions of fans, neither is likely to make it into production, conceded GM global product development chief Mark Reuss, because the U.S. market — and, increasingly, the Chinese market, as well — has been shifting from passenger cars to crossover-utility vehicles like the Encore and the Enclave.
Read More: SUVs Snag the Spotlight at New York Auto Show
Those two models accounted for about 60 percent of total Buick demand last year, said Duncan Aldred, Buick's director of U.S. sales, service and marketing. He added that, "I believe utility vehicles will represent 70 percent or more of our sales in the U.S." once a third crossover is added.
That compact model, the Envision, due mid-year, will have the added distinction of being the first product from a major automaker imported from China — where it is already outselling Buick's original forecast by a wide margin.
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In 2009, GM came close to dropping the Buick brand as a condition of its government-led bankruptcy and bailout. Instead, the maker abandoned Hummer, Pontiac, Saab and Saturn, fearing that if Buick was abandoned in the U.S. it would tarnish its image in China.
American sales have been on the upswing since then, but lag far behind Buick's peak here. The challenge is convincing U.S. motorists to put it back on their shopping list.
Recent marketing efforts — lifting a theme from the old "Your father's Oldsmobile" ad campaign — have made fun of Buick's stodgy image. Demand slipped 11 percent year-over-year in March, but sales were still up for the first quarter.
Read More: Technology Could Usher In a New Age of Ultra-Safe Cars
If anything, the brand will step up the "Is that a Buick" campaign as it rolls out an assortment of new and updated models, including the 2017 Encore, a redesign of the big Enclave, the new Envision, the new Cascada convertible and other offerings.
The ad campaign is also spotlighting a turnaround in Buick's quality and reliability, the brand surging to the top tier, according to recent studies by J.D. Power and Associates.
"Even if you exclude China, the brand is doing quite well here," said analyst Phillippi. And if it can connect with new buyers looking for the latest in utility vehicles, he added, Buick could really build momentum in the U.S. for the first time in decades.
Paul A. Eisenstein
| last emperor of china |
Which creature has a variety known as the 'Bottlenosed'? | 1000+ images about (CHINA) EMPERATRIZ XIAOKEMIN on Pinterest | English, Posts and Lady
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Lady Gobulo, Empress Xiaokemin ( 13 November 1906 – 20 June 1946), better known as Empress Wan Jung) was the empress of Puyi, the last Emperor of China and final ruler of the Qing Dynasty. She became empress of the puppet state of Manchukuo when Puyi was installed as its nominal ruler during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Her English name is Elizabeth | Credit : wikipedia.org
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What is the correct name for the lie detector? | Lie Detector and Polygraph Tests: Are They Reliable? | Nolo.com
Lie Detector and Polygraph Tests: Are They Reliable?
Learn how polygraph and lie detector tests work and whether they are accurate.
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Lie detector tests -- or polygraph tests, in more scientific terms -- are rarely used in criminal trials. The theory underlying a lie detector test is that lying is stressful, and that this stress can be measured and recorded on a polygraph machine.
Lie detectors are called polygraphs because the test consists of simultaneously monitoring several of the suspect's physiological functions -- breathing, pulse, and galvanic skin response -- and printing out the results on graph paper. The printout shows exactly when, during the questioning period, the biologic responses occurred. If the period of greatest biologic reaction lines up with the key questions on the graph paper -- the questions that would implicate the person as being involved with the crime -- stress is presumed. And along with this presumption of stress comes a second presumption: that the stress indicates a lie.
Arguments For and Against
Supporters of lie detector tests claim that the test is reliable because:
very few people can control all three physiological functions at the same time, and
polygraph examiners run preexamination tests on the suspect that enable the examiners to measure that individual's reaction to telling a lie.
On the other hand, critics of polygraph testing argue that:
many subjects can indeed conceal stress even when they are aware that they are lying, and
there is no reliable way to distinguish an individual's stress generated by the test and the stress generated by a particular lie.
The courts in most jurisdictions doubt the reliability of lie detector tests and refuse to admit the results into evidence. Some states do admit the results of polygraph tests at trial if the prosecution and defendant agree prior to the test that its results will be admissible.
Are Lie Detectors Telling the Truth?
You may wonder how, in the absence of a confession, a polygraph operator can confidently determine whether a person is lying. Don't most people -- even innocent ones -- get stressed when being asked questions that might land them in big trouble? Yes, but the polygraph operator has techniques to overcome this problem.
Before getting to the nitty-gritty of the issue ("Did you do it? Were you there? Do you have any personal knowledge of what happened?") the operator first asks a series of questions, some of which are emotionally neutral and some of which are calculated to cause emotional discomfort based on the test subject's personal circumstances.
The subject's physiological responses to these questions are meticulously calibrated. Then, when the operator gets around to the core questions, the responses to those questions can be measured and compared to the responses produced by the neutral and control questions. It's true, a lot of devils can live in the space of relative anxiety measurements, but numerous independent tests have indicated an accuracy rate in the 80-90% range.
Fooling a Polygraph
So if these tests are so accurate, why aren't they required in every situation where truth is at issue? Why spend billions of dollars on jury trials and independent prosecutors when we could just "wire up" the key witnesses and get at the truth with no fuss and no muss?
Some people are so divorced from morality or a guilty conscience that they may test honest -- because they are really good liars or have convinced themselves of a truth that isn't the truth at all.
It may also be possible to change the results through other methods, such as yogic or biofeedback training, the "nail in the shoe" trick (putting a sharp nail in your shoe to cause yourself pain during the questions to skew the polygraph results), or using a legal or illegal drug to calibrate one's emotions. Simply put, there is no way to turn a lie detector test into a slam dunk. For this reason, most courts will not admit polygraph results unless both sides of the case agree.
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Which seasonal song was written by Robbie Burns? | USATODAY.com - Lie detectors are likely lying themselves
Text
Lie detectors are likely lying themselves
I learn a lot watching television. That is, I learn a lot by watching television and thinking, "That can't be right!" then doing the research to find the full story.
Television butchers technology. It has to. There's no time in your average crime drama, say, to go into the details of tracking a cell phone or running someone's DNA; what takes seconds on TV often takes hours in the real world. (I understand that they've only got 42 minutes to work with, so I don't sweat the time thing.) It's when they deviate from reality so much that my goat gets got.
For example, I gather I'm one of the few Americans who doesn't watch 24. I stopped after the first episode of the first season, when Jack Bauer (that's Kiefer Sutherland to you and me) demanded of his geek-in-residence, "I need every Internet password associated with this phone number!" And he got it. It just doesn't work like that.
One thing occasionally comes up on TV that I wasn't sure which category it belonged to—"accurate but glossed over" or "totally wrong." That was polygraphs. Lie detectors. On TV, the suspect is hooked up to a machine that traces a dozen or so lines on scrolling graph paper. When she tells the truth, the lines barely move. When she lies, the lines vibrate like a seismograph in an 8.0 earthquake.
My guess was that in the real world a lie isn't quite so obvious, but that a trained examiner would be able to spot it right away.
Boy was I wrong.
It turns out that polygraphy is not only an incredibly inexact science, but that reading the results of a lie detector is almost entirely subjective. In short, lie detectors don't work. But people's lives have been ruined by them.
The problem isn't that the machines don't record something—they do: heart rate, respiration, sweat-gland activity, and so on. But what the changes in those numbers mean is entirely up to interpretation.
Obviously there are two sides to this. On the one you have the American Polygraph Association (APA) and some law enforcement agencies. Neither of these are what you would call objective. The APA's existence depends on people accepting that lie detectors work, and as we've seen all too often, police and district attorneys are happy to have something that appears to provide evidence that can convict someone. (Lie detector tests are rarely allowed as evidence against someone in court — that should tell you something — but "failing" a test can sway public opinion, and jury members aren't hermits.)
On the other side you have, well, dozens of groups and organizations with names like AntiPolygraph.org and StopPolygraph.com . If you're like me, you might at first blush think these are fringe groups with their own (hidden) agenda, and that they aren't about to provide unbiased information. After all, there's always a conspiracy theorist to be found.
Except that also on the anti-polygraph side I found the American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association, and 60 Minutes. They all found essentially the same thing: Lie detectors show what the examiners want them to show.
In 1986, 60 Minutes demonstrated this rather dramatically. Using Popular Photography magazine as a front, the producers hired several polygraphers to help find someone who had, they were told, stolen hundreds of dollars of photographic equipment. (No such theft had taken place.) Each examiner was told that a different one of the 'suspects' was probably the guilty party.
Lo and behold, each polygrapher fingered the suspect they were told ahead of time was probably guilty. Oops.
An American Medical Association expert testified before Congress that "the [lie detector] cannot detect lies much better than a coin toss." Further, an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association by the AMA's Council on Scientific Affairs said in part, "Though the polygraph can recognize guilty suspects with an accuracy that is better than chance, error rates of significant size are possible." Ouch.
A 1997 survey by the American Psychological Association found that psychologists feel that "The use of the polygraph (lie detector test) is not nearly as valid as some say and can easily be beaten and should never be admitted into evidence in courts of law." Eek.
In a briefing paper from 1996, the ACLU wrote : "Despite the claims of 'lie detector' examiners, there is no machine that can detect lies with any degree of accuracy. The 'lie detector' does not measure truth-telling; it measures changes in blood pressure, breath rate and perspiration rate, but those physiological changes can be triggered by a wide range of emotions such as anger, sadness, embarrassment and fear."
THREE KINDS OF POLYGRAPH TESTS
Only on television do polygraphers simply ask "Did you kill your wife?". In the real world the tests are complex; different tests ask different kinds of questions.
The most common form, and the one that no one of consequence seems to think is valid, is called the Control Question Test (CQT). It compares a suspect's reaction to relevant questions ("Did you strangle your boss?") with questions relating to possible prior, um, misdeeds ("Have you ever stolen anything from someplace you worked?").
Another kind is the Directed Lie Test (DLT), in which a suspect is told to deliberately lie before being asked the relevant question in order to see the differences in reaction. This is also of, shall we say, questionable validity.
The only kind of polygraph test that shows any kind of accuracy is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT). Rather than ask "Did you shoot your husband," the GKT attempts to determine whether the suspect knows something that only the guilty party would know (e.g., "Did you know that the knife was thrown out the kitchen window?").
Unfortunately, it's the least valid of these tests, the CQT, that is most often used.
(In the interests of accuracy, I should point out that these comments are regarding the most popular lie detector test, called the Control Question Test. See the sidebar.)
What does the APA have to say about this? Obviously they have a strong, convincing argument demonstrating that polygraphs are incredibly accurate. Or not.
According to its Web site , the organization has collected the results from 80 research projects published since 1980. Of those, 12 showed polygraphs to have 98% average accuracy, 11 showed 92% accuracy, 41 showed 80% accuracy, and 16 showed 81% accuracy.
In other words, of these 80 studies the APA itself mentions well more than half indicate the tests are wrong 19 or 20% of the time! How would you like to be the one out of five who loses his job because of an inaccurate polygraph test? One out of five — most of us would call that unconscionable.
(And job losses due to polygraph-like tests are nothing new. In the 1950s and '60s, several organizations in Canada — including the military, police, and civil service — tested applicants by measuring their perspiration, pupils, and pulse rate when shown pornographic images. Although subjects were told these tests were to measure stress, this cousin of the polygraph was actually designed to 'detect' homosexuality. Nicknamed the Fruit Machine, it cost a lot of people their jobs before it was finally eliminated.)
The APA goes on to say, "While the polygraph technique is not infallible, research clearly indicates that when administered by a competent examiner, the polygraph test is one of the most accurate means available to determine truth and deception." Switching to my Language Guy hat, this is a sentence you can't argue with. Considering that there is no real way to accurately determine truth or deception, saying that the polygraph is "one of the most accurate" ways is like saying "Reading tea leaves is one of the most accurate ways of divining the future." It's easy to compare yourself to zero.
People are more willing to believe that a polygraph is actually detecting lies because, unlike tea leaves, there's science involved—there are electrodes and graphs and machines. Technology just seems trustworthy. Unfortunately it's not, because lie detection isn't based on the technology itself so much as on the interpretation of what the tech says. And human interpretation is always subjective, as 60 Minutes proved.
Here's my advice: If you're ever asked to take a polygraph test, say "No way." If you have to — if it's a job requirement — relax and tell the truth. It won't make much of a difference.
Andrew Kantor is a technology writer, pundit, and know-it-all living in Columbus, Ohio; he's also a former editor for PC Magazine and Internet World. Read more of his work at kantor.com . His column appears Fridays at USATODAY.com.
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In World War Two Operation Avalanche was the Allied Invasion of which country? | Operation Avalanche (World War II) : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
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Invasion of Italy
Troops and vehicles being landed under shell fire during the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943.
Date
3 September 1943 – 16 September 1943
Location
Heinrich von Vietinghoff Strength 189,000(By September 16) 100,000 Casualties and losses 2,009 killed
7,050 wounded
The Allied invasion of Italy, was the Allied landing on mainland Italy on September 3, 1943, by General Harold Alexander 's 15th Army Group (comprising Mark Clark 's U.S. Fifth Army and Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army ) during World War II . The operation followed the successful invasion of Sicily during the Italian Campaign . The main invasion force landed around Salerno on the western coast in Operation Avalanche, while two supporting operations took place in Calabria ( Operation Baytown ) and Taranto ( Operation Slapstick ).
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Allied strategy
Following the defeat of the Axis Powers in North Africa , there was disagreement between the Allies as to what the next step should be. Winston Churchill in particular wanted to invade Italy, which in November 1942 he called the "the soft underbelly of the axis" (and general Mark Clark later called "one tough gut"). [1] Popular support in Italy for the war was declining, and he believed an invasion would remove Italy, and thus the influence of axis forces in the Mediterranean Sea , opening it to Allied traffic. This would very materially reduce the amount of scarce shipping capacity needed to supply Allied forces in the Middle East and Far East [2] at a time when the disposal of Allied shipping capacity was in crisis [3] and increase British and American supplies to the Soviet Union . In addition, it would tie down German forces, keeping them away from the Russian front. Stalin had been pressing to open a "second front" in Europe, which would weaken the Wehrmacht's invasion of Russia.
However, General George Marshall and much of the American staff wanted to avoid operations that might delay an invasion of Europe, discussed and planned as early as 1942, which finally materialized as Operation Overlord. When it became clear that no invasion could be undertaken in 1943, it was agreed to invade Sicily, with no commitment made to any follow-up operations. However, both Roosevelt and Churchill accepted the necessity of Allied armies continuing to engage the Axis in the period after a successful campaign in Sicily and before the start of one in north-west Europe; [4] The discussion continued through the Washington Conference in May but it was not until late July, after the course of the Sicily campaign had become clear and the fall of Mussolini, that the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructed Eisenhower to go ahead at the earliest possible date. [5]
Joint Allied Forces Headquarters AFHQ were operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre , and it was they who planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland.
The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, codenamed Operation Husky, was highly successful, although many of the Axis forces managed to avoid capture and escape to the mainland. To the Axis, this was viewed as a success. More importantly in late July a coup deposed Benito Mussolini as head of the Italian government, which then began approaching the Allies to make peace. It was believed a quick invasion of Italy might hasten an Italian surrender and produce quick military victories over the German troops that could be trapped fighting in a hostile country. However, Italian (and more so German) resistance proved relatively strong, and fighting in Italy continued even after the fall of Berlin . In addition, the invasion left the Allies in a position of supplying food and supplies to conquered territory, a burden which would otherwise have fallen on Germany. As well, Italy occupied by a hostile German army would have created additional problems for the German Commander-in-Chief Albert Kesselring . [6]
Plan
Map of the Invasion of Italy.
Salerno D-Day plan
Prior to Sicily, Allied plans envisioned crossing the Strait of Messina , a limited invasion in the "instep" area ( Taranto ), and advancing up the toe of Italy, anticipating a defense by both German and Italian forces. The overthrow of Benito Mussolini and the Fascisti made a more ambitious plan feasible, and the Allies decided to supplement the crossing of the Eighth Army with a seizure of the port of Naples . They had a choice of two landing areas: one at the Volturno River basin and the other at Salerno, both at the range limits of Allied fighter planes based in Sicily. Salerno was chosen because it was closer as air bases, experienced better surf conditions for landing, allowed transport ships to anchor closer to the beaches, had narrower beaches for the rapid construction of exit roads, and had an excellent pre-existing road network behind the beaches.
Operation Baytown was the preliminary step in the plan in which the British Eighth Army under General Bernard Montgomery would depart from the port of Messina on Sicily , to cross the Straits of Messina and land near the tip of Calabria (the "toe" of Italy), on 3 September 1943. The short distance from Sicily meant landing craft could launch from there directly rather than be carried by ship. British V Corps' British 5th Infantry Division would land on the north side of the "toe" while its 1st Canadian Infantry Division would land at Cape Spartivento on the south side. British General Bernard Montgomery was strongly opposed to Operation Baytown because he predicted it would be a waste of effort since it assumed the Germans would give battle in Calabria; if they failed to do so, the diversion would not work, and the only effect of the operation would be to place the Eighth Army 300 mi (480 km) south of the main landing at Salerno . He was proved correct; after Operation Baytown the Eighth Army marched 300 miles north to the Salerno area against no opposition other than engineer obstacles.
Plans for the use of airborne forces took several forms, all of which were cancelled. The initial plan to land glider -borne airborne forces in the mountain passes of the Sorrento Peninsula above Salerno was abandoned 12 August. Six days later it was replaced by Operation Giant, in which two regiments of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division would seize and hold crossings over the Volturno River. This was at first expanded to include the entire division, including an amphibious landing by the glider regiment, then deemed logistically unsupportable and reduced to a two-battalion drop at Capua to block the highway there. The Italian surrender on 3 September cancelled Operation Giant I entirely and replaced it with Operation Giant II, a drop of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment on Stazione di Furbara and Cerveteri airfields 25 mi (40 km) northwest of Rome to aid Italian forces in saving Rome from the Germans, a condition of the Italian armistice. Because the distance from the Allied beachheads precluded any substantial Allied support of the airborne troops, 82nd Airborne Assistant Division Commander Brig. Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor was spirited into Rome to assess the willingness of Italian troops to cooperate with the Americans. Taylor's judgment was that the operation would be a trap and he advised cancellation, which occurred late on the afternoon of 8 September as troop carriers were preparing to take off.
The main landings (Operation Avalanche) were scheduled to take place one week later on 9 September, during which the main force would land around Salerno on the western coast. It would consist of the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark , comprising the U.S. VI Corps under Major General Ernest J. Dawley , the British X Corps under Lieutenant General Richard McCreery , with the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division in reserve, a total of eight divisions and two brigade -sized units. Its primary objectives were to seize the port of Naples to ensure resupply, and to cut across to the east coast, trapping Axis troops further south.
In the original planning, the great attraction of capturing the important port of Taranto in the "heel" of Italy had been evident and an assault had been considered but rejected because of the very strong defenses there. However, with the signing of the armistice with the Italians on 3 September the picture changed. It was decided to carry the British 1st Airborne Division to Taranto using British warships, seize the port and several nearby airfields and follow up by shipping in British V Corps and a number of fighter squadrons. The airborne division, which was undergoing training exercises in two locations 400 mi (640 km) apart, was ordered on 4 September to embark on 8 September. With such short notice to create plans, Operation Slapstick was soon nicknamed Operation Bedlam. [7]
The Avalanche plan was daring but flawed; the 5th Army would be landing on a very broad 35 mi (56 km) front, using only three assault divisions, and the two Corps were widely-separated both in distance and by a river. Furthermore, the terrain was highly favorable to the defender. A U.S. Army Ranger force under Colonel William O. Darby consisting of three US Ranger battalions and two British Commando units was tasked with holding the mountain passes leading to Naples, but no plan existed for linking the Ranger force up with X Corps' follow-up units. Finally, although tactical surprise was unlikely, Clark ordered no naval preparatory bombardment or Naval gunfire support take place, despite experience in the Pacific Theatre demonstrating that it was necessary. [8]
Operation Avalanche was planned under the name Top Hat and supported by a deception plan Operation Boardman , a false threat of an Allied invasion of the Balkans .
German defensive organisation
In mid-August, the Germans had activated Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B) under Erwin Rommel with responsibility for German troops in Italy as far south as Pisa . [9] Army Command South (OB Süd) under Albert Kesselring continued to be responsible for southern Italy [10] and the German High Command formed a new army headquarters to be Army Command South's main field formation. The new Tenth Army (10. Armee) headquarters, commanded by Heinrich von Vietinghoff , was activated on 22 August. [11] German Tenth Army had two subordinate corps with a total of six divisions which were positioned to cover possible landing sites. Under XIV Panzer Corps (XIV Panzerkorps) was Hermann Goering Panzer Division (Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring), 15th Panzergrenadier Division (15. Panzergrenadier-Division) and 16th Panzer Division (16. Panzer-Division); and under LXXVI Panzer Corps (LXXVI Panzerkorps) was 26th Panzer Division (26. Panzer-Division), 29th Panzergrenadier Division (29. Panzergrenadier-Division) and 1st Parachute Division (1. Fallschirmjäger -Division). [12] von Vietinghoff specifically positioned the 16th Panzer Division in the hills above the Salerno plain.
Battle
Operations in southern Italy
US General Mark Wayne Clark on board USS Ancon during the landings at Salerno, Italy, 12 September 1943.
Map of the Salerno Beachhead at the end of 11 September 1943
On 3 September 1943, British Eighth Army's XIII Corps , which was composed of British and Canadian formations, launched Operation Baytown under General Bernard Montgomery 's direction. Opposition to the landings was light and the Italian units surrendered almost immediately. Albert Kesselring and his staff did not believe Calabria landings would be the main Allied point of attack, the Salerno region or possibly even north of Rome being more logical. He had already therefore ordered General Traugott Herr 's LXXVI Panzer Corps to pull back from engagement with 8th Army leaving only 29th Panzer Grenadier Division's 15th Panzergrenadier Regiment in the 'toe' of Italy. By 3 September, most of this unit was in prepared positions at Bagnara, some 25 mi (40 km) from the landings which it had orders to hold until 6 September. After this they were to withdraw to join the rest of 29th Panzergrenadier Division which was concentrating at Castrovillari, some 80 mi (130 km) to the rear. The Krüger Battle Group (two battalions of 71st Panzergrenadier Regiment, 129th Reconnaissance Battalion and detachments of artillery and engineers) under 26th Panzer Division, would then stand at Nicotera, roughly 15 mi (24 km) up the coast from Bagnara. [13]
On 4 September, 5 Division reached Bagnara, linked up with 1st Special Reconnaissance Squadron (which arrived by sea) and drove 3/15th Panzergrenadier Regiment from its position. On 7 September, contact was made with the Krüger Battle Group. On 8 September, 231st Brigade was landed by sea at Pizo, some 15 miles (24 km) behind the Nicotera defenses. They found themselves attacked from the north by a mobile force from 26th Panzer Division and from the south by the Krüger Battle Group which was withdrawing from the Nicotera position. After an initial attack which made no headway, the Krüger Battle Group veered away but the northern attack continued throughout the day before the whole German force withdrew at dusk. [14]
Progress was slow as demolished bridges, roadblocks and mines delayed Eighth Army. The nature of the countryside in the toe of Italy made it impossible to by-pass obstacles and so the Allies' speed of advance was entirely dependent on the rate at which their engineers could clear obstructions. [13] Thus, Montgomery's objections to the operation were proved correct: the Eighth Army could not tie down German units that refused battle and the main obstacle to their advance was the terrain and German demolitions of roads and bridges.
By 8 September, Kesselring had concentrated Heinrich von Vietinghoff 's 10th Army, ready to make a rapid response to any Allied landing. [15] In Calabria, Herr's LXXVI Panzer Corps had two Divisions concentrated in the Castrovillari area while its third division, 1st Parachute, was responding to the landings at Taranto, leaving only Battle Group von Usedom comprising a single battalion (1/67th Panzergrenadier Regiment) with detachments of artillery and engineers as the rearguard in the toe. [16] Meanwhile, Hube's XIV Panzer Corps was positioned to face possible landings from the sea with 16th Panzer Division in the Gulf of Salerno, the Hermann Göring Division near Naples and the 15th Panzergrenadier Division to the north in the Gulf of Gaeta. [17]
On 8 September (before the main invasion), the surrender of Italy to the Allies was announced. Italian units ceased combat and the Navy sailed to Allied ports to surrender. The German forces in Italy were prepared for this and implemented Operation Achse to disarm Italian units and occupy important defensive positions.
Operation Slapstick commenced on 9 September. As the first echelon of 1st Airborne arrived on four British cruisers, a US Cruiser and the British fast minelayer HMS Abdiel , they saw the Italian battleships Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio leaving with two cruisers to surrender in Malta. There were no Germans in Taranto and so the troops' disembarkation was unopposed. The only casualties occurred when the Abdiel, at anchor, struck a mine and sank in minutes killing 168 and wounding 126. [18] On 11 September, as patrols were sent further afield there were some sharp encounters with elements of the German 1st Fallschirmjäger Division, although the German division could do little but skirmish and fall back because most of its strength was attached to the 26th Panzer and the Herman Göring Divisions at Salerno. It was in one of these actions the British division's commander, Major General George Hopkinson was wounded and subsequently died. On 11 September the ports of Bari and Brindisi had been occupied. [18]
Salerno landings
Operation Avalanche - the main invasion at Salerno by the U.S. 5th Army - began on 9 September, and in order to secure surprise, the decision had been taken to assault without preliminary naval or aerial bombardment. However, tactical surprise was not achieved, as the naval commanders had predicted. As the first wave of the U.S. 36th Infantry Division approached the shore at Paestum a loudspeaker from the landing area proclaimed in English: "Come on in and give up. We have you covered." The Allied troops attacked nonetheless.
Major General Rudolf Sieckenius commander of 16th Panzer Division had organised his forces into four mixed arms battle groups which he had placed roughly 6 mi (9.7 km) apart and between 3 and 6 mi (4.8 and 9.7 km) back from the beaches. The Dőrnemann group was just east of Salerno (and therefore were opposite 46th Division when it landed), the Stempel battle group was between Pontecagnano and Battipaglia (and so faced the 56th Division), the Holtey battle group was in a reserve role at Persano on the Sele river which formed the corps boundary between X and VI Corps, while the von Doering battle group responsible for the Albanella to Rutino sector was 4 mi (6.4 km) south-east of Ogliastro, somewhat south of the 36th Division's beaches. [19]
X Corps, composed of the British 46th and 56th Divisions and a light infantry force of U.S. Rangers and British Commandos of Brigadier 'Lucky' Laycock's 2nd Special Service Brigade , experienced mixed reactions to its landings. The Rangers met no opposition and with support from the guns of HMS Ledbury seized their mountain pass objectives while the Commandos, from No. 2 Army Commando and 41st R.M. Commando, were also unopposed and secured the high ground on each side of the road through the La Molina Pass on the main route from Salerno to Naples. At first light units of 2nd Commando moved towards Salerno and pushed back a small force of tanks and armoured cars from 16th Panzer Reconnaissance battalion. [20]
The two British infantry divisions, however, met determined resistance and had to fight their way ashore with the help of naval bombardments. The depth and intensity of German resistance forced British commanders to concentrate their forces, rather than driving for a linkup with the Americans to the south.
At Paestum , the two lead battalions of the 36th (Texas) Division (from 141st and 142nd Regimental Combat Teams) received a hot reception from two companies of the von Doering group. [20] The division had not been in combat before and as a result of the Italian surrender, there was a general belief amongst the soldiers that the landings would be routine. [21] 141st RCT lost cohesion and failed to gain any depth during the day which made the landing of supporting arms and stores impossible, leaving them without artillery and anti-tank guns. [22] However, 142nd RCT fared better and with the support of 143rd RCT, the reserve formation which had landed by 0800, were able to push forward.
By the end of the first day the 5th Army, although it had not gained all its objectives, had made a promising start: X Corps' two assault divisions had pushed between 5 and 7 mi (8.0 and 11 km) inland and the special forces had advanced north across the Sorrento Peninsula and were looking down on the Plain of Naples. To the south, 36th Division had established itself in the plain to the right of the Sele river and the higher ground to a depth of 5 mi (8.0 km), although 141st RCT was still stuck near the beach. However, XIV Panzer Corps commander Hermann Balck had seen the 16th Panzer Division's battle groups perform as intended and he had ordered both the Hermann Gőring Division south to the battle and later in the day had been able to order 15th Panzergrenadier likewise. Meanwhile to the south, 29th Panzergrenadier Division from LXXVI Panzer Corps had also been directed to Salerno. [23] Neither side had gained the initiative.
Consolidation of the beachhead
For the next three days, the Allies fought to expand their beachhead while the Germans defended stubbornly to mask the build-up of their reinforcements for a counter-offensive. [24] On 10 September, Clark visited the battlefield and judged that it was unlikely that X Corps would be able to push quickly east past Battipaglia to link with VI corps. Since X Corps' main line of thrust was to be north towards Naples, he decided to move the VI Corps left hand boundary north of the Sele river and move the bulk of 45th Division into the gap. In view of the enemy reinforcements approaching from the north he also ordered a battalion-sized mixed arms group to reinforce the Rangers the next day. [25] Over the same period, German reinforcements filtered into the battlefield. Units, short of transport and subjected to other delays, arrived piecemeal and were formed into ad-hoc battle groups for immediate action. By 13 September, all the immediately available reinforcements had arrived including additional elements from 3rd Panzergrenadier Division which had been released by Kesselring from further north near Rome. [26] By contrast, the Allied build-up was constrained by the limited transport available for the operation and the pre-determined schedule of the build-up based on how, during the planning phase, it had been anticipated the battle would develop. By 12 September, it had become clear that 5th Army had an acute shortage of infantry on the ground. [27] On 12 September, General Alexander reported to London that: "I am not satisfied with the situation at Avalanche. The build-up is slow and they are pinned down to a bridgehead which has not enough depth. Everything is being done to push follow-up units and material to them. I expect heavy German counter-attack to be imminent." [28]
By 12 September, X Corps had taken a defensive posture because every battalion was committed and there were no reserves available to form an attack. [29] In the south, 36th Division made some progress but towards midday a counter-attack by elements of 29th Panzergrenadier Division overran 1st battalion 142nd Infantry.
German counterattacks
A German PAK near Salerno
On 13 September, the Germans launched their counteroffensive. While the Herman Göring battle groups attacked the northern flank of the beachhead, the main attack was on the boundary between the two Allied Corps which ran roughly from Battipaglia to the sea, with the greatest weight due to fall on the VI Corps side [30] On the morning of 13 September elements of 36th Division attacked and captured Altavilla in the high ground some 9 mi (14 km) behind Paestum but a counterattack forced them to withdraw as darkness fell. During the afternoon, two German battlegroups, the Kleine Limburg and the Krüger had attacked Persano and overrun 1st battalion 157th Infantry before crossing the Sele to engage 2nd battalion 143rd Infantry and virtually wipe it out. [31]
The battle groups continued their strike south and south-west until reaching the confluence of the Sele and its large tributary the Calore, where it was stopped by artillery firing over open sights, naval gunfire and a makeshift infantry position manned by artillerymen, drivers, cooks and clerks and anyone else that Walker, commander of 36th Division could scrape together. [32]
VI Corps had by this time lost the best part of three battalions and so the forward units of both its divisions were withdrawn to reduce the length of the defensive line. 45th Division consolidated at the Sele - Calore position while 36th Division was on the high ground on the seaward side of the La Caso stream (which flowed into the Calore). [33] The new perimeter was held with the assistance of the 82nd Airborne Division. Two battalions (1,300 paratroops) of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment , after the cancellation of Giant II, had been assigned to execute the final version of Operation Giant I at Capua on the evening of 13 September. Instead they jumped inside the beachhead, guided by transponding radar beacons and moved immediately into the line on the right of VI Corps. The next night, with the crisis passed, 2,100 troops of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment also parachuted into the beachhead and reinforced the 504th. A clear sign of the crisis passing was that when on the afternoon of 14 September, 180th infantry the final regiment of 45th Division landed, Clark was able to place it in reserve rather than in the line. [34] The 325th Glider Infantry Regiment , reinforced by the 3rd Battalion 504th PIR, landed by sea on 15 September. A night drop of 600 paratroops of the 2nd Battalion 509th Parachute Infantry to disrupt German movements behind the lines in the vicinity of Avellino was widely dispersed and failed, [35] incurring significant casualties.
With strong naval gunfire support from the British Royal Navy and well-served by Fifth Army's artillery, the reinforced and reorganized infantry units defeated all German attempts on 14 September to find a weak spot in the lines. German losses, particularly in tanks, were severe. In addition, on 14 September and the following night Tedder ordered every available aircraft to support 5th Army, including the strategic bomber force. Over 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped during the daylight hours of that day. [36]
On 15 September 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division went on the defensive, thus marking the end to the thrust towards Paestum. [37] Further north the Schmalz group of the Hermann Göring Division achieved surprise attacking 128th Infantry Brigade on the high ground east of Salerno. The armoured column following up was intercepted and driven back leaving the German infantry exposed. [38]
The Allied bomber effort continued on 15 September, although slightly less intense than the previous day, as did the naval bombardment. The arrival of the British battleships HMS Warspite and Valiant , with 15 in (38 cm) guns off the beaches provided the Allied troops with a morale boost, although Valiant was not required to shoot and Warspite's 29 rounds fired were awe-inspiring but a minor contribution to the naval 2,592 rounds fired in total that day. [39]
On 15 September, Kesselring reported to the High Command that the Allies air and naval superiority had forced LXXVI Panzer Corps onto the defensive and that a decisive success would depend on the current attack by XIV Panzer Corps. If this failed, Tenth Army must break off the battle to avoid being 'mangled'. [40]
On 16 September, the Schmalz group renewed its efforts on the X Corps front but with no more success. The airforce and navy continued to batter enemy targets, although during an air raid by fighters fitted with radio-controlled bombs, Warspite was hit and disabled which required her to be towed to Malta for repair. [35]
Eighth Army ordered to apply pressure
On 9 September, Montgomery's formations had been strung out along the coastal roads in the 'toe' of Italy. The build-up across the Straits of Messina had proved slow and he was therefore short of transport. On 9 September, he decided to halt his formations in order to reorganise before pushing on but Alexander replied on 10 September that "It is of the utmost importance that you maintain pressure upon the Germans so that they cannot remove forces from your front and concentrate them against Avalanche". This message was further reinforced on 12 September by a personal visit from Alexander's Chief of Staff. [41] Montgomery had no choice and while reorganising the main body of his troops sent light forces up the coast which reached Castrovillari and Belvedere on 12 September, still some 80 mi (130 km) from the Salerno battlefield. On 14 September, he was in a position the start a more general advance and 5th Infantry Division had reached Sapri (25 mi (40 km) beyond Belvedere) by 16 September where forward patrols made contact with patrols from VI Corps' 36th Division. [42]
German withdrawal
On 16 September, von Vietinghoff reported to Kesselring that the Allied air and naval superiority were decisive and that he had not the power to neutralize this. Tenth Army had succeeded in preventing troops being cut off and continuing the battle would just invite heavy losses. The approach of Eighth Army was also now posing a threat. He recommended to break off the battle, pivoting on Salerno to form a defensive line, preparatory to commencing withdrawal on 18/19 September. Kesselring's agreement reached von Vietinghoff early on 17 September. [43]
Salerno mutiny
The Salerno battle was also the site of the Salerno Mutiny instigated by about 600 men of the British X Corps, who on 16 September refused assignment to new units as replacements. They had previously understood that they would be returning to their own units from which they had been separated during the fighting in the North African Campaign , mainly because they had been wounded. Eventually the corps commander, McCreery, persuaded most of the men to follow their orders. The NCOs who led the mutiny were sentenced to death but were eventually allowed to rejoin units and the sentence was not carried out.
Further Allied advances
Map of the German prepared defensive lines south of Rome .
With the Salerno beachhead secure, the Fifth Army began its attack northwest towards Naples on 19 September. The 82nd Airborne, after suffering serious casualties near Altavilla Silentina , was shifted to X Corps, joining the Rangers and the British 23rd Armoured Brigade on the Sorrento Peninsula to flank the German defenses at Nocera Inferiore , which the 46th (North Midland) Division attacked. The 7th Armoured Division , passing through the 46th Division, was assigned the task of taking Naples, while the newly landed U.S. 3rd Infantry Division took Acerno on 22 September and Avellino on 28 September.
The 8th Army had been making good progress from the "toe" in the face of German engineer actions and linked with the 1st Airborne Division on the Adriatic coast . It united the left of its front with the Fifth Army's right on 16 September and advancing up the Adriatic coast captured the airfields near Foggia on 27 September. Foggia was a major Allied objective because the large airfield complex there would give the Allied air forces the ability to strike new targets in France, Germany and the Balkans.
A Squadron of the King's Dragoon Guards entered Naples on 1 October (whose occupying forces had just been ejected by a popular uprising ) and the entire Fifth Army, now consisting of three British and five U.S. divisions, reached the line of the Volturno River on 6 October. This provided a natural defensive barrier, securing Naples, the Campainian Plain and the vital airfields on it from German counterattack. Meanwhile, on the Adriatic coast, the British 8th Army had advanced to a line from Campobasso to Larino and Termoli on the Biferno river.
Aftermath
The German 10th Army had come close to defeating the Salerno beachhead. The stubborn initial resistance by 16th Panzer Division's battlegroups and the Germans' ability to reinforce them by land quicker than the Allies could land follow-up forces by sea or air had almost tipped the battle. 5th Army planners had concentrated the main weight of its forces in X Corps on its left wing, in line with its major objective of advancing on Naples. This had left its right wing thinly manned to defend X Corps' right flank and left a particular weakness at the corps boundary. [44] In the end, the Germans, aware of the limited time available to deal with the Salerno landings because of the inevitable arrival in due course of Eighth Army, were obliged to make hurried and uncoordinated attempts to force a quick decision [42] and had failed to break through Allied lines and exploit the gains in the face of total Allied air superiority and artillery and naval gunfire support. The Allies had been fortunate that at this time Adolf Hitler had sided with the view of his Army Group commander in Northern Italy, Field Marshall Erwin Rommel , and decided that defending Italy south of Rome was not a strategic priority. As a result, Kesselring had been forbidden to call upon reserves from the northern Army Group.
The success of the 10th Army in inflicting heavy casualties, and Kesselring's strategic arguments, led Hitler to agree that the Allies should be kept away from German borders and prevented from gaining the oil resources of the Balkans. On 6 November, [45] Hitler withdrew Rommel to oversee the build-up of defenses in northern France and gave Kesselring command of the whole of Italy with a remit to keep Rome in German hands for as long as possible. [46]
By early October, the whole of southern Italy was in Allied hands, and the Allied armies stood facing the Volturno Line , the first of a series of prepared defensive lines running across Italy from which the Germans chose to fight delaying actions, giving ground slowly and buying time to complete their preparation of the Winter Line , their strongest defensive line south of Rome. The next stage of the Italian Campaign became for the Allied armies a grinding and attritional slog against skillful, determined and well prepared defenses in terrain and weather conditions which favoured defense and hampered the Allied advantages in mechanised equipment and air superiority. It took until mid-January 1944 to fight through the Volturno , Barbara and Bernhardt lines to reach the Gustav Line, the backbone of the Winter Line defenses, setting the scene for the four battles of Monte Cassino which took place between January and May 1944.
Clark's award
General Mark W. Clark was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , the second-highest U.S. award for valor in combat, for his front-line leadership during this crisis. He was frequently seen in the most forward positions encouraging the troops. However, in the opinion of historian Carlo D'Este ,[citation needed] Clark's poor planning of the operation caused the crisis in the first place. Clark himself blamed the slowness of the Eighth Army for the beachhead crisis, for which there was at least some validity[citation needed].
In popular culture
| Italy |
Who famously left from Scampton? | OPERATION AVALANCHE - SALERNO ITALY
~ OPERATION AVALANCHE ~
SALERNO ITALY
The Italians capitulated just as the Allies left Sicily for mainland Italy. Operation Avalanche, the landings at Salerno, were no pushover, however, and this page gives a short account of the actions as far as Rome.
Background
After the fall of Sicily Mussolini was removed from power as the result of a palace revolution on 25th July 1943. King Victor Emmauel II confided the government to Marshal Badoglio. Officially the Badoglio government continued to support the German cause but it was evident that Italy was on the verge of surrender.
Mussolini was imprisoned in an inaccessible hotel in the Gran Sasso. Badoglio opened negotiations with the Allies via captured British General Carton de Wiart. American, British and Italian representatives met in Lisbon and an armistice was later signed at Syracuse on 3rd September, the very day the Allies, after the briefest possible lull in their operations, landed at Reggio in Calabria.
The Germans had been expecting the defection of their Italian allies and acted promptly. Rome was seized and the King and Badoglio slipped through the German net with the greatest of difficulty. Much of the Italian fleet, including four battleships and six cruisers, sailed to Malta and surrendered in early September.
The Landings
With the Italians out of the frame the British landings at Reggio on the 3rd September, and the seizure of Taranto on the 9th, were not contested. The situation was different in the Gulf of Salerno, south of Naples, where the US Fifth Army landed on the 9th. A landing further north was considered too risky because of enemy fighter cover and an American plan to land an airborne division at Rome was abandoned. It was realised that the Italian grip on the airfield there was too feeble to secure the area for the landing.
Five German divisions were concentrated against the Salerno beachhead and, after a few days, it looked as though the Allies would be compelled to re-embark. The Luftwaffe made its presence felt by scoring hits, with glider bombs, on the British battleship Warspite and two American cruisers. But the Allies had massive air support and by the 15th the Germans began to yield. On the 16th the advance guard of the Eighth Army, which had covered some 200 miles in the 13 days since their landing at Reggio, made contact with the Fifth Army about forty miles south-east of Salerno.
The Eighth Army now shifted the axis of its advance to the east coast. Using Brindisi and Taranto as bases they pushed up the coast to Bari which fell on the 22nd. Foggia, with its complex of airfields, fell on the 27th. Not until Montgomery reached the river Biferno did he encounter serious opposition. A commando landing seized Termoli and the town was subsequently held by 78 Division against the 16th Panzers' counter-attack. The campaign now became a fight for the river lines. Montgomery became methodical in his approach to these obstacles but not without criticism. General Fuller described Montgomery's approach as follows;.
'These tactics consisted in: (1) the building-up of such a superiority in every arm that defeat would become virtually impossible; (2) the amassing of enormous quantities of munitions and supplies; (3) a preliminary air and artillery bombardment of obliteration; (4) followed by a methodical infantry advance, normally begun under cover of darkness; and (5) followed by tanks, used as self-propelled artillery, to provide the infantry with fire support."
However the Germans fell back to Trigno and then Sangro under this irresistible advance. They fought relentlessly but eventually their resistance broke. On the west coast the pattern was similar. Naples fell on the 1st of November causing Kesselring to withdraw to Volturno and then under continued Americans pressure to Garigliano.
On the 24th of December preparations for Operation Overlord (the Normandy landings) made significant changes to the high command of Allied forces in the Mediterranean. Generals Eisenhower, Montgomery and Bradley, together with Air Chief Marshal Tedder, returned to England to take up new appointments. General Sir Henry Maitland-Wilson succeeded Eisenhower as theatre commander and Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese took over the Eighth Army.
Several Allied formations were withdrawn from the Mediterranean theatre to form the core of the invasion force for Normandy. This left General Alexander with the Eighth Army, comprising seven 'British Commonwealth' divisions and the Fifth Army under General Mark Clark which contained five American, five British and two French Divisions with a Polish division in reserve - a total of 20 divisions. To oppose the Allies Kesselring had 18 Divisions - 5 were holding down northern Italy, 3 were in reserve and only 10 were actually in the line.
The Battle of Garigliano began on the night of the 17/8 January but the Allies made very little progress. On the 2nd of February General Mark Clark, with 50,000 British and American troops (VI Corps, Lucas commanding) landed at Anzio. Instead of pushing inland and cutting the Germans supply lines to Garigliano, Clark dug-in to consolidate his beach-head while the German forces set about his containment. The conduct of the landing seriously impeded the Allied advance. It was a lost opportunity to inflict serious damage to the German rear but it was a lesson brought home to the planners of Overlord. A similar situation would not be allowed to develop on the beaches of Normandy.
Along the Garigliano the Germans stood fast with their hold on the great fortress of Cassino unshaken. On 29th January the Allies launched another attack on this little town but, by the 4th of February, it ended in failure. The Abbey of St Benedict, high above the area of conflict, was well placed to observe the whole battlefield. The Allies decided to remove the threat and on the 14th February they dropped leaflets on the abbey warning that it would be obliterated the following day. On the 15th 254 bombers dropped 576 tons of bombs and turned the Abbey into a heap of rubble. However the Germans had constructed bunkers and strong-points in the abbey which survived the bombardment and were actually strengthened by the rubble. After another days bombing the Allies launched a fresh attack on the 18th February following a five hour bombardment.
However this failed to resolve the problem of Cassino and the infantry was soon held up. Conditions began to resemble those of the Somme in the First World War. General Alexander, a veteran of the first world war, quickly called off the attack. On the 15th of March another attempt was made this time in excellent weather. The preliminary bombing of 1,400 tons was not remarkable for its accuracy. Allied positions were bombed up to twelve miles out from the target. There followed a two hour attack by 900 guns then tanks and infantry went in. Water-filled craters fouled up the tanks which should have supported the Infantry. After nightfall, this offensive was also halted.
Another offensive was launched on the 11th May. This time Cassino was outflanked and despite heavy losses the Polish Corps fought its way through to the north of the town and fell on it from the rear. Cassino fell on the 17th. The Poles took Monastery Hill on the 18th.
Simultaneously, The Allies broke out of the Anzio beachhead, but failed to cut the Germans lines of communication. General Mark Clark, obsessed with getting to Rome first, allowed the main body of the enemy to escape and took only 27,000 prisoners. Rome fell on the 4th of June. President Roosevelt commented;
'The first Axis capital is in our hands. One down and two to go!'
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In which sitcom did Dorien Green appear? | BBC - Comedy - Birds of a Feather
Birds of a Feather
Birds of a Feather
It's proved to be very rare for a British sitcom to place at its heart the (mis)adventures of a group of female lead characters.
With Birds of a Feather, writers Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran not only bucked the trend but found a formula to create a much-loved ratings smash.
The premise saw two sisters: Sharon and Tracey Stubbs, who've been living very different lives with very different experiences of marriage, suddenly brought together when both their spouses are convicted of armed robbery.
For hard-up Sharon her husband Chris's crime comes as no surprise but Tracey, who'd been living a nouveau-riche dream life in Chigwell, is shell-shocked to find her beloved Darryl could be a criminal.
Together the sisters must get used to their enforced new circumstances and Sharon moves in with richer Tracey, both to keep her company and enjoy the mod cons of her plush home.
They're rarely left alone, though, thanks to the nagging presence of sex-mad neighbour Dorien Green.
Actors Pauline Quirke and Linda Robson, who were cast as Sharon and Tracey respectively, had been friends since childhood and trained at theatre school together.
Having already appeared in previous Marks and Gran sitcom Shine on Harvey Moon, they made the roles of the Stubbs sisters their own and their chemistry and shared sense of timing made the show a joy to watch.
While the culture clash between Sharon and Tracey sparked much of the humour, undoubtedly the icing on the cake was delivered by Lesley Joseph as serial adulterer Dorien and her portrayal of this insatiable man-eater often stole scenes and even entire episodes.
While early series kept close to the plotline of the husbands’ incarceration, the scripts became increasingly ambitious, including a 1993 Christmas special set in Hollywood.
A massive hit from the word go in 1989, Birds of a Feather eventually clocked up nine seasons and remains not only a classic comedy but also, as a female-centred long-running series, a truly rare gem.
| Birds of a Feather |
What opened in 1958 in Marylebone Rd next to Madame Tussauds? | January | 2014 | Sitcom Lover's Corner
Sitcom Lover's Corner
A sitcom fanatic's take on all things from Britcom land!
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About a week ago, I posted that the Daily Mirror had reported that there was to be no more antics, trials and tribulations from everyone’s favourite Doncaster local shop.
Well, good news folks the BBC, yesterday confirmed that a six part series has been commissioned.
The BBC haven’t yet spoke of when the show will be back, other than later in the year and Roy Clarke is keeping mum about the plots but is ‘delighted’ to be bringing the show back.
David Jason who plays Granville told the BBC: “I am so delighted that we are doing a series of Still Open All Hours as the feedback from our Christmas special has been so rewarding and encouraging. We want to have more fun giving the audience the kind of show they seemed to appreciate. It goes to prove that the corner shop is still open all hours.”
With a carefully crafted script and good acting, I think the enjoyable, cosy comedy could be something special and nostalgic. I for one am looking forward to the end product and seeing how it compares (or differs) to the original. And of course how they will develop from the pilot.
Granville will don his trusty brown overall once more
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It is always risky brining back popular sitcoms so long after they have been off the air for more than a decade as the time has moved on and society has changed so where you once had something fresh and funny you could end up instead of breathing new life into your beloved programme you could be sucking all the air from it.
Over the Christmas period comedy fans had been promised a special treat in the form of ‘Still Open All Hours’, which for what it was worth was watchable and has a potential to be a full six part series but it did seem rather bitty in places and didn’t meet some people’s very high expectations.
Granville and son Leroy in highly anticipated Still Open All Hours
So when it came to ITV’s New Year attempt of bringing back the popular BBC ‘Birds of a Feather’ series the expectation was unanimously low mainly because compared with ‘Open all Hours.
Birds of a Feather isn’t regarded as a ‘classic’ and the major turn off for many critics was the fact the BBC had already rejected bringing back the original Essex girls to our screens.
‘Birds’ as many of its fans on Twitter have taken to call it was ground-breaking when it debuted onto our screens in 1989 was regarded as ‘groundbreaking’ as it featured the first all woman lead cast.
Cheers! The All woman lead cast is back
And it was the first series to put Essex on the culture map.
Naturally, with the country’s current obsession with all things Essex thanks to TOWIE the original Essex girls risked looking out of date as they were now just past middle age, so the writing team brought it up to date by having original cougar Dorien Green (played by Lesley Joseph) coming back down to earth with a bump after plagiarising ’50 Shades of Grey’.
With and Essex ‘obsessed’ culture it is possible that the birds are out of date
While the jokes in the new series do seem a trifle corny and predictable in comparison to the original series, it has managed to achieve what not many revived sitcoms do and remain up-to-date. With many jokes from Sharon (Pauline Quirke) hitting out at David Cameron’s government. Which also allowed new viewers to be introduced to the show without having to have any knowledge of the pervious batch.
Once the clunky first half of the opening episode had explained where the girls were now and what had happened to cause them all to be sharing a house again, there was a really cosy feeling that you were back watching the original series, it was like you were catching up with an old friend, you hadn’t seen in years and yet it was exactly like the last time you spoke. That is naturally down to the strong bonds the main cast have on and off-screen which really does make any series of ‘Birds’ a joy to watch.
Although it isn’t as laugh-out-loud funny and as enjoyable as the original I find it charming and a very easy watch, perfect on a dark day when it is nonstop raining. Though of course the ad break in between is a little irritable.
Tonight’s episode Heart’s for Sale, I think was the best in the series so far, the jokes are getting better and the writers seem to be getting better at writing for the characters. The essence of the original show was definitely at its strongest tonight and if that is the way it is heading then I am looking forward to lots more from the birds.
Despite the critics comments it seems many Twitter users agree with me and many live tweet each week saying it is just as good, funny and if not better than their stint at the BBC.
Bring on next weeks episode!
Just the tonic…. Brightening those winter evenings
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Tower Bridge was for many years the last of London’s bridges before the sea – what is now? | SECRET LONDON / Trivia / Thames_Bridges
SHOPPING TAKE A BREAK PEOPLE CALENDAR LINKS BLOG CONTACT
There are 33 bridges across the tidal Thames from Teddington Lock to the open sea. The first of those is Richmond, the last the Dartford Crossing, or Queen Elizabeth II bridge. Here is some trivia about the most interesting of the ones in Central London.
Any comments - or a suggestion for a London secret? Please e-mail me .
Thames Bridges
Vauxhall Bridge
The first bridge to carry a tram over the Thames. Built of steel, on granite piers, it was opened in 1906 and features eight bronze female sculptures representing the arts and sciences, made to use up surplus funds from the bridge-building. The River Effra flows under the MI6 building and into the Thames to the south of the bridge.
Tube: Vauxhall
Southwark Bridge
Opened in 1921, this replaced one designed by John Rennie that was noted for having the longest cast iron span (73 m) ever made, a bridge mentioned often by Charles Dickens. Below the bridge on the south side are some steps once used by Thames watermen to moor up while waiting for custom.
Tube: Southwark
Waterloo Bridge
The first bridge on this site was finished in 1817, two years after the Battle of Waterloo, for which it was named. This bridge opened in 1945, being built by a largely female workforce during World War II and is therefore known as the Ladies' Bridge. It was also the only Thames bridge damaged by German bombs during the war.
Tube: Waterloo
Albert Bridge
One of the few suspension bridges in London, and also among the most picturesque especially when illuminated at night. Designed by Rowland Ordish and opened in 1873 as a toll bridge, the toll-houses remain in place, but unused. With a reputation for being shaky, notices at both ends warn marching troops to break step when crossing.
Tube: Sloane Square
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge. The first bridge here opened in 1769 - the third bridge after old London Bridge and Westminster Bridge. It was named after the nearby Blackfriars Monastery. The present bridge was opened in 1869 by Queen Victoria and has five wrought iron arches to a design by Thomas Cubitt.
Tube: Blackfriars
London Bridge
This site dates backs to Roman times and was the first crossing of the Thames. The medieval bridge stood for more than 600 years being replaced only in 1831 with one whose lights were cast from Napoleonic cannons. This bridge - lights and all - was famously then sold to America, with the present bridge opening in 1973.
Tube: London Bridge
Tower Bridge
This historic bridge is still raised about 20 times a week to allow tall ships, cruise liners and other large boats to pass underneath. You can trust to luck, or check the website below, which lists the upcoming lifting schedule.
Tower Bridge EC1
| Elizabeth II |
What is computer assisted in the acronym CAD? | SECRET LONDON / Trivia / Thames_Bridges
SHOPPING TAKE A BREAK PEOPLE CALENDAR LINKS BLOG CONTACT
There are 33 bridges across the tidal Thames from Teddington Lock to the open sea. The first of those is Richmond, the last the Dartford Crossing, or Queen Elizabeth II bridge. Here is some trivia about the most interesting of the ones in Central London.
Any comments - or a suggestion for a London secret? Please e-mail me .
Thames Bridges
Vauxhall Bridge
The first bridge to carry a tram over the Thames. Built of steel, on granite piers, it was opened in 1906 and features eight bronze female sculptures representing the arts and sciences, made to use up surplus funds from the bridge-building. The River Effra flows under the MI6 building and into the Thames to the south of the bridge.
Tube: Vauxhall
Southwark Bridge
Opened in 1921, this replaced one designed by John Rennie that was noted for having the longest cast iron span (73 m) ever made, a bridge mentioned often by Charles Dickens. Below the bridge on the south side are some steps once used by Thames watermen to moor up while waiting for custom.
Tube: Southwark
Waterloo Bridge
The first bridge on this site was finished in 1817, two years after the Battle of Waterloo, for which it was named. This bridge opened in 1945, being built by a largely female workforce during World War II and is therefore known as the Ladies' Bridge. It was also the only Thames bridge damaged by German bombs during the war.
Tube: Waterloo
Albert Bridge
One of the few suspension bridges in London, and also among the most picturesque especially when illuminated at night. Designed by Rowland Ordish and opened in 1873 as a toll bridge, the toll-houses remain in place, but unused. With a reputation for being shaky, notices at both ends warn marching troops to break step when crossing.
Tube: Sloane Square
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge. The first bridge here opened in 1769 - the third bridge after old London Bridge and Westminster Bridge. It was named after the nearby Blackfriars Monastery. The present bridge was opened in 1869 by Queen Victoria and has five wrought iron arches to a design by Thomas Cubitt.
Tube: Blackfriars
London Bridge
This site dates backs to Roman times and was the first crossing of the Thames. The medieval bridge stood for more than 600 years being replaced only in 1831 with one whose lights were cast from Napoleonic cannons. This bridge - lights and all - was famously then sold to America, with the present bridge opening in 1973.
Tube: London Bridge
Tower Bridge
This historic bridge is still raised about 20 times a week to allow tall ships, cruise liners and other large boats to pass underneath. You can trust to luck, or check the website below, which lists the upcoming lifting schedule.
Tower Bridge EC1
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What is a line that joins two points of a circle? | Geometry and the Circle
Unit 2 > Lesson 1 of 6
A circle is an important shape in the field of geometry. Let's look at the definition of a circle and its parts. We will also examine the relationship between the circle and the plane.
A circle is a shape with all points the same distance from its center. A circle is named by its center. Thus, the circle to the right is called circle A since its center is at point A. Some real world examples of a circle are a wheel, a dinner plate and (the surface of) a coin.
The distance across a circle through the center is called the diameter. A real-world example of diameter is a 9-inch plate.
The radius of a circle is the distance from the center of a circle to any point on the circle. If you place two radii end-to-end in a circle, you would have the same length as one diameter. Thus, the diameter of a circle is twice as long as the radius.
We can look at a pizza pie to find real-world examples of diameter and radius. Look at the pizza to the right which has been sliced into 8 equal parts through its center. A radius is formed by making a straight cut from the center to a point on the circle. A straight cut made from a point on the circle, continuing through its center to another point on the circle, is a diameter. As you can see, a circle has many different radii and diameters, each passing through its center.
A chord is a line segment that joins two points on a curve. In geometry, a chord is often used to describe a line segment joining two endpoints that lie on a circle. The circle to the right contains chord AB. If this circle was a pizza pie, you could cut off a piece of pizza along chord AB. By cutting along chord AB, you are cutting off a segment of pizza that includes this chord.
A circle has many different chords. Some chords pass through the center and some do not. A chord that passes through the center is called a diameter.
It turns out that a diameter of a circle is the longest chord of that circle since it passes through the center. A diameter satisfies the definition of a chord, however, a chord is not necessarily a diameter. This is because every diameter passes through the center of a circle, but some chords do not pass through the center. Thus, it can be stated, every diameter is a chord, but not every chord is a diameter.
Let's revisit the definition of a circle. A circle is the set of points that are equidistant from a special point in the plane. The special point is the center. In the circle to the right, the center is point A. Thus we have circle A.
A plane is a flat surface that extends without end in all directions. In the diagram to the right, Plane P contains points A, B and C.
Can you think of some real world objects that satisfy the definition of a plane? At this level of mathematics, that is difficult to do. Intuitively, a plane may be visualized as a flat infinite sheet of paper. The top of your desk and a chalkboard are objects which can be used to represent a plane, although they do not satisfy the definition above.
A circle divides the plane into three parts:
the points INSIDE the circle
the points OUTSIDE the circle
and the points ON the circle
the points inside the circle
the points outside the circle
the points on the circle
You can see an interactive demonstration of this by placing your mouse over the three items below.
A circle divides a plane into three parts:
the points INSIDE the circle
the points OUTSIDE the circle
and the points ON the circle
Example 1:
The length of DB is 2.5 inches
Summary:
A circle is a shape with all points the same distance from its center. A circle is named by its center. The parts of a circle include a radius, diameter and a chord. All diameters are chords, but not all chords are diameters. A plane is a flat surface that extends without end in all directions. A circle divides the plane into three parts: The points inside the circle, the points outside the circle and the points on the circle.
Exercises
Directions: Refer to the diagram to answer each question below. Select your answer by clicking on its button. Feedback to your answer is provided in the RESULTS BOX. If you make a mistake, choose a different button.
1. Which of the following is a chord, but not a diameter?
| Chord |
Which son of King David was caught by his hair in a tree while fleeing on a mule? | Parts of a Circle | Circle Parts | [email protected]
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Every geometric shape like Circle, triangle, rectangle, square etc has one center and when we rotate any geometric shape around its center, its orientation remains same means length of any straight line from center to its edge remains same, like we have a circle, whose radius is equal to 7 inch, then from center Point to each point of circle, the length of Straight Line is equals to 7 inch because it behave like a Radius of Circle and this center is called as a centre of a circle. For finding the centre of circle, we use following methods.
Method 1: If two edge points of Diameter is given like we have a circle, whose two diameter edge points are (p, q) and (h, k), then Center of Circle C (x, y) is equals to,
x = (p + h) / 2 and y = (q + k) / 2,
These two ‘x’ and ‘y’ points are called as a center of circle in this situation.
Suppose we have a diameter, whose edge points are A (4, 7) and B (6, 9), then center of circle–
x = (4 + 6) / 2,
= 16 / 2,
= 8.
So, center point of circle x = 5 and y = 8 means C (5, 8) is a center of circle.
Method 2: If a circle equation is given like–
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2,
Then here value of ‘a’ and ‘b’ is behaving like a center of circle and value of center of circle is equals to C (a, b).
Suppose, we have a circle equation–
(x – 5)2 + (y – 7)2 = r2,
Then center point of circle in this situation are x = 5 and y = 7 or C (5, 7) is the center of circle.
Chord
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In Geometry, as we know that we study about different shapes. Starting with the basic elements, viz., point, line & plane, some shapes might be rectilinear while some others curved; some might be plane figures & some others are solids. In plane figures some might be 2 dimensional while some others might be 3 dimensional. In spite of all such classifications, we start geometry with a Point which has neither length nor breadth, nor height whereas the next proceeding element, i.e., line is a 1 dimensional concept which has only length.
As we just mentioned that some of the shapes might be rectilinear while others curved, in curved figures we will learn about Circle & its chord. A circle is a closed curved figure which is drawn by joining a number of points which are equidistant from a fixed point. This fixed point is called the Centre of the circle & is denoted by ‘O’. The distance from the centre to any point on the circle is called the radius, ‘r’ of the circle.
Now let us know about the chord of a circle. As stated just above that a circle is formed by joining a number of points, these points when joined form a closed curve which is the boundary of the circle. Now if we join any one point on this curve to the centre of the circle, it is termed as the radius of the circle. But if we join any two points on the curve or the boundary of the circle, it is called the chord of the circle. In simpler words, a chord is a line segment joining any two points on a circle, example: if we take two points A & B on the circle & join them, we say that AB is the chord of the circle. This is all about chords of a circle.
Sector of a Circle
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We are already familiar with Circles & some terms associated with them. Let us recall that a Circle is a closed curve formed by joining all the points which are equidistant from a fixed Point, ‘O’ in its Centre. This fixed point is the centre of the circle.
In this session, we will learn about a new term associated with circles, i.e., sector of a circle. To understand this concept, let us recall here what the terms radius & arc of a circle Mean. By radius of a circle, we mean the line segment joining the centre of the circle to any point on its boundary. As all the points on the circle are equidistant from its centre, thus radius of a circle is same irrespective of the point taken on a particular circle. Also, the arc of a circle is a part of its curve or the boundary.
Sector of circle is the area enclosed by an arc & the two radii joining the end points of the arc to the centre of the circle.
With the help of any given arc & the radii we can identify two sectors of a circle. One is the sector covered by the smaller part of the circle, i.e., the Minor Arc & it gives us the minor sector. Whereas, if we see the other side of the same arc, i.e., the bigger part or the Major Arc , in other words, we get the major sector. Thus, the two radii & the same two points on the circle defining the arc, give us two different sectors of the circle, minor sector & the major sector .
Diameter
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Circle can be defined as closed round shaped figure. Diameter is one of the terminologies that we use for circle. Diameter of circle is defined as a line that passes from center and touches two points on boundary of circle. Often the word diameter is used to refer line itself. Diameter is twice of radius and is also called as Chord. Chord is defined as any line that joins two points on a circle. So, we can say that diameter is a chord which passes through center of circle and it is also the longest possible chord of circle.
If we have to calculate area or circumference of circle then we need to diameter or radius. As area of circle is given as:
Area = πr2,
Here, 'r' is the radius or we can say half of diameter and 'π' is constant and its value is 3.14 or 22 / 7. If diameter or radius is known then we can easily determine Area of a Circle. Similarly, circumference of a circle is given as:
Circumference = 2 π r,
Here again 'π' is constant and 'r' is radius. So if radius or diameter is given then one can easily calculate area and circumference of circle by putting values in their respective formulas.
Segment of Chords
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Who was the false god representing greed and wealth cited in the New Testament? | Mammon – god of wealth, materialism
Mammon – god of wealth, materialism
December 21st, 2013 | Author: Yahulia
“No one can be slave to two masters; for he will either hate the first and love the second, or scorn the second and be loyal to the first. You can’t be a slave to both God and mammon.”
This deity is found in the New Testament in Matthew 6:19-21. He is the god of material wealth and greed and is sometimes included in the seven princes of hell along with Lucifer (pride), Beelzebub (envy), and Satan (wrath).
From the Greek, mamona, mammon means ‘riches’; from the Hebrew mmon, it means wealth, possessions, and money. It also has the underlying meaning of ‘that in which one trusts.’ In the Scriptures, mammon is personified as a false god representing excessive materialism or greed. During the Middle Ages, mammon was the god of gluttony, riches, and injustice.
| Mammon |
Of which race was Delilah a member? | Mammon - The Wiki of the Succubi - SuccuWiki
6 External Links
Etymology
Scholars do not agree about its etymology, [1] but it is theorized that Mammon derives from Late Latin mammon, from Greek "μαμμωνάς", Syriac mámóna ("riches"), [2] Aramaic mamon ("riches, money"), [1] [3] a loanword from Mishnaic Hebrew 'ממון (mmôn) meaning money, [4] [5] [6] wealth, [7] or possessions; [8] although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts". [1]
The Greek word for "Mammon", μαμμωνάς, occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (during the discourse on ostentation) and in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:9–13). The Authorised Version keeps the Syriac word; John Wycliffe uses richessis.
Christians began to use the name of Mammon as a pejorative, a term that was used to describe gluttony and unjust worldly gain in Biblical literature. It was personified as a false god in the New Testament. {Mt.6.24; Lk.16.13} The term is often used to refer to excessive materialism or greed as a negative influence.
The Revised Standard Version (RSV) of the Bible explains "mammon is a Semitic word for money or riches." [9] The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording, "You cannot serve God and money at the same time." [10]
Personifications
"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." – Matthew 6:19–21,24 (KJV)
In the Bible, Mammon is personified in Luke 16:13, and Matthew 6:24, the latter verse repeating Luke 16:13. In the Greek, Luke 16:9, and Luke 16:11 also personify Mammon.
Early mentions of Mammon appear to stem from the personification in the Gospels, e.g., Didascalia, "Do solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus"; and Saint Augustine, "Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur" (Serm. on Mt., ii). Gregory of Nyssa also asserted that Mammon was another name for Beelzebub .
During the Middle Ages, Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus Peter Lombard (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." Piers Plowman also regards Mammon as a deity. Nicholas de Lyra (commenting on the passage in Luke) says: "Mammon est nomen daemonis" (Mammon is the name of a demon).
Albert Barnes in his Notes on the New Testament states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an idol worshipped as the god of riches, similar to Plutus among the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement. [11]
No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists, [8] and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. John Milton's Paradise Lost describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things. [12] [13] Later occultist writings such as Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For Thomas Carlyle in Past and Present, the 'Gospel of Mammonism' became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the nineteenth century.
Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves being associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed".
In Various Countries
"Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon in Slavic countries. Currently, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in the Polish language as a synonym to money. This, however, has biblical origins; see above. The word "mammona" is quite often used in the Finnish and Estonian languages as a synonym of material wealth.
In German, the word "Mammon" is a colloquial term for "money". [14]
In Arabic, the word amaana means a "financial or material trust held for someone else". Its triliteral root is /aleph – mim – nun/ and so it is likely a cognate with Syriac mámóna. Sumerian, however, is not a Semitic language, although it was supplanted by Akkadian, which is a Semitic language. In the Quran, a character named Haman is mentioned along with the name "Pharaoh" on six occasions in two Surahs, 28:6; 28:8; 28:38; 29:39; 40:34; and 40:36. Muslim tradition identifies this Haman as a person of incredible wealth.
In Popular Culture
Various characters and demons are named Mammon in books, film, TV, anime, and video games.
References
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Lake Vanern is the largest lake in which country? | LakeNet - Lakes
Socio-Political
Economic Value
For centuries Lake V�nern was an all-important link in transport and travel. The lake is still a main transportation route.
Major Cities
Watershed Management
Description
Under new inland water legislation passed in 1993, Sweden now separates professional and non-professional fisheries management. Recreational fishing is managed mainly by gear limitations.
The management of Swedish inland and coastal fisheries is based on long term research and development work coordinated by the National Board of Fisheries. The Board is working to investigate, protect and rehabilitate the original Swedish freshwater crayfish and has an action plan for protecting inland water biodiversity and promoting sustainability. Biodiversity in stream populations has been studied and negative effects on biodiversity were found in acidified waters and waters with extensive hydroelectric power development.
The Lake Vanern Society for Water Conservation (see links) has established a Chemicals & Hazardous Chemicals Project. The use of chemicals in various operations conducted around the shores of the lake is being reviewed and, where appropriate, concrete proposals for the use of more environmentally acceptable alternatives are being put forward.
Issues
A chlor-alkaline plant caused serious mercury contamination of water, sediments and fish in the 1980's. There is also some zinc and cadmium pollution to the lake from pulp mills. Thanks to reductions in operating pulp mills, organic matter levels in the lake have been reduced significantly. Phosphorus levels have also dropped since 1980 and the current management goal is to keep them at existing levels.
About 75% of the water from tributaries passes through areas of archipelago islands before reaching open water, resulting in some localized aras of pollution around closely-spaced islands.
Other Issues
Biodiversity Conservation
Description
Lake Vanern has the most species-rich fish fauna in Sweden. 34 species reproduce in either the lake or its tributaries. The lake is home to huge numbers of waterfowl and seabirds. Thirty species of birds breed near the lake.
Since a growing number of the pulp mills have closed down, there has been a successive improvement in the abundance and diversity of bottom fauna. Sadly, most spawning and growth habitat for salmon have been destroyec and natural reproduction is almost non-existent.
Designations
Species of Concern
Species that are under acute threat include naturally spawning salmon and salmon trout (salmon and salmon trout from the Gullsp�ngs�lv and Klar�lv rivers, and salmon trout from the Tidan) and, among waterfowl, the Caspian tern and turnstone.
Documents
| Sweden |
What is the capital of Sardinia? | Lake Wener - definition of Lake Wener by The Free Dictionary
Lake Wener - definition of Lake Wener by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lake+Wener
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
Vä·nern
(vā′nərn, vĕ′-)
A lake of southwest Sweden. It is the largest lake in the country and navigable for small oceangoing ships via the Göta Canal.
Vänern
(Swedish ˈvɛːnərn)
n
(Placename) Lake Vänern a lake in SW Sweden: the largest lake in Sweden and W Europe; drains into the Kattegat. Area: 5585 sq km (2156 sq miles)
Vä•nern
a lake in SW Sweden. 2141 sq. mi. (5545 sq. km).
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Lake Vanern
Kingdom of Sweden , Sverige , Sweden - a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula
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King Michael abdicated in 1947 from which throne? | King Michael of Romania and Michael of Romania his only son MichaelofRomania.com
Home
King Michael of Romania has only one son Michael II of Romania who is also known as Mihai Von Hohenzollern II. Michael II descends from Queen Victoria, and the Prussian House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which provided Romania’s first King, Carol I. King Michael I abdicated on December 30, 1947 and went into exile during communism. Michael II was exiled and raised under protection in United States. Mihai II is proud of his children and grand children that all continue to live in the United States. Now living in California, he continues to promote the interests and culture of his Romanian homeland and considers Bucharest his hometown. This is the official web site authorized by Michael II of Romania. Michael II is the Head of House for the Romanian branch of the Hohenzollern line by agnatic primogeniture law after the abdication of Michael I in 1947. However Mihai continues refer to his Father as King Michael out of respect only. You may contact Michael’s office at Mihai Von Hohenzollern II on facebook.
Contact Michael II's office: https://www.facebook.com/mihaivonhohenzollernII
Regele Mihai a fost silit să abdice la 30 decembrie 1947. Mihai II este singurul fiu al regele Mihai I al României. Mihai II s-a născut în Elveţia şi a fost crescut în America. Prin Legea salică, Mihai II devenit șeful Casei Regale de România după abdicarea tatălui său la 30 decembrie 1947.....JR, Site Administrator
Title Corrected
Nicolas Medforth-Mills
Recently my nephew had his title removed by my father, Former King Michael I. The act did not surprise me in the least. This is an expected action; for my nephew should never have been placed in a position of succession. Many people may find the concept of royalty to be defunct, but the reality is quite the opposite. Holding the proper title is a serious position and enables the person do very positive and powerful work for the public. As has been explained in previous articles, when my Father abdicated, that position was forwarded to me. Also, it is most imperative to say, that with all respect to my Father, he was not given proper and accurate information concerning my person after I was evacuated to the United States. He now has the proper knowledge of me and my intent. I am in agreement with him on the matter of my nephew's correction of position.
The Kennedy Glasses a Gift From the White House
Michael II's Personal Collection: The Kennedy Glasses and Jacqueline Kennedy With The Glasses
Our Mother was not Royal, this I have already stated, but the maternal side of our family are American and the United States does not recognize titles of nobility; rather American ideals are that to embrace public service for the benefit of all. Our Mother served the people of the United States through high levels of work that did not allow for public accolades. Her funeral was marked with a flyover by F15s. She could only receive such an honor and acknowledgment posthumously. Our Mother gave myself and my Sister Princess Margarita much to be proud of. Our Mother believed in service, and her work placed her and family at certain government events, which included President John F. Kennedy's inauguration. The photo is of the glasses she passed to me, that were the glasses used by President Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline during the inauguration. My Mother had valuable things, but the gift of these modest glasses were precious to her and reminded her of an exciting time in her career and of the new possibilities and change that the Kennedy administration began.
World War II: So Much Stolen
Reflecting on the recent movie “ Woman in Gold ” involving Maria Altmann's fight against the Austrian government to reclaim what was stolen during WWII. The true title of the painting is “ Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I ” and the name 'The Woman In Gold' robbed Ms. Bloch-Bauer of her of her identity. Identity is a very basic right. The movie was a testament to truth, trials, tribulation, and over coming fear. However, the fight for justice and believing in yourself is an inspiration. My campaign to gain my rightful identity and return to truth, involves identity theft and turning very serious wrongs around. The movie showed a lot of aspects that I had to face as a young child and as an adult; however in the end my position will prevail. I want it to be understood that this is not vengeance against my father in any way. It is simply the truth and justice. I will never withdraw in defeat; quite the opposite. That said, it is also important to point out that this is not just about the Romania Royal Family. Other closely related royal families as well as governments were and are very involved in the wrong doings. As the truths are further revealed, many will hang their heads in shame. I have always worked for and with the people, and Romanians will see this. The people will be the judge.
The Decoys: The Prince and the Paupers
The maneuver to take young Michael II out of Europe involved security and protection. Situating him in a rural part of the east coast and giving him a new identity was one aspect. However, there was the sad situation of the the stand-ins. The unsuspecting boys were adopted into a family in the Washington DC area, and one into a family in Germany. If danger arose the paper trail would lead to one of these boys. These decoys would most likely end up the target if danger came knocking at the door. Michael II expressed, “I understand how terrible and dark this reality was; valuing one child's life above that of another child's. There is no adequate way the people responsible can compensate these men for how they were used. It is regretful... the politics of war is ugly. I wouldn't be surprised if another decoy was found to have been placed in Canada or the United Kingdom”
Our Mother's Enduring Personality
Our mother was a very petite beautiful woman, with an unassuming presence that people gravitated to. She was intelligent and witty with a laugh that one would never forget. Her classic elegance made quite a statement. She moved through life without wearing her experiences on her sleeve. The terrible hurtful darkness she must have felt to be forced to give up her children. A daughter she would never see, and a son to be raised in a way she never approved of; but was forced to remain silent. The political pressures were intense. However, the victors don't always have the last say.
The Web of Corruption
The discovery, exposure, and discussion of corruption is an important element in the world today. I will begin relating the corruption associated with myself. The two fold importance is not only the relevance to me, but also to the people so they are aware.
Our Mother
My sister and I were born just a few minutes apart. I was named after my father and an uncle. Our mother once said that Margaret was her favorite name and so my sister Margarita was given that name after our Mother's close friend and sister in-law Aunt Margaret. Our Mother was a patriot so she entered the war effort by joining the intelligence service. She was fluent in Slavic languages, as well as French. Our mother's family was a perfect example of what used to be referred to as a government family. There were other members of the family working in Washington in various branches of intelligence; and of course it was taboo to discuss this topic. The service recruited within the family and harnessed that family loyalty to serve the government: working with who you know and can control. Our mother was the highest ranking in the family, working domestically and abroad, with family only having a vague knowledge of her whereabouts. I remember her working in Washington at the Pentagon as a liaison. She was not royal, but was our father's equal and became his wife when she became pregnant with us. This of course is when our father's life became complicated among royal circles. This is also the point where corruption and greed began to disrupt my life. It is time to discuss what happened plainly and in direct terms. Our mother said that giving up her children was the darkest period of her life.
The Pope Objects To A Second Marriage To Princess Anne
The fact that Pope Pius XII objected to the marriage of our Father and Princess Anne is still a question asked. The simple truth is that Pope Pius did not take issue that our Step Mother is Catholic and our Father is Orthodox. The Pontiff’s objection was very simple that our Father's first marriage produced children; myself and my sister Margarita, and thus the first marriage to our Mother remained valid. Though our Grandmother “Queen Mother Helen” pounded her fists in her meeting with Pope Pius he would not give his blessing to a new and hastily arranged second marriage to Princess Anne. The truth is really quite simple.
Pope Pius Stands Firm, Princess Anne Should Not Marry a Man Who Is Already Married
Ownership of Responsibility
It is well understood and explained that as a young boy, Michael was brought to the states for security, stability, and privacy. However, at this point as time has marched forward, his life and background has been revealed and is of international interest. Responsibility for his safe return and reunion with his people is not just the responsibility of Romania, but of many and most Royal Families of Europe. Accountability for such an injustice rests on many shoulders. The people would be shocked to know the identity of some of those proud, but shriveling, shoulders. Remember, all secrets eventually are revealed.
A Dangerous Post-War World For Michael II of Romania
In Post-War Europe Romanovs Male Romanovs Were In Real Danger Including The Hohenzollerns
Michael II rarely responds to personal questions, however he is pleased to respond to the confusion regarding his separation from his twin sister and his family. His response was, “It is easy to forget the political situation of Europe in the late 40,s right after such a terrible and devastating war. Though the Romanian Royal Family was responsible for liberating Romania from the Ottoman Empire, bringing the country out of a dark age and modernizing the country before World War II, the memory of the Royal Family's efforts were virtually erased during communism. With the the line of succession resting on the male child of the last Romanian King, there was a very real danger from the Stalinist regime in Moscow, as well as the post war regime in Bucharest. As the head of one of the two surviving lines of the Romanovs, my family was well aware of the desire to exterminate Royals; as was the fate of Tzar Nicolas II and his family. The Soviet Empire wanted to keep Romania within the Eastern Block, and a male heir to the Romanian throne was a potential threat that could be easily managed by assassinating a child. Hiding me was not so difficult, considering the technologies and constraints on the news media of the time. Therefore, it was both easy and essential to hide the child king. In recent years with the forthcomings of Edward Snowden and others, it is important to not be naive to the will of government forces protecting secrets and betrayals.
Royal Twins
There is often confusion of the differences between fraternal and identical twins. Identical twins are genetically identical and are essentially mirror images of each other; and of course are of the same gender. On the other hand, fraternal twins are siblings born together, and although they may look much alike they are genetically different and can be born of opposite genders, as with Michael II and Princess Magarita. Giving birth to twins is often a trait that runs in the family, as is the case for Michael and Margarita's Mother. As for Michael II, his appearance favors the Hohenzollerns back to Ferdinand and Carol II; more than his own Father does. It is equally interesting and gratifying that his Sister Princess Margarita looks so much like their deceased Mother, who Michael and his children were able to know so well near the end of her life. “Our Mother was always reluctant to talk about the past, but described having to give up her children as an unbearable dark time in her life.” Michael also notes about his Mother “She was truly treated terribly by our Father and even worse by my Grandmother Queen Helen... There is much to be corrected and there are no innocents living in my Father's house.”
Parenting and Values of Michael I of Romania
Michael II responds to the neglect issue by stating, “Certainly there is no excuse for not accepting parental responsibility. However, regardless of marital and political issues at the time of the birth of myself and my sister, there have been many opportunities to put things right. That said others must shoulder the blame with my Father. There were and are many Royal Houses in Europe with knowledge of the situation and in recent years they have had the opportunity to communicate. They have protected each other. I make exception to Denmark and appreciate the response and assistance. This statement comes at the time of the date strategically chosen for the official birthday for myself and my sister, March 26, 1949. A date that would be an acceptable match for the marriage date of our Father to Princess Anne. We are indeed older and not born in March.”
The True Life of Michael I of Romania: Duping the Public
There is not a society or culture that condones the abandonment of a child. How a person cares for their child is the reflection of ones true character and where they should belong in society. Michael II has been asked to comment about his exile and he has been generous to his Father and has given him plenty of opportunity to show a change in maturity and of character. However it is time to bring the truth forward and dispel the fairytail of the white knight that married a Danish princess. Michael II will begin to publicly reflect on the past, a life in exile, and the greed that has protected a false king.
The False King: Michael I of Romania
People automatically assume that when a person of power makes decisions, they actually have the authority to make such decisions. Former King Michael I portrays that he is still head of the Romanian Royal Family. Abdication is final. Salic law was intact and applicable when he abdicated in 1947. Therefore his title was passed to his only son and first born. Former King Michael I did not have the authority to change or attempt to change Salic law and place Princess Margarita in a position above her twin brother. The line of succession is to be determined by Michael II; and he has his line.
Saving The Line of The Romanian Royal Family
It has been a recurring question as why Michael was brought to the United States and did not remain in Europe. As head of the Romanian Royal Family since his Father's abdication, Michael II's safety became the key issue. Early, when communism had just been forced upon the Romanian people the only male child of the Royal line was a danger to the new regime and Stalinist tactics were a very real concern in Europe. Also the American operative closely tied to the family took the responsibility of rescuing, protecting, and safely bringing Michael into exile in the United States. She was also instrumental in the development and implementation of his cover.
The Woman Who Saved The Romanian Royal Family Line
Don't lie, but don't tell everything you know...Don't act too smart... A young child has not yet mastered the science of rationalizing or lying; they are innocent. For Michael he learned enough at a young age not to trust. A young child has a mind that takes in everything and remembers perfectly, however he knew not to disclose his memories to his protector.
For Michael the memories are vivid of the people connected to his early years; from his family to the time with the order that protected him. Perhaps that is where he developed the skill to hide and be very silent. “I could hide directly in front of someone and not be seen”. How to blend in was a key for his safety.
Where do you safely hide the boy that is head of the Romanian Royal Family so he will blend in and not be found? His American adventure would begin briefly in Washington D.C. and from there his hiding place; very rural New England.
The transition was not an easy. New environment and many new faces. An major element of the strategy was a new name. Michael spent a lot of time rebuking this and remembers repeatedly say, “ That IS not my name.” it was difficult to accept the changes.
"The first time I met you you couldn't speak English well and you brought M&Ms" is how Michael's cousin and childhood friend remembers the arrival. "That was at XXXXXXX's home on XXXXXXX in Washington.... you broke a lamp." It was all so unfamiliar and frightening for a small boy. This is where the drop off occurred and Michael would leave for rural New England to begin a new life with a new name in America, but it would never feel quite like home. "That is not my name!"
Michael also had to adjust to being alone. The connection twins have with one another is well known. The studies of twins who have been separated from a young age are particularly interesting.... Even into his early adulthood, people would try to dispel the notion of a twin; but Michael never gave into the game. "Twins are very sensitive to each other and my Sister is no exception. As one of my children looks just like her I am constantly reminded of my sister and our connection."
Along with an entire new venue young Micheal II also had to adjust to being moved around a lot. It was as if he was lulled into a very false sense of reality. A few years ago a confession was made to him by a person who was close to him during those difficult young years. “ I always felt bad for you because you never had a childhood.....you had to grow up quickly. You were moved around and had to live with total strangers; for your protection.”
| Romania |
Whose forthcoming musical is entitled Viva Forever? | Romania prince stripped of title by former king for lacking 'modest moral principles' - Telegraph
Romania
Romania prince stripped of title by former king for lacking 'modest moral principles'
Romanians shocked by move against popular prince, in country that holds family in high regard despite formally being a republic
Romania's former King Michael stands next to Prince Nicholas on the balcony of his residence in Bucharest Photo: AP
By AP
6:06PM BST 11 Aug 2015
Romania 's former King Michael has stripped his only grandson of his royal title in a move that has stunned Romanians.
Michael said in a statement that he had withdrawn the royal titles and privileges from the popular Prince Nicholas because the family should be led by someone who is "modest, well-balanced and with moral principles".
The popular Nicholas, 30, who was third in line to the throne after his aunt and his mother, has lived in Romania for five years, is unmarried, and is known for his dedication to ecology, cycling and literacy.
In April, he cycled from the northern region of Transylvania to the Black Sea port of Constanta in a 625-mile journey to raise money for children's issues.
The king's statement on Monday sparked speculation that a jealous relative had sought to edge Nicholas out of the succession.
Nicholad's popularity has grown since the surprise announcement and his Facebook page has 23,000 likes. Reports say he has left Romania.
In real terms, the title means little, as Romania is a republic. But Romanians associate their royal family with elegance and dignity that they say their politicians lack. The head of the royal house looks after the family's properties and bestows honors.
In a statement on Tuesday, Nicholas thanked people for his support.
"The royal life means leading my life in a way I find hard to accept," he said. "For this reason, I accept with a lot of pain in my heart the decision of His Majesty King Michael for me."
The third-in-line to the throne is now Nicholas' sister, Karina de Roumanie-Medforth Mills, spokesman for the royal house Ioan-Luca Vlad confirmed.
Michael, 93, abdicated in 1947 when the communists came to power, and settled in Switzerland. He was banned from Romania during communism, but authorities finally allowed him to visit in 1992.
The statement, released on Monday, was signed on Aug. 1. Europe's royal families have been informed.
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Tasseomancy is the reading of what? | Tasseomancy | Sarah Anne Lawless
“The first cup moistens my lips and throat.
The second shatters my loneliness.
The third causes the wrongs of life to fade gently from my recollection.
The fourth purifies my soul.
The fifth lifts me to the realms of the unwinking gods”
Chinese Mystic, Tang Dynasty
y Scots-Canadian Grandmother taught me how to read tea leaves. I now possess her tea cup collection of bone china, gold paint, delicate handles, and endless colours and patterns. Sitting at her dining room table, which sits now in my kitchen, she showed me how to brew with just the right size of loose leaf tea. To let it steep and to drink it without eating the leaves, filtering them through your teeth. She taught me how to flip the cup onto the saucer with just enough force to cause patterns. Then she would carefully turn the tea cup upright again, full of spiralling shapes of dark tea leaves from far away lands. With great solemnity she would look at me and say “and now you bullshit.”
At first I thought she was being mischievous, but after years of reading tea leaves I realized that she was indeed quite serious. Tasseomancy, or reading tea leaves, is an act of scrying. There is no book or list of meanings that can truly help you, though they may get you started. You are your own dictionary of symbols and your own interpretations. No two diviners will see or say the same things about the same tea cup of messy wet leaves. Even though the words that fall from your lips may sometimes sound like bullshit to you, you will often be amazed at how those you are reading for react – “how did you know!”
The handle is the present, the future a year ahead in sections of months clockwise around the cup. Leaves close to the rim are things close to the surface, obvious things, things you are or will soon become aware of. Leaves at the bottom of the cup are the unknown, surprises, secrets, your subconscious. You can see anything in the leaves; animals, insects, plants, symbols, objects, letters, numbers… maybe the whole cup is one image with one big meaning or maybe the leaves are broken down into tiny ones with many fortunes to tell.
Tasseomancy is a divinatory art to be practiced in person with the subject in front of your eyes. It is a tactile art. Touch the cup, turn it around in your hands and view it from every angle. Look at the person you are reading for. Are they eager and excited to hear their fortune or are they sad and defeated before you’ve even spoken? Each person’s cup you read for will be completely different. I remember reading tea leaves at the local Pagan Pride Day and having a formidable line-up of people awaiting their fortunes. Each pattern of leaves was completely unique and no two fortunes were the same.
You don’t find too many witches or seers who read tea leaves these days. Maybe it seems too quaint and not authentic or hardcore enough. The funny thing is that tasseomancy is closer to ‘traditional’ than many of our witchcraft practices today. It and reading playing cards rather than tarot cards.
It’s how the back alley folk magicians, East Coast kitchen witches, old snaggled toothed grannies, and the neighbourhood spaewives of the past few centuries would have divined people’s fortunes. Not with fancy tools or elaborate methods, but simply what was on hand: a cup and a teaspoon of tea or coffee, a pack of playing cards, a pot of water and some melted candle wax…
Why not take up reading tea leaves? Practice. Have friends over for a tea party to make it fun. Up the ante. Have friends over for a spiked tea party of hot toddies or fun pairings of loose leaf teas and sweet liqueurs. Sometimes a little booze makes divination come more naturally. What a fun coven night that would be!
Whether you interpret the leaves for friends or strangers, remember that tasseomancy is also a social art which blends well with charm, kindness, empathy, and of course, wit. The best and most practiced tasseomancers will put you at ease, draw you in, sound assured, and relay your fortune like a talented storyteller or poet.
Now come on into the kitchen and I’ll put on a pot of earl grey with lemon and honey.
What an excellent post on tasseomancy. As someone who loves a good cup of tea, I’ve always been interested in this art. Your pragmatism cuts right to the heart of the matter. Thanks!
Raevyn DreamWalker
April 3, 2015 at 8:38 am
This is something that I have been interested in for a long time. Perhaps, I should get over my distaste for tea in general, find something I like and starts reading. I read people already. But, having a cup of tea with someone seems like a cozy, ritualistic and very relaxing thing to do.
Thank you for posting this and sharing your knowledge and experience. That, alone, is priceless.
Diane
April 4, 2015 at 9:28 am
Sarah, your method of reading the leaves is the best I’ve ever read/heard, thank you! You break it down perfectly!
I read a cup or two now and then and have been asked how I read the leaves – I think from now on, I will explain it your way (and credit you, of course!) instead of how I used to do it…your way makes much more sense!
LOVE your blog and everything you share on facebook ~
thank you for your generosity!
Mary Kate
April 4, 2015 at 11:25 pm
I live in Ireland and my Irish Mother in law read tea-leaves; but, she died before I knew her and I suspected it was a kind of scrying; so, I really appreciate the way you’ve experienced reading leaves. And in a way isn’t everything a kind of scrying if one is open to the metaphysical background of everything? I ended up on your blog again today, just because I had the “thought” , “I wonder what Sarah” is up to? I found you through another herbalist looking for incense recipes a few years ago and fell in love with your site. It’s gorgeous in every way–You have Duende! We are looking into moving to Andalusia–the heart of the Gypsy (Gitano) diaspora because the music is calling to us. And, just yesterday as I was looking into the history of the Roma (Gypsy) in light of a history of reading tea leaves…you mentioned wax and prior to that it was the molten residue from smelting as well– a trade most common among the diaspora. AND The patron Saint of the Gypsies is St. Sara. Do you know where your grandmother came from? And was the stunning bone china tea cup with the raven on the fox saucer hers? It is very evocative of your art work. Thank you for all you do, Sarah.
Sarah
| Tea Leaves |
Who plays the chief villain in the new James Bond film Skyfall? | What is Tasseography?: Tea Leaf Dictionary - Auntyflo.com
What is Tasseography?
Home › Tea Leaf Dictionary › What is Tasseography?
Tasseography is another, rather long sounding word for the most stereotypical kind of fortune telling: reading the future by looking into tea-leaves to see what pictures form. You almost certainly won't be astonished to know the exercise began with the Chinese, who'd drink their particular tea from glasses that bore a detailed resemblance for the- images they used in their particular religious occasions. For that reason, the tea is known to have magical significance. The practice, generally seems to have lost it's favor lately, most likely due to the fact we presently drink our tea from mugs and use tea bags rather than loose tea.
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Which city state led the beaten Greek forces at the Battle of Thermopylae? | Battle of Themopylae
Archilochus c650 B.C.
46 nations, under thirty Persian generals, were assembled for the invasion of Greece, five of whom where sons of the royal house. On the arrival of Xerxes at Thermopylae, he found that the place was defended by a body of three hundred Spartans and about seven thousand hoplites from other states, commanded by the Spartan King Leonidas .
Xerxes sent a spy ahead. He learning about the small number of Greek forces and that several Spartans outside the walls that were exercising and combing their hair, he had taken accurate note of everything, he rode back quietly, for no one pursued after him, nor paid any heed to his visit, though they had seen him. So he returned, and told Xerxes all that he had seen. Xerxes , immediately called Demaratus to explain him the meaning of all these. Demaratus told him that the Spartans will defend the place to the death and it was custom to wash and dress their hair with special care when they intended to put their lives in great danger. Xerxes who did not believe Demaratus , delayed his attack for four days (probably waiting for the entire invasion force to catch up to them), thinking that the Greeks as soon as they would realise his great forces would disperse.
Click on image to enlarge to get a better idea what they were up against.
He sent heralds to the opposition force requesting that they deliver up their arms. The answer from Leonidas was as Laconic as the Spartans are famous for, no long winded speeches just a few words that sumed up their intentions.
'Molon labe' (come and take them).
A Spartan; Dieneces, who was told about the great number of Persian soldiers, who with their arrows will conceal the sun, answered: 'Our Trachinian friend brings us excellent tidings. If the Medes darken the sun, we shall have our fight in the shade'.
At the fifth day Xerxes sent against them the Medes and Cissians [2], with orders to take them alive and bring them into his presence. The Medes rushed forward and charged the Greeks, but fell in vast numbers; others however took the places of the slain, and would not be beaten off, though they suffered terrible losses.
The Greek allied phalanx hit the advancing lines with devestating consequences, the soliders so tightly packed together that their shields overlapped leaving minimal gaps, long spears protuding out not only from those in the front but from those in the second, third, fourth, fifth and even sixth rows. Those in the seventh and eighth rows, ready to fill in any gaps that might occur had the added responcibility of pushing the front ranks in their back thus any clash resulted in the Persians being pushed back, this caused consternation for the barbarians on the battle field, not being able to establish any front against the Greeks.
So many long deadly spears thrusting outwards towards Persian necks slamming into them. Decades of Spartan military training has already taught them the weak spots of a soliders equipment and compared to Greek armour, the Persians were vastly inferior. Advancing against the phalanx a Persian might have a shield and helmet made of reeds, wood and cloth and he faced shields made of bronze and hard wood, the Greek's wore Corinthian helmets beaten into shape by a single sheet of bronze, leaving no seams. The Persians weapon of choice might include a spear and a short sword, advancing either at a run or in no particular order or cohesion.
Wave after wave they probed and pushed forward, only to face a thicket of death, the body count became uncountable, the ground giving way as the dead covered the battlefield. Onward they pushed foward, many more times they outnumbered the Greeks, but no matter how they tried the Greek phalanx refused to faulter, the ground becoming slippery, with blood, bile and waste the killing fields at the pass of Thermopylae, was fast becoming the massacre of the Medes.
In this way it became clear to all, and especially to the king, that though he had plenty of combatants, he had but very few warriors. The struggle, however, continued during the whole day.
Then silence, the barbarians withdrew, the king called forward his 'Immortals' (in reality they were called 'Companions') lead by Hydarnes. Out of his entire army they had the closest to superior armour and weapons. They moved forward and the Lacedaemonians waiting patiently for them.
The two armies fought in a narrow space, the Persian's numbers nullified by the confinement. The Spartans ripped through their lines but for every one they killed another would rise to take his spot (thus 'Immortals').
Spartan military tactics were employed during the fighting. The call would come and the Spartans would retreat! At which the barbarians would rush after them with much noise and shouting, when suddenly the Spartans would wheel around and face their pursuers, in this way they destroyed even more vast numbers. Some Spartans likewise fell, but only a few.
Xerxes , who was watching from his throne, would leap out of his seat in terror as he witnessed the onslaught.
After a day of battle, at last the call came for the Persians to withdraw, finding that all their efforts to gain the pass came to nothing. Whether they attacked by division or in any other way, it was to no purpose, they withdrew to their camp.
The next day the Persian took to the pass again with renewed vigor. Xerxes knew the Greeks were so few and hopefully disabled, tired, weary by reason of their wounds, so they once more attacked.
The Greek lined up in detachments according to their cities, and bore the brunt of the battle in turns.
From the back, whips cracked and the barbarians howled at their men to 'Go forward' and like cattle they did. Faced with the spears of an armoured hedgehog those at the front cryed 'Go back'. The Persians found no better success, they could not get through the pass, the more they pushed, the more the Greeks stood firm, many Persians falling to their death over the ridge onto the rocks below, pushed by their own men behind and facing a phalanx of spears ahead. The massacre continued all day.
The nations from Asia and Africa decending into Greece and now at the front gate, not one man could get through. The king was in a great strait, and knew not how he should deal with the emergency.
Xerxes was desperate but his luck changed when a Malian named Ephialtes told him about a secret path across the mountain. Immediately a strong Persian force was sent with Hyrdanes, guided by the traitor. At day's break they reached the summit, where the Phocian army was stationed and who upon seeing the Persians fled to a crest of a mountain and got ready for a battle. The Persians understanding the situation, left the Phocians at the crest and ascended the mountain, to gain access behind the Greek line.
The Greeks had received warning from a seer called Megistias, who read their fate in the victims he was sacrificing. Some deserters came in and brought the news that the Persians were marching round the hill; it was still night when these men arrived. Scouts came running down the hill bringing the same account.
Artwork by Kostas Nikellis <[email protected]>
When Leonidas learned all these incidents, he ordered the council of war to be summoned. Many were of the opinion that they should retire or find a better defendable place. Part of the troops departed and went their ways homeward to their several states. Nobody questioned if the Spartans would leave their post, this was not a question that they needed an answer to.
There is strong evidence to suggest Leonidas sent away the troops. The Oracle had previously declared that a Spartan King must die or the Persians would conquer Sparta {O11 }. The 300 Spartan guards he took with him were specially hand picked as being fathers to sons in Sparta, the family line of every Spartan there would live on, there was no reason that others had to die as well. Thermopylae was the place where Hercules had died, thowing himself into the water as he burnt with fire, the site became know as "the hot gates", due to the thermal springs: The Spartans believed they were a direct descendant of Hercules. They would die here as the Oracle, Sparta and the Hercule's blood line demanded. Megistias did receive orders to flee, he refused, but did allow his son to depart. Thus this story is true as the son relates.
So the orders were given and the allies departed. Only the Thespians and the Thebans[3] remained with the Spartans; refusing to retreat, and declaring that they would not forsake Leonidas and his followers. Leonidas looked at what remained of his force with the dout affection of all last-ditch commanders; 'Have a good breakfast men, for we dine in Hades!' Two of the Spartans were suffering from inflammation of the eyes (probably from the dust kicked up in the air), one of them, hearing of the last-ditch stand, told his Helot servant to lead him to the front rank where, nearly blind as he was, he would still be able to strike out and take at least one or more of the enemy with him. The helot did this then turned and fled.
Before the body of Persians, who were crossing the mountain under Hydarnes could attack him in the rear and hopeless now of preserving their lives, and anxious only to sell them dearly, Leonidas did not wait the Persian attack, which had been delayed by Xerxes and advanced in the path, and here he fell upon the Persians. Advancing to the more open portion of the pass, here he had held the station at the wall, and from this had gone forth to battle beyond the defile, and carried slaughter amongst the barbarians, who fell in heaps.
Behind the captains of the squadrons, armed with whips, urged their men forward with continual blows. Many were thrust into the sea, and there perished; a still greater number were trampled to death by their own soldiers; no one heeded the dying. For the Greeks, reckless of their own safety and desperate, as the mountain had been crossed, their destruction was immenent, exerted themselves with most furious valour against the barbarians.
Thousands slain, two the Persian's kings brothers fought and fell, numbers driven into the sea, but when the Spartan spears broke, they started having losses and one of the first that fell was King Leonidas .
Around his body one of the fiercest battles took place. Four times the Persians attacked to obtain it and four times were denied [4]. At the end, the Spartans exhausted and wounded, carrying the body of Leonidas , retired behind the wall, and posted themselves on a hill lock. With the demise of the Spartan king and most of the Thespians and Thebans now dead, the last of their remnants surrendered.
The Spartan hoplite force fought on and defended themselves to the last, such that still had swords the others throwing rocks and using their hands and teeth.
At last they were encircled upon every side, with Xerxes army jeering to cut them to ribbons, Xerxes did a unfortunate thing and ordered that they all be showered with 'thrown things' (arrows, javlins, rocks etc). This could not have put faith in his followers who might have thought that the king didn't want to risk any more of his men in close combat.
As the army filed past the head of Leonidas, that was nailed to a cross, they must of thought that their task was nearly at hand, just a few days march and the city of Athens would be theirs, and still somewhere up ahead; Sparta.
Note: Herodotus claims Xerxes had brought 5 million to the battle but this can hardly be true. Believed to be a mistake, Greeks who were use to battles of at most ten thousand had never seen so many people before ( Xerxes had brought Asia with him), the claim of 5 million would be like someone today saying 'there was millions of them', a number that is given when you don't really know. Diodorus says that the Persian land army alone was a million men [1] .
This web site goes with the idea that Herodotus calculation for the word 'myriad' is the key. In Ancient Greece that word would have meant 10,000 while in the east it meant a fighting force of 1,000. So, while he states 5 million, we believe it closer to 500,000. If his sources were therefore Persian, the mistake would have been made. Any retreived archive records or interigation of prisoners revealing 500 myriad would have caused the confusion.
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In which city is the Topkapi Palace? | FACT BEHIND FICTION | 300 The Battle at Thermopylae
300: The Battle at Thermopylae
INCLUDING: GREEK & PERSIAN WARFARE
There is no need to be surprised at the length of my description, because anybody would discover that where military matters are concerned the Spartans have overlooked very little that demands attention.
�- Spartan Society: Xenophon
Actually fourteen hundred warriors in all stood up to the Persian invaders at Thermopylae on the final day of battle, down from approximately seven thousand on the first day. Along with Leonidas I and his three hundred Spartans there were seven hundred Thespians, four hundred Thebans and eighty men from Mycaene.
The Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) is famous for one of the most courageous last stands by the vastly outnumbered defending army of Greek city states lead by King Leonidas I of Sparta against invading Persians under King Xerxes I.
The latest interpretation of the battle was the movie 300, which was based on the graphic novel of the same name by Frank Miller. Frank Miller was inspired by the 1962 film � The 300 Spartans. We are aware of the battle because of the works of the Greek historian Herodotus (circa 484 BC � circa 425 BC), most notably The Histories, which details Greco-Persian wars that took place in the 5th century BC.
Why did the Persians invade the Greek states? Almost twenty years before the Battle of Thermopylae, Greek city states had supported an unsuccessful Ionian revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I who swore revenge and put in motion plans to invade Greece. His death around 486 BC didn�t end the plans for invasion and his son Xerxes I continued ambitious preparations for it. The Greek states were subsequently visited by Persian emissaries who asked for �earth and water� as a token of submission; all states obliged except for Athens and Sparta. The Athenians put the Persian emissaries on trial in a court of law, whereas the Spartans threw the Persian emissaries down a well.
Eminent threat of the Persian invasion threw the Greek states into alliance though many were technically at war with each other. An Athenian politician � Themistocles suggested defending at the narrow pass at Thermopylae, where superior numbers matter less.
The arrival of the Persians coincided with the Spartan the festival of Carneia when all military activity is forbidden. In light of the urgency only King Leonidas I was dispatched with three hundred of his personal guards to take up defensive positions and await the main army.
Leonidas I consulted the Oracle at Delphi before going to battle. The Oracle�s prophecy and his inadequate forces convinced him that he would not survive the confrontation. Keeping this in mind he selected his contingent from Spartans with living sons to carry on their families. En route to the battlefield the Spartans recruited several forces from other Greek states. At Thermopylae the Persians sent another contingent of negotiators who were promptly returned empty handed.
Why did the Greeks choose to defend at Thermopylae? From a strategic point of view, by defending Thermopylae, the Greeks were making the best possible use of their forces. As long as they could prevent the Persian advance into their lands, they had no requirement to seek a decisive battle, and could thus remain on the defensive. Moreover, by defending two constricted passages (Thermopylae and Artemisium), the Greeks inferior numbers became much less problematic. Conversely, for the Persians the problem of supplying such a large army meant that the Persians could not remain in the same place for too long. The Persians must therefore retreat or advance; and advancing required the pass of Thermopylae to be forced.
Tactically, the pass at Thermopylae was ideally suited to the Greek style of warfare. A hoplite phalanx would be able to block the narrow pass with ease, with no risk of being outflanked by cavalry. In the pass, the phalanx would have been very difficult to assault for the more lightly armed Persian infantry. The major weak point for the Greeks was the mountain track which led across the highland parallel to Thermopylae, and which would allow their position to be outflanked. Although probably unsuitable for cavalry, this path could easily be traversed by the Persian infantry (many of whom were versed in mountain warfare). Leonidas was made aware of this path by local people from Trachis, and positioned a detachment of Phocian troops there in order to block this route. (wikipedia.org)
The number of invading Persians is disputed at being between two hundred thousand to two and a half millions soldiers, not counting supporting staff. The defending Greeks numbered seven thousand including assistants.
The battle lasted three days. The first wave of ten thousand Medes was annihilated, and the second wave of elite �Immortals� too failed to make any significant dent in the defences. On the second day fifty thousand Persian soldiers made another unsuccessful assault on the defending Greek forces. Xerxes I withdrew his forces for the time being do draw other battle plans since his current tactics were clearly inadequate. Luckily for him, a Greek traitor named Ephyialtes offered to show the Persians a route around Thermopylae that would outflank the Greeks. Greedy for money, which Xerxes I gave him, Ephialtes damned his own name forever.
On the third day a Persian force which was guided by Ephialtes around Thermopylae encountered the Greek forces of one thousand Phocians, who were stationed there for just such a contingency. The Phocians retreated and the Persians encircled the Greeks who were defending the main pass.
At dawn Leonidas I convened a war council. The Greeks forces were divided, some wanted to stay and fight while other wanted to retreat. Sparing the retreating forces any shame, Leonidas I gave them an official order to retreat, while the Spartans, along with the Thebans and Thespians remained.
Leonidas� reasons for remaining could have been many. Spartan law for one, his belief in the Oracle�s prophecy another. It is also probable that the part retreat was a carefully thought out tactic. If the entire Greek defence stayed they all faced certain death. If all retreated then the entire contingent could be easily run over by Persians going on the offensive against the retreating army. Only by some forces holding the defensive position at Thermoplyae would the remaining forces make a successful retreat to fight another day.
At this point the Greeks were on the offensive, occupying the widest available positions in order to kill as many Persians as possible. Two of Xerxes� brothers were killed at this time. The defending Thebans surrendered to the Persians in this final battle.
Though the Persians were eventually unable to complete their invasion of Greek states, they were successful in the Battle of Thermopylae. This was possible because the Greek forces were overwhelmingly outnumbered by the Persian. Leonidas I who was around fifty years old at the time was one of the first to die. In the pitch of battle both sides fought for possession of his body, with the Greeks obtaining it until the end of the battle. The Greeks were killed to a man, and Xerxes I, who normally respected the Persian traditions of treating valiant opponent with honour, was furious at being outfought by the smaller army. He ordered Leonidas� head cut off and the body crucified.
The battle was clearly a defeat for the Greek forces, who had a sound strategy, and would have forced the entire Persian army to retreat for logistical reasons had Thermopylae been defended. But the Greeks were betrayed, outflanked and finally outnumbered by Xerxes� army.
However the battle left a legacy that has lasted for millennia, of a small force of free men willingly fighting for their own way of life against a much larger but subservient force.
A monument at the site of the battle called the Leonidas Monument has a bronze statue of the man. Under the statue a sign reads �Come and get them!� which is what the Spartans said when the Persians asked them to lay down their weapons.
�Stranger, bear this message to the Spartans, that we lie here obedient to their laws.�
- Simonides: Epitaph on the tomb of the Spartans who fell at Thermopylae
Greek and Persian Warfare
As the Bronze Age came to an end (c. 1200 BCE) Greek warfare began to slowly differ from that of the Middle East. A major development in warfare was the Phalanx consisting of hoplites; the use of Phalanx in war was characterized by the use of heavy infantry in shock combat.
The Phalanx was at least eight ranks deep and fought as one unit. They carried an eight foot (at least) spear as their weapon of choice, falling back on a two foot sword if need be. The hoplite shield protected the soldier from chin to knee personally, and also presented an impenetrable wall to the opposing army. The shin was guarded by tall and shaped metal �greaves�, and the head was closed (Corinthian) or open (Attic) helmets. The body armour evolved from a rigid bronze cover to a flexible andl light cuirass.
Greek states employed civilian militia which were considered a better option than mercenaries on the grounds of morale. This civilian militia rarely practiced drills, and even then only a few basic offensive movements. In stark contrast was the Spartan practice of agoge which imbibed a ultra militaristic culture via rigourous martial training. Spartans became the most feared army of all the Greek city-states, and Sparta could have been the source of the development of the Phalanx.
The long spear of the Phalanx would render sword-bearing infantry and cavalry useless as neither would be able to reach the enemy alive. Arrows were deflected and rendered useless by the middle and rear hoplites� raised spears.
Alexander of Macedon would develop the Phalanx and make it the focus of his war-machine using it to inflict psychological as well as physical damage.�
Persians, who were descendants of Central-Asian nomads settled down from nomadic life but retained their expertise in horsemanship and archery. The Persian came to power around 625 BCE and soon ruled over Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt and parts of Central Asia and India. The empire was ruled by dividing the land under Satraps.
The elite of the Persian army were the Immortals. Numbering an even ten thousand, the first thousand of which made up the royal bodyguard. The Immortal were expert archers and archery became their offensive of choice; nevertheless they carried spears. For psychological impact the Persian chariot wheels were adorned with Scythed blades, but these scared only the most inexperienced soldiers.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Plutarch - our primary source for most things Spartan intended to write a biography of King Leonidas, but either never did or his work on the Spartan king is lost in antiquity.
Crime | Espionage & War | Renderings | Vintage
Reticent but recalcitrant by nature, the Spartans immediate and subsequent responses to Darius� megalomania have become legend.
When the Persian diplomats asked the Spartans for �earth & water� as a token of submission to Darius, they were thrown down a deep well after being told that they�d find both down there. (Image: Wikipedia )
The Priestess of Delphi - John Collier.
(Image: Wikipedia )
Leonidas leaving Sparta for Thermopylae.
When his wife - Gorgo asked what she should do if he doesn�t return, Leonidas told her to marry a good man and have good children. She then tells him to return to Sparta with his shield (victorious) or on it (dead)
Herodotus holds Leonidas� wife Gorgo in high regard as she is one of the few women of note in his book - The Histories. After the battle of Thermopylae she was instrumental in helping the Greeks decipher a coded message from Demaratus (a Greek exiled to Persia)
King Darius I�s bitterness towards Greek states manifested itself in the form of Persian diplomats subduing the Greeks with sheer intimidation. Athenians and Spartans however weren't easily convinced.
Leonidas I and Darius I from the film �300�. After the Spartans were killed Darius ordered Leonidas� head cut off from his corpse and stuck on a pole. It was a rare symbol of disrespect towards a fallen adversary, demonstrating how deeply Darius was frustrated by the Spartans resistance.
Despite a significant age difference, Frank Miller�s film �300� portrays Leonidas and Gorgo as extremely close companions.
Leonidas I (Statue) & Xerxes I (Depiction)
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Which regiment is nicknamed The Red Devils? | A history of the elite parachute Regiment the Red Devils | Life | Life & Style | Daily Express
The amazing red devils: A history of the elite group
THE PARACHUTE Regiment was formed in 1942 and the uniform included the distinctive maroon beret.
17:52, Sun, Jun 21, 2015
| UPDATED: 18:11, Sun, Jun 21, 2015
NC
The Red Devils perform up to 100 times a year
After the regiment distinguished itself in North Africa the soldiers were nicknamed “the red devils” by their German adversaries.
It was the name later chosen for the display team, who have always worn bright red jump suits; The Red Devils formed in 1964 when the sport of parachuting was still in its infancy.
An army display team was the brainchild of Lt Edward Gardener, an instructor who persuaded top brass that showing off their skills would be good for the image of the military.
Before that various battalions had their own parachuting clubs.
Initially The Red Devils struggled to find sponsorship and the men had to buy their own equipment even their own secondhand aircraft, costing £1,000.
Back in the early days they were trained by The Golden Knights, the US Army’s version of The Red Devils.
The official role of The Red Devils now is to promote The Army And Parachute Regiment at displays around the world and to boost recruitment.
The team performs up to 100 times a year.
Every parachutist has served in the regiment for at least three years and completed one operational tour of duty to Afghanistan, Iraq, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, the Falklands or Northern Ireland and they are based at Netheravon in Wiltshire.
There are 12 team members at any one time. The most experienced currently is Sgt Mark Scobie who has completed more than 6,000 jumps and is also the team’s cameraman.
Depending on weather conditions The Red Devils jump from about 13,000ft.
After exiting the aircraft they freefall at speeds of 120 miles per hour for about 45 seconds before opening their parachutes, normally at about 2,500ft.
The final part of the descent can last up to five minutes. They hold the British record for night-time jumping descending from 25,000ft.
A diplomatic row threatened to ground The Red Devils in the 1960s when a training trip in the US was called off after the British government upset the Americans by selling buses to Cuba.
One of the most daring jumps is known as “the cutaway” which actually involves two parachutes.
The first is opened at 4,000ft then jettisoned enabling the jumper to go back into freefall before the second is opened.
The jump has been adapted from the textbook emergency procedure if the main parachute fails to open.
Probably the most famous manoeuvre involves the team members passing a baton from hand to hand.
The parachutists were performing a canopy jump at the air show in Cumbria on Friday when it went wrong.
The stunt involves the team descending in a stack but the chute of Cpl Mike French became entangled in the legs of Cpl Wayne Shorthouse above and failed to open properly.
Related articles
| Parachute Regiment |
Which is the oldest Oxford college? | Inside British Army's Parachute Regiment for the first time in 30 years | Daily Mail Online
Have you got what it takes to earn the maroon beret? Cameras go inside the British Army's Parachute Regiment for the first time in 30 years to reveal how tough the elite 28-week training course is
The course is renowned as being one of the toughest in the British Army
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It is the first time the training programme has been filmed in 30 years
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Corporal Rob Price: 'If you want to be part of the best regiment, you have to step up to the task'
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In which country are the Ribbon Falls? | Ribbon Falls - Kananaskis Country - Hiking Alberta | Hiking with Barry
Hiking with Barry
Home » Blogs » Barry's blog » Ribbon Falls - Kananaskis Country - Hiking Alberta
Ribbon Falls - Kananaskis Country - Hiking Alberta
By Barry 11 / Jun / 2015
Ribbon Falls is an easily accessible, classic Kananaskis Country hike west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
The Ribbon Creek trail-head is easily accessible via Kananaskis Trail (Hwy 40), south from the TransCanada Highway west of Calgary , Alberta , Canada , to the exit for Nakiska Mountain Resort on Mount Allan .
The Ribbon Creek Trail was seriously damaged by June 2013 flooding and one of the first trails resurrected because of its year round importance and popularity. Ribbon Creek Trail provides an important link to Ribbon Lake, Buller Pass , Guinn's Pass and the Lillian Lake / Galatea Lakes hiking trail complex.
The hike to Ribbon Falls and beyond is long but relatively easy. The spectacular scenery, and proximity to cascading white water, makes it nearly impossible for photographers to justifiably maintain any manner of disciplined pace. The day tends to get extended.
The front end of the Ribbon Falls Trail was completely obliterated in the flood. A wooden platform bridge crosses Ribbon Creek at the parking area which was once the site of the logging and coal mining town of Kovach (aka Ribbon Crick). In it's heyday the pioneer hamlet boasted an assortment of tarpaper shacks and a small schoolhouse ancillary to the main school nearby at Seebe. The old Kovach schoolhouse was the original hostel before it was replaced by the current hostel. Scant remains of Kovach structures can still be found. A portion of Ribbon Creek trail was originally a forestry road called Ribbon Creek Road.
The river is crossed on the obvious wooden platform bridge to take the road called Terrace Trail uphill to a junction with the Kovach Trail. All trail junctions for this hike are right turns. A left turn is a perfectly good hike somewhere else. The Kovach Trail leads to Kovach Link which crosses Ribbon Creek. There are map signs along the way at intersections.
The Kananaskis Trail crew is busy replacing the temporary platform bridge with a more substantial version. There is a temporary plank crossing, with rope support, beneath and beside the new structure. A short ascent on the opposite side of Ribbon Creek leads to the T junction for a LEFT turn leading to Ribbon Falls.
The original Ribbon Creek trail was relatively flat and close to the edge of the creek, Major portions of that trail were carried away in the flood and the new trail has been sensibly constructed on higher ground which requires an initial ascent past the wizard stump. New trail is easy to navigate through spectacular forest with occasional log benches in alcoves along the way.
A new bridge over a major drainage reveals the impact of flood water. The trail branch along North Ribbon Creek is fairly obvious prior to the confluence of North Ribbon Creek with Ribbon Creek where another new bridge provides an alarming view of the extent of flood damage at this location.
The historic sawmill and logging exhibit originally at this location has been washed away. Much of the lumber for the original construction of Calgary came from this site. The extent of the damage is awe inspiring. Old and new trail sections provide close examination of the impact to the river course. The power of the flood water created major alterations to the previous landscape.
The Ribbon Falls Trail gains subtle elevation as it tracks powerful, cascading, white water forced through narrow canyons. The Ribbon Falls Trail is constrained by the flanks of Mount Kidd on the left and Mount Bogart to the right. The close proximity of these formidable mountains creates powerful sensory images and impressions.
The air is charged with negative ionization. Spring greenery shines with new birth. High water from Spring runoff thunders through rock. Flowers are exploding from the ground and tiny runoffs create their own micro eco systems. Even dead and rotting logs sport explosive new growth of moss and delicate fungi. The images are piercing and memorable. Incredibly difficult hiking discipline is required to maintain forward progress in reasonable balance to alternatively being focused on absorbing the intricate beauty.
The original sign for the bike access cut-off at the 5.7 KM (3⅝ mile) mark remains standing. The rack is gone and new trail replaces old. Most surrounding land has been washed away downstream.
Our hike eventually delivers us through and past tiny Ribbon Falls Backcountry Campground and up to the roar of Ribbon Falls. The laced waterfall is accompanied by a host of tiny companions along the face of the South Peak of Mount Kidd. Reverberated sound and mist in the breeze soothe the soul. There is time to sit down, and enjoy lunch, in the presence of natural magnificence.
The following images provide a hint of inadequate testament to the perpetual and powerful assault on the senses.
Lunch will be shared with 18-year-old Simon White who transitioned his physical presence many years ago. The heavy metal frame of his bench is badly warped from the force of flood water and debris but the anchors have held firm and his memory remains alive at this beautiful place and in the hearts and minds of friends and family.
It feels good to relax within so much spiritual and natural presence. Ribbon Falls, to the best of my knowledge, is the largest, permanent waterfall in Kananaskis Country. What is seen from the bottom is only a small portion of the entire fall.
The hike continues by gaining elevation on a crescent-shaped trail which ascends above the lower falls through forest and across scree slopes to the chains which provide assistance for the scramble past the head wall to Ribbon Lake.
At the chains there is the opportunity to sit, rest and soak in the incredible views of surrounding mountains before regrouping for the return hike descent over scree slopes and active drainages to the base of Ribbon Falls.
Back at Ribbon Falls, it is expedient to stand beneath the downdraft from the waterfall where cooling mist and negative ionization combine with powerful sound and imagery to recharge the body and soak clothing for the energetic and cooling effect of evaporation which will moderate the impact of the return hike by the same route in the much warmer afternoon.
The hike down Ribbon Creek is easier as elevation gently declines but no less spectacular with a seemingly endless barrage of powerful and scenic distractions. Stops on several occasions are made to collect and enjoy fresh and cold drinking water from Ribbon Creek using SteriPEN and Katadyne water purifiers.
As the cascading water component gives way to more level forest, river and flood sections, late afternoon sun sets the brilliant green slopes of Mount Allan ablaze with light that beckons us home. The flood damage near the confluence of North Ribbon Creek with Ribbon Creek is difficult to fathom.
Back at the bridge construction over Ribbon Creek, trail crews have left evidence of significant progress and gone home for the day. We may be the first people to cross the new plank surface. The temporary plank crossed many hours prior is now blocked off. The remaining 3.5 KM (2¼ mile) hike to the parking area is a route march.
This post is, by necessity and definition, predominantly a photo essay. There are not enough words.
The hike is long and objectives are compromised by nearly perpetual, spectacular, scenic distraction. Bicycle access for the first 5.7 KM (3⅝ miles) is an alternative for expediency or Mount Bogart scramblers and rock climbers who are focused on different objectives.
This hike is best done in earlier season when water flow is more spectacular. This day has been very close to perfect conditions. It is important to be well equipped with, food, water, and water purification capability. Proper footwear is important. The distance and rugged rocky sections demand good hiking footwear to reduce fatigue and prevent injury.
For most, this is not a season opener. Be certain to tell someone your destination and exaggerate the amount of time you expect to use. Include your travel time and check in when you return.
Specifications for the hike will be estimates. The hike to Ribbon Falls from Ribbon Creek Parking will be near 11 KM (6⅞ miles) each way given the revised approach and trail rerouting. Pre-flood elevation differential is documented in the Kananaskis Country Trail Guide, 4th Edition, Volume 1, as 311 m (1,020 ft) to a high point of 1,814 m (5,950 ft). The net elevations remain the same but gross elevation gain and loss have increased over the distance in the new trail configuration, so it is wise to include the differential in expectation planning. The jaunt past Ribbon Falls to the chains will add a bit. Distance hiked is estimated near 25 KM on this day. Nothing a good soak in hot water with baking soda and Epsom salts won't fix.
Photographs for this long-day, amazing hike to Ribbon Falls were captured in Kananaskis Country on June 10, 2015 west of Calgary , Alberta , Canada .
Kudos to the Kananaskis Country Trail Crews and volunteers from the Friends of Kananaskis Country who seized and executed the initiative to rebuild this important trail. You did an incredibly good job within nearly impossible circumstances. Thousands are, and more thousands will be, forever grateful. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
Let us not forget the incredible planning, back office and administrative contribution.
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Tachophobia is an inordinate fear of what? | Canmore and Kananaskis - Hiking Trails and Hiking Information, Canadian Rockies
Barrier Lake Forestry Hiking Trails (2 Loops)
Difficulty Rating: Light
Distance: 2.3 km return
Elevation gain: 10 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 12.3 km south at the U of C Kananaskis Field station parking lot.
Description: Learn about soils, plant layers and forest management procedures. In world war II, this was the site of a Prisoner of War Camp.
Prairie View Lookout Hiking Trail
Difficulty Rating: Moderate
Distance: 10 km return
Elevation gain: 500 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 9 km. south at the Barrier Dam Day Use Area.
Description: One of the most popular trails in the area because of its early season with excellent views. Cross Barrier Dam where an uphill climb takes you past the powerline and up toward McConnell Ridge, utilizing switchbacks. With nearly continuous climbing through the trees, you will reach the ridge. The trail narrows and becomes steeper until you reach the top of the cliff.
Baldy Pass - South Approach Hiking Trail
Difficulty Rating: Moderate
Distance: 7.4 km return
Elevation gain: 570 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 14.7 km. south at the Baldy Pass trailhead parking lot (across the highway).
Description: A short, scenic climb through a valley providing exceptional views of the foothills once you reach the pass.
Centennial Ridge - North Approach Hiking Trail
Difficulty Rating: Very Difficult
Distance: 21 km return
Elevation gain: 1400 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 7 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary and use Alpine Resort Haven exit. The trailhead parking lot is 1.25 km, just before the Resort.
Description: At the trailhead follow the road under the Skogan Pass power lines which swings west toward 2 creeks. After the first creek, turn left and follow the road - there are red markers on the south of the creek. It is an extremely steep road which climbs past several coal seams, but it eventually eases after gaining about 500 metres of elevation. The road ends near the treeline and a narrow trail takes you along the slopes of Mount Collembola. The trail continues up a dangerous grassy slope (Use Caution!) where eventually the precipice of Mount Lougheed can be enjoyed. The walk up to the summit of Mount Allan has some of the best views in the Rockies - from Mount Temple up near Lake Louise to the skyscrapers of Calgary.
Karst Spring Mountain Biking / Hiking Trail
Difficulty Rating: Light
Time: 3 1/2 hours return
Distance: 9.5 km return
Elevation gain: 200 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 39 km south on the Smith-Dorrien / Spray Trail (Highway 742 - gravel road) which begins just past the Canmore Nordic Centre. Turn right 5 km. to the Mount Shark parking lot, where you will find the trailhead.
Description: This trail leads to Karst Spring where boulders and driftwood are covered with bright green moss. The gentle elevation gain makes this hike a favorite with families, and the cool air near Karst Spring is appreciated hot summer days. The first 3.6 km. are open to bicycles. Walking on the road leads you through the Mount Shark Trail System into the forest above Watridge Lake where a short descent puts you at the shore of this lake known for it's trout fishing (don't forget your licence). Then follow the boardwalk and climb the trail along the creek to where Karst Spring bursts out of a rock face. The spring drains from passageways between limestone layers of Shark Ridge creating a karst formation. Snow and rain water seep into cracks and dissolve the rock, creating tunnels from which streams begin.
Buller Pass Hiking Trail
Distance: 13.5 km return
Elevation gain: 670 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km south on the Smith-Dorrien / Spray Trail (Highway 742 - gravel road) which begins just past the Canmore Nordic Gentre. Turn right into the Buller Mountain day use area parking lot, where you will find the trailhead across the road.
Description: This strenuous hike leads to an alpine pass at 2470 metres providing impressive views of the Ribbon Creek Valley. To get to the pass, you need comfortable hiking boots as well as being able to negotiate steep, rocky slopes. Bridged creeks, traces of an ancient forest fire, a beautiful waterfall that has carved out a circular pool in the bedrock and numerous caves and arches are some of the highlights of this hike.
Grotto Canyon Hiking Trail
Distance: 4 km return to the waterfall
Elevation gain: 50 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 14 km east on Highway 1A towards Calgary and the Grotto Mountain trailhead is on the left side.
Description: This trail leads up a creek bed into a narrow canyon of gray limestone walls. From the trailhead, go west along the powerline past the Baymag Plant and go right where the sign points into the woods. Follow the creek bed up to the fork at the end of the trail. On the right branch, up 50 metres is a small waterfall, and the left branch continues up the creek bed to a wide valley with hoodoos. You'll want to give yourself extra time for this journey, perhaps another 1.5 hours.
Bow Valley Provincial Park Hiking Trails
Difficulty Rating: Light
Time: 0.5 to 1 hour depending on the trail chosen
Distance: 1.9 km to 2.5 km
Elevation gain: none
Location: From Canmore, drive 23 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary and use the Bow Valley Park exit. The park entrance is approximately 1 km. and the six trailheads are well marked.
Description: Beaver ponds, birds, flowers and springs will delight everyone who ventures on these short relaxing walks.
Galatea Creek Hiking Trail to Lillian Lake
Difficulty Rating: Difficult
Distance: 12.6 km return
Elevation gain: 500 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 32 km. south at the Galatea Day Use area.
Description: The trail crosses Galatea Creek nine times, with a rock cliff along the river. For the more adventurous, try the 1.2 km, 200 metre elevation extra hike to the Lower Galatea Lake. There is a campground at Lillian Lake for those wishing to make this an overnight hike.
Eau Claire Hiking Trail Loop
Difficulty Rating: Light
Distance: 1.5 km
Elevation gain: 0 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 35 km. south at the Eau Claire Campground entrance.
Description: This is a short interpretive loop through the valley bottom and along the river.
Ribbon Falls Hiking / Mountain Biking Trail
Difficulty Rating: Moderate
Time: 7 hours return (hiking)
Distance: 16.5 km return
Elevation gain: 300 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 23 km. south at the Ribbon Creek Day Use area near Kananaskis Village.
Description: The trail follows along Ribbon Creek up a narrow valley to a view of Ribbon Falls. The medium grade and several waterfalls has made it a great hike for families, with the first 4 km open to mountain bikes. There is a campground for those wishing to make this an overnight hike. 2 hours further (1.8 km / 200 metre rise) is Ribbon Lake, which also has a campground. Note: This section is extremely strenuous with 3 chains that you must haul yourself up a cliff with.
Centennial Ridge - South Approach Hiking Trail
Difficulty Rating: Very Difficult
Distance: 13.8 km return
Elevation gain: 1350 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 23 km. south at the Ribbon Creek Day Use area near Kananaskis Village.
Description: This trail offers some of the best views of any trail in this area. Constructed by Calgary's Rocky Mountain Ramblers to celebrate Canada's Centennial in 1967, it's the highest maintained trail in Canada. At the sign in the Ribbon Creek parking lot, go north on Hidden Trail. After hiking about 200 meters, tum left and start the long climb to Centennial Ridge. The views are well worth it. Don't forget to bring your camera!
Heart Creek Hiking Trail
Distance: 4 km return
Elevation gain: 100 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 14 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary and use the Heart Creek / Lac des Arcs exit. The trailhead is on the south side of Highway 1.
Description: Hike this popular trail up Heart Creek to a nicely hidden waterfall. The trail crosses a treed slope and over a footbridge to a junction wher you turn right and follow the wide gravel path up the creek. You will cross the same creek on seven log bridges as the walls Mt. McGillivray on the right and Heart Mountain on the left slowly creep in on you until the cliff walls meet and you can hear the roar of a waterfall out of sight further up the canyon.
Chester Lake
Elevation gain: 310 metres
Location: Smith - Dorrien - Spray Trail (Hwy 742) at Chester Lake parking lot.
Description: A 45 minutes drive from Canmore, this hike begins with a steep incline on old logging roads. After awhile, the trail flattens out and is surrounded my myriads of alpine flowers. The destination is a jade coloured lake in a fabulous mountain setting.
Wedge Pond Hiking Trail Loop
Difficulty Rating: Light
Distance: 1 km
Elevation gain: 10 metres
Location: From Canmore, drive 35 km east on Highway 1 towards Calgary to the Highway 40 exit and drive south into Kananaskis Country. The trailhead is 30 km. south at the Wedge Pond Day Use Area parking lot.
Description: A relaxing lakeshore trail with nice views.
Grassi Lakes Hiking Trail
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