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According to Voltaire who was shot ‘to encourage the others’?	No pardon for Admiral Byng. The MoD don't want to encourage any others \| UK news \| The Guardian No pardon for Admiral Byng. The MoD don't want to encourage any others · Family petition for only admiral ever executed · Records suggest sentence was a cover-up for failures Thursday 15 March 2007 19.58 EDT First published on Thursday 15 March 2007 19.58 EDT Share on Messenger Close The memorial in a Bedfordshire church bristles with outrage: "To the perpetual Disgrace of Public Justice," it claims of the man it commemorates, Admiral John Byng, executed on the quarterdeck of his ship 250 years ago yesterday for failing to engage the French in battle with sufficient enthusiasm. He was, it adds, "a Martyr to Political Persecution...when Bravery and Loyalty were Insufficient Securities for the Life and Honour of a Naval Officer." Or, as Voltaire put it more coolly and cynically in his contemporary novel Candide: "In this country, it is wise to kill an admiral from time to time to encourage the others." As they gathered at the church in Southill, Beds, yesterday at noon, the time of Byng's execution, to lay a wreath and say prayers, with the bell tolling 52 times in commemoration of his age, descendants of the unfortunate admiral who have petitioned the government for a posthumous pardon were aware that their request was unlikely to be granted. Last night, a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence said Byng could not receive the sort of pardon that ministers granted last year to men shot at dawn during the first world war - basically because there is no one alive who remembers him. The MoD said there had been specific reasons for the first world war victims to be pardoned: "There are people alive who knew them. There was a feeling that a wrong had been done. It was a personal matter rather than something lost in the mist of time." The Byng episode, the spokesman said, was accepted past history and a pardon would set a precedent. Who next? Anne Boleyn or Joan of Arc? But descendant Sarah Saunders-Davies from Romsey, Hampshire, called it a shameful end for an admiral with an unblemished career. "His court martial was a sham, with false testimonies, witness intimidation and intrigue - all to cover up the failure of the government." Byng, a career naval officer, certainly appears to have been stitched up. He was sent with an inadequate fleet in May 1756 to prevent the capture of the British garrison at St Philip's Castle on the island of Menorca after a French invasion. The admiral made it clear that he believed he did not have enough ships or men, but was denied reinforcements. When a French fleet hove into view, they were half-heartedly engaged but then allowed to escape and Byng eventually set sail back to Gibraltar without relieving the fort. He may have been unfortunate that the French commander's jubilant account of the battle reached London before his own report did and the government, privately ashamed it had underestimated the threat to the island, determined to make its admiral a scapegoat. It released an edited version of Byng's dispatch to inflame the public against him then had him arrested, brought back to England and put before a court martial at Greenwich. Byng was so sure he would be acquitted that he ordered a carriage to carry him back to London. If the ministerial miscalculations sound familiar from subsequent conflicts, Byng's punishment was not. The government had recently altered the articles of war to ensure officers could not evade responsibility for their actions through the pulling of strings. The only punishment for dereliction of duty was death. On March 14 1757, despite appeals from the court martial - two vice-admirals refused to sign the sentence - Byng was led on to the quarterdeck of his flagship, the Monarque, anchored off Spithead, and was shot by an execution party of Marines. In the words of the Newgate Calendar: "Thus fell, to the astonishment of all Europe, Admiral John Byng who was at least rashly condemned, cruelly sacrificed to vile political intrigues." Byng was the first and last admiral to be executed. But there is a view that Voltaire was right. The naval historian N A M Roger believes his death did indeed encourage the others: "The execution of Byng ... taught officers that even the most powerful friends might not save an officer who failed to fight ... Byng's death revived a culture of determination which set British officers apart from their foreign contemporaries. Mrs Saunders-Davies said: "Admiral Byng did not deserve to be shot. He may not have been a brilliant sailor but he had an unblemished career and he had never lost a ship or drowned a sailor. The Byngs won't take the refusal of a pardon lying down. We're going to take this further." Backstory Britain seized Menorca during the war of the Spanish succession in 1708 and held it until the French invaded in 1756. There is evidence that the government of the Duke of Newcastle knew an invasion was imminent months earlier, but did nothing to reinforce the garrison at St Philip's Castle (Port Mahon), under the command of the bedridden 81-year-old General William Blakeney. Most of the garrison's officers had been allowed to go on leave to Gibraltar. In March 1756, Admiral John Byng (left) was ordered to sail from Gibraltar with a fleet of 10 ships to defend the island and deliver a force of 200 marines to reinforce the fort. He protested that he would not have enough men. He came off worse after engaging a larger French fleet and retreated to Gibraltar, leaving the fort to be captured. The battle was the start of the seven years' war, the first global conflict, during which the British would more than make amends for the loss by destroying French influence in India and America.	Admiral Byng
Which ex DJ and current TV presenter fronted the show in the 1970s?	No pardon for Admiral Byng. The MoD don't want to encourage any others \| UK news \| The Guardian No pardon for Admiral Byng. The MoD don't want to encourage any others · Family petition for only admiral ever executed · Records suggest sentence was a cover-up for failures Thursday 15 March 2007 19.58 EDT First published on Thursday 15 March 2007 19.58 EDT Share on Messenger Close The memorial in a Bedfordshire church bristles with outrage: "To the perpetual Disgrace of Public Justice," it claims of the man it commemorates, Admiral John Byng, executed on the quarterdeck of his ship 250 years ago yesterday for failing to engage the French in battle with sufficient enthusiasm. He was, it adds, "a Martyr to Political Persecution...when Bravery and Loyalty were Insufficient Securities for the Life and Honour of a Naval Officer." Or, as Voltaire put it more coolly and cynically in his contemporary novel Candide: "In this country, it is wise to kill an admiral from time to time to encourage the others." As they gathered at the church in Southill, Beds, yesterday at noon, the time of Byng's execution, to lay a wreath and say prayers, with the bell tolling 52 times in commemoration of his age, descendants of the unfortunate admiral who have petitioned the government for a posthumous pardon were aware that their request was unlikely to be granted. Last night, a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence said Byng could not receive the sort of pardon that ministers granted last year to men shot at dawn during the first world war - basically because there is no one alive who remembers him. The MoD said there had been specific reasons for the first world war victims to be pardoned: "There are people alive who knew them. There was a feeling that a wrong had been done. It was a personal matter rather than something lost in the mist of time." The Byng episode, the spokesman said, was accepted past history and a pardon would set a precedent. Who next? Anne Boleyn or Joan of Arc? But descendant Sarah Saunders-Davies from Romsey, Hampshire, called it a shameful end for an admiral with an unblemished career. "His court martial was a sham, with false testimonies, witness intimidation and intrigue - all to cover up the failure of the government." Byng, a career naval officer, certainly appears to have been stitched up. He was sent with an inadequate fleet in May 1756 to prevent the capture of the British garrison at St Philip's Castle on the island of Menorca after a French invasion. The admiral made it clear that he believed he did not have enough ships or men, but was denied reinforcements. When a French fleet hove into view, they were half-heartedly engaged but then allowed to escape and Byng eventually set sail back to Gibraltar without relieving the fort. He may have been unfortunate that the French commander's jubilant account of the battle reached London before his own report did and the government, privately ashamed it had underestimated the threat to the island, determined to make its admiral a scapegoat. It released an edited version of Byng's dispatch to inflame the public against him then had him arrested, brought back to England and put before a court martial at Greenwich. Byng was so sure he would be acquitted that he ordered a carriage to carry him back to London. If the ministerial miscalculations sound familiar from subsequent conflicts, Byng's punishment was not. The government had recently altered the articles of war to ensure officers could not evade responsibility for their actions through the pulling of strings. The only punishment for dereliction of duty was death. On March 14 1757, despite appeals from the court martial - two vice-admirals refused to sign the sentence - Byng was led on to the quarterdeck of his flagship, the Monarque, anchored off Spithead, and was shot by an execution party of Marines. In the words of the Newgate Calendar: "Thus fell, to the astonishment of all Europe, Admiral John Byng who was at least rashly condemned, cruelly sacrificed to vile political intrigues." Byng was the first and last admiral to be executed. But there is a view that Voltaire was right. The naval historian N A M Roger believes his death did indeed encourage the others: "The execution of Byng ... taught officers that even the most powerful friends might not save an officer who failed to fight ... Byng's death revived a culture of determination which set British officers apart from their foreign contemporaries. Mrs Saunders-Davies said: "Admiral Byng did not deserve to be shot. He may not have been a brilliant sailor but he had an unblemished career and he had never lost a ship or drowned a sailor. The Byngs won't take the refusal of a pardon lying down. We're going to take this further." Backstory Britain seized Menorca during the war of the Spanish succession in 1708 and held it until the French invaded in 1756. There is evidence that the government of the Duke of Newcastle knew an invasion was imminent months earlier, but did nothing to reinforce the garrison at St Philip's Castle (Port Mahon), under the command of the bedridden 81-year-old General William Blakeney. Most of the garrison's officers had been allowed to go on leave to Gibraltar. In March 1756, Admiral John Byng (left) was ordered to sail from Gibraltar with a fleet of 10 ships to defend the island and deliver a force of 200 marines to reinforce the fort. He protested that he would not have enough men. He came off worse after engaging a larger French fleet and retreated to Gibraltar, leaving the fort to be captured. The battle was the start of the seven years' war, the first global conflict, during which the British would more than make amends for the loss by destroying French influence in India and America.	i don't know
Which Dickens hero went to Salem House School under headmaster Mr Creakle?	David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. Search eText, Read Online, Study, Discuss. Chapter 3 In chapter 3, I thought there were some good touches when David and Peggotty go to stay with Peggotty's brother in Great Yarmouth for two weeks. Peggotty's brother lives in a boat that was converted into a house, along with his orphaned nephew, his orphaned little niece and the widow of his partner, Mrs Gummidge. The mortality rate in their line of business was quite high. David is put into a little room at the stern of the boat. He says the walls were nicely whitewashed, and that there was a mirror placed just at the right height for him, decorated around the frame with oyster shells. I thought this was a good touch because this must have been little Em'ly's room. I suppose she had to share a bed with her aunt, while David was with them. Being a lovely little girl, she did not complain. It also shows how thoughtful Mr Peggotty was of his niece. I suppose Mrs Gummidge could have decorated the room, but it seems unlikely. Sometimes Mrs Gummidge gets depressed and starts moaning a lot. When she is in this mood, Mr Peggotty says she is thinking of the Old Un, her drowned husband and his ex-partner. It is like he does not want to think badly of people, so puts up this excuse for her. Posted By kev67 at Wed 4 Jan 2017, 6:22 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 1 Reply David Copperfield I finished reading 'David Copperfield'. I absolutely loved it. Reading it I felt joy, happiness, sadness, etc., with its different stories and characters. It made me laugh and cry many times. For example, I laughed a lot with Miss Trotwood when she shouted: 'Donkeys!' Hahaha. Tell me if you liked it. Posted By Carmilla at Wed 7 Dec 2016, 2:54 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 6 Replies On re-reading David Copperfield Iï¿½ve just re-read David Copperfield, and very glad to do so. Like Great Expectations, the gripping part is the opening quarter describing a boyï¿½s emotionally deprived childhood in the first person. I was not so interested thereafter. DC used to be regarded as Dickensï¿½ masterpiece (it was his own favourite) but seems to have lost favour recently. I was struck that after we get past childhood, there is no sinister sense of society being itself threatening ï¿½ the evil is from Uriah Heepï¿½s individual plotting, rather than the corrosive effect of money or class, as in the other mature novels (the Law in Bleak House, the debtorï¿½s prison in Little Dorrit, Pipï¿½s pretensions, etc.) Little Emily makes a very interesting constrast with two other ï¿½fallen womenï¿½ Iï¿½ve read about this year, Hetty Sorrel in Adam Bede and Lydia Bennett in Pride and Prejudice. (Lydia just avoids being fallen because Wickham is bought off. Unlike Emily, she has absolutely no regrets). Any other thoughts? Posted By Jackson Richardson at Tue 6 Nov 2012, 2:09 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 4 Replies Who has read David Copperfield? So I am fairly new to reading classic literature, I spent a great deal of my time growing up writing notebooks of poetry, and reading mediocre stories although my interest diminished quickly. Recently I taken up poetry again, then prose, and now, because of the encouragement of friends, I'm pursuing to be a writer, and with that I need to educate myself. I have aimed to read certain writers from eras of interest to me, so far I have done the Boston poetry scene books, all of Kafka's works and the Brontes (hard not to when you live in 'Bronte County,') and now I want to read some Charles Dickens novels, starting with David Copperfield. So far, so good, although I have an awful long way to go before I will finish, so out of curiosity, I want to ask if anybody has read it in it's entirety here? And if so, what did you think? I'll return and post more as I read. So far I am really warming to his style of writing, his storytelling is in a class of it's own and it is very, very easy to see why people claimed Dickens to be a man born 100 years too early. Also got Oliver Twist lined up for when I have finished this, although from reading on the net it appears David Copperfield is the novel which he regards as his best, so I thought it would be best to start with this first. Sorry for the overflow of information about myself, it's my first post here, and due to circle of friends I have in real life, I don't have much conversation with them on the subject of books ha. Posted By Sreenan at Mon 11 Jun 2012, 12:49 AM in David Copperfield \|\| 4 Replies impressed so far I'm reading this for the first time and am enjoying it, so far. I was a bit shocked by the dismissal of Mr. Mell, the teacher whose mother lives in an alms house. I infer from the way that it was presented, that it wouldn't have been considered surprising for someone to be fired for such an irrelevant reason in that time period. Or am I missing something? Like many books written so long ago, there is occasionally a passage that defies understanding. Occasionally, even a stray word will be incomprensible. My dictionary doesn't give an meaning for "pericule", nor does the online dictionary.com. Apparently it's an object that Agnes leaves behind at a party, causing David to return and observe Dr. Strong and his wife. I'm guessing it's a compact or small mirror? Any ideas? Aah -- I see. I remembered the word incorrectly from last night. It was a reticule, which dictionary.com says is a small purse. Mystery solved! :-) Posted By Tom Johnston at Mon 9 Apr 2012, 5:52 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 1 Reply Essay question or thesis statement Hey people! I have to write a research paper for my English literature subject. I decided it would be about David Copperfield, but I can't make up my mind for any good essay question or thesis statement. My essay has to be 3-5 pages long, so it canï¿½t be too wide. Do you have any suggestions, please share it with me, I donï¿½t have so much knowledge over Copperfield (yet). Thanks! Marie Posted By GermanFan93 at Fri 30 Mar 2012, 2:35 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 7 Replies Rosa Dartle: a very interesting character! Hello! I would like to know your opinion about a character that Ive always found one of the most charming of this novel: Rosa Dartle! What do you think about her, and, especially, what do you think her role in Steerforth's home was? Let's discuss about it! Posted By Ally at Tue 28 Feb 2012, 5:58 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 1 Reply On the Preface to David Copperfield I can't understand this phrase in the Preface to David Copperfield "I shall again put forth my two green leaves once a month". Could anybody help me with the meaning the author put into the words "two green leaves" ? Much thanks in advance ! Posted By Erroman at Wed 7 Sep 2011, 6:01 AM in David Copperfield \|\| 0 Replies Emily's Story Would a contributor be able to tell me what exactly happens to Emily when she runs away with Steerforth? Is this correct: They go abroad. He tires of her. He imprisons her and tries to palm her off onto his servant to be the servant's wife. She escapes. She lives with a peasant woman for a while. She comes to Yarmouth, but does not see any of her family. She goes to London. Mr Peggoty finds her with Martha's help. David and Emily never speak after this time and she emigrates to Austraila. But: Are she and Martha prostitutes? Was Emily pregnant, and did she have a child? How does Rosa Dartle find Emily? How much does Ham know about all this? Thank you. Posted By Troy Beal at Wed 14 Oct 2009, 5:40 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 3 Replies I need to know what all the main characters teach david copperfield either directly or by example. :sick::crash::bawling: Posted By lexyt95 at Tue 30 Jun 2009, 8:07 PM in David Copperfield \|\| 1 Reply	David Copperfield
What do ‘scandent’ plants do?	David Copperfield eBook by Charles Dickens - 9783956761324 \| Kobo Show more Show less The story traces the life of David Copperfield from childhood to maturity. David was born in Blunderstone, Suffolk, England, in 1820, six months after the death of his father. David spends his early years with his mother and their housekeeper, Peggotty. When he is seven years old, his mother re-marries Edward Murdstone. David is given good reason to dislike his stepfather and has similar feelings for Murdstone's sister Jane, who moves into the house soon afterwards. Murdstone attempts to thrash David for falling behind in his studies. David bites him and soon afterwards is sent away to a boarding school, Salem House, with a ruthless headmaster, Mr. Creakle. There he befriends James Steerforth and Tommy Traddles… (Excerpt from Wikipedia) Buy the eBook	i don't know
What was the first of the ten plagues of Egypt?	List of The Ten Plagues in Egypt From The Bible List of The Ten Plagues in Egypt From The Bible Tweet The ten plagues in Egypt are explained in Exodus chapters 7 through 12. These plagues are punishments on Pharaoh and Egypt for not allowing God’s people, Israel, to go free from their slavery. Pharaoh was demonstrating his power over the Israelites and questioning, “Who is the LORD, that I should obey his voice to let Israel go? I know not the LORD, neither will I let Israel go.” (Exodus 5:2) Each of the plagues effected the Egyptians and the land in different ways. Some of the plagues effected the Israelites as well. All of the plagues are targeted at different Egyptian gods. Through the 10th and final plague, God pronounces judgment on all the gods of Egypt: “For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.” (Exodus 12:12) Background for the Plagues God sent Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh to ask for the release of His people so that they could worship Him freely. Initially Pharaoh refused and Moses demonstrated God’s power by turning Aaron’s staff into a serpent. The magicians of Egypt also showed their abilities by changing their staves into serpents. However, Aaron’s serpent ate the serpents of the Egyptians (Exodus 7:8-12). Plague of Blood – Exodus 7:14-25 Aaron, at the command of Moses, raised his staff over the Nile River. The water turned to blood causing the fish to die and fill the land with an awful odor. To prove his own power, Pharaoh had his sorcerers turn more water into blood. They eventually had to dig wells to get fresh water. The plague lasted a week. Plague of Frogs – Exodus 8:1-15 Aaron raised his staff again over the streams and rivers causing frogs to come out of the river. The frogs overran the country. The Bible says that frogs were in their bedrooms, beds and kitchens. The Egyptian sorcerers also made more frogs appear. Pharaoh consented to letting the Israelites go. Moses allowed Pharaoh to choose when he wanted the frogs to disappear. Pharaoh choose the following day. The frogs were gathered and piled up making the land of Egypt stink once again. Plague of Lice – Exodus 8:16-19 The next plague was brought on by Aaron striking the dust with his staff. This caused the plague of lice. The Egyptian sorcerers were not able to reproduce this one. It caused them to finally declare that the plagues were brought on by God. Plague of Flies – Exodus 8:20-32 The Bible says that this plague only effected the land of the Egyptians and not the land of Goshen where the Israelites lived (Exodus 8:22). Pharaoh again offered to let the people of Israel free if the plague was removed. However, when the plague was gone, Pharaoh refused to let them go. Plague of Murrain or Pestilence – Exodus 9:1-7 This plague only effected the Egyptian’s cattle. Exodus 9:3 says, “Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.” Verse 6 says that “all” the cattle of the Egyptians died. But, again, none of the Israelites’ cattle were harmed (verse 7). Plague of Boils – Exodus 9:8-12 This was a skin disease that was brought about when Moses and Aaron spread the ashes from a furnace into the air. Not even the Pharaoh’s magicians could come before him because of the boils upon their skin. The Bible says that it was not limited to only the people, but the beasts of Egypt as well (these would be animals other than the cattle—which were already dead). Plague of Hail – Exodus 9:13-35 Moses stretched his hands toward the sky and brought on hail. The hail was unlike any they had experienced before. The hail was mixed with fire. The people were not doomed to suffer this plague. It was made clear that anyone outside during the storm would be punished, but if they would go inside and take any animals in with them, then they would be spared the harshness of the storm. The storm destroyed many crops as well as people and animals in the fields. The land of Goshen was again spared the punishment. Plague of Locusts – Exodus 10:1-20 Moses came to Pharaoh once again, but he refused to let the children of Israel free, not even at the request of his servants who were ready to be done with the plagues (Exodus 10:7). Pharaoh did consent to let the men of Israel go, but not the women and children. Moses raised his rod over Egypt and brought on a strong east wind for a day. After the wind came the plague of locusts. These are what we call grasshoppers today which came in and ate the rest of the crops and trees which were not destroyed by the hail in the previous plague. Plague of Darkness – Exodus 10:21-29 The plague of darkness was described as being so dark that it could be felt (Exodus 10:21). The darkness lasted three days. However the Israelites had light in their houses. After a time Pharaoh requested an end to the plague by offering to let the Israel go, but they would have to leave their cattle. Moses refused to accept the offer, but left saying that by the time the Israelites left Egypt then Pharaoh would be giving goods to Israel. Plague of the Death of the Firstborn – Exodus 11:1-12:36 The tenth and final plague was the death of the firstborn of all the people and animals. This was a plague on the Israelites and the Egyptians. The plague consisted of the firstborn being killed on a certain night. To avoid the punishment the people would kill a sacrificial lamb (sheep or goat) and paint the door posts of the house with the blood of the lamb. When the Lord passed through the land, He would not kill the firstborn of the houses that had shown their trust in His provision of salvation. Pharaoh’s son was killed as well as many children of the Egyptians. They feared themselves to be the next to be killed and gave all they could to get the Israelites out of their land. Results of the Ten Plagues The Israelites were not only allowed to leave the land of Egypt, but were commanded by Pharaoh to do so (Exodus 12:31). The Bible says that there were 600,000 men, besides children, who left that night (Exodus 12:37). They left enriched by the Egyptians (Exodus 12:33, 36). This ended 430 years of the Children of Israel living in the land of Egypt (Exodus 12:40, 41). Resources Holy Bible, King James Version David Peach November 28, 2011 at 5:39 am Romans 14:23 “And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin.” This is in response to the question of eating various foods which can cause others to stumble in their Christian faith. Paul gave an argument as to why eating certain meats were not sinful, but he said that you must eat in faith. If you feel that participating in something might be wrong, then you should avoid doing it. If you cannot participate in good conscience, knowing that you are doing what pleases the Lord, then you are participating with doubt in your mind and therefore it is sinful. I hope this helps answer your question.	plague of blood
Who made a Golden Calf from the people’s melted down jewellery?	The Plagues of Egypt THE PLAGUES OF EGYPT The Nine Plagues Pattern of the Plagues The Nine Plagues are categorized in three groups of three. The plagues announced beforehand were: 1-2, 4-5, and 7-8. The plagues sent without such an announcement were: 3, 6, and 9. A group of three elements refers to Ecumenical, Political, and Cosmic Babylon. The plagues were God's judgment of the world, Cosmos Diabolicus. Such judgment could be expected to divide the world into Ecumenical, Political, and Cosmic Babylon. The analysis of the Nine Plagues reveals the pattern. Darkness The key to advance to the next row is Ecumenical - Political - Cosmic, shift right and rotate. The plagues began and ended with the judgment of Ecumenical Babylon, which is the opposition to Bible Doctrine (Faith, X-axis ) and the Righteousness of God. The diagonal line of plagues of Ecumenical Babylon is rare in the Word of God and corresponds to the oblique order of battle. There are no diagonal lines in the Tabernacle. The counterattack of Ecumenical Babylon is the most serious threat that the Cosmic System poses against the Plan of God. The religion of Egypt opposed the Word of God and, consequently, met with severe judgment. Principle: Ecumenical religion is the enemy of Bible Doctrine and the enemy of God. Each group of three plagues represented the judgment of the Holy Spirit upon Ecumenical, Political, and Cosmic Babylon. Each plague was a national disaster, and three plagues should have been sufficient to convince anyone of the power of God. However, three groups of three totally destroyed Egypt. After the 7th Plague of Hail, which represents the completion of a category, Egypt was already devastated (Exodus 10:7). Three groups of three judgments symbolize a sieve for sifting. The number nine is 32 , three raised to the second power; whereas 33 (27) is the number for the judgment of a horn (e.g. a tornado). Number 3 represents the judgment of the Holy Spirit against Ecumenical, Political, and Cosmic Babylon. Number 9 represents the intensified judgment of the Nine Plagues, and number 27 represents the more intensified judgment of a horn Egyptian Account of the Plagues An eyewitness account of the Plagues has been found on a papyrus written by an Egyptian named Ipuwer, who described the devastation of the Plagues to the land of Egypt.1 Quotations from the Ipuwer papyrus will be included with the descriptions of the Plagues. The 1st Plague: Blood Announcement Because Pharaoh's heart was hardened, the Lord ordered the first Plague. Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Pharaohï¿½s heart is hard; he refuses to let the people go. (Exodus 7:14) The word for hard here is chabedh, which means hard in the sense of refusing to budge. In the previous verse the word for hard was chazaq, which stressed the strength, or firmness of Pharaoh's convictions against God. So not only was Pharaoh's heart hard and firm against God, he was also refusing to budge. Exodus 7:15-19, NAS 15 ï¿½Go to Pharaoh in the morning as he is going out to the water, and station yourself to meet him on the bank of the Nile; and you shall take in your hand the staff that was turned into a serpent. 16 ï¿½And you will say to him, ï¿½The Lord, the God of the Hebrews, sent me to you, saying, ï¿½Let My people go, that they may serve Me in the wilderness. But behold, you have not listened until now.ï¿½ 17 ï¿½Thus says the Lord, ï¿½By this you shall know that I am the Lord: behold, I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it shall be turned to blood. 18 ï¿½And the fish that are in the Nile will die, and the Nile will become foul; and the Egyptians will find difficulty in drinking water from the Nile.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 19 Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Say to Aaron, ï¿½Take your staff and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt, over their rivers, over their streams, and over their pools, and over all their reservoirs of water, that they may become blood; and there shall be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.ï¿½ï¿½ Pharaoh went down to the Nile River every morning to worship the god of the Nile. The Nile was the backbone of the economy of Egypt. The people were totally dependent upon it for growing their crops, their water, and transportation. Rather than recognize God as the Creator of the Nile, however, the Egyptians were hoodwinked into worshipping Satan and his demons. The Lord, knew Pharaoh's habits, and He knew that Ecumenical religion was the strength (or backbone) of Egypt. So His first sign, or wonder, would be to pollute the Nile, and turn it to blood, which would kill the fish, make a big stink from the odor of decaying fish, and leave the Egyptians without drinking water. Not only would the Nile be turned to blood but also the other waters and streams of Egypt as well as the water in the vessels of wood (e.g. buckets or troughs) and stone (cisterns). Cisterns of stone were usually located on street corners for the poor. The judgment of God would turn all their water to blood - not just the water in the Nile. The Plague As Pharaoh watched, Moses and Aaron obeyed the Lord's command. They told Pharaoh that the Lord had sent them and what He had said. They were telling Pharaoh that a higher authority was about to judge the waters of Egypt. Aaron lifted up the staff of Moses, struck the water in the Nile, and it was turned to blood just as the Lord had said. Exodus 7:20-21, NAS 20 So Moses and Aaron did even as the Lord had commanded. And he lifted up the staff and struck the water that was in the Nile, in the sight of Pharaoh and in the sight of his servants, and all the water that was in the Nile was turned to blood. 21 And the fish that were in the Nile died, and the Nile became foul, so that the Egyptians could not drink water from the Nile. And the blood was through all the land of Egypt. Was this literal blood? From other passages turning to blood is a metaphor. In 2 Kings 3:22, blood refers to the color of the water - not literal blood. At the Second Advent the moon will be turned to blood (Joel 2:31; Acts 2:20, Rev. 6:12), which is not literal blood but a metaphor. The turning of the Nile to blood could also be a metaphor; however, the Ipuwer papyrus also calls the water blood. 2:5-6 Plague is throughout the land. Blood is everywhere. 2:10 The river is blood. 2:10 Men shrink from tasting - human beings, and thirst after water 3:10-13 That is our water! That is our happiness! What shall we do in respect thereof? All is ruin.1 Thus, the water certainly resembled blood. It was some kind of pollution, which resembled blood, or else it was literal blood. The pollution killed the fish. The Red Tide 2 is an example of such pollution, but the Red Tide does not occur in Egypt. The Nile fluctuates in color as it rises and falls. When it is low, it is greenish and the water is not good to drink; and when it rises, it is red as ochre and the water is good to drink. It overflows from June through September. In the normal course of events the Nile does not have the properties of the Plague of Blood. Magicians Copy the Miracle Pharaoh's magicians apparently knew enough chemistry to turn water into blood, though it is obvious that they couldn't turn all the water in the land to blood, and then make it clean again. However, Pharaoh believed their demonstration, and his heart was still hardened (chazaq), strong or firm (Exodus 7:22). Exodus 7:22-25, NAS 22 But the magicians of Egypt did the same with their secret arts; and Pharaohï¿½s heart was hardened, and he did not listen to them, as the Lord had said. 23 Then Pharaoh turned and went into his house with no concern even for this. 24 So all the Egyptians dug around the Nile for water to drink, for they could not drink of the water of the Nile. 25 And seven days passed after the Lord had struck the Nile. The Plague of Blood lasted seven days, which indicates categorical judgment. The Egyptians dug around the Nile for water to drink, which probably means the only water they could get was muddy. The 2nd Plague: Frogs Moses was sent back to Pharaoh to announce the 2nd Plague of Frogs. Exodus 8:1-4, NAS 1 Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ï¿½Thus says the Lord, ï¿½Let My people go, that they may serve Me. 2 ï¿½But if you refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite your whole territory with frogs. 3 ï¿½And the Nile will swarm with frogs, which will come up and go into your house and into your bedroom and on your bed, and into the houses of your servants and on your people, and into your ovens and into your kneading bowls. 4 ï¿½So the frogs will come up on you and your people and all your servants.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The frogs were the small Nile frog, called Dofda in Egyptian - also called rana Mosaica, or Nilotica.3 Frogs symbolize the croaking of politicians of Political Babylon. Frog demons will come out of the mouths (for communication) of Satan, the Beast, and False Prophet of the Tribulation to gather the nations to the Battle of Armageddon (Revelation 16:13-14). Thus, the Plague of the Frogs represents the judgment of Political Babylon. The great Egyptian Empire was judged as a part of Political Babylon of the Cosmic System. The Plague At the appointed time, the Lord directed Moses to give the order to Aaron to stretch out his hand and the staff over the waters of Egypt, and the plague of frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt. Exodus 8:5-6, NAS 5 Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Say to Aaron, ï¿½Stretch out your hand with your staff over the rivers, over the streams and over the pools, and make frogs come up on the land of Egypt.ï¿½ï¿½ 6 So Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt. The frogs were a severe pestilence upon the land of Egypt and a sign of God's judgment of Political Babylon. Magicians Copy the Miracle Since demons have power over animals, it is not too surprising that the magicians were able to duplicate the miracle of the frogs. They were, however, unable to make the frogs go away. Here the Angelic Conflict can be seen, for the Plagues of Egypt were supernatural acts that were implemented by the Elect Angels. This is explained during the description of the Plagues of Egypt in Psalm 78. He let loose upon them His burning anger, Wrath, fury, and distress, A company of angels of destruction. (Psalm 78:49) The "company of angels of destruction" were the Elect Angels tasked with implementation of the Plagues of Egypt. And the magicians did the same with their secret arts, making frogs come up on the land of Egypt. (Exodus 8:7 NAS) When the angels of God brought out the masses of frogs, the magicians with the help of demons were able to bring frogs also; but they were apparently not successful in sending them away. The End of the Plague of Frogs So Pharaoh appealed to Moses and Aaron to remove the frogs and he would agree to let the nation of Israel go and sacrifice to the Lord. Exodus 8:8-15 8 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and said, ï¿½Entreat the Lord that He remove the frogs from me and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may sacrifice to the Lord.ï¿½ 9 And Moses said to Pharaoh, ï¿½The honor is yours to tell me: when shall I entreat for you and your servants and your people, that the frogs be destroyed from you and your houses, that they may be left only in the Nile?ï¿½ 10 Then he said, ï¿½Tomorrow.ï¿½ So he said, ï¿½May it be according to your word, that you may know that there is no one like the Lord our God. 11 ï¿½And the frogs will depart from you and your houses and your servants and your people; they will be left only in the Nile.ï¿½ 12 Then Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried to the Lord concerning the frogs which He had inflicted upon Pharaoh. 13 And the Lord did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died out of the houses, the courts, and the fields. 14 So they piled them in heaps, and the land became foul. 15 But when Pharaoh saw that there was relief, he hardened his heart and did not listen to them, as the Lord had said. When Pharaoh indicated that he would agree to the demands of Moses, Moses let him choose the time for the removal of the frogs. Pharaoh picked the next day. He obviously thought the task was too difficult to perform the same day. When Moses interceded, the Plague of Frogs was removed. The frogs died. The Egyptians piled them up. The phrase, "in heaps," in verse 14 is literally omers of omers. Since an omer is 5.1 pints and omers (plural) would be at least 10.2 pints, then omers of omers would be 10.2 X 10.2 = 104 pints = 1.5 bushels. So "in bushels" would be a better translation for "in heaps." The stench of decaying frogs was foul. But when Pharaoh saw that there was relief from pressure, he hardened his heart again. The word for relief is rewachah in the Hebrew, which means relief from pressure. The word in the Septuagint is anapsuxis, which means breathing space. Thus, the phrase means as soon as Pharaoh could catch his breath, or had breathing room, he hardened his heart. The word for hardened here, as in Exodus 7:14, is chabedh, which means hard in the sense of refusing to budge. Thus, Pharaoh is only influenced by punishment. He will lie to get relief. The 3rd Plague: Gnats Gnats Unlike the previous two plagues where Moses was sent to announce the plagues beforehand to Pharaoh, the third plague of gnats was unannounced. The Lord told Moses and Aaron to stretch out the staff, and the swarms of gnats came. Exodus 8:16-17 16 Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Say to Aaron, ï¿½Stretch out your staff and strike the dust of the earth, that it may become gnats through all the land of Egypt.ï¿½ï¿½ 17 And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his staff, and struck the dust of the earth, and there were gnats on man and beast. All the dust of the earth became gnats through all the land of Egypt. The species of gnats was sciniphes, a species of gnat hardly visible yet causing painful irritation of the skin according to Philo and Origen.3 Gnats, which swarm in the air, are identified with Cosmic Babylon. Magicians Cannot Duplicate The magicians, who had been able to copy the previous two miracles, were unable to duplicate the plague of gnats. Exodus 8:18-19 18 And the magicians tried with their secret arts to bring forth gnats, but they could not; so there were gnats on man and beast. 19 Then the magicians said to Pharaoh, ï¿½This is the finger of God.ï¿½ But Pharaohï¿½s heart was hardened, and he did not listen to them, as the Lord had said. Having been put down, the magicians were impressed with the plague of gnats and called it "the finger of God." Although the finger of God is associated with writing the Ten Commandments, creating the heavens, and casting out demons (Exodus 31:18; Psalm 8:3; Luke 11:20), the magicians were unbelievers and were referring to one of their demon-gods and not Jehovah-Elohim. They were saying that the gnats were the work of a powerful god, and, therefore, they could not duplicate it. In spite of the gnats, however, Pharaoh's heart was still hardened. The the word for hardened is chazaq, which stressed the strength, or firmness of Pharaoh's convictions against God. The 4th Plague: Dog Flies Announcement Moses was sent to announce the fourth plague to Pharaoh when he went out to the Nile for his morning worship service. Exodus 8:20-23 20 Now the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Rise early in the morning and present yourself before Pharaoh, as he comes out to the water, and say to him, ï¿½Thus says the Lord, ï¿½Let My people go, that they may serve Me. 21 ï¿½For if you will not let My people go, behold, I will send swarms of dog flies on you and on your servants and on your people and into your houses; and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of dog flies, and also the ground on which they dwell. 22 ï¿½But on that day I will set apart the land of Goshen, where My people are living, so that no swarms of dog flies will be there, in order that you may know that I, the Lord, am in the midst of the land. 23 ï¿½And I will put a deliverance between My people and your people. Tomorrow this sign shall occur.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ The word, dog flies , is the Hebrew `arobh, which means mixture. The word in the Septuagint is kunomuia, which means dog flies. The dog flies of Egypt have been described as worse than the gnats. The dog flies bite people and even attach themselves to the eyelids.3 The dog flies, like the gnats were associated with the air, and, therefore, Cosmic Babylon. The key to the second group of three plagues is to shift the first three to the right and rotate; so the second group of three begins with Cosmic Babylon. The land of Goshen where Israel was living would be exempted from the plague of dog flies. As the plagues judged the land of Egypt, Israel was delivered since it was on the right side of history. In verse 23 the word deliverance is literally peduth, which means redemption and not division as sometimes translated. As the justice of God judges evil, it delivers the Righteous. The plague of dog flies is called a sign. The metaphorical sign of the dog flies was established for future generations to understand this symbol in Bible Doctrine. A dog fly is a symbol of Cosmic Babylon. Later in history it will be revealed that Baalzebub (2 Kings 1:2-6, 16; Matthew 10:25; Mark 3:22) is the lord of the flies. Whereas, dog flies represent demon powers of Cosmic Babylon, Baalzebub rules them. He also rules the world wide web. Baalzebub is symbolized by a spider. Thus, the Plagues of Egypt are important for learning the vocabulary for Spiritual Warfare. The Plague The fourth plague of dog flies swarmed all over Egypt. Dog flies are blood suckers, which were a menace to people and animals. The dog flies devoured the people (Psalm 78:45), and their bites left the people swollen and disfigured. Then the Lord did so. And there came great swarms of dog flies into the house of Pharaoh and the houses of his servants and the land was destroyed because of the swarms of dog flies in all the land of Egypt. (Exodus 8:24) The dog flies also laid their eggs in various places, such as fermenting vegetation, manure, and garbage. The eggs produced maggots, which destroyed the land. The dog flies were a nasty pestilence. Pharaoh Cries for Relief The nuisance of the dog flies convinced Pharaoh to call for Moses and Aaron to end the plague. Exodus 8:25-32 25 And Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and said, ï¿½Go, sacrifice to your God in the land.ï¿½ 26 But Moses said, ï¿½It is not right to do so, for we shall sacrifice to the Lord our God what is an abomination to the Egyptians. If we sacrifice what is an abomination to the Egyptians before their eyes, will they not then stone us? 27 ï¿½We must go a three daysï¿½ journey into the wilderness and sacrifice to the Lord our God as He commands us.ï¿½ 28 And Pharaoh said, ï¿½I will let you go, that you may sacrifice to the Lord your God in the wilderness; only you shall not go very far away. Make supplication for me.ï¿½ Pharaoh promised to let Israel go and sacrifice to God. However, he stipulated, "in the land." This was an unacceptable compromise for two reasons. First, the cow, which was the sacrificial animal of Israel, was considered sacred to the Egyptians. The Egyptians would not stand by and watch their sacred animals being sacrificed. Secondly, the Lord had commanded Moses to go three days into the wilderness to sacrifice. Pharaoh agreed to let Israel go into the wilderness to sacrifice to God, and he implored Moses to make intercession for him, i.e. to get God to stop the plague. Then Moses said, ï¿½Behold, I am going out from you, and I shall make supplication to the Lord that the swarms of dog flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people tomorrow; only do not let Pharaoh deal deceitfully again in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the Lord.ï¿½ (Exodus 8:29) Moses warned Pharaoh against dealing with him deceitfully again. The End of the Plague of Dog Flies When Moses interceded in prayer, the Lord stopped the plague of dog flies. Exodus 8:30-32 30 So Moses went out from Pharaoh and made supplication to the Lord. 31 And the Lord did as Moses asked, and removed the swarms of dog flies from Pharaoh, from his servants and from his people; not one remained. 32 But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also, and he did not let the people go. However, Pharaoh hardened his heart again and refused to let the people go. The word for hardened here is chabedh, which means hard in the sense of refusing to budge. The 5th Plague: Murrain Moses was sent by the Lord to Pharaoh to announce the fifth plague. Exodus 9:1-5 1 Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Go to Pharaoh and speak to him, ï¿½Thus says the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, ï¿½Let My people go, that they may serve Me. 2 ï¿½For if you refuse to let them go, and continue to hold them, 3 behold, the hand of the Lord will come with a very severe murrain on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks. 4 ï¿½But the Lord will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, so that nothing will die of all that belongs to the sons of Israel.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 5 And the Lord set a definite time, saying, ï¿½Tomorrow the Lord will do this thing in the land.ï¿½ The fifth plague, murrain (pronounced mür'_ün, ü as in further), is the Hebrew deber, which means murrain, or cattle-plague. The word is derived from an Arabic word which means departure or death. This is similar to the expression, "passed away," as a euphemism for dying. Therefore, erroneous translations have rendered this disease as carrying off the cattle - meaning the cattle passed away, or died. Murrain is also called rinderpest, which is a highly contagious virus infection of livestock.5 The murrain would infect the livestock of Egypt but not the livestock of Israel. Here again the selective judgment of God cursed the Egyptians and delivered Israel. Even viruses are under the control of the Lord. A definite time was set for the beginning of the murrain to distinguish it from an incidental outbreak of the pestilence, which was known to occur periodically. The murrain infected the cattle in Egypt, which were considered sacred. Thus, the murrain was a judgment of Ecumenical Babylon. The Plague The plague of murrain began the next day as prescribed, and the cattle of Egypt along with all the livestock were killed. According to the Ipuwer papyrus, the cattle and livestock suffered greatly, which agrees with the Biblical account (Exodus 9:6-7). 5:5 All animals, their hearts weep. Cattle moan. (Ipuwer)1 Exodus 9:6-7 6 So the Lord did this thing on the morrow, and all the livestock of Egypt died; but of the livestock of the sons of Israel, not one died. 7 And Pharaoh sent, and behold, there was not even one of the livestock of Israel dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go. The phrase, "all the livestock of Egypt died," does not mean every single one of the livestock died because some were left for the Plague of Hail. It means perhaps all in the region or all in the field. Yet, none of the livestock of Israel died, as the Lord had promised. However, in spite of the widespread destruction in Egypt, Pharaoh's heart was hardened. The word for hardened here is, again, chabedh, which means hard in the sense of refusing to budge. The 6th Plague: Boils Boils The sixth plague of boils was a skin disease. The skin is used to feel or touch others, i.e. political relationships. The skin is also close to a person, and skin problems represent problems with intimacy. Intimacy problems arise from violations of Marriage Culture. The plague of boils was against Political Babylon. The sixth plague, like the third, was not announced beforehand to Pharaoh. Exodus 9:8-9 8 Then the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, ï¿½Take for yourselves handfuls of soot from a kiln, and let Moses throw it toward the sky in the sight of Pharaoh. 9 ï¿½And it will become fine dust over all the land of Egypt, and will become boils breaking out with sores on man and beast through all the land of Egypt.ï¿½ Moses and Aaron were to take handfuls of soot from a kiln and throw it into the sky in the sight of Pharaoh. The kiln (Hebrew kibe shan) was a smelting furnace or lime kiln for lime or pottery. The soot produced a very fine dust like coal dust in the air, which symbolized the spreading of the boils on man and beast through all the land of Egypt. Boils cause the flesh to turn dark like a bruise, which corresponds to the darkness of the soot. Soot also causes the skin to be dirty, which symbolizes spiritual uncleanness, i.e. rejection of Salvation or Rebound . The boils broke out into blisters or sores. Boils (Hebrew shethin) are described in other passages ( Leviticus 13:18-23; 2 Kings 20:7 ). The boils spread rapidly. The Plague When Moses threw the soot into the sky, the plague of boils began. It struck both people and animals. Exodus 9:10-11, NAS 10 So they took soot from a kiln, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses threw it toward the sky, and it became boils breaking out with sores on man and beast. 11 And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils, for the boils were on the magicians as well as on all the Egyptians. The magicians could not go to work because of the boils. Boils on the legs can cause severe pain and cramps and make it impossible to stand or walk. Pharaoh's Hardened Heart This time the scripture says "the Lord hardened Pharaoh's heart," which explains much more about the sequence of events. The Lord hardened Pharaohï¿½s heart, and he did not listen to them, just as the Lord had spoken to Moses. (Exodus 9:12) The word for hardened is chazaq, but it is in the Pi'el stem, which is the intensive stem, and it means to make strong or hard. The Lord made Pharaoh's heart very hard so that he would resist the punishment of God and reject Moses' request to let the people go. Categorical Punishment Summary of Last 3 Plagues Prior to the 7th Plague there is a summary in the narrative. The 7th Plague will complete a category. The summary explains the Doctrine of Categorical Punishment, which is illustrated by the first seven plagues. Exodus 9:13-14 13 Then the Lord said to Moses, ï¿½Rise up early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh and say to him, ï¿½Thus says the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, ï¿½Let My people go, that they may serve Me. 14 ï¿½For this time I will send all My plagues upon your heart, upon your servants, and upon your people, so that you may know that there is no one like Me in all the earth. This word, "plagues," appears in verse 14 for the first time in the narrative. It is the Hebrew maggephah, which means death blows or fatal strokes. The Lord said that He would send His plagues upon Pharaoh's "heart," the right lobe of his soul. Striking to the heart is like inflicting a mortal wound. The sequence of events was: Pharaoh had negative volition toward God. God hardened Pharaoh's heart. Pharaoh was punished with Plagues. Pharaoh's servants were weak and sickly. They had boils that kept them from standing. God hardened the heart of Pharaoh and sent plagues upon Pharaoh, his servants (his staff), and his people. He hardened Pharaoh's heart so that He could punish him more severely, which would reveal the truth that God is more powerful than the Cosmic System. Before the Nine Plagues, the Egyptians thought their demons were more powerful than God. The intensified punishment would also make a news story that would go over the entire earth so that all the world could be evangelized. For example, Rahab, a prostitute in Jericho, heard about Israel crossing the Red Sea and was saved. Exodus 9:15-16 15 ï¿½For if by now I had put forth My hand and struck you and your people with pestilence, you would then have been cut off from the earth. 16 ï¿½But, indeed, for this cause I have allowed you to remain, in order to show you My power, and in order to proclaim My name through all the earth. The Cycles of Punishment continue in verses 15 and 16: 5. It was a grace decision of God to allow Pharaoh and the Egyptians to survive. 6. The Lord allowed Pharaoh to remain to demonstrate His power and to evangelize all the world. 7. The 7th Plague will complete a category - i.e. Categorical Punishment. The Lord made the grace decision to let Pharaoh live. He has mercy on whom He wills, but He hardens whom He wills. (Romans 9:18) The Lord has made everything for its own purpose, Even the wicked for the day of evil. (Proverbs 16:4, NAS) Pharaoh was not destroyed for two reasons. First, he was an unbeliever and the Lord was trying to get him to acknowledge the glory of the Lord (Exodus 9:27; 10:16-17; 12:31). Secondly, the Lord was going to use the news stories of Egypt to evangelize the entire earth. Pharaoh had even been raised up with all his obnoxious flaws and evil beliefs so that God could use Him for His purpose (Romans 9:17). Doctrine of the Cycles of Punishment The category of punishments of Pharaoh are seven cycles of punishment which are applicable to other generations of history. The Cycles of Punishment of Pharaoh define the Doctrine of the Cycles of Personal Punishment, which is applicable to others besides Pharaoh.	i don't know
Who plays Miss Havisham in Mike Newell’s latest film adaptation of Great Expectations?	Helena Bonham Carter plays Miss Havisham in new Great Expectations film - Telegraph Film news Helena Bonham Carter plays Miss Havisham in new Great Expectations film Helena Bonham Carter is playing Miss Havisham in a new film of Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, which will be given it's first public screening at the BFI London Film Festival. Helena Bonham-Carter as Miss Haversham in film, 'Great Expectations' By Roya Nikkhah , Arts Correspondent 7:20AM BST 21 Oct 2012 Comments She is one of Charles Dickens’ most disturbing and unattractive characters and when Helena Bonham Carter was first asked to play Miss Havisham, she said it was “like a slap in the face”. The character is often portrayed as elderly and Bonham Carter, 46, said that when initially approached to play her in a new adaptation of Great Expectations, by director Mike Newell, she was taken aback. “I thought 'Jesus, give us a chance’,” she added. “But then Mike told me, 'don’t panic, if you read the book she’s actually in her 40s’ – in other words exactly the same age as me.” The actress said that she became “obsessed” with the role. “She really is an incredible character. I kept wondering how does anyone end up being so psychologically grief-struck?” Miss Havisham, a wealthy spinster jilted at the altar in her youth, is confined to her dilapidated mansion, Satis House, where she lives in faded grandeur with Estella, her adopted daughter. Related Articles Charles Dickens 200 years on: Prince leads events 07 Feb 2012 She is at the heart of Dickens’ rags-to-riches story of Pip, an impoverished orphan who is elevated to the life of a gentleman after receiving a bequest from an anonymous benefactor. Never changing out of her wedding dress and surrounded by her rotting, abandoned wedding feast, Miss Havisham manipulates Estella, encouraging her to break Pip’s heart. In the novel, Dickens described her as “the witch of the place”. The new screen adaptation of the Dickens’ novel is directed by Newell, the filmmaker behind Four Weddings and a Funeral, with a screenplay by David Nicholls, the author of One Day. It stars Jeremy Irvine as Pip, Holliday Grainger as Estella and Ralph Fiennes as Magwitch, the escaped convict who is revealed to be Pip’s benefactor. The comedian and actor David Walliams also appears in the film as Uncle Pumblechook, alongside Robbie Coltrane as Mr Jaggers, Miss Havisham’s lawyer. The adaptation, which will close the BFI London Film Festival on Sunday with a screening at the Odeon, Leicester Square, marks the bicentenary of Dickens’ birth this year. It is released nationwide on November 30. Start your free 30 day Amazon Prime trial»	Helena Bonham Carter
Which boxer was The Bronx Bull?	Helena Bonham Carter appears as a convincing tortured and haggard Miss Havisham in new trailer for Mike Newell's adaptation of Great Expectations \| Daily Mail Online comments At 46 she's considerably younger than her character, the decrepit Miss Havisham. But Helena Bonham Carter can be seen looking haggard and tortured as the heiress locked in the past in the new trailer for the latest adaptation of Charles Dickens’s novel Great Expectations. The English actress is seen sporting huge bags under her eyes, a grey pallor and a wretched look on her face. SCROLL DOWN FOR TRAILER... Scary sight: Helena Bonham Carter appears appears haggard as Miss Havisham in Mike Newell's adaptation of the Charles Dickens story Still in her wedding dress after being jilted at the alter Helena certainly manages to capture the internal torture in the trailer. But her lack of wrinkles and youthful skin are in stark contrast with Dicken's depiction of the aged character. The film, which will be shown next month at the Toronto International Film Festival has a star-studded cast including Ralph Fiennes, Robbie Coltrane. Not so mature: The 46-year-old actress doesn't have the wrinkles associated with the elderly recluse Pip and Estella: Jeremy Irvine and Holliday Grainger star in the film Holliday Grainger and Jeremy Irvine of War Horse fame also star as Estella and Pip respectively. Helena – who has two children with her partner, film director Tim Burton – is the latest in a line of increasingly younger actresses to play the role of the spinster who lives with her adopted daughter Estella. In 1999, actress Charlotte Rampling was 53 when she took on the part in a Bafta-winning BBC adaptation. Last Christmas, X-Files actress Gillian Anderson, 43, gave a critically acclaimed performance in a television adaptation. Spooky setting: Miss Havisham is holed up in Satis House Star studded: Ralph Fiennes also stars in the film which will show at Toronto film festival Tragic ending: Pip as a young boy The latest film, being made by Harry Potter director Mike Newell, is due for release in November and stars Ralph Fiennes as escaped convict Magwitch and War Horse actor Jeremy Irvine as the novel’s hero, Pip. The film’s screenplay was written by David Nicholls, the bestselling author of the novel One Day, and co-stars Robbie Coltrane as Mr Jaggers, Jason Flemyng as Joe Gargery, and Britain’s Got Talent judge David Walliams as Uncle Pumblechook. Fresh-faced: A still youthful Helena Bonham-Carter, 46, has been cast in the role of literature's most famous spinster, Miss Havisham Wizened: Actresses Martita Hunt, pictured left in the 1946 film adaptation of the Dickens classic, and Gillian Anderson, pictured right in a recent TV version, both played greying Miss Havishams Inevitably, it will be compared to Sir David Lean’s black-and-white 1946 classic adaptation, which starred 46-year-old Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham and Sir John Mills as Pip. That version is widely regarded as one of the greatest British films ever made. It won two Academy Awards – for Best Art Direction and Best Cinematography. It was also nominated in three other categories: Best Picture, Best Director and Best Screenplay.	i don't know
Which Shakespeare play was set in Ephesus probably 14century?	Shakespeare, William - Drama Online Bloomsbury Publishing Type: Text Antony and Cleopatra rival Romeo and Juliet for the title of most famous lovers in Western drama. Shakespeare’s play, probably written around 1606-7 (though not appearing in print until the First Folio of 1623), reflects the popularity of the story in the early modern imagination. Shakespeare’s play is heavily indebted to Plutarch’s Parallel Lives of the Greeks and Romans, written in the first century AD, and translated into English by Sir Thomas North in 1579. Marc Antony is one of three triumvirs ruling Rome following the assassination of Julius Caesar. Neglecting his political duties, he lingers in Egypt with Cleopatra, a queen who sees herself as a demigod, an embodied Isis. When unrest threatens Rome, Antony must leave Cleopatra in order to solidify his power against threats from Pompey and fellow triumvir Octavius Caesar. Despite marrying Octavia, the passive sister of Caesar, for the sake of peace, he soon longs for his ‘wrangling queen’ and returns to Egypt. The ensuing war between the lovers and Octavius Caesar engulfs the Roman world. The eponymous lovers are unable to reconcile their martial defeat and its consequent shame with their hyperbolic self-images, and commit two of the most memorable suicides in the Shakespearean canon. From its earliest audiences, Antony and Cleopatra has received criticism. Post-Restoration critics knocked the play for the way it disregarded the classical unities of drama, which stated that a play should cover one idea, in one place, at one time. With its action historically spanning a decade, and its scenes ranging from Europe to Africa and back again, the play affronted those who desired a neater retelling of the famous love story. John Dryden took it upon himself to rewrite the tragedy in his play All for Love, first performed in 1677: covering only the last day of the lives of Antony and Cleopatra, the play reaches for a grander love affair, removed from the lust, jealousy and self-inflation of Shakespeare’s play. Scholarly criticism has dwelt upon the play’s use of opposites, the imagery of instability, and the performance of gender on the early modern stage (to which Cleopatra metatheatrically refers, when she fears boy actors will portray her ‘squeaking [. . .] i’th’posture of a whore’ [5.2.219-20]. The staging of the play has long been of special interest to critics and theatre-makers alike: the play calls for a sea-battle, and a colossal monument to Cleopatra up to which the dying Antony must be hoisted. Notable Antonys have included John Gielgud, Laurence Olivier and Patrick Stewart; notable Cleopatras Peggy Ashcroft, Vanessa Redgrave and Mark Rylance, in the 1999 all-male production at Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre, London. Bloomsbury Publishing Type: Text In the Forest of Arden where the cross-dressed Rosalind meets her lover Orlando, folklore meets with classical ideals, the pastoral with ribaldry, and love poetry with parody and satire. As You Like It plays witty games with gender roles, and the nature of liberty and love. As You Like It was probably written at the end of 1598, and perhaps first performed in 1599. This text is based on the Folio, where it was first printed. Duke Fredrick has usurped his older brother Duke Senior and banished him to the Forest of Arden, where he lives with the faithful members of the court. He has left behind is his daughter Rosalind who is close friends with her cousin Celia, the daughter of Duke Fredrick. The changeable Fredrick banishes Rosalind from his court; Celia accompanies her into the forest, along with the clown Touchstone. Meanwhile Orlando, who Rosalind favours after seeing him wrestle, flees to the forest with his servant Adam after hearing his oldest brother Oliver plots to kill him. Rosalind disguises herself as a young man called Ganymede, and Celia as ‘Aliena’, while Orlando joins the banished Duke and his men, who include the melancholy Jacques. In the guise of Ganymede, Rosalind meets Orlando and gives him lessons in wooing and women, pretending to be ‘Rosalind’ and receiving his mock-courtship. Secondary romance plots involve the rustic Silvius and Phoebe, and Audrey and Touchstone. When Oliver arrives in the forest too, Rosalind arranges several marriages and the dukedom is restored. In her introduction to the current edition, Juliet Dusinberre writes ‘As You Like It, with its cross-dressed heroine, gender games and explorations of sexual ambivalence, its Forest of Arden and melancholy Jaques, speaks directly to the twenty-first century. Although the play is rooted in Elizabethan culture – literary, social, political, aesthetic – Shakespeare has placed a prophetic finger on the pulse of the future. Amongst the myths of classical pastoral and of the biblical Garden of Eden are a group of displaced persons fleeing family disruption and political corruption. In raising profound questions about the nature of liverty, renewal and regeneration posed by the new environment of the Forest, Shakespeare has created a comedy of extraordinary flexibility and depth.’ Bloomsbury Publishing Type: Text Shakespeare’s dextrous comedy of two twin masters and two twin servants continually mistaken for one another is both farce and more than farce. The Comedy of Errors examines the interplay between personal and commercial relationships, and the breakdown of social order that follows the disruption of identity, until the nightmarish cross-purpose dialogue ends in harmonious reunion. The play is set in Ephesus, a city where anyone who is from Syracuse will be executed, unless he can pay the ransom. Egeon, who is from Syracuse, is arrested accordingly; he explains to the Duke that he is looking for his lost family. He and his wife Emilia had identical twin sons (both called Antipholus), but in a shipwreck Egeon and one son were separated from Emilia and the other. The son who grew up with Egeon, Antipholus of Ephesus, set off to search for his lost brother, accompanied by his servant Dromio of Ephesus, who had similarly lost a twin. Antipholus and Dromio of Ephesus have also arrived in Ephesus where, unknown to them, their twin brothers both live. Antipholus sends Dromio away on an errand, and the two sets of twins become muddled up. A jeweller presents the newly-arrived Antipholus with an expensive chain, and then pursues the native Antipholus for payment. The wife of Antipholus of Ephesus mistakes the stranger for her husband, and locks her real husband out of the house. Antipholus of Syracuse falls in love with the woman everyone else thinks is his sister-in-law. Both masters beat each other’s servants regularly for their apparent disobedience – the two Dromios try to obey the apparently contradictory instructions of a single master. Eventually, Antipholus and Dromio of Syracuse take refuge in a priory. The Duke arrives with Egeon, who is going to be executed. Antipholus and Dromio of Ephesus, having just escaped arrest, also arrive. The Abbess of the priory brings out Antipholus and Dromio of Syracuse, and the confusion is cleared when the Abbess herself is revealed to be Emilia, Egeon’s long lost wife and the mother of the Antipholuses. Egeon is reprieved, and Antipholus of Syracuse proposes to his brother’s sister-in-law. Bloomsbury Publishing Type: Text Coriolanus was first published in the First Folio of 1623; we have no recording of a first performance contemporary with Shakespeare. As a result, dating the play has proven to be a difficult task, with most modern critics placing the writing of the play in the second half of the 1610s. Affording Coriolanus a genre is similarly tricky: it is ‘The Tragedy of Coriolanus’ in the First Folio, but it is deeply indebted to the sub-genre of ‘Roman plays’ that form a significant part of the Shakespearean oeuvre. As with Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare draws on Thomas North’s 1579 translation of Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans for both historical detail and literary tropes. The exploration of the public voice and the body politic in Coriolanus is immediately displayed in the play’s opening, where Roman citizens are rising up against the mounting price of grain. (It has been argued that this is a contemporary reference to the Midland Revolt of 1607, where peasants in the Midlands of Britain rioted against the enclosure of common land.) Menenius, a wise old Roman generally respected by the people, recites a parable narrating the breakdown of the body when its individual parts are not in accord. For the body politic to function, the head (here, the General; in Shakespeare’s England, King James I) and the belly (the people) must support each other. One of the play’s central explorations, that of the battle between public and private identity, and political and personal duty, is encapsulated in the figure of Coriolanus, much as it is in other Roman figures (e.g. Brutus in Julius Caesar and Mark Antony in Antony and Cleopatra). His identity is unfixed, and manipulated by the patricians and his ambitious mother, Volumnia. Unlike other Shakespearean tragic heroes, Coriolanus only has one lengthy soliloquy, in which he laments the ‘dissension’ and ‘bitterest enmity’ to which ‘friends now fast sworn’ have turned. As his affinity shifts from Romans to Volscians, his own identity gets lost, until he cries at the end of Act IV that ‘only that name remains’ – the irony being that ‘Coriolanus’ is not the name he started off with at the beginning of the play (he was ‘Caius Martius’ until he was granted the toponym Coriolanus, after his defeat of the town of Corioles). He is murdered at the end of the play in a bloody attack perpetrated by conspirators, mirroring Caesar’s death in his eponymous Roman tragedy. The opacity of the play’s central figure has rendered theatrical and cinematic interpretations of Coriolanus manifold in the past century especially: Laurence Olivier (twice), Anthony Hopkins, Richard Burton, Ian McKellan and Ralph Fiennes have all portrayed the general. Bloomsbury Publishing Type: Text The intricate plot of Cymbeline folds comic, romantic, tragic and historical modes into a bittersweet and experimental play. Though listed under the ‘Tragedies’ in its first appearance in the 1623 First Folio, the play’s diverse elements of murderous jealousy, Roman invasion, dark schemes of sexual assault, female transvestism, passionate love, court, country and fairy-tale are all harmoniously and peacefully reconciled in marriage. Thought to have been written around 1608-10, the playgoing doctor Simon Forman noted seeing the play at the Globe in April 1611. Some critics have wondered if Cymbeline, as other late Shakespeare plays, could be a collaboration; the play’s similarity to Beaumont and Fletcher’s Philaster (c.1608-10) has led to debate as to which may have borrowed from which. Sources for Cymbeline include Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (c.1136), Boccaccio’s Decameron (1353), Holinshed’s Chronicles (1577-87), and the anonymous romantic drama The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune (1582). Cymbeline, King of Britain is furious with his daughter Imogen for marrying Posthumus, because he wanted to marry her step-brother Cloten (son of Cymbeline’s second wife, the Queen). Posthumus is banished. In Rome, he meets Iachimo, who wagers that he will be able to sleep with Imogen. Iachimo, failing to seduce Imogen, hides in a chest and is carried into her bedchamber. Once she is asleep he steals a bracelet given to her by Posthumus. Back in Rome, this convinces Posthumus of Imogen’s infidelity. Cymbeline refuses to pay the tribute due to Augustus Caesar, and the Roman ambassador Lucius promises war. Posthumus writes to his servant Pisanio instructing him to kill Imogen; instead Pisanio advises Imogen to dress as a man and accompany Lucius to Rome. She goes as ‘Fidele’ to Milford-Haven to meet the departing Lucius. Cloten, believing that Posthumus will also be at Milford-Haven, wears Posthumus’ clothes and follows Imogen there. He intends to kill her husband and rape her. On her way ‘Fidele’ meets Belarius and his two sons Guiderius and Arviragus – who are actually Cymbeline’s sons, stolen away in their infancy. Cloten arrives and Guiderius kills him. ‘Fidele’ is ill, and drinks a potion given to her by Pisanio, thinking it is a remedy. The Queen thought it was poison and intended it for Posthumus, but the potion creates the only the appearance of death. Her brothers, believing ‘Fidele’ to be dead, place her next to Cloten’s body - still in Posthumus’ clothes. Imogen wakes to what appears to be her husband’s headless corpse. She is found by Lucius and taken into his service. The returned Posthumus, disguised as a peasant, fights against the Roman invaders. Belarius, Guiderius and Arviragus also fight, saving Cymbeline. Posthumus re-disguises as a Roman, hoping for death; in prison he has an apparition of ghosts and Jupiter. The characters gather in front of Cymbeline. The Queen has died and her trick with the poison is exposed, as is Iachimo’s deception. Posthumus and Imogen are reunited, the identity of Belarius and Cymbeline’s sons is revealed, and Cymbeline makes peace with Rome. Bloomsbury Publishing Type: Text Double Falsehood, or The Distressed Lovers has long been the subject of scholarly and theatrical doubt. In 1728, Lewis Theobald, Shakespeare editor and struggling man of letters, published the play, claiming it to be his revision of a work ‘Written Originally by W. SHAKESPEARE’, of which he happened to be in the possession of three manuscript copies. Whilst many over the years have slammed this work as forgery (perhaps a play by James Shirley or Philip Massinger masquerading as Shakespeare), perhaps an attempt to jump on the bandwagon of the revivifying English theatre in the patriotic cultural politics of the eighteenth century, in the 1780s, Edmond Malone discovered records dating from the 1600s confirming a play by Shakespeare and his sometime collaborator, John Fletcher. This lost play, The History of Cardenio, performed by the King’s Men in 1613, and entered into the Stationer’s Register in 1652, has a plot and characterisation very close to Theobald’s revision. Any manuscripts Theobald may have had are thought to have perished in the fire that destroyed the Covent Garden Theatre Museum in 1808, and thus, the original play remains lost to a modern readership. A story of passionate love and devastating betrayal, Double Falsehood follows the story of ‘Cardenio’, found in Cervantes’ Don Quixote (1605). At the hypothesised time of the play’s composition in the early 1610s, English literary culture was having a Cervantic ‘moment’, with Thomas Shelton translating the novel into English in 1607, publishing it in 1612. A Spanish play based on Cervantes’ work, Don Quixote de la Mancha (?1605-8) by Guillén de Castro, may also have been a direct source. In Theobald’s version, the libertine Henriquez has forced himself on the humble Violante, and abandoned her, leaving a heartless letter. He now sets about pursuing Leonora, who is engaged to his friend Julio. With the collusion of Leonora’s father Don Bernard, he forces her to the altar, having first lured Julio to court on a false errand. Warned by Leonora, Julio turns up in time to prevent the wedding and Leonora’s suicide. Julio is ejected from the house. The grief-stricken Julio is living in a mountainous plateau. Violante is dressed as a shepherd and living nearby. Leonora has taken refuge in a nunnery in the same region; Henriquez is still pursuing her. Henriquez’s virtuous elder brother Roderick arrives in time to save Violante from being assaulted by the Master of the Flocks, who has seen through her transvestite disguise. Violante and Julio discover that they have both been wronged by Henriquez. Roderick arranges for Leonora’s father, Julio’s father, Leonora and Violante to meet at a lodge. Violante, who is disguised as a page, confronts Henriquez with his cruel letter to her; she leaves and returns dressed as a woman, and Henriquez seems to fall in love with her anew. Leonora is reunited with Julio. First produced at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1727, Double Falsehood has had no subsequent professional stage performance. Put on through the eighteenth century for private entertainment, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries it has been reworked by scholars for private readings or university performances. Oxford general editor Gary Taylor attempted to work back and ‘undo’ Theobald’s emendations in order to recreate a work closer to the hypothesised Shakespeare and Fletcher original: first appearing at a private reading in New York in 2006, the play was staged as a public performance in Wellington, New Zealand, in 2009. LA Theatre Works Type: Audio Shakespeare’s timeless story of revenge, corruption, and murder is considered one of the greatest works in the English language. Prince Hamlet sets out to avenge his beloved father's death at the hand of his uncle Claudius — but Hamlet's spiral into grief and madness will have permanent and immutable consequences for the Kingdom of Denmark. Composed over 400 years ago, Hamlet remains one of the theater’s most studied and performed works, and is presented here in a stunning, sound-rich full-cast recording. An L.A. Theatre Works full-cast performance featuring: Josh Stamberg as Hamlet Stephen Collins as King Claudius JoBeth Williams as Queen Gertrude Stacy Keach as Ghost Alan Mandell as Polonius Emily Swallow as Ophelia JD Cullum as Laertes Matthew Wolf as Horatio Mark Capri as Ambassador and others Josh Clark as Gravedigger, Voltemand and others Henri Lubatti as Rosencrantz and others Jon Matthews as Guildenstern and others Darren Richardson as Player Queen and others André Sogliuzzo as Reynaldo and others Directed by Martin Jarvis. Recorded at the Invisible Studios, West Hollywood in August, 2011. Featuring: Mark Capri, Josh Clark, Stephen Collins, JD Cullum, Stacy Keach, Henri Lubatti, Alan Mandell, Jon Matthews, Darren Richardson, Andre Sogliuzzo, Josh Stamberg, Emily Swallow, JoBeth Williams, Matthew Wolf Page:	The Comedy of Errors
Which boxer was The Brockton Blockbuster?	all the places in Shakespeare's plays - Google Earth Community all the places in Shakespeare's plays Showing 1-49 of 49 messages 10/12/05 1:38 PM 89 placemarks show almost all the places quoted in Shakespeare's plays. For each place, the name of the play is noted with the number of the scene of the first appearence of the place. Some places are in many plays, all are mentioned. 2 places are still missing, does anyone know where they are ? The Earl of Gloucester's castle., King Lear : 1, 2 Yorkshire, Gaultree forest, Henry IV, part 2: 4, 1 Special thanks to pm77, kenromford, mikebolland , Keith_F, LuciaM and grimsacre. (edited by Seer: this is such a wonderful post that I could not help but add a custom icon for the placemarks. ) Kudos on this one its an inspired piece of work!! Shakespeare probably made some of the places up so you obviously wouldnt find them _________________________ If an ass goes travelling, he'll not come back a horse - Thomas Fuller (1606-1661) This is why GE was created... so we asses could travel from home! seer 10/14/05 6:00 PM This is a truly inspired effort. Thank you for your work researching these places. We are inspired by the insight that this context will bring to many through the years to come. _________________________ I have found 5 more places (see first post updated): Gadshill, Henry IV, part 1 : 2, 2 the Abbey at Bury St. Edmund's, Henry VI, part 2: 3, 1 The Duke of Albany's palace., King Lear : 1, 3 Rochester, Henry IV, part 1 : 2, 1 Corioli, Coriolanus : 1, 2 8 places are still missing, does anyone know where they are ? Bangor, Henry IV, part 1: 3, 1 Belmont, The Merchant of Venice : 1, 2 Langley, Richard II : 3, 4 Pomfret castle, Richard II : 5, 5 and Richard III: 3, 3 The Duke of Albany's palace., King Lear : 1, 3 The Earl of Gloucester's castle., King Lear : 1, 2 Yorkshire, Gaultree forest, Henry IV, part 2: 4, 1 Sandal Castle, Henry VI, part 3 : 1, 2 _________________________ Bigfridge 10/15/05 12:46 PM there is a bangor in northern ireland if thats the one u mean. Ive left a placemark Thank you for your post, but Bangor is most probably in North Wales : Location: Bangor, Gwynedd United Kingdom Lat: 53:13:34N (53.226) Lon: 4:07:59W (-4.1331) I will update the placemarks soon. Lady_Luck 10/18/05 2:46 PM Wow. I downloaded this four days ago; it's taken me that long to fully explore all these places! Amazing work, H21. _________________________ I have found 2 more places : Bangor and Pomfret Castle. jsbjsbjsb 10/27/05 12:12 PM I am very eager to read this post, which sounds fascinating, but cannot open the download. Any help from anyone? Thank you v. much. 11/6/05 2:56 PM Hi, Belmont is a fantasy place. In Italian Belmont(e) means "nice mountain", and a place so named doesn't exist, at least in Veneto region. Where could it be, if real? The hills nearest to Venice are Colli Euganei, see placemark and images here: Frank4 11/7/05 5:02 AM Yes, I agree this is an excellent post. I have written a story about this at the Google Earth Blog . You can read the story here . _________________________ Frank Taylor - Author of Google Earth Blog All about Google Earth news, features, tips, technologies, and applications. Also read: http://TahinaExpedition.com (If you have story ideas, please send me a private message.) H21 11/7/05 10:43 AM I think you are right, Belmont must be a fantasy place like the "Forest of Arden" in "As you like it". A lot of castles are known to Macbeth's castle, like Cawdor or Glamis ! for discussion on this topic, see : kenromford 11/10/05 11:20 AM The Forest of Arden is not a fantasy place; it is an area near Coventry. This placemark is of the Marriott Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club in Meriden, Warwickshire. See this website . Nearby are the villages of Hampton-in-Arden (2.3 miles SW) and Henley-in-Arden (12 miles SSW). Both have railway stations which are placemarked already so I haven't marked these again. The history of the Forest of Arden in Shakespeare's time is discussed at Chapter 2 here . The information here is nonsense. Would Shakespeare be writing about a forest he knew well just down the road from Stratford-upon-Avon, called Arden, or one in continental Europe which he'd probably never heard of - and it's called Ardennes anyway. _________________________ kenromford 11/10/05 11:59 AM Sorry to be picky on such a good post, but your PM for Baynard's Castle should be about 0.25 miles ESE of where it is now, i.e. just east of Blackfriars station, in between there and the slip road from Upper Thames Street to Queen Victoria Street. Turn on roads and you will see Castle Baynard Street is still there. This is confirmed here . 11/15/05 7:18 AM Langley, Richard II : 3, 4 This is likely to be at Kings Langley in Hertfordshire. Edmund de Langley, the Duke of York, was born in and owned a palace here that has since burned down. I'm not sure how to mark the place but I can pinpoint it for you. A school is on the site of the palace and the postcode is WD4 9HG. Richard II was buried here (before being moved to Westminster) I assume that this is also the site of: The Duke of York 's Palace, Richard II : 5, 2 and may be "a royal palace" mentioned in other scenes. _________________________ "It is good to have an end to journey towards, but it is the journey that matters in the end" Ok for Kings Langley. I add it and update the folder. Thank you for your post. Only 4 places are missing ! Sandal Castle, Henry VI, part 3 : 1, 2 The castle's remains (although not much is remaining) are still there at Sandal, Wakefield: Latitude: 53:39:31N Longitude: 1:29:25W The field of battle in scenes 3 and 4 refers to the Battle of Wakefield, which took place on Wakefield Green to the west of Sandal Castle. Thank you once more for this post. Only 3 places are still missing now ! First congratulations on your work My humble effort is to help the accuracy a little As I live very near to this site I can inform you of the exact site of "The battle of Mortimers Cross" which was the last battle of the English Civil War is a few kilometers South of your placemark Historians or visitors will find a site at this location 52deg 16'05.44N http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ If you turn on "roads" you will see a crossroads near this point which is know locally as "Mortimers Cross" Perhaps you would like to edit your contribution rather than leaving me to place another conflicting site nearby Other information The castle which was the seat of the powerful Mortimer family was Wigmore Castle, parts of its ruins are preserved to this day at 52deg 19'02.93N 2deg 52' 16.37W You may also like to know that Shakespear's Work is celebrated locally each year with an open air performance in nearby Ludlow Castle (A perfect setting for the scottish play etc) Next year 2006 it is Midsummer Nights Dream 12/8/05 1:57 PM Hi all, I live in Pontefract so here are the co-ordinates for the Castle Ruins which were made worse during the Victorian times when the Castle was converted into a Public Park. 53°41'44.09"N Thank you for your post, Pomfret castle is now well seen with new high res area. Update2 is updated ! Excellent! but I don't kown most of them. _________________________ Duke of Albany's Palace is probably Falkland Castle. See http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/falkland/falkland/ It is very near to Macduff's Castle too, which is probably not a coincidence. Ok for Falkland Castle, it has been added in update2 folder. Thanks for your post ! 1/11/06 5:12 PM Hi A quick tweak to the location of Kenilworth Castle (Henry VI, Part 2: 4, 9). It is not where placed. Its correct location is Lat. 52°20'52.12"N, Long. 1°35'33.87"W. Cheers 1/13/06 5:54 AM Henry IV Part1: Act 1: Scene 1 Mention is made of the battle of Homildon Hill. The battle took place on the slopes of what is now known as Humbleton Hill in north Northumberland. More details at www.gefrin.com Keith_F 1/31/06 2:09 PM Gloucester's castle in King Lear is difficult. Shakespeare's allegory used made up characters, but some were 'recycled' from other plays. It is likely that the character of Gloucester bears some resemblance to Humprey of Gloucester, Henry Vs youngest brother. Unfortunately for this subject he had at least four castles, but it is tempting to think that the castle referred to was in fact Baynard's Castle. Some relevant info gleaned from various sources are as follows: King Henry V (in whose time Greenwich was still a small fishing town) granted the Manor, for life, to his kinsman, Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter. Soon after his decease in 1417, it passed to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, who, in 1433, obtained a grant of 200 acres of land in Greenwich for the purpose of enclosing it as a Park. In 1437, he obtained a similar grant and in it license was given to the Duke and Eleanor, his wife, "their Manor of Greenwich to embattle and build with stone, and to enclose and make a tower and ditch within the same, and a certain tower within his park to build and edify." Accordingly, soon after this, he commenced building the tower within the park, now the site of the Royal Observatory, which was then called Greenwich Castle. Likewise, he newly erected the palace on the spot where the west wing of the Royal Hospital now stands. Which palace he named Bella Court. Duke Humphrey was Regent of England during the minority of King Henry VI and, for his many virtues, was styled the "Father of his Country." He lent Greenwich to the King for his honeymoon, despite his strong opposition to the marriage. This excited the envy of Queen Margaret and induced her to enter into a confederacy with the Cardinal of Winchester and the Earl of Suffolk. Strengthened by her assistance and incited by their common hatred of the patriotic Duke, they basely assassinated him at Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk on February 28th, 1447. He was a generous patron of men, of science and the most learned person of his age. He founded, at Oxford, one of the first public libraries in England. Leland, in his Laboryeuse Journey, says, "Humphrey, the good Duke of Gloucester, from the favour he bears to good letters, purchased a wonderful number of books in all sciences. Whereof he freely gave to a library in Oxford, a hundred and twenty-nine fair volumes." This became the basis of the Bodleian Library of today. He was buried in the Abbey Church of St. Albans where a handsome monument was erected to his memory. Baynard's Castle stood first on the river-bank close to the Fleet Tower and the western extremity of the city wall. The great house which afterwards bore this name was on the bank, but a little more to the east. The name survived in Baynard's Castle Ward and Wharf. There was no house in the City more interesting than this. Its history extends from the Norman Conquest to the Great Fire - exactly six hundred years; and during the whole of this long period it was a great palace. It was first built, as a castle, by one Baynard, a follower of William the Conqueror. It was forfeited in A.D. 1111, and given to Robert FitzWalter, son of Richard, Earl of Clare, in whose family the office of Castellan and Standard-Bearer to the City of London became hereditary. His descendant, Robert, in revenge for private injuries, took part with the Barons against King John, for which the King ordered Baynard's Castle to be destroyed. FitzWalter, however, becoming reconciled to the King, was permitted to rebuild his house. In 1275, another Robert FitzWalter gave the site to the Archbishop of Canterbury for the foundation of the London House of Dominican or Black Friars. At the rebuilding of FitzWalter's 'castle' it was somewhat shifted in position and it was probably at this time that it lost its fortified appearance. It was again destroyed, this time by fire, in 1428. It was rebuilt by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, on whose attainder it reverted to the crown. Richard, Duke of York, had it next and lived here with his following of four hundred gentlemen and men-at-arms. It was in the hall of Baynard's Castle that Edward IV assumed the title of King, and summoned the bishops, peers and judges to meet him in council. Edward gave the house to his mother, and placed in it, for safety, his wife and children before going out to fight the battle of Barnet. Here Buckingham offered the crown to Richard III. HUMPHREY PLANTAGENET, fourth son of King HENRY IV., by his first wife, the Lady Mary de Bohun, daughter and co-heiress of Humphrey, Earl of Hereford, Essex, and Northampton, Constable of England, was made a Knight of the Bath, at his father’s coronation, along with his brothers, Thomas, afterwards Duke of Clarence, and John, Duke of Bedford. In the 1st of HENRY V., he obtained with other grants, the Castle and Lordship of Pembroke; shortly after which, being made Duke of Gloucester, in the Parliament held at Leicester, he had summons by that title, as well as by the title of Earl of Pembroke, 26th Sept. 1414. Also In lieu of payment for wages of his soldiers at Agincourt, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was granted the castle of Lanstephan, forfeited by the Welsh rebel, Henry Gwyn, who fought with the French at Agincourt. So maybe we shall never know!! Wrt Gaultree Forest it must have been in West Yorkshire somewhere, but there is absolutely no hint of this name in modern mapping from around the site of the battle. In fact there is very little woodland left, let alone forest left in this area. The Gaultree was almost certainly an oak, but much of the area was covered in oak forest at that time. So again it will remain difficult to pin down. Its probably a 'generic'. sgmanohar 5/28/06 6:45 PM Is anyone able to make these references to the plays as clickable links to an online text? This could be relatively easy with XSLT or a short script / program to process the kml file. It could read the placename e.g "Blackheath, Henry V, part 2:4,2", then extract the name of the play, look up the appropriate play's text, search for the line containing the word "Blackheath", and add a link into the KML file to jump to the reference location at one of the free text sites.... ronnnnn 6/30/06 3:48 AM The Forest of Galtres is (was) to the north of Bootham Bar on the road which is now the A19. Bootham Bar is the northern gate of the walled City Of York. kellettcorp 11/21/07 3:51 AM I am no Shakespeare expert (only an admirer) so I don't know how you arrived at the location for Antioch in your placemarks; maybe there is a particular reason for you placing it just so. If that is the case, please accept my apologies for this post. That said, the generally accepted location of the ancient city is modern day Antakya ( 36°12'13.87"N 36° 9'46.60"E). I hope this is useful and many thanks for all the work you have undertaken. kellettcorp 11/21/07 4:16 AM I know this is being far too pedantic now, but if you moved your placemark 1 km or so NW ish of where it is (to 37°56'20.65"N 27°20'27.63"E) you would be standing right in front of the famous 'Library' that is typically shown when one sees a picture of Ephesus - Only the facade of the building still remains standing; a few yards to the west of this location - you can see its shadow quite clearly. Sorry, hope this is intersting rather than irritating?! ThomasLuxon 4/18/08 8:40 AM I'm thrilled with this new site and will incorporate it into my summer term Shakespeare course at Dartmouth. However, why is Syracuse not marked as the home of Egeon and the Antipholi from Comedy of Errors? Tom Luxon londonzooguy 5/13/08 11:18 AM According to Stow's A SURVEY OF LONDON (1603), the Earl of Gloucester's castle is Baynards castle, nothing above ground level remains but there are some foundations preserved beneath modern buildings on Lower Thames St. London. KingHarry 6/1/08 9:31 AM According to David and Ben Crystal in Shakespeare's Words (Penguin, 2002), Gaultree is now Sutton-on-the-Forest, North Yorkshire. I can't find the reference to Langley in Richard II at 3:4 -- are you sure? And there are other places you don't mention -- for example, the Bishop of Ely's strawberry garden, mentioned in Richard III 3:4, is at Ely Place, Holborn in central London. H. Kempster 6/11/08 12:33 PM It appears user H21 has been offline for quite sometime, so I took the responsibility of updating his fantastic collection with the corrections that have been discussed in this thread. Further, I have begun to reorganize his collection and make it more user-friendly. I want to make it clear that I am not claiming this collection as my work, but rather updating H21's work. All of H21's original posts (and placemarks) have not been edited in any way. In the future, I hope H21 will return to this Community and add even further to his wonderful collections. If users have new additions or corrections, I encourage them to reply in this thread. Now, these corrections will be made quickly. I am a fan of Shakespeare, but no expert, so I can't make decisions that require a lot of academic knowledge about Shakespeare. Enjoy, and feedback is welcomed! _________________________	i don't know
Which Shakespeare play was set in Navarre probably in 14 century?	Ten Underrated Shakespeare Plays \| Interesting Literature Ten Underrated Shakespeare Plays Posted by interestingliterature Everyone knows Romeo and Juliet , Twelfth Night, Hamlet , Macbeth , and Richard III (or knows of them at least). Even Richard II, As You Like It, and Antony and Cleopatra can be said to be well-known William Shakespeare plays. But what about the others? He wrote or collaborated on nearly forty, after all. Here are ten of the least-known plays by the Bard, with the reasons why people should read them (or reread them), along with an interesting fact about each. We hope you enjoy them. If you like this list, be sure to check out our follow-up pick of Shakespeare’s ten best plays (complete with interesting trivia about them) our interesting facts about Shakespeare too. 1. King John. This is one of the Bard’s least-performed plays, although it was popular with the Victorians because of its pageantry and medieval pomp. Nevertheless, the play has been adapted for the big and small screen on several occasions, with King John – he who signed the Magna Carta in 1215 – being played by Leonard Rossiter in a 1984 BBC adaptation, the opening scene of which can be viewed here . It was also the very first Shakespeare play to be filmed, in 1899 by Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Recommended edition: King John (Arden Shakespeare) . Interesting Fact: The phrase ‘gild the lily’ derives from this play, though it is the result of a misquotation. The actual line in King John reads, ‘To gild refined gold, to paint the lily’; over time, this has been abridged to ‘gild the lily’, hence the phrase. 2. Henry VIII. Given the perennial popularity of the Tudors, as witnessed by the glut of television dramas and documentaries, it’s perhaps odd that this – the one Shakespeare play to deal with that dynasty – is among his least-known. It’s believed to have been, along with The Two Noble Kinsmen, the result of collaboration between Shakespeare and fellow playwright John Fletcher. Anyone who’s intrigued by the ‘break with Rome’ and Henry’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon should find much to enjoy here. Recommended edition: “King Henry VIII”: Third Series (Arden Shakespeare.Third Series) (The Arden Shakespeare) . Interesting Fact: It was during a performance of this play that the Globe theatre burned down in 1613. A cannon shot, used for special effects in the play, hit the thatched roof of the playhouse and it quickly burned to the ground. 3. Cymbeline. This is unusual among Shakespeare’s plays , being one of the ‘problem plays’ – named partly because the central character must face some sort of social problem (in this case, Cunobelinus, the British king – or ‘Cymbeline’ – has to deal with the Romans who have occupied Britain) and partly because the play doesn’t fit comfortably into either genre, comedy or tragedy. This play, written late in Shakespeare’s career, features the famous song ‘Fear no more the heat o’ th’ sun’ (which, despite its status as a great tragic lament, is actually sung to an empty tomb, since the character in whose honour it is performed is not actually dead). Recommended edition: “Cymbeline” (Arden Shakespeare: Second Series) . Interesting Fact: The girls’ name Imogen derives from this play – probably from a misprint. Somewhere along the line, the pre-existing name ‘Innogen’ (meaning ‘girl, maiden’) was misread as ‘Imogen’, with the ‘nn’ being confused for a letter ‘m’. Girls named Imogen have been thankful ever since (or should be!). 4. Henry VI Part 2. The second part of the Bard’s trilogy of plays about Henry the Sixth – part of his larger tetralogy of plays about the latter stages of the Wars of the Roses (the culmination of which was Richard III) – is the most accomplished of the trilogy. It was one of his early plays, but represents a vast improvement on the first part of the cycle. Its standout scenes undoubtedly involve the rebels, led by Jack Cade, marching on London (echoing real-life events in the capital in 1450 where the conflict centred on London Bridge). Undoubtedly the most famous line from the play is uttered by Dick the Butcher, one of Cade’s rebels: ‘The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers!’ Recommended edition: “King Henry VI”: Pt. 2 (Arden Shakespeare.Third Series) (The Arden Shakespeare) . Interesting Fact: This play has the largest cast of all of Shakespeare’s plays, with over fifty named parts and several smaller roles. 5. Coriolanus. This one is about the Roman leader who conquered the city of Corioles, hence his nickname (or ‘agnomen’) of Coriolanus. The leader returns home to Rome but ends up being condemned as a traitor (for railing against the common people) and exiled from the city. (What happens after that, we won’t say, as we don’t want to offer too many spoilers.) T. S. Eliot, in his 1919 essay ‘Hamlet and His Problems’, considered Coriolanus a greater achievement than Hamlet (which he considered a failure). It was filmed by Ralph Fiennes in 2011, with Fiennes playing the title role. Recommended edition: Coriolanus: Third Series (Arden Shakespeare) by Shakespeare, William 3rd (third) (2011) Paperback . Interesting Fact: Although the title character’s name is pronounced with the final two syllables pronounced as ‘anus’ (leading to many jokes), in classical Latin the name would have been pronounced to rhyme with ‘bananas’, with an ‘a:’ rather than ‘ei’ sound on the penultimate syllable. 6. Timon of Athens. This play features a generous man who gives away his money to hangers-on, and ends up becoming a misanthrope, exiling himself from Athenian society to go and live in a cave. The play is widely viewed as something of an experiment; many scholars believe the play to have been the work of two hands, namely Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton. Recommended edition: Timon of Athens (Arden Shakespeare: Third Series) . Interesting Fact: Vladimir Nabokov borrowed the title of his classic novel Pale Fire from this play (and fittingly, since this was an act of borrowing, and Nabokov’s novel is about literary theft, the precise lines he pilfered from were ‘the moon’s an arrant thief, / And her pale fire she snatches from the sun…’). 7. Love’s Labour’s Lost. This is quite an early Shakespeare comedy, and involves the king of Navarre and three male companions agreeing to take an oath to swear off the company of women for three years. It is unusual among Shakespeare’s plays in that it has no obvious prior sources in historical chronicles or earlier plays or poems. Recommended edition: “Love’s Labours Lost” (Arden Shakespeare.Third Series) (The Arden Shakespeare) . Interesting Fact: This is the play which contains the nonce-word Honorificabilitudinitatibus, which translates as ‘the state of being able to achieve honours’. It appears in this play and this play alone (this phenomenon is known as a hapax legomenon). This mysterious word has also been cited as ‘evidence’ for the Baconian theory – that Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare’s plays – on the strength of the fact that Honorificabilitudinitatibus can be rearranged into the anagram hi ludi, F. Baconis nati, tuiti orbi, which is Latin for ‘these plays, F. Bacon’s offspring, are preserved for the world’. 8. All’s Well That Ends Well. Another of Shakespeare’s ‘problem plays’. The main problem with them seems to be that nobody likes them, at least relatively speaking, hence their presence on this list. George Bernard Shaw liked this one, though (although he considered Shakespeare overrated in general and even wrote a puppet play, Shakes versus Shav, arguing that he was the better craftsman), and particularly liked the play’s heroine, Helena. Helena loves Bertram, who reluctantly marries her on the order of his father, the King of France. Bertram tells Helena that she may not call him husband until she receives a ring from him and can bear him a child. What follows involves one of the staples of Shakespeare’s problem plays – the so-called ‘bed trick’ – but, as the title suggests, everything is destined to work out for the best in the end. Recommended edition: All’s Well That Ends Well (Arden Shakespeare: Second Series) . Interesting Fact: Slightly off-topic, but rather interesting nevertheless, one of the original titles Tolstoy considered for War and Peace was ‘All’s Well That Ends Well’. 9. Troilus and Cressida. The Bard’s retelling of the classic love story between the Trojan prince and the daughter of a Trojan priest who has defected to the Greek side in the Trojan war. (It had previously been told by Chaucer in his poem Troilus and Criseyde.) It has also been described as one of Shakespeare’s problem plays. Nobody has known what to do with it: the first printing of it, as a Quarto edition in 1609, labelled it a ‘history’, while the First Folio (printed in 1623) put it with the tragedies. It is now widely regarded as a tragicomedy. Recommended edition: Troilus and Cressida (The Arden Shakespeare) . Interesting Fact: This play may have helped to popularise the verb ‘to pander’, as in ‘to pander to someone’s wishes’. The noun ‘pander’, as in a go-between, predates Shakespeare by over a century, but the verb is only attested from the early seventeenth century as was possibly a Shakespearean coinage (the first use of the verb is, oddly enough, from another of the Bard’s plays, Hamlet). 10. The Comedy of Errors. This play – the inspiration for the musical The Boys from Syracuse – involves the mishaps and misunderstandings which ensue when two sets of identical twins, separated at birth, find themselves in the city of Ephesus at the same time. This was another early comedy – thought to have been written by Shakespeare in around 1594 – and so lacks the sophistication of the later comedies (though not in terms of its convoluted and contrived plot structure!). Recommended edition: “The Comedy of Errors” (Arden Shakespeare: Second Series) . Interesting Fact: This is the shortest of all of Shakespeare’s plays. There’s another good reason to read it: even if it doesn’t turn out to be among your favourite plays of the Bard, at least it won’t take long to find out… If you enjoyed these Shakespeare posts, you might also enjoy our pick of the best books written about Shakespeare and our interesting facts about Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Share this:	Love's Labour's Lost
The Thin White Duke ?	CSC Tackles Shakespeare's Rarely Performed 'Love’s Labour’s Lost' On The Common \| The ARTery CSC Tackles Shakespeare's Rarely Performed 'Love’s Labour’s Lost' On The Common July 29, 2016 closemore First Gentleman (Colin Wulff), Longaville (Dalton Davis), Berowne (Jason Bowen), Dumain (Nash Hightower) and Maria (Jes Bedwinek) in "Love's Labour's Lost." (Courtesy Andrew Brilliant) More than 400 years after it was written, the jury’s still out on Shakespeare’s “Love’s Labour’s Lost.” The English writer and critic William Hazlitt pronounced in 1817: “If we were to part with any of the author’s comedies, it should be this.” And yet, no less an eminence than contemporary scholar Harold Bloom confesses, “I take more unmixed pleasure from ‘Love’s Labour’s Lost’ than from any other Shakespearean play.” Now Bostonians get a chance to weigh in on the rarely performed 1594 comedy, which Commonwealth Shakespeare Company (CSC) has chosen for its annual offering of free Bard on Boston Common ( through Aug. 7 ). Ten years ago, Nicholas Martin helmed a delightful production for the Huntington Theatre Company. CSC artistic director Steven Maler follows up with this acrobatic, choreographic staging of the Bard’s ornate satire of sex, sighs and scholarly pursuit. Removing the play to an Eton-esque early-20th-century milieu, the production both revels in the work’s adoration of language and winks at its schematic structure. You might call the Bard’s comedy an “Upstairs, Downstairs” skewering of academic pretension. The young king of Navarre and three of his courtly chums have pledged themselves to spartan study for three years, forgoing food, sleep and the company of women. Inconveniently enough, the Princess of France and three of her witty ladies are due for a state visit — which will lead the lads to backbend their ways out of their oaths on the grounds that there is more learning in “ladies’ eyes” than in dusty volumes. “They are our books, the arts, the academes,” the king’s cleverest sidekick, Berowne, declares with hyperbolic flair as the narcissistic fellows, seeing themselves reflected in their love objects’ peepers, topple as neatly as dominoes. Dumain (Nash Hightower), King of Navarre (Justin Blanchard), Berowne (Jason Bowen), Longaville (Dalton Davis) in CSC's "Love's Labour's Lost." (Courtesy Andrew Brilliant) Below stairs, holding the fort for what Hamlet calls “country matters,” are the clown Costard and the wench Jaquenetta, for whom the visiting Spaniard Don Armado has fallen like a ton of bricks despite her “baseness.” On dramaturgically thornier ground, the insulated, two-bit academic Holofernes and the pompous parish cleric Sir Nathaniel brandish knowledge and wits more butchering than brainy. Of course, their shenanigans were probably funnier to a 16th-century audience with enough of a grip on Latin to know when it was pinging falsely off the tongues of fools. For this two and a half hour production, Maler has gone a way toward solving that problem by making cuts in the arcane banter of the provincials as well as by filling the comic parts with some of his most surefire actors. When Remo Airaldi dons the dandified slippers of Don Armado, lisping his pained lust in a Spanish accent stronger than saffron and singing his melancholy lines (to guitar and even castanets) like some lovesick Tevye, the appearances of the quixotic Spaniard are as anticipated as those of the sublimely verbose Berowne. Even the pretentious exchanges of Holofernes and Sir Nathaniel, which can be tedious, are greatly ameliorated by presenting CSC favorite Fred Sullivan Jr. as Holofernes. Flouncing in academic cap and gown and wielding a ruler like a junior high school vice principal, the affable actor makes the schoolteacher’s arias of botched learning humorous if not sidesplitting. Moreover, Maler’s trimming allows four of the Bard’s acts to unfold in one glorious crescendo, leaving for after intermission only the hairpin-turn fifth, which the director steers from abject silliness, with the courtiers visiting their ladies disguised as dancing Russians, to the unexpectedly somber finale. Remo Airaldi and Ray O'Hare in CSC's "Love's Labour's Lost." (Courtesy Andrew Brilliant) One reason for Bloom’s championing of “Love’s Labour’s Lost” (which James Joyce also liked) is what he calls its “florabundance of language.” And dazzling it is, particularly in Berowne’s arch arias and scathingly flirtatious ripostes with the visiting Rosaline, the latter exchanges like a blueprint for the love-pricked sparring of Benedick and Beatrice in “Much Ado About Nothing.” Here Jason Bowen makes a dashing if also sheepish Berowne, Obehi Janice a honey-voiced, utterly-in-command Rosaline, her every silken put-down echoed by an undulating shoulder. Justin Blanchard is a regal if geeky King of Navarre, Jennifer Ellis a warm if stately Princess of France. And with the other two pairs of lovers, the production has a lot of fun, making Dalton Davis’s gymnastic Longaville and Nash Hightower’s darting, whining Dumaine near carbon copies of each other. Jes Bedwinek’s Maria and Margaret Clark’s Katharine, with their flowered frocks and smug coquetting, are also something of a matched set. The reliably funny Larry Coen brings a likeable combination of clowning and swagger to the coarse Costard, who proves a very poor mailman but a touchingly hilarious Pompey in the ham-fisted fifth-act presentation by the comic characters of “The Nine Worthies.” Diminutive Ray O’Hare, in motley booties and shorts, is a quick-witted Moth, the “well-educated infant” who waits on Don Armado. It is Moth who wisely observes of compatriots Don Armado, Holofernes, Sir Nathaniel and Costard that “they have been at a great feast of languages, and stolen the scraps.” And as the Princess and her ladies’ worldly chaperone, Boyet, Brandon Whitehead ably illustrates the priapic underlayment to the play’s headier doings. Grace Trapnell, Jes Bedwinek, Jennifer Ellis, Obehi Janice, Margaret Clark and Marisa Gold in Steven Maler's production of "Love's Labour's Lost." (Courtesy Andrew Brilliant) “Love’s Labour’s Lost” is not high on subtlety but lends itself to choreographic arrangement and a prancing pageantry that suits the large, amplified surrounds of Boston Common. Changes of scene are almost danced as the players scoot around elements of Scott Bradley’s Oz-like set, with its green ice-cream-scoop topiary and moving platforms decorated with painted tomes. Dave Remedios’s sound design features merry or swollen flourishes, heavy on horns and drums, in contrast to the tinkling guitar that follows Don Armado like the crocodile tailing Captain Hook. The young lords leap and tumble, rather than walk through, their parts. The ensemble carts books and swats at imaginary tennis balls as if on a quad of academe. And choreographer Yo-el Cassell provides both pithy and formal arrangements, including an achingly protracted farewell for the couples parted at the comedy’s oddly wedding-free conclusion. So, if “Love’s Labour’s Lost” is not among the Bard’s best efforts, there really is no such thing as a Shakespearean stinker. And Commonwealth Shakespeare Company’s saucy, sunny and then mordant labors are far from lost on Boston Common. Related:	i don't know
Which 19 century Prime Minister is the only PM to have served 4 terms ?	BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline On This Day Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'? Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole. Margaret Thatcher Conservative, 1979 - 1990 Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century. James Callaghan Labour, 1976 - 1979 Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year. Harold Wilson Labour, 1974 - 1976 In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'. Edward Heath Conservative, 1970 - 1974 Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted. Harold Wilson Labour, 1964 - 1970 In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964 In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote). Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963 Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year. Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957 When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957. Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955 Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP. Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951 World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election. Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945 By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide. Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940 Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937 When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935 MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929 In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed. Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924 In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud. Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923 During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost. Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923 Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.' David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922 Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922. HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916 Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908 Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905 The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong. Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.) Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895 Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.) William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894 Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.) Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886 Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them. Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886 William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885 Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880 After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later. William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874 Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'. Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868 On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868 The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone. Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866 Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865 Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859 The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858 Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855 It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned. Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852 Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851 Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised. Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846 Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.) Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841 Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835 Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.) Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834 Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834 In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.' Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834 In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea. Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830 Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs. Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828 George Canning, Tory, 1827 Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity. Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827 Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.) Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812 Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809 Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807 William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806 Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46. Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804 Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt. William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801 Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign. Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783 Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783 Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782 Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782 North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'. Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770 An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings. Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768 Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.) Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766 George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765 Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate. Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763 Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763. Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762 Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters. Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757 Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756 Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him. Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754 Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743 Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742 Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.	William Ewart Gladstone
Who won Best Actress Oscar for the film “The Coalminer’s Daughter “ ?	Prime Ministers of Great Britain political party 1721-42 Sir Robert Walpole - Restored confidence in the country following the South Sea Bubble financial crash of 1720. Dominated the political scene during the reigns of George I and George II. George II made Walpole a gift of 10 Downing Street. Walpole resigned as a consequence of his perceived mis-handling in dealing with the War of Jenkins' Ear . Whig 1742-43 Earl of Wilmington - Suffering poor health for most of his time as Prime Minister, he died in office. Whig 1743-54 Henry Pelham - During his time in the post he oversaw the the British involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744-48, the 1745 Jacobite Rising and the adoption of the Gregorian calender . He died in office. Whig 1754-56 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Assumed the office of Prime Minister just 10 days after the death of his brother Henry Pelham. During the Seven Years' War, he was blamed for the loss of Minorca and was replaced by the Duke of Devonshire. Whig 1756-57 William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire - In a government effectively controlled by Pitt the Elder, Devonshire's administration was brought to end following the dismissal of Pitt by the king, it was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry. Whig 1757-62 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Returning to office with Pitt the Elder as Southern Secretary, this government helped steer Britain to ultimate victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War. Whig 1762-63 John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute - A favourite of George III, he was the first Scot to hold the top office. Unpopular with the 'great unwashed', he introduced a tax on cider in order to help pay for the Seven Years' War. He resigned following fierce criticism of his handling of the peace negotiations. Tory The Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, Viscount Melbourne 1828-30 Arthur Welleslley, 1st Duke of Wellington - The second Irish-born Prime Minister and second veteran general, perhaps more famous as a soldier of the Napoleonic Wars than a politician. Is said to have commented after his first Cabinet meeting: “An extraordinary affair. I gave them their orders and they wanted to stay and discuss them.” He introduced the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, removing many of the restrictions on Catholics in the UK. Resigned after a vote of no confidence. Tory 1830-34 Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey - Famous for the blend of tea named after him, his political achievements included the Reform Act of 1832, which started the process of electoral change that we recognise today. His other legacies included the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire and restrictions concerning the employment of children. He resigned after disagreements over his Irish policies. Whig 1834 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - The last Prime Minister to be dismissed by a Sovereign, King William IV. Whig 1834-35 Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - At the second time of asking, Peel accepted King William IV’s invitation to form a government. Head of a minority government, he resigned following a number of defeats in Parliament. Whig 1835-41 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - Returning to office for the second time, Melbourne found the new Queen Victoria much more agreeable than William IV. Tutoring the young queen in the ways of politics, they formed a close relationship. He resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Whig 1841-46 Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - Returning to office for the second time, Peel introduced important employment laws that banned women and children from working underground in mines, in addition The Factory Act of 1844 limited the hours of work for children and women. Unable to feed a starving Ireland, he finally succeeded in repealing the Corn Laws. Conservative 1846-52 Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Russell was the last Whig Prime Minister. His Public Health Act of 1848 improved the sanitary conditions of towns and cities. He was in office at the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 . Whig 1852 Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Considered by many to be the father of the modern Conservative party, his government collapsed when the budget of his Chancellor, Benjamin Disraeli, was rejected by the house. Conservative 1852-55 George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen - A cousin of the poet Lord Byron, his government was dominated by a war with Russia. He resigned after losing a vote of confidence into his handling of the Crimean War. Peelite 1855-58 Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - An Irish peer, his India Bill of 1858 transferred control of the East India Company to the Crown. Liberal 1858-59 Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the second time, his Jews Relief Act of 1858, removed barriers to Jews entering Parliament. Conservative 1859-65 Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - Returning to office for the second time, his ministry was dominated by the American Civil War and the resulting suffering caused by the Lancashire Cotton Famine . Hale and hearty to the end, he died in office at the tender age of just 81. Liberal 1865-66 Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Returning to office for the second time, after the untimely death of Palmerston. Liberal 1866-68 Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the third and final time, his Reform Act of 1867 doubled the number of adult males that could vote in England and Wales. Conservative Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, W E Gladstone 1868 Benjamin Disraeli - Just 10 years after the barriers to Jews entering Parliament had been removed, Britain has its first, and so far only, Jewish Prime Minister. In accepting the post, 'Dizzy' is said to have declared, “I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole”. Conservative 1868-74 William Ewart Gladstone - Gladstone led the greatest reforming administrations of the 19th century. His policies were intended to improve individual liberty by scrapping barriers to freedom and personal advancement. A heavy defeat at the 1874 general election allowed his arch-rival Disraeli to once again reach the top of the greasy pole. Liberal 1874-80 Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield - Returning to office for the second time at the age of 70, his policies introduced a large amount of social legislation, including providing housing for the poor and greatly improved sanitation. His relationship with Queen Victoria helped to return her to public life, proclaiming her Empress of India. Anglo-Zulu Wars . Conservative 1880-85 William Ewart Gladstone - Gadstone's second administration suffered a number of set-backs in foreign policy, including a humiliating defeat in the First Boer War and failing to rescue General Gordon in Sudan. Liberal 1885-86 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Salisbury became leader of the Conservative party following the death of Disraeli in 1881, he reluctantly became Prime Minister and formed a minority government. Conservative 1886 William Ewart Gladstone - Now aged 76, Gladstone's introduction of a Home Rule Bill for Ireland split the Liberal Party. Liberal 1886-92 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - With the split in the Liberal Party, Salisbury attempted to contain the Irish problem by a combination of firm government and reform. Creation of Rhodesia , modern day Zimbabwe, with its capital city named Salisbury. Conservative 1892-94 William Ewart Gladstone - Now well into his 80s, this 'Grand Old Man' of British politics was returned to office for a fourth term and once again introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. Although passed by the House of Commons, the bill was rejected by the Lords. Gladstone submitted his fourth and final resignation. Liberal 1894-95 Archibold Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - Reluctantly accepted the post of Prime Minister following the resination of Gladstone. In a short lived administration plagued by Cabinet disputes, he resigned having achieved his lifes three ambitions... to marry an heiress, own a Derby winning horse and to be Prime Minister. Liberal 1895-1902 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Returned to office for the third and final time. During his tenure the Boer War broke out in 1899, ending in 1902. He retired in favour of his nephew Balfour. Conservative Lord Salisbury, Arthur James Balfour, H H Asquith 1902-05 Arthur James Balfour - His Education Act of 1902 standardised the educational system of England and Wales, handing powers from school boards to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). His cabinet split on the issue of free trade policies. Conservative 1905-08 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman - Glasgow born 'C-B' was the first in the top job to be given the official title of ‘Prime Minister’. Outspoken on the 'barbarities' of the Boer War, he restored independence to the Transvaal and Orange Free State in South Africa. Liberal 1908-15 Herbert Henry Asquith - Asquith became Prime Minister following the resignation of 'CB'. He took charge in troubled times, with Irish Home Rule and Women’s Suffrage the burning issues of the day. The Old Age Pension Act of 1908 laid the foundation of the modern welfare state. This was followed by the National Insurance Act of 1911, that provided an income for working people suffering illness or unemployment. He also led Britain into the First World War . Liberal 1915-16 Herbert Henry Asquith - In order to gain maximum support for the ongoing war Asquith formed a coalition government. The conflict however, was not going well and so with deadlock in the trenches, Asquith resigned. coalition 1916-22 David Lloyd George - The only Prime Minister to have spoken Welsh as his first language, Lloyd George accepted an invitation to form a government following the resignation of his fellow Liberal, Asquith. A man of great energy and dynamism, he was widely touted as the man who had won the war and promised... ‘a land fit for heroes’. The Anglo-Irish Treaty led to the establishment of the Irish Free State. The public outcry that followed his 'cash for honours' scandal saw him ousted from power. coalition 1922-23 Andrew Bonar Law - After Lloyd George had been removed from office by the Conservative members of his cabinet, the king invited the Canadian-born Bonar Law to form a new government. He lasted just 209 days in office before resigning due to ill health and died just 6 months later. Conservative 1923-24 Stanley Baldwin - Just a few months into office and much to the surprise of all around him, Baldwin called an early general election on the issue of protectionist trade tariffs. The policy was an attempt to resolve Britain's economic problems, it achieved however, the remarkable feat of reuniting the Liberals and letting Labour into power for the first time. Conservative 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald - The very first Labour Prime Minister, MacDonald came from a Scottish working class background. As head of a minority government, he was reliant on the support of the Liberals. Frustrated by his inability to introduce meaningful legislation he called an early election. Labour 1924-29 Stanley Baldwin - In his second term in office, Baldwin was responsible for several notable social achievements including extending the right to vote to women aged over 21. He amazed the political world by inviting Winston Churchill, who at that time was a Liberal MP, to be his Chancellor of the Exchequer. He successfully steered the country through the rocky waters of the General Strike of 1926. Conservative 1929-31 Ramsey MacDonald - In his second minority government, MacDonald appointed the first ever female minister, Margaret Bondfield. Just a few months into his term however, the world was shaken by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Labour 1931-35 Ramsey MacDonald - With his Labour government divided on how to resolve an economic crisis that included the doubling of unemployment levels; MacDonald resigned but was reappointed at the head of a national coalition government (with support from the Conservative and Liberal parties). This move cost him the support of his own party and he once again resigned national coalition 1935-37 Stanley Baldwin - Returning to office for the third time, his major achievement in this last phase of his career was to steer the country through the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936. Recognising the threat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Baldwin started a programme of re-arming the country. He was later criticised for not doing more to prepare. Conservative Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin, Sir Winston Churchill 1937-40 Neville Chamberlain - When Baldwin retired after the coronation of George VI, Chamberlain was the obvious choice for leader of the party. Following a meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich 1938, he famously returned declaring “I believe it is peace for our time”. Following the invasion of Poland, Chamberlain declared war on Germany on 3 September, 1939 . Conservative 1940-45 Sir Winston Churchill - Following Chamberlain's resignation, Churchill was appointed as Prime Minister of an all-party coalition government. The speeches he made through his first summer in charge established a policy of 'no surrender', and the subsequent military alliances that he formed with both the USA and Soviet Union steered the Allies to victory in World War II. Shortly after VE Day , Churchill was surprisingly defeated in a General Election. coalition 1945-51 Clement Attlee - After leading Labour to a landslide victory, Attlee quickly set about implementing his parties manifesto pledges. With the country effectively bankrupt, he Labour	i don't know
Where is Europe’s largest open air theatre ?	The Open Air Theatre In Scarborough - Europe's Biggest Open Air Theatre The WANTED Friday 14th June Thousands of fans braved the rain and flocked to Scarborough's Open Air Theatre to see world-famous boy band The Wanted. If there were a roof on the venue it would have been lifted off by the screams as Max George, Nathan Sykes, Tom Parker, Jay McGuiness and Siva Kaneswaran took to the stage. The rain did little to dampen people's spirits as the crowd sang along and danced under the clouds. Formed in 2009, the band's debut album, The Wanted, was released in October 2010 and peaked at number 4 in the UK album charts. Debut single All Time Low reached number 1 in the UK singles chart. The band's first theatre tour, Behind Bars Tour, sold out within weeks of going on sale in 2011. The single Glad You Came taken from the band's second album Battleground topped the singles chart the UK. The band has recently won the 2013 People's Choice Award for Favourite Breakout Artist. Happy Mondays Saturday 22nd June One of the most influential bands to come out of the UK music scene, Happy Mondays epitomize the essence of the Madchester craze that took over the country in the 90s. Their combination of grunge and funk music has seen them find success for over 20 years within the music industry. With their distinct sound, Happy Mondays look like they are here to stay for a long time. Happy Mondays disbanded in 1993 and have split and regrouped in various forms over the years. However, their strong core holds steady, with the band having reformed with their original line up in 2012. Leona Lewis Friday 12th July This will be one of two special live outdoor performances for the singer songwriter this summer! Described as the most successful British female pop export in an age, Leona will captivate fans with stunning vocals from her eagerly awaited new album, ‘Glassheart’, which was released on 12 October 2012. Leona’s most successful single, "Bleeding Love", reached number one in over 30 countries around the world, and was the best-selling single worldwide in 2008. Her two albums Spirit and Echo, released in 2007 and 2009 respectively, have collectively sold in excess of 10 million copies worldwide and topped the charts in numerous countries. The release of Glassheart was preceded by the single ‘Collide’, which became her seventh top-five hit in the UK. With the release of ‘Hurt: The EP’ and ‘Trouble’, she has had nine top-ten hits in the UK. Leona first came to prominence after winning the third series of The X Factor in 2006. Leona has been nominated for seven Brit Awards, four Grammy Awards and has had sales of over 25 million records worldwide. With her four-octave vocal range and powerful, emotional ballads, she has been compared to her idol Whitney Houston. Status Quo Saturday 27th July Brit Award winning and triple platinum album selling rock band Status Quo, whose famous ‘Rockin’ All Over The World’ track is instantly recognised around the globe, is the first act to be announced for this summer’s line up at Scarborough Open Air Theatre. On Saturday 27 July, Francis Rossi, Rick Parfitt, Andrew Bown, John ‘Rhino’ Edwards and Matt Ledley will rock the stage with one of their legendary live performances, treating fans to many of Quo’s most popular hits from the last 50 years. Status Quo’s total world-wide record sales exceed 118 million units. The band has recorded 64 British hit singles, more than any other band, with 22 of those reaching the UK Top 10. Quo’s 1990 ‘Rockin’ All Over The Years’ album sold over 1.1 million units in Great Britain, attaining triple platinum sales status. The album spent over six months in the British Albums Chart, including ten weeks in the Top 10. World-wide sales of the album exceed seven million. Katherine Jenkins Saturday 3rd August World-renowned classical superstar Katherine Jenkins will take to the stage at Scarborough's Open Air Theatre this summer, in an epic Last Night of The Proms celebration. The Saturdays Friday 23rd August The Saturdays consists of Una Healy, Rochelle Humes, Mollie King, Frankie Sandford and Vanessa White. The band was formed in 2007 and rose to fame with the release of their debut single "If This is Love", which gave them their first top-ten hit. They later released their debut studio album Chasing Lights. It was accredited platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry, while "Up", "Issues" and "Just Can't Get Enough" all received silver certifications. To date, the band have released thirteen singles in the United Kingdom; eleven of which have become top-ten hits. 2013 saw the group try and break America with a reality show titled Chasing The Saturdays and their first single and EP. They have furthermore written a book titled, The Saturdays: Our Story and started their own line of clothing, jewellery and nail polish. McFLY Friday 30 August Tom Fletcher, Danny Jones, Dougie Poynter and Harry Judd will wow fans with energetic performances of a string of their hit records, recorded since the band formed in 2003. McFly have sold more than 10 million records worldwide and in 2005, the band won the Brit Award for Best British Pop Act. Their debut album, Room on the 3rd Floor, debuted at number 1 in the UK Album Chart and is certified as double platinum. It led to them earning an award from Guinness World Records for the youngest band ever to have an album debut at number 1 - a title they took from The Beatles. By November 2010, McFly had eighteen consecutive top twenty singles, seven of which reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart and fifteen of which were consecutive top ten singles. The band has just released their ‘Best of’ album ‘Memory Lane’.	Scarborough
What sort of creature is a Monarch ?	Venue Accessibility - Scarborough Open Air Theatre – Official website of Europe's largest open air theatre. Scarborough Open Air Theatre – Official website of Europe's largest open air theatre. Venue Accessibility Venue Accessibility Accessible Seating Tickets To better accommodate your needs, Scarborough OAT has requested that all accessible seating ticket accommodations be solicited only through their representatives. There are specialist seats along with disabled and carer seats. Please ensure you inform the operator at the time of booking if you have any special access issues. Accessibility Booking Hotline: 01723 232489 Pregnant Ladies Attending Concerts Before attending a concert or event at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre you should carry out your own risk assessment. We strongly advise that you discuss the situation with your GP and take his/her advice Please take into account the noise and crowds that come with the type of concert/event that you wish to attend when making your decision. The Scarborough Open Air Theatre is fully accessible to all our visitors. Our facilities include: Accessible toilets	i don't know
What is the largest specie of monkey ?	Smallest Monkey In World Largest Monkey of the World Mandrill is the largest monkey in the world. It is not only the biggest but also the tallest monkey as well with a shoulder height of over 50 cm. According to its weight measurement, it is also the heaviest monkey in the world with an average weight of over 50 kg. Except being the largest monkey of the world, it is perhaps the most colorful monkey as well. So there are a lots of discretions attached with its name. Mandrills are found in the tropical rainforests and occasionally woodlands of southern Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Congo. They also live in tropical rainforests, gallery forests that are next to savanna and its mosaics. Mandrill Identification Mandrill has hairless face, yellow beard, red nostrils and lips. Fur of this monkey is having yellow and black strips and belly's color is white. This colorful look serves as their identification mark. Male monkeys have longer canines than females. As far as their eating habits are concerned, they love to eat fruits and also eat barks, fibers and stems, which show that that they are omnivores. And the animals, which they eat, are spiders, beetles, snails, scorpions etc. Mandrills are social animals and live in large groups, primarily including females and young which are led by a single dominant male.	Mandrill
The author of “The Snowman” wrote which novel about a nuclear attack ?	What is the population of monkeys on the planet? \| Reference.com What is the population of monkeys on the planet? A: Quick Answer There is no estimate on the number of monkeys in the world, but there are 260 known species of monkeys, which are divided into two categories: Old World and New World. Old World monkeys reside in Africa and Asia, and New World monkeys in South and Central America. Full Answer South and Central American monkeys possess prehensile tails and nostrils set widely apart. Old World monkeys are either tailless or have non-prehensile tails, and they possess rump pads, close-set nostrils and cheek pouches to store food. In New World animals, the pygmy marmoset is smallest, weighing 4.2 to 6.7 ounces, while the southern muriqui weighs between 26 and 33 pounds. The Old World mandrill is the largest monkey in the world at 77 pounds.	i don't know
From which Shakespeare play does the phrase “Brave New World” come from ?	Shakespeare - MIRANDA: A Hypertext of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World Contact Shakespeare The title of Huxley's novel comes from Shakespeare's play The Tempest in Act V, scene 1. The speaker is Miranda, the daughter of Prospero, the former Duke of Milan. Prospero entrusted his kingdom to his brother Antonio so Prospero would be free to study magic. Antonio took control and set Prospero and his young daughter afloat in a boat that eventually landed on an island where the play is set. The Oxford English Dictionary tells us that the word "brave" as used in Shakespeare's time meant not only bold, but also showy or finely dressed, something that dazzled the senses and was often used as a word of approval or praise. Often when the phrase "brave new world" is used today, it is meant to imply positive if challenging change. As Huxley uses it in the title of his book, the phrase "brave new world" also highlights the naive enthusiasm we can have for technological wizardry and the world of perceived control that it brings. In The Tempest Prospero has conjured a storm to bring his usurpers to the island for some educational justice and Miranda, having only seen her father, marvels at these new men, not knowing the treachery some of them represent. MIRANDA: O, wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't! PROSPERO: 'Tis new to thee.	The Tempest
Which novel opens with the diary of Jonathan Harker ?	SparkNotes: Brave New World: Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Use of Technology to Control Society Brave New World warns of the dangers of giving the state control over new and powerful technologies. One illustration of this theme is the rigid control of reproduction through technological and medical intervention, including the surgical removal of ovaries, the Bokanovsky Process, and hypnopaedic conditioning. Another is the creation of complicated entertainment machines that generate both harmless leisure and the high levels of consumption and production that are the basis of the World State’s stability. Soma is a third example of the kind of medical, biological, and psychological technologies that Brave New World criticizes most sharply. It is important to recognize the distinction between science and technology. Whereas the State talks about progress and science, what it really means is the bettering of technology, not increased scientific exploration and experimentation. The state uses science as a means to build technology that can create a seamless, happy, superficial world through things such as the “feelies.” The state censors and limits science, however, since it sees the fundamental basis behind science, the search for truth, as threatening to the State’s control. The State’s focus on happiness and stability means that it uses the results of scientific research, inasmuch as they contribute to technologies of control, but does not support science itself. The Consumer Society It is important to understand that Brave New World is not simply a warning about what could happen to society if things go wrong, it is also a satire of the society in which Huxley existed, and which still exists today. While the attitudes and behaviors of World State citizens at first appear bizarre, cruel, or scandalous, many clues point to the conclusion that the World State is simply an extreme—but logically developed—version of our society’s economic values, in which individual happiness is defined as the ability to satisfy needs, and success as a society is equated with economic growth and prosperity. The Incompatibility of Happiness and Truth Brave New World is full of characters who do everything they can to avoid facing the truth about their own situations. The almost universal use of the drug soma is probably the most pervasive example of such willful self-delusion. Soma clouds the realities of the present and replaces them with happy hallucinations, and is thus a tool for promoting social stability. But even Shakespeare can be used to avoid facing the truth, as John demonstrates by his insistence on viewing Lenina through the lens of Shakespeare’s world, first as a Juliet and later as an “impudent strumpet.” According to Mustapha Mond, the World State prioritizes happiness at the expense of truth by design: he believes that people are better off with happiness than with truth. What are these two abstract entities that Mond juxtaposes? It seems clear enough from Mond’s argument that happiness refers to the immediate gratification of every citizen’s desire for food, sex, drugs, nice clothes, and other consumer items. It is less clear what Mond means by truth, or specifically what truths he sees the World State society as covering up. From Mond’s discussion with John, it is possible to identify two main types of truth that the World State seeks to eliminate. First, as Mond’s own past indicates, the World State controls and muffles all efforts by citizens to gain any sort of scientific, or empirical truth. Second, the government attempts to destroy all kinds of “human” truths, such as love, friendship, and personal connection. These two types of truth are quite different from each other: objective truth involves coming to a definitive conclusion of fact, while a “human” truth can only be explored, not defined. Yet both kinds of truth are united in the passion that an individual might feel for them. As a young man, Mustapha Mond became enraptured with the delight of making discoveries, just as John loves the language and intensity of Shakespeare. The search for truth then, also seems to involve a great deal of individual effort, of striving and fighting against odds. The very will to search for truth is an individual desire that the communal society of Brave New World, based as it is on anonymity and lack of thought, cannot allow to exist. Truth and individuality thus become entwined in the novel’s thematic structure. The Dangers of an All-Powerful State Like George Orwell’s 1984, this novel depicts a dystopia in which an all-powerful state controls the behaviors and actions of its people in order to preserve its own stability and power. But a major difference between the two is that, whereas in 1984 control is maintained by constant government surveillance, secret police, and torture, power in Brave New World is maintained through technological interventions that start before birth and last until death, and that actually change what people want. The government of 1984 maintains power through force and intimidation. The government of Brave New World retains control by making its citizens so happy and superficially fulfilled that they don’t care about their personal freedom. In Brave New World the consequences of state control are a loss of dignity, morals, values, and emotions—in short, a loss of humanity. Motifs Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, and literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes. Pneumatic The word pneumatic is used with remarkable frequency to describe two things: Lenina’s body and chairs. Pneumatic is an adjective that usually means that something has air pockets or works by means of compressed air. In the case of the chairs (in the feely theater and in Mond’s office), it probably means that the chairs’ cushions are inflated with air. In Lenina’s case, the word is used by both Henry Foster and Benito Hoover to describe what she’s like to have sex with. She herself remarks that her lovers usually find her “pneumatic,” patting her legs as she does so. In reference to Lenina it means well-rounded, balloon-like, or bouncy, in reference to her flesh, and in particular her bosom. Huxley is not the only writer to use the word pneumatic in this sense, although it is an unusual usage. The use of this odd word to describe the physical characteristics of both a woman and a piece of furniture underscores the novel’s theme that human sexuality has been degraded to the level of a commodity. Ford, “My Ford,” “Year of Our Ford,” etc. Throughout Brave New World, the citizens of the World State substitute the name of Henry Ford, the early twentieth-century industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, wherever people in our own world would say Lord” (i.e., Christ). This demonstrates that even at the level of casual conversation and habit, religion has been replaced by reverence for technology—specifically the efficient, mechanized factory production of goods that Henry Ford pioneered. Alienation The motif of alienation provides a counterpoint to the motif of total conformity that pervades the World State. Bernard Marx, Helmholtz Watson, and John are alienated from the World State, each for his own reasons. Bernard is alienated because he is a misfit, too small and powerless for the position he has been conditioned to enjoy. Helmholtz is alienated for the opposite reason: he is too intelligent even to play the role of an Alpha Plus. John is alienated on multiple levels and at multiple sites: not only does the Indian community reject him, but he is both unwilling and unable to become part of the World State. The motif of alienation is one of the driving forces of the narrative: it provides the main characters with their primary motivations. Sex Brave New World abounds with references to sex. At the heart of the World State’s control of its population is its rigid control over sexual mores and reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are controlled through an authoritarian system that sterilizes about two-thirds of women, requires the rest to use contraceptives, and surgically removes ovaries when it needs to produce new humans. The act of sex is controlled by a system of social rewards for promiscuity and lack of commitment. John, an outsider, is tortured by his desire for Lenina and her inability to return his love as such. The conflict between John’s desire for love and Lenina’s desire for sex illustrates the profound difference in values between the World State and the humanity represented by Shakespeare’s works. Shakespeare Shakespeare provides the language through which John understands the world. Through John’s use of Shakespeare, the novel makes contact with the rich themes explored in plays like The Tempest. It also creates a stark contrast between the utilitarian simplicity and inane babble of the World State’s propaganda and the nuanced, elegant verse of a time “before Ford.” Shakespeare’s plays provide many examples of precisely the kind of human relations—passionate, intense, and often tragic—that the World State is committed to eliminating. Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Soma The drug soma is a symbol of the use of instant gratification to control the World State’s populace. It is also a symbol of the powerful influence of science and technology on society. As a kind of “sacrament,” it also represents the use of religion to control society.	i don't know
What is the official language of Mozambique ?	Most spoken languages in Mozambique The most commonly spoken languages in Mozambique Portuguese is the official language of Mozambique Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, Shona are other languages spoken on a regular basis in Mozambique	Portuguese
What is the official language of Brunei ?	Mozambique - Languages \| Ethnologue Mozambique Feedback Barwe [bwg] Manica province. 15,000 in Mozambique (1999). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balke, Chirue, Cibalke, Rue. Dialects: None known. Probably good comprehension of Nyungwe [nyu] or Sena [seh] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.44). More Information Chopi [cce] Inhambane province: south Zavala district; Gaza province: 100 km coastal strip between Inharrime and Chidunguela; Maputo province. Center is Quissico. 760,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cicopi, Copi, Shichopi, Shicopi, Tschopi, Txitxopi, Txopi. Dialects: Copi, Ndonge, Lengue (Kilenge, Lenge), Tonga, Lambwe, Khambani. Many dialects; all mutually inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 44% with Gitonga [toh] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Copi (S.61). Comments: Distinct from Chopi (Dhopaluo), a dialect of Acholi [ach] of Uganda. More Information Chuwabu [chw] Zambezia province: central coast between Quelimane and Mlanje mountains. 664,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chichwabo, Chuabo, Chuwabo, Chwabo, Cicuabo, Cuabo, Cuwabo, Echuabo, Echuwabo, Txuwabo. Dialects: Central Chuwabo, Nyaringa, Marale, Karungu, Maindo. Lexical similarity: 78% between Chuwabo of Makusi district and Marrare. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.34). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Dema [dmx] Tete province: near Cahora Bassa dam, north of Zimbabwe. 5,000 (2000 J. and M. Bister). Population displaced during Cabora Bassa Dam construction. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10). More Information Kokola [kzn] Zambezia province: west to Lolo [llb] language area. 80,000 in Mozambique (2006 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). More Information Koti [eko] Nampula province: Angoche district, Angoche island coast area; Nampula city enclave. 77,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Angoche, Angoje, Angoxe, Coti, Ekoti. Dialects: Ekoti, Enatthembo (“Edheidhei” (pej.), Esakaji, Esangaje, Esangaji, “Etteittei” (pej.), Sangaje). A separate language within the Makhuwa group. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.311). Comments: Muslim. More Information Kunda [kdn] Tete province: confluence area, Luangwe and Zambezi rivers. 5,500 in Mozambique (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chicunda, Chikunda, Cikunda. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.42). Comments: Different from Kunda, a dialect of Nyanja [nya] , and Kunda dialect of Lusengo [lse] in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Lolo [llb] Zambezia province. 162,000 (2006). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ilolo. Dialects: May be a dialect of Lomwe [ngl] or Makhuwa [vmw] . Reportedly similar to Takwane [tke] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). More Information Lomwe [ngl] Zambezia province; Niassa and Nampula provinces: Alto Molocue. 1,660,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Acilowe, Alomwe, Chilowe, Cilowe, Elomwe, Ilomwe, Ingulu, Lomue, Mihavane, Mihavani, Mihawani, Ngulu, Nguru, Walomwe, West Makhuwa, Western Makua. Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar to Makhuwa [vmw] and Chuwabu [chw] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.32). Comments: Different from Ngulu (Kingulu) of Tanzania. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Maindo [cwb] Zambezia province: Micaune, northeast of Chinde, Zambezi river mouth. 21,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chwambo. Dialects: Mitange, Badoni. Lexical similarity: 84% with Chuwabu [chw] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.34). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Makhuwa [vmw] Nampula province: south of Meetto area; border areas in Niassa, Cabo Delgado, and Zambezia provinces. 3,220,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Central Makhuwa, Emakhuwa, Emakua, Macua, Makhuwa-Makhuwana, Makhuwwa of Nampula, Makoane, Makua, Maquoua. Dialects: Emwaja, Enaharra (Emathipane, Maharra, Nahara, Naharra), Enyara, Central Makua (Emakhuwana, Makhuwana, Makuana), Empamela (Nampamela), Enlai (Mulai). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Makhuwa-Marrevone [xmc] Nampula province: inland from Moma and Angoche; Zambezia province: Nova Nabori inland to Amela. 300,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Coastal Makhuwa, Emaka, Maca, Maka, Makua-Marevone, Marevone, Marrevone, South Maca. Dialects: Makhuwana (Emakhuwana), Naharra (Enaharra), Enlai, Nampamela (Empamela). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh] Cabo Delgado and Niassa provinces: Pemba coast inland; Nampula province: coast north of Nacala. 800,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,318,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Emeto, Imeetto, Medo, Meetto, Meto, Mêto, Metto. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81%–88% with Makhuwa-Saka [xsq] , 78%–82% with the Nahara dialect of Makhuwa-Marrevone [xmc] , 78%–80% with Makhuwa [vmw] , 66%–68% with Lomwe [ngl] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Makhuwa-Moniga [mhm] Zambezia province: Indian Ocean coast, inland past Mocubela. 200,000 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Emakhuwa-Emoniga, Emoniga, Moniga. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 56% with Lomwe [ngl] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.341). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Makhuwa-Saka [xsq] Cabo Delgado and Nampula provinces: border area, Lurio river. 212,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esaaka, Esaka, Isaanga, Ishanga, Saaka, Saanga, Saka, Sanga. Dialects: Saka (Esaaka), Rati (Erati). Lexical similarity: 81%–88% with Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh] , 78%–80% with Makhuwa [vmw] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Makhuwa-Shirima [vmk] Niassa province; Zambezia province: northwest border; Nampula province, west. 500,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chirima, Eshirima, Makhuwa-Exirima, Makhuwa-Niassa, Makhuwa-Xirima, Shirima, West Makua, Xirima. Dialects: None known. Probably not intelligible of Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh] or Lomwe [ngl] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). More Information Makonde [kde] Cabo Delgado province: Maviha dialect: Mueda. 360,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chimakonde, Chinimakonde, Cimakonde, Konde, Maconde, Makonda, Matambwe, Shimakonde. Dialects: Vadonde (Donde, Ndonde), Vamwalu (Mwalu), Vamwambe (Mwambe), Vamakonde (Makonde), Maviha (Chimaviha, Kimawiha, Mabiha, Mavia, Mawia, Mawiha). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.23). Comments: Reserved toward outsiders. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion. More Information Makwe [ymk] Cabo Delgado province: coast, Tanzania border south to Quionga, Palma, south of Olumbe; on Ruvuma river to Pundanhar. 22,000 in Mozambique (2003). Total users in all countries: 32,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kimakwe, Macue, Palma. Dialects: Coastal Makwe (Palma), Interior Makwe. Not inherently intelligible with Swahili [swh] . Lexical similarity: 60% with Swahili [swh] , 57% with Mwani [wmw] , 48% with Yao [yao] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.402). Comments: Muslim. More Information Manyawa [mny] Zambezia province: Lugela district. 150,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). 85% monolingual in Lugela District. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Takwane [tke] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). More Information Manyika [mxc] Manica province: north of Ndau, west of Tewe; Tete province: southwest. 100,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chimanyika, Manika. Dialects: Bocha (Boka), Bunji, Bvumba, Domba, Guta, Here, Hungwe, Jindwi, Karombe, Nyamuka, Nyatwe, Unyama. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.13). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Marenje [vmr] Zambezia province. 403,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Emarendje, Marendje. Dialects: None known. Related to Lolo [llb] and Kokola [kzn] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). More Information Mozambican Sign Language [mzy] Scattered. In at least 3 largest cities: Maputo, Beira, and Nampula. Status: 5 (Developing). Dialects: Some dialectal variation. Standardization efforts are in progress (1999). Not related to or based on Portuguese [por] nor Portuguese Sign Language [psr] . Classification: Sign language. More Information Mwani [wmw] Cabo Delgado provinc: coast north of Pemba, Arimba to Palma, Ibo and Mocimboa da Praia; offshore Querimba archipelago. 100,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 20,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ibo, Kimwani, Muane, Mwane, Mwaní, Namwaní, Quimuane. Dialects: Wibo (Kiwibo), Kisanga (Kikisanga, Quissanga), Nkojo (Kinkojo), Nsimbwa (Kinsimbwa). Not intelligible of Swahili [swh] . Kiwibo is prestige dialect. Kinsimbwa, the northernmost Mocimboa da Praia dialect, is inherently intelligible with others, even though it is the most distinct. Lexical similarity: 60% with Swahili [swh] , 48% with Yao [yao] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.403). Comments: Muslim. More Information Nathembo [nte] Nampula province: north of Angohe, Sangange Peninsula, Zubairi, Charamatane, Amisse, Mutembua, Namaeca, Namaponda, to Mogincual and Khibulani. 25,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esakaji, Sakaji, Sakati, Sanagage, Sangaji, Sankaji, Theithei. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.312). Comments: Similar to Makhuwa [vmw] and Swahili [swh] . Sakaji is a place name. More Information Ndau [ndc] Sofala and Manica provinces: south of Beira; Inhambane and Gaza provinces. 500,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,300,000. Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Chindau, Ndzawu, Njao, Sofala, Southeast Shona. Dialects: Ndau (Cindau), Shanga (Changa, Chichanga, Chisenji, Chixanga, Cimashanga, Mashanga, Senji, Xanga), Danda (Cidanda, Cindanda, Ndanda, Vadanda, Watande), Dondo (Chibabava, Cidondo, Wadondo), Gova (Cigova). Divergent from Union Shona [sna] . Danda and Ndanda may be the same language. Ndau (Gova) [sna] in Mozambique is more similar to Ndau, but in Zambia and Zimbabwe, Ndau is more similar to the Korekore dialect of Shona. Lexical similarity: 92% between Danda and Dondo dialects, 85% between Dondo and Shanga dialects; 74%–81% between Ndau dialects and Manyika [mxc] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.15). Comments: Other geographical or ethnic names: Dzika, Hijo, Buzi (Buji), Tomboji, and Mukwilo. Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Ngoni [ngo] Central Cabo Delgado province; Niassa province: Macuaida area; Tete province. 53,000 in Mozambique (2006). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Angoni, Chingoni, Cingoni, Kingoni, Kisutu, Sutu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.12). Comments: Non-indigenous. Formerly spoke Zulu [zul] . The Ngoni people in Malawi do not speak Ngoni but Nyanja [nya] as L1. Muslim. More Information Nsenga [nse] Tete province: north of Zambezi river. 141,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chinsenga, Cinsenga, Senga. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.41). Comments: Different from Senga dialect of Tumbuka [tum] of Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Nyanja [nya] Niassa, Zambezia, and Tete provinces. Chewa dialect: Macanga district, Tete; Ngoni dialect: Niassa province, Sanga and Lago; Angoni dialect: Tete; Nyanja dialect: Niassa and Tete, along Lake Niassa. 599,000 in Mozambique (2006). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Chinyanja. Dialects: Chewa (Cewa, Chichewa, Cicewa), Ngoni (Cingoni), Nyanja (Cinyanja), Angoni, Nyasa (Nyasa-Cewa). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Chewa-Nyanja (N.31). Comments: Ngoni people in Angonia District of Tete Province in western Mozambique have shifted to Nyanja. Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Nyungwe [nyu] Tete province: Zambezi river banks north of Sena [seh] language area; Manica province: east bank, Luenha river, east from Changara. 262,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Chinyungwe, Chinyungwi, Cinyungwe, Nyongwe, Teta, Tete, Yungwe. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Sena [seh] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.43). More Information Phimbi [phm] Tete province: Zambezi river banks northwest of Tete city. 6000 Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pimbi. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Sena [seh] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.41). More Information Portuguese [por] 1,580,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 6,300,000 in Mozambique. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Constitution, Article 10). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Ronga [rng] Maputo, Cidade de, and surrounding Maputo Province. 423,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 424,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gironga, Rhonga, Shironga, Xironga. Dialects: Konde, Putru, Kalanga. Partially intelligible with Tsonga [tso] and Tswa [tsc] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.54). More Information Sena [seh] Sofala, Manica, Tete, and Zambezia provinces: lower Zambezi river region. 1,390,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chisena, Cisena. Dialects: Caia (Care, North Sena, Sare), Bangwe (South Sena), Gombe, Sangwe, Podzo (Chipodzo, Cipodzo, Phodzo, Puthsu, Shiputhsu), Gorongosa. Reportedly similar to Nyungwe [nyu] , Nyanja [nya] , Phimbi [phm] , and Kunda [kdn] of Zambia. Sena Central is the prestige dialect. Lexical similarity: 92% between the Podzo and Sena-Sare dialects. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.44). Comments: Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Swahili [swh] Cabo Delgado province. 10,000 in Mozambique (2006). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bajun. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42). Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Swati [ssw] Maputo province: border area west of capital. 1,200 in Mozambique (2006). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Siswati, Siswazi, Swazi, Tekela, Tekeza. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.43). More Information Takwane [tke] Zambezia province. 181,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Thakwani. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31). More Information Tawara [twl] Tete province: south, north of Zimbabwe. 60,000 (2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tavara, Tawala. Dialects: Tawara-Chioco, Tawara-Daque. Northernmost variety is related to the Korekore dialect of Shone [sna] ; appears to have been influenced by Nyungwe [nyu] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.11). More Information Tewe [twx] Manica and Sofala provinces: Chimoio city northeast, north bank, Pungoe river. 250,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chiute, Ciute, Teve, Utee, Vateve, Wateve. Dialects: Considered by many a Manyika [mxc] dialect. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.13). More Information Tonga [toh] Inhambane province: up to Morrumbane. 224,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bitonga, Gitonga, Inhambane, Shengwe, Tonga-Inhambane. Dialects: Gitonga Gy Khogani, Nyambe (Cinyambe), Sewi (Gisewi). Lexical similarity: 44% with Chopi [cce] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Copi (S.62). Comments: Different from Tonga [tog] of Malawi and Tonga [toi] of Zambia and Zimbabwe. More Information Tsonga [tso] Maputo province: Cidade de Maputo, and north; Gaza province; western Inhambane province. 2,780,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Gwamba, Shitsonga, Thonga, Tonga, Xitsonga. Dialects: Bila (Vila), Changana (Changa, Hanganu, Hlanganu, Langanu, Shangaan, Shangana, Shilanganu, Xichangana), Jonga (Djonga, Dzonga), Ngwalungu (Shingwalungu). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53). Comments: Christian, traditional religion. More Information Tswa [tsc] Inhambane province: south of Save river; Gaza province: border area. 695,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 715,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kitshwa, Sheetshwa, Shitshwa, Tshwa, Xitshwa, Xitswa. Dialects: Hlengwe (Khambana-Makwakwe, Khambani, Lengwe, Lhengwe, Makwakwe-Khambana, Shilengwe), Tshwa (Dzibi-Dzonga, Dzivi, Dzonga-Dzibi, Xidzivi), Mandla, Ndxhonge, Nhayi. Partially intelligible of Ronga [rng] and Tsonga [tso] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.51). More Information Yao [yao] Niassa province: south and east of Lake Malawi; Zambezia province: Gurue district, northwest border; Cabo DelgadopProvince: Ruvumu river near Negomano; western Nampula province. 195,000 in Mozambique (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Achawa, Adsawa, Adsoa, Ajawa, Ayawa, Ayo, Chiyao, Ciyao, Djao, Haiao, Hiao, Hyao, Jao, Veiao, Wajao, Yawo. Dialects: Makale (Cimakale), Massaninga (Cimassaninga), Machinga, Mangochi, Tunduru Yao, Chikonono (Cikonono). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.21). Comments: Muslim, Christian. More Information Zulu [zul] Maputo province: borders Swaziland and South Africa. 3,000 in Mozambique (2006). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Isizulu, Zunda. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42).	i don't know
What is the official language of Cambodia ?	Language - About Cambodia \| Ministry of Tourism Cambodia (MOT) Language Weather Khmer is the official language of Cambodia. The Cambodian language is derived from the Mon-Khmer (Austro-Asiatic) language family. Khmer is renowned for possessing one of the largest sets of alphabets; it consists of 33 consonants, 23 vowels and 12 independent vowels. While tourists may wish to learn a few spoken phrases before or when visiting Cambodia, English is widely spoken and understood. French and Mandarin are also spoken frequently in the country; most elderly Cambodians speak French and many people in the Khmer-Chinese population speak Mandarin. © 2017 RED DOT (Cambodia) Co., Ltd All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer: This website, Tourismcambodia.org , the official website of Ministry of Cambodia of the Kingdom of Cambodia, is designed and maintained collaboratively by Red Dot (Cambodia) Co. Ltd and Cybernetics Ltd , the owner Tourismcambodia.info and Tourismcambodia.net , a full service branding and advertising agency in Cambodia. While efforts are made to ensure that all the information hereto are good, accurate and up to date, by visiting the website Tourismcambodia.org , viewing, accessing or otherwise using any of the services or information created, collected, compiled or submitted to Tourismcambodia.org , you agree to be bound by the our Terms and Conditions of Use, (Click here) . If you do not want to be bound by our Terms, your only option is not to visit, view or otherwise use the services of Tourismcambodia.org. You understand, agree and acknowledge that these Terms constitute a legally binding agreement between you and Tourismcambodia.org and that your use of Tourismcambodia.org shall indicate your conclusive acceptance of this agreement.	Khmer
Which female swimmer won two Gold and one Silver for GB ?	Khmer phrasebook - Wikitravel Khmer phrasebook Pronunciation guide[ edit ] Knowing a few Khmer words will help you earn some respect while in Cambodia. If you are male the word for 'yes' is pronounced 'baht'(បាទ) as in the sound of a sheep followed by a hard T. If you are female the word for 'yes' is pronounced 'jah'(ចា) as in the first part of 'jar'. The word for 'no' is pronounced 'Awt Tay'(អត់ទេ/ទេ). The word for 'thank you' is pronounced 'aw-koon'(អរគុណ) sounds a little like raccoon. To express greater thanks (thank you very much), use the word 'aw-koon ch'ran'(អរគុណច្រើន). The word for 'hello' is pronounced 'Sues-Day" Sues is pronounced exactly like author Dr. Seuss The word for 'sorry' is pronounced 'somtoh'(សុំទោស). The word for 'toilet' is pronounced 'dakuhn' or 'pahkuhn'(បង្គន់/បន្ទប់ទឹក)) Similarly to how you would pronounce the kunh in thank you, but with a short 'ba' in front. Scooter/mopeds with carriages pulled behind are called a 'tuk-tuk'(តុកតុក) better pronounced with the U sound from the back of your throat, like tulk-tulk. Scooter/mopeds by themselves are pronounced 'moto'(ម៉ូតូ) with an emphasis on 'mo'. Rickshaws are called 'cyclo'(ស៊ីក្លូ). The cy is pronounced like the word see. Khmer script Vowels[ edit ] ា aa ia ិ e i ី ey ee ឹ u ugh ឺ eu ugghhh (gugh) ុ o u ូ oo uu ួ ooa ើ ar er (yeurng) ឿ ugh ៀ eagh (rein) េ a ey (gei) ែ ie ayy ៃ ai ighe ោ ow oew (geu) ៅ ou ough (nough) ុំ om ំ om ាំ um ះ ah ិះ eh ុះ oh េះ eh ោះ oh Consonants[ edit ] ក kaw ខ khaw គ go ឃ kho ង ngo ច jhaw ឆ chaw ជ joe ឈ cho ញ ño ត toh ថ thaa ទ tho ធ thoo ន no ដ da ឋ tha ឌ do ឍ tho ណ na ប Ba ផ pha ព po ភ Pho ម mo យ yo រ ro ល lo វ Wo ស sa ហ ha ឡ la អ aa	i don't know
MASH, the character Frank Burns was replaced by which rather smug character ?	Charles Emerson Winchester III \| Monster MASH \| Fandom powered by Wikia Charles Emerson Winchester III David Ogden Stiers as Charles Winchester III on the MASH TV series. MASH character Vital information Major (O-4), U.S. Army Reserve Job/Role in unit: New ranking "Swamp" surgeon at the 4077th MASH Home David Ogden Stiers Charles Emerson Winchester is a surgeon who replaced the departed Frank Burns as the third surgeon in "The Swamp" at the 4077th MASH unit in Season 6 of the MAS*H TV series. The part of Charles was played by David Ogden Stiers . Contents Edit Born in Boston, Massachusetts, to a very wealthy family of Republican anti-FDR Boston "bluebloods," the somewhat snobbish Winchester graduated Summa Cum Laude from Harvard Medical School in Boston after completing his secondary studies at Choate and came to work at Boston General Hospital. Before he was drafted to join the US Army at the start of the Korean War, he was on track to become Chief of Thoracic Surgery. Charles has a sister named Honoria (pronounced ah-NOR-ee-uh) with a speech impediment (stuttering) and a brother Timmy who had died when Charles was very young. He also had a nephew who was leaving the service just after he came to MASH 4077 - although his sister is shown in a later episode to be unmarried and has no children. (In a continuity error in an early episode, " Major Topper ", Winchester claims to have attended his sister's wedding) In his will, Charles asks that his butterfly collection not be left to cousin Alfred; likewise Alfred is not to receive his shares of voting stock. Despite his disdain for the military and his wish to be at Boston General hospital he is not averse to Colonel Flagg's attempted bribe for Winchester to work at Fort Devan's Military Hospital at Boston if Winchester will spy for Flagg. Although before coming to MASH 4077 he was stationed at Tokyo General Hospital, one goof shows him wearing an arrowhead device on his military ribbons (only for combat duty service). Although he constantly moans about leaving Boston, he also cares very much for Tokyo, octopus and kabuki theater although he can't speak Japanese. As presented in the series, he is tall, stocky, and losing his hair. Similar to Major Burns - who he replaced - he also has a bad back and is a Presbyterian. Joining the 4077th MASH Edit While Major Frank Burns is AWOL following a trip to Seoul after the marriage of Major Margaret Houlihan to Lieutenant Colonel Donald Penobscot , the staff at the 4077th desperately need a replacement surgeon to fill in. Colonel Potter places a call to Tokyo General Hospital in search of a surgeon. An old friend of Potter, Lt. Colonel Horace Baldwin, is the commanding officer, and in debt to a Major Charles Emerson Winchester from cribbage, volunteers Charles for the position. Colonel Baldwin reassures Charles that the duty will only be 48 hours. Once Winchester arrives, he finds the conditions repugnant compared to the comfortable Tokyo General. Although his arrogance makes a poor first impression, Winchester proves he is an excellent surgeon when he performs a delicate heart operation on a ventricular aneurysm he is experienced in but that the other doctors are unfamiliar with. However, as he learns that his methodical surgery is unsuited to the gross amount of patients he has to operate on and the length of his shifts into the early morning, he is forced to learn "meatball surgery." He made an effective transition, though, even criticizing other surgeons if they operated slowly. Soon after Winchester's arrival, the camp learns that Major Burns has been arrested after mistaking another woman for his former lover, Major Margaret "Hot Lips" Houlihan. The camp, but not Winchester, further learns that Burns has been transferred back to the United States following a psychiatric evaluation. The doctors and Radar toast to Frank, "Good-bye, Ferret face!" Colonel Potter catches Winchester just as he is about to leave to return to Tokyo and informs him that he will be assigned to the 4077th indefinitely. Winchester is shocked and at first refuses but Col. Potter threatens disciplinary action. Winchester, very reluctantly, agrees to cooperate and moves into Major Burns' former quarters with Pierce and Hunnicutt. When the first major rush of wounded arrive, Winchester finds himself in over his head once he begins operating, taking three or four times as long to finish his operations as his fellow surgeons: Captain Hawkeye Pierce, Captain B.J. Hunnicutt and Col. Potter in a medical situation where life saving operations must be performed as rapidly as possible. Winchester, his ego fully inflated, feels humiliated at any assistance to improve his efficiency and alienates himself from the rest of the camp with his arrogant, self-centered and at times cold persona. He does, however, prove to have a sense of humour and a clever wit which is not above pranks. Just as B.J. Hunnicut was supposed to be a substitute for Trapper John, Winchester was supposed to be a substitute for Major Burns - as a drunken Hawkeye remarks there is only a hair's breadth difference between them (i.e exchanging an amoral slob of a fair but barely competent surgeon for a moral snob of a brilliant but uncaring surgeon). Although Winchester appears arrogant and uncaring around Hawkeye and B.J., in his heart he does care about his patients. He seems to be too embarrassed to show his more caring side to Hawkeye and B.J., instead wanting them to believe that he is unfeeling and "above it all" to protect himself from the difficulty that may arise emotionally from getting too close to his tent mates. Winchester's caring attitude is concealed from Hawkeye and B.J., for example, they know nothing of the agony Winchester goes through, when he discovers that one of his patients, whose leg he surgically corrected magnificently but whose hand he could not fix, was a concert pianist who could therefore no longer play because of his permanently damaged right hand. Winchester does all he can to convince the young man that his gift for piano playing can be manifested not just in playing piano pieces for the left hand alone but also by teaching in the classroom or by writing. This gives the young soldier hope for the future. Winchester is, in his heart, a deeply sensitive person who perhaps does not want this exposed because he fears to appear weak or vulnerable. For example, when Hawkeye's schoolteacher friend from home has her schoolchildren send them letters, Winchester uses his tape recorder to send a message to a boy asking how he can be more "grown up." Winchester, mischievously, tells him to take his father's best suit, and have the tailor fit him with it. This is heard by B.J. Also, B.J reads a letter from a rather uninformed boy who says that he's jealous of the doctors, since they "get to eat real army food and camp out." Winchester grabs the letter from B.J, and writes a letter to him and out loud, for B.J. to hear, writes to the boy that his "misinformation is exceeded only by his atrocious grammar!" But later when Winchester receives a letter that touches his heart, from a girl who sends him a leaf from a birch tree, Winchester decides to write her, rather than use his tape recorder, so that B.J. won't hear him. In the letter, he genuinely thanks the girl for her gift. B.J., Hawkeye and Col. Potter, never get to see Winchester's softer side because he conceals it to protect himself emotionally. Through the rest of the series Edit Charles at first continually fights his position with the 4077th, especially when he realizes that he lost his candidacy for Chief of Thoracic Surgery at Boston General but as time passes he more-or-less accepts the situation and settles in with the 4077th. Although initially thought of as tremendously selfish and uncaring, Charles softens somewhat as he acclimates to his new life. This comes in part from a Christmas present arranged by Radar and Fr. Mulcahy – his old tobogganing cap, sent by his mother, which he wears frequently. However, with his ego remaining fully inflated, he still distances himself from the rest of the camp to some degree and regularly retreats to his classical music as a refuge. As time goes on, he seems to maintain his arrogant attitude as a kind of caricature of itself; he is not really quite like that any more but uses it as a kind of character armour to hide his genuine feelings. When a young girl sends him a New England Leaf he reveals his homesickness. The leaf is actually a maple leaf, not a birch leaf as portrayed in the episode. A running gag is Winchester attempts to maintain an upper class lifestyle - such as playing classical records on a portable phonograph (which Potter hates), eating pheasant under glass (which results in food poisoning), smoking cigars and drinking wine or going duck hunting with a shotgun which results in his prey exploding a land mine. Three times Winchester - like Burns - has temper tantrums. Once when a visiting young surgeon taught him a new surgical method and two other times when a visiting female surgeon upstaged the arrogant Winchester in the operating room and a visiting female surgeon saved an allergic patient when Winchester tried to argue with her. Although his cold persona is a front for his fear of becoming a casualty, Winchester does go to the front, once to a Battalion Aid station after he is nearly killed by a sniper and once when he attends to wounded at the Battle of Pork Chop Hill which actually occurred from March to July 1953 (which would explain the Arrowhead award). In one episode Hawkeye compares Winchester to Burns, whining that there is only a hair difference, a snob in place of a slob. In Change Day (TV series episode) was even written to make Major Winchester as greedy as Major Burns (Winchester buys old military script from locals in order to mark a big profit for himself; of course Hawkeye and BJ spoil his plans). Another attempt to make Winchester to Frank Burns is The Merchant of Korea (TV series episode) is after loaning BJ money, Winchester takes advantage of it. Comparison with Burns Edit Unlike Burns, Charles was actually a superb doctor for the most part, albeit not quite able to handle the pace of a front-line unit at first. In addition, Charles engages in acts of generosity and compassion that his predecessor Major Burns would never have thought of, much less done. This includes: Convincing a drafted concert pianist, who has given up on the future after losing dexterity in his right hand, that his musical gift does not lie in the stilled hand but rather emanates from within. He finds the wounded man sheet music for pieces to be performed with only the left hand (specifically Piano Concerto for the Left Hand written by Maurice Ravel for Paul Wittgenstein) and restores the wounded man's pride and hope, telling him, "I can play the notes, but I cannot make the music." (In fact Stiers is a musician and also conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra-although this didn't prevent MASH comic plot episode The Smell of Music when Winchester's french horn playing drives Hawkeye and B.J. to go on a bath strike!) Sitting with Hawkeye and having a heart-to-heart with him about his own family when Hawkeye was going insane with worry about his father, who was undergoing surgery back in the states. He eventually goes so far as to admit that he envies the closeness Hawkeye has with his father, having never had that with his own. He sums the difference between them with "Where I have a father, you have a dad." Following his family's tradition by giving the local orphanage a large supply of candy for Christmas, insisting that the orphanage director not tell anyone who donated it. Upon learning that the director sold the candy instead of distributing it among the kids, Charles is at first angry—but the director explains that while the candy would have been enjoyed for a day, the proceeds will feed the children for weeks, and Charles acknowledges that it was "inappropriate" to give children dessert when they had not had any supper. Klinger, overhearing the exchange, saves for Charles the last of the camp's holiday fare—and tells Charles that the source must remain anonymous. Befriending a wounded soldier who stutters. When Charles sees him ridiculed by his CO and platoon mates, he takes the CO to one side and thoroughly chastises him. Although the soldier's IQ is above normal, he has always considered himself stupid ("I can't even t-t-talk"), and reads only comic books. Charles encourages him to pursue his natural intelligence, and gives him a treasured, leather-bound copy of Moby Dick, which the soldier has read in its Classics Illustrated comic book adaptation. At the end of this episode, Charles listens to a taped letter sent by his sister Honoria—revealing that she, too, is a habitual stutterer. Another example of Charles Winchester's integrity and humanity appears when Colonel Baldwin visits the 4077th on business. In the episode entitled "No Laughing Matter," Baldwin mistakes Houlihan for a prostitute he requested from Winchester, and when she gets away and goes to Col. Potter, he tells Winchester of his plan to get Margaret in trouble by telling the Colonel that she was making sexual advances towards him (which was a lie). Winchester refuses to go along with it, but Baldwin promises that if he played along, he would be transferred back to Tokyo General. When the time comes, Baldwin tells Colonel Potter the lie, and when Winchester is called on to corroborate, he reveals the truth, and his bottled-up anger at Baldwin for the transfer comes out. As much as Winchester wanted to go back to Tokyo, he would not smear the name of one of his co-workers by bearing false witness against her, especially not for Colonel Baldwin. In typical MASH fantasy reality Baldwin is allowed to drive away- when in a earlier episode Major Burns was accused of rape (Houlihan caught him in a embrace of a visiting female colonel/nurse) Burns was put under arrest. Relationship with fellow surgeons Edit While Winchester's faults still cause irritation, Charles eventually makes partial peace with his comrades and they count him as one of their friends. When Hawkeye was anxiously awaiting word about his father, who had undergone surgery for a life-threatening condition, Charles kept a vigil with him. He reveals to Hawkeye his envy of the close relationship Hawkeye and his father share in stark contrast to that with his own father, stating, "Whereas I have a father, you have a dad." Charles also lent B.J. the money he and wife Peg needed for a land down-payment, when the deadline came abruptly. Winchester took his nominal second-in-command position far less seriously than Frank Burns ever had; on the rare occasions when Col. Potter was away and he had to take charge, Charles usually let the camp go through its paces, and everyone have what they wanted—as long as Charles in turn got what he wanted (usually a personal favour, or simply time alone), though the first time he was camp CO, he went overboard on ordering creature comforts. In addition, on occasions when Hawkeye was left in charge for varying reasons (once including Winchester's own insistence that he was not up to the task), he did not take offense, and indeed very seldom wielded his rank as a tool. When Hawkeye was writing his last will and testament while trapped at a Battalion Aid Station, he wrote: "To Charles Emerson Winchester, though we may have wounded your pride, you never lost your dignity. I therefore bequeath to you the most dignified thing I own: my bathrobe. Purple is the color of royalty." Sense of humour Edit In contrast to his normally posh tastes, Charles enjoyed occasional Tom and Jerry cartoons, Ritz Brothers films (which he regarded as surrealistic), "Captain Marvel" comics, pralines and canned sardines. Furthermore, he has engaged in a few pranks, including one episode where Colonel Flagg visited the camp and Charles planted 'evidence' to lead him on a wild goose chase, wherein Flagg became convinced that conspirators were meeting in the guise of a poker game. The 'conspirators' included Hawkeye, Colonel Potter, the Mayor of Uijeongbu, and the Chief of Police, who were not amused at Flagg's accusations. When Hawkeye questioned Charles, Charles demurely stated that he wasn't the type to pull pranks, unless it was good for a laugh. One joke of Charles resulted in Houlihan throwing a cream pie at Hawkeye and BJ—which hit Father Mulcahy! He also once used a dummy hand grenade to clear out the officer's club so he, Hawkeye, B.J., Klinger and Soon Lee could get a table (but we only see him tossing the hand grenade into the air). Several times Charles and B.J. actually teamed up together-once to get even on Sgt Rizzo who tricked B.J. into running out of a shower; once by tricking a over-talkative annuity salesman into being quiet-until he leaves MASH 4077; and once to get rid of a visiting MASH 8063rd surgeon who is more obnoxious than Hawkeye (he refers to B.J. by the wrong initials and thinks Winchester graduated from Yale!). Once Winchester tried to give both Pierce and B.J. a warning that Boston would ban Pinocchio when both Pierce and B.J. think they going to see a sexy movie "The Moon is Blue" after the film is banned in Boston. {The nearest reference in the movie to sex is the word "virgin"!} He was seen as a comic foil example when he took the Dodgers not blowing the 13 1/2 game lead during the 1951 season just to fall on his face during the three-game playoff, when Bobby Thomson's home run won the final game. (At the time, the Dodgers were a Brooklyn New York City baseball team much beloved of working-class people; a Boston blue-blood at that time would probably have preferred to support the Boston Braves.) This is quite a goof-Winchester didn't arrive at MASH 4077 until the middle of 1953! Frank Burns would have made a better comic foil due to the running gag of his greed. Finale Edit In the series finale, "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen", Winchester encounters a group of five Chinese P.O.W.s who are decent musicians and share his love of music. They are being held at the 4077th and, as they are playing traditional music, Winchester furiously confronts them, explaining that he is trying to listen to Mozart on his phonograph. They then begin to play a crude rendition of Mozart's Clarinet Quintet In A , K 581 - 1st Mvt. Allegro. Winchester, delighted at the idea of being able to spend time with anyone who loves classics, begins spending considerable time trying to improve upon their performance. However, Charles learns that the musicians have to be transferred in a prisoner of war exchange with the Chinese Red Army along with the rest of the captives at the 4077th. Charles pleads for them to stay, but the military officer coordinating the effort refuses to allow it. The musicians play the piece of Mozart that Charles had taught them as they are driven away. Charles, coming out after surgery several hours later, triages one final patient from a prisoner truck accident in grave condition. He begins examining the wounds, but then recoils in horror when he sees that the patient is one of the Chinese musicians that had been swapped in the P.O.W. exchange. Charles asks the corpsman if any other prisoners had survived, but the corpsman informs Charles that the dying musician is "the only one that made it this far." Charles sadly and bitterly remarks that the dying man was not a soldier, but a musician. Retreating to his tent Charles attempts to find solace in a record of "Clarinet Quintet in A" but after only a few moments of listening to the song he wordlessly yanks the record off the phonograph and smashes it. The armistice to end the Korean War is signed soon after and at the 4077's last supper, Charles announces: "I will be head of Thoracic Surgery at Boston Mercy Hospital, so my life will go on pretty much as I expected—with one exception. For me, music has always been a refuge from this miserable experience... now it will always be a reminder." With the 4077th packing up and the personnel moving out to return home, Charles leaves the camp with Sgt. Rizzo in the last remaining vehicle: a garbage truck. When Rizzo pulls up in the truck, he says "I hope you don't mind riding in a garbage truck, 'cause it's the last vehicle I got.", to which Winchester replies "Not at all. What better way to leave a garbage dump!" It is fitting that Charles leaves his friends with the trademark phrase "Gentlemen," that still shows his class and upbringing. Quotes	List of MAS*H characters
Which President abolished racial segregation in the Armed Forces & the Civil Service ?	Father Mulcahy \| MASH Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The character Father John "Johnny" Patrick 'Dago Red' Mulcahy in the film is a US Army chaplain assigned to the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital during the Korean War . While most of the staff is not religious, they treat Mulcahy with some respect. It is Mulcahy who alerts the doctors that the camp dentist, Painless, is severely depressed. Afterwards, Mulcahy reluctantly helps the doctors to stage the famous "Last Supper" faux suicide, to convince Painless that he should continue with life. Mulcahy gets one of the film's more memorable lines: When " Hot Lips " is wondering, in a very loud voice, how someone of such presumed low character as Hawkeye ever got into such an important position in the Army, Mulcahy looks up from his devotions with a wounded soldier and remarks, "He was drafted ." Throughout the film, Mulcahy seems bewildered by the doctors' amoral pranks and womanizing behavior. When Radar places a hidden microphone inside Hotlips' tent as she and Frank Burns make love, members of the camp listen in, and Mulcahy at first mistakes their conversation (and noises) for an episode of The Bickersons —then leaves abruptly when he realizes otherwise. Characterization in the television series Edit In the television series , the character began in the same style, but evolved over the course of the series. For instance, Father Mulcahy initially had a difficult time helping in the operating room without being physically revolted at the blood and gore (he admitted later "I couldn't eat liver for a year," after watching surgery), but eventually proved an able assistant beyond his spiritual duties. In the eighth-season episode The Yalu Brick Road , much of the camp came down with food poisoning after a Thanksgiving dinner. Mulcahy (who'd been away at Sister Theresa's orphanage) threw himself into orderly duties, laundry, and caring for everyone, saying, "I've never felt more useful or needed!" Family life Edit In the Richard Hooker novel that inspired the film and television series, Father Mulcahy was from San Diego . In the series, however, the character was from Philadelphia . Mulcahy came from a rather large family who weren't close, from things he revealed throughout the series. Both his parents drank, and displayed their temper on occasion. About the only thing he and his father had in common was an interest in boxing , and his father took him to fights. Mulcahy had to share a bed with his brothers. When given the chance to send greetings to his family during a filmed interview, Mulcahy simply waved to the camera and said "Hello", adding nothing. The only family member he spoke fondly of was his sister Catherine (who became a nun ; members of the 4077th referred to her as "your sister, the Sister", or as Hawkeye colorfully puts it "a Nun-o-Gram" when Mulcahy got mail from her). She took the name Sister Maria Angelica. Mulcahy has described her as a skilled basketball player and saxophonist , and as being very fond of children (at one point, she even considered giving up being a nun so she could have one of her own, but apparently changed her mind). She once bit his toe as a child. He corresponded with her often, most notably in the episode "Dear Sis". Character evolution Edit Outside the surgery, the priest gradually gained the respect of the staff with his emerging courage and wisdom in the most difficult circumstances. This included when he had to perform an emergency tracheotomy (using a Tom Mix pocketknife and an eyedropper ) while under enemy fire, and disarming a desperate soldier holding him at gunpoint. (He also persuaded Corporal Klinger to hand over a live grenade, when Klinger wanted to get rid of the overbearing Major Burns , in an early episode.) Mulcahy often provided critical advice to Hawkeye, and other members of the company. Hawkeye in turn consoled Mulcahy more than once when his spirits were down, such as when, in frustration, Mulcahy punched a patient who had struck him while resisting his efforts to calm him. Hawkeye told him "We have to stand here and watch so much misery, we're lucky we don't all join hands and walk into a chopper blade." His wisdom was evident when the unit found an abandoned Amerasian infant and Father Mulcahy, fully aware of how such children are mistreated in Korea , recommended she be surrendered to a reclusive monastic order which could work to eventually transfer her out of Korea. The others initially rejected that option, because of the monks' requirements of anonymity and no further contact with the child, but eventually ceded it was the only way when their repeated attempts to solicit assistance from other bodies were bluntly rebuffed. Though a priest, Mulcahy did sometimes break the letter of the law to fulfill its spirit, such as times he obtained needed supplies for the local orphanage or medicines for the camp, via the black market . "You'd be surprised what a priest can get away with," he once remarked. He was also able to enlist help from Corporal Klinger to retrieve stolen penicillin , and Major Winchester to recover a needed case of sodium pentothal , both times winding up under enemy fire. In one episode, a helicopter pilot used a dummy as a counterweight when transporting only one patient; when Pierce and Hunnicutt stole the dummy for a prank, Mulcahy jumped into the helicopter with the pilot so that he could bring in a critically injured soldier, Mulcahy acting as the counterweight for the return flight. Colonel Potter, although reprimanding the priest for this recklessness, said that the next time the promotion board came out, his name better be on it. A boxing priest Edit In addition, Mulcahy eventually revealed numerous practical skills like being a champion amateur boxer , as well as numerous connections needed for helping others, including black market contacts. He also took up running as a form of exercise; getting roped into racing against the MASH 8063's champion, Mulcahy persuaded his opponent to throw the race, so the engineers would build a new roof for the orphanage. (He also paused at the finish line, refusing to cross unless the 4077th donated their winnings as well.) By the later part of the series, Mulcahy came to be held in high esteem in the camp, as evidenced on one Christmas Eve occasion, where Hawkeye and the rest of the camp paid tribute to the chaplain with a Latin devotional hymn in his honor (Dona nobis pacem, "give us peace"). However, this respect did not extend beyond the camp, considering Mulcahy's long and frustrating struggle to gain a promotion. He finally made Captain after a personal appeal by Colonel Potter to the Chief of Chaplains at The Pentagon to achieve, after which Mulcahy remarked, "The meek may inherit the Earth, but it's the grumpy that get promoted." When the 4077th was putting together a time capsule at the end of the 11th season, Mulcahy contributed an old pair of boxing gloves he had kept hanging up in his tent. His hope was that in the future, nations might be able to settle their differences through peaceful means, such as using the gloves in a fistfight. Ministry Edit Mulcahy mentioned several times being a Jesuit . While the character was a devout Roman Catholic , Father Mulcahy would minister to the needs of people of all faiths as a matter of necessity (including the Methodist wedding ceremony of Houlihan), as he was the sole chaplain for the 4077th. However, it was a task he took on willingly and cheerfully out of a legitimate fascination with other faiths and their customs, of which he possessed a wide and eclectic array of knowledge. In one episode though, he admitted that he was somewhat intimidated by the Southern Baptist service. Performing Jewish duties in the series, he performed a bris in the absence of a Rabbi and also recited the Kaddish prayer over a dying Jewish soldier. Knowing many of the local people were Buddhists , he watched their ceremonies with fascination. The television series did not present Mulcahy as a theological legalist ; he did not criticize campmates about their personal moral habits, provided there was no harm to others. Instead, Mulcahy was portrayed as enjoying playing the piano (usually ragtime , although his skills weren't exactly astounding), drinking at the Officers Club , participating in camp raffles and betting pools, and playing the occasional game of poker (although he donated most of his winnings to the local orphanage). He often intervened when he saw his comrades about to do something drastic, such as when Hawkeye was about to assault a visiting General for monopolizing the kitchen while the entire camp was waiting for dinner. Instead, Mulcahy used his position as a priest, and the relative protection from discipline it afforded him, to ruin the General's dinner in a more passive-aggressive manner, after which he gave a conspiratorial wink to a stunned and amused Hawkeye. In the series finale , Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen , during a mortar attack, he selflessly ran out to the POW cell and released them to the military guard, rather than leave them as "sitting ducks." During the attack, the concussion from one of the mortars caused him to lose most of his hearing. He begged B.J. Hunnicutt to keep the injury a secret. He elected to stay in Korea after the cease fire, to care for orphans. After MASH Edit In the short lived spin-off series, After MASH , the priest decided to return to America, but suffered from depression and was drinking heavily. However, after his hearing was surgically corrected, he stopped drinking and joined Potter and Klinger at a veteran 's hospital , as its chaplain. Trivia Template:Trivia In the episode "Dear Sis", he expresses concern while writing a letter over his sister's (a Catholic nun) transfer to a church named after Saint Cecilia . There is, in fact, a real Saint Cecilia church in Fox Chase, Pennsylvania , only a few blocks away from the city limits of Philadelphia , where Father Mulcahy is from. In many episodes, Mulcahy is seen wearing a "Loyola" hoodie . This makes sense in that Mulcahy was a Jesuit and Loyola is a Jesuit school. In the final episode of the series, however, Mulcahy is seen wearing a "Wesleyan" sweatshirt; Wesleyan University , the alma mater of actor William Christopher , was affiliated with the Methodist Church until 1937. Father Mulcahy is a huge fan of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team (although he'll bet against them for 10 to 1 odds). A recurring theme in the series is the delay in at least two episodes of Mulcahy not being promoted from First Lieutenant to Captain before finally attaining it. In one late season episode Mulcahy claims that the only life he saved was that of a drunken dog (9/2); however in 5/9 via instructions from Hawkeye, Mulcahy saves the life of a choking soldier, under fire no less. Mulcahy is one of only two regular characters in the MASH* Franchise to be played by three actors (the other being Trapper John McIntyre ), in this case Rene Auberjonois (in the movie), George Morgan in the TV pilot, and William Christopher in all subsequent television episodes. Quotes from the TV series "This isn't one of my sermons; I expect you to listen." "Klinger, how'd you like the last rites...and a few lefts!" "A chaplain in the Army has a collar on his neck/If you don't listen to him, you'll all wind up in heck." (during a camp sing-along) "I think the world of Colonel Potter. He's a good Christian - yet hardly dull at all." "Remember what the good book says: Love thy neighbor, or I'll punch your lights out!" (from Captains Outrageous ) "As I lay me down to sleep, a bag of peanuts at my feet, if I die before I wake, give them to my brother Jake." (From Crisis ) "Jocularity! Jocularity!" (Also used by Colonel Potter in the classic "Father Mulcahy Sound-Alike Contest".) " If I was you I'd be raising a royal rhubarb to ICORPS about this" - upon not being selected for a promotion (again) "I see you're a Protestant . That won't be a problem. I'm familiar with the procedures of most of the major denominations--although, I'm a little inhibited when it comes to the Southern Baptists' , a little frenetic and forceful...a bit of a stretch for me, but, then again, that's my problem." (from Point of View ) "There's no one singing war songs now like people used to do; No "Over There," no "Praise the Lord," no "Glory Hallelu"; Perhaps at last we've asked ourselves what we should have asked before; With the pain and death this madness brings, what were we ever singing for?" (The second Korean War Song, composed by Mulcahy in Dear Uncle Abdul ) "Amen!" "I was anxious to get back to being in a parish and coaching boxing for the CYO , but lately I've gotten kind of interested in working with the deaf. Not doing parish work, I'll miss hearing confession, but after listening to you people for so long, I think I've just about heard it all!" (from Goodbye, Farewell & Amen) (After being pulled out from the latrine when it collapsed on him) "Sis and I picked up these apples from under the tree. I said you can't make a pie out of crabapples and she said, I learned how in the Girl Scouts." [Hawkeye: "He's ok, just a little dazed."] "She used brown sugar and the crust was just so crispy and nice. Well, it was so good we ate it all before dinner." [Hawkeye: "Get him back to his tent, let him rest."] "Mommy came in and said, 'What the hell is going on here?' [Looks at Klinger, who is in drag.] I remember, Mommy, you know that's the first time I ever heard you swear." (After Klinger reads Mulcahy a letter to a general, in which he threatens to send a picture of himself in drag to the general's wife, with a letter explaining that he is the general's new mistress.) "Klinger, the Lord works in mysterious ways...but you take the cake!" (After asking if there is anything he can do to help a situation and is told that he can pray) "Aww that's all I ever get to do!"	i don't know
What is the nickname of Oscar Pistorious?	What would Oscar Pistorius face if he's sent to prison? - CNN.com What would Oscar Pistorius face if he's sent to prison? Laura Smith-Spark, CNN Updated 8:40 AM ET, Mon October 13, 2014 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Oscar Pistorius is due to be sentenced for the negligent killing of Reeva Steenkamp This raises the prospect that the double amputee may be given a prison sentence South Africa's prisons are notorious for overcrowding and poor sanitation, activists say A paraplegic inmate told the Wits Justice Project of being detained in awful conditions (CNN) A stuffy, overcrowded cell. Perhaps two or three men to a single bunk. Lockdown for most of the day. JUST WATCHED What sentence might Oscar Pistorius get? 03:15 JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Pistorius judge, stern yet compassionate 02:56 Is this what awaits South Africa's Oscar Pistorius when he's sentenced for culpable homicide in the death of girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp ? Legal experts say it's impossible to predict what sentence Judge Thokozile Masipa may hand down. But many will be watching to see if the Olympian's dramatic fall from grace ends with time behind bars. If that's indeed the case, the chances are that life would not be easy for South Africa's most famous disabled athlete. A double amputee, he needs prosthetic limbs to get around. And rights campaigners warn that South African prisons -- which they say are notorious for overcrowding, gang violence and unsanitary conditions -- are often a difficult environment even for the fittest of inmates. Read More Nooshin Erfani-Ghadimi, project coordinator for the Johannesburg-based Wits Justice Project , a civil society group, believes Pistorius would likely receive far better treatment than the average prisoner -- as he has throughout the judicial process, she says. That means he might get a cell to himself. Even so, she told CNN, "I don't think anyone with a disability necessarily will be able to be provided for at the moment in a way that ensures that they would have the correct medical treatment, that they have the correct physical structures." Some of South Africa's prisons are better than others, of course. JUST WATCHED Oscar Pistorius: Not guilty of murder 01:53 JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Remembering the 'Blade Runner's' career 01:50 But whichever one might house Pistorius, there's no question that conditions would be a far cry from those in the $560,000 home in the luxury Silverwoods Estate, on the outskirts of Pretoria, where he shot Steenkamp dead last year. Pretoria Central South Africa's department of correctional services has policies in place for dealing with physically disabled inmates, Erfani-Ghadimi said. "Policy and practice, however, are often poles apart. Unfortunately, prisoners with disabilities face the same inhumane conditions as other able-bodied inmates." Correctional Services Department spokesman Koos Gerber previously told CNN that South Africa's detention facilities, whether for remand prisoners or those serving prison terms, "can accommodate people with any disabilities." There's been speculation that Pistorius could be sent to Pretoria Central Prison, although no one really knows. It's not easy for rights researchers to get access inside, Erfani-Ghadimi said. But the prison does not have the best reputation. The Pretoria News reported last year on a case brought by six inmates who told Pretoria High Court of having to share a single cell with others, with no ventilation, dirty mattresses and no bedding. They were locked up for 18 hours a day, the court heard, and threatened with sexual violence by gangs. Steenkamp's mother stunned by verdict, wants to meet Pistorius Medical care 'overstretched' On average, Erfani-Ghadimi said, South African prisons are overcrowded, putting a strain on sanitation, ventilation and medical care. The overcrowding means three men may share a single cell, or communal cells for 40 people are jammed with double the number they were intended to hold, with men sleeping in double or triple bunks, according to the Wits Justice Project. One of the biggest risks associated with that is contracting tuberculosis, labeled the biggest killer in South Africa's prisons in a recent report, Erfani-Ghadimi said. The disease spreads easily in packed, steamy cells with little air. In some prisons, overstretched nurses can never see all the people needing help on any day. Inconsistent treatment regimens mean drug-resistant TB strains develop and spread, while disruptions to antiretroviral programs also impact detainees who are HIV-positive. "Also in terms of health management we've seen stories of people who are diabetic and have gone into insulin shock because they've been arrested and haven't been able to get to their medication," Erfani-Ghadimi said. Speaking earlier this year, Correctional Services Minister Sibusiso Ndebele said that "overcrowding at correctional facilities is a global challenge," and that South Africa's prison population had dropped over the past decade. As of April this year, there were about 157,400 inmates, of whom nearly 28% were on remand -- a term used for pretrial custody, according to official figures. The country's total population is about 54 million. Double-edged sword There's no doubt that Pistorius' case has put South Africa's justice system under the international spotlight. While the scrutiny may have been uncomfortable at time for South African authorities, it appears to have worked in the track star's favor until now. When he was first detained after Steenkamp's killing, the African National Congress Women's League complained that he got special treatment, both in where he was held and in access to his family. Some impoverished suspects who can't afford a lawyer or bail spend months or even years waiting for their cases just to come to court. But Pistorius was released on bail with relaxed conditions, and his trial began little more than a year after Steenkamp's death on February 14, 2013. Erfani-Ghadimi describes his progress through the legal system as "an anomaly" in terms of both speed and the expert resources dedicated to it. "Other cases normally take much longer, and both the victims and the accused face the strong probability of a miscarriage of justice," she wrote in a piece published on The Conversation website . However, when it comes to serving time in prison, the athlete's fame -- and the extra attention that goes with it -- could be a double-edged sword when it comes to getting special privileges, she told CNN. "A lot of people are able to subvert (the system) and pay bribes and get away with things, but he hasn't been able to," she said. "But on the other hand he has been able to get advantages that other people haven't." 'Living here is very hard' Some of these differences may be stark. The Wits Justice Project has highlighted the case of paraplegic inmate Ronnie Fakude, held on remand for 28 months before being freed on bail earlier this year with an electronic tag , in a pilot monitoring project. Before his release, he described his experience to Carolyn Raphaely, a senior journalist with the project. "I'm a 50-year-old paraplegic and have been awaiting trial for more than two years since my arrest on fraud charges in December 2011. I can't walk, I can't control my bowel or bladder and have to wear disposable baby nappies which my family buy for me. I'm paralysed from level four and don't have a wheelchair," he said, according to the project. "If I use my [crutches] I have to pull my legs and throw them to the front. That's how I walk. Living here is very hard. We are 88 men in this cell which is meant for 32. Sometimes there are more. Twelve people sleep in two bunks pushed together, that's six on the top and six on the bottom. I have my own bed on the bottom, which is a privilege. Luckily, I don't have to share because of my medical status. "There are eight or 10 people with TB in this cell and four or five we know are HIV-positive. A guy with multi-drug resistant TB sleeps on top of me. I feel vulnerable all the time." Erfani-Ghadimi argues that as a severely disabled man, Fakude should never have been in detention at all. And if she had her way, the same would be true for Pistorius.	Blade Runner
London Olympics 200 metres, who did Pistorius accuse of cheating ?	Who is 'Blade Runner' Oscar Pistorius? - CNN.com Who is 'Blade Runner' Oscar Pistorius? By Hilary Whiteman, CNN updated 5:39 AM EDT, Tue October 21, 2014 Oscar Pistorius reaches out to his uncle Arnold Pistorius and other family members as he is led out of court in Pretoria, South Africa, after being sentenced to five years in prison on Tuesday, October 21. Pistorius, the first double-amputee runner to compete in the Olympics, was sentenced for culpable homicide in the February 2013 death of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp. Pistorius leaves the high court in Pretoria on Monday, October 13. A judge cleared Pistorius of premeditated murder last month, but he was found guilty of culpable homicide -- the South African term for unintentionally, but unlawfully, killing a person. Pistorius speaks with his uncle Arnold Pistorius during his trial at the Pretoria High Court on Friday, September 12. Pistorius cries on the stand in Pretoria on Thursday, September 11, as the judge reads notes while delivering her verdict. Pistorius arrives at court on September 11. Pistorius speaks to someone in court as his murder trial resumes in Pretoria on Thursday, August 7. Pistorius sits in court in Pretoria on Tuesday, July 8. Pistorius arrives at court in Pretoria on Monday, July 7. Pistorius yawns during day 37 of his murder trial on June 3. Pistorius hugs a supporter Wednesday, July 2. Pistorius listens to evidence being presented in court on Monday, June 30. Pistorius leaves the court in Pretoria on Tuesday, May 20. Pistorius reads notes during his trial on Monday, May 12. Ballistics expert Tom "Wollie" Wolmarans testifies for the defense on May 12. A red laser dot points at bullet holes in the bathroom door for a forensic demonstration during the trial on May 12. Pistorius admits firing four bullets through the closed door, killing Steenkamp, but says he thought he was protecting himself from a burglar. Pistorius returns to court as his murder trial resumes Monday, May 5, after a break of more than two weeks. Pistorius gets a hug from a woman as he leaves court in Pretoria on Wednesday, April 16. Pistorius rubs his eye Tuesday, April 15, after testifying during his murder trial. Pistorius arrives at the court in Pretoria on Monday, April 14. Pistorius' sister, Aimee, cries in court as she listens to her brother's testimony on Tuesday, April 8. June Steenkamp, Reeva Steenkamp's mother, reacts as she listens to Pistorius' testimony on April 8. Pistorius is hugged by his aunt Lois Pistorius in court on Monday, April 7. Pistorius sits inside the courtroom as members of his defense team talk in the foreground Friday, March 28. Pistorius leaves court on March 28. The trial was delayed until April 7 because one of the legal experts who will assist the judge in reaching a verdict was sick. Steenkamp's mother, right, and family friend Jenny Strydom react in court Tuesday, March 25, during cross-questioning. Cell phone analyst Francois Moller testifies during the trial on March 25. Questioned by the prosecution, Moller listed in order the calls made and received by Pistorius after he shot Steenkamp. Pistorius cries as he sits in the dock during his trial on Monday, March 24. Pistorius talks to defense attorney Barry Roux on March 24. Pistorius holds his head while members of his family talk behind him on Tuesday, March 18. Steenkamp's mother, wearing the white collared shirt, looks on while a police officer takes notes in court March 18. Pistorius is hugged by his aunt Lois on March 18. Pistorius takes notes Monday, March 17, as his murder trial enters its third week. Pistorius covers his head as he listens to forensic evidence Thursday, March 13. Forensic investigator Johannes Vermeulen, left, is questioned during the trial March 13. Pistorius listens to questions during his trial on Wednesday, March 12. A police officer takes part in a court reconstruction March 12. A police forensic expert said Pistorius was on the stumps of his amputated legs when he knocked down a locked toilet door with a cricket bat to reach his shot girlfriend. That counters the track star's assertion he was wearing his prosthetic legs at the time. Defense attorney Barry Roux countered by suggesting that even with his prosthetic legs on, Pistorius would not be swinging a bat at the same height as an able-bodied person. Pistorius listens to cross-questioning on Monday, March 10. Friends of Steenkamp's family watch Pistorius during his trial on March 7. Pistorius covers his ears on Thursday, March 6, as a witness speaks about the morning Steenkamp was killed. Pistorius' sister, Aimee, right, speaks with members of Steenkamp's family on March 6. Pistorius sits in court on the third day of his trial Wednesday, March 5. Pistorius appears on the second day of his trial Tuesday, March 4. Members of the media work during a break in proceedings March 4. Pistorius talks with Roux inside the court on March 4. Pistorius speaks with his legal representatives on March 4. Pistorius is escorted out of the court Monday, March 3, after the first day of his murder trial. People try to get a glimpse of Pistorius as he leaves the court building on March 3. Pistorius is seen shortly after arriving for his trial on March 3. Pistorius walks into the courtroom on March 3. Pistorius takes a drink of water March 3 during his trial. The case has captivated South Africa. Here, Lauren Wentzel watches the proceedings from her home outside Cape Town on March 3. June Steenkamp arrives at the court building for the start of the trial. Pistorius' relatives wait inside the courtroom on March 3. People at the court building wait for Pistorius' arrival on March 3. HIDE CAPTION Oscar Pistorius was the first double amputee to compete at an able-bodied Olympics He described the summer of 2012 as a "dream come true" after Paralympic gold The South African had both legs amputated below the knee when he was 11 months old He started playing sport at an early age and became a role model for people worldwide (CNN) -- He was the so-called "Fastest Man on No Legs," and his inspiring story captured the imagination of the world at the London Olympics. Now, Pistorius is playing the lead role in a more tragic tale that began in the early hours of Valentine's Day 2013. The Olympic and Paralympic sprinter is facing a maximum five-year prison sentence after he was found guilty of the negligent killing of his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp on February 14, 2013. He claimed he mistook Steenkamp for an intruder and was cleared of murder. Despite a seven-month trial, much remains in question about what happened at his upmarket home in Pretoria, South Africa around 4 a.m. that Thursday morning, leaving stunned fans at a loss to explain how their hero could have fallen so far and so fast. Speaking to CNN's Robyn Curnow in the last few weeks before his sentencing, Pistorius told her that he was "not scared to go to jail." But it may prove to be the greatest challenge yet for a man who's already overcome many difficulties. Born with a congenital abnormality, Pistorius, 27, had both his legs amputated below the knee before his first birthday, but through sheer determination carved out a career in world-class athletics. In 2012, he became the first double amputee to compete against able-bodied runners at the London 2012 Olympics, adding to his fame as the "Blade Runner," a reference to his carbon fiber prosthetic legs. While he failed to win a medal, Pistorius' presence on the track was hailed as a triumph over adversity and a victory over critics who claimed his blades gave him an unfair advantage over the able-bodied. He did take home medals from the Paralympic Games. For many, he was an example of what could be achieved through a potent mix of determination, positivity and skill. Who is Oscar Pistorius, really? Soon after his arrest, the athlete's image was pulled from billboards across South Africa. Sponsors suspended their deals as admirers questioned whether Pistorius' sporting successes had perhaps obscured a more complex character off the track. Tweets from @cnni/oscar-pistorius Was Pistorius violent? On the edge? In a story titled "The Fast Life of Oscar Pistorius" published in the New York Times, writer Michael Sokolove wrote: "Pistorius is, as well, blessed with an uncommon temperament -- a fierce, even frenzied need to take on the world at maximum speed and with minimum caution." After the shooting, a police spokeswoman said there had been "previous incidents" at Pistorius' home, including "allegations of a domestic nature," but did not say what they had been. Besides the five-year prison term for culpable homicide, the athlete was also given a three-year sentence, suspended for five years, on a weapons charge stemming from an incident in which he discharged a loaded firearm in a restaurant. The sprinter moved into his uncle Arnold's house in Pretoria after the shooting. Video surfaced last June of Pistorius training, but he has not returned to the track in an official capacity. In an exclusive interview last summer, Arnold Pistorius said his nephew was heartbroken. "What can you say if the person you love the most dies, and you were the instrument?" he told CNN. "How would you feel? It's unthinkable." It was known that Pistorius owned guns. He was a keen shooter and despite his disability he was not afraid to take risks. During a visit to Pistorius' house a few years ago, he showed CNN images of himself water-skiing, scuba diving and quad bike riding. "I grew up in a family where disability was never an issue. We didn't really speak about my disability, not because it was a topic that was taboo... it was just never an issue. And that's the mentality that I've had," Pistorius told CNN in late 2012. From a young age, Pistorius dedicated himself to being the best he could be at sport. "I was never much of an academic at school so I had to find something which I enjoyed. I started sports and from a very young age, my mother said to us 'sports is not about being the best, but it's about giving your best.' Divided reaction Support from Pistorius' family has been firm and unwavering since Steenkamp's death. "We have no doubt there is no substance to the allegation and that the State's own case, including its own forensic evidence, strongly refutes any possibility of a premeditated murder or indeed any murder at all," said Arnold Pistorius before the athlete's conviction. Pistorius' agent, Peet Van Zyl, referred to the sprinter as his "friend and a great professional athlete." He said thousands of people had sent messages of support from all over the world in the wake of the shooting. Steenkamp's family is skeptical about the man who killed their daughter. Her father Barry Steenkamp told the Afrikaans-language newspaper Beeld: "It doesn't matter how rich [Pistorius] is ... and how good his legal team is. He needs to live with himself if he lets his legal team lie for him." READ MORE: Oscar Pistorius' affidavit to court in full "But if he's telling the truth, I may forgive him one day," he said. But ''if it didn't happen as he described it, he should suffer. And he will suffer ... only he knows." At the supermarket down the road from his house, parking attendant Andre Tsekedi told CNN last February that he saw Pistorius and Steenkamp a few days before the shooting: "They were holding hands and looked so happy." Another, Samuel Motau, described Pistorius as "a very generous man." "He tipped us $10 every time. The only reason I never went to bed hungry was because of Oscar Pistorius." Growing up As a child, Pistorius competed in water polo, cricket, tennis, triathlons and Olympic wrestling and boxing, before he smashed his knee while playing rugby at the age of 16. He took up track running as part of his rehabilitation, and within one year he was covering 100 meters faster than the existing Paralympic world record. In 2004, Pistorius took his first gold at the Athens Paralympics and one year later competed against able-bodied Olympics for the first time, at the South African Championships. Pistorius' career on the track suffered a setback in 2009 when he suffered serious head injuries in a boating accident. It took him almost eight weeks to recover, a period of time the athlete has described as "fairly difficult" as it marked the first season in four or five years in which he didn't record a personal best. Soon after the London Olympics, Pistorius led his national team onto the track as South African flag-bearer in the opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games. He went on to set a new world record in the 200-meter event but later suffered a shock defeat in the final, his first competitive loss over the distance in nine years. During the very last track event of the Paralympics, Pistorius again picked himself up and smashed the 400-meter T44 Paralympic record in a time of 46.68 to take gold. It ended a summer he later described as "a dream come true," according to his website. Beyond the track Pistorius' determination to succeed made him one of the world's most recognizable athletes. He appeared on the cover of men's magazine, GQ Style, under the headline "Man of the Future," and was named on People magazine's 2012 list of "Sexiest Man Alive." According to his website, Pistorius is an ambassador for the Mineseeker Foundation, a non-profit organization that works to clear landmines worldwide. When asked about his thoughts on being a role model, Pistorius told CNN before the shooting: "I think it's a massive blessing. "Obviously, being an international sportsman, there's a lot of responsibility that comes with that. So having to remember that there are kids out there, especially, that look up to you is definitely something that you need to keep at the back of your mind." Pistorius has more than 300,000 followers on Twitter, tens of thousands of whom added in the days since his arrest last year. His account laid dormant for a year until the anniversary of Steenkamp's death in February, when he tweeted a link to "a few words from my heart" on his website. The message said: "No words can adequately capture my feelings about the devastating accident that has caused such heartache for everyone who truly loved -- and continues to love Reeva. The pain and sadness -- especially for Reeva's parents, family and friends consumes me with sorrow. The loss of Reeva and the complete trauma of that day, I will carry with me for the rest of my life." CNN's Nick Thompson contributed to this report. Part of complete coverage on Oscar Pistorius	i don't know
Whose real name was falsely stated to be Camille Javal ?	Behind the Name: User Comments for the name Camille -- Destry 4/13/2005 Brooke Shields chose this name at her communion when she was ten years old. Her full name after her communion was Brooke Christa Camille Shields. -- Destry 4/14/2005 A famous bearer of the name is French composer Camille San Sans who is most famous for the Carnival of the Animals. He also wrote a famous organ concerto whose theme was used in the movie "Babe". -- Laleroc 7/6/2005 Cam-ee, the French pronunciation, is so beautiful. I never thought about the double L's being pronounced that way, but it only makes sense. My name is Camille, named after my uncle Camille. I have a niece, named Camille, after me. The woman I love is named Camille. Her best friend in school was named Camille. She also has a niece Camille, named after her and me, who is quite possibly my daughter (a long story). -- ChunkyLover53 9/28/2005 I like this name because, well, it is my name. Even though everyone else pronounces my name "kah-meel". I think the way the French pronounce Camille is prettier. I didn't know Camille could be a guy's name too. -- camille1 11/7/2005 Camilla (ka-MEEL-ah) (Latin) Feminine form of the old Roman family name Camillus, of obscure origin. May possibly be traced back to the young girls who assisted at pagan religious ceremonies. According to tradition, recorded by the Roman poet Virgil, Camilla was the name of a warrior maiden, Queen of the Volscians, who fought in the army of Aeneas. The heroine of Alexandre Dumas's famous play "Camille" was actually named Marguerite (see Camellia). Literary: in Virgil's "Aeneid", Camilla was a swift-running warrior maiden. Friend of royalty Camilla Parker-Bowles. [Cam, Cama, Camala, Cami, Camila, Camile, Camille, Camillia, Cammi, Cammie, Cammilla, Cammille, Cammy, Cammylle, Camyla, Camylla, Camylle, Kamila, Kamilia, Kamilka, Kamilla, Kamille, Kamyla, Milla, Mille, Millee, Milli, Millie, Milly] I found this information at a website. -- Anonymous User 11/8/2005 There was a hurricane Camille in 1969. She was said to be stronger and worse than hurricane Katrina. -- camille1 11/8/2005 Camille Claudel (December 8, 1864 – October 19, 1943) was a French sculptor and graphic artist. She was the older sister of the French poet and diplomat, Paul Claudel. -- Anonymous User 11/8/2005 Camille Anna Paglia (born April 2, 1947 in Endicott, New York) is a social critic, author, and self-described Amazon-feminist. -- camille1 11/8/2005 Everyone above is both right and wrong. In France, Camille is pronounced "Cah-mee", but only in the feminine. The male is pronounced "Cah-meel". This is per my friend who was born and raised in France. -- kathylapan 11/19/2005 I'm quite sure that in English-speaking counties, this name is pronounced cuh-meal, which I think is lovely. -- tmarie 12/16/2005 I love this name -- partially because it's my own name. I'm very proud of its history, whether feminine or masculine. I'd like to say that a lot of Camille's, especially girls, prefer the pronunciation Ca-MIL with a short I. I prefer it myself, because Ca-MEEL sounds harsh to me. Ca-MEE is a gorgeous pronunciation, though. I also have received information that it can be rooted to a Roman surname Camillus which probably means innocent. -- viper 5/28/2006 I like the name Camille. I always have pronounced Cah-meel and always will. It's my own name and I'd like to think I'm pronouncing it correct. -- Anonymous User 6/16/2006 I know a French boy called Camille, so I think it's nice as a male name too. -- Anonymous User 7/6/2006 While I ADORE this name, I could never name my daughter it because my dead cat's name was Camille. -- sqirrlie 8/12/2006 Camille is actually a Pagan name and its correct meaning is "an assistant at Pagan religious ceremonies". -- audreyhubley 8/28/2006 Camille Marie Kelly Gottlieb is the daughter of Princess Stephanie of Monaco, the granddaughter of Princess Grace and Prince Rainier. -- khaotickharma 11/7/2006 I never knew Camille was masculine. I don't like it at all on a guy, but I LOVE it on a girl. I love it paired with Mackenzie. I think it's so cute. -- xHOWTOSAVEALiFE 11/21/2006 I love this name, it happens to be my name. And all the info below is mostly true, as far as I know. :) -- Cam_ille 12/8/2006 "Camille" is the title of a classic Greta Garbo film, based on a novel by Alexandre Dumas. -- Anonymous User 12/19/2006 My cousin named her daughter this. I think it's not suitable for a little girl. It sounds like a snobby old woman who wears a wig and too much jewelry. Odd comparison but that's what I think of everytime I hear the name. Also, people give nicknames like Cam and Cammy which are really awful in my opinion. -- Anonymous User 12/28/2006 I think this is way prettier than Camilla. It's a lovely name and it isn't being over-used. -- Anonymous User 2/26/2007 I've known two Camilles who both pronounce it Cah-MEEL, since they are American. I think it is a beautiful name that sounds adorable on a little girl and perfect on an adult as well. Maybe it's just because I've grown up with a Camille (litteraly, we've known each other since she was born) but, to me, a girl named Camille is very happy, smart, understanding and all around fun. -- Anonymous User 2/26/2007 French revolutionary and journalist, Camille Desmoulins. Executed with the Dantonists during the Terror. -- Anonymous User 6/29/2007 I hate this name. Not only because I abhor unisex names, but also because it looks like camel. -- Anonymous User 10/13/2007 Camille Javal is the birth name of Brigitte Bardot. -- Anonymous User 11/17/2007 I know someone named Camille who pronounces it ka-MEE. I don't really like this name, it sounds too delicate. -- drag0n_freak 12/25/2007 My sister's name is Camille and she answeres Cah-mee or Cah-meel because we have grown up with people with a French influence and other people with a more British influence. But she won't answer you if you call her Cah-mil or Camilla. When she was younger she really didn't like her name because people always said it wrong or just didn't seem to know it. But now she loves her name. So I guess the pronunciation depends on the individual. I have another friend whose mother always called her Cah-meel but she would rather be called Cah-mee. -- Dianna475 9/1/2008 My name is Camille and I've mostly loved it. Pronounced "KAH-meel" in the US, something I don't really like, but it's how my family pronounces it. I don't think you can force Americans to pronounce it "KAH-mee" - you'd be correcting EVERYONE. If you want to use this name in the US, get used to the American pronunciation; it's still a lovely name and I give it a 9/10. -- cam 3/4/2009 My name is Genevieve, but my mother said Camille was her second choice. I like my name better, but Camille is very lovely, and it would have suited me. I think both pronunciations are lovely. -- vomiting 5/22/2009 There have been a number of films with this title, the first being the silent film of 1915 based on Alexandre Dumas' play 'La Dame aux Camélias.' I find it quite sexy on a boy. But nowadays, it is rather uncommon as a boy's name. -- Arialblack 11/23/2009 I love this name! (probably because it's mine) I don't really think it matters how you pronounce it, both sound pretty to me. Plus it may sound delicate but names are not everything, honestly I'm more of a tomboy than anything, and the only insulting nicknames for it are camel and kameleon. Unique but not to weird that people look at you funny when you tell them your name. -- Anonymous User 1/15/2010 I think "Camille" is pretty, but it's an unusual name in Hong Kong! People think that it sounds so delicate, so they may pronounce it as "com-MEAL". -- Anonymous User 1/23/2010 -- AfterDark 2/10/2010 My best friend's name is Camille Mackenzie and she hates the way our English teacher pronounces it, "cam-MIL". She's perfectly fine with "Kah-MEE" and "Ca-MEEL" but can't stand "Cam-mil". She can't really pronounce her name "Kah-MEE" so she usually goes by "Ca-MEEL" which she loves. I personally don't think "Ca-MEEL" sounds very masculine, it could be, but I don't favor it as a masculine name. -- Anonymous User 6/9/2010 -- Chrila96 10/4/2010 I like this name! It sounds elegant but can also be nice for a girl next door type. Also I like the nickname "Cam" I think it's real cute. Or maybe even "Cammy". Camille Saroyan from the tv series Bones. -- Anonymous User 1/18/2011 Willow Camille Reign Smith is the daughter of Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. -- Anonymous User 5/20/2011 Camille Bombois (February 3, 1883 – June 6, 1970) was a French naïve painter. He was especially noted for paintings of circus scenes. -- Anonymous User 9/20/2011 Like many French names, Camille is used quite often in English-speaking countries. But in English it's a female name only. [noted -ed] -- bananarama 4/14/2012 Although it's pretty rare in the United States to see any male "Camille"s walking around, I honestly cannot see this name being used on a girl! It's so masculine and very handsome on a boy, I think. -- Rin_0911 4/28/2012 My name is Camille Maelys and I love it, especially when pronounced by a Frenchman. My grandmother is French and my father wanted to honor her heritage and insisted on my name; my middle name is my grandmother's. My grandma calls me 'Cah-mee' but my nickname ended up being Mille (Meel, my sister called me this when she was little and it stuck) or Millie; my dad calls me Cam and my brother calls me Camillion (I'm not picky!). I was born and raised in Louisiana where there is a strong French influence so half the time I'm called "Cah-mee" and the other half "Cah-meel". -- LittleGirl82 7/9/2012 I had always thought that Camille and Camilla were for the camellia flower, but apparently I am wrong! While the names are unrelated, the association of Camille (the girl's name) and Camilla with the camellia flower remains for me. I think Camille is prettier than Camilla, both in sound and association. Camille is fine whether or not the -lle is pronounced. I don't like the 'ih' sound one usually hears for Camilla, and I'll be honest and say the association it now has with the Duchess of Cornwall is negative. Camilla is improved if pronounced with a long 'e', as it is in Italian. I know of two girls named Camille, one in her early 20s, and another just born. I also know of one little girl named Camilla, born a few years ago. They call her Cammie. It seems to be increasing in popularity somewhat. -- la-petite-rachel 2/10/2013 Possible patron saints for those named Camille, Camilla, Camillus, or its other forms: According to saints[dot]sqpn[dot]com, there is a Saint Camilla, a hermitess who died in 437 AD, feast day March 3rd. There is also Saint Camilla Battista Varani, a Poor Clare nun, visionary, and stigmatist who died in 1524, feast day May 31st. Saint John Camillus the Good, an archbishop of Milan in the 7th century, feast day January 10th. Saint Camillus of Lellis (1550-1614), feast day July 14th, priest founder of the Congregation of the Servants of the Sick, also known as the Camillians or the Fathers of a Good Death. -- la-petite-rachel 2/10/2013 A famous male bearer of the name Camille is Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921), a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic era (from Wikipedia). His name is usually given as Camille, and not the full Charles-Camille. -- la-petite-rachel 2/10/2013 I personally think that Camille is a fabulous name for a boy. It just sounds really gorgeous and sexy. Pronounced as Kah-mee of course. I really detest the US pronunciation of Cam-meel. It sounds Arabic. And I think it takes more of an effort and is harder to pronounce than Kah-mee is. But Kah-mee on a boy is just beautiful in my opinion. I live in the UK but I wouldn't care about the everlasting times that people would need to be corrected on how to pronounce it. It wouldn't bother me really. -- BlissfulRomance 6/9/2013 Camille is also the name of the fictional character Camille Raquin (pronounced Kah-Mee Rack-ann) in the famous novel "Thérèse Raquin" by Emile Zola. It's set in 1863 France. -- BlissfulRomance 6/9/2013 My name is Camille. I am French and I live in France. I can assurre you that both male and female Camille have the same prononciation It would be for you Ka Mee y.. this sound does not exist in English.. It is very popular for young girls at the moment. -- Camomille 4/11/2014 Being French, I know lots of Camilles, both male and female. I have a male cousin named Camille and one of my other cousins has a daughter named Camille. I like it equally on both sexes. Pretty name. -- Anonymous User 11/12/2015 Actually, the French pronunciation isn't "Kah-MEE", but something more like "Ka-MEEYE". I don't really know how to translate it in english, it seems you don't have this sound. Anyway, I'm french, and it's a pretty common name there, mostly female. One of my friend is called Camille, and she's a really outgoing girl. I've only heard this name said as Kuh-mill. -- Anonymous User 2/8/2016 My daughter is named Camille. I am from Québec but live in the US. We pronounce her name "ca-meeye". We correct people all the time. Why wouldn't we? If people can pronounce ratatouille, coquille, faille, Bastille, and if they know any French, famille, etc. They can manage it. They can say tortilla which is the same structure. Americans learn all sorts of names with no apparent difficulty- Schwarzenegger, Beyoncé, Ralph Fiennes, Bujold, Versace and Chevalier. Americans don't expect to be called something else when they move, why should anyone else? A name is a name, pronounced so you will respond when you hear it.	Brigitte Bardot
Which method of strangulation was once the official method of execution in Spain?	BRIGITTE BARDOT - French New Wave Actor BRIGITTE BARDOT Image Gallery - Biography - Filmography - Poster Gallery Brigitte Bardot (born September 28, 1934) is a former French model, actress, dancer and singer from a bourgeois background who became an international sex symbol. Discovered by Roger Vadim at age 14, she went on to become France's biggest star and the symbol for a new breed of free 1960s femininity and sexuality. She helped to popularize French cinema, the bikini, free love and St Tropez. Since retiring from acting in the early 1970s she has devoted herself to animal rights and is the founder and chair of The Brigitte Bardot Foundation for the welfare and protection of animals. The Reluctant Legend Childhood in Paris Brigitte Bardot was born in her parents’ flat in the 15th arrondissement of Paris on September 28th 1934. Her father, Louis ‘Pilou’ Bardot, was a trained engineer who worked in the family business, Charles Bardot and Company, manufacturers of liquid air and acetylene. Her mother, Anne-Marie ‘Toty’ Mucel was a strict but cultured woman with a particular interest in music and dance. A second child, Brigitte’s younger sister Mijanou, was born in 1938. By then the family had moved to the bourgeois heartland of the 16th arrondissement. In their formative years, both girls were sent to a Catholic school. At the age of 7, Brigitte’s mother enrolled her to study dance with Marcelle Bourgat, a former star of the Paris Opera. In 1947, at the age of 13, she was accepted as a student at the distinguished Conservatoire National de Danse, where, for three years, she attended the ballet classes of Russian choreographer Boris Knyazev. It was here she developed the perfect posture and elegant way of walking so characteristic of her unique style in the years to come. Through one of her mother’s contacts, Brigitte was hired to model in a fashion show in 1949. This led to a fashion shoot for the magazine Jardin des Modes, which in turn led to a photo assignment for Elle magazine. She appeared on the cover of the 2 May 1949 issue with the credit, BB. While babysitting for a friend, a budding twenty-one-year-old screenwriter by the name of Roger Vadim picked up this particular edition of Elle and was so taken with the picture that he showed the magazine to film director Marc Allégret, for whom he was working as an assistant at the time. Allégret agreed to give Bardot a screen test for his next film but was unimpressed by the results and didn’t give her the part. It appeared that Brigitte’s acting career was over before it had begun. Vadim Roger Vadim, however, was infatuated with Bardot, and remained convinced that she had the makings of a movie star. Some months after the screen test he called her number on a whim and was lucky enough to get Brigitte on the line rather than her over-protective mother, who would almost certainly have hung up on him. Brigitte, however, was excited to hear from him, explaining that her parents were away for the weekend, and she invited him over. Watched over by her grandmother, they spent the afternoon together. A few days later he showed up again, much to the disapproval of Pilou and Toty who were unimpressed by Vadim’s uncut hair and lack of a permanent job. However, the couple continued to see each other, and soon after her fifteenth birthday Brigitte announced that she and Vadim would be married. Brigitte’s parents did everything they could to keep her from making what they believed to be such a serious mistake. They wanted her to get her high school baccalaureate. They wanted her to continue with her dancing. They insisted that she could not marry until she was eighteen. Pilou even threatened Vadim with a revolver, warning him that if he ever touched his little girl, he’d use it. The harder Brigitte tried to persuade them, the more they resisted. It was all too much for the Brigitte, who, one evening when the rest of the family was out, put her head in the oven and turned on the gas. By chance her parents returned early and managed to save her in time. Bowing to the inevitable, Brigitte’s parents allowed their daughter to continue seeing Vadim, who was already preparing her for future stardom by insisting she take acting classes. Meanwhile she continued modelling and undertook her first and only contract as a professional dancer on a 15-day cruise ship around the Atlantic Islands. Back in Paris, Brigitte’s film career began with a small part in Jean Boyer’s 1952 film Le Trou normand. It was an inauspicious start for Bardot who didn’t like the role she played, didn’t feel she knew what she was doing, and was not happy with her acting or the slow and mechanical process of making films. Nevertheless, almost immediately after, she went in front of the camera again when Vadim secured her the title role in Willy Rozier’s Manina – La fille sans voile (The Lighthouse Keeper’s Daughter). Shot in the summer of 1952, Brigitte spent most of the film scantily clad in a bikini. Her father was outraged and demanded cuts. Rozier compromised by agreeing to allow a judicial referee to see the film before it was officially released. In November 1952, with Brigitte now eighteen, the referee ruled that the film was decent and could be shown without any risk to her honour. In December Brigitte and Vadim were finally married. There were two ceremonies. The first was a civil ceremony at the town hall that served the 16th arrondissement. The second took place the following day at Notre Dame de Grace in Passy. After a brief honeymoon at Megeve, the couple returned to their own one-bedroom flat on the rue Chardon-Lagache, a gift from Brigitte’s parents. During their first few years together, Bardot and Vadim developed a remarkable partnership. He shaped and influenced the way she spoke, what she wore, and her famous pout. Most importantly he changed the colour of her hair, turning her into a blonde. “Whenever I walked or undressed or ate breakfast,” she later remembered, “I always had the impression he was looking at me with someone else’s eyes and with everyone’s eyes. Yet, I knew he wasn’t seeing me, but through me his dream.” Having created this new Bardot, Vadim signed her up with an influential agent. Together they got her cast in a quick succession of mostly forgettable movies, including La Portrait de son père (His Father’s Portrait, 1953), Act of Love (1953) starring Kirk Douglas, Si Versailles m’etait conte (Affairs in Versailles, 1954). Tradita (Concert of Intrigue, 1954), and Futures Vedettes (Sweet Sixteen, 1955). This last film was co-written by Vadim and directed by Marc Allégret, who had now reconsidered his earlier assessment of the young actress. Vadim and Brigitte collaborated on the dialogue together, modifying the lines to fit her carefully crafted persona. Making Waves But none of these film appearances had anything like the impact of Brigitte’s appearance at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival. The beach at Cannes was already crowded with stars when Bardot showed up in a bathing suit. Immediately, the photographers, orchestrated by Vadim, focused their attention on her. They photographed her on the beach and in front of the Carlton hotel. Then a photo opportunity was arranged for a group of famous stars on the aircraft carrier Midway anchored offshore. Brigitte managed to get herself invited too and when she slipped off her raincoat to reveal herself wrapped in a tiny dress, the sailors went wild. Still a relative unknown, she had stolen the limelight from some of the biggest film stars in the world. Her growing fame brought the offer of a role in a British comedy, Doctor at Sea, staring Dirk Bogarde. At a press conference for the film, Brigitte packed the ballroom at the Dorchester Hotel in London and captivated the journalists with her witty replies to their hackneyed questions. “She is every man’s idea of the girl he’d like to meet in Paris,” wrote the film-critic Ivon Addams. Back in France she worked with Michele Morgan and Gérard Philipe in Les Grandes Manoeuvres (Summer Maneuvers, 1955), as the sexy temptress in La Lumière d’en Face (The Light Across the Street, 1955), as Andraste in Robert Wise’s Helen of Troy (1956), bathing in milk in Mio Figlio Nerone (Nero’s Big Weekend, 1956) and tantalizing in the screwball comedy En Effeuillant la Marguerite (Mam’zelle Striptease, 1956). All the time, Vadim continued to feed stories about her to an increasingly hungry press. And God Created Woman Roger Vadim was still only 26 years old when he wrote the screenplay for the film that would catapult Bardot to international stardom and launch his own directing career. He had been planning the move for years but the breakthrough came when he met and teamed up with another ambitious young man, producer Raoul Lévy. Vadim’s screenplay was a melodramatic tale of love, marriage and betrayal set in Saint-Tropez. Levy not only agreed to back the project, he was willing to let Vadim direct, a very unusual concession at the time when most first-time directors were in the forties or fifties. Vadim also managed to persuade him that that film should be in colour and wide-screen Cinemascope. Levy then set to work trying to find financial partners but it wasn’t easy as Vadim later recalled, “In 1955 Raoul was a hard-up producer and I was a novice writer. Our first project brought shrugs of disbelief from film people who advised us to buy a lottery ticket instead.” Eventually a former band leader, Ray Ventura, agreed to co-produce the film, and once they had signed up the established actor Curt Jurgens and Columbia studios had agreed to distribute it, they had enough money to begin production. The film was shot quickly in May and June 1956, on location in St Tropez and at the Victorine Studios in Nice. In the story Bardot plays eighteen-year old orphan Juliette, a seductive beauty whose habit of sunbathing naked and walking around the town barefoot, attracts the attention of various men. Her suitors include wealthy middle-aged businessman Eric Carradine (Curt Jurgens) and the local Tardieu brothers, Antoine (Christian Marquand) and Michel (Jean-Louis Trintignant). Sparking rivalry between the brothers by agreeing to marry Michel but sleeping with Antoine, she also continues to toy with Carradine’s affections, putting on a frenzied dance for him in the neighbourhood bar, leading to a confrontation and a final shoot out. While the storyline was relatively conventional, it was the audacity of Bardot’s performance and the frank portrayal of sexuality on screen that made contemporary audiences react so strongly. “She does whatever she wants,” Eric says of Juliette, “whenever she wants.” This was a new kind of woman, untamed and untroubled by conventional morality; Vadim had captured perfectly what was unique and special about Brigitte’s character and people responded. They didn’t know whether to be shocked or excited. The censor reacted predictably with outrage and demanded cuts. He reprimanded Vadim for the scene in which Bardot gets out of bed and walks naked across a room and insisted it be cut. Vadim told him he had imagined the scene, that in fact she was wearing a long shirt in the shot. The censor remained sure he’d seen her naked, forcing Vadim to rerun the film again to prove otherwise. “That was one of the most amazing things about Brigitte’s presence on film,” Vadim later recalled, “people often thought she was naked when she wasn’t.” When Et Dieu… Créa la femme (And God Created Woman) opened in Paris in 1956 the reviews were damning. “What a terrible image this film will give of France as portrayed by the vulgarity of Mlle Bardot,” wrote one. Initially the box office returns were poor and it looked like the film would sink without trace; that is until it began opening around the rest of the world. Before the film opened in London the British censor demanded cuts, but it didn’t stop the film being released in cinemas across the country to great success. In America the Catholic Church tried to have the film banned but the scandal only added to the publicity. It became the first French film ever to out-sell a homegrown blockbuster when it topped the charts ahead of big Hollywood films like The Ten Commandments. Life magazine commented, ‘Since the Statue of Liberty, no French girl has ever shone quite as much light on the United States.’ Based on the unbelievable response to the film throughout the rest of the world, it was re-released and became a huge success in France too. New Life, New Loves While filming Et Dieu… Créa la femme, Brigitte had fallen in love with her co-star Jean-Louis Trintignant . At first it seemed merely an attempt to make Vadim jealous, but when he didn’t get jealous it became something more serious. As for Vadim, he had seen the end coming for some time: “I’d liberated Brigitte and shown her how to be truly herself. That was the beginning of the end of our marriage. From that moment, our marriage went downhill.” For Bardot, Trintignant offered an alternative to a life of constant hectic socializing in film studios and cocktail parties. He was a quiet young man who read poetry, and, unlike her stormy relationship with her husband, they never argued. Her separation from Vadim, which took place in 1957, was a civilized affair. “I’ve never seen any divorce go as smoothly,” he later recalled. They stayed good friends and he remained an important confidant for her in the years to come. In the wake of Et Dieu créa la femme, Bardot was a hot property and continued making films at a steady pace, including La Mariée est trop belle (The Bride Is Much Too Beautiful, 1956) with Louis Jordan, La Parisienne (1957), and Les Bijoutiers du clair de lune (Heaven Fell That Night, 1958) again directed by Jean Vadim. Otto Preminger wanted to cast her as the wayward daughter in his adaptation of Francoise Sagan’s Bonjour Tristesse, but on Vadim’s advice she turned it down. She also turned down an opportunity to make a film with Frank Sinatra because it would mean upping sticks and moving to America. Instead she starred with Jean Gabin in En cas de malheur (Love Is My Profession, 1958). At the end of 1958 Cinémonde magazine voted Bardot and Gabin their number one stars. But she wasn’t just popular in France; she was beginning to top popularity lists in countries across the world. Such immense fame brought with it the constant attention of the press, who pursued her relentlessly. She often felt trapped and admitted to friends that she felt she was missing out on a normal life. Her relationship with Jean-Louis Trintignant had lasted only six months, after which she had even briefer flings with actor Gustavo Rojo and singer Gilbert Becaud. Looking for a refuge, she bought a house in the small coastal town of St Tropez and began spending whatever time off she had there. It was here she met the singer Sacha Distel. Their whirlwind love affair became front-page news. Photographers followed them from St Tropez to Paris. Mob scenes greeted them in Italy when they attended the Venice Film Festival together in 1958. For a while there was serious talk of marriage but the burden of being engaged to Brigitte became too difficult for Distel to bear. “She needed the man she was in love with to be with her constantly, to do the things she wanted to do, and to take second place,” he later lamented, although his association with her did no harm to his budding career. By the end of the summer their romance was just a memory. Charrier Brigitte’s next film was a comedy set in World War II, Babette s’en Va-t-en Guerre (Babette Goes to War, 1959). Her co-star was a good-looking young twenty-two-year-old actor named Jacques Charrier. During shooting in Paris and London, Brigitte quickly fell for Charrier. After filming they went on holiday together to Chamonix-les-Houches. Staying in a chalet, isolated by a snowstorm, Brigitte got pregnant. As soon as she found out she called Vadim and asked his advice. He knew that she didn’t like children, yet he advised her to have the child because if she didn’t she might regret it. When he found out, Charrier insisted that not only must she have the child but they must get married as soon as possible. The ceremony took place in a quiet Paris suburb. Despite attempts to keep it secret, someone tipped off the press who besieged the church. During the ceremony there were flashbulbs going off constantly and an argument broke out between Brigitte’s father and the local mayor who was conducting the event. It was an ill omen for a marriage that seemed jinxed from the start. First Charrier suffered an attack of appendicitis and was forced into hospital. Before he had recovered, Brigitte had to start work on her next film, Voulez vous dancer avec moi (Come and Dance With Me). No sooner was Charrier out of hospital than he was called up by the army for military service. In the barracks, he was taunted mercilessly by the other men. He lost 20 pounds, had a breakdown and tried to slit his wrists. Released for a year on compassionate grounds, he returned to live with Brigitte in her Paris apartment. Already the press were camped outside awaiting the birth of the child. It became virtually impossible for her to leave the apartment. ‘It was inhuman what the press put me through,” Bardot recalled in an interview many years later. “I couldn’t take a walk. I couldn’t go out. I couldn’t go to see my doctor. I couldn’t even go to have my baby in a hospital. I was encircled by the press from all over the world.” Finally on Monday 11 January 1960, Nicholas Charrier was born. However his birth failed to bring out the maternal instincts Vadim had predicted. “How could you expect me to raise a child when I still needed my mother?” She commented later. Bardot would only see Nicholas intermittently through his childhood, and not until she was in her sixties and he was married with two children, would they have a lasting reconciliation. Cracking Up Six weeks after the birth, Brigitte had a small part in L’Affair d’une nuit (It Happened at Night, 1960). This was followed by the leading role in Henri-Georges Cluzot’s La Verite (The Truth, 1960). In the film she played Dominique, a young girl from the provinces who comes to Paris and gets caught up in the bohemian life. When she discovers her lover is having an affair, she kills him and is put on trial for murder. Unable to explain to anybody her inner torment, she slashes her wrists. Filming proved fraught with Brigitte struggling to cope with the pressures of constant press intrusion and the jealousy of her husband over her love scenes with handsome young co-star Sami Frey. To calm her down Cluzot prepared her for certain scenes by doping her with tranquillizers and whiskey. The film was a critical and commercial success and Brigitte later considered it her favourite film, but Cluzot’s often-tyrannical methods did nothing to help her nerves. There were fights between them on the set. During one of these, Brigitte slapped the director and called him a psychopath. The press speculated that the two of them were having an affair, though the truth was she was actually seeing her co-star Frey. By the end of the filming Brigitte was at the end of her tether. In love with Sami Frey but unsure whether she wanted to end her marriage to Charrier, she left them both to take a holiday with her friend Mercedes Zavka in a secluded villa in a tiny coastal village where the press would never think to find her. For the first couple of weeks, the pair lived like carefree recluses. Brigitte went under a false name and wore a headscarf and sunglasses when outside. Inevitably a photographer spotted her. The word got out and soon the paparazzi were camped outside the villa. The next day was Brigitte’s 26th birthday. She tried to carry on as normal, having lunch at a beachside restaurant, but somebody took a photograph. It was the last straw for Brigitte. That evening she went for a walk and didn’t come back. She was found sitting at the bottom of the garden. She’d slashed her wrists and taken an overdose of barbiturates. An ambulance was called and took her to a clinic in Nice. The next day doctors at the clinic issued a statement saying that she was out of danger, although adding that she was suffering from acute depression. They also acknowledged she’d come within minutes of dying. Brigitte left the clinic on the 2nd of October and returned to her house in St Tropez. Within a few weeks she was seen shopping in the village as normal accompanied by Roger Vadim who had helped her through the crisis. Bardot’s divorce from Jacques Charrier was finalized in 1962. In an uncontested plea, Charrier was awarded custody of Nicholas. Comedy/Tragedy While making La Verite, Bardot had mentioned to friends that she planned to quit making movies once she’d completed her contractual obligations. So within three months of her attempted suicide, she was back at work on what she planned would be a last hurrah in front of the camera lens. The first film, La Bride sur le cou (Please, Not Now, 1961) was supposed to be a slapstick comedy and should have been fun to make but became embroiled in conflict and a court case after Brigitte became disenchanted with the director, Jean Aurel, and had him fired and replaced by Roger Vadim. This was followed by Les Amours celebres, in which she played a medieval maiden opposite Alain Delon ’s knight in one of several sketches. Her next part was something more challenging. Vie Privée (A Very Private Life) began as an adaptation of Noel Coward’s Private Lives, but when MGM wouldn’t release the rights, the producer Christine Gouze-Renal and director, Louis Malle , decided they would keep the title and instead make a film about the private life of a movie star. Although initially enthusiastic, Bardot soon began to hate the project. Once again crowds and paparazzi pursued her wherever she went in Geneva and Italy where the film was being shot. Adding to these difficulties she didn’t get on with her co-star Marcello Mastroianni, who in turn couldn’t stand her. But the hardest thing of all for Brigitte was the movie’s script, which forced her to relive some of her worst experiences. Indeed Malle often rewrote incidents lifted straight out of her life. “Many people found the film exaggerated,” Malle commented. “They thought we made the story up. They couldn’t believe these things actually happened. But most of them did. Most of it was right out of Brigitte’s life. We didn’t have to exaggerate. That’s what happened to her all the time.” Despite some powerful moments however, the film ultimately proved a disappointment with both critics and public. Brigitte teamed up with Vadim once again for Le Repos du guerrier (Love On A Pillow, 1962), and then announced her retirement from acting. “In life,” she said, “it’s sometimes good to step back. I’ve been filming for ten years without a pause. I need to get my bearings.” Despite this resolution, within the next year she made four more films. Firstly, Jean-Luc Godard approached her to star in Le Mepris (Contempt, 1963), his adaptation of the novel by Alberto Moravia, an offer she found too hard to turn down. There was also the incentive of 2.5 million francs for her work – the largest paycheck she’d received to date – courtesy of producers Joseph E. Levine and Carlo Ponti. An emotionally raw account of a marital break up set against the intrigues of the international film industry, the movie was short at the Cinecitta studios in Rome and on Capri Island. As Camille Javal, the wife who loses faith in her husband, Bardot gives what many consider her greatest performance. Production was far from harmonious, however, with Godard dramatizing his own traumatic break up with the actress Anna Karina. In the long scene in the middle of the film where husband and wife wander through their apartment, arguing and reconciling, Godard made Brigitte wear a black wig to more resemble Karina. The producers got their money’s worth too, insisting Bardot strip off for the famous nude opening scene. A less distinguished run of films followed including Une Ravissante Idiote (A Ravishing Idiot, 1964), and uncredited cameo roles in Marie Soleil (1964) and Dear Brigitte (1965), as the object of an eight-year-old boy’s crush, whose father is played by James Stewart. Viva Bardot! During 1964, Louis Malle signed her for his new movie, Viva Maria. On the way to Mexico where the film was to begin shooting in January 1965, Brigitte stopped off in Brazil with her new boyfriend Robert Zagury. A great throng of journalists and photographers met their plane when it touched down in Rio and for four days the couple were virtual prisoners in their penthouse hotel room. Finally Zagury persuaded the journalist to back off by agreeing to supply them with photographs taken by his own photographer during their entire stay in South America. The result was the first extended period of peace and quiet Bardot had known since becoming a star. For four idyllic months they stayed in the tiny remote fishing village of Buzios where nobody knew who she was. The next stop was Mexico. Arriving there, Bardot was met once more by hundreds of journalists and photographers. The press frenzy continued for the duration of the production making filming extremely difficult. Added to the difficulties facing director Louis Malle was the supposed rivalry between Bardot and her co-star Jeanne Moreau . Malle later remembered, “The first day of shooting there were something like 130 journalists trying to get on the set. Brigitte refused to come out of her trailer. Jeanne had to show up and make a little speech to appease them before we could get them off the set. Then the journalists started writing stories about how angry Jeanne was with Brigitte and how angry Brigitte was with Jeanne, when none of it was the case. But when Brigitte and Jeanne saw those stories, they started getting angry at each other.” Actually the two actresses got on well in private, although Moreau found Bardot to be surprisingly unsure of herself. “Being an actress was never Brigitte’s dream. Because she was always praised for her beauty, I felt I she didn’t have enough self-esteem. No one ever told her how good she was as an actress. And I thought she was very good.” Regardless of their friendship, Moreau became exasperated when Bardot kept turning up late for work and the film went over schedule. “It was nerve wracking for everyone. Louis started getting upset. Everybody got upset. It all got so out of hand. I wish somebody had calmed it down. I couldn’t understand how we’d turned such a beautiful situation – with a lot of money, a good script, good people, a fun film – and transformed it into a nightmare.” Bardot later said she felt as if she and Moreau had lived together like two comrades in the army who’d fought a war. To publicize the film, Bardot flew to the United States for the first time. Accompanying her was Robert Zagury and a large entourage, including ace documentary director Francois Rauchenbach recording everything for posterity. Arriving in Kennedy Airport, she was hustled off the plane and into a press conference in front of 50 photographers and 100 journalists. Fielding questions such as “What do you think about being called a sex-kitten?” and “What do you think about free love?” Brigitte responded with some quick-witted answers that delighted the assembled throng. In fact her reviews for the press conference outshone the reviews she got for the film which were mostly lukewarm. Nevertheless, the premiere held in Times Square was mayhem with 5,000 people gathering to catch a glimpse of the star. The crowd frenzy and media spotlight continued in Los Angeles and never let up throughout her visit. Bubblegum Pop Singer Back in Paris, Zagury encouraged Bardot to continue her on/off career as a recording artist, filming her singing various compositions in different filmed clips. These clips would eventually make up a prime-time American TV special. Bardot had begun playing guitar and singing back in the 1950s around the time she was going out with Sacha Distel. She recorded her first single C’est rigolo in 1962, and had contributed songs to several of the soundtracks of her films. Zagury asked Serge Gainsbourg to write a song for her. He wrote Harley Davidson overnight and they shot the clip for it two days later. It was the first of a string of hit pop songs written by Gainsbourg for Bardot including Bonnie and Clyde, Contact, and the controversial Je t’aime moi non plus, which Gainsbourg withdrew at Bardot’s request, later re-recording it with Jane Birkin. A Whirlwind Romance In the summer of 1966, Brigitte first met Gunter Sachs in St Tropez. He was a multi-millionaire German industrialist and playboy with a passion for life. Brigitte, who by this time had split up with Bob Zagury, couldn’t help but fall for Sachs’s grand romantic gestures such as hiring a helicopter and dropping 100 dozen roses over her house. After a whirlwind courtship, he took her to see his home in Germany and put on the biggest fireworks display ever seen in Bavaria. “He romanced me like James Bond,” she later recalled. “I was seduced by the sort of madness Gunter put into seducing me.” They were married in Las Vegas and flew to Tahiti for their honeymoon. The thrill ride couldn’t last; Bardot couldn’t stand constantly being on the move, always going out, always surrounded by people. She found solace in affairs with young actors like Mike Sarne and Patrick Gilles. For his part, Sachs complained he “couldn’t tell ten minutes ahead what she was going to be like. She’d go from wonderfully happy to being extremely annoyed in seconds. I felt the possibility of a nervous breakdown or even suicide was always hanging in the air.” They were divorced in 1969. The Last Act Following Viva Maria!, Bardot’s film appearances became more infrequent. She had a cameo in Godard’s Masculin, Feminin (1966), starred in the woeful A Coeur joie (Two Weeks in September, 1967), appeared opposite Alain Delon in the Edgar Allan Poe compendium Histoires extraordinaires (1968), and opposite Sean Connery in the lacklustre western Shalako (1968). The attractions of the movie business had long faded for her. “The cinema is an absurd world. I decided to live my life as I am, not as anyone else wanted me to be. When I’m working, that’s fine. But when I stop and think about all of that, I am horrified by the extraordinary image that has been created around me." Her indifference lead to some cavalier choices throughout her career, especially towards the end. Her final films included Les Femmes (1969), L’Ours et la poupée (The Bear and the Doll, 1970), Boulevard du Rhum (Rum Runners, 1971), and Les Petroleuses (The Legend of Frenchie King, 1971). Fittingly, her final film before she announced her retirement was directed by Roger Vadim. Don Juan ou si Don Juan était une femme (1973) starred Bardot as a female Don Juan. It should have been a memorable swansong but instead turned out to be another disappointment. In 1973, at the age of 39, Brigitte had had enough. Still in the Spotlight After her retirement from the movie business, Bardot might have wished that she could return to some level of anonymity again, but it was not to be. People still arrived at her home in St Tropez unannounced, sent her mail, followed her through the streets and sneaked onto her property. Controversies such as her disagreement with the local town mayor over her building of a wall around her property continued to make headlines. Her romantic relationships were also a constant source of press and public interest. After her retirement there was a string of relationships with younger men, one of the most enduring was with animal right activist and TV journalist Allain Bougrain-Dubourg. In 1992 she married for a fourth time to Bernard d’Ormale whose past role as an adviser to the far right Front National party resulted in criticism aimed at her by association, even though she has never expressed support for the party. She also faced accusations of racism for her open disapproval of France’s immigration policy and her objections to the Muslim policy of ritually slaughtering sheep without anesthetizing them first. Making a Difference From a young age Brigitte Bardot had always been extremely fond of animals. As early as 1962, she publicly protested against the treatment of animals in slaughterhouses leading to a change in the law that required slaughterhouses to use faster, less painful methods. From 1973 onwards she began to concentrate most of her time into her campaigns. She has crusaded for better treatment of animals in zoos, battled against the fur trade, and personally paid for many sick animals to be nursed back to health. One of her most famous campaigns was against the annual slaughter of baby seals for their fur in Newfoundland, Canada. In 1986, she established the Brigitte Bardot Foundation for the Welfare and Protection of Animals. She raised three million francs to fund the foundation by auctioning off jewellery and other personal belongings. The Reluctant Legend Regardless of the criticisms and controversies that have surrounded her, Brigitte Bardot remains a major cultural icon of the twentieth century. When she first came on the scene, she represented a new sense of freedom not seen before. She lit up the screen with a wild, liberated, animal presence that struck a resounding chord with the younger generation of the late 1950s and 1960s. Her sense of style influenced what women wore all over the world and still does. The Bardot neckline (a wide open neck that exposes both shoulders) is named after her. She is recognized for popularizing bikini swimwear in early films such as Manina, in her appearances at Cannes and many photoshoots, as well as gingham clothes and the Choucroute (Sauerkraut) hairstyle. She also popularized the town of St Tropez and made it the tourist Mecca it has since become. Not surprisingly, as someone so closely associated with France, she was asked and agreed to become the official model for the bust of Marianne, the French national emblem and the symbol of liberation. However, lucrative offers from Hollywood and elsewhere have failed to entice her back in front of the camera. As one close friend commented: “She hates the myth and hates the legend that surrounds her. She doesn’t want to hear about that. She doesn’t understand it and never did. She doesn’t want to know that she’s a legend. She realizes that she influenced a generation of young people. She accepts that. But the rest, the legend thing, she doesn’t want to know and definitely doesn’t care.” Whatever her personal feelings, Brigitte Bardot’s cultural legacy lives on in the fashions and attitudes of successive generations. BRIGITTE BARDOT NEW WAVE POSTER GALLERY FILMOGRAPHY	i don't know
Players shoot from a line called the ‘taw’ in what game?	Taw - definition of taw by The Free Dictionary Taw - definition of taw by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/taw (tô) tr.v. tawed, taw·ing, taws To convert (an animal hide) into white leather by treating it with a mixture containing alum and salt. [Middle English tawen, from Old English tawian, to prepare.] taw′er n. 1. Chiefly Southern US A large, fancy marble used for shooting. 2. The line from which a player shoots in marbles. 3. A game of marbles. intr.v. tawed, taw·ing, taws To shoot a marble. 1. (Games, other than specified) the line from which the players shoot in marbles 2. back to taws informal Austral back to the beginning 3. (Games, other than specified) a large marble used for shooting 4. (Games, other than specified) a game of marbles [C18: of unknown origin] (tɔː) vb (tr) 1. (Tanning) to convert (skins) into white leather by treatment with mineral salts, such as alum and salt, rather than by normal tanning processes 2. archaic or dialect to flog; beat [Old English tawian; compare Old High German zouwen to prepare, Gothic taujan to make] ˈtawer n n. 1. a playing marble used as a shooter. 2. a game in which marbles are knocked out of a circle drawn on the ground by using a marble as a shooter. 3. Also called taw′ line`. the line from which the players shoot. v.i. 4. to shoot a marble. [1700–10] 1. to prepare or dress (a raw material) for use or further manipulation. 2. to convert (animal skin) into white leather by the application of minerals, emulsions, etc. 3. Archaic. to flog; thrash. [before 900; Middle English; Old English tawian, akin to Middle Dutch touwen to dress (skins), Old High German zawjan, zowjan to hasten, Runic Norse tawido (he) made, Gothic taujan to do, make; akin to tool , tow 2] taw′er, n. I will have been tawing you will have been tawing he/she/it will have been tawing we will have been tawing you will have been tawing they will have been tawing Past Perfect Continuous 1. taw - the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet Hebraic alphabet , Hebrew alphabet , Hebrew script - a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino) alphabetic character , letter of the alphabet , letter - the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; "his grandmother taught him his letters" 2. shooter marble - a small ball of glass that is used in various games Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: shooter References in classic literature ? Add twenty secondary groups, the waiters, male and female, running with jugs on their heads, gamblers squatting over taws, merelles,* dice, vachettes, the ardent game of tringlet, quarrels in one corner, kisses in another, and the reader will have some idea of this whole picture, over which flickered the light of a great, flaming fire, which made a thousand huge and grotesque shadows dance over the walls of the drinking shop. View in context Leaders of ACMECS countries are expected to adopt the Nay Pyi Taw Declaration and ACMECS Plan of Action 2016-2018, the drafts of which are to be submitted to the summit by foreign ministers of the five countries after their discussions on Monday. 5-country subregional summit begins in Myanmar Taw provides an interesting overview of the historical context and doctrinal development for stability operations throughout US history, noting land forces have been constantly involved in a variety of lesser contingencies and post-war commitments exceeding the capacity and acceptable risk of civilian USG efforts.	Marble (toy)
In which country have 9 missing episodes of Dr Who been discovered?	Marble Games Marble Games Shop Marble Games Marbles are a great way to enjoy many different types of games. They have been around for many years and have been providing people with entertainment since people started playing games. One of the great things about marbles is that they can be used for so many different games. So whether you are just wanting to play a game by yourself or you have a lot of friends around that you want to include, you can pretty much always find a game that will work. Most marble games are easy for anyone to learn to play. In many games the winner gets to keep all the marbles or choose which ones they want. This is a good thing to keep in mind so you don't risk your favorite marbles. Archboard (or Bridgeboard) For this game a piece of board is required with 7 or 9 arches cut in it. The central arch is numbered 0 and the other arches increase in value to the outside of the board, i.e. 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3. One player is made bridge keeper, the others shoot marbles at the arches from a distance of 4' to 5' (1.5m). Those that fail to pass through an arch are taken by the bridge keeper. For every successful shot the bridge keeper must pay the shooter the corresponding number of marbles, the same size as the one shot, to the number written above the arch through which his marble passed. A marble passing through the center arch marked 0 is returned to the shooter with no reward. Every player should take his turn at keeping the bridge. Bounce About This game, for two to four players, is played by throwing marbles and not shooting them. Medium sized marbles are best suited for the game and are called 'Bouncers'. The first player throws his bouncer forward about 5' (1.5m). The second player throws his to try and hit it. The second player throws his to try and hit it. The third player throws to try and hit either one on the ground and so on. If a bouncer is hit the owner must pay the successful thrower one marble. Bouncers are generally not forfeited. Bounce Eye A circle 1' (30cm) in diameter is marked on the ground. Each player puts one marble in a pool in the center of the circle. The players take it in turns to stand over the circle and drop a marble from eye level into the pool of marbles. Any marbles knocked out of the ring become the property of the player. If a player fails to capture any marbles with a drop, that marble he has dropped remains in the pool. The game continues until the pool is dry. Conqueror This game is similar to Bounce About but the marbles are shot and any size of marbles may be used and by any number of players. An order of play is decided. The first player throws forward a marble to whatever distance he chooses. He will generally choose the distance at which he personally shoots with the greatest accuracy. The next player then shoots at his marble. If he hits it he captures it and it becomes his property. He then throws out a a new marble to restart the game. If he misses it however, his marble remains in the field. The third player then shoots at either marble capturing whatever he hits, but leaving his marble in the field if he misses. If a marble is shot with force and bounces off several marbles in the field, then all those hit are captured. In this game there are no niceties. If a player shoots with a rare and expensive Ally he may have the advantage of accuracy over the other players, but he stands to loose his Alley to another player should he ever miss. Die Shot A die is balanced on a marble which has been ground down slightly for stability. As in Archboard, players take turns to be the keeper of the die. Any player wishing to have a shot pays the keeper one marble. He then shoots at the target for a predetermined distance. He must pay one marble for each shot he makes. If a player knocks the die off the marble with his shot, he receives from the keeper the number of marbles corresponding to the number shown uppermost on the die. Dobblers A game for any small number of players. Each player contributes one or more marbles to a strait line of marbles spaced so that there is room for two marbles to pass through the gaps. Each player then shoots in turn and may keep any marbles he hits. The players TAW remains where it lies at the end of his turn and subsequent turns are played from where the TAW lies. A player whose TAW is hit by another TAW must add one marble to the line. Eggs In The Bush This is a guessing game which requires no skill but is nevertheless entertaining. A player picks up a number of marbles with one hand and asks the other players to guess the number. Those guessing correctly are paid that number of marbles by the questioner. Those guessing incorrectly must pay the questioner the difference between the number guessed and the number actually held. Players take turns to be the questioner. Handers (or Tip-Shears) A game of chance for several players which requires little skill. A hole 3" (8cms) from a wall. each player throws a marble at the hole, froma predetermined spot, to decide the order of play. The person whose marble is closest to the hole starts, the second closest goes second, etc. Each player then contributes two marbles to the first player who throws them all at the hole. Any marbles that go in the hole are pocketed by the thrower. This does not apply to those that have rebounded off the wall, which remain in play. Those remaining are handed to the second player who makes his throw, and so play continues. When the marbles are exhausted a new contribution is made by all and the second player in the first round starts the second round. All players should have a turn at the first throw of a round. Hundreds A game for two players. Draw a small circle or make a small hole a suitable distance from the shooting spot. Both players shoot a marble towards the circle. If both or neither marble stops within the circle both players shoot again. If, however only one player's marble stops within the circle, that player misses. When he misses, the turn passes to his opponent who shoots and scores until he misses. The first player to reach 100 or until he misses. When he misses, the turn passes to his opponent who shoots and scores until he misses. The first player to reach 100 points is the winner and the looser hands over a predetermined number of marbles. Increase Pound A game for several players. Two circles are drawn. One circle 8" (20cms) in diameter known as the pound and around it another of 11" (3.5m) diameter called the 'bar'. Each player puts one or more marbles into the pound. The first player shoots a TAW, from any point on the bar, at the marbles in the pound. Any marbles he knocks out of the pound become his property. If he fails to capture even one marble, his TAW remains where it stops, even if that is with in the bar and outside the pound. If it stops within the pound it must be lifted and a marble paid to the pound. Subsequent players may shoot at the pound or at an opponents TAW. If a TAW is struck by another TAW the owner of the struck TAW must pay one marble to the pound. As well as this fine, the owner of the struck TAW must give any marbles he has captured so far in the game to the owner of the shot TAW that struck his TAW. LAG OUT An order of play is decided by any number of players. Each player in turn throws a marble at a wall so as to make it rebound. The marbles are left where they fall until one player's marble rebounds and lands on another. That player then claims all the marbles on the floor and play is restarted. Long Taw For two players. Each players. Each player contributes a marbled and these are placed approximately 6' (2m) apart. The players withdraw a further 6' and the first player shoots his TAW at the first marble. If he hits it he pockets it and shoots at the second marble. If he hits that, he wins the round and the game starts again. If he fails to win the round outright the opponent shoots at the marbles and at the TAW. If the marbles are hit the result is as described for the first player. If he hits the TAW he captures whatever is on the ground. Odds or Even This game is played like Dobblers except that one has to guess whether there are an odd or even number of marbles in the hand of the questioner. Those who guess correctly receive a marble, those who are incorrect give one to the questioner. Each player takes it in turn to ask the question. One Step This game is played like Dobblers except that a player takes one step and throws his TAW from a standing position when making his first shot. Subsequent throws are also made from the standing position but without taking a step. A successful throw entitles the player to another throw from the spot where the TAW lies. Picking Plums For a small number of players. A straight line is drawn on the ground and each player contributes one or more marbles, which are placed in a row on the line about 2 marbles widths apart. Another parallel line is then drawn about 6' (2m) away. Players stand behind this second line and take it in turns to shoot at the line of marbles (plums). A shot which knocks a plum out of line entitles the player to the plum, but not to a second shot. Play continues until all plums are picked. Ring TAW This is one of the best known and most popular of all marble games for a group of players. As with 'Increase Pound', two circles are drawn on the ground. The inner circle should be about 1' (30cms) in diameter, the outer should be about 7' (2m) diameter. Each Player puts an agreed number of marbles into the ring. The order of play is decided and the players take turns to shoot their TAW from any point on the outer ring, at the marbles in the center. Any marbles knocked out of the center ring are pocketed by the shooter and he is entitled to shoot again from the spot where his TAW lies. When a shot is unsuccessful play passes to the next player and the TAW remains on the ground where it comes to rest, if that spot is within the outer ring. The next player may then shoot at the marbles in the center or at any of his opponents TAW twice in succession. The game continues until the ring is cleared. Spanners A simple capturing game for two players. The first sends forth a marble. The second shoots to hit and capture it. However, if his marble stops within a span of the opponents marble he still takes it. A span is the distance between the spread thumb and forefinger of the biggest hand available. If he is unsuccessful, play passes to his opponent, who in turn tries to capture his marbles. Three Holes A game for several players. Three holes or circles are made approximately 3" (8cms) in diameter and about 5' (1.5m) apart. They are numbered one, two and three and must be shot at in that order. Players retire to a point about 5' (1.5m) from the first hole. They take it in turns to shoot their marbles into each hole in succession. If a player misses, his TAW remains in the field until it is his turn again. After a player has gained the first hole he may shoot at the opponents TAWS as well as the remaining two holes. A person whose TAW is hit by another must pay the shooter one marble. When a player has shot into all three holes successfully he claims one marble from each of the players. He may then start again at number one. And So We have now described the best known marble games. There are of course, many others and many variations of the games described. Another way of playing with marbles is to use them to make indoor miniatures of games usually played outside. The most obvious of these is Marble Bowls. However, croquet, golf and snooker can all be played with marbles on a carpet. Remember that imagination is your only limit.With some cardboard, a pair of scissors and ingenuity you can play a roulette game and many other casino games just by using your ordinary play marbles and some creativity.	i don't know
Which important person’s arrival at events is announced by playing Hail to the Chief?	hail to the chief Hail to the... posted March 2007 People who live in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois will have to forgive me while I get the rest of the world up to speed on the momentous happenings around here. This site being part of the world wide web, it happens that people sometimes log on from places like Spain and Australia where they might see things in a little different light than the locals. They might not even (imagine!) have heard about the issue that grips us all: In late February, it was announced that Chief Illiniwek, the native-American based symbol of the University of Illinois, whose face adorns many T-shirts and much Illini gear, and who takes corporeal form to dance at halftime during basketball games, was going to be retired. You haven't heard about this? Then clearly you don't live around here. The Daily Illini carried a headline announcing the Chief's demise which was about the same size as that famous Times headline the day the U.S. got involved in World War II--you know: "WAR!" It said "ONE MORE DANCE!" For some time, the matter of the Chief has caused much controversy, although, in this town, the majority opinion is that the chief is a symbol of all that is good about the university, that it honors native Americans, and that it is a tradition which is too deeply beautiful to put into words. Outside the environs of Illinois, people do not often see it this way. Native American groups have decried the chief as a racist symbol and have fought for its removal. The National Collegiate Athletic Association a few years ago tried to force the university to remove the symbol and the dancing chief by disallowing colleges which use native American symbolism from participation in post-season playoff games. The university fought a long battle on that score, and lost. This was about a year ago. Now, rather suddenly, considering the entrenched position of political opinion around here, the Chief has been retired by university fiat, leaving a lot of people very upset. Are you with me so far? Good. By the way, if you are reading from someplace outside of Illinois, just drop me a line ([email protected]) and let me know what you think about all this. I know most of you are just here because you Googled one of my MP3s or some information about a composer and aren't interested in reading long opinion pieces about things happening far away. But if you find yourself hanging on for the ride, I'm curious why. Let me elaborate on the situation here for outsiders. If you live in Champaign-Urbana, people will often ask you if you "saw the game last night." That game is always the college men's basketball game. It doesn't matter if the Superbowl or game seven of the World Series took place at the same time (unless the Cardinals were playing)--THE GAME always refers to college basketball. This is because, in this town of about 100,000 (actually two towns which have grown together) there are no professional teams, and the university, which is main reason this town is as populous as it is, provides most of the sporting entertainment. The football team has a tradition of losing all the time, but the basketball team has recently been to the national championship game. Who do you think most folks are going to root for? When we first arrived here a couple of years ago, Kristen and I were struck by how homogenous this place is by comparison with east coast big city life. At least half, if not the majority, of people here seem to have spent their whole lives, or a large portion of it, right here, or within 100 miles. When asked for directions to something, people were likely to say "It's right next to the [naming some other place we didn't know how to get to]" or "It's where the so-an-so used to be" than providing a street name or a direction. There's nothing wrong with being a close-knit community. And the size of the university and its prestige make the town more cosmopolitan than you might expect from a largely rural part of a mid-American state, but it does illustrate a mindset that I want to come back to in order to suggest to the people of our cities why the people in the rest of the country do not react to this news in the same way that they do. Now that I've explained the situation to people from elsewhere, I want to address the people of Illinois. Although not everyone in town is happy with the Chief, practically everything I've read about him in the papers or heard on the radio has been positive. In other parts of the country people are not nearly so happy with the Chief and what they think he stands for. One columnist recently called it "blatant racism". Obviously there is a real disconnect here. Now this issue is so emotionally charged that, even after waiting a couple of weeks to let people cool off, even the mere suggestion that the Chief might be less than holy is really sticking one's neck out. But I think it is something that needs to be done. I'm not yelling, I'm not accusing people of hate, and you'll notice this column is long enough that it took some thinking before I hit the "send" button. There hasn't been too much civil discourse on the subject lately but I'm going to try. Now At the risk of becoming less popular than Hitler, I want to explain why the Chief is viewed as a backward, bigoted, and cruel symbol by some people who often do not get represented in our media or in our thinking. I'm doing this in the belief that there are all kinds of people who support the Chief. Some of them are very passionate about their tradition and their way of life but don't realize that it could be doing a lot of psychological harm to other people. They are so used to viewing the issue from one side that it would never even occur to them to ask Native Americans whether they think they are being honored by this tradition or not. They keep telling us that the Chief is an honor to Native Americans, even though all the Native American groups I've heard of around here do not consider him an honor at all. Every once in a while a Native American group pops up calling for the Chief's retirement (3 such groups on campus appear to have done that, but I didn't find that out until I did some research) but since the Native American population is about 60 students in a field of 30,000, people easily dismiss them as malcontents. They are, after all, a very small minority. Never mind that Americans had a major hand in making it that way. It is to those people that I want to suggest the following experiment in empathy: Suppose we got invaded by another people. Let's make them Arabs, since we're afraid of them anyway. Suppose these Arabs took over our country, and all but wiped us out. A lot of us got killed by their guns and bombs, and many more by diseases while they were relocating us into concentration camps. The real story of this might be complicated: some of us tried to get along with some of them, a few suggested compromises, it looked like for a while that we were going to be treated fairly, but then a new Mullah came to power and changed policy, we were shuffled from one place to another, more people died, some of us decided to kill as many of them as possible, which got their people angrier at us, including some of the ones who originally sought peace between our peoples, some of us adapted to their ways, and most held out for our own sacred traditions for as long as possible while an inexorable wave of them swept over our land. We prayed to our God, but he didn't seem to be listening. Now there are only a few of us left to tell the story. About a hundred years later some of them decide to make their sporting events more exotic by featuring one of us dancing at halftime. We've been in their culture all along: for a while we were in movies, speaking broken Arabic, untrustworthy, raining terror and death on their outposts with our inferior weaponry, participating in the retelling of one of their greatest cultural myths: how they subdued the country and settled our untamed and savage land. Eventually some of them felt the need to apologize for their ugly stereotype, but others decided to turn us into mascots. Now suppose it is halftime of some sport you've never heard of, and some Arab guy dressed up to resemble a head of state from our past is dancing at the game. Maybe he's got a Bible in one hand, or a cross. Maybe it's an American flag, or he's wearing a cowboy hat. Whatever symbol you choose, it won't represent all of us. The person doing the dance (is it something like a square dance?) isn't American, nor is the audience. It's just possible that not a single person in the building is of American ancestry, or that well acquainted with real American traditions. Maybe a few are. There is a group of instruments wailing away at something that sounds vaguely like Yankee Doodle or some Stephen Foster song, but not really. It was written by somebody from their culture, and it is being played on instruments that Americans would barely recognize. The crowd is chanting something they think sounds American--It could be a set of "Christian" words that they borrowed from the King James version of the Bible: Theethou, yeyow, verily! Or some garbled version of the Pledge of Allegiance: totheflag! totheflag! totheflag! Yehaa!! Offended? You shouldn't be. You are supposed to feel honored. If you don't, well, obviously that's your problem. The more you try to tell people that you are bothered by this, the angrier they get. How dare you even think of throwing cold water on their glorious tradition! The people of our town feel, or at least say (in the majority) that they are honoring our history (whose history?) and are doing nothing demeaning. The problem is that the people who might beg to differ have been effectively silenced. We've heard people from other parts of the country say that this Chief thing is a really bad idea, but few people around here seem to have any idea why other parts of the country might think that. And, reflexively, they look for some simple and ignoble motivation for their critic's stance, as people tend to do in fights like these. It's just the PC police again, trying to find something to get all bent out of shape about, I've heard. I'm no big fan of all things PC, but I think when you've got genocide in the mix you've got to be careful about telling people they are getting all worked up over nothing. The people of the University of Illinois may have a long tradition that symbolizes their love for their university, but the Chief is also a symbol of a people that got all but wiped off the map by the people who created the symbol. Is there a bit of an empathy disconnect here? Sure, it doesn't offend us, we even think it somehow honors native Americans, but I think it isn't too compassionate to tell another group whether they ought to feel offended or not, or whether they should be honored. Isn't their something weird about a bunch of white people going around saying they are honoring native Americans if the Native Americans themselves don't feel honored? Somehow I don't think an honor is an honor if the honorees don't view it that way! On Wednesday, February 21, the people around here were not thinking about that. They were mourning for their lost tradition. Some of them have written angry letters to the newspaper, some have called radio shows to complain about the NCAA imposing its sanctomonius decree on a beloved tradition that it doesn't understand, some have broken down in tears. Many have called the school's leadership cowardly for making its decision. It's funny, though. If you knew a decision you were going to make was going to make most of the town hate your guts with a passion reserved for few things in life, wouldn't it take more than a coward? But I know what they mean. We always call our leaders cowards when they don't do what we want. In droves. If they had gone with the majority they would have been courageous. Figure that out. Still, I don't want to belittle that tradition. I understand traditions can be very powerful, and moving. Symbols can mean many things, including some very good things, to some people. I'm going to discuss that in a minute. But we need to recognize how what seems like such a wonderful institution to us can be very detrimental to somebody else, and I often get the sense that many of the Chief's supporters don't realize that. Or don't want to. I have a deep sympathy with some of you. But I think justice and decent treatment for people who have been marginalized trumps a tradition any day of the week. It has to. I've heard all the rhetoric about brotherhood and diversity in other contexts, but the Chief always gets a free pass. Dan Maloney, the U of I senior who until recently danced the part of the chief during the halftime shows, has become a local celebrity. He has been interviewed on radio, television, and in the print media. There was a large picture of him, dejected, in the paper. He has had almost as much coverage as the Native Americans who were asked about the situation. Just kidding. They didn't ask any. To my knowledge not a single person or group who has reason to feel race humiliation as a result of the chief has been asked to provide a quote for the papers lately. [Note: about three days after I wrote this, the paper did do a story about the 20 year battle that some native Americans have had to be rid of the Chief. It was the first anti-Chief article I had seen in the newspaper]. Although one group which promotes racial awareness on campus (or stirs the pot if you like to think of it that way) got a 30-second bit on the radio a day after the chief danced his last dance. After only 10 minutes of stories about how much the chief will be missed. Am I wrong in thinking the media coverage here is just a wee bit tilted? I have to bring this up because time after time I have seen pro-chief groups tell us that the Chief is not only not racist, he is an honor to native Americans. This is all coming from non-native Americans, of course (although I have seen a poll that suggested a few years back that 83% of Native Americans weren't bothered by this sort of thing. I've seen another poll suggest just the opposite). In a situation like this, I wouldn't expect everyone to agree, including the Native Americans, some of whom have completely assimilated, have tried to put the bloody history of our conflict behind them, may have little patience for history, or honestly feel that a guy dressed as an "Indian" doing a somewhat traditional dance is really cool. Others feel it belittles their people because it makes out as if Native Americans were only about war. So far, compassionate people on both sides could suggest we are having an honest disagreement. The problem is that the debate is not very honest. I've heard at least a hundred times that the Chief is about honoring the history of the region. What history? Have you ever noticed nobody wants to actually discuss any of it? Let's all talk in lofty terms about a glorious past and then conveniently forget any of the actual history. Notice how the website "Honor-the-chief.org" casually mentions the demise of an entire people, summing up the whole era in a sentence: "Although the original Illini disappeared from the region long ago, one way that they are remembered through the Chief Illiniwek tradition at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign." [I know that sentence is missing a verb, but that's the way it appears on their site.] They seem to have just "disappeared" did they? Like the way my socks don't all make it out of the dryer? But it gets worse. The Chief promotes diversity, they say. Since the 80s the minority population at UIUC has risen to 26.1%. Isn't that wonderful news to all the Native Americans? Well, 1/5 of 1% of the student body, anyhow. The rest of that 26% is apparently some other ethnicity. But a minority is a minority, right? And if you add them all together, we are a wonderfully diverse place. So diverse that an investigation done by the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights concluded in 1995 that we were not a racially hostile environment (whew!). Why they were doing the 20-month study in the first place I don't know. (If I had been on trial for murder and got acquitted I know I wouldn't put it on my resume as a source of pride that I hadn't been convicted--why is not having enough evidence to conclude that a hostile environment exists as the site puts it something to be proud of?) Some of this reads like the "airtight" logic of an incoming Freshman. With lame arguments like that, no wonder most of the university faculty (in contrast to the students) don't like the Chief. (The site also answers the question ' is the Chief's dance an authentic tribal dance?' with a definitive yes and then gives its origin to a local boy scout doing a project on Native American dancing. OK, maybe he did his homework, but let's not get too carried away here!) The worst part of the site comes when the group defines racism, and then suggests that the only way the Chief could be racist is because we elevate him above ourselves, in other words proclaiming him superior (not inferior). If this is racism, they seem to suggest, then we plead guilty! Folks, this is the same rhetoric that hate groups all over the world use to defend themselves. Oh, we aren't racists. We love everybody. And if the people who we are honoring are angry at us, they can take a flying leap! I wasn't planning to get that fired up when I started this column, but you have to remember, people died here. Not just in Germany in the 1940s, or in Darfur in the past year, but in Illinois--even if it was over a hundred years ago. And like the people of both of these other places, we are great at remembering when it happened somewhere else, and good at covering up our own killing. Societies always are. I've spent a lot of time trying to explain to the people of the University why the outside world is not amenable to their position. Sometimes it feels futile. As understanding as I'd like to be, this isn't a pretty issue. Issues of justice never are. Issues involving cultural and racial divides aren't either. And then you have regional conflicts. There are about fifty levels of Us versus Them if you want to see it that way. The regional part of this involves an outside group, the NCAA, pressuring our University to do what it wants. Surprise! We don't like being told what to do by somebody else. But I'd also like to explain to the Somebody Else why basically tolerant people can still be upset by this ruling. I've heard people talk about how the Chief is a symbol of all the things they strive for, and at a gut level, I know he represents stability, something that is always there (or was) for as long as they can remember and can always be counted on. Something that unites a group of people in a common joy. I know I'm not exactly qualified to defend this tradition, since I am basically an outsider here. I spent most of my life somewhere else and I don't go (and never did) to the University of Illinois. I've probably never had that sense of tradition grounding me like many of my fellow citizens have and I am at least partly envious. But then, I might know more about these things than you'd think. I grew up in the Cleveland area. Our baseball team has a bit of a problem with this same issue. The Cleveland Indians use a grinning caricature of an "Indian" Chief. People use the same arguments to defend "Chief Wahoo" as they did on Chief Illiniwek. It honors Indians, they say, pointing out that there was once an Indian on the team (a mere 80 years ago!) in whose honor the team was supposedly named--and get very upset when people suggest that maybe their baseball team ought to change its name (darned PC police!). A newspaper columnist in Cleveland writes an anti-Chief Wahoo column once in a while when he's about to go on vacation (and thus get out of town for a while) and only then. I am younger and stupider than he is so I'm writing this even though I plan to stay here a while. I didn't get what all the fuss was about at first. A few guys marching around in Public Square, bringing up something that happened a hundred years ago. Trying to change the sacrosanct name of our team (It's been changed a couple of times before, by the way, but not since the 1920s). After a while, though, I got to wondering: why are people so immovable over the name of a sports team? Aren't race relations more important? Aren't people more important? And I wondered just what was motivating people to want to keep that grinning Chief. Is it really a sense of loyalty and unity, or is it much uglier? Does it really come down to Us versus Them? I've noticed that people really bristle when anybody suggests there is racism here, but I have also noticed that actual racists are generally not the first people to say jovially, "you may have a point." In fact, the more infuriated people get, the more I wonder about their motivations. Some people think that they can bully their way through life, and I have a newsflash for them. They aren't fooling us. But it is my time in Maryland that I think of most. Maryland was on the wrong side of the nastiest conflict in American history. They owned slaves, and they weren't the slightest bit happy when some jerk named Lincoln told them they were going to have to get rid of them. Or that they couldn't decide that issue for themselves (guess what that meant). Imagine, some guy from another state trying to force them to do something they didn't want to do. Basically, he was trampling on State's Rights to decide their own futures (not that the slaves got to decide anything, but remember, they don't count here. In fact, they are all very happy being slaves, say the whites who speak for them. You might say they should feel honored). The people living in those states had a point, you know. Nobody likes not getting to make their own choices. And the way Lincoln freed those slaves was cowardly. He only did it in Southern states, which meant not a one of them actually won his or her freedom in January of 1863. If he'd done it in the 21st century he probably would have leaked it to the press on a Friday right before a holiday weekend. Some historians think he wasn't that interested in freeing them at all. He said as much: that his first priority was to preserve the union, regardless of the status of slavery. Lincoln didn't appreciate the Southern way of life. He didn't love their traditions. He was from some place in Illinois where they didn't grow tobacco and cotton. No wonder Maryland's state song begins "The tyrant's boot is on thy sacred shore"--and the tyrant is Lincoln! (A few years ago, somebody in the State legislature made some noise to change the song, thinking that it was perhaps a bad idea to have a state song which referred to a former president of the United States as a tyrant, but the resolution didn't pass. We wouldn't want to mess with tradition, surely!) There is one place where this analogy breaks down. With regard to the Chief, it wasn't the NCAA that started this fight. It was Native American groups from within Illinois that asked the NCAA to step in. I didn't find that out until recently, because it was to the advantage of Pro-Chief persons to make this a conflict between us and some self-righteous outsiders. I've hit below the belt, haven't I? To dare suggest Lincoln was anything less than heroic can be heresy around here. And worse, to suggest that there might have been legitimate differences over an issue that we all learned in school was cut and dried, and settled 'correctly' a long time ago (racism against blacks is completely over now, right?) But then, living in different parts of the country gains you an appreciation for how people see things so differently. Illinois's favorite son was once Maryland's Public enemy number one. And even though history says they were wrong, they still had some good arguments in their favor. Arguments that could not stand in the face of one overwhelming injustice. Which is one of history's millions of tragedies. Because a lot of good things had to die--a lot of good people had to die, because of it. Which is why I can understand why it is hard to let go of a tradition. I think the Chief deserves to be buried. The fact that he has caused so much animosity around here suggests that we need to let him go so that people can heal--many of whom do not share our culture or our skin color. The fact that so many extremely angry people have threatened to stop giving the University money over this issue (who cares if the Science or Medical departments can't do research anymore! The Chief was more important than possibly curing disease anyway!) tells me this thing is distracting us from doing much real good in the world, and as long as the Chief is around this will keep happening. As long as there are people who remember this day, there will be bitter, angry people. And this, I'm afraid, is another part of the Chief's legacy. You don't heal over issues like this in a day; it takes a generation. (Think of how many people died cursing Lincoln well after the war was over. In fact, confederate flags are still a hot item in some places). But people say that the Chief was a symbol of much that was good. I think some of them mean that sincerely. And I hope they can listen to whatever comfort I can give them, for the real struggle is not to make anyone an object of ridicule but to make us all better people. The Chief didn't do that in the end. But the university and its people are much more than the ugliness that this controversy exposed. They have the hopes and dreams and aspirations that people of good will can relate to in any culture. They are looking at the future as well as the past. Many of them could not understand how their well-meaning overtures could have been misinterpreted. They are victims of how enormously difficult it is to communicate well in complex issues like this. We all are. If Illiniwek is really a symbol, then he is not dead. The things he stood for--all the good, glorious things--are still here. They are in the people of this town and its university. They lie much deeper in the soil than one figure. Removing that symbol doesn't kill the reality behind it. It does make the going harder, because the intangible things he represented to so many people are shown for what they must be: intangible. And inside of every one of us. And they are not forced on anyone. You have to choose to honor, and respect, and mature, and listen, and grow. And grow together. Without building a wall. That is extremely difficult. History proves it. I expect the Chief controversy to simmer around here for a really long time. I'm sure it will be around when we move away in eight or ten years. Maybe the next generation will let Illiniwek go because they didn't experience him, and what they thought he stood for. Perhaps they will find another way to express their loyalty to the school and their aspirations as human beings. Something they won't have to defend from charges of racism. A lot of ink has been spilled over this issue and a lot of it has been of the "how come those idiots don't get it?!?" variety. When an issue is as hard fought as this one has been, people stop bothering to try to see the other side after a while. And some have never bothered to try in the first place. How much of the ugly side of human history comes down to that simple fact, I wonder? There is something to the wisdom of "walking a mile in another man's shoes." I've heard that's an old Native American saying.	President of the United States
Who pined away until only her voice remained because of unrequited love?	The Daily Reveille - Aug. 24, 2009 by The Daily Reveille - issuu Chavis brings new attitude to ’09 defense to the By David Helman Sports Contributor The name has stuck with John Chavis for nearly his entire life. From winning a national title with the Tennessee Volunteers to assuming command as LSU’s new defensive coordinator, it’s never long before he’s known simply as “chief” to players and peers alike. “My mother was full-blooded Cherokee, and my dad was Lumbee, and it’s a name that stuck early in life,” Chavis CHIEF, see page 43 SECURITY Students’ personal info. released By Kyle Bove Senior Staff Writer MAGGIE BOWLES / The Daily Reveille Defensive coordinator John Chavis watches and critiques linebackers Barkevious Mingo (left) and Jacob Cutrera (right) as they run drills Aug. 13 at practice. About 2,000 University students recently found out their names and social security numbers have been posted on a University Web site accessible to the public since fall 2006. The error was caught in July — nearly three years later — according to University spokeswoman Kristine Calongne. The names and social security numbers were displayed on a Web site managed by the University Writing Program in the College of Arts & Sciences. Calongne said the information was displayed online to alleviate scheduling conﬂicts for a certain course. A faculty member put the information on the Web thinking only other faculty members teaching the course could see the information, but the Web site wasn’t on a secure server, meaning anyone could access it. “The faculty member did not realize that the posting would be available to the public, and no one else with the University knew about the posting, which is why it was still online in 2009,” Calongne said in an e-mail to The Daily Reveille. Calongne said she could not comment on any disciplinary action A&S, see page 43 HEALTH H1N1 outbreak spreads across campus, nation SHC treats outbreak, takes precautions By Adam Duvernay Senior Staff Writer Students returning from summer vacation bring with them a host of new experiences and ideas to share with the campus community. But this year, they brought the H1N1 virus, more commonly referred to as swine ﬂu. Students have been arriving at the Student Health Center with typ- ical ﬂu-like symptoms since July, in New Orleans on Aug. 13. though ﬂu season doesn’t start for The H1N1 virus has killed several months. about 1,000 people worldwide, The Health compared to 3,500 Center has reportpeople killed every ed more than 50 year by the seasonal student cases of ﬂu in the United Type A inﬂuenza in Log on to get the latest States alone. the last two weeks Because the updates and check alone. H1N1 outbreak has past articles on H1N1. The Departspread to pandemic ment of Health and levels across the Hospitals estimates between 20,000 world, the Center for Disease Conand 30,000 people in Louisiana trol and Prevention stopped tracking have been infected with the H1N1 the national number of individual virus, and the ﬁrst Louisiana death FLU, see page 42 caused by the virus was conﬁrmed lsureveille.com MAGGIE BOWLES / The Daily Reveille Casey Landers, international marketing senior, and Michael Taylor, agriculture business senior, leave the Student Health Center on Aug. 20 after being tested for H1N1. THE DAILY REVEILLE Thousands flee homes as wildfire rages toward Marathon, Greece Obama family ready for vacation after Hurricane Bill causes delay Former EBR sheriff sentenced to 10 years for possession of cocaine ATHENS, Greece (AP) — A raging wildﬁre raced down a mountain slope in Greece toward the town of Marathon on Sunday, while despairing residents pleaded for ﬁreﬁghters and equipment that were nowhere to be seen. Tens of thousands of residents of Athens’ northern suburbs evacuated their homes. OTIS AIR BASE, Mass. (AP) — Hurricane Bill blew out in time for the Obama family to blow in to Martha’s Vineyard for the president’s ﬁrst vacation since taking ofﬁce. The ﬁrst family began their vacation Sunday just hours after the National Hurricane Center lifted a tropical storm warning that had included the small island off the Massachusetts coast where the Obamas planned a weeklong break. The hurricane forced the president to delay his departure from Andrews Air Force Base by a few hours to mid-afternoon. “He wants you to relax and have a good time. Take some walks on the beaches. Nobody’s looking to make any news,” White House spokesman Bill Burton told reporters on the plane. Some Obama friends, including White House adviser Valerie Jarrett and Chicago physician Eric Whitaker, joined the family on the island. The president has no ofﬁcial events scheduled in the week ahead. BATON ROUGE (AP) — A former East Baton Rough Parish sheriff’s deputy has been sentenced to 10 years in prison. Twenty-eightyear-old Larry Wright, of Zachary, was convicted of attempted possession with the intent to distribute cocaine, as well as possession of a ﬁrearm in furtherance of a drug trafﬁcking offense. On Friday, U.S. District Judge James J. Brady sentenced Wright to 120 months in prison, followed by three years of supervised release. Afghan election conflicts escalate after accusations of voter fraud KABUL (AP) — The outcry over alleged vote fraud in Afghanistan’s election escalated Sunday, with President Hamid Karzai’s chief opponent charging that turnout ﬁgures were padded and the chief fraud investigator saying some of the allegations were serious enough to inﬂuence the outcome if true. The controversy threatens to discredit an election that the Obama administration considers a key step in a new strategy to turn back the Taliban insurgency. State hires Mathies to run Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration MONROE (AP) — Ofﬁcials at ConAgra Foods Inc. are counting on state farmers to produce more than half the sweet potatoes it will need for the planned Lamb Weston processing plant near Delhi. But those farmers wouldn’t have a crop without the LSU AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station. Company ofﬁcials and economic developers have cited the research station in Franklin Parish as a key component in ConAgra choosing northeastern Louisiana for its plant. Bayou Manchac designated as historic waterway, second in state BATON ROUGE (AP) — Historians are unsure exactly when and where French explorer Pierre Le Moyne saw the tall cypress pole smeared with animal blood that he described on a map as “le bâton rouge.” But they do know that on March 24, 1699, Le Moyne — better known as the sieur d’Iberville — turned off the Mississippi River and onto what would later be called Bayou Manchac, which is now Louisiana’s second historic waterway. State Wildlife and Fisheries Secretary Robert Barham made the designation ofﬁcial last weekend. Iberville’s trip was signiﬁcant not just for the “growth and establishment of Louisiana, but also to that of the nation,” he said. TODAY ON lsureveille com TODAY Tulane football team hit by ‘flu-like’ symptoms, to be tested for H1N1 NEW ORLEANS (AP) — About a dozen Tulane football players have come down with what the school describes as ﬂu-like symptoms. An athletic spokesman says two have the variety that includes H1N1, more commonly known as swine ﬂu. Roger Dunaway said Friday that all of the sick players have been told to stay home or in their dorm rooms or apartments, and are being treated there. He says all the symptoms are mild and the players are recovering quickly. He says that samples from the two with “Type A” inﬂuenza will be tested by the state to see whether they have the H1N1 virus. The affected players will return to practice only after team physician Greg Stewart has cleared them. Stewart and his staff are screening every football player and football staff member every day to check for ﬂu-like symptoms. Find The Daily Reveille on Facebook at www.facebook.com/lsureveille Log on lsureveille.com to see a photo slideshow of The Daily Reveille’s fall 2009 editors Weather 90 65 DO YOU HAVE AN OCCURRENCE? Call Andrew at the Student Media Office 578-6090, 9AM- 5PM or Email: [email protected] PAGE 2 Follow The Daily Reveille on Twitter @lsureveille @TDR_news @TDR_sports Sunny TUESDAY 92 68 THURSDAY 89 70 WEDNESDAY 92 70 FRIDAY 90 71 Daily Reveille file photo Log on lsureveille.com to see a map of campus that includes photographs of each individual building to help students navigate the University. CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS The Daily Reveille holds accuracy and objectivity at the highest priority and wants to reassure the reporting and content of the paper meets these standards.This space is reserved to recognize and correct any mistakes which may have been printed in The Daily Reveille. If you would like something corrected or clariﬁed please contact the editor at (225) 5784811 or e-mail [email protected]. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES The Daily Reveille (USPS 145-800) is written, edited and produced solely by students of Louisiana State University. 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THE DAILY REVEILLE B-16 Hodges Hall • Baton Rouge, La. 70803 NICHOLAS PERSAC JERIT ROSER GERRI SAX ELLEN ZIELINSKI J.J ALCANTARA KATIE KENNEDY LESLIE PRESNALL ROBERT STEWART CASEY GISCLAIR MATTHEW ALBRIGHT MEGAN WILLIAMS ZAC LEMOINE JAMES HARALSON LAUREN ROBERTS Editor Managing Editor, Content Managing Editor, External Media Production Editor Deputy Production Editor News Editor Deputy News Editor Sports Editor Deputy Sports Editor Opinion Editor Photo Editor Online Media Editor Reveille Radio Director Advertising Sales Manager Newsroom (225)578-4810 • Advertising (225)578-6090 PAGE 3 TRANSPORTATION Tiger Trails to begin full bus service today Real-time locator among new features By Brianna Paciorka Contributing Writer lsureveille.com Tiger Trails, the University’s new bus system, will begin full service for students, faculty and staff today after taking over the University’s bus system from the Capital Area Transit System on Aug. 1. The new bus system features additional routes to the Garden District, downtown and Perkins/ Log on Stanford and a to see real-time bus employees locator, which of First passengers can Transit talk access on their about the cell phones, said new bus Gary Graham, system. Ofﬁce of Parking, Trafﬁc and Transportation director. “What it shows on the phone is where a bus is at a particular time and what its next stop is,” Graham said. Graham said eventually monitors will be installed at bus stops. Bus riders can currently track their bus at http://lsu.transloc.com. New buses are also in order for Tiger Trails, and temporary buses are currently in use until the new buses ordered for the system arrive. The new, smaller buses will arrive in late September and the larger buses by next spring. “There’s going to be a year of transition until we get things really up and running,” Graham said. Since the service started, Graham said Tiger Trails hasn’t had any major problems, and any problems the system had were quickly corrected by First Transit, the company providing service for Tiger Trails. “The company is very responsive to any issues that have come up,” Graham said. “There was a driver on the downtown route who misunderstood the route. It was actually brought up by a rider ... We went back to the reports, ﬁgured out what the driver was doing, and it was corrected later that day.” First Transit held a job fair, and an experienced team selected qualiﬁed drivers for Tiger Trails, said Catherine Utt, First Transit general manager. “We turned away a lot of people simply because they weren’t made out to be part of First Transit,” Utt said. “We try to make sure that everybody who’s coming in has the First Transit way of thinking — courteous, safe and has lots of experience.” The new drivers must have at least ﬁve years of commercial bus experience and go through extensive training with First Transit trainers, Utt said. “We also made sure that everybody knew exactly why First Transit was coming in, why we were taking this over from CATS and any speciﬁc complaints we had gotten,” Utt said. “They are aware that [certain behavior] is not going to work when they are driving.” Riders call in regularly saying the new system is “a complete change from CATS,” Utt said. “I had a woman call about one of our drivers saying she wanted to stay on the bus for a couple extra loops because the driver was so friendly,” BRIANNA PACIORKA / The Daily Reveille Tiger Trails, the University’s new bus system, will begin service today. The system features more routes and a real-time bus locator. Utt said. “We like to reinforce that with [the drivers] and let them know that we are hearing about all of the good things people are saying, so it doesn’t go unnoticed.” Despite no longer serving the University, CATS worked out a deal with the University and will continue to allow University students, faculty and staff to ride its buses for free. The University will also allow the public to ride Tiger Trails for free in exchange. CATS used the University’s ridership and mileage to help support its federal funding. The company BUS SERVICE, see page 41 THE DAILY REVEILLE monday, august 24, 2009 UNION Phase I of construction complete, open to students Construction already begun on Phase II By Steven Powell Contributing Writer With Phase I almost complete and students finally kicking back and enjoying part of the renovated Union, University Student Union officials have already kicked off construction for Phase II. The July 27 opening of the Live Oak Lounge, located on the first floor of the Union, offers new seating areas, dining options, a billiard room and more. But Student Union Director Shirley Plakidas said more chaos is imminent. “The whole front lobby is pretty well boarded up,” she said. “The wall went up — Phase II has begun.” Plakidas said Phase II includes ceiling work in the lobby, installing sprinklers and renovating meeting rooms, store rooms, the third floor offices, Tiger Lair food court and the Magnolia room. She said food court renovations won’t begin until Dec. 1, but work has already started on the rest of Phase II. “The first part of Phase II — everything but the food court — should be finished by March 2010,” she said. “Basically, it will take about seven to eight months to renovate that area.” Plakidas said the east side of the building, including the Tiger Lair and Magnolia room, is expected to be completed by Aug. 1, 2010. David Heidke, LSU Dining and Concessions director, said the new food court will contain a few new names, along with some familiar ones. “Quiznos Subs will take the place of Blimpie, and we plan to add a Panda Express,” he said. “We’ll still have Chick-fil-A, sushi, a pasta line, a traditional food line and the Outtakes Quick Cuisine area.” In addition, Heidke said Papa John’s Pizza will replace all campus Pizza Huts. Plakidas said all stores will be self-sustaining, eliminating the wait of a single checkout line. Heidke said Dining Services and Union Officials are discussing setting up a temporary food service line next semester, while the Tiger Lair is closed. “Luckily, McDonald’s and Einstein Bros. Bagels are open to offer students places to eat while Tiger Lair is closed,” he said. “However, we’re still discussing the arrangements for temporary food operations.” Outtakes at the 459 Commons dining hall and the sister operation at Pentagon Dining Hall will remain open until 10 p.m. on UNION, see page 41 RESIDENTIAL LIFE New waitlist option available No overflow space to be used for housing By Lindsey Meaux Senior Staff Writer With less than two weeks until she had to leave Florida for the University, DeShauna Henry still didn’t have secure housing for her freshman year. When she applied June 2 to live in a residence hall, the soonto-be biological sciences freshman was immediately notified the residence halls were filled to capacity, and she would be placed on a waitlist while Residential Life weeded through the list of students who were already assigned to a residence hall. ResLife advised Henry to arrange for alternative housing. “I looked [for an off-campus apartment], but I didn’t really go to [Baton Rouge] because I’m from Florida,” Henry said. She chose to ignore ResLife’s recommendations and hoped a dormitory would become available — her scholarships would pay for a dormitory, whereas her parents would have to pay out of pocket for an apartment. After a summer of uncertainty, Henry said she received her room assignment in Herget Hall on Aug. 10, within days of her move-in date. The waitlist is new to the 2009 school year. ResLife — which Director Steve Waller anticipates will house 65 percent of the incoming freshman class — implemented a waitlist May 6. Students who applied for housing after May 6 were placed on the waitlist, and they were advised to make alternative housing arrangements, HOUSING, see page 40 MEGAN J. WILLIAMS / The Daily Reveille The new residents of Blake Hall sign in Thursday during Roaring into the Halls. Some students were placed in residence halls through the new waitlist option. ALEX BOND / The Daily Reveille Rubble remains in the Student Union on Friday. Phase I is almost complete, and construction has kicked off for Phase II, most of which should be finished by March 2010. monday, august 24, 2009 monday, august 24, 2009 ACADEMICS University remains in top tier of ‘America’s Best Colleges’ Chancellor praises faculty, students By Kyle Bove Senior Staff Writer LSU again landed in the top tier of the “Best National Universities” list in U.S. News & World Report’s 2010 edition of “America’s Best Colleges,” which was released Thursday. The University broke into the coveted top tier for the first time last year and is now in a six-way tie for last place in the top tier — the No. 128 spot with the Universities of Arkansas and Kentucky, Colorado State University, Duquesne University and Missouri University of Science & Technology. Harvard University and Princeton University are tied for No. 1. U.S. News & World Report releases the Best Colleges list every year, ranking universities based on admissions standards, facilities, peer surveys and other criteria. Last fall, Chancellor Michael Martin hailed the University’s Flagship Agenda — a campaign to make LSU more nationally prominent — as the reason for the jump into the top tier. He echoed the same sentiment Thursday. “The Flagship Agenda really was the culmination of things that were already happening,” Martin said. “We have great a faculty and great students.” Martin said it is important to remember this ranking doesn’t reflect the near $20 million in budget cuts the University is having to endure this year. He said the cuts could affect the University’s ranking next year. And while LSU is the only public university in Louisiana ranked in the top tier on the 2010 list, several of its peer institutions — universities that share the same role, scope and mission — are ranked higher. The University of Florida tied for the No. 47 spot this year, while Auburn University and the University of Alabama tied for the No. 88 and No. 96 spots, respectively. Ohio State University tied for the No. 53 spot, the University of North Carolina tied for No. 28, and West Virginia University was ranked as a third-tier institution. Martin said LSU’s rating helps in continuing to break a stereotype some hold about southern public universities being subpar, athletics-focused schools. “People assume that’s all we’re good at,” Martin said. “[But] our academics are on par with our athletics.” Martin said the U.S. News & World Report’s list is the most popular and referenced ranking out there, meaning the University’s ranking is great for its image and recruiting. “I don’t know any one ranking that characterizes what we really are, but it’s a good image perception to have,” Martin said. Contact Kyle Bove at [email protected] STUDENT MEDIA KLSU broadcasting license in danger with $10K fine Public files missing from 1998-2002 By Kyle Bove Senior Staff Writer The Federal Communications Commission is fining KLSU, the University’s student-run radio station, $10,000 for a record-keeping violation. KLSU must pay the fine by Sept. 7, or the FCC will not renew its license to broadcast. John Friscia, faculty adviser for KLSU, said the radio station failed to keep track of certain public files needed for the station’s license to be renewed by the FCC. The station didn’t keep proper track of its public inspection file between 1998 and 2002, according to the FCC report. Former KLSU faculty adviser Raymond Bigalki filed a complaint with the FCC against the station in late 2003, Friscia said. Bigalki complained about KLSU’s missing data and suggested the station’s operating license not be renewed. The FCC notified KLSU about the complaint in 2004, but it took about five years for the commission to formally charge the station for the violation. Friscia said he thinks some of the data might have been lost during the station’s remodel in 2000. “Somebody misplaced [the files],” Friscia said. KLSU is operating normally, but the station’s budget will be its biggest hurdle this semester, Friscia said. The University is having to endure about $20 million in budget cuts because of slumping state revenue and the national recession, and the fiscal belt-tightening is being felt throughout its campus. With the $10,000 fee considered, the station’s budget situation looks even bleaker. “We’ll have to figure out how to absorb that into our budget,” Friscia said. “Everybody knows it’s been a tough year already budget wise.” Friscia wasn’t specific about how the fine will be paid, but said he expects KLSU to pay it and get its license renewed. Chris Normand, KLSU station manager, said while he wasn’t a student at the University when the files went missing, he is confident the station will pull through this incident. “We’re definitely creative people, so I think we can find some creative ways to get around these budget issues,” Normand said. KLSU is owned by the University and broadcasts on 91.1 FM. Contact Kyle Bove at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 Center opens new clinical space PAGE 7 READY TO GO Area provides more professional environment By Olga Kourilova Contributing Writer Purple scissors in hand, Paul M. Hebert Law Center Chancellor Jack Weiss and Clinical Education Director Robert Lancaster, along with clinical faculty members, cut the ribbon that officially opened the new LSU Law Center Clinical Legal Education Space on Friday. Renovations began last spring to transform largely unused office space in the basement of the Old Law Building, built in 1936, into a functional space for the clinical program, Weiss said. The new space is designed to mimic a small law office, complete with interview and conference rooms, a reception area, student work space and faculty offices. “When you’re in a more professional space, it helps you to get in the right mindset,” said thirdyear law student Nichole Schulte, who will be participating in the immigration clinic. Construction was completed in July and for less than the projected budget of $320,000, Weiss said. “I hope that this new space will provide a visible sign post KRISTEN M’LISSA ROWLETT/ The Daily Reveille (From left to right) LSU System President John Lombardi, Frank Neuner, James Dennis, Law Center Chancellor Jack Weiss, Clinical Education Director Robert Lancaster, Lucy McGough, Scott Sternberg and Christopher Pietruszkiewicz cut the ribbon that officially opened the new LSU Law Center Clinical Legal Education Space on Friday. of progress we’ve made in this program.” Weiss said. Judge James Dennis, U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, swore in the 20 students that would be participating in the program’s third semester. Students can become certified to practice law after four semesters of law school, Lancaster said. Dennis stressed the advantage of being able to practice law while still in school. Upon entering law MEGAN J. WILLIAMS / The Daily Reveille The Tiger Band practices marching down the hill Saturday afternoon. school, Dennis said his goal was “to become a rich lawyer,” but he realized he had no idea how to be a lawyer when he graduated. The clinical program is critical for self-confidence, professor Lucy McGough said. “That’s hard to teach in a book,” she said. Judge Frank Neuner, chairman of the Louisiana Public LAW CLINIC, see page 40 Mellow Mushroom $9.99 Large 1 Topping Pizza $6 Domestic Buckets Pluckers $14.99 All you can eat wings and $3 Plucker’s Lemonades PAGE 8 monday, august 24, 2009 FEES Vet school raises price Grad. school tuition increases Students find ways to maintain quality to adjust to changes Tuition increased $750 per semester By Sarah Eddington Contributing Writer Because of the passing of House Bill 872, the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine increased tuition by $750 per semester effective this fall, bringing the total cost of annual tuition close to $14,700. The LSU Board of Supervisors approved the increase July 16. HB 872 allows graduate school programs funded by the state to raise their tuition. The bill authorizes the LSU Board of Supervisors to establish specified tuition and attendance fee increases. The fee increase was necessary to ensure the stability of the school, according to Peter Haynes, dean of LSU School of Veterinary Medicine. “We’re forced to keep up with the escalating costs of education,” Haynes said. “The school needs to be accurately funded to continue.” Emily Strecker, first-year veterinary student, heard about the fee increase on TV. Strecker said her parents were willing to help her pay for undergraduate education, but it is up to her to find funding for graduate school. “It’s unfair,” Strecker said. “I had to go back and rework all my finances.” Tuitions are rising across the country, Haynes said. The University had one of the lowest veterinary school tuitions last year, according to a data report by The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges. “Higher education has been compromised in many states,” Haynes said. The money will not be going toward any new additions but will cover a lot of the school’s own expenses, Haynes said. “We are doing the best we can with the resources we have,” he said. The intention is to ensure students from last year won’t be seeing any changes within the school this year, said Joseph Taboada, associate dean for student and academic affairs. “Students won’t be seeing the same amount of cuts as some of the other departments,” Taboada said. Because of budget cuts, certain staff positions that were VET SCHOOL, see page 42 By Olga Kourilova Contributing Writer The University graduate program is “a pretty good bargain” compared to its peers, interim Dean David Constant said. The Legislature approved House Bill 872 by Rep. Hollis Downs, R-Ruston, this summer. The bill authorizes the LSU Board of Supervisors to impose increases in tuition beginning this fall, meaning a $30 increase per credit hour for graduate students. Constant said it’s still too early to tell the effect on enrollment, although the school expects the number of graduate students to increase to nearly 5,000 based on the application pool. The University had 4,794 graduate and professional students in 2008. Recruitment programs are being developed to bring that number closer to 6,000 for next fall, he said. An in-state graduate student taking 15 hours can expect to pay $3,078.70 for tuition and fees this fall, compared to $2,547.70 in 2008, according to records from the Office of Budget and Planning. Average graduate tuition for graphic by CAITLYN CONDON / The Daily Reveille peer institutions is $7,619 this year, according to a report by IPEDS Peer Analysis System, an online data comparison system operated by the National Center for Education Statistics. Still, many students are struggling to gather additional funds for the fall. Nadia Miskowiec, French graduate student, said she’s had to apply for additional financial aid because of the increase. “I have to graduate by a certain date, so I paid anyway, but I wasn’t too happy,” said Miskowiec, who’s still waiting on a response from the Office of Financial Aid. Students on scholarship are finding it less difficult to adjust. “I understand that they had to raise the fee because the University is undergoing budget cuts,” said Rebecca Bond, history graduate student. The increase didn’t affect her choice of classes, Bond said, because she has a graduate assistantship. The school also offers waivers and exemptions to the increase for students who demonstrate the need for financial assistance, Constant said. Contact Olga Kourilova at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 BUDGET CUTS Martin: Furlough plan delayed University budget cuts go into effect By Kyle Bove Senior Staff Writer University staff will not be forced to take a salary cut because of budget changes just yet. The University’s proposed furlough plan is indeﬁnitely on hold, Chancellor Michael Martin announced Aug. 13 in a campus e-mail. The plan was going to be presented to the LSU Board of Supervisors on Aug. 27. A furlough is required, unpaid time off, and an employee’s salary is reduced by the amount of time they are furloughed. The University constructed its furlough plan as a way of avoiding layoffs after having to cut about $20 million from its operating budget in July because of a $1.3 billion drop in state revenue and the national recession. The plan would have affected more than 1,000 civil service and professional staff members, cutting their salaries by an average of 3 percent. But Gov. Bobby Jindal is enforcing a state hiring freeze for vacant positions to combat statewide budget cuts. Institutions will be able to keep the state dollars set aside for the University’s vacant positions, Martin said. That, along with limiting pay increases for all LSU System employees this year, means there is no need for furloughs at this time. “I would be remiss if I did not caution you that the possibility for furloughs at some point in the future does still exist, although we hope to avoid that option if at all possible,” Martin said in the email. “But, should further budget FURLOUGH, see page 40 MEGAN J. WILLIAMS / The Daily Reveille Chancellor Michael Martin discusses the University’s budget crisis June 3. Martin announced Aug. 13 that the University’s proposed furlough plan is indeﬁnitely on hold. WEATHER UNION Annual poster sale returns First day of school Students use art brings sun, heat to decorate dorms By Mary Walker Baus Contributing Writer lsureveille.com Famous faces like Edward Cullen, Marilyn Monroe and The Beatles are on campus this week. The Student Union Art Gallery is sponsoring a poster sale by The College Poster Sale Company this week. Beyond the Wall, the nation’s largest poster fundraising company, Log on to will also have a see recent poster sale Aug. trends in 31 through Sept. poster 4. sales “Posters are among a very affordable students. way of self-expression,” said Michele Keating, Beyond the Wall vice president of retail operations, in an e-mail to The Daily Reveille. “With just a few dollars, you can visually show everyone how you feel, what you desire, who you are, what you dream of.” Each year since 2006, University students have bought the art, music and ﬁlm posters most, Keating said. Beyond the Wall has been coming to LSU since 1993. “Since the millennium, classic rock, movie blockbusters and iconic celebrity images have been consistently popular,” Keating said. Roommates Rachael Ham, textile merchandising junior, and Emily Buser, biology senior, said they will use the poster sale to decorate their new apartment. “It’s helpful,” Buser said. “They know what students like. [Last year], I got a ‘Breakfast At Tiffany’s’ one.” Erol Liguori, The College Poster Sale Company president, said movie posters have grown more popular among college students over the years, with “Twilight” and “Boondock Saints” being two of the most popular movie posters last year. Liguori said he predicts “New Moon,” “The Hangover,” and “Vicky Cristina Barcelona” to be the most popular this year. ‘‘ ‘Posters are a very affordable way of self-expression.’ Michele Keating Beyond the Wall vice president of retail operations “The trend of ﬁne arts posters ... that’s been going down a little bit, whereas the movies have gone up,” said Blake Liguori, inventory manager of The College Poster Sale Company. Erol Liguori said posters of Van Gogh’s “Starry Night,” John Belushi, “Family Guy,” Andy Warhol, “Star Wars” and Marilyn Monroe have been steadily popular throughout the years among universities. Erol Liguori said his company carries 12 different Marilyn Monroe posters because of their popularity. “[Our prices have] been the same for the last six years,” he said. “They will remain the same.” Poster prices for The College Poster Sale Company are between $5 and $9. The bulk of Beyond the Wall posters are between $8 and $10. Ashley Scott, sociology junior and lead employee at the Student Union Art Gallery, said three different poster companies came to the POSTERS, see page 40 SHAINA HUNTSBERRY / The Daily Reveille Mary Longino, interior design freshman, shops for posters Sunday at the Student Union Art Gallery. The College Poster Sale Company is holding the sale this week. Cold front helping to ward off hurricanes By Lindsey Meaux Senior Staff Writer The clear blue skies and abnormally dry weather forecast for today are bringing more than a pleasant ﬁrst day for the University — they are warding off hurricanes. As of 2 p.m. Friday, a rare cold front was expected to come through Louisiana and bring sunshine and low humidity for Saturday, Sunday, Monday and possibly Tuesday, while the lowpressure system responsible for it is helping to push Hurricane Bill — and other potential hurricanes — away from the Gulf Coast, according to National Weather Service Meteorologist Phil Grigsby. “Even with a weak front like we’re expecting ... That helps to push anything out of the Gulf of Mexico,” Grigsby said. “Hurricane Bill is being pushed [away] because of this lower-pressure system. If we continue in this type of pattern, that will keep other storms out.” Bill was expected to continue to move within the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida and come close to making landfall in Nova Scotia late Sunday or early this morning, said National Weather Service Meteorologist Tim Destri. Bill is forecast to make landfall as a Category 1 or a weak Category 2 hurricane. Other than Bill, Grigsby said nothing “well organized” is currently developing in the Gulf. While the cold front is not forecast to bring lower temperatures — with temperatures in the 90s expected to continue through the week — it is not an abnormal occurrence for mid-August, WEATHER, see page 40 MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 THE DAILY REVEILLE EVENTS Sesquicentennial plans continue planned to be scalable based on sponsors and University supportthe University’s changing ﬁnan- ers who may be interested in underwriting events. cial situation. Other big sesquicentennial “Each event will be determined based on the budget and projects, like LSU Serves the World, a Web site what is reasonBy Ryan Buxton dedicated to serable within cerStaff Writer vice in the Unitain parameters versity commuPlans for celebrating the and constraints,” nity, as well as a University’s sesquicentennial, or Jabour said. documentary ﬁlm Wilson said 150th anniversary, are continuing and book on the at full speed as the celebration one such project University’s past nears — despite a shake-up at that may change is 150 years, are the core of the Sesquicentennial LSU Day, a festicoming along on val-like event tenCommittee. Rusty Jabour schedule, Wilson Committee co-chair Chuck tatively scheduled former Committee co-chair said. Wilson said progress for the 2010 for April 2010 The commitfestivities will be unaffected by meant to showthe departure of Rusty Jabour, case every part of the Univer- tee is also planning a sesquicenformer co-chair of the commit- sity to the community. Planning tennial presence in all University tee, from the University. Jabour regarding LSU Day has slowed, events in 2010. “We want to ‘sesquicentenparted ways with the University Wilson said, because of budget in late July when his position, uncertainties. He said the size of nialize’ the events that we have vice chancellor of University re- the festival can be adjusted based historically had in the past, like lations, was eliminated as part of on what money is available, but the Chancellor’s Day parade, LSU Salutes ongoing budand Fall Fest,” get cuts. Wilson said. Wilson Wilson praised the TIMELINE: said as the anwork Jabour • Early 2010 - “History of LSU Documentary” Documentary to be niversary gets had done. produced with LPB (Louisiana Public Broadcasting) on the Univer- closer, the “ R u s t y ’s sity’s last 150 years. committee is leadership and engage- • January 2010 - Launch of LSU Serves The World, a Web site dedi- expanding and cated to service around the globe by members of the LSU commu- has already ment have renity. grown to more ally given the sesquicenten- • February 2010 - Academic convocation called “LSU’s Impact on than 100 memthe World.” bers. nial planning “ C o m a great start,” • April 24, 2010 - LSU Day, a festival showcasing all aspects of the University to the community. munication Wilson said. is important, “My being co- • April 30, 2010 - The University’s ofﬁcial birthday. so as people chair was more • Fall 2010 - Publication of “Treasures of LSU,” a coffee table book. show interest, of an honorary we bring them designation. into the comRusty and his staff really took the leadership the ﬁrst step is identifying those mittee,” Wilson said. Jabour echoed the attitude of role. He gave us a great founda- funds. “We are discussing fund- involving as many people as postion and brought plans to fruiing opportunities,” Wilson said. sible. tion.” “We always had an open inJabour said he does not ex- “The chancellor has called off pect the committee to falter with- furloughs for the time being be- vitation for every aspect of camout him. He said the vision for cause we have more money than pus to be involved,” Jabour said. the sesquicentennial is complete, we thought. The question is, do “There’s something for everyand now the goal is realizing that we have the money to bankroll one.” vision within budget constraints LSU Day?” Contact Ryan Buxton at Jabour said discussions have — an objective bigger than any [email protected] single member of the committee. been ongoing with potential “These plans and designs are not based on any one person but on LSU and its anniversary,” Jabour said. Wilson said he expects Chancellor Michael Martin to appoint a new co-chair to work alongside him. Because the sesquicentennial will be such a large University event, Wilson said the committee needs “several arms of the University” to work together and communicate. Jabour’s job duties were assumed by Herb Vincent, senior associate athletic director, upon the elimination of the vice chancellor of University relations position. But Vincent said he will not be ﬁlling the vacant co-chair position on the Sesquicentennial Committee, despite his close involvement with the project. Jabour will no longer be involved with planning sesquicentennial events but said he understands how plans may slightly change based on the University’s budget, especially after being affected by budget cuts himself. But Jabour said events were always Events can change to fit budget restraints ‘‘ ‘These plans ... are not based on any one person, but on LSU and its anniversary.’ PAGE 11 monday, august 24, 2009 TRANSPORTATION ‘Sharrows’ create awareness for cyclists, motorists Paintings remind travelers of rights By Kristen M’lissa Rowlett Contributing Writer Baton Rouge cyclists are receiving more attention as residents notice new bike paintings on the streets around the University. “Share the road arrows” — or “sharrows” — were painted on roads such as Highland and Burbank and throughout Baton Rouge as part of East Baton Rouge Parish Mayor-President Kip Holden’s Healthy City Initiative. Sharrows are stenciled symbols placed on the road to indicate proper positioning for cyclists and to remind motorists and cyclists of travelers’ rights. Sharrows are located on bicycle-friendly paths with minimal traffic, low speed limits and narrow roads. Tiger Cycling Foundation board member Darron Leach created the proposal to implement the 3-Feet Law with the sharrows, which went into effect Aug. 15. The 3-Feet Law states when- BENJAMIN OLIVER HICKS / The Daily Reveille A cyclist rides down Highland Road on Sunday morning. Drivers are reminded to share the road with cyclist by the newly painted bicycle signs on Highland Road. ever motorists overtake a cyclist, the motorist is required to give at least 3 feet clearance or wait to pass. This law helps protect cyclists from accidents caused by “buzzing,” or when motorist drive too close to cyclists, Leach said. Motorists who don’t abide by the 3-Feet Law can receive a $250 fine if caught, Leach said. Sharrows also serve as an awareness campaign for cyclists to abide by traffic laws, he said. Painting sharrows on the road is costing the city around $900,000, said Baton Rouge Urban Transportation Coordinator Melissa Guilbeau. Many people have a skewed perception of bicycles as a vehicle for transportation, said Mark Martin, University associate librarian and chairman of Baton Rouge Advocates for Safe Streets. When it comes to bike awareness, Baton Rouge is “woefully behind,” Martin said. Leach said many cycling accidents happen when cyclists don’t abide by proper traffic laws. “Cyclists have to realize that with the rights comes responsibility,” he said. Leach said many cyclists are unaware of the city ordinance against riding on sidewalks. As a vehicle, bicycles are only allowed to ride on roads or designated bike paths, he said. But cyclists on the road create tension for motorists, Leach said. “We get complaints that cyclists take over the road; you can’t get around them ... it causes traffic congestion,” Leach said. “A lot of people complain that cyclists are on the road, not realizing that [cyclists] have the right to be there.” When cyclists disobey the law, motorist get mad, and passing transportation laws becomes more difficult, he said. Moshe Cohen, mathematics graduate student, hopes the sharrows will encourage more students to bike to campus and create a safer environment for transportation. “If we can help make the road safer for bikes, then we can make the sidewalks safer for pedestrians,” he said. To create awareness for sharrows, Holden is producing a 30second ad spot for local TV stations, Cohen said. “Really the biggest educational tool is to get bicyclists riding on the road correctly, and drivers can understand how to interact with them,” Cohen said. The University is also attempting to create safer streets with Easy Streets II, which is considering creating bike lanes, shutting down streets and making one-way streets where necessary, said Gary Graham, Parking, Traffic and Transportation director. “We will work with the city, [and] if we can’t create dedicated bike lanes, we will do sharrows,” he said. Contact Kristen M’lissa Rowlett at [email protected] LEGISLATURE Louisiana moderates buck party lines on health care Future elections shape reform decision By Nate Monroe Contributing Writer There’s no need to go to a circus to see a tight-rope balancing act — look no further than Louisiana’s moderate politicians walking the line on health care. Dogged by political pressures and future elections, Louisiana’s two lone Democrats in Congress are vying for middle ground in the national debate over health care reform. Rep. Charlie Melancon, D-Napoleonville, and Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., both known for breaking party lines in the past, are aligning against the Democrats’ current health care reform proposals in Congress, preferring instead to tread a politically safer middle ground. Melancon, who is mulling a run for the 2010 Senate race against Sen. David Vitter, R-La., already voted against a Democratic-authored health care bill in the House, objecting to the bill over concern that a governmentsponsored public option might harm the private sector and a fear the bill would result in taxpayerfunded abortions. “I am concerned that the public option, as designed, would unfairly undercut anything the private sector could offer,” Melancon said after voting against the bill in the Energy and Commerce Committee. “As someone who is personally prolife and represents a deeply prolife constituency, I am also concerned that this bill does not do enough to ensure taxpayer dollars do not fund abortion.” Melancon’s objections to the bill are some of the same concerns floated by Republicans in Congress — a testament to the strength of Louisiana’s largely conservative voting public. “[Melancon] isn’t even in a safe Democratic district,” said Bob Mann, mass communication professor and former communications director for Gov. Kathleen Blanco. That reality shapes Melancon’s voting record as a conservative Democrat and will influence how he runs — if he chooses to do so — against Vitter in 2010, Mann said. “He knows Vitter is going to run against Barack Obama,” Mann said. In a state that voted heavily against the Democratic ticket in 2008, Melancon will need to ensure Republicans won’t be able to convincingly align him with Obama, a line of attack the Louisiana Republican Party has already begun to implement. “Melancon is no blue dog — he’s Obama’s lap dog, and he’s too liberal for Louisiana,” reads a news release on the Louisiana Republican Party’s Web site. Landrieu isn’t up for re-election for five years, but her public statements and actions also indicate skepticism of the Democrats’ reform proposals, especially a public option. “I know there are some people really pushing this public option, but I think it really undermines the essence of our efforts to create a real market-based private sector model but with strong, I guess, safeguards for consumers,” she told The Huffington Post. Instead of signing on to the Democrats’ Senate bill, Landrieu is a co-sponsor of the WydenBennett Act, a bipartisan health care reform bill. While immediate political pressure isn’t as intense for Landrieu as it is for Melancon, Mann said her reluctance to sign on DEBATE, see page 38 monday, august 24, 2009 PAGE 13 WORLD Pakistani Taliban to help fight in Afghanistan Obama considered ‘No. 1 enemy’ By The Associated Press MAKEEN, Pakistan (AP) — Pakistani Taliban fighters are committed to helping the fight in Afghanistan and consider Barack Obama their “No. 1 enemy,” a top commander said amid uncertainty Sunday about whether a new leader has been appointed to head the movement. Waliur Rehman made the remarks in an interview with the Associated Press at a time of intense speculation over the next leader of the al-Qaida-allied group. A CIA missile strike on Aug. 5 is believed to have killed former chief Baitullah Meshsud. Rehman, a cousin of Baitullah, is seen as a strong candidate for the post. Speaking Saturday — before aides to another Taliban commander said a second contender, Hakimullah Meshud, had been appointed the next chief — Rehman said Baitullah had given him full control over the network and that a new leader “would be chosen within five days.” He did not refer to the claim that Hakimullah had become the leader — an omission that will add to doubts about whether that appointment had been agreed by all the top Taliban members. It will also likely be taken as a further sign the movement and its up to 25,000 fighters remain split over the succession. Rehman met the AP in a forest near Makeen village in the heart of the semiautonomous lands close to the Afghan border where al-Qaida and the Taliban hold sway. Looking healthy and dressed in clean, ironed clothes, he was accompanied by five armed guards. American officials are watching closely to see who succeeds Baitullah, in particular whether the new leader will direct more fighters across the border where U.S. and NATO forces are facing soaring attacks by insurgents. Baitullah was believed to have mainly concentrated on attacking Pakistani targets. “We are with Afghan Taliban. We will keep on helping them until America and its allies are expelled,” he said, adding this did not mean an end to attacks in Pakistan. “American President Obama and his allies are our enemy No. 1,” he said. “We will sacrifices our bodies, hearts and money to fight them.” Like most other members of the Taliban network, he insisted Baitullah was alive but sick, hence the need for a new chief. U.S. and Pakistani officials are almost certain he is dead, especially since the Taliban have provided no proof he is alive. Two close aides to another commander, Maulvi Faqir Mohammad, told The Associated Press on Saturday a 42-member Taliban council, or shura, had appointed Hakimullah their new leader in an unanimous decision on Friday. “Now all these talks of differences should end,” said one of the aides, Bakht Zada. “There have not been any differences ever.” Mohammed Amir Rana, an expert on Pakistani militant groups, said he believed the Taliban had not agreed on a replacement. The Associated Press Pakistani Taliban commander Waliur Rehman, center, seen from rear, talks to reporters on Saturday in Makeen situated in the Pakistani Tribal region along Afghanistans border. “Maulvi Faqir Mohammad is trying to manipulate the race by announcing to the press that Hakimullah is the head,” he said. “Until now there is no consensus,” he said, adding that supporters of Waliur Rehman, did not accept him. Interior Minister Rehman Malik said the government had received intelligence reports about Hakimullah’s appointment “as the chief terrorist” but there was no official confirmation. The Dawn newspaper quoted one unidentified intelligence officer as saying the announcement “was a ruse” as part of the ongoing power struggle. Earlier this month, Malik had claimed Rehman and Hakimullah had been killed in a shootout between rival factions over who should take over the Taliban and its arms and cash. “There was no truth in those claims of mine or his death,” Rehman said. “It is futile propaganda by enemies.” Since Aug. 5, Pakistani officials have been eager to portray TALIBAN, see page 38 PAGE 14 monday, august 24, 2009 WORLD No U.S. puppet, recent Karzai decisions anger U.S. By The Associated Press KABUL (AP) — Don’t call President Hamid Karzai a U.S. puppet. Far from it. In recent months, the Afghan leader once adored in Washington has angered his U.S. backers with a string of decisions, from pardoning drug dealers to cozying up to warlords — straining relations at a time when the U.S. wants to accelerate its role in the Afghan war. If Karzai is re-elected, the U.S. is going to have to find ways to deal with an Afghan leader who clearly has his own agenda — and both may be forced to sacrifice to see the alliance work. Ahead of last Thursday’s election, Karzai had good reason to distance himself from the United States — to assert independence and attract voters who have grown weary of the almost eight-year U.S. presence in Afghanistan. Though Karzai was practically ushered in to his first term by the Bush administration, U.S.Afghan relations cooled significantly when President Barack Obama came to office in January. Seven months later, relations between Karzai and the Americans are strained. A government order prohibited journalists from reporting on violence during voting hours on Thursday. Days before that, Karzai allowed an Uzbek warlord allegedly linked to the mass killing of Taliban prisoners in 2001 to return from exile in Turkey. Both moves prompted critical statements from U.S. officials. And Karzai last month quietly signed off on a controversial law allowing Shiite Muslim husbands to refuse food and money to wives who deny them sex. “U.S. government disappointment with President Karzai is well known,” said Ronald Neumann, the U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan from 2005 to 2007 who now serves as the president of the American Academy of Diplomacy. Neumann said the challenge for Washington is to find ways to influence Karzai without driving him into alliances with unsavory politicians who could stand in the way of urgently needed reforms. “If Karzai wins, we need to work out a reasonable number of things that we really care about and try to get agreement on those while allowing him some space, if we don’t want him to govern as ‘an American puppet,’” Neumann said. After Karzai’s government banned media coverage of violence during the presidential election last Thursday — for fear such reports would suppress voter turnout — White House spokesman Robert Gibbs said the U.S. had “expressed our concern and displeasure about this policy.” That followed an embassy statement saying the U.S. had made clear its “strong concerns” about a future rule in the Afghan government for Uzbek warlord Gen. Abdul Rashid Dostum, whose return was widely seen as a bid for votes for Karzai among the general’s Uzbek followers. Dostum is alleged to have been responsible for the deaths of up to 2,000 Taliban prisoners early in the Afghan war. Obama has ordered his national security team to investigate allegations in the New York Times that the Bush administration failed to investigate the reported deaths. James Dobbins, who served as President George W. Bush’s first envoy to Afghanistan, said the U.S. government cooperated quite closely with Dostum in 2001 and that he was “quite instrumental” in the success of America’s post Sept. 11 military campaign in Afghanistan, including the fall of Kabul. The U.S. assigned CIA and Special Operations Forces liaison teams and provided him with funding, Dobbins said. “Dostum was controversial then, but also importantly helpful,” Dobbins said. “He is contro- versial today, and less importantly helpful from a U.S. standpoint. But for Karzai he still brings important support from the large Uzbek minority.” Dostum’s return was expected to net Karzai tens of thousands of Uzbek votes he might not have gotten otherwise. But bringing back Dostum has made U.S.-Afghan relations “scratchier,” Dobbins said because the Obama administration is investigating the Taliban deaths. “Karzai has sought to establish his distance from Washington, even as the Obama administration has sought to establish a less close identification with him,” Dobbins said. “Whoever wins, however, will need to cooperate closely with the U.S., just at the Obama administration will have to cooperate closely with winner,” Dobbins said. Karzai has long called the United States an important and valued ally, and he supported Obama’s decision to send an additional 21,000 U.S. troops to the country this year to help combat the rising Taliban insurgency. A Karzai spokesman did not respond to a request for comment. A former Afghan interior minister, Taj Mohammad Wardak, a member of the Kabul provincial council, said he thought it was surprising that Karzai brought back Dostum, given the allegations of war crimes and how it had angered the U.S. “America is very important for this country. Justice and rule of law is important. Karzai should pay attention to that. America is a supporter of democracy and stability for this country,” Wardak said. Karzai’s decision last April to pardon five convicted members of an Afghan drug syndicate, including the nephew of a close political ally, enraged Western officials working to combat drug trafficking and was seen as a bid to draw votes. Neumann holds out hope that if Karzai wins a second five-year term, he may be able to break away from some of the Afghan strongmen he courted in the past, since he would have less need for their support. He also added that Karzai is not always wrong about who he needs to work with and forces he needs to placate. “In the end, he needs us and we need him, so we should focus on what is most essential to each and try to move forward together,” Neumann said. Contact The Daily Reveille’s news staff at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 Sports PAGE 15 Movin’ On Up Jefferson to use last season’s 8-5 record as building block for ’09 season By Andy Schwehm • Sports Writer The old adage of the football fan says the backup quarterback in a down season is often the best player on the team. That saying may be why sophomore quarterback Jordan Jefferson was lauded by fans last season as a true freshman before he even got his ﬁrst start in the purple and gold. When that ﬁrst start came, he left fans with something to be desired, as the Tigers lost to Arkansas, 31-30. Jefferson completed 9-of-21 passes in the game for 143 yards and two touchdowns while rushing for 50 yards but could not put together a gamewinning drive with the clock winding down. “I took it hard. I’m not used to losing, and I really wanted to win that game,” Jefferson said. “But I learned a lot from that game. At the end of the game, there were a few things that I missed and I could have prevented, but I learned from the situation.” Jefferson made amends for his ﬁrst start and left the Tiger faithful thirsting for more with a 38-3 upset victory against then-No. 14 Georgia Tech in the Chick-ﬁl-A Bowl, a game in which he was named the Offensive Most Valuable JEFFERSON, see page 39 “I’m ready to go out there and read defenses and win some games.” Jordan Jefferson, sophomore quarterback photos by MAGGIE BOWLES and GRANT v / The Daily Reveille LSU sophomore quarterback Jordan Jefferson avoids a defender during the Tigers’ spring game April 17. Jefferson is expected to start the 2009 season under center. FOOTBALL Tigers add depth to QB position By Amos Morale Sports Contributor Most of the questions for players and coaches at the LSU football team’s 2008 media day were again about the quarterback position. After expected starter Ryan Perrilloux was dis‘We are missed from the last sumreally trying team mer, the starting to do as quarterback job to be much as we seemed between thencan to get sophomore Anprepared drew Hatch and hen-redshirt for the tfreshman Jarrett season.’ Lee. Neither had Jordan Jefferson much game experience. sophomore Much of the quarterback attention at media day this year was again on the quarterback position, but for a different reason — the arrival of highly touted freshman quarterback Russell Shepard. Shepard entertained a seemingly endless amount of questions from members of the various media outlets in attendance. But that seemed to be a positive sign for the Tigers, who didn’t face the same questions at quarterback as they did last season. The Tigers know who will most likely take the season’s ﬁrst snap, and whoever that is this season will have something neither of the quarterbacks had at the start of last season — experience. “Learning from what happened last year, we are just trying to make sure it doesn’t happen again,” said sophomore quarterback Jordan Jefferson, who will likely start the seaQUARTERBACKS, see page 36 FOOTBALL Lee matures after rocky first season Sophomore threw more picks than TDs in ’08 By Rachel Whittaker Chief Sports Writer Jarrett Lee had not played a snap in college football this time last season. Now the sophomore has been through the peaks and valleys of the LSU starting quarterback job, and Lee enters 2009 as the No. 2 quarterback behind sophomore Jordan Jefferson. Lee compiled a 4-4 record in eight starts during his redshirt freshman season after then-sophomore Andrew Hatch suffered a concussion against Auburn, when Lee led LSU to a 26-21 comeback victory and its ﬁrst win at Auburn in a decade. Although Lee completed 53 percent of his passes and threw for 1,873 yards and 14 touchdowns — all numbers that rank second in the history of LSU freshman quarterbacks — a statistic that grimly follows him into this season is his 16 interceptions, seven of which were returned for touchdowns. LSU fans hailed Lee a hero for bringing LSU back from a 14-3 halftime deﬁcit to defeat Auburn, but blowout losses against Southeastern Conference foes Florida and Georgia brought him back to earth, and many fans lost faith in him. He was booed at multiple home games, and some fans even cheered when he was injured in a 31-13 loss to Ole Miss. Lee said he keeps the trials and tribulations of 2008 in his mind as a new season draws near, but he said those moments were part of the growing process for him. “Getting thrown in there really helped me to become a mature player for this fall,” Lee said. “I look at it in a positive way in that it helped me build as a LEE, see page 39 MAGGIE BOWLES / The Daily Reveille LSU sophomore quarterback Jarrett Lee runs from defenders Aug. 30, 2008, during the Tigers’ win against Appalachian State. PAGE 16 monday, august 24, 2009 FOOTBALL Freshman QB comfortable with any position he plays Shepard’s No. 10 HS jersey retired By Michael Lambert Sports Contributor The numbers one and zero will never again be combined on a Cypress Ridge High School football jersey. The final time the No. 10 jersey was donned by a Cypress Ridge player, LSU freshman quarterback Russell Shepard was carving up the Copperas Cove High School defense for 538 yards and six touchdowns. The jersey lives in the Rams’ football immortality after being retired less than a month after his final game. Collecting more than 8,000 yards of total offense and 98 total touchdowns in three seasons as a starter was enough to keep the number from being worn by future generations. The consensus fivestar prospect was the 2008 Texas Class 5A Offensive Player of the Year, the Touchdown Club of Houston’s Offensive Player of the Year and a starter in the Under Armour High School All-American Game. But now, Shepard will have to forge a new legacy at a new school, trading in his navy blue and forest green jersey for a purple and gold No. 10. Just how he will contribute behind sophomore quarterbacks Jordan Jefferson and Jarrett Lee is the biggest question surrounding Shepard. The 6-foot-1-inch, 179pound athlete knows he wants to make an impact any way he can. “I will play wherever I am needed,” Shepard said. “Coach [Les] Miles and the rest of the coaching staff have seen what I can do with the ball in my hands. So regardless of the position I play, it is going to be fun to make plays.” During spring practices, Shepard solely worked out with the quarterbacks, but he has begun to see time at other positions. His main focus is learning how to play behind center at the college level. The rest, he said, will fall into place. “I’d rather go 90 percent, 95 percent quarterback and five percent at the other positions,” Shepard said. “Things like receiver or running back come natural. There are things I have to learn, of course, because I’ve never played the position, but it’s something I can pick up along the way.” Shepard was primarily a dualthreat quarterback in high school. Even though he slung for 1,843 yards and 20 touchdowns while scampering for 1,946 and 28 touchdowns during his senior season, he only caught one ball — an 80-yard screen pass. “If I’m going to play quarterback here, I want to become the traditional drop back quarterback and have the ability to make plays if the pocket breaks down,” ADAM VACCARELLA / The Daily Reveille LSU freshman quarterback Russell Shepard runs passing drills Aug. 17 during Shepard said. With spread offenses and “wildcat” formations all the rage in today’s college football world, LSU may create a “wild tiger” formation of their own. The coaching staff has been careful not to give away any tricks they may have up their sleeves. “Russell Shepard is a tremendous athlete and a guy who can certainly play quarterback but will play and may get plays at other spots,” Miles said. “We’re still kind of getting a handle on exactly what we want to do with him.” The task of drawing up plays for Shepard belongs to offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach Gary Crowton, who has been pleased with Shepard’s progress this summer. “He could play a lot of positions and be extremely good at those positions,” Crowton said. “We’re going to let him continue FOOTBALL Garrett rounds out quarterback corps Redshirt could be in freshman’s future By Chris Branch Sports Contributor A football team can never have too many quarterbacks — quality quarterbacks, for that matter. Ask the 2008 LSU squad. After incoming starter Ryan Perrilloux was dismissed from the team in May 2008, LSU was left with three quarterbacks, none of which had any significant experience. Next in line was Andrew Hatch. The current Harvard student fell to the injury plague in the Auburn game after suffering a concussion, giving way to two freshmen to finish out the season. Although Hatch did return, he made no significant impact. LSU has the same situation this season in terms of quantity. Jordan Jefferson is the apparent starter, while hot recruit Russell Shepard and sophomore Jarrett Lee are vying for the backup job. But another talented offensive orchestrator is waiting in the wings. At 6-foot-4, 235 pounds, freshman Chris Garrett is imposing. He has the physique of a Peyton Manning, Tom Brady, Joe Flacco or even former Tiger Matt Flynn, who stood 6-foot-2 inches and weighed 224 pounds. Offensive coordinator Gary Crowton was quick to note the progress Garrett has made since enrolling at LSU in January 2009. “Chris Garrett has done very well,” Crowton said. “He throws the ball well. He’s a young guy, big and strong at 6-foot-4, 230 pounds. We’re very pleased with how he’s doing. He’s got a chance to really develop.” Crowton couldn’t resist mentioning Shepard in the same breath, a statement that lends to the Russell/Flynn comparisons. “He’s competing along with Russell Shepard,” Crowton said. “They’re young players trying to learn. I think they’re competing well. The future is bright for both of those young men.” Garrett might have a Flynnesque career as well. Standing in front of Garrett are the three aforementioned quarterbacks. Jefferson flashed some jaw dropping upside in his only two starts, a loss to Arkansas and a thrashing of Georgia Tech in the ALEX BOND / The Daily Reveille LSU freshman quarterback Chris Garrett (right) pitches the ball Aug. 12 to freshman running back Drayton Calhoun during practice at the Indoor Practice Facility. Chick-fil-A Bowl. He figures to be the starter, with Lee and Shepard a toss up for the backup spot. Lee has all the physical tools GARRETT, see page 37 to develop and compete, and as we get into game week, we will make decisions on how and when we will use him.” Shepard has been an ambassador off the field for the Tigers’ football program. After committing to LSU a year before National Signing Day, the high school senior became a recruiting guru, talking to recruits across the nation. Shepard still plans to continue using his warm personality to drag prospects to Baton Rouge. “Any time recruits come up here and they want to know about the program, I’ll be happy to talk to them,” Shepard said. “I love meeting new people, especially athletes like myself that can play football. Getting to talk to people like [freshman wide receiver] Rueben Randle or somebody like [Scout.com five-star running back recruit] Lache Seastrunk from the 2010 class is an amazing feeling.” Being the top recruit of a premier college football program comes with a whirlwind of attention, but veteran players are making sure he is taking it in stride. “People like [senior left tackle] Ciron Black, [senior wide receiver] Brandon LaFell, even [junior defensive back] Kelvin Sheppard — they’ve helped me out tremendously,” Shepard said. “They make sure my head doesn’t get too big.” Contact Michael Lambert at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 monday, august 24, 2009 FOOTBALL Miles, assistants record sparkling summer for recruiting Class of 2010 up to 22 commitments By Chris Branch Sports Contributor As summer winds down, the LSU coaching staff is doing what it does best. Recruit. Hard. The Tiger football coaches have been busy during the summer. The 13 commitments coach Les Miles has lassoed balloons the 2010 total to 22. Scout.com considers seven of those 13 four-star recruits. And the recruiting hasn’t been limited to Louisiana, either. LSU’s reach has stretched as far as Cincinnati to snare four-star running back Spencer Ware and to Virginia Beach, Va., to nab fellow four-star wide receiver Justin Hunter. With only six scholarships available, those additions leave LSU with few holes to fill before next February. TRAVIS DICKSON Travis Dickson is the most recent signee of the impressive class. The 6-foot-3 inch, 228-pound prospect can play multiple positions — tight end, defensive end and fullback. Football — Southeastern Conference football, for that matter — seems to be ingrained in Dickson’s genes. Dickson’s brother, Richard, is a senior and current starting tight end at LSU. His father, Dick, played at Mississippi State in the 1970s. Scout.com recruiting analyst Sonny Shipp said Dickson will follow in his brother’s footsteps and stay at tight end. “He’s a guy that can come in and stretch the field, maybe not quite as well as Richard,” Shipp said. “But I think he’s a little further along physically at this stage of the game compared to where his brother was.” SPENCER WARE Ware’s commitment may have come as a pleasant surprise to many Tiger fans. Ware plays quarterback for Princeton High School in Cincinnati, a mere 95 miles from the confines of Ohio photo courtesy of The Sun Herald Ocean Springs, Miss., fullback Travis Dickson is tripped by defensive backs during a 2007 5A state playoff game. His brother, Richard, is a starting tight end for the Tigers. State University in Columbus. Ware, projected to be a running back in college, has been regarded by many as a high-profile playmaker on the offensive side of the ball. Standing at 5-foot-11 inches and 215 pounds, most recruiting analysts list size as Ware’s only weakness. “When he tucks the ball under and runs, he’s a lot more nimble than you would think for a guy with his size,” Shipp said. “He’s able to make a lot of cuts, he can RECRUITS, see page 35 THE DAILY REVEILLE PAGE 19 SUMMER UPDATES Baseball takes home sixth national championship Former track stars compete in Worlds By Andy Schwehm Sports Writer While the spring semester was ending and campus began to quiet as students headed home, LSU’s baseball team was beginning to make noise and send other teams packing en route to winning a sixth national championship. The national title was the ﬁrst for LSU’s squad since 2000 and the ﬁrst for LSU coach Paul Mainieri, which ties him for the most in the Mainieri family with his father, Demie Mainieri, a legendary junior college coach who won a national championship in 1964. “I told my dad that all I was thinking about during that ninth inning was him and my mom,” Mainieri said after the championship victory. “The Mainieri family has been without a national championship for 45 years, and it was about time to win one.” The Tigers compiled a 41-15 record in the regular season and entered the Southeastern Conference tournament as the regular season co-champions with Ole Miss and the winners of 13 of their ﬁnal 16 regular season games. In the super regional, LSU defeated national powerhouse Rice, 12-9 and 5-3, backed by the outstanding pitching performances by LSU sophomore Anthony Ranaudo and senior Louis Coleman. The onetwo punch for LSU provided 15 2/3 innings pitched while giving up eight runs (four earned) on 14 hits and striking out 14. Neither starter gave up a walk. “It always begins with your pitching and defense,” Mainieri said after the game. “I know Skip Bertman won championships here with gorilla ball, but if you go back and look at his teams, I guarantee you he had great pitchers. You can’t win in this sport without pitching.” Unlike the 2008 team, the Tigers were determined to do more than just get to Rosenblatt Stadium. They did just that, winning ﬁve of six in Omaha — including taking two of three from No. 1 national seed Texas in the championship series — to win the national crown. “We’ve been so consistent all year,” said LSU junior catcher Micah Gibbs shortly after the victory. “We knew that we would be able to come back [from the loss], and that’s exactly what we did today.” It was the second time LSU won the Southeastern Conference regular season title, the SEC Tournament title and the national title in the same year. The only other LSU team to do so was the 1993 squad. The Tigers also became 6-0 in winner-take-all National Championship games. SUMMER BALL After the national championship run, 15 Tigers were dispersed across the country from Alaska to Massachusetts for summer ball. It was a widely successful summer for those Tigers. ‘‘ ‘We knew that we would be able to come back, and that’s what we did.’ Micah Gibbs junior catcher Five Tigers played in the Cape Cod League, the most prominent of the summer leagues: Gibbs, sophomore pitcher Austin Ross and freshman inﬁelder Tyler Hanover were on the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox, while sophomore pitcher Daniel Bradshaw and sophomore outﬁelder Leon Landry were on the Harwich Mariners. Numerous other Tigers made all-star teams in their respective leagues. Freshman shortstop Austin Nola, who played for the Dansville Dans, hit for his ﬁrst career cycle on Aug. 5 in an 11-6 victory. “I’ve never hit one before,” Nola said in a news release. “I was just expecting to come to the game to play ball, have a few good at bats and hit the ball hard. The hits fell today.” INCOMING TIGERS It wasn’t quite as successful CHAMPIONSHIP, see page 36 TED KIRK / The Associated Press Former LSU right ﬁelder Jared Mitchell misses the ball June 23 during game two of the Tigers’ matchup against Texas. LSU won the series 2-1, claiming the national title. THE DAILY REVEILLE PAGE 20 SOCCER Tigers stumble to open season Veteran team seeks first ever SEC title By David Helman Sports Writer The most anticipated season in LSU soccer history wasn’t supposed to start with a loss. The No. 25 Tigers (0-1) return eight seniors from an NCAA tournament team and defeated No. 16 Texas for the first time ever in a preseason exhibition. The Tigers also earned their first-ever preseason ranking last week. But the Tigers’ accolades and aim to win the Southeastern Conference didn’t faze Memphis (1-0) on Friday night, as the two-time defending Conference USA champions ran away with an early lead to upset LSU, 2-0. “Memphis exposed some of the things we need to get better at — to start with physical effort,” said LSU coach Brian Lee. “They weren’t being dirty, they were just playing really tough and aggressive.” LSU was frustrated from the first whistle, allowing goals in the 17th and 24th minutes and being held without a single shot on goal. “I thought they played with midseason or postseason effort, and we played with preseason effort,” Lee said. The loss was the Tigers’ first in a home opener since 1997 and is a setback to what is widely considered to be the best team of Lee’s five-year tenure. “We don’t lose many home games ... and certainly we were fearful of the kids overlooking Memphis,” Lee said. “But certainly Memphis isn’t a team — if we did — that you should be taking lightly.” It’s not the perfect start for Lee’s first graduating recruiting class. LSU’s eight seniors have improved from eighth in the SEC to fourth to second over the last three years. The Tigers have captured three-straight SEC West crowns but have fallen just short of attaining more — a fact they didn’t shy away from in preseason. “Winning the SEC is always the goal because we’ve never done it before,” said senior midfielder Melissa Clarke. “We definitely have the biggest opportunity to do so with so many seniors getting ready to graduate.” Lee said the seniors’ hopes for a successful season began as “just a dream” when they agreed to come to LSU. “When we got here the team was coming off back-to-back 12th place finishes in the SEC. So the kids had to buy in,” he said. “This fall we’re going to see, can we take that next step? Can we catch Florida?” Memphis is just the first in a series of non-conference matchups scheduled to help prepare LSU for the SEC slate. The Tigers face Oklahoma on Sept. 11 before traveling to face No. 1 North Carolina SOCCER, see page 35 MEGAN J. WILLIAMS / The Daily Reveille LSU midfielder Melissa Clarke (8) guards Vendula Strnadova (5) on Friday. The No. 25 Tigers return eight seniors and seek the first SEC crown in club history. monday, august 24, 2009 monday, august 24, 2009 BABBLING BROOKS This season will prove to be pivotal for coach Miles When LSU football coach Les Miles addressed the media at his annual media day event in early August, he made a joke. He said he held the team’s 2008 event on a Friday and entered through a door at stage left. This year’s event was held on a Sunday, and he entered through the door on the right, because this year he’s “trying anything different.” The reference was to LSU’s dismal 8-5 record in 2008 which saw the Tigers compile a losing record in conference play for the first time since 1999. “Eight victories and a bowl championship is not enough,” Miles said as part of his opening address. The fifth-year LSU coach has the right idea to try to change things up this season. Eight victories — especially for a team fresh off a national championship — were certainly not enough. This is the make-or-break season for Miles for much of the Tiger Nation because really, no one wants to be associated with losing. If the Tigers fail to live up to expectations like they did last season, Miles’ now relatively cool seat could MAGGIE BOWLES / The Daily Reveille LSU football coach Les Miles supervises practice August 13. He said he will do anything differently to keep the Tigers from repeating their dismal 2008 record. become quite toasty by season’s end. Despite him being a head coach for nearly a decade, it can be said Johanathan Brooks that it’s still Sports Columnist pretty hard to say exactly how good of a coach Miles is. In his four seasons before taking the job at LSU, he went 28-21 at Oklahoma State and led the Cowboys to three straight bowl appearances for the first time since the mid1980s. But nothing can be conclusively deduced about Miles’ coaching acumen from that period since Oklahoma State is a middle-of-the-road program in the Big 12 that competes with powers like Oklahoma and Texas for the top recruits in the region. To make a comparison of Miles straight-up against other coaches at that point in his career would be pointless and unfair. At Oklahoma State, he showed enough to the powers that be at LSU to be offered a contract following the departure of Nick Saban. His hiring was seen with skepticism at the time, but Miles quickly garnered favor from the Tiger faithful by leading his team to the Southeastern Conference Championship Game in his first season and winning 11 games — helping to heal the wounds created by Hurricane Katrina. LSU saw good times aplenty for LSU in the first three seasons of the Miles era. The Tigers were only defeated six times in that span and won an SEC title and a national championship. But it could be said that he ben- efitted from his predecessor’s recruiting classes during those seasons. A statement like that would be mostly wrong, but how difficult is it for the average college football coach to be at least moderately successful — which Miles was — when MILES, see page 34 monday, august 24, 2009 FOOTBALL FOOTBALL LaFell to lead Tigers another year Tiger Band cuts back for Seattle trip Senior WR opts out of NFL draft Pep bands to travel for road schedule By Amos Morale Sports Contributor Brandon LaFell could be on an NFL roster right now. The senior wide receiver entered the 2009 NFL Draft but withdrew his name because, as he said, he had unfinished business at LSU. “I was going to graduate in December and get my diploma,” LaFell said. “I’d also have the chance to end off on the right foot.” LaFell said he didn’t like the idea of ending his college career with an 8-5 season after helping the Tigers to 12-2 and 11-2 records in his previous campaigns. “I felt like there’s no better way than to come back and lead our team to a big bowl game, maybe even a national championship — if we come together and play right and then get my diploma,” LaFell said. “Ain’t no better way to end my college career.” LaFell said he is back to return the Tigers to dominance and is doing what he can to make his team better. “I hate losing,” LaFell said. “Losing those games at home — that hurt. I just want to go out there, help my team and get this program back to where it used to be.” The Houston native led the Tigers with 63 receptions for 929 yards and eight touchdowns last season, and he will likely bolster the Tigers’ talented, but inexperienced, receiving corps. The Tigers are without wide receiver Demetrius Byrd, who departed for the NFL, and turn to junior Terrance Toliver and a group of other young receivers, including freshmen Rueben Randle and Jhyryn Taylor to fill his void. Toliver said having LaFell back will be a big boost to him as well as the other receivers hoping to emerge as offensive threats for the Tigers. “He’ll have a lot of double and triple teams,” Toliver said. “That‘ll open it up for the other guys.” LaFell said he isn’t worried about the lack of game experience among the other wide receivers. “I know those guys are ready based on what we did in spring,” he said. LaFell said the Tigers probably didn’t need him to return. “We’ve got guys that can ball,” LaFell said. “Me coming back is just a plus.” Freshman quarterback Russell Shepard said LaFell is in a unique position to mentor him. Shepard may see the field as wide receiver this season, and he said LaFell can offer him insight at that position as well as the quarterback position. “Brandon’s a teacher on the field,” Shepard said. “To have a receiver that knows the game and knows the defenses like that helps out a lot, and he can make you look way better than what you really are.” SENIOR, see page 34 By David Helman Sports Writer It’s going to be harder than usual for traveling Tiger fans to hear the LSU band this season at football road games. Budget constraints in the LSU Athletic Department have forced the Golden Band from Tiger Land to discontinue its practice of taking the full band to all of the away football games. The band will instead take a small pep band to the season opener in Seattle. MAGGIE BOWLES / The Daily Reveille LSU Senior wide receiver, Brandon LaFell, catches the ball while running drills Aug 14. “We’ll also be busing the band to and from location in one day in order to save money on extra hotel accommodations, extra days of bus rental and other expenses,” said Herb Vincent, senior associate athletic director. Vincent said the change to inconference travel was made to accommodate the band’s cross-country trip to Seattle for LSU’s season opener — a trip that originally wasn’t going to happen. “Originally we looked into budget cuts and concerns, and we decided one high-profile way to cut back was to not travel to Washington,” Vincent said. The decision to forego the trip TIGER BAND, see page 34 monday, august 24, 2009 PAGE 25 FOOTBALL Miles counting on wide receivers as offensive sparks Toliver hoping to have breakout year By Rachel Whittaker Chief Sports Writer Brandon LaFell and Demetrius Byrd were the wide receivers featured in most LSU highlight reels last season. LaFell led the team in receiving yards in 2008 with 929, which ranked second in the Southeastern Conference, and Byrd, the team’s second-leading wideout, gained fame for catching the game- winning touchdown pass against Auburn in Oct. 2007. LaFell had his own game-winner against Auburn in Sept. 2008. With the memories of LSU’s 8-5 season now put aside and the team focused on regaining national prowess, LaFell has a receiving corps around him that he trusts will take the reins on offense with him. Byrd was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the 2009 NFL Draft, but LaFell spurned the draft to return for his senior season. LSU offensive coordinator Gary Crowton said LaFell returning for another season will give the wide receivers a sense of valuable veteran leadership and knowledge of the game. “He’s played the most of any receiver probably since [former Tiger] Early Doucet,” Crowton said. “He’s big, [6-foot-4, 208 pounds], maybe 210 after a good meal ... He had a lot of catches last year and made a lot of big plays, so it’s nice to have him to help the younger guys around him learn from his example.” One receiver LaFell said will be an effective weapon for the Tigers this season is junior Terrance Toliver, despite starting just two games in 2008. “Terrance Toliver should have MAGGIE BOWLES / The Daily Reveille Former LSU quarterback Andrew Hatch celebrates with former wide receiver Demetrius Byrd after a touchdown during the Tigers’ 41-13 win against Appalachian State on Aug. 30, 2008 in Tiger Stadium. Byrd and Brandon LaFell led the Tigers last year in receptions. a really big season,” LaFell said. “I don’t think he might [step up with Byrd gone]; I know he will. He’s got the size, the speed and the skills to do everything you need as a receiver. If he puts it all together, he could have one of the best seasons and one of the best careers of all of us.” Toliver finished fourth on the team with 257 yards his sophomore season and had just one touchdown reception, but he said he is ready to play a bigger role and have a “breakout year” in 2009. “Demetrius Byrd being gone is a big loss for us because he’s been so productive in his two years, but I feel like I can step in and be part of the offense,” Toliver said. “I came and got more focused, stopped a lot RECEIVERS, see page 34 PAGE 26 monday, august 24, 2009 NFL Running back Bell helps Saints past Texans, 38-14 Bush expected to practice this week By The Associated Press HOUSTON (AP) — Mike Bell made the most of Reggie Bush’s absence. Bell had 10 carries for 100 yards and a touchdown to help the New Orleans Saints to a 38-14 win over the Houston Texans in a preseason game on Saturday night. Bell, a former starter in Denver who had just 45 yards rushing in the past two seasons, is vying to be the Saints’ third running back. On Saturday, he and Pierre Thomas split time with the first team while Bush was out with a strained calf. “I just wanted to show the team that I could come here and be a consistent running back,” Bell said. “This kind of game was great because it reminds me that I can still play running back. Just to get the carries, and to make the most of this opportunity, that was a real confidence builder.” Saints coach Sean Payton said Bell’s performance wasn’t surprising because he’s been doing well throughout training camp. “He really has done a really good job,” Payton said. “I was encouraged again to see him playing so well.” Drew Brees was 9 of 14 for 87 yards and a touchdown after missing three days of practice last week to attend his mother’s funeral. Houston’s Andre Johnson had four receptions for 38 yards and New Orleans receiver Marques Colston had six receptions for 66 yards. Matt Schaub threw an 8-yard touchdown pass on the Texans’ first drive. Houston’s starting offense stalled after that and punted on both of its other possessions. Schaub was 11 of 16 for 97 yards. “It’s a humbling game,” Houston coach Gary Kubiak said. “You can walk out of the stadium one week and feel good about yourself, and then walk out the next week and wonder what the heck is going on. We got pushed around. We have to play better than that up front in order to be successful.” Thomas has a 9-yard touchdown reception from Brees on the Saints’ first drive. He got ahead of Houston’s defense and grabbed the ball to score untouched. “It was just blown coverage, a blown assignment,” Houston cornerback Fred Bennett said. On the play before that, Mario Williams got a sack taken away when the Texans challenged the ruling that Brees was down by contact before the ball came out. After reviewing the play, the officials ruled that it not only wasn’t a fumble, it DAVE EINSEL / The Associated Press New Orleans Saints running back Mike Bell runs by Houston Texans’ Dominique Barber for a first down during the second quarter of a preseason game Saturday in Houston. wasn’t a sack either, but simply an incomplete pass. A high point for Houston’s starting defense came on the Saints’ second drive. Linebacker Xavier Adibi hit Devery Henderson as he tried to catch a pass inside the 10. Henderson couldn’t hold on, and the Saints had to try a field goal. They came away empty-handed after the first kick was nullified by an illegal formation penalty and the second one sailed wide left. Still, Houston linebacker De- Meco Ryans was disappointed in his team’s performance. “We take too much pride in what we do to go out and perform the way we did today,” he said. BELL, see page 33 monday, august 24, 2009 PAGE 27 TRACK AND FIELD Bolt rests after another record-breaking performance Sprinter breaks two world records By The Associated Press BERLIN (AP) — Give Usain Bolt a rest on his birthday. After two gold medals and two world records in six days, he surely deserves it. And don’t count on the Jamaican relay runners to drop the baton without him during Friday’s heats. It would be the worst possible present for a man already celebrating his greatness at 23. “I am on my way to being a legend,” Bolt said. Few would doubt that. In his last five major finals going back to the Olympics, he has five gold medals and five world records. On Saturday, he wants to make it a perfect six-for-six and repeat his Beijing Olympics 100, 200 and relay feat. With his blowout win in the 200 late Thursday and world record of 19.19 seconds, he led Jamaica to a 3-0 sprint lead over the U.S. team, with the women’s 200 final set for Friday. Now, it’s up to Allyson Felix to salvage some sprinting pride for the Americans. There is nothing Felix can do about Bolt, but after winning three golds at the 2007 world champion- ships in Osaka, Japan, she knows something about streaks. And after failing to win gold last year at the Olympics until the 400-meter relay, Felix has something to make up. She feels up to it. “I feel I still have a lot of energy,” she said after two days of heats. “I’d love to win. I feel good.” As perfect as the Jamaicans are in the sprints, so are the Russians in the walking events at the world championships. Russia made three-for-three Friday when Sergey Kirdyapkin used late sure to win the 50-kilome- ter walk Friday, the longest event in the nine-day championships. Kirdyapkin was as imposing as Valeriy Borchin and Olga Kaniskina were over 20 kilometers, giving Russia a clean sweep in the discipline. Later Friday, Olympic champion Veronica Campbell-Brown will try to keep Jamaica’s domination going in the sprints in the 200, where her toughest competition will come from defending champion Felix of the United States. The Jamaicans are riding an incredible high with five gold medals TRACK, see page 33 PAGE 28 monday, august 24, 2009 NFL Manning’s 2 TDs in 3 series lead Colts past Eagles Vick expected to make debut Thurs. By The Associated Press INDIANAPOLIS (AP) — Peyton Manning reverted to his old form Thursday night. Michael Vick might do the same next week. With Vick staying home, Manning threw two touchdown passes in three series to lead the Indianapolis Colts to a 23-15 win over the Philadelphia Eagles. It was the Colts’ first preseason win since 2005, and a dramatic improvement on the 13-3 loss to Minnesota in their preseason opener last Friday. “I don’t think anybody offensively was really happy with what happened last week,” Manning said. “It started with me and the entire offensive starting unit. Overall, I thought everybody came back and did a better job tonight.” Manning drove the Colts 81 yards for a touchdown on their first series, threw a 76-yard TD pass to Reggie Wayne and finished 10 of 14 for 167 yards in less than 11 minutes. Philadelphia played without eight starters and Vick, who could return to action next week for the first time since serving a prison term for bankrolling a dogfighting operation. The Eagles play Thursday against Jacksonville. The absence of so many players caused problems for the Eagles, who committed 12 penalties, allowed three sacks and had two turnovers — both leading to scores for the Colts. “All in all, that was an embarrassing performance and way too many penalties, not enough intensity all the way around, starting with me,” Eagles coach Andy Reid said. “It was a poor performance.” Aside from the Eagles’ first scoring play — a perfect 39-yard strike from Donovan McNabb to DeSean Jackson, who split two defenders down the middle of the field to make it 14-7 — little went right. Manning opened the game with a 12-play, 71-yard drive and beat a Philly blitz to hit Anthony Gonzalez in the corner of the end zone for a 3-yard TD. After Manning fumbled deep in his own territory, Dwight Freeney swatted the ball away from McNabb and Indy’s Keyunta Dawson recovered. Manning took advantage right away, finding Wayne down the left MATT ROURKE / The Associated Press Michael Vick, center, attends a conference in Philadelphia on Friday with Philadelphia Eagles coach Andy Reid, left, and former Indianapolis Colts coach Tony Dungy, right. sideline on the next play. Wayne scooted down the sideline, then made a nifty inside cut near the 10-yard line to avoid a defender for a 76-yard TD to give Indy a 14-0 lead. The Colts made it 17-7 when Shane Andrus made a 24-yard field goal late in the first half and added two more field goals by An- drus in the second half. Philadelphia didn’t score again until Adam DiMichele hooked up with Brandon Gibson on a 21-yard TD pass with 26 seconds to go. Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 monday, august 24, 2009 NFL Favre shaky, but Vikings beat Chiefs in debut, 17-3 Quarterback goes 1-of-4 in two series By The Associated Press MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — Brett Favre jogged onto the turf to a chorus of cheers and a hero’s welcome — the kind of reception he’s grown used to over 18 brilliant seasons in his Hall of Fame career. There was one major difference this time around. Those cheers were coming at the Metrodome. Favre made his debut for the Minnesota Vikings in a preseason game against the Kansas City Chiefs, going 1 for 4 for 4 yards in a 17-13 victory on Friday night. The game capped a whirlwind week for the 39-year-old quarterback. On Monday he was throwing to kids at a high school in Mississippi, still in retirement and starting to be called “Coach” by the teenagers who were catching his passes. On Tuesday, he flew to Minnesota to sign with the Vikings, his mortal enemies during 16 recordsetting seasons with the Green Bay Packers. By Friday, Favre was playing in a real game, starting for the Vikings and looking every bit as rusty as one would expect a soon-to-be 40-year-old who was sitting on a tractor last weekend. Vikings fans may not have forgotten about the beatings Favre handed their favorite team over the years. But it was clear on Friday night that all is forgiven. Purple Favre jerseys were all over the Metrodome, and flashbulbs accompanied a roar when he joined the huddle for the first time as a Viking in the first quarter. “With all the attention, it’s hard not to feel like you don’t have to live up to this hype. Not that I don’t want to do that, but the most important thing is to lead this team to victory somehow, someway,” Favre said. “I definitely didn’t want to get off on the wrong foot by fumbling snaps. I wanted to call the plays right, get in and out of the huddle, be as smooth as possible.” He didn’t manage a first down in two series of work, completing only one pass to rookie Percy Harvin before giving way to Tarvaris Jackson. But he made no major mistakes and absorbed a couple of big hits as he looked to start getting back in the groove of being an NFL quarterback. Still, his presence in a Vikings jersey and getting cheered in the Metrodome made the exhibition game feel like some sort of alternate universe. “For us, it’s still a little surreal,” receiver Bobby Wade said. “We’re still trying to process it.” Jackson has probably had to make the biggest adjustment. Five days ago, he was competing with Sage Rosenfels for the starting job. Now he’s trying to earn a spot as Favre’s backup. He responded in impressive fashion, completing 12 of 15 passes for 205 yards and two touchdowns, including a 64-yarder to Darius Reynaud. “I’m not going to say it wasn’t hard,” Jackson said. “But I just tried to stay focused on what I had to do and stay focused on the goal at hand. Just tried to go out here and get better.” New Chiefs quarterback Matt Cassel had plenty to work on as well. He was acquired in a trade with New England in the offseason and signed a $63 million contract, but new coach Todd Haley has been frustrated so far with Cassel’s ANDY KING / The Associated Press Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brett Favre is hit by Kansas City Chiefs linebacker Corie Mays on Friday as he throws in the first quarter of their preseason game. progress. After going just 2 of 5 for 15 yards in his debut last week, Cassel led the Chiefs on two scoring drives. He threw a 4-yard touchdown pass to Dwayne Bowe early in the second quarter against Minnesota’s second unit. Cassel faced plenty of pressure, taking three sacks, and finished 9 for 14 for 99 yards. “I thought the quarterback play across the board was better,” Haley said. “All three quarterbacks looked like they had a handle on what was going on.” For Favre, getting the first game out of the way after a hectic week was a relief. He’ll get two days off, then get back to familiarizing himself with his new teammates and finding his niche in the offense. “I talked to numerous guys on the sideline tonight, and during the week,” Favre said. “They all said, ‘We just want you to come in and be the leader you have always been. Don’t feel like you have to do everything. “And they are right. I’m trying to kind of purge myself of all of that.” Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 PAGE 31 TENNIS Federer in form after twins born, wins Cincy Masters Player competes in U.S. open next week By The Associated Press MASON, Ohio (AP) — Changing diapers doesn’t seem to bother Papa Federer’s game. With a dominant first set on Sunday, Roger Federer showed that he’s in top-of-the-world form after his time off to become a father. A 6-1, 7-5 victory over Novak Djokovic brought him the Cincinnati Masters title, his first championship since his twin girls were born last month. “That’s the special part, especially winning for the first time as a dad,” Federer said. “It gets me going emotionally a little bit, because I know it’s been a wonderful summer.” His stellar season can get even better beginning next week at the U.S. Open. The Swiss star has won the last five titles there, and his performance on Sunday suggested he’s fully capable of another. Djokovic hadn’t lost a set all week, but was never in the title match. “The closest I was going to get to the first-place trophy is now,” the world’s fourth-ranked player said, standing 5 feet away from the crystal bowl that goes to the winner of the $3 million Western & Southern Financial Group Masters. Federer’s glass-enclosed trophy case in Switzerland has gotten a lot of precious additions lately. The 28-year-old star won his first French Open championship, then outlasted Andy Roddick in an epic five-set Wimbledon match that brought him a record 15th Grand Slam title. He shuttled between hospital and practice court for three weeks after his wife, Mirka, gave birth to twins in July. His goal in Cincinnati was to work off the rust and get ready for the Open. What rust? “I felt like my game was already pretty well in place in practice, so knew coming over here it was not just to show up,” he said. “That it paid off so quickly, I’m a little bit surprised, you know?” He took control right away, breaking Djokovic’s serve in a second game that lasted 13 minutes and 22 points overall. The 22-yearold Serb kept up better in the second set, but knew he was headed for his fourth runner-up finish in a Masters tournament this year. Djokovic is looking forward to the U.S. Open, where he had one of his worst moments last year. He got into a verbal squabble with crowdfavorite Andy Roddick, who made a flippant remark about the Serb’s numerous injuries during the tournament. When Djokovic took exception to the remarks after a match at Arthur Ashe Stadium, the crowd booed. Djokovic later apologized. “It was unfortunate for me that it happened in one of the four biggest events in the world, and it happened in the city and tournament where I’ve always felt great, felt at home,” he said Sunday. “But, you know, it’s the past. I forgot about it. I really look forward to playing there, and hopefully the fans will accept me in a good way.” Federer knows what kind of reception he’ll get, from street corners to center court. They love him in NY. Last year, he was struggling when he showed up in Cincinnati and took an early loss, which opened the way for Rafael Nadal to end his four-year run as the world’s No. 1-ranked player. A disappointing showing at the Olympics in China made Federer feel worse. Some commentators suggested he’d lost his ability to dominate the big moments. He landed in New York and everything changed. “I was lucky enough that when I got to New York, the fans were really there trying to push me back to No. 1 right away,” he said. “They were great, you know. All the cab drivers and everybody was stop- ping to wish me luck. It was something that I’ve never really experienced before in New York. I think that really helped turn it around for me.” Feeding off the energy, he beat Djokovic in the semifinals and Andy Murray for the title. When Nadal had to take two months off after the French Open to let his sore knees heal, Federer took advantage of the opening and moved back to No. 1. Federer will be trying to win a sixth straight U.S. Open title, something no one has accomplished since Bill Tilden did it from 1920-25. “The fans for me really turned it around, and that’s why this year I’m so excited going back there,” Federer said. “I’ve had even better results, so I hope I can again show them what I can do on a tennis court.” Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] PAGE 32 monday, august 24, 2009 FOOTBALL Florida No.1 in AP preseason Top 25, followed by Texas Gators receive 58 of 60 first-place votes By The Associated Press NEW YORK (AP) — As Tim Tebow and the Florida Gators prepare to make a run at their third national title in the last four seasons, the defending champions have already made some history. Florida is No. 1 in The Associated Press’ preseason Top 25 released Saturday, followed by Texas, Oklahoma, Southern California and Alabama. But the Gators are in a class by themselves, the most overwhelming preseason No. 1 in the history of the media poll. Florida received 58 of the 60 first-place votes, or 96.7 percent. Texas got the other first-place votes. The previous highest percentage of first-place votes for the AP preseason poll, which started in 1950, was 95.4 percent for USC in 2007. Those Trojans got 62 of 65 first-place votes — and didn’t play for the national title. Ten preseason No. 1s have won the national championship. If the Gators can become the 11th, they will have put together one of the great runs in college football history. Only one program since 1950 can claim three national championships in four years; Nebraska won it all it 1994 and 1995, then earned a split title in 1997. With expectations soaring in Gainesville, Fla., coach Urban Meyer has been on a mission to keep his team’s eyes on the small prizes — to heck with history. “There’s a lot of guys getting patted on the back and being told how good they are,” Meyer said in a recent telephone interview. “Their only focus is on survival to the next day and working hard in practice. “I don’t want them to even think about that kind of stuff. Our goal is to get to Atlanta,” he said — for the Southeastern Conference championship game. The rest of the top 10 includes two Big Ten powerhouses (No. 6 Ohio State and No. 9 Penn State) and the defending Atlantic Coast Conference champion (No. 7 Virginia Tech). No. 8 Mississippi is in the preseason top 10 for the first time since 1970, when the Rebels were ranked fifth. Oklahoma State is tied with Penn State for No. 9, the Cowboys’ highest preseason ranking since No. 16 in 1985, when Thurman Thomas was in the backfield. Florida is preseason No. 1 for the third time (1994 and 2001), and the Gators are the 20th defending national champ to start the season on top. From the moment Florida wrapped up its 24-14 victory over Oklahoma in the BCS championship game in January, talk of a repeat started. And when Tebow a few days later announced at a rally on campus celebrating the national title that he would come back for his senior year, there was no doubt the Gators would be the runaway preseason No. 1. Florida’s rugged, multidimensional quarterback won the Heisman Trophy in 2007 and finished third behind Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford and Texas quarterback Colt McCoy last year. As good as Tebow is — he has a chance to end his career as the most decorated player in college footbal history with three national title rings and two Heismans — Meyer sees areas for improvement. “I’d say in the passing game he can certainly improve some things,” Meyer said. “Leadershipwise he used to get angry when he felt other guys weren’t working as hard as he was. Now he gets those players to play at that level.” While Tebow leads an offense with plenty of speedy gamebreakers, All-American linebacker Brandon Spikes — another guy who passed on a chance to enter the NFL draft to return for his senior season — leads a defense that has potential to be the best in the country. All 22 players on the defensive depth chart for the BCS title game are back. Among the standouts are defensive end Carlos Dunlap and cornerback Janoris Jenkins and Joe Haden. All that experience will allow defensive coordinator Charlie Strong to good deep into his playbook. “Our defense has been installed at a much greater pace than ever before,” Meyer said. “That allows you to put in a lot more different packages, three down (linemen) and four down.” The Gators are one of five SEC teams ranked in the Top 25, matching the Big 12 for the most from any conference. Joining Florida, Alabama and Ole Miss are LSU at No. 11 and Georgia at No. 13. No. 23 Nebraska and No. 25 Kansas are the other Big 12 teams, along with Texas, Oklahoma and Oklahoma State. Utah, which finished No. 2 last PHIL SANDLIN / The Associated Presse Florida quarterback Tim Tebow talks with quarterback coach Scott Loeffler, right, during the annual Orange and Blue football game April 18, 2009. season and was the only undefeated team in major college football, is ranked 19th to start this season. But the Utes aren’t even the highest ranked team from the Mountain West Conference. That distinction belongs to No. 17 TCU, while No. 20 BYU gives the MWC three ranked teams to start the season, as many as the Big Ten and Pac-10 and three more than the Big East, which was shut out. No. 14 Boise State is the highest ranked team from a conference that does not automatically qualify for the Bowl Championship Series. The Broncos, the champions of the Western Athletic Conference, play the season’s first big game, facing No. 16 Oregon on Sept. 3. Notre Dame is back in the rankings for the first time since the final poll of the 2006 season. The Fighting Irish, coming off a 7-6 season, are No. 23. Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 PAGE 33 BASKETBALL Memphis not giving up Final Four run without fight School plans to appeal punishment By The Associated Press MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — No banners are coming down anytime soon. Not the 2008 Final Four banner nor the one honoring three seniors for an NCAA-record 137 wins. Memphis isn’t giving up any of its 38 victories without a fight. The NCAA announced Thursday that Memphis must vacate the 38 wins and the national championship game appearance from the 2007-08 season as punishment for using an ineligible player believed to be NBA star Derrick Rose. Memphis didn’t wait even an hour before declaring plans to appeal what school president Shirley Raines called unfair penalties. “If the appeal fails, the banners come down,” Memphis athletic director R.C. Johnson said. Memphis has 15 days officially to notify the NCAA of its intent to appeal a punishment that came down 16 months after the Tigers lost the national title game in overtime to Kansas. Then there’s a 30-day window to file arguments why the best season in school history should remain on the books. “We did everything we could to determine the student-athlete was eligible and that the rules were being followed,” Raines said. School officials refused to detail that argument but Memphis will point to flaws in the NCAA eligibility center — the clearinghouse that approved the athlete before he was admitted and again when the uni- BELL, from page 26 “That’s not who we are.” In the second half the Saints added a score on a 79-yard punt return by Rod Harper. Harper played for the Arkansas Twisters of the af2, the developmental league for Arena Football, before signing with the Saints in June. Joey Harrington, who came in for Brees with about five minutes left in the first half, was 8 of 15 for 69 yards. Payton said he has a mild concussion. Mark Brunell took over early in the fourth quarter and was 5 of 6 for 96 yards. Adrian Arrington had three re- TRACK, from page 27 overall in the championships. The Jamaican team has drawn nearly all its inspiration from Bolt. Bolt has boosted Jamaica to the top of the medal standings with five golds and nine overall. The United States is second with four gold and 13 overall. Kirdyapkin’s victory gave Russia three golds and 10 overall for third place. Gritting his teeth and pointing to the clock as soon as the record flashed, he slashed 0.11 seconds off the mark he set last year. And it came four days after breaking his 100 record by the same margin. MARK HUMPHREY / The Associated Press This is an April 7, 2008, file photo showing Memphis head coach John Calipari reacting during the first half of the championship Final Four game. versity pointed out a grade change in high school. Johnson noted the center was lauded for doing a “great job” during the NCAA call announcing the penalties. The NCAA said the infractions committee pressed Memphis officials during a June hearing about why steps weren’t taken in November 2007 to bench the ineligible player and avoid problems. Asked Thursday what will happen in the future if a player’s eligibility is in doubt, Johnson made the school’s position clear. “If they’ve gone through the clearinghouse and cleared university admission requirements, then they will participate,” he said. If upheld, then this will be the second time that both Memphis and now Kentucky coach John Calipari have had Final Four appearances vacated. Memphis also lost the 1985 Final Four under then-coach Dana Kirk, while Calipari’s 1996 trip with Massachusetts was erased. “We would rather obviously that not happen,” Johnson said. Raines thanked Calipari for cooperating with the investigation and noted he was not involved in any allegations. Calipari said he was “very disappointed and disheartened by the NCAA’s findings” in what will be his last comment until Memphis’ appeal ends. He’s happy coaching at Kentucky, where he has full support. “I’m not worried about it because they have never said Coach Cal did anything wrong at all,” said Kentucky Gov. Steve Beshear, who appeared with Calipari at the Kentucky State Fair on Thursday before the NCAA announcement. “I think he’s a very upstanding guy. I think that’s his reputation and I think that reputation will be with him here. I really don’t foresee any problems.” Memphis finished 38-2 in 200708, setting the NCAA record for wins in a season. The infractions committee said it struck hard because the ineligible player was used the entire season. Rose played in all 40 games, starting 39. The NCAA report did not identify the ineligible player by name, ceptions for 77 yards for New Orleans. Houston’s Dan Orlovsky was 11 of 17 for 136 yards with a touchdown, an interception and a sack. He found Andre’ Davis on a 23-yard touchdown pass in the third quarter. His interception came just before halftime and led to a 22-yard field goal by Garrett Hartley that put New Orleans up 17-7. Saints linebacker Anthony Waters sacked him and forced a fumble in the third quarter. Houston’s Alex Brink was 5 of 8 for 38 yards with an interception in the fourth quarter. Herb Donaldson had a 14-yard touchdown run and P.J. Hill added a 1-yard score for the Saints in fourth quarter. NOTES: The Saints played without starting left tackle Jammal Brown, who had surgery this week to repair a sports hernia. Payton expects him to be out 3-4 weeks. ... Payton said Bush’s injury is “fairly mild” and that he expects him to practice this week. ... Houston rookie tackle Cliff Washburn left the game with a strained left calf. Bolt’s spirits got a boost before the start when teammate Melaine Walker added the world title to her Olympic gold in the women’s 400 hurdles. With a new take on former President John F. Kennedy’s famous Cold War quote “Ich bin ein Berliner,” Bolt pleased the locals with a training jersey saying “Ich bin ein Berlino,” referring to the bear mascot of the championships. His running was even better than his show. From Lane 5, he gobbled up all the opposition by the end of the curve, and then let those huge arms and legs loose in a whirl of unmatched speed. Once across the line, he stuck out his tongue much like basketball great Michael Jordan. And in track, he now has the same unmatched stature. Other finals Friday include the men’s 400, pitting defending champion Jeremy Wariner against Olympic champion LaShawn Merritt, the high jump and the women’s discus. Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] though descriptions of the athlete involved lead to the conclusion it could only be Rose. He was the lone player who was there just that season — a fact noted by the governing body of college sports. Rose went on to be selected by the Chicago Bulls as the No. 1 pick in the 2008 draft and later won the NBA rookie of the year award. The player was accused of having another person take his SAT exam in Detroit so he would be eligible as a freshman after failing the ACT three times in Chicago. Memphis was alerted to questions over the test and investigated. The player told officials he took the test. But SAT officials later conducted their own investigation and said letters were sent to the player in March and April 2008, the second three days after Rose and the Tigers lost to the Jayhawks. The player did not respond to either letter, so the agency notified the player, the university and the NCAA’s eligibility center they were canceling his test in May 2008. Rose issued a statement through his attorney Thursday and said “it is satisfying to see that the NCAA could find no wrongdoing on my part in their ruling. “I think it is important for people to understand that I complied with everything that was asked of me while at the university, including my full participation in the university’s investigation of this issue, and was ultimately cleared to play in the entire 2007-08 season by the NCAA clearinghouse and the university.” Memphis already paid $85,000 and must return money received from the NCAA tournament to Conference USA while also being prevented from receiving future shares doled out in the conference’s revenue-sharing program — a total loss estimated at $530,000. Contact The Daily Reveille’s sports staff at [email protected] PAGE 34 RECEIVERS, from page 25 of playing around and made plays when they threw me the ball.” One of LSU’s most touted new arrivals is Rueben Randle, the No. 1 wide receiver recruit in the nation by Rivals.com, Scout.com and ESPNU and the No. 1 prospect in Louisiana by Rivals and SuperPrep.com. LSU coach Les Miles said the Tigers’ blue-chip receiver has an opportunity to see immediate playing time in his first season in Baton Rouge. “Rueben Randle looks like he is soon to be a very quality receiver,” Miles said. “I think we’re five deep. That’s certainly enough. We need a good, quality receiving corps in this next [recruiting] class.” SENIOR, from page 24 LaFell said defensive backs on the team, such as junior Chad Jones, sophomore Patrick Peterson and senior Chris Hawkins, are helping him prepare for this season by helping him run more defined routes. “If you don’t get better going against those guys every day, I TIGER BAND, from page 24 wasn’t a popular one with many LSU fans and alumni who wanted the band in Seattle. “We got a lot of e-mail,” Vincent said. “It generated discussion around the department, and we decided to reconsider and send the band.” The pep band playing in Husky Stadium will be a scant 50 people — roughly 15 percent of the band’s full membership. Even so, the trip to Seattle will cost the Athletic Department around $75,000, according to Vincent. “It sucks that it’s only 50 of us, but you can’t be mad at the Athletic Department. It’s not really their fault,” said Jye Turk, general studies senior and Tiger Band drummer. MILES, from page 22 he inherits a roster with players like JaMarcus Russell, Glenn Dorsey and LaRon Landry, just to name a few? That being said, it’s not entirely fair or accurate to try to make a judgment of Miles based on any of those three seasons. The 2008 season was the first real look at Miles, and it wasn’t pretty. Poor quarterback and defensive play plagued LSU throughout the season. The three starters at quarterback, sophomores Jarrett Lee and Jordan Jefferson and now-Harvard student Andrew Hatch, combined for 20 touchdowns but threw 18 interceptions, many of which were returned for touchdowns. THE DAILY REVEILLE monday, august 24, 2009 Randle said he is working to take in everything he can before the season starts so he can contribute his skills in the best ways possible. “Being here in the summer for 7-on-7s helped me learn a good bit of the offense,” Randle said. “I can look at [my teammates] run my routes to make myself better. I was excited to meet them and build a relationship that’s going to help us in the future.” LaFell said he anticipates Randle and other receivers like seniors Chris Mitchell and R.J. Jackson to have opportunities to make plays if opposing defenses put more emphasis on covering him. “I told them they have to go out there, work hard at practice and prepare themselves to be left oneon-one to catch the ball,” LaFell said. “When I first came in, I knew a lot of guys were going to doubleteam Early [Doucet], which would leave me one-on-one with their second and third-best corner, so I had to take full advantage of that.” Miles said the team’s combination of young and veteran wide receivers will be an integral aspect to propel the LSU offense in 2009. “These should be a number of guys that should give our opponents a difficult time in coverage,” Miles said. “It’s imperative that group has a strong year, and we’re counting on them to do that. They are one of the strengths of our team.” don’t think this game is meant for you,” LaFell said. “Those guys demand the best from you every time you line up.” And the Tiger defenders feel the relationship with the receivers helps them as well. “Anytime you have a guy that good come back, and you get to go against him in practice, it helps me, it helps him, it helps everybody around him,” Hawkins said. “He brings leadership, he brings skill and ability, and it makes you have to step up your game.” LaFell’s coaches have noticed his desire to be great for the Tigers. “Now that he’s a senior and veteran player, he’s a big receiver that knows what he’s doing,” said LSU offensive coordinator Gary Crowton. “He’s a very intelligent player that had a lot of good plays last year. I’m sure he will have a lot of catches this year.” LaFell said he wants he and his team to be better and he is willing to do anything necessary to make that happen. “You’ve got to go out there with that mindset that I’m going to be the best in the game,” LaFell said. “I’m trying to get Pat better. I’m trying to get Chad better. I’m about to work my butt off, so everybody can be better out here.” The changes made to the band’s Southeastern Conference travel schedule should help offset the cost of the Washington trip. For instance, Vincent said sending the band to Starkville, Miss., for two days to play this season’s Mississippi State game would have cost $38,000. He added this year’s one-day trip should cost around $15,000. The shortened trip could be an extra strain on students, but band members don’t seem to mind the changes. “It’s not as much fun, in some ways, as having a layover night in the city to hang out with friends in the band, but it’s still a ticket to the game, supplied food, a free trip there and just the experience with Tiger Band itself,” Turk said. “The layover is a bonus in my eyes and isn’t something to complain about not having.” All in all, Vincent said the various changes — cutting out a fullband trip, as well as cutting trips to one day — will save the Athletic Department somewhere between $120,000 and $125,000. The decrease in band attendance raises the question of who will attend the games. The pep bands for SEC contests will feature roughly 100 members of the 325-person band. Linda Moorhouse, associate director of bands, said members will be picked for pep bands in order of instrumentation, seniority and availability. “Most all of the students will be able to attend at least one road game this fall,” she said. Turk said he is definitely attending the Washington game and is hoping to travel to Georgia based on seniority. The Athletic Department’s budget will determine if the changes are kept in coming years, but Vincent added that there is currently “discussion” around the SEC to create rules preventing schools from bringing entire bands on trips. “We’re not trying to pick on the band,” he said. “Our Athletic Department spends more on the band than any other school in the SEC because it’s so important to us.” Vincent said the Athletic Department spends an annual $900,000 on “equipment, salaries and travel” for the band and that it also spent $4.5 million to help fund renovations on the LSU School of Music and Band Hall. The defense was just as bad. The squad finished No. 32 nationally in total defense and No. 73 nationally in passing defense under co-coordinators Doug Mallory and Bradley Dale Peveto. Both of these issues were directly affected by Miles and are knocks against his legacy already. Miles kicked troubled quarterback Ryan Perrilloux off his squad in the offseason prior to the 2008 season, leaving a dearth of game-ready talent at the position. Miles also chose to promote from in-house to get his defensive coordinators after Bo Pelini left for Nebraska. Miles can’t afford more seasons like that one, or the legacy he leaves will be more like that of former Miami Coach Larry Coker than perhaps he or anybody would have wanted. No one will remember the great news conference moments where Miles lauded his “damn strong football team,” or told the college football world to “have a great day” the morning of the 2007 SEC Championship Game if he has another 3-5 conference record in 2009. They’ll just remember how a somewhat quirky little man with a funny hat couldn’t live up to their expectations. GRANT GUITERREZ / The Daily Reveille Contact Rachel Whittaker at [email protected] Follow Johanathan Brooks on Twitter @TDR_jbrooks. Contact Johanathan Brooks at [email protected] LSU senior wide receiver Brandon LaFell (1) slips out of the grasp of a North Texas player last year in Tiger Stadium. LaFell led the Tigers in receiving yards with 929. Contact Amos Morale at [email protected] Contact David Helman at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 RECRUITS, from page 18 stick his foot in the ground and make people miss.” Shipp said the transition from quarterback to running back, especially in the SEC, will be the toughest adjustment for Ware. “He’s dropping back and seeing lanes open up and taking off and running, whereas when he gets to LSU and he’s lining up either 7 yards deep in the backfield or next to the quarterback in the shotgun, he’s going to have to use his vision a lot more,” Shipp said. “So I think that’s what is going to be interesting to see is how good his vision is when he gets to LSU.” EVAN WASHINGTON Washington, at 6-foot-5 and 285 pounds, is yet another sparkling addition to the 2010 recruiting class. The DeSoto, Texas, native committed to Les Miles and company in July, abandoning offers from Alabama, Auburn, Baylor, Miami (FL), Oklahoma and Oklahoma State. “He’s a big guy — a big guy that moves really well for someone with his size,” Shipp said. “He’s got the attributes that you’re looking for in an offensive tackle. The big key for him is going to be putting everything together.” Washington is expected to THE DAILY REVEILLE start his Tiger career at tackle, but nothing is set in stone. JORDAN ALLEN Jordan Allen, a Monroe native, was not a surprise commitment to LSU. The 6-foot-6 inch, 250-pound defensive end had his pick of SEC schools. Allen snubbed offers from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Ole Miss and Tennessee, among others, to play in Baton Rouge. A fierce pass rusher, Allen accrued 70 tackles his junior season for West Monroe High School, including nine sacks. Allen stands to join an impressive list of Rebels to play at LSU, including Bradie James, Andrew Whitworth, Luke Sanders and 2009 recruit Barkevious Mingo. “When you get a kid who’s got physical attributes and then you combine that mental disposition where they’re just relentless out there, go balls to the wall on every play,” Shipp said, “That’s a combination that will make a lot of coaches smile.” RONNIE VINSON Ronnie Vinson would rather be the next LaRon Landry rather than the next Taylor Mays. Vinson, a four-star recruit from New Orleans, committed to LSU on June 8. Vinson turned down offers from USC, where Mays plays, UCLA, Ole Miss, Michigan, Kentucky and Alabama to join LSU’s 2010 class. Although he is listed as a safety, Vinson is projected to start his career as a cornerback. But Shipp said playing safety is not out of the question. “He’s going to come in and play cornerback,” Shipp said, “But when you look and see how Ron Cooper has Brandon Taylor playing at strong safety right now, because they want a safety that can also cover. Ronnie Vinson is someone that would fit that mold perfectly.” Vinson earned Class 4A AllState honors in Louisiana after a stellar junior campaign at Newman High School. Vinson logged 75 tackles in the process. JUSTIN MACLIN Maclin, a 6-foot-4-inch, 225-pound prospect from Memphis, Tenn., chose LSU over a host of impressive suitors. The speedy linebacker declined offers from Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, USC, Tennessee and Vanderbilt. In his preliminary recruitment, Maclin considered attending hometown Memphis, a special place for his family. His father, James, starred as an offensive lineman for Memphis, and his mother also attended the school. SOCCER, from page 20 and No. 11 Duke at the Duke Nike Classic. The seniors won’t be alone on their quest, as several standout underclassmen are expected to contribute in the starting lineup. Sophomore keeper Mo Isom starts in goal again after earning SEC AllFreshman honors last year. “I have that same sense of urgency the seniors have,” Isom said. “Those girls have made so much progress and worked so hard, I want to contribute to achieving that goal for them.” The Tigers also gain two international-caliber players, as redshirt sophomore midfielder Taryne Boudreau returns to the team after spending last fall with the Canadian international team at the U-20 Women’s World Cup. Sophomore defender Allysha Chapman — also a Canadian international — joins Boudreau after spending her freshman year at Alabama-Birmingham. Redshirt junior forward Courtney Alexander finally has the chance to play after joining the team in the spring of 2008. Alexander was named 2007 Ohio Valley Conference Offensive Player of the Year as a sophomore and has already notched a goal for the Tigers, heading in a game-winner in the dying moments of LSU’s exhibition with Texas. Isom didn’t mince words about the Tigers’ hopes of a first-place finish. “I won’t sugarcoat it,” Isom said. “I speak for everyone when I say this team expects nothing less than an SEC West championship. This team expects nothing less than an SEC championship. And we expect nothing less than a deep NCAA run. That’s a promise.” Contact David Helman at [email protected] MEGAN J. WILLIAMS / The Daily Reveille LSU senior midfielders Brittany Lowe (left) and Malorie Rutledge (3) steal the ball from Memphis’ Krista Turner (26) Friday. LSU starts the season 0-1 after a 2-0 upset. PAGE 35 But LSU also had a connection. Running backs coach Larry Porter played with James Maclin at Memphis. Justin Maclin committed to Miles on June 6 on an unofficial visit. Shipp said Maclin’s size provides versatility on the defensive side of the ball. “He could play linebacker, but at [6-foot-4], 225 pounds, he’s got the frame that could easily add a lot more weight,” Shipp said. “He’s someone that could possibly grow into a defensive end.” Standing 6-foot-4, Hunter certainly has the size to fill a role similar to the ones Dwayne Bowe, Demetrius Byrd and Brandon LaFell have filled in recent times. Shipp said Hunter’s versatile athletic ability made him a prize prospect. “He eats up a lot of space, he eats up a lot of cushion, and he’s also a high jumper, too,” Shipp said. “That was one of the things that attracted him to LSU was the fact that he could come in and he can do some track and field as well.” JUSTIN HUNTER Hunter, a product of Ocean Lakes High School in Virginia Beach, seems to fit the mold of LSU receivers. Contact Chris Branch at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE PAGE 36 CHAMPIONSHIP, from page 19 of a signing deadline for the Tigers on Aug. 17 by midnight, as three of the seven possible incoming Tigers signed professional contracts. The signing of Slade Heathcott and Zack Von Rosenberg, two early draft picks, happened well before the signing date. But Brody Colvin, who was on campus at freshman orientation on signing deadline, got an offer early in the morning the day of the deadline from the Philadelphia Phillies and departed campus. That late signing is one of the reasons Mainieri has been pushing for the past few years to have MLB move up the signing deadline to July 15. “It’s so frustrating to spend two years recruiting a player and then lose him in the 11th hour,” Mainieri said. However, Mainieri is still excited about the 34 players on his roster, 27 of whom are on scholarship, the NCAA maximum. He is still allowed to add one more player to his 35 man roster. “Believe me, the sky is not falling in,” Mainieri said. “We are going to play with the kids who really want to play at LSU ... I believe we will win and be successful with the team we have.” QUARTERBACKS, from page 15 son opener. “We are really trying to do as much as we can to get prepared for the season.” Hatch got the ﬁrst start for the Tigers last season. He was hurt in the Tigers’ 26-21 victory at Auburn, leaving Lee at the helm of the offense. Lee started eight games for LSU and threw for 1,873 yards and 14 touchdowns but also threw 16 interceptions. Jefferson, a freshman in 2008, started the ﬁnal two games for the Tigers and earned Offensive Most Valuable Player honors for the Chick-ﬁl-A bowl. Both freshmen had growing pains during the season. “When you have freshman starting quarterbacks who haven’t played, playing in some of those big games is a new thing,” said LSU offensive coordinator Gary Crowton. “There is so much adrenaline going. They’re making errors. They’re not used to MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 TRACK AND FIELD The track and ﬁeld teams ﬁnished their seasons this summer with a ﬁfth and sixth place nationally for the Tigers and Lady Tigers, respectively. But many former track and ﬁeld athletes made a splash competing for their countries. Former Tiger Richard Thompson ﬁnished ﬁfth in what was the fastest ever 100-meter dash at the 12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Berlin on Aug. 16. Thompson clocked a seasonalbest 9.93 seconds for Trinidad and Tobago in the event to ﬁnish behind Jamaica’s Usain Bolt’s world record 9.58 seconds. That ﬁnish comes after a car accident at the beginning of the year that set the sprinter back 10 weeks of training. “Richard has really started to show a tremendous amount of improvement over the last month or so as we have prepared for the World Championships, and that was certainly evident in his performance today,” said LSU coach Dennis Shaver in a news release. Contact Andy Schwehm at [email protected] DAVE WEAVER / The Associated Press The Tigers pile up June 24 after defeating Texas 11-4 in the ﬁnal game of the College World Series to become national champions. being booed. They aren’t used to two games, including the Tigers’ having all that success when they are 38-3 victory against Georgia Tech in good either.” the Chick-ﬁl-A bowl. Senior wide receiver BranHis teammates have noticed a don LaFell said Jefferson has really change in his attitude as well. stood out as the Tigers’ quarterback “His eyes aren’t bugged,” said this season. senior offensive lineman Ciron “He’s takBlack. “He’s not ing most of the just looking in the reps with the [ﬁrst stands trying to team],” LaFell said. ﬁgure what’s going “He’s been a vocal on. He’s zoned in. leader. He’s just He knows what’s stepping up and going on — it’s his putting us in the huddle. He’s taken right plays.” control of the hudJordan Jefferson Jefferson said dle.” sophomore quarterback his emergence ofLee said he has fers the Tigers a put his tumultuous deeper playbook and will allow them 2008 redshirt freshman season beto do more on offense. hind him. “We added some new plays to “After going through last fall, I use my feet a little bit,” Jefferson feel like I’ve really matured a lot,” said. “Just some things to be more Lee said. versatile on offense, which is going Crowton said he has noticed the to help us a lot this year.” change in Lee’s attitude. Jefferson started LSU’s ﬁnal “He’s not sitting there absorb- ‘‘ ‘We added some new plays to ... be more versatile on offense.’ BRIANNA PACIORKA / The Daily Reveille LSU sophomore quarterback Jordan Jefferson (left) makes a pass Aug. 14 while freshman quarterbacks Russell Shepard (center)and Chris Garrett (right) look on during practice at the Charles McClendon Practice Facility. ing information that we’re trying to teach him about the opponents,” Crowton said. “Right now, he is extracting that information. It’s almost like he’s asking the question before I can tell him what’s going on because he knows what’s going to happen.” Lee said he spent a lot of time watching ﬁlm and learning to read defenses better. LaFell said when Lee runs the team, the Tigers “are not missing a beat.” LSU also has two freshmen on the depth chart at quarterback in Shepard and Chris Garrett. Shepard was one of the top recruits from last year’s high school class and has already impressed his teammates with his exploits on the ﬁeld. Black found it hard to put in words what he believes Shepard is capable of. “The sky is the limit for [Shepard],” Black said. Contact Amos Morale at [email protected] monday, august 24, 2009 GARRETT, from page 16 to succeed, but his mental prowess is a question mark. Lee threw 16 picks last season, seven of which were returned for touchdowns, but the sophomore does have a significant amount of experience to his credit. Shepard is unproven. He has yet to take a snap under the lights in Death Valley, but his athletic ability earned him the top spot in the esteemed ESPNU 150 during his recruitment. No decision has been made on the second spot on the depth chart, but Garrett has made no appearance in any conversation. Flynn, much like Garrett, was overshadowed for four years by former No. 1 overall NFL draft pick and current Oakland Raider JaMarcus Russell. After Russell bolted Baton Rouge following his junior season, Flynn was left the starting job for his senior season. How did he do? The Tigers won the 2007 national championship with Flynn at the helm. Garrett isn’t looking that far ahead yet. The Tupelo, Miss., native said he is practicing as if playing time in 2009 is realistic. “The way I look at it, yeah,” Garrett said. “If you’re out there competing, you always have a shot to play. As you saw last year, Jordan Jefferson was I believe third string, and he ended up starting by the end of the season. I’m just going to go out there and prepare, just in case my name is called.” Interestingly enough, Garrett has ties to an SEC school other than LSU. Garrett committed to thenMississippi State coach Sylvester Croom his junior year at Tupelo High School. A couple of trips changed Garrett’s mind. Before he signed with the Tigers, Garrett knew the obstacles that awaited him at his new school. “I knew before I signed the letter of intent that Russell [Shepard] was coming here,” Garrett said. “We have great quarterbacks here. I’m just going to work hard, be patient and hopefully get my shot one day.” If Garrett follows the script Flynn wrote in 2007, his future will be bright indeed. As talented as Russell was, the only appearance he had in a BCS championship game was on the sideline as a redshirt freshman in 2003. Garrett said practice is going well so far, spotlight or not. “I’m just now getting the playbook around,” Garrett said. “It’s starting to get fun. Once you start learning the plays, you’re just playing football, you’re not out there thinking. It’s getting pretty fun out there.” But practice may not yield immediate playing time, and Garrett did admit a redshirt could be on the horizon. “Oh, it’s definitely a possibility,” Garrett said. “But I’m going to work like it’s not and like I’m going to play this year.” Contact Chris Branch at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 NATION Coastal N.O. considering reopening amusement park agency hires new director But the project, estimated to cost $165 million to $170 million, currently depends on the sale of $100 million in Gulf Coast Opportunity Zone bonds. With the recession going, another project — the revival of the Hyatt Regency Hotel near the Superdome — is on a long hold, unable to ﬁnd buyers for $225 million of the tax-exempt bonds. Bond markets are one problem. But there’s another that long predates Katrina and credit market meltdowns and has been blamed for New Orleans’ economic malaise: city politics. Proposals to revive the park have sniping going on between Mayor Ray Nagin and City Council president Arnie Fielkow, who haven’t been seeing eye-to-eye on anything lately, including Fielkow’s successful effort to block the mayor’s plan to buy a vacant oil industry ofﬁce building for a new City Hall. Miffed, the mayor at least temporarily pulled the plug on a proposed public-private partnership to redo the city’s anemic economic development efforts. Fielkow, a potential mayoral candidate next year, recently took a city delegation to the Dallas area to look at another idea for the Six Flags park — the conversion into a Big League Dreams complex. That company operates nine recreational sports complexes in the United States that offer places to play various sports. The parks are free and generate revenue by charging sports groups for league and tournament use. But Nagin contends the deal is solely for the Nickelodeon park. Fielkow says there’s no reason why both couldn’t succeed at the site. Although the mayor said that no public money is involved in the Southern Star deal, the city is still trying to reﬁnance $15.2 million in outstanding federal loans from a decade ago when the site was turned into the original Jazzland theme park, a monumental ﬁnancial failure that landed in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. Six Flags Inc. picked up the lease and the park and, in a measure of the park’s success, said after the storm that it would not return. The city is suing Six Flags, but that action is on hold because of Six Flags’ own recent bankruptcy ﬁling. In the meantime, every other corner of the state seems to be enjoying economic development announcements that have nothing to do with tourism: Shaw Group’s plans to build a nuclear reactor parts plant in Lake Charles, a French company building a specialty chemical plant in Plaquemine, the revival of a chicken processing plant in Farmerville and ConAgra Food’s planned sweet potato processing plant near Delhi. Despite the recession, steelmaker Nucor Corp. is buying land in southeastern Louisiana for a possible pig iron plant and a startup auto company known as V-Vehicle Co. wants to build a futuristic fuel-efﬁcient vehicle in Monroe. All told, there could be thousands of jobs. Back in New Orleans, if the third time is the charm, maybe the Nickelodeon park will work, though it certainly won’t turn around a moribund economy. At a minimum, it would eliminate a certiﬁable eyesore in eastern New Orleans in the form of what’s left of Six Flags. Beyond that, questions remain even if all the ﬁnancing is obtained. SpongeBob SquarePants likely has his work cut out for him. Contact The Daily Reveille’s news staff at [email protected] Contact The Daily Reveille’s news staff at [email protected] same tribe as Baitullah and had been seen as a likely replacement. As military chief of Baitullah’s Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, or Pakistani Taliban Movement, Hakimullah commanded three tribal regions and had a reputation as Baitullah’s most ruthless deputy. He ﬁrst appeared in public to journalists in November 2008, when he offered to take reporters on a ride in a U.S. Humvee taken from a supply truck heading to Afghanistan. Authorities say he was behind threats to foreign embassies in Islamabad, and there was a 10 million rupee ($120,000) bounty on his head. Hakimullah claimed responsibility for the June 9 bombing of the Pearl Continental hotel in the northwestern city of Peshawar, and the attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore earlier this year. Rehamn was among Baitullah’s closest advisers and deputies. Mehsud reportedly said during a shura that Rehman should be his successor if something happened to him. silent about moderate and conservative Democrats’ voting records with the Democrats is part of the on health care. image she has crafted for herself “[Melancon and Landrieu] as a moderate, pro-compromise represent the constituents that politician. voted them into ofﬁce,” said That reputation makes her Kevin Franck, spokesman for a highly sought-after vote in the the Louisiana Democratic Party, Senate, since Democrats can’t defending the two Democrats’ always count on her vote, and it skeptical positions on the public gives Landrieu option. “We are a the potential to diverse people.” leave her own Mann said the special “ﬁngermath favors conserprint” on a ﬁnal vative Democrats health care relike Melancon and form bill, Mann Landrieu in statesaid. wide elections in “She’s lookLouisiana despite ing at ways to the potential backBob Mann play her cards mass communication professor lash from Demoright,” Mann cratic voters. said. “The DemoBut Landrieu and Melan- cratic Party in Louisiana is not con’s positions do come at a po- like the Democratic Party anytential price. where else in the country,” Mann MoveOn.org, a liberal orga- said. nization that supports the Democrats’ health care proposals, paid NOT JUST THE DEMOfor a radio ad accusing Melan- CRATS con of siding with “the special Landrieu and Melancon interests and the insurance com- aren’t the only two politicians panies” when he voted down playing opposites in Louisithe bill in committee, indicat- ana — Rep. Anh “Joseph” Cao, ing some Democrats won’t stay R-New Orleans, has said he is “leaning” toward voting for the House Democrats’ health care reform proposal. Like Landrieu and Melancon, Mann said Cao is simply catering to the preferences of his constituents, a relatively liberal district with a large black population that has historically voted heavily for Democrats. “I’ve seen Cao has expressed reservations,” said Aaron Baer, spokesman for the Louisiana Republican Party, adding that Republicans were “proud” of Cao for qualifying his tepid support for the Democrats’ House bill by expressing serious concern about the possibility of taxpayer-funded abortions. The state Democrats were less charitable toward Cao, taking a “wait and see how he votes” approach. “As we saw with the stimulus, Mr. Cao did not have the courage to stand up to Mr. Boehner and the rest of the Republican leadership,” Franck said. By The Associated Press NEW ORLEANS (AP) — Considering the recent slew of economic development projects announced by the state has bypassed New Orleans, it wasn’t surprising city ofﬁcials were excited last week by the prospect of reopening an amusement park. New Orleans, struggling to regain the pre-Katrina economic status quo, which was no shining light, has had few such moments as manufacturing, petroleum and the ﬁnancial services industry withering before the storm have been little heard-from since. The highest-proﬁle deal with commercial impact has been a state-brokered one that keeps the New Orleans Saints in town through 2025 and obligates the state to lease space from Saints owner Tom Benson in a high-rise largely idled since Katrina. Last week’s ﬂourish was about a plan to reopen the Six Flags theme park, under ownership of a Baton Rouge-based company and with Nickelodeon branding. The Viacom Inc. unit isn’t putting up any money and, if the project is ﬁnished, will be paid licensing fees for the cable network’s trademarked name and characters. TALIBAN, from page 13 the Taliban as in disarray, saying commanders and the rank-andﬁle were ﬁghting among themselves. At one point, Mohammad — who comes from a different part of the tribal region — claimed to have taken over the leadership. Hakimullah comes from the DEBATE, from page 12 ‘The Democratic Party in Louisiana is not like... anywhere else in the country.’ Contact Nate Monroe at [email protected] By The Associated Press BATON ROUGE (AP) — Louisiana’s coastal protection authority has a new executive director in charge of coastal restoration and hurricane protection. Steve Mathies, a former director of the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program, has been hired to oversee the ofﬁce that does work directed and funded through the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority. Mathies’ hiring was announced on Friday. He received bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Northwestern State University and a doctorate from Mississippi State University in botany. He worked as a natural resource specialist for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is a former assistant secretary for the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. Contact The Daily Reveille’s news staff at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE PAGE 39 JEFFERSON, from page 15 Player after completing 16-of-25 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown along with 25 rushing yards. “I had a couple of weeks to prepare for that game, so I was able to grasp the playbook,” Jefferson said. “It taught me I can compete and be successful at this level.” In all, Jefferson ﬁnished the 2008 season by connecting on 36of-73 passes for 419 yards, four touchdowns and one interception while rushing for 134 yards and one touchdown on 49 carries. “He started two games and had a chance late in the Arkansas game when he ... couldn’t get it done,” said offensive coordinator Gary Crowton. “Now he is seeing that he needs to be a little bit better, and I’ve been impressed with his progress.” Jefferson won’t be in the backup role this season — he will be at the forefront of a Tiger team that is ranked in the top 10 in various preseason polls, thanks in part to that bowl game performance. But the St. Rose native is the ﬁrst to admit he doesn’t have plans to repeat last season’s 8-5 record. The shy and reserved 6-foot-5 -inch quarterback didn’t hold back when asked about his expectations for the season. He said he wants an unblemished record this season, just ALEX BOND / The Daily Reveille Sophomore quarterback Jordan Jefferson tries to shake an Arkansas defender Nov. 28 during the Tigers’ loss to the Razorbacks. as he was in his 21 starts in high school. “Our goal is to have a perfect season and win a national championship,” Jefferson said. “We are coming off an 8-5 season, and we don’t want that to happen again.” So far in preseason workouts, Jefferson impressed his teammates with his newfound conﬁdence in the huddle as he takes on the leadership role as the Tigers’ starting quarterback. “Last year he wouldn’t say anything in the huddle, but now he’s opened up,” said senior offensive tackle Ciron Black. “He’s not just being one of the guys anymore. He’s being the guy.” Black admitted, though, that of his passes for 3,425 yards and 40 touchdowns as a junior. “You’re talking about someplayer. You try to look at the good things, but sometimes you just keep body who hadn’t experienced yourself focusing on the bad. In the much but success through his years back of my mind, I knew that was in high school,” West said. “To be put into his situation as a freshman, part of being a quarterback.” he did very well at Lee said transtimes. Of course ferring away from he did make some LSU crossed his mistakes; the probmind, but he said lem with Jarrett’s his teammates and mistakes when he coaches supported threw interceptions him all year. was many of them “Around Januwere returned for ary after last year Jarrett Lee touchdowns. I and being a young don’t know how guy, [transferring] sophomore quarterback much that has to was ﬂoating around do with the guy in the back of my mind, but never once did I want to throwing the passes, but that magtransfer,” Lee said. “I wanted to be niﬁed his situation.” West said he does not see Lee here. I came to play ball here. The coaches were on my side the whole feeling extra pressure to prove his time … When a coach asks you to worth as quarterback this season. stay, you see how important you are to a coach.” LSU offensive coordinator Gary Crowton said he is encouraged by Lee’s offseason growth, and becoming more familiar with the offensive scheme will beneﬁt him as he enters his sophomore campaign. “The best thing about Jarrett Lee is he’s not a freshman anymore,” Crowton said. “To be a freshman starting quarterback who hasn’t played, the experience of coming into those big games is a new thing, and there’s so much adrenaline going. They’re not used to being booed or having all the success either, but they learn to be more even-keel, and that’s what I’m seeing with Jarrett.” Glen West, Lee’s football coach at Brenham High School in Brenham, Texas, said Lee’s struggles as a redshirt freshman were new to him following an illustrious high school career. Lee was ranked in the top three quarterbacks in Texas and the top 15 nationally as a senior, and he completed 71 percent “The lesson Jarrett is living by day to day is his career is not going to be based upon who plays in the ﬁrst games or even the whole season,” West said. “He realizes that at some point, he’ll have to make decisions to determine the fate of this football team.” LSU coach Les Miles said he expects the lessons Lee will carry from his ﬁrst season on the ﬁeld will ultimately make him a viable competitor at quarterback in 2009. “Certainly he had some development issues, but he’s more conﬁdent than he’s been, and he understands he was a little premature to play,” Miles said. “Last year was a necessary growing pain, but it was something that’s helped him gain experience on the ﬁeld.” LEE, from page 15 ‘‘ ‘Getting thrown in there really helped me to become a mature player.’ part of the reason for Jefferson’s timid behavior last season may have been jitters and learning the system. “Last year it was more of him learning than him taking control of the huddle and doing what a quarterback does,” Black said. “This year he’s still learning, but he’s trying to command the huddle and make his reads and make his checks; make the throws at the same time. He’s progressing every day.” Even highly touted freshman quarterback Russell Shepard praised Jefferson’s leadership. “Jordan and [quarterback] Jarrett [Lee] have been such amazing teachers to me since I’ve gotten here,” Shepard said. But if this season is a test of adversity, Jefferson has been there before. Halfway through his junior season at Destrehan High School, Jefferson broke his throwing wrist on the helmet of LSU junior Drake Nevis, who played for John Ehret at the time. Jefferson didn’t play the rest of the season but rebounded to lead the team to a class 5A state championship his senior season year with an unblemished 15-0 record. This season, coming off the pain of losing his ﬁrst start and being on an 8-5 team, Jefferson is ready for the challenge. “I’ve had the whole summer to grasp what I needed to learn,” the sophomore said. “Now I’m ready to go out there and read defenses and win some games.” Contact Andy Schwehm at [email protected] Daily Reveille file photo Contact Rachel Whittaker at [email protected] Sophomore quarterback Jarrett Lee prepares to handoff the ball to former fullback Quinn Johnson on Sept. 28, 2008 during the Tigers’ win against Mississippi State. THE DAILY REVEILLE PAGE 40 POSTERS, from page 10 University last year, but one company was not asked back because of low sales, among other issues. “On average, we can make as little as $500 ... up to $6,000 for the week,” Scott said in an e-mail to The Daily Reveille. “We make 20 percent commission, which is part of the annual Gallery Exhibitions Budget.” Scott said the poster companies are also charged rent to use the gallery space. The College Poster Sale Company will return to Free Speech Alley in October. Contact Mary Walker Baus at [email protected] LAW CLINIC, from page 7 Defender Board, said plans to create a clinical program had been talked about since before 1976, when he graduated from LSU Law School. Weiss was instrumental in implementing the clinical program, Neuner said. LSU Law was one of the last law schools in the nation to develop its clinical program, McGough said. The program is essential to the success of the school because clinical programs are beginning to be considered necessary to be an accredited and top-tier school, McGough said. Weiss said instating a clinical program at the law school was his top priority since becoming HOUSING, from page 4 Waller said. Students who applied to the University prior to June 1 also had the option of applying for housing. “[The waitlist] makes it much easier for the students that aren’t on the waitlist — they get their assignments,” Waller said. “My goal [for 2010 is for] everybody to get an assignment by the time they come to freshmen orientation. Then we will do an automated waitlist.” In 2008, Waller told The Daily Reveille more than 200 people were turned away because demand for housing exceeded supply. The last 26 male students to apply were temporarily housed in lounges and kitchens of the residence halls in an attempt to house as many residents as possible. The 26 males in temporary housing included three students living in a kitchen in McVoy Hall with the stove deactivated. “My philosophy is, if I put someone in an overﬂow space ... the other 90 people on the ﬂoor don’t have a lounge, don’t have a kitchen,” Waller said. “We don’t penalize the students who apply early for those who apply late.” ResLife added 149 beds to residence halls by turning twobed rooms in Pentagon residence halls into three-bed rooms. While Waller said the dormitories were designed to house three students, they were reconverted to hold WEATHER, from page 10 Grigsby said. Grigsby, who has been with the National Weather Service in Slidell for six years, said he has seen two weak cold fronts come through Louisiana in August, including one bringing record lows in 2004. “In Baton Rouge, we had in 2004 a very strong front come through. We had six nights of record lows,” Grigsby said. “It’s going to be more of a dryer air mass that comes in, not a cooler air mass.” The six nights of record lows in 2004 began Aug. 13 and saw temperatures in the 50s and 60s, Grigsby said. Beginning Tuesday or ‘‘ ‘I hope that this new space will provide a visible sign post of the progress we’ve made ...’ Jack Weiss law center chancellor chancellor in 2007. The clinic functions not only to train law students but also to provide a service to the community, Weiss said. People in the community see the clinic as a source of high quality, low cost legal representation for people who are under-represented, Weiss said. “And they’re right,” he added. two for the 2009 school year. “I get no state funding, so all my resources to support the housing system at LSU comes from rent and conference housing,” Waller said. “That’s why in the past you would do [overﬂow] because you couldn’t afford to lose that revenue.” Waller said there were 402 people on the waitlist at its peak in mid-July. As ResLife has given room assignments to waitlisted ‘‘ ‘If we continue in this type of pattern, that will keep other storms out.’ Phil Grigsby national weather service meteorologist Wednesday of this week, the weather in Louisiana will be back to “our normal summertime-type sea breezes,” possibly bringing scattered afternoon thunderstorms, Destri said. Contact Lindsey Meaux at [email protected] Weiss said his hope is the new space will be able to attract additional support for the clinical program. Although he would like to expand the program, Weiss said in the current budgetary environment, it would be impossible to do so without outside aid. McGough said the next step to expanding would be to create a civil clinic that would deal with areas in real estate and wills. Expansion will occur cautiously and logically, McGough said. Juvenile representation was offered in 2003 as the ﬁrst clinical class at the Law School, McGough said. The Clinical Education program now consists of the Domestic Violence Clinic, the Juvenile ‘‘ ‘We have a lot more to offer — much nicer facilities than we had 10 years ago.’ Steve Waller ResLife director students and received cancellations, more than 120 students MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 FURLOUGH, from page 10 reductions occur, the University may have to reconsider the use of the furlough to achieve those outcomes.” Staff Senate President Chad Gothreaux said he was happy to hear about the postponement of the furlough plan but didn’t rule out the possibility of one in the future. “I choose to remain cautiously optimistic that the University’s budget situation over the course of the current ﬁscal year will not worsen to the point that staff furloughs will once again be put on the table,” Gothreaux said in an e-mail to The Daily Reveille. The University eliminated 24 jobs this summer because of Representation Clinic, the Family Mediation Clinic and various externships where students work for local judges and lawyers. The Immigration Clinic is the newest addition to the law school. The clinic focuses on deportation and removal defense and on immigrant victims of domestic violence, especially women, said Ken Mayeaux, adjunct clinical ‘‘ ‘When you’re in a more professional space, it helps you to get in the right mindset.’ Nichole Schulte third-year law student have been moved off the waitlist. While the incoming class has 250 fewer residence hall applicants than the 2008 class, it is up more than 250 applicants from 2007, Waller said. The 2007, 2008 and 2009 numbers are reﬂective of the size of the respective classes — the overall freshman class in 2007 had 4,600 students while it had 5,100 students in 2008, Waller said. budget cuts and has slashed funding for programs like the LSU Museum of Art and LSU Press. The effect of the cuts — once projected to set the University back decades — has dwindled to a point where impact on students will be minimal. But Martin continues to stress the importance of planning for the next two years, when budget reductions could be worse. Furloughs are not totally ruled out, he said. Contact Kyle Bove at [email protected] professor. The clinics work to allow the victims to testify against their offenders, Mayeaux said. Mayeaux said he’s already received phone calls seeking legal assistance from the immigration clinic, including a call from the domestic violence shelter. Paige Ellison, 2009 LSU Law graduate, participated in the immigration clinic last year. Ellison said students worked mostly with immigration defense and relief and that going to the federal courts and being able to see the conditions at the immigration detention center were the most memorable parts of the program. Contact Olga Kourilova at [email protected] “The quality of what we’re offering — we’re seeing more people wanting to live on campus than in the early ’90s,” Waller said of the growth. “We have a lot more to offer — much nicer facilities than we had 10 years ago.” Contact Lindsey Meaux at [email protected] MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 UNION, from page 4 Saturdays and 11 p.m. on Sundays during the interim period, Heidke said. Heidke said renovations to the food court will be funded by Chartwells Food Service, the private company contracted by the University to run food services. He said the food court remodeling will cost approximately $2.5 million. Dave Besse, LSU Student Union business manager, said he estimates the Union will lose $125,000 in revenue during the Tiger Lair remodeling, even with the help of McDonald’s and Einstein Bros. Bagels. “Sales are usually slower in the spring than the fall,” he said. “So our commission loss won’t be as big.” The new lounge held its ﬁrst big event Friday, as Tigers after Ten hosted its annual fall Late Night, a social event allowing students to meet fellow classmates. The event included free food, a band, a comedian and an inﬂatable obstacle course. Alice Womble, Tigers after Ten chairperson and former Daily Reveille employee, said this year’s Late Night was a huge success, topping the anticipated number of students. “We had at least 900 students, but we know it was well over that number,” she said. Womble said having the event in a new space added a few challenges this year, but she said once everyone is used to it, the new lounge will prove to be a better site for the event. BUS SERVICE, from page 3 worried it would lose a substantial amount of its federal funding when the University — which once accounted for up to 25 percent of CATS’ system — switched to First Transit. “We weren’t out to penalize CATS — we just wanted good service, and they didn’t do it,” Graham said. “[The deal] is a win-win situation.” Tiger Trails bus driver Donald Ray Smith said students are elated about the new system, and any problems the system may have in its ﬁrst week will be ﬁxed quickly. “Once everybody learns what direction they’re going and we get more familiar with the campus, it’s going to be great,” Smith said. Tiger Trails is a result of a yearlong student-driven initiative calling for better bus service. The University has a ﬁve-year $16 million contract with First Transit, and the student transportation fee increased from $44 to $68 to help cover the cost of Tiger Trails. Utt stressed that the system First Transit is providing with Tiger Trails is different from what CATS offered. “It’s a completely new system, we’re a completely new company and we’re completely different from CATS,” Utt said. “This is a new system for the students, designed by the students, and we’re here to make sure it serves the students as best as we possibly can.” Contact Brianna Paciorka at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE “It was a challenge to get used to a new area, but the new space added to the event in multiple ways,” she said. “I think the new lounge will be better because it has more space and is more functional. It’s going to be the new late night zone, so it’s compatible with our types of programs.” Besse said the overall cost of the project is $83,693,000, which is paid for through student fees and bonds. “Before we sold bonds, we started collecting student fees so we wouldn’t have to borrow the full cost,” he said. “We borrowed $73,430,000 through bonds. The rest was paid up front using money collected from the fees. This kept the cost of the fee lower than if we had to borrow an additional $10 million.” Besse said the bonds average at just under a 5 percent interest rate. He said the University has been paying back the bonds, but the project won’t be fully paid off for approximately another 27 years. Plakidas said the Union was originally built and then renovated with 20-year bonds, though these ‘‘ ‘If all goes well, we might be open before March 2011.’ Shirley Plakidas student union director bonds are 25-30 years. “Essentially, all auxiliary services are paid through bonds,” she said. Besse said the project cost was estimated at $54.6 million prior to Hurricane Katrina, but building materials and contractor prices rose with demand following the storm. In addition, the original estimate of the Union Theater was undershot by about $12 million. Plakidas said they made the decision early in the project to keep as many services as possible up and running through the construction so the Union will still be available to all students. “Most of the students here now don’t remember when the Union wasn’t under construction, since we started in 2006,” she said. “Closing it completely during construction would have made the project faster, but some students wouldn’t get to enjoy the Union during their time here.” Though major construction went on for two years without visible results, students are ﬁnally seeing progress on a project paid for with their student fees. “I’ve heard many positive things about the Live Oak Lounge,” Plakidas said. “People are happy for it to ﬁnally have come to fruition. We expect this area to be heavily used by students.” Ken Boothby, petroleum engineering freshman, said he is impressed with the new lounge, and it’s worth the student fees it cost to build it. “There’s really no other place on campus that’s as comfortable as the lounge,” he said. “This place is really nice.” Paul Barthee, business sophomore, said the Live Oak Lounge is a good place to study, watch television and hang out. “This space is pretty cool,” he said. “Though I didn’t know we had to pay a fee for construction, I PAGE 41 still think the fee is worth it.” But not all students are sold on the renovations. Daniel Barthee, creative writing and philosophy senior, said he prefers the old downstairs lounge. “Before they renovated this area there was a bowling alley, an arcade and more pool tables,” he said. “I like the new space here — it’s a nice, modern design. However, I would have been ﬁne if they left it how it was.” After battling a couple hurricanes, encountering a few undocumented building features and changing plans to comply with building standards, Plakidas said she hopes all the delays are in the past and the Union can stay on path to the now projected March 2011 completion date. “We just hope the hurricanes stay away this year,” she said. “If all goes well, we might be open before the March 2011. However, the fact that it is a state funded project deﬁnitely prolongs the construction.” Contact Steven Powell at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE PAGE 42 TOP 5 PARISHES WITH HIGHEST REPORTS OF H1N1: •East Baton Rouge Parish: 74 •Lafayette Parish: 69 •Caddo Parish: 63 •St. Tammany: 22 •Calcasieu Parish: 17 (Numbers as of May 2009) Dr. Frank Welch, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals medical director for pandemic preparedness, said he estimates about 20,000 to 30,000 cases of H1N1 in Louisiana. information from La. Dept. of Health and Hospitals graphic by J.J. ALCANTARA / The Daily Reveille FLU, from page 1 cases in May. All Type A inﬂuenza cases are being treated as part of the H1N1 outbreak. “Because it’s so widespread, if it’s Type A it’s likely to be H1N1, because there is so much of the virus going around right now,” said Lauren Mendes, public information ofﬁcer for the Department of Health and Hospitals. The H1N1 virus is a milder strain of the ﬂu, but spreads rapidly because it is a new form of the virus to which people are not immune, according to Mendes. Though most inﬂuenza-related deaths occur in people over the age of 65, the H1N1 virus has been virtually nonexistent in the elderly. H1N1 actually spreads most easily among people between the ages of ﬁve and 25, according to Dr. Frank Welch, medical director for pandemic preparedness in Louisiana. The reason for this is unknown. Welch said the people who are most at risk will fall into this age group, have chronic diseases or are pregnant. Christine Sullivan, nurse manager for the Health Center, credited Greek rush and the return of students to common living environments as the cause of rapid person-to-person spreading on campus. “If it wasn’t rush week, we probably wouldn’t be going through all the precautions we are because there’s so many girls in close contact,” Sullivan said. Sullivan said the symptoms of Type A inﬂuenza are very similar to those of the seasonal ﬂu and the Health Center has treated students with Tamiﬂu and Motrin accordingly. Casey Landers, international marketing senior, said her symptoms started last Wednesday after visiting a friend with a sister who is rushing. Landers said she noticed she was sick when she was cold outside in August heat. She later developed a sore throat, nasal drip and body aches. Olivia Dejean, psychology freshman, developed ﬂu-like symptoms while meeting and greeting potential sorority sisters last week. When she visited the Health Center, a nasal swab determined she was infected with Type A inﬂuenza. She was given Tamiﬂu and told to isolate herself until her condition improved. Dejean said she returned to Opelousas to wait out the ﬂu. She said she was excused from rush and will have the opportunity to join a sorority when she returns. Though there is currently no vaccine for H1N1, Welch said one should be available by November. Welch said the vaccine will ﬁrst be available to the at-risk groups and age groups, which would include school age children up to the age of 24 and a signiﬁcant number of university students. Welch predicts within a year or two people will have become more resistant to this novel strain and swine ﬂu will be incorporated into the seasonal ﬂu category. Contact Adam Duvernay at [email protected] VET SCHOOL, from page 8 previously vacant will not be ﬁlled, and money will be taken from renovations and travel. “Think of it as plugging the hole in the dike,” Haynes said. However, Haynes calculated the hole to be $700,000. “This will cover about 25 percent of that hole,” he said. Taboada said the majority of students understand the reason behind the fee increase, but they don’t like it. Michele Lee, ﬁrst-year veteri- MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2009 nary student, said she cashed in her life insurance to pay for tuition. The dean said he remains optimistic despite economic hardships. “We’re very committed to maintaining quality education,” Haynes said. “We hope we can maintain the conﬁdence of our students, and that our faculty and staff see us through this economic downturn.” Contact Sarah Eddington at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE monday, august 24, 2009 A&S, from page 1 the faculty member could be facing because it is considered confidential personnel information. Brian Nichols, Chief IT Security and Policy Officer, said this is the first time the University has dealt with a security issue like this. University Registrar Robert Doolos sent a letter on July 28 to the 1,963 students whose information was compromised, apologizing for the incident. CHIEF, from page 1 said. “It has to do with a heritage, and I’m kind of glad that it stuck.” But from watching Chavis’ fiery personality with the LSU defense, one might assume he got the moniker from other means. “He is the chief,” said junior linebacker Kelvin Sheppard. “When he’s out there, everybody gives him the utmost respect, and when he says something, it’s going to happen.” His intense approach is understandable, as Chavis’ move from Tennessee to LSU is expected to restore a Tiger defense which dropped from No. 3 nationally in total defense in 2007 to No. 32 in 2008. “His emotion and his swagger just connected from day one,” said senior linebacker Harry Coleman. “Just playing under him just makes you want to do good, makes you want to play better. And you don’t want him to holler at you. That’s never good.” Chavis comes to LSU after 14 seasons with the Volunteers, where he captured the 1998 Southeastern Conference and national championships with former coach Philip Fulmer. “Not only was I in one spot for a long time, but I was with the same coaching staff for a long time,” Chavis said. “When we got started in the spring, after the second or third day, it felt like home. It felt like my players. It felt like my school and I’m a part of LSU, and I can’t be any happier about that.” Chavis’ final Tennessee defense finished last season as the nation’s third-best defense, despite the team having just a 5-7 record. The Volunteers were the only losing program with a defense ranked No. 25 or better. That fact wasn’t lost on LSU coach Les Miles, who last fall witnessed the Tigers’ biggest defensive dip in eight seasons and the worst of his tenure. “There was an existing culture of dominant defense played here,” Miles said. “Our guys know that price and look forward to it. They wanted it, and it’s who they are.” That price has been made known at offseason workouts and practices. Miles said the team underwent a rigorous conditioning program, and Chavis has opened the defense to competition. But so far the transition has been seamless for the Tigers’ new defensive coordinator. “There’s not one position on our defensive football team where there’s not competition,” Chavis said. “Competition is a driving force to being great.” Joining Chavis on the coaching staff are secondary coach Ron Cooper and defensive line coach Brick Haley to shore up setbacks in last season’s defensive backfield and front line. Cooper was a defensive “We have no evidence that an unauthorized individual is maintaining or using your personal information,” Doolos said in the letter. So far, no incidents involving the students’ personal information have been reported. In 2006, the University was still using social security numbers as its primary way of identifying students on campus. The University switched to using a nine-digit student LSUID number starting with “89-” in 2007. backs coach with two top-five pass defenses nationally at South Carolina, while Haley comes back to the college game after a stint with the NFL’s Chicago Bears. “Defensively, the enthusiasm with which the new coaches have taken hold and how it’s been met with an equal commitment with our players, it just seems like a lot of fun,” Miles said. Cooper said the collaboration with Chavis and Haley has been a familiar one. Chavis and Cooper both had coaching stints at Alabama A&M, Haley’s alma mater, and all three men have held various jobs in the SEC in the past 15 years. “The three of us that came in have known each other for years,” Cooper said. “Everybody brings a little bit of something to the table … We’ve all got a job to do, and we’ve got to work together.” The trio has an abundance of talent to help regain the defensive mojo. Four of Miles’ five recruiting classes at LSU have been ranked in the top 10 nationally, and many of the Tigers’ projected starters were highly-touted high school recruits. It’s safe to say the LSU defense has become a “Chief” concern. “There’s no question in my mind that we have the talent to become a very good defense,” Chavis said. “You’ve got to make sure you’re asking them to do the things they know how to do. That way they can play more aggressively and cut it loose.” Contact David Helman at [email protected] Doolos said part of the reason for the switch was to better protect students against identity theft. “[An incident] is much less likely because we are using the LSUID as the primary identifier for students, faculty and staff in all of our systems and databases,” Doolos said. “We have cautioned faculty and staff, however, that LSUIDs are sensitive data.” He said the University is working hard to address any problems that may arise and encouraged students to register and use the free credit monitoring service, Equifax, at http://creditmonitor.lsu.edu. Students had a similar security scare in 2007 when financial aid records for TOPS scholarships — which included names and social security numbers — went missing. A large number of students at the University have TOPS PAGE 43 scholarships. The information was lost because of an error made during the transportation of the data between Port Allen and Baton Rouge. The driver of the truck containing the information was at fault and was fired, The Times-Picayune reported. Contact Kyle Bove at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE Monday, August 24, 2009 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK Lsureveille.com adds new features, uses social networks For nearly as long as stately oaks and broad magnolias have shaded inspiring halls, The Daily Reveille has reported the news relevant to University students. But unlike static University landmarks, your student newspaper is always evolving and has changed countless times to better suit the student body’s interests since the first edition hit stands 122 years ago in 1887. A dedicated group of about 100 student employees work to publish The Daily Reveille five times each week and update our Web site, lsureveille.com, numerous times daily with breaking news and developing stories. After being named the best college newspaper Web site in 2008 by Editor and Publisher magazine, The Daily Reveille continues to give students the best of college media in the nation through our online efforts. A new version of lsureveille. com launched with the start of the semester. We’ve added a campus map with a picture of every building. And we’re using both Facebook and Twitter to give you the news in the mediums you use. All entertainment and opinion writers have Twitter accounts we hope you’ll follow to have a more personal connection with our writers. We also have several official Reveille Twitter accounts you should follow (see pages 2 and 44 for the account names). We’re also giving students content exclusive to lsureveille.com every day of the week — including Saturday and Nicholas Persac Sunday — as Editor part of “Reveille Dailies.” On Mondays, we’ll show you a fun thing to do in Baton Rouge that you may not know of as part of the “Crawling the Capital” video. On Tuesdays, we’ll offer a tip to be environmentally friendly as part of “The Green Scene” blog. Reporter Amos Morale will talk with a different athlete about off-field activities every Wednesday in the “Spotlight on the famous with Amos” video. On Thursdays, reporter Mallory Matute will teach you to cook a new meal with the help of an expert. On Fridays, freshman reporter Catherine Threlkeld will share insight on moving from Oxford, Miss., and passing on Ole Miss to come to Baton Rouge and LSU in her blog, “Rouge Awakening.” Saturdays are “Football Forum” with our “Season Tracker” and a podcast about the 2009 Tigers. On Sundays, we’ll have a week in review photo slideshow and video as well as uploading Reveille Radio Director James Haralson’s Sunday show, Reveille Radio Weekend, that airs at 5 p.m. on 91.1 FM. And the new efforts don’t stop there — we’ll add exciting features throughout the semester. Enjoy fall 2009, and be sure to pick up the print edition and visit lsureveille.com to make the most of your time as a Tiger. Contact Nicholas Persac at [email protected] NIETZSCHE IS DEAD The Reveille is your newspaper – do your part Chances are, you’re reading this column while waiting for your professor to start class. If not, you’re probably sitting in the Union or in a coffee shop, or in any one of the other places college students habitually haunt. But wherever you are, odds are certainly good that you’re not sitting on an easy chair in front of a fire sipping brandy. This problem is one of the hardest things a columnist — and anyone on The Daily Reveille staff — has to deal with. Our target audience, as a result of the environment we inhabit, is extremely intelligent: students and professors know their facts, and more importantly they know how to think. In addition, they’re generally reading our product in those little 15-minute gaps making up so much of college life, rather than painstakingly pondering the words and all their hidden subtext. In the words of my predecessor as Opinion Editor, Daniel Lumetta, “Our audience has incredibly high expectations matched only by its short attention span.” Those high expectations are sometimes hard to meet. The stereotype of an opinion columnist is an arrogant intellectual pontificating on political or social abstractions. In the big leagues, this is largely true; columnists for The New York Times or the The Atlantic Monthly may indeed be egotistical pundits, and not all of them deserve it. That being said, this description does not at all fit the Reveille staff. Our goal as a section is, above all, to be relevant to college students. Our goal is to write about the issues important to you, the student body. The reason an opinion section is even in the paper isn’t, as we’d like to think, because the people in it are smarter or more informed. We’re here to stir up discussion, and to make as many people on this campus talk about the issues that matter. Some things are obviously important. With budget cuts and massive health care reform constantly making headlines, plenty of issues need to be discussed. But it’s a wide, crazy world out there, and there’s no way Matthew Albright this 13-person Opinion Editor staff can know about everything that happens. To that end, your input is essential. We can try to guess what matters are important, and we can certainly write about what we think is important ourselves. But unless you give us your input, we’ll never really know what you want to hear. There are many ways to go about contacting us. First is our Web site. Visit lsureveille.com to view all the columns online, and use the comment section to tell us what you think. Whether you think a column is absolutely wonderful or absolute garbage, post a comment on the Web site. Letters to the editor are also greatly appreciated. If you take issue with a column, send in a letter to the editor — there is always space on our page for wellinformed disagreement, and this campus is full of it. Whatever the venue you choose, make sure you let us know what you think. Speaking of different venues, the opinion section is adding another venue of communication — Twitter. Every individual columnist has an official account — follow us to see more opinions on material outside just the published columns. However you read our section, it is essential you make your opinions heard. The opinion section is primarily a forum. It should be student interest that determines what is discussed in this forum, and we will do our best to make sure it is. In short, the Reveille is your newspaper — the opinion section doubly so. So do your job, and help us to do ours — tell us how we’re doing. We’ll listen, I promise. Matthew Albright is a 20-yearold mass communication junior from Baton Rouge. Follow him on Twitter @TDR_malbright. Contact Matthew Albright at [email protected] Follow The Daily Reveille columnists on Twitter In addition to the columns printed in the paper, The Daily Reveille’s Opinion section provides readers with a great deal of additional content online. Readers can read and comment on the columns they see in the paper at lsureveille. com. In the future, look forward to seeing video debates between columnists on the important issues. For more from your favorite columnists, you can now follow us on Twitter. All columnist have their own accounts and will be posting their opinions on news as it happens. To the right is a list of The Daily Reveille’s columnists, along with their column titles and Twitter accounts. Following a columnist will allow you to see their commentary on a wide range of issues beyond the scope of their regularly published columns. Contact The Daily Reveille’s opinion staff at [email protected] THE DAILY REVEILLE Editorial Board NICHOLAS PERSAC JERIT ROSER MATTHEW ALBRIGHT ELLEN ZIELINSKI MARK MACMURDO ERIC FREEMAN JR. Editor Managing Editor, Content Opinion Editor Production Editor Columnist Columnist COLUMNIST TITLE Matthew Albright Adam Arinder Sara Boyd Scott Burns Eric Freeman Jr. Jack Johnson Linnie Leavines Mark Macmurdo Daniel Morgan Steven Schmitz Nathan Shull Nietzche is Dead Press X to Not Die Age of Delightenment Burns After Reading Freeman of Speech Analog Avenger Juxtaposed Notions Murda, He Wrote The Devil’s Advocate FactoryHaus The Grumbling Hive EDITORIAL POLICIES & PROCEDURES The Daily Reveille (USPS 145-800) is written, edited and produced solely by students of Louisiana State University. The Daily Reveille is an independent entity within the Manship School of Mass Communication. Signed opinions are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the editor, paper or University. Letters submitted for publication should be sent via e-mail to [email protected] or delivered to B-26 Hodges Hall. They must be 400 words or less. Letters must have a contact phone number so the opinion editor can verify the author. The phone number won’t be printed. The Daily Reveille reserves the right to edit letters and guest columns for space consideration without changing the original intent. The Daily Reveille also reserves the right to reject any letter without notification of the author. Writers must include their full names and phone numbers. The Daily Reveille’s editor-in-chief, hired every semester by the Louisiana State University Media Board, has final authority on all editorial decisions. @TDR_malbright @TDR_aarinder @TDR_sboyd @TDR_sburns @TDR_efreeman @TDR_jjohnson @TDR_lleavines @TDR_mmacmurdo @TDR_dmorgan @TDR_sschmitz @TDR_nshull QUOTE OF THE DAY “For a successful technology, reality must take precendence over public relations, for Nature cannot be fooled.” Richard Feynman American physicist and Nobel Prize winner May 11, 1918 - Feb. 15, 1988 THE DAILY REVEILLE Page 45 High school students have a ‘Big Easy’ way out A controversial bill passed in the Louisiana State Legislature on June 23, initiating a program which will allow high school students to earn a career diploma. The aim is to decrease the high school dropout rate in the Louisiana public education system. The option is now available for students who wish to avoid classes such as trigonometry and English literature. Sen. Bob Kostelka, R-Monroe, who sponsored the bill in the Senate, told the Advocate that high school students “are dropping out mainly because they do not find any relevance in most of the things they are being taught.” This bill provides a way for Louisiana to improve its high school dropout rate but does nothing to confront the much larger and more important issue of a cultural propensity to denigrate the benefits of an academic education. With an agricultural background and high-paying oil field wages available, many students don’t find any use for trigonometry or literature. It’s a travesty that this sentiment is condoned by a legislative bill rather than confronted through an educational campaign that could rescue this state from its near “third-world status.” It was not until after high school, working in a blue collar job, that I realized the importance of mathematics and literature. The usefulness of such subjects should be a focus in high school. Students should not be provided an easy way out. At 15 years old, the path of least resistance is often followed. If we are serious about improving this state and raising it to its rightful place in the nation, we must take the education of our youth seriously. Even the study of Chaucer and Beowulf is important, as it allows the reader a glimpse of the past, as well as a broader per- spective on life. It is only through the training of our mind to reason and the stimulation of intellectual curiosity that we will be able to rise from the swamp muck to find a horizon full of possibilities. “[T]he use of letters is the principal circumstance that distinguishes a civilized people from a herd of savagNathan Shull es incapable of knowledge or Columnist reflection,” as Edward Gibbons writes in “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” The cohort dropout rate (the percentage of students who dropout during a standard four-year high school career) for 2007 was 19 percent with a 65.9 percent cohort graduation rate, according to the Louisiana Department of Education. This is a dismal statis- tic when compared to the national Averaged Freshman Graduation Rate reported by the National Center for Education Statistics of 74.7 percent. Statistically the ninth grade experiences the highest level of dropouts. It’s during this period in life that a person experiences great emotional and hormonal changes. It’s no surprise that Chaucer, Beowulf and trigonometry hold such little sway when placed alongside the opposite sex and preconceived notions of success. This conflict is why a career diploma option for Louisiana’s youth will do more harm than good. The dropout rate will fall, enabling politicians to claim progress and prowess. However, underneath the glitter, the youth of Louisiana will be further steeped in the cultural belief that academics are a waste of time and hold little relevance to them. Success will be measured only in the size of their pickup truck or the ability to buy Budweiser instead of Natural Light. And the State of Louisiana will be permanently stalled in a state of economic limbo. As it is right now, we are the servants of a great nation. We farm and drill for oil. However, our education is deemed of little importance. By offering the career diploma as a valid alternative to our future children, a comfortable path is provided which will ensure complacent, uneducated human labor. Nathan Shull is a 35-year-old finance junior from Seattle. Follow him on Twitter @TDR_nshull. Contact Nathan Shull at [email protected] FACTORYHAUS If Kanye can overcome hate, maybe others can too Let’s be frank: The vast majority of the time, anything that slips out of Kanye West’s mouth is at best, ridiculous, and at worst, hugely egotistical. No doubt, when people think of offhanded Kanye West quotes, they think of his appearance on NBC’s “A Concert for Hurricane Relief,” held shortly after Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast. While on the show, he ventured off script and blasted the Bush administration, famously saying, “George Bush doesn’t care about black people.” But recently, West has been talking more about a subject that his peers in the hip-hop industry rarely venture into: discrimination against gays. Except for one or two other stars in the industry, discrimination of this nature is rarely talked about, and never so candidly. If homosexuality is broached at all in hip-hop, it is used as an insult. West spoke candidly in past interviews about how black street culture idolizes masculinity and how this idolization in turn creates an environment hostile to gay people. “I wanna just come on TV and just tell my rappers, just tell my friends, ‘Yo, stop it,’” West said when asked further about the subject. Such a blatant plea to end gay bashing in song and in everyday life is something not common in the world of hip-hop. Mr. West’s critique of the industry and its attitudes toward gays is refreshing. It is quite bold of him to so adamantly declare his support for tolerance. More recently, West has decided to tour with Lady Gaga, an artist who identifies strongly with the gay community. In an interview last month, Gaga told West, “I’m gay. My music is gay. My show is gay. And I love that it’s gay. And I love my gay fans, and they’re all going to be coming to our show. And it’s going to remain gay.” While West’s actions and statements are bold, he is not the only industry heavyweight advocating for tolerance. Industry giant Russell Simmons recently wrote a Stephen Schmitz letter to Democratic New Columnist York Gov. David Paterson urging him to support gay marriage, and R&B superstar Mary J. Blige recently co-hosted a fundraiser to raise money against Proposition 8, the gay marriage ban in California. Nevertheless, the vast majority of hip-hop artists either continue to perpetuate discrimination in their work or fail to condemn their peers who do. Artists such as Busta Rhymes, Eminem and 50 Cent have all used homophobia as a way to sell albums and perpetuate stereotypes. One cannot help but miss the irony in all of this. The industry grew out of the street and gang cultures, cultures largely plagued with poverty and crime, as a means to give a voice to some groups of people who were being — and who still are being — discriminated against. Some people, including Kanye West and Russell Simmons, compare the struggle for gay rights to the Civil Rights movement of the ’60s. I respectfully disagree, as black people were discriminated against far more than the gays of today and because they lacked far more rights than the modern gay community. This is not to say discrimina- tion today is so slight that it is not an issue. In Louisiana, it is still legal for employers to fire employees simply because they are gay. Our state even denies gay couples hospital visitation rights. Because of such things, I applaud West for coming out against such senseless discrimination, despite how I feel about the majority of his viewpoints. I guess the old saying, “beg- gars can’t be choosers,” rarely rings so true. Stephen Schmitz is a 19-year-old mass communication sophomore from The Woodlands, Texas. Follow him on Twitter @TDR_sschmitz. Contact Stephen Schmitz at [email protected] BEST AND WITTIEST cartoon courtesy of KING FEATURES SYDICATE THE DAILY REVEILLE To place your ad: Visit www.lsureveille.com and click on classifieds Announcements Help Wanted NOW HIRING FOR FALL! Child Care Center near LSU now hiring for Fall Semester. Afternoon Teachers needed 2:30-5:30 Mon-Fri. 225.766.1159 NOW HIRING Hampton Inn & Suites I/10Reiger Rd. Front Desk clerks needed. Dependable individuals may apply in person. Address is 11271 Reiger Rd. Baton Rouge, La 70809 225.751.4600 LOVE CHILDREN? Two helpers needed for children’s store near Sherwood/Coursey. Flexible hours including Saturdays. No nights or Sundays. 225.291.4850 HOUSEHOLD HELPER NEEDED Looking for someone who is smart, organized, neat and loves kids. Family needs help with everday duties, laundry, light cleaning, organizing, and babysitting. Email resume to: [email protected] Cost: 35 cents per word a day Personals Free for students Employment branding cattle. Housing will be provided at no cost. Transportation and subsistence expense reimbursed Interested applicants can send resumes nearest State Workforce Agency ofﬁce using job listing number TX809345 P/T SECRETARY at small downtown law ofﬁce. Some exp. preferred but not necessary. Flexible hours. Must be dependable and responsible. Fax resume to 225.336.4734 Attn: Kenneth Williams P/T RECEPTIONIST / File Clerk needed for small BR law ﬁrm. Must be dependable, responsible, and MUST be able to work afternoons. Salary DOE. Prefer long-term (at least one year), not just one semester. Interest in law or law school goal desired. Email Resume’ and availability to [email protected] or fax: 756-5676 CASHIERS WANTED! WEEKDAYS AND WEEKENDS FOR MATHERNE’S SUPERMARKET. $7 W/O EXP. $8 W/ PREVIOUS EXP. BACKGROUND CHECK/DRUG TEST REQ. EOE. APPLY ONLINE WWW. MATHERNES. COM PART-TIME PROGRAMMER Access, VB,. NET, and SQL experience. [email protected] STUDENTPAYOUTS. COM Paid Survey Takers Needed In Baton Rogue. 100% Free To Join! Click On Surveys. PART-TIME LEGAL ASSISTANT Business law ﬁrm located on Highland Road seeking pre-law/ business student to assist with compilations of case material and ﬁnancial matters, as well as perform other ofﬁce tasks. Must have experience in MS Ofﬁce, speciﬁcally Excel. Minimum 20 hrs per week and availability on the weekends when needed. Please send resumes to [email protected]. STUDENT BUSINESS MANAGER We are looking for a student business manager to handle payroll and additional various ofﬁce and executive assistant tasks. Starting pay is $8/ hour, 10 - 15 hrs a week. Applications available in B39 Hodges Hall. PART-TIME BABY SITTER need female parttime babysitter for four energetic young kids in afternoons and evenings (up to 10-15hrs/week). very ﬂexible.must have transportation. references required. [email protected] PLUCKERS WING BAR Now Hiring All Positions. Come Join a winning team. Apply at 4225 Nicholson PART TIME LATIN TEACHER at a private pre-k through 8th grade school. The position is for teaching Latin to our 6th, 7th, and 8th graders for 6 hours a week. Please email Bryan Trahan at [email protected] or call his cell at 337-304-1824. PAUL MITCHELL signature salon looking for motivated, enthusiastic part-time receptionists. Apply in person at I-Catcher’s Hair & Body Spa, 5454 Bluebonnet, Suite I. FITNESS ATTENDANTS - P/T Flex schedules, good pay, perfect for kinesiology or nursing students. Outgoing, dependable, positive attitude. FREE membership. Apply in person to: The Paula G. Manship YMCA, 8100 YMCA Plaza Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA 70810 (225) 767-9622 ask for Ricky. NOTES & NOTE TAKERS Notes & Note Takers wanted Immediately. Freshman & Sophomores in Demand. We pay top dollar for Notes & Note Takers. email: notes@ thetigernotes.com ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY OPENING I need to ﬁnd FOUR enthusiastic people interested in the entertainment or broadcast ﬁeld to sell advertising to local businesses. These jobs are high-paying commission-based opportunities, and recent years have had 3 student employees making $1600 $2000/ month. Recent graduates boast jobs in the advertising industry across the nation and even NYC. Full time students who are serious, ambitious, energetic people may pick up applications in B41 Hodges Hall. Interview inquiries can be emailed to [email protected]. Hurry, training begins August 10th. 3 TEMPORARY WORKERS Moore Ranch Micheal Moore P. O BOX 29 B Eldorado TX. 76936 Duties: Farmworkers, Farm and Ranch 09/14/2009-07/13/2010 Pay rate $9.02 per hour Farm workers, Farm and Ranch Guaranteed æ of contract hours. All tools, supplies and equipment will be provided at no cost to the worker. Duties consist of herding, grazing, castrating, PART TIME DENTAL OFFICE Help Needed for Highland Road Dental Ofﬁce. Good opportunity for Pre-Dent and Hygiene Majors. 225.769.7640 PART TIME & FULL TIME needed for friendly, relaxed dental ofﬁce. Great Dr.& Staff. Send resume to [email protected] 225.706.1595 NURSERY STAFF - YMCA KIDS ZONE Great opportunity! Flex schedule, morning and/or evenings, 20 hrs/wk. Must be 18+ years of age, child care experience, and have a passion for caring for children. Apply in person: Paula G. Manship YMCA, 8100 YMCA Plaza Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA (225) 767-9622 - Lindsay EARN SERIOUS CASH! INDEPENDENT SALES REPS WANTED TO INTRODUCE HEALTHY ALL NATURAL ENERGY DRINK TO CAMPUS MARKET. SELF-MOTIVATED, ENTREPRENEUR TYPES ONLY. CALL 1-800-342-3083 www.theactiondrink.com/zilli LOOKING FOR SOME SUPER-STARS We are seeking a few rising stars to join our national awardwinning team. LSU Media is offering ambitious and energetic self-starters the opportunity to get the experience necessary to get jobs that are not considered entry-level. Recent graduates are blazing their own trails in The Big Apple, locally, and across the nation - all crediting their promotions and success to their experience gained from LSU Media. Serious applicants may pick up applications in B41 Hodges Hall, but ACT FAST... training begins August 10th! Call Jenn with questions 578-6090. Housing Deadlines: 12 noon two school days prior to the print publication date Merchandise DON’T MISS THIS OPPORTUNITY! Now hiring for all positions at the following locations: JEFFERSON 7615 Jefferson Hwy Baton Rouge 70809 PERKINS ROWE 7707 Bluebonnet Blvd. Baton Rouge 70810 “Flexible schedules & Beneﬁts for Full Time Associates” Please apply in person during regular restaurant hours. Equal Opportunity Employer NANNY/CHILD CARE Seeking a college student to care for 7-year old boy. Mon-Fri 6:30am -8:00am. Mon afternoon 3:00pm-8:00pm. Every other Thurs & Fri 3:00pm - 8:00pm. Sun. 5:00pm - 8:00pm. Perfect hours for LSU student. Close to campus. Must have own transportation and be extremely reliable. $10/hr Reply to [email protected] NINFA’S IS NOW HIRING SERVERS. APPLY IN PERSON AT 4738 CONSTITUTION AVE. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER Transportation RIGSBY FREDERICK SALON Guests Services Coordinator ñ Part-time / Full Time Must have organizational, computer skills, and proper telephone etiquette. Must be able to multitask, be service-minded and enjoy helping guests achieve their goals of beauty and wellness. We are looking for fun, energetic and fashion oriented individuals who are patient, kind and willing to grow with our company. Hourly pay plus quarterly commission bonuses a big plus! Email Resume to: [email protected] 225.769.7903 LIFE DRAWING MODELS $12/hr needed for fall semester. Nude models needed MW, 8:30-11:30 and 12:30-3:30. Full-time students only. Apply at 123 Art Bldg. WEEKEND LEASING AGENT Local apartment complex searching for part time weekend leasing agent. FREE RENT! 225.924.1421 or fax resume to 225.924.9893 NEEDED ARCHITECTURE INTERN Full or Part time AutoCad experience a Must Call or Email Dannielle at: [email protected] 225.766.5200 HAMPTON INN COLLEGE DRIVE Seeking F/ T Sales Coordinator to assist Director of Sales with ofﬁce responsibilities including; answering phones, typing and ﬁling contracts, qualifying companies for sales leads, etc. Outgoing personality, energetic, organized and eager to learn. 225.926.9990 THE WINE LOFT DOWNTOWN Now Hiring ALL Positions: Waitress, Bartender and Cook. Both FT/PT shifts available. Applications being taken MondayFriday 4pm-7pm at 304 Laurel St SALES ASSOCIATE needed for local gift and home interiors store/PT/apply in person at The Royal Standard 16016Perkins Road or email at [email protected] 225.751.0009 PRE VET STUDENTS: Armstrong Veterinary Hospital looking for veterinary assistants. Flexible hours. Email resume to [email protected] or call 225.756.5193 XRKADE COORDINATOR The XRKADE Coordinator will be responsible for the general oversight of the XRKADE room. XRKADE is an interactive video exercise gaming system/ room that allows individuals to work out while having fun. The coordinator will create new programs and activities. The coordinator must market and oversee birthday and event parties. M-F 3pm-8pm and some weekends. Please e-mail resume or contact Eddrick Martin if interested. [email protected] 225.924.3606 ISDS MAJORS wanted for HelpDesk and Programming positions. Email resume to hr@bankers-bank. com WRITER WANTED Looking for someone who can put my ideas about human nature and technology into book form. Pay negotiable. Email resume to [email protected] CHILD CAREGIVER NEEDED Family looking for responsible caregiver for nine year old from 2:50 PM to 4-6 PM weekly, Fall and Spring Semester, close to LSU. $10 an hour. Must have a car. Must like small dogs. Experience necessary. Education majors a plus. Please email resume to Teddi @ [email protected]. SCIENCE / MATH MAJOR STUDENT WORKER 15HRS/WK MIN, EXL CUST SERVICE SKILLS REQ 225.766.9577 BRIDAL SALES CONSULTANT Now hiring PT ASAP @ Bridal Boutique. Sales experience preferred. Must be able to work Saturdays and some Sundays. Email resume [email protected] 225.925.1135 225.925.1135 225.925.1135 RIGSBY FREDERICK SALON Salon Support Guests Services Coordinator ñ Part-time / Full Time Must have organizational skills and proper etiquette. Must be able to multi-task, be serviceminded and enjoy helping guests achieve their goals of beauty and wellness. We are looking for fun, energetic and fashion oriented individuals who are patient, kind and willing to grow with our company. Hourly pay plus quarterly commission bonuses a big plus! Email Resume to: [email protected] 225.769.7903 ROCKSTARS WANTED - JIMMY JOHNS DO YOU ROCK?!? Jimmy John’s Gourmet Sandwiches is looking for KICKASS Sandwich Makers and Delivery Drivers. Applications can be picked up at 3043 Perkins Rd or resumes submitted to BRJimmyJobs@ gmail.com PICK UP/DELIVERY DRIVER Needed - Busy Dental Laboratory has position available. Must be neat in appearance and have clean driving record. Drug screening required. 225.201.0880 LEASING ASSIST NEEDED VARN VILLA APARTMENTS. WILL WORK AROUND YOUR SCHOOL SCHEDULE. 20/HOURS/WEEK DURING SCHOOL-MORE HOURS DURING BREAKS/SUMMER. APPLY IN PERSON 1645 BRIGHTSIDE DR. CHARLES W. LAMAR JR. YMCA Help Wanted Fittness Attendants and Nursery Attendants Mornings M-F, M/ W/ F, T/ TH rotating Saturdays Apply in person 521 Third St. SMALL LAW OFFICE needs part time help. Must have excellent communication and computer skills. Experience preferred. (225) 235-6688 Services $10.00/HOUR Helper for nice family. Will train nutritious cooking. Near LSU. References. doclevy@ cox.net $$$ENTRY LEVEL ADMIN NEEDED!!! Fast Paced, Contracting company is looking for hard working graduates who want to join an organization to grow with into the future. Must be highly organized, energetic and have great attitude. No exp necessary, will train. Microsoft Ofﬁce a MUST! Please email resume to [email protected] DO YOU LOVE KIDS??? Looking for a babysitter to help with the kids on weekends/ weekdays. Occasional homework help would be great too!!! Call SUSIE: 225.751.3920 TJ RIBS IS NOW HIRING SERVERS & LINE COOKS. APPLY IN PERSON AT 2324 S. ACADIAN THRUWAY, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER AN OUTGOING STUDENT needed to work P/ T on Tues., Thurs. and Fridays at a premier 3D/4D ultrasound facility. Great atmosphere and pay starting @ $8 per hour! Call 225.769.0000 PJ COFFEE Now HIRING! New location opening soon. No experience necessary-Coffee Training provided. Flexible Hours/ Pay plus tips. For more information, please contact Greg at (225) 281-2041 or email basic resume to [email protected]. Store phone is 225.761.9696 A. C. LEWIS YMCA OPENINGS Now hiring for the following positions: Extended Day Counselor: M-F afternoons 2:45-6pm. Pay Rate $7.25-$8.00 Extended Day Site: Director. Responsible for the oversight of the extended day school sites. M-F afternoons 2:45-6pm. Pay Rate $8.00-$8.75. Please e-mail resume, apply in person, or contact Eddrick Martin if interested. [email protected] 225.924.3606 www.louiescafe.com For Sale 04’ BLUE SCION Xb 90 K miles asking 5500.00 225.405.3958 2 BED/2 BATH TOWNHSE Very close to LSU. on bus route. great pool and tennis courts. Big clubhse. Private rear patio & carprt. Open kitchen to dinning rm. End unit back of neighborhood. Clean- move in ready! Motivated seller!! 225.938.7785 N ACTORS, MODELS, MAKEUP ARTISTS and concession workers wanted for THE 13TH GATE Haunted House. No Exp. needed. Good Pay. Flexible Hours. Apply in Person at 832 St. Phillip St. downtown BR. September 5th,6th,12th, 13th. 9am-5pm 225-921-8006. THE BIGGEST POSTER SALE. Biggest and Best Selection. Choose from over 2000 different images. FINE ART, MUSIC, MODELS, HUMOR, ANIMALS, PERSONALITIES, LANDSCAPES, MOTIVATIONALS, PHOTOGRAPHY. MOST IMAGES ONLY $7, $8, and $9. SEE US AT LSU Student Union Art Gallery - Main Floor (Room 216) ON Sunday August 23rd thru Friday August 28th, 2009. THE HOURS ARE 9 A. M. - 6 P. M. THIS SALE IS SPONSORED BY LSU Student Union Art Gallery Committee. ►►BARTENDING UP TO NO EXPERIENCE NECESSARY. TRAINING PROVIDED. AGE 18+ OK 1-800-965-6520 ext127 2008 MINI COOPER S for sale. Loaded!! perfect car for a student. Efﬁcient and fun to drive. Please leave a message 225.205.0369 $100.00/WK FOR CARPOOL PICKUP Looking for a student with afternoons free to pickup 5th and 9th grader from Runnels School on S. Harrell’s Ferry. Send an email to krpowers@ live.com 3 BED/ 2 BATH TOWNHSE Close to LSU. On Bus Route. Great Pool and Tennis courts. Big Clubhouse. Townhse has Private Rear Patio and carport. Living rm, den, dinning rm, Clean Move in Ready and Motivated Seller THE DAILY REVEILLE monday, august 24, 2009 225.938.7785 LAKE BEAU PRE TOWNHOME 2BR/2Bath in gated community. Unit has ceramic tile and large patio. $169,000. 225.266.9441 Sofas and Mattresses Here Today Gone Tomorrow Thrift Store has a large selection of sofas and mattresses perfect for the college student. All priced $75 or less. 225.769.2259 Tiger Manor Condominiums. UNITS READY FALL 2009!! Brand new 1, 2, and 3 bedroom units for sale starting at $124,900. Ask about our Guaranteed Buy-Back Program!! 3000 July St. 225-3465055 www.tigermanor.com Location. Location. Location... Start Living. CACRC Back to school Blow-out Need a computer? The CACRC will host its Back to School Blow-Out Sale Fri., Aug. 28 from 9 a.m-3 p.m. at 800 St. Philip St. in downtown Baton Rouge. Look through used computer equipment and other electronics while supplies last. So get here early! For more info., call 225.379.3577 or visit us at www.cacrc.com. FOR SALE - 1999 MAZDA 626 Great Car for students! Good condition, automatic transmission replaced April 2008, 140,462 miles, $3,500. 225.281.0624 94’ Lexus ES300 Black w/ tan leather; excellent condition; Auto; A/C; power everything; new tires; 181K miles (hwy); $4500 obo. email: mdcbatonrouge@yahoo. com or 225.200.6170 Burbank Estates 2BR/2Bath On LSU bus line. New paint and carpet. Ground floor unit. $169,500. 225.266.9441 MATTRESS MART FUTONS STARING AT $66 FUTON FRAMES FROM $99 TWIN SETS FROM $97 FULL SETS FROM $137 QUEEN SETS FROM $167 225.272.4850 For Rent www.keyfindersbr.com Houses, Condos & Apartments For Lease in Baton Rouge and surrounding areas. Keyfinders Realty 225.293.3000 HOUSE FOR RENT Walk to LSU. 4br/1.5. 1485 W. Chimes St. Huge yard. $1000/ mo 225.603.4805 You Will Love williamsburg 4065 Burbank Drive. $475. No Pets. www.lsubr. com for picture and floorplan. 978-1649. LSU Walk to Campus. New Orleans Courtyard/ POOL 1001 Aster 1 br $495. Very Nice. No Pets.766-2115 LSU Busline, 2 bedroom 1 1/2 bath T/H with W/ D, no pets, $650/ month, 225-768-7093 LSU Area 3 BR / 1 Bath Newly Renovated with beautiful wood flrs., new tile in kitchen & bath. Comes with all appl. inclds washer/ dryer. Near LSU campus, on LSU busline or walk to class. 1 yr. sem. lease. Lawn care included. Very nice! $975 w/ $500 deposit 225.928.2864 Attn Serious Students Want quiet? Want space? Large 1 and 2 br apts in small complex within walking distance of LSU. reserved parking, private patio or balcony. No children or pets. 1-br, $500; 2-br, $700. 757-8175 or 924-1934. http// riverroadapartments.tripod.com. Christian/ musician’s home looking for roommate. private room $350. 4 miles from campus. No gender preference. Call Ben (985) 974-5292 3br/2bath apt. for rent. $960 per month. 225.324.0016 1br,1ba house w.garage entr. lv.&din rms. w/b, cent ac/htr. avail. 9/1 $625 mo. 1st & last 1 yr rent/lease Beauregard Town call Johnny 225-383-0968 225.383.0968 FOR RENT TOWNHOME Need 1 Girl 3/Bedrooms 3/ Baths. Arlington Plantation/Gated. Off/Brightside LSU/Bus Route. $650/mo/includes utilities/ cable/internet/garbage Spacious/1700/sq/ft/ Backyard 504.666.4281 FOR RENT seeking 1 male roommate for nice 2BR 2 1/2 BA TH in Brightside area. Near LSU bus route $550.00 mo internet/util incl. 504-2505984 or 985-789-0940. 985.674.7833 FOR RENT In Brightside Estates 3 Bedroom/2 bath Furnished 504.782.9018 FOR RENT 3 BR1 1/2 BA house next to campus. Fenced yard. Range, refrig., washer & dryer. Central heat, window A/C. $960 per month. Deposit and lease. Available now. 225.766.2963 FOR RENT 2 BED 2.5 BATH TOWNHOUSE FURNISHED CLOSE TO LSU $1250.00 A MONTH 504.455.6792 WALK TO LSU All newly remodeled 2 BR Condo! $900 mo. Call 769-6368 or 772-4680. WALK TO LSU 2BRUNF $575 3313 Iowa, central AC washateria 9275495 7660579 WalK To Campus 1Br, 2Br, and Townhomes. Starting as low as $400.00. www.lsuwestchimesplace.com 225.346.4789 Highland Road 3 br 2 ba $950-$1300 225.769.1079 TIGERTOWN 1BRUNF $425 AC stove fridge 9275495/7660579 Tiger Manor Condominiums. UNITS READY FOR FALL 2009! Brand new 1, 2, & 3 bedrooms available. Reserve your unit today! Walk to class! 3000 July St. 225-346-5055. www.tigermanor.com Location. Location. Location... Start Living. 3bd2bahouse rent$1260 WESTHAVEN SUB 6 mi.from LSU on BURBANK lg.den/ kit, fenced yd.2car gar.504.481.5118 504.780.2583 NICE NEIGHBORHOOD-2 Story House--3BR/2BA-W/ D and D/ W--367 Stoney Creek--$1400--Call Rusty 225.892.8702 3 BR / 3 BA Condo for Rent Lakes at Bluebonnet On Bluebonnet near Burbank 3-Year-Old Gated Community Available mid-August $1,450 / month 949-521-3570 2 bed 2 bath flat off South Brightside View on bus line ready to move in immediatley. $675mt Call Monica or Ashley 225.930.9996 2 BD/ 1 BTH www.geauxluxury.com 2 BD 1.5 Bath Cottage Close to LSU. Fenced back yard, private parking, 2-story, W/ D, $1,050/ mo. 7951 Bayou Fountain Avenue. Available August 1. 225.330.9286 or 225.757.0494. Chateau du Cour in tigerland Large 2 BR 1 B in gated complex..772-2429 mckproperties.com CHARMING VINTAGE 3B2BA COTTAGE newly renov, hrdwd fl thruout, W/D, CA/CH, ofstrt prkng, scurty mntring, yardman, bike to LSU, ap & lease. $990 225.344.1700 Near South Gates of LSU 2 BR 1 1/2 Bath condo 755 East Boyd completely updated ready immediately $1,000/ mo. year lease Call Geri today 225.806.2727 Near LSU Ready to move in now. 3148 wyoming house W/D incl. $695 10060 Lakes blvd. Luxury condo gated community $1295 2924 Iowa Remodeled duplex $650 McDaniel Properties 225.388.9858 Spacious Condo 2br/2ba $950 Carport, wshr/ dryer alarm sys. Near resturants and shopping center Contact Sheila Hyde 225-324-6619 $795 “BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIAL” COME HOME TO VARN VILLA AND BACK TO SCHOOL AT LSU!!! THIS SPECIAL INCLUDES WATER, SEWER, TRASH AND EXTENDED BASIC CABLE. IMMEDIATE MOVEIN SO CALL US AT 225-767-2434 OR COME AND SEE YOUR NEW HOME AT 1645 BRIGHTSIDE DR. 225.767.2434 $99 Deposit 2 Br Condo Summer Grove Condos only a few miles off LSU has a few nice 2 BR condos for lease. 225.364.2262 4170 Janet St walk to LSU Beautiful 2 story 3000 sf 4 BR 2 1/2 BA security gate backyard gazebo water/sewage pd no pets 2400.00 mo 892-8517 225.615.8521 5118 Brightside View Drive 3BD/2BA $775/ MO-Plus Deposit 225.753.3853 Need Something Typed? Call or email today!! [email protected] or 225.216.7275 225.216.7275 Roommate Wanted roomate To share newly renovated 2 BR condo, S. Acadian. $500 plus share utilities. 225-810-1417;225-4852683. 225.344.4553 225.344.4553 1 Female Roommate Needed 3 Bedroom/2 Bath House Near Campus $375 + 1/3 of Utilities Contact @ 225.235.1085 Female Roommate wanted Own bdrm and bath, $600+ deposit +1/3 electricity and internet. wanted now. Leigh’s Cove on Lee Drive 225.806.2135 $265 ALL UTILITIES INCLUDED!!! SMALL-ROOMFOR-RENT-IN-HUGE-HOUSE. PERFECT-FOR-A STUDENT. NEAR-LSU. 3BATHROOM-3LIVINGROOM. LARGE-GATED-YARD. NICE-AREA! EMAIL MANYTASKS@YAHOO. COM $425 ALL UTILITIES INCLUDED!!! HUGE-HOUSE-IN EXCLUSIVE-AREA. NEAR-LSU. VERY-NICE-HOUSE TO SHARE-WITH-TWO OTHER MALE ROOMMATES. CABLE-INTERNET-ALARM-LARGE-GATED-YARD3BR-3BATH-3LIVINGROOMS- 225.772.2506 225.772.2506 HOUSE OFF HIGHLAND RD. Female needs two female roomates for 09-10 year. New house, built last year. Fabulous 3BR house off Highland, less than 1 mile from campus. Your own BR and Full Bath! $450/ mo each. Call Jim Talbot (225) 927-2114 roommate needed New home located I-12/ Millerville ten minutes from LSU. 2 rooms available. Rent @ 550/month-includes all utilities. 225.278.7638 Roommate Needed Male grad seeking roommate to share 2BR/2.5B Lake Beau Pre Condo Only $575 ALL UTILITIES INCLUDED!! Gated, Pool, Gym, Tennis Court 225.247.0567 Female Rommate Needed 3 bedroom two bath, third roomate needed. 450 per month plus utilities. courtney place on burbank dr 504.416.4579 Personals The cute petite girl in econ 2030 with the red VW Jetta has a secret admirer :) I’m too shy to say hi, but if you are curious to find out who your admirer is email me at [email protected] LOOKING FOR: Non-fratstar. A guy who really knows how to use his cargo pockets. A man who can describe himself with a cute graphic T. Gelled hair preferred. You can find me onstage at Reggies. Come by and buy me a Jager shot or shoot me an email. [email protected] No summer love? Hopeless romantic looking for a cute girl who knows what she wants and likes to be treated well. If your idea of a nice night is a movie on the big screen and a bottle of wine, let me know. [email protected] looking for my match to fill the little opening in the jumbeled sock drawer of my heart. 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Which hit Croft comedy was criticised for homosexual and racial stereotyping?	Racist 1970s comedies would be banned now, says head of Ofcom - Telegraph TV and Radio Racist 1970s comedies would be banned now, says head of Ofcom Comedies like Mind Your Language and Love Thy Neighbour would probably be banned today, the head of Ofcom has said Windsor Davies and Melvin Hayes in the BBC comedy It Ain't Half Hot Mum Photo: BBC Follow Seventies comedies would not be allowed on television screens today because they were so racist and offensive, the outgoing head of Ofcom has said. Ed Richards, who stands down as chief executive of the media watchdog at the end of this month, said programmes from a previous generation were no longer suitable for today’s more enlightened audiences. Although he did not name names, comedies like ‘Love Thy Neighbour’, ‘It Ain’t Half Hot Mum’ and ‘Mind Your Language’ have all been criticised in recent years for their racial stereotyping. In ‘Mind Your Language’ which ran from 1977 to 1986, Germans were represented as dour and humourless; the French as sexy and flirtatious and the Chinese as communist agitators. 'Love Thy Neighbour' saw a black man referred to as ‘nig-nog’ and ‘Sambo’ while 'It Ain’t Half Hot Mum' regularly made jokes about the cultural differences between the Indians, Burmese and Japanese. Related Articles Jimmy Perry turns 90: a tribute to the Dad's Army genius 20 Sep 2013 Dad's Army actor Clive Dunn dies aged 92 07 Nov 2012 The show was written and created by David Croft and Jimmy Perry, the comedy due behind 'Dad's Army'. David Croft also penned 'Allo 'Allo! While 'Dad’s Army' and 'Allo Allo!' Are still regularly repeated, more controversial shows have been quietly removed from television schedules. “There are comedies from the seventies which had certain racial stereotyping in the, which are unimaginable today and if they were shown people would find them offensive and that wouldn’t just be people from black and ethnic minority communities, it would be everybody, “ Mr Richards said in an interview with The Independent newspaper. However the writers have criticised broadcasters and the regulator for shelving older series’ which, they say, are an ‘accurate portrayal of a bygone era.’ When the BBC announced it would no longer show It Ain’t Half Hot Mum in September 2013, Mr Perry criticised ‘Oxbridge graduates’ at the corporation saying they had no grasp of reality. He told the Telegraph it was a “shame” it does not get repeated on television today, when a “whole younger generation would be able to enjoy it”. When asked how he would respond to anyone who accused the sitcom of being racist or homophobic, he said: “I’d tell you straight away, they don’t know their history - they don’t understand their history and they don’t know anything about the British Empire. “Too many executives at the BBC have rather too little idea what reality looks like. He added that Michael Bates, who played bearer Rangi Ram, was not “blacked up” but wore a “light tan”, and said telling fictional soldiers that they were “a bunch of poofs” was what Sergeant-Majors did in the Forties. “That’s how it was!” he said. “It was the reality.” However while viewers will no longer accept racism and national stereotyping, Britons do not appear to mind on-screen vulgarity, Mr Richards has claimed. “They are more tolerant of light swearing, non-aggressive swearing in a comedy situation,” he said. But television audiences will not accept jokes about the disabled and were right to condemn Frankie Boyle when he mocked the blind son of model Katie Price, Mr Richards added. “Probably 20 years ago making a joke about a child with a disability would have gone uncommented on, or not commented on as much as it has been. "I think people were offended by (Boyle) because it was making fun of a child's disability and people don't want to hear that anymore."	It Ain't Half Hot Mum
Which member of the German army was not so secretly in love with Rene in Allo Allo?	"It Ain't Half Hot Mum" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 20 out of 25 people found the following review useful: The forgotten Perry/Croft series from Bury, England 25 October 2002 This was the follow up to the immortal 'Dad's Army'and while sharing a wartime setting and comedy based on character had a somewhat harder and cruder edge and was less reliant on whimsy. Perhaps as a result of this, despite the fact that it lasted several series it never gained a real place in the nation's affections to the same extent as Dad's Army. It also straddled a changing period in Britain's attitude to racial stereotyping. The 1970's had begun with the crude 'Love Thy Neighbour' but ended with the first sitcoms featuring more than token black casts (e.g 'The Fosters') and 'It Ain't Half...' was increasingly criticized for its attitude even though as another correspondent says, the Asian characters usually outwit their British 'masters'. Michael Bates as Ranji Ram is probably the last comical asian character to be played by a white actor in makeup a la Peter Sellers. (Bates had lived in India as a boy). Interestingly 'The Simpsons' contains an Indian family whose 'jolly good, sahib' voices and behaviour would be pretty much unacceptable on a British TV programmae today and is very similar to the portrayal of the asian characters in 'It ain't half hot...'. The pint size singer Don Estelle formed an unlikely duo with Sergeant Major Windsor Daies for a few UK hits. Sadly Don is now reduced to busking round Lancashire towns in his 'It Ain't Half...' costume these days. Was the above review useful to you? 17 out of 20 people found the following review useful: Funnier Than Dad's Army from scotland 27 September 2000 Dad's Army may be a classic but this series by the same scriptwriters involving a similar but more youthful crowd of army misfits generally has more laughs per episode and is a lot funnier. The scene after the closing titles where Sergeant Major Williams barks "shut up" at Char Wallah Mohammed never ceases to be funny. The series lost something when Michael Bates died (you know, there's an old Hindu proverb....). Don Estelle has a marvellous singing voice and another running joke in the programme was the performances where he played romantic heroes like Nelson Eddy or Ivor Novello and he'd have Melvyn Hayes (Gloria) as his leading lady. This programme has been frequently criticised as racist but frankly the various Indians, Malaysians and Burmese who used to appear in it were usually portrayed as smarter and more sorted out than the Sergeant Major and his platoon. Sergeant Major Williams has a fair bit of trouble with the King's English (degrading to the Welsh?), Gunner Atlas Mackintosh takes offence very quickly, particularly with Gloria (insulting to Scots?) and Captain Ashwood is an upper-class twit (so that degrades the English?). The BBC seems to show Dad's Army practically every waking day and "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" should be seen more often too. It's a classic and has a big fan following. Was the above review useful to you? 13 out of 14 people found the following review useful: Delightful from Rotterdam, Netherlands 27 October 2004 The series has been rerun by Dutch TV lately, and really, it was in fact the only program I really enjoyed 5 times a week for a long time. Lovely boys, lovely series!!!!! The show has lost none of its freshness, wit and edge. SM Williams as the prototype British drill sergeant and the bedraggled concert party which remind me a lot of the stories depicted in Spike Milligan's war memoirs. The final episode with the demob scenes I found very touching. It was very realistically depicted with the war heroes returning to a drab Blythe and viewed with disdain and even contempt by the civvies they were "protecting". I really hope that the BBC will air the show again. I miss it!!!! Was the above review useful to you? 4 out of 5 people found the following review useful: "Meet the gang 'cos the boys are here!" 26 January 2010 * This review may contain spoilers * I could not believe my eyes when in 2007, fans of 'Celebrity Big Brother' praised it for 'holding a mirror up to real life' ( this was around the time of the racism row involving Shilpa Shetty and the late Jade Goody ) after years of bashing so-called 'racist' '70's sitcoms such as 'Love Thy Neighbour'. I thought they were hypocrites, and said so. 'It Ain't Half Hot Mum' was then thrown into the argument, with some pointing out it had starred a blacked-up English actor. Well, yes, but Michael Bates had lived in India as a boy, and spoke Urdu fluently. The show's detractors ignored the reality he brought to his performance as bearer 'Rangi Ram'. Noted Indian character actor, Renu Setna, said in a 1995 documentary 'Perry & Croft: The Sitcoms' that he was upset when he heard Bates had landed the role, but added: "No Indian actor could have played that role as well as Bates.". Indeed. 'Mum' was Perry and Croft's companion show to 'Dad's Army'; also set in wartime, the sedate English town of Walmington-On-Sea had been replaced by the hot, steamy jungles of India, in particularly a place called Deolali, where an army concert party puts on shows for the troops, among them Bombadier Solomons ( George Layton, his first sitcom role since 'Doctor In Charge' ), camp Gunner 'Gloria' Beaumont ( Melvyn Hayes ), diminutive Gunner 'Lofty' Sugden, 'Lah de-dah' Gunner Graham ( John Clegg ), and Gunner Parkins ( the late Christopher Mitchell ). Presiding over this gang of misfits was the bellicose Battery Sergeant-Major Williams ( the brilliant Windsor Davies ), who regarded them all as 'poofs'. His frustration at not being able to lead his men up the jungle to engage the enemy in combat made him bitter and bullying ( though he was nice to Parkins, whom he thought was his illegitimate son! ). Then there was ever-so English Colonel Reynolds ( Donald Hewlett ) and dimwitted Captain Ashwood ( Michael Knowles ). Rangi was like a wise old sage, beginning each show by talking to the camera and closing them by quoting obscure Hindu proverbs. He loved being bearer so much he came to regard himself as practically British. His friends were the tea-making Char Wallah ( the late Dino Shafeek, who went on to 'Mind Your Language' ) and the rope pulling Punka Wallah ( Babar Bhatti ). So real Indians featured in the show - another point its detractors ignore. Shafeek also provided what was described on the credits as 'vocal interruptions' ( similar to the '40's songs used as incidental music on 'Dad's Army' ). Each edition closed with him warbling 'Land Of Hope & Glory' only to be silenced by a 'Shut Up!' from Williams. The excellent opening theme was penned by Jimmy Perry and Derek Taverner. Though never quite equalling 'Dad's Army' in the public's affections, 'Mum' nevertheless was popular enough to run to eight seasons. In 1975, Davies and Estelle topped the charts with a cover version of that old chestnut 'Whispering Grass'. They then recorded an entire album of old chestnuts, entitled ( what else? ) 'Sing Lofty!'. The show hit crisis point three years later when Bates died of cancer. Rather than recast the role of 'Rangi', the writers just let him be quietly forgotten. When George Layton left, the character of 'Gloria' took his place as 'Bombadier', providing yet another source of comedy. The last edition in 1981 saw the soldiers leave India by boat for Blighty, the Char Wallah watching them go with great sadness ( as did viewers ). Repeats have been few and far between ( mainly on U.K. Gold ) all because of its so-called 'dodgy' reputation. This is strange. For one thing, the show was not specifically about racism. If a white man blacked-up is so wrong, why does David Lean's 1984 film 'A Passage to India' still get shown on television? ( it featured Alec Guinness as an Indian, and won two Oscars! ). It was derived from Jimmy Perry's own experiences. Some characters were based on real people ( the Sergeant-Major really did refer to his men as 'poofs' ). I take the view that if you are going to put history on television, get it right. Sanitizing the past, no matter how unsavoury it might seem to modern audiences, is fundamentally dishonest. 'Mum' was both funny and truthful, and viewers saw this. Thank heavens for D.V.D.'s I say. Time to stop this review. As Williams would say: "I'll have no gossiping in this jungle!" Was the above review useful to you? 1 out of 2 people found the following review useful: Politics from United Kingdom 23 February 2016 How awful that the BBC refuse to show this again...what a load of nonsense...it was and still is an affectionate look at how things were in the war...I went on holiday to Turkey last year and saw exactly the same thing in the markets...foreign people imitating British for comedy purposes... poor Michael Bates was lambasted as racist for his role but that is exactly the kind of character around at the time...and there still is. This is almost "Spike Milliganesque" in its approach to multi culture comedy...there was never any intent to mock or offend...pure vaudeville. Perry and Croft understood perfectly the comedy in wartime as these were all obviously based on real life characters..anybody who is offended by this should be genuinely ashamed.....this series had 15 million viewers in its heyday...all apparent racists. Must add that all the crew were all in on the fun...Windsor Davies was brilliant., much like Hylda Baker and always using the wrong words ...one thing though....almost every British comedy at the time was made into a movie...why was this left out. Marvelous comedy from the finest writing duo since Galton and Simpson. Was the above review useful to you? 8 out of 21 people found the following review useful: very good acting very good from london 10 September 2003 acting very good windsor davies very good as williams and others actors were very good I like it I thought the writing is good very good series Was the above review useful to you?	i don't know
Australian Capital Territory is entirely surrounded by what state?	The Australian continent \| australia.gov.au The Australian continent Australia's land mass Australia comprises a land area of about 7.692 million square kilometres. Although this is just five per cent of the world's land mass (149.45 million square kilometres), Australia is the planet's sixth largest country after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It is also the only one of the largest six nations that is completely surrounded by water. Australia's land mass is: almost as great as that of the United States of America about 50 per cent greater than Europe, and 32 times greater than the United Kingdom. Geographical and climatic features Australia is the smallest of the world's continents. It is also the lowest, the flattest and (apart from Antarctica) the driest. The highest point on the Australian mainland is Mount Kosciuszko, New South Wales, at 2228 metres above sea level. The lowest point is the dry bed of Lake Eyre, South Australia, which is 15 metres below sea level. The mainland and Tasmania are surrounded by many thousands of small islands and numerous larger ones. Nearly 40 per cent of the total coastline length comprises island coastlines. As an island nation, coastlines play an important role in defining national, state and territory boundaries. Nearly 20 per cent of Australia's land mass is classified as desert. As well as having a low average annual rainfall, rainfall across Australia is also variable. The rainfall pattern is concentric around the extensive arid core of the continent, with rainfall intensity high in the tropics and some coastal areas. Climatic zones range from tropical rainforests, deserts and cool temperature forests to snow covered mountains. Within this climate, our plants and animals have evolved on a geographically isolated continent, through a time of a slowly drying climate, combined with continuing high variability. The uniqueness of much of Australia's flora and fauna is thus at least partly due to these features of our climate. Did you find the information you were looking for?	New South Wales
Which playing card is ‘the curse of Scotland’?	Australian Sport - Tourism Australia Australian Sport Australia.com does not support the internet browser you are using. Please upgrade to a more recent browser so that you can explore the destinations and experiences that await you as you plan your Australian holiday. The official Australian tourism website. This site uses cookies. Find out more . Add Share Sport is something of a national obsession in Australia. We're avid followers of ‘footy', which covers everything from rugby union to the uniquely Australian AFL. We play backyard and beach cricket all summer and turn out in our thousands to watch the iconic Boxing Day test at Melbourne's MCG. Summer is also the season we become amateur commentators at our Grand Slam tennis tournament. We have lush, championship-designed golf courses across the country and host many premier golf events. Our marathons attract hundreds of thousands of runners and rev-heads everywhere know about our car racing events such as the Formula 1 Australia Grand Prix. Popular Sports in Australia Australia's Summer of Cricket In Australia, it’s just not summer without cricket. We play it at our picnics and barbeques, in our backyards, on our beaches, roads, in parks and world-class stadiums. Indoors, the Australian cricket team with their trademark baggy green caps, dominate our television screens. In Australia, cricket is almost a religion, uniting players and fans from all walks of life. Great Golf Courses of Australia Great Golf Courses of Australia AFL - The Australian Football League AFL - The Australian Football League AFL - The Australian Football League From March to September Australian Rules Football (AFL) teams fight it out to make the top eight and qualify for the final series held in Melbourne in September. AFL is Australia’s most attended sporting league, with passionately-supported teams in Sydney, Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane. Close to 95,000 fans pack the stands of the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) for the grand final while millions watch it worldwide on television. There’s nothing like being there for the final series. The entire city takes on a carnival atmosphere as excited fans cheer their teams to victory. It is a truly unique Australian experience. Top five places to ski in Australia Top five places to ski in Australia Surfing in Australia Australia's surf beaches, where first-class waves for all surfing abilities crash, are born from the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and the Southern Ocean in the south . Visit iconic Bells Beach, near Torquay, the gateway to Victoria's Surf Coast on the Great Ocean Road. In New South Wales, Byron Bay, Newcastle, Sydney and its south coast offer a superior swell. Hang out in Burleigh Heads or coast along one of the world's longest waves at Snapper Rocks on Queensland's Gold Coast. In South Australia, great surf beaches dot the Fleurieu, Yorke and Eyre peninsulas as well as the Limestone Coast. In Western Australia, Perth, Margaret River and Esperance are home to an abundance of surf beaches. Brave Tasmania's Southern Ocean swells in Hobart, Bruny Island, Launceston, Devonport and Marrawah. You'll find a wave to yourself on our uncrowded and pristine coastal beaches. 11 Day 10 Night Australian Open Finals with the Reef & Sydney Attend both Austalian Open finals before exploring the Great Barrier Reef and Sydney From $ 6,295 /per person Change your country and language Change your country Business Events © Tourism Australia 2017 *Product Disclaimer: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator’s website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD). Tourism Australia makes no representations whatsoever about any other websites which you may access through this website. Some websites which are linked to the Tourism Australia website are independent from Tourism Australia and are not under the control of Tourism Australia. Tourism Australia does not endorse or accept any responsibility for the use of websites which are owned or operated by third parties and makes no representation or warranty in relation to the standard, class or fitness for purpose of any services, nor does it endorse or in any respect warrant any products or services by virtue of any information, material or content linked from or to this site. {"PageInfo":{"component":"PageInfo"},"Hero":{"component":"Hero","subTitle":"","title":"Australian Sport"},"WhatYouCanSee":{"component":"WhatYouCanSee","title":"Upcoming Sporting Events"},"SpecialOffer":{"component":"SpecialOffer","altText":"Springboard Vacations","price":"6295","pricePerText":"per person","currency":"From $","text":"Attend both Austalian Open finals before exploring the Great Barrier Reef and Sydney","title":"11 Day 10 Night Australian Open Finals with the Reef & Sydney","viewMoreInformationLink":"http://www.springboardvacations.com/index.php/experiences2/the-australian-open"}}	i don't know
Like Rome, which Yorkshire city is said to be built on seven hills?	Is Sheffield really built on seven hills? \| Sheffield blog Is Sheffield really built on seven hills? It is one of the most-quoted facts about the city, but is it true? One of the things I like most about Sheffield, and it is something that I have started to appreciate more now that I live up on one of the hills, is the topography of the city. Having also lived in London and Birmingham, it seems that comparatively, there are many more opportunities in Sheffield for looking down on the city from one of the many vantage points on the surrounding hills. It may not be so good for cyclists, but once you are up there you are rewarded with some spectacular views. Whether it is the panorama back across town from Park Hill at dusk; the drive back into the city from Ringinglow ; the view from Crookes and Crosspool; the city skyline from Meersbrook park or simply looking up at the hills through corner gaps at Hillsborough stadium ; I could go on and on. I still read some blogs about Birmingham, and one of these recently enquired how high the Midlands city was. A response from Ordnance Survey showed that in terms of single highest points, Sheffield is second only to Bradford. This led me on to investigate the regularly-quoted fact about Sheffield that, like Rome, the city is built on seven hills. According to a study by J.G. Harston , Sheffield is in fact built on eight discernible hills, not seven. In the end, it doesn’t matter how many hills the city is built on; while the days are long and the evenings are light, it is well worth getting out to making the most of the fantastic views on offer. Does anyone else have any favourites?	Sheffield
Which language is said to have been the mother tongue of Jesus?	Sevenhills Motors LTD Welcome To Sevenhills Motors Ltd Quality Used Car Sales in Sheffield, South Yorkshire Sevenhills Motors Ltd pride ourselves in having one of the best selections of quality used vehicles for sale in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Situated in Sheffield – the city, which like Rome, is built on Seven Hills, hence our name. We can be easily found just off the M1 at junction 34, close to Sheffield’s Meadowhall shopping centre, opposite the Sheffield Arena – simply follow signs for the Arena and our entrance is opposite their carpark. If you would prefer to arrive by train we would be more than happy to collect you from our local train station. Sevenhills Motors Ltd offers a wide range of quality used vehicles at affordable prices. We aim to provide a courteous, honest service and our customers appreciate the non sales pressure way that we do business. Please feel free to call in for a coffee and browse our stock at your leisure. At Sevenhills Motors Ltd, we pride ourselves on giving you the best advice possible with a friendly service when buying one of our quality used cars, as our managing director has had over 15 years experience in the motor trade. For total peace of mind each vehicle comes complete with a fully comprehensive Nationwide Vehicle Warranty and is 100% HPI clear, meaning that it has not been involved in any accidents and does not have any outstanding finance. We will also ensure that the vehicle of your choice has been prepared and presented to exceed the expectations of the most demanding customer enabling you to enjoy your new car with confidence. At Sevenhills Motors Ltd you can find a hand-picked selection of quality, previously owned vehicles from manufacturers such as Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Citroen, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Jaguar, Kia, Landrover, Lexus, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, MG, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Seat, Skoda, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, Vauxhall, Volkswagen, Volvo and many more. Sevenhills Motors Ltd have an excellent selection of used vehicles with petrol, diesel, automatic and manual models always ready to drive away. Opening Hours.	i don't know
Which brewery produces Tiger Best Bitter?	Shop \| Everards Everards Home > Brewery Shop > Tiger Best Bitter A true award winning best bitter with universal appeal. Tiger Best Bitter is a classic example of getting the perfect balance between sweetness and bitterness. Crystal malt gives the beer its rounded toffee character. Now you can show your love for Tiger ale with this great range of official merchandise…	Everards Brewery
Which spirit is present in a white lady cocktail?	Shop \| Everards Everards Tiger Best Bitter Case of 8 Bottles Quantity Add to basket A true award winning best bitter with universal appeal. Tiger Best Bitter is a classic example of getting the perfect balance between sweetness and bitterness. Crystal malt gives the beer its rounded toffee character. Following our Gold Medal win with Tiger Best Bitter at the Brewing Industry International Awards in 2011, we are delighted that Tiger has continued to achieve further award success. Tiger has received a Gold Medal at the British Bottlers’ Institute Competition for Ales, Lager and Cider in the 4.0% – 4.9% ABV category in 2011 and a Silver award at the same awards in 2012 and also a Silver Award at the Brussels Beer Challenge in the same year. Price : Case of 8 x 500ml bottles only £12.99 plus £6.99 for delivery Buy In-store & Save: Why not purchase from our brewery shop and pay only £12.99 Strength: 4.2% ABV Malt: Maris Otter Hops: Fuggles, Goldings Why not use Tiger Best Bitter in your cooking? Check out some great tasting recipes by visiting www.everards.co.uk/herorecipe * Please allow up to 3 working days for delivery * Age Restriction It is against the law to sell or supply intoxicating substances to persons less than 18 years of age in the UK. By placing an order the purchaser or recipient has confirmed that they are over 18 years of age. If there is any doubt then our courier is at liberty to request some form of I.D. from the purchaser or recipient and if they are not satisfied that they are over the legal age to buy alcohol then they will not leave your beer.	i don't know
Which type of road crossing allows bicycles to be ridden across?	What does toucan crossing mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word toucan crossing Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: toucan crossing(Noun) A pedestrian crossing equipped with traffic lights operated by the pedestrians, same as pelican crossing. Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Toucan crossing A toucan crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing found in the United Kingdom that also allows bicycles to be ridden across. Since two-can, both pedestrians and cyclists, cross together, the name toucan was chosen. In the UK, toucan crossings are normally 4 metres wide, instead of the 2.8-metre width of a pelican crossing or puffin crossing. A "green bicycle" is displayed next to the "green man" when cyclists and pedestrians are permitted to cross. Additionally, unlike the pelican crossing, before the lights for vehicles go back to green, a steady red and amber are displayed instead of a flashing amber. The pedestrian/cyclist signal lights may be on the near side of the crossing, or on the opposite side of the road. A related crossing type pegasus crossing for horse riders. Numerology The numerical value of toucan crossing in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 Pythagorean Numerology	Toucan crossing
Who was the Duke of Mantua’s jester?	Cycling and the Law - Know your rights on the road Cycling and the law Email to a friend Legal advice for cyclists Cycling is a simple pleasure – a bike can be acquired for next to nothing and you don’t require a licence or any specialist equipment – but whatever type of cyclist you are, it pays to know your rights and responsibilities in law. We’ve teamed up with leading law firm Shoosmiths Access Legal to provide advice about cycling and the law and provide key tips. If you are a cyclist seeking compensation following a road traffic collision, it is vital that you choose a law firm that understand cyclists, the laws affecting them and the injuries and losses cyclists can suffer. Should you be unfortunate enough to be involved in a collision or crash, make sure that the solicitors you use have long-standing partnerships with leading treatment and rehabilitation providers, cycle specialist accident investigators and barristers who specialise in this area of work. They can even help when the other parties involved in the road traffic collision are uninsured or untraceable. When you invest in cycle insurance from the ETA, you enjoy a host of benefits including new-for-old replacement (whatever the age of your bike), protection against accidental damage, third party cover up to £1m and free legal advice. The Good Shopping Guide this year nominated us Britain’s most ethical insurance company. If you have any questions about cycling and the law, you can contact our dedicated helpline on 0845 389 1050. Read our Cycling and the Law e-book We’ve transformed Cycling and the Law into a free e-book, making it even easier to read, download and share this handy guide for cyclists. Just click here or on the front cover (right) and you’ll have full access to the e-book. If you would like some printed copies of Cycling and the Law to distribute at your cafe, cycle shop or anywhere else that might benefit cyclists, please feel free to email [email protected] Cycle Insurance Quick Quote Bike Value (£) Maximum value £5,000 Postcode Can I carry people on my bike? Do you have any more questions? Email [email protected] and we'll find the answer Is there a legal requirement to be qualified as a bicycle mechanic to service / build bicycles used by the general public? Our research does not suggest that there is a legal requirement that an individual has to be “qualified as a bicycle mechanic to service/build bicycles used by the general public”. One has to ask the question what is meant by “qualified” as it is not a requirement to be a qualified mechanic to service a car ( number of people service their own vehicles), however an individual has to have qualifications to carry out/issue a valid MOT certificate. That said, if an individual services a bicycle and something goes wrong there may be a claim in Civil law and the test is the ‘reasonable competent test’ and whether there is a claim for ‘breach of contract’ or ‘negligence’ if something goes wrong. Back to FAQs Are there any (by) laws about locking bikes to municipal, i.e. public or council, lamp posts, railings, signposts, etc? This is a difficult question to answer as there is no general law that gives a cyclist the right to lock their bike to railings, signposts or any other municipal or council-owned signage or street furniture. Obviously, specifically designed bike racks and parking stands supplied by local authorities can be used, and many ‘expert cycling sites’ claim that, if there are no suitable parking stands available, you can use secure immovable street furniture such as railings or lamp posts to lock your bike provided it isn’t causing an obstruction to passers by. Whether you can in fact legally do this is dictated by local Bylaws. Bylaws are laws made by a local authority and only apply within a specific geographical area. They are usually only created when there is no general legislation that deals with particular matters of concern to local people – like too many bikes cluttering up public railings for example. You can check with the appropriate local authority which should have a numbered list of their Bylaws. Always check for signage saying you can’t lock your bike against railings or street furniture. If it says any bike locked there will be removed, that’s usually what happens! The only right you have on the highway is to pass and re-pass. There are offences of obstruction, public order damage etc that you could lay yourself open to. So, while it may be legal to secure your bike to street furniture if the Bylaw says so, if there is no Bylaw you are at risk from laws protecting property rights. Chaining your bike to the property (railing etc) of another could give rise to claims for compensation if you cause ‘damage to public property’. The courts have interpreted the term ‘damage’ liberally and such damage need not be need not be visible, tangible or permanent. So check the position with your local authority by getting information about the relevant Bylaws, but if designated parking stands are available, then use them rather than risking your bike on a lamppost, road sign or railing. These alternatives will probably be less secure than a proper bike stand in any event. Back to FAQs What equipment is needed to be fitted to a bike to make it legal to ride on British roads? Your bike should be in good condition and adequately maintained and it is not compulsory to wear a cycle helmet in Britain. Essentially the only items of equipment that must be fitted to legally ride a bike on British roads are brakes and lights. The Pedal Cycles ( and Use) Regulations 1983 only stipulate that every pedal cycle ( are slightly different for electrically- assisted bikes) should have two braking systems ( can be a back pedal-operated rear brake). The Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989 ( amended several times) stipulate that bikes ridden at night must be fitted with white front and red rear lights, flashing or steady, as well as a red rear reflector. All bicycles made after October 1st 1985 must also be fitted with amber pedal reflectors ( on each pedal) when being ridden on a public road between sunset and sunrise, although fitting such reflectors is almost impossible with many ‘clipless’ pedal styles. It’s important to comply with these regulations as any slight illegality with respect to your lights or reflectors may be regarded as contributory negligence should you be involved in an accident at night. Bikes have to be fitted with bells while in the bike shop, but there is no legal requirement to fit or use them once on the road. The Highway Code merely suggests that cyclists ‘should be considerate of other road users, particularly blind and partially sighted pedestrians. Let them know you are there when necessary, for example by ringing your bell.’ Any other ‘audible warning’ – horn, rattle, duck call or the human voice – would do. Back to FAQs How does the law regard helmet cam evidence? There is no reason why helmet cam footage cannot be admitted as evidence like CCTV is used. It is likely that a witness statement would have to accompany the helmet cam footage and it would have to be downloaded to a CD with a certificate (countersigned by a solicitor) stating that it had not been altered in any way from its original digital format. Back to FAQs Is it compulsory to wear a helmet? There is no British law to compel cyclists, of any age, to wear helmets when cycling, even though the Highway Code suggests that cyclists should wear a cycle helmet “which conforms to current regulations, is the correct size and securely fastened.” Back to FAQs Can I cycle while using my mobile phone? A bicycle is a vehicle, but according to the Road Vehicles ( and Use) Regulations 1986, amended 2003, it is only illegal to drive a motor vehicle while using a mobile phone. There is nothing about bicycles in the phrasing so, in effect, cyclists are exempt from this extremely sensible law. That doesn’t mean cycling while phoning or texting is not dangerous and you could be pulled over for a related ‘not-paying-due-care-and-attention’ offence. Back to FAQs What’s the legal position on bike lights? Bikes ridden at night require front and rear lights, flashing or steady. At night a bicycle must also be fitted with a red rear reflector ( amber pedal reflectors, if manufactured after 1/10/85). According to the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations () 1989 ( in 2009), all bicycle pedals must be fitted with reflectors ( on each pedal) although fitting such reflectors is almost impossible with many ‘clipless’ pedals. The RVLR regulations are seldom enforced, but if you are involved in a night-time collision, any slight illegality with respect to your lights or reflectors may be regarded as contributory negligence on your part. Back to FAQs Is it the law to have a bell on a bicycle? No – it’s desirable, but not a legal requirement. Bikes at the point of sale have to be fitted with bells, but there is no law saying they must be fitted to bicycles no longer on shop display. The Highway Code does not stipulate that bells must be used, but rather suggests that cyclists: ‘be considerate of other road users, particularly blind and partially sighted pedestrians, letting them know you are there when necessary, for example by ringing your bell.’ Any other ‘audible warning device’, such as a whistle or the human voice would do. A polite ‘excuse me’ can often come across as a lot less aggressive than the insistent tinkling of a bell or the blare of a horn. Back to FAQs Can I ride an electric bike rated at over 250W on the road in Britain? Anyone found riding an electric bike with a motor larger than 250W rated power without the correct documentation is liable to be prosecuted by the police. The rider will be open for prosecution for driving without a licence, driving without insurance, driving an unlicensed vehicle etc. If the person riding such a vehicle has a current driving licence and is prosecuted, they will receive penalty points and may even be banned from driving any motor vehicle (: BEBA electric bicycle association). Full a full explanation of the law surrounding electric bicycles, visit beba.info/article/electric-bicycles-law Back to FAQs Is it legal for a cyclist to ride across a zebra crossing? It is not illegal ( some local bylaws may apply) to ride a pedal cycle across a zebra crossing, but rule 79 of the Highway Code says cyclists should dismount and wheel their cycles across a pelican, puffin or zebra crossing. You ought to comply with this rule as, should you injure a pedestrian when cycling across, they could sue you for compensation. The fact that you did not follow the rules for cyclists in the Highway Code would make it far more likely that the injured party would win their case against you. It should also be noted that sections 28 & 29 of the Highways Act create the offences of dangerous, careless and inconsiderate cycling, which could apply if you failed to take care when using the crossing if you choose to cycle across. Equally, in law if you did cycle across a zebra crossing then you are not a ‘pedestrian’ so a motorist who fails to give way to you won’t be committing an offence if they cut in front of you – case law precedent if you are interested is Crank v Brooks [1980] RTR. However, rule 80 of the Highway Code does permit cyclists to ride across at toucan crossings which allow cyclists and pedestrians to share the crossing space and cross in designated lanes when the appropriate light signals indicate it is safe to do so. Back to FAQs How old does a child need to be before they can legally cycle on the road? There is no prescribed legal minimum age concerning how old a child must be before they can use or ride a pedal cycle* on a public highway. Bear in mind that, depending on the child’s age, parents can be held responsible for the actions of the child. So if for example the child causes an accident the parents would be the ones who have to pay compensation to the other injured party. Likewise if the child is injured by a third party, the parents could be held wholly or partly responsible for failing to exercise reasonable supervision of their child and could find themselves as co-defendants in a legal action brought by their child for compensation. So whether you allow your child to cycle on the road will depend on your judgment about their ability and confidence, but if they are still using a bike with stabilisers they are probably far too young. Parents certainly ought to cycle with their children until the youngsters feel confident enough to handle the roads on their own. It’s a good idea for your child to take the various levels of instruction available through the Bikeability scheme before they set out on the road. *’Cycle’ is defined by the Road Traffic Act 1988 s 192() as a ‘bicycle, tricycle or a cycle having four or more wheels, not being in any case a motor vehicle’. Back to FAQs What are a cyclist’s main rights and responsibilities on the road? The rights and responsibilities of cyclists on the road ( addition to others which apply to all road users) are contained in the Highway Code sections 59 – 71 . There are no real differences from those of any other road user. Back to FAQs What is the law regarding riding two or more abreast? There is no law as such against doing this and it is not outlawed specifically in the Highway Code. You are, however, obliged to be considerate to other road users and so generally riding two or more abreast would not be recommended in built-up areas. In less busy areas, or riding on roads like narrow country lanes, if you are cycling two or more abreast and are approached by a vehicle from behind it is recommended that you return to single file to allow that vehicle to pass. Back to FAQs If there is a cycle track along a main road, am I obliged to use it as a cyclist? In the event of a collision, can motor insurers seek to reduce payments for compensation if they argue the cyclist had the option to use a cycle lane? Under the Highway Act, section 72 – it is illegal to ride on the pavements, however, both this legislation and the Highway code (. 63), state that where there is a designated cycle lane, cyclists should ‘Keep within the lane when practicable… Use of cycle lanes is not compulsory and will depend on your experience and skills but they can make your journey safer.’ In the unreported case R. v Cadden – Unreported August 8, 2006 ( Ct ()) the Court initially held that Mr Daniel Cadden contributed to the negligence by not using the designated cycle lane. However, the appeal Court overturned this decision and held the verdict that it is not a legal requirement for cyclists to use cycle lanes but as above, it is dependent upon experience and skills. The prominent decision of the Courts is not a concrete precedent and was judged upon whether the claimant was aware of their responsibilities to others and whether he was impeding traffic by not using the cycle lane at the time. Essentially, it comes down to the reasonableness of a cyclist’s behaviour in the circumstances. Back to FAQs Can cyclists be booked for speeding? Cyclists can’t be booked for speeding, but might be fined for ‘cycling furiously’ or ‘riding furiously’ which is an offence under the 1847 Town Police Clauses Act. However, cyclists can be convicted for ‘wanton and furious driving’ under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 ( amended by the Criminal Justice Act 1948 (. 58), s. 1()) if they cause bodily harm to any person. They are then guilty of a misdemeanour and could, at the discretion of the court, be imprisoned for up to two years. Do I have to obey the Highway Code on a bicycle? It’s not a legal absolute, but it is always advisable to do so. The Road Traffic Act 1988 says: ‘a failure on the part of a person to observe any provision of The Highway Code shall not of itself render that person liable to criminal proceedings of any kind, but any such failure may in any proceedings ( civil or criminal and including proceedings for an offence under the Traffic Acts, the Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981 or sections 18 to 23 of the Transport Act 1985) be relied upon by any party to the proceedings as tending to establish or negate any liability which is in question in those proceedings.’ Back to FAQs What’s the law on cycling and alcohol? In law, a bicycle is defined as a carriage for use on the highway, but cyclists are not in charge of ‘mechanically propelled’ vehicles so, in law, do not have to adhere to exactly the same rules as motorists, including ‘drink drive’ rules. While it’s probably true that the proverbial swift half will not lead to a massive impairment in your ability to ride, Section 30 Road Traffic Act 1988 says: ‘It is an offence for a person to ride a cycle on a road or other public place when unfit to ride through drink or drugs.’ That is to say, is under the influence of a drink or a drug to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control of the cycle. If you ride drunk you risk endangering yourself and possibly others and can be fined by up to £2,500. Back to FAQs Is it ever legal to run a red light? No. The only possible mitigation in law might be if your life was in immediate danger and there was genuinely no alternative. Back to FAQs Can I cycle in a pedestrianised zone? If there is signage prohibiting cycling you should not cycle, but often such signage is hidden away, missing or misleading. The Department for Transport’s Code of Conduct for cyclists says that in pedestrianised areas, only ride your cycle if there aren’t too many pedestrians about – otherwise dismount and push it. Back to FAQs Following the proposed changes to the law, should a cyclist win their case, are they able to recover costs for legal representation? If the government adopts the present fixed cost scheme for small claims it will be a fixed fee and if your customers seek legal presentation they will be responsible for any shortfall. We always advise clients who have a small claim whether it is a Personal Injury, Contract or any other claim that the costs that they would have to pay would be disproportionate to the sum recovered. Back to FAQs Are cyclists with a claim under £5,000 are being encouraged to pursue the claim through the small claims court without legal representation? Theoretically yes, as we anticipate that many personal injury lawyers will exit the market as the costs recovered will not cover their operating costs. Changes are expected to be in place by 2017. Back to FAQs Can you explain the changes to raise the small claims limit for personal injury from £1,000 to £5,000 and remove the right to recover general damages for soft tissue injuries? At the moment (Early December 2015) we do not have the details of the government’s proposals and the devil will be in the detail. The ABI have been successful in lobbying the government in relation to “whiplash injuries” therefore if the third party insurers argue that a soft tissue is a “whiplash Injury” then on the information published by the government the third party insurers will only pay for physiotherapy treatment. Back to FAQs Can a cyclist be counter-sued if they make a claim for compensation against a driver? Yes. There can be a counter-claim by the driver who is the defendant in an action you take for any damage to his vehicle caused by you as a cyclist in the collision. This can include repair costs and replacement vehicle hire costs. Back to FAQs Can I claim for damage to my bike and other equipment and accessories that were damaged as a result of a crash? You can not only claim for your injuries, but also the cost of bike repair or replacement and the cost of accessories and clothing damaged in the crash. Incidentally, you can also claim for lost income caused by time off work and the cost of any treatment required as well as help provided by family and friends while you are recovering. Back to FAQs Can I make a claim if I have been injured by a vehicle that didn’t stop? Yes. Claims made via the Motor Insurer’s Bureau () also cover untraced drivers. The MIB will make an award for compensation to the victim of a negligent untraced driver in respect of personal injuries. You may also claim property damages for a collision that occurred on or after 14th February 2003 provided the incident is reported to the police within five days of the collision if the vehicle remains untraceable. It is helpful to contact MIB as quickly as possible, but personal injury claims against either uninsured or untraced drivers can be considered by the MIB within three years of the date of the collision ( months in respect of property damage). Back to FAQs Can I make a claim if I have been injured by an uninsured driver? Claims can still be made via the Motor Insurer’s Bureau (), which is a body set up by all the insurers in Great Britain to compensate victims of uninsured drivers. The process follows much the same procedure as would a normal personal injury claim. If the collision happened after 15th April 2011 and you suffered a significant personal injury ( as being admitted to hospital for 4+ consecutive days) then property damages will be paid in addition to compensation for personal injury. Back to FAQs What should I do if I am hit by a car? Be safe Get yourself out of the road and to a footpath or kerbside or somewhere safe if you can. If you’re unable to move, ensure you’re visible and try to attract help from passersby. Call the police and ambulance Always contact the police and call an ambulance if you are injured. The police can help with exchange of details and their reports could prove crucial. Get the details of the attending police officer and an incident reference number. Exchange details You must exchange personal and insurance details after a collision. You may not have insurance cover, but all motor vehicles on a public road should do. Get names and addresses, vehicle registration number as well as make, model and colour. Get witnesses Get details of any independent witnesses as well as the driver of the vehicle that hit you. If you can’t do this yourself, ask a passer-by for help. If the vehicle that hit you didn’t stop, still get witness statements as you can claim via the Motor Insurer’s Bureau () who will pay out if the accident was a ‘hit and run’ or the driver cannot be traced. Get photographic evidence Take photos ( time and date stamped) on your phone of the vehicles and the scene ( from junctions, road markings or signs) precisely as the accident happened. Don’t let the driver of the vehicle that hit you move it before you take photos. Ask the police if there is CCTV footage showing your collision. If you have a helmet cam, video from that can also be used as evidence. Put everything down on paper When you can, write a full account of the accident and draw a sketch plan. It’s always worth asking for a copy of the police reports too. Get checked out by your GP No matter how minor your injuries may seem, always visit your GP and get checked over at the earliest possible opportunity. Keep all receipts Keep receipts/bills/estimates for the cost of repair/replacement to your bike, clothing, helmet and accessories and the damaged bits of your bike. Keep records of costs you’ve incurred for treatment, travel to medical appointments or lost earnings. Call a solicitor If the collision wasn’t your fault, you may be entitled to compensation. If you have cycle insurance with the ETA, you have access to a legal helpline. However you do it, it’s advisable to get early legal advice from a solicitor that specialises in bicycle accidents. Call Shoosmiths Access Legal on 0845 389 1050 Back to FAQs What should I do if a dog without lead causes me to crash? Dog owners have a duty to keep their pets ‘under control’ and they are liable to make good any ‘foreseeable’ damage caused by their animal. A dog is considered ‘under control’ if it is on a lead held by someone able to control it. It isn’t necessary for dogs to be muzzled or leashed at all times, but they should be kept on a lead on the highway and on land where livestock is present. Councils may also have bye-laws to indicate areas where leashing is required. It is a criminal offence to allow a dog to attack or cause serious injury to a person or livestock. Dogs that behave dangerously may be seized by the council dog warden and their owners prosecuted. The animal may be destroyed if a magistrate considers it is a danger to the public. If a loose and uncontrolled dog causes you to crash while on your bicycle, then provided you can identify the owner, you can pursue a civil personal injury claim against the owner/person responsible for the dog. The normal rules relating to claims based on negligence and/or breach of statutory duty apply. The pet owner or handler owes a duty of care and is liable because they could have easily foreseen what was likely to happen given that their dog was off the leash, but did not take any ‘reasonable measures’ to prevent it happening. Even if the accident was caused by a dog that had ‘escaped’ (.e. the owner is nowhere within sight to exert any control) then the owner is still responsible for any foreseeable damaged caused by the straying pet if it can be shown that they failed to take reasonable steps to keep the dog secure. The claim can cover your pain, suffering, medical treatment as well as loss of earnings caused by time off work, inability to perform cherished tasks and damage to your bike, clothing or equipment. The only other issue to consider would be whether the dog owner had insurance cover that would pay out if your claim is successful. If the dog owner has no insurance or no money to pay what you may be awarded, it is worth checking with your solicitor to see if your existing cycle, car or household insurance policy contains a ‘reverse indemnity clause’. This type of cover will pay out compensation awarded to you by a court if the party at fault has no insurance cover, no money or assets and fails to pay up. You may need to act quickly however if you plan to rely on reverse indemnity as there could be an early notification requirement built into the insurance policy. Back to FAQs What are a cyclist’s rights in a road rage incident? They are the same as any other road user’s rights in this situation. If a criminal offence has been committed it should be reported to the police immediately for them to investigate the matter for a potential prosecution. If a vehicle has been used as a ’weapon’ then the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme will apply and can be used as an alternative to any civil claim, but a civil claim would be the better option to pursue in terms of damages payable if successful. Back to FAQs Can a cyclist be sued for causing a collision? Yes. If the cyclist was indeed responsible for the crash, should an injured party decide to take things to court, a cyclist can find themselves in the position of ‘defendant’ rather than ‘claimant’ in any civil action for personal injury compensation. Of course the relative damage a cyclist could do to anyone or anything apart from another cyclist or a pedestrian is minimal. In cases where cyclists have been sued for damages the claimant is most often an injured pedestrian or another cyclist. That’s why it is desirable to have adequate insurance which includes third party public liability cover . Without it, if you find yourself on the losing side of a compensation claim, that money ( could amount to several thousands of pounds) will have to come out of your own pocket. Back to FAQs What is the law on carrying children when riding an electric bike? Other than the requirement that the weight on the electric bike must not exceed 40 kg and the rider must be at least 14 years of age there is no legal restrictions upon carrying your child on the back of the bike in a seat fitted for this purpose. In accordance with the Road Traffic Act s.24() the bike must be ‘constructed or adapted for the carriage of more than one person.’ Back to FAQs I ride a tandem on occasions with a blind person – what is my liability in law? In the event of an accident whilst on your tandem, it would be for your insurance company to prove fault based on the circumstances, and liability would be established then. Essentially, both you and your stoker should be insured for personal liability in the event of an accident. There is no legal requirement to have a DBS certificate in order to use a tandem with visually impaired persons. With regards to making your stoker sign a disclaimer, in the event of an accident, this disclaimer cannot exclude your liability as it is not possible to exclude liability for personal injury under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Back to FAQs What can I tow with my bicycle? There are no legal restrictions on what can be towed by a pedal cycle and there is no restriction in law concerning carrying children in trailers. You may be required, if asked, to satisfy the police that your brakes will stop you sufficiently and Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations mean that you may have to fit a cycle-type rear lamp and a triangular reflector ( type III or IIIA). Back to FAQs Can I carry people on my bike? According to the Road Traffic Act, two people are not allowed to ride on a single bike ( if it’s a BMX with ‘stunt pegs’) unless the cycle is ‘constructed or adapted for the carriage of more than one person’ – i.e. a tandem or a bike with approved equipment such as child seats, properly fitted. If you do carry a passenger on a bicycle not constructed or adapted for the purpose, you are breaking s.24() of the Road Traffic Act, as is your passenger ( they are under the age of 10 and therefore below the age of criminal responsibility). The maximum penalty for this offence is a fine of £200.	i don't know
In which opera does Mimi fall for Rodolfo?	LA Opera \| La Boheme La Boheme Learn More Overview Our beloved production of a timeless classic, reveling in the cinematic romance of Paris, concludes our mainstage season of masterpieces. Fall in love again with La Bohème’s unforgettable blend of riveting theater and achingly beautiful music as we follow the tale of six impoverished young bohemians, surviving only on laughter and the promise of love. The dynamic Nino Machaidze returns in her role debut as Mimi, joined by a stellar cast. Gustavo Dudamel makes his LA Opera debut conducting the final two performances on June 10 and 12 only. Schedule There are currently no upcoming performances. Join us for KCRW Night on Saturday, May 28! An original LA Opera production. Production made possible by generous gifts from Pacific Theatres Foundation Malsi Doyle and Michael Forman Margaret and Christopher Forman The Alfred and Claude Mann Fund, in honor of Plácido Domingo Support for guest conductors is provided by the Beatrix F. Padway and Nathaniel W. Finston Conductors Fund. Synopsis Act I Christmas Eve A struggling young poet Rodolfo and his friend Marcello, a painter, are working in a Parisian garret. It is a bitterly cold Christmas Eve, and they have no money for food or firewood. Colline, a student of philosophy, arrives, also broke. Another friend, the musician Schaunard, enters bearing food, drink and firewood. He informs them he has just been paid by a patron. The four of them celebrate. The landlord Benoit arrives demanding back rent. Unable to pay, the Bohemians distract him with wine. This loosens his tongue and he begins to boast about his extramarital affairs. The bohemians, feigning indignation, throw him out. Marcello, Colline and Schaunard leave for celebrations at the Café Momus, but Rodolfo stays behind to finish an article he is writing. There is a knock at the door. It is Mimì, a young seamstress who lives upstairs. The wind blows out her candle. She drops her key and they search for it in the darkness. Finding it, Rodolfo tells her of his poetry; Mimì tells him of her life. They fall in love. (scene change) Act II Later that night in the Latin Quarter The four bohemians and Mimì, all in high spirits, join the throng. Hat sellers, toy sellers and vendors of all sorts crowd the streets. The bohemians take a table at the Café Momus and begin to celebrate. Marcello’s ex-girlfriend Musetta enters with Alcindoro, her wealthy and pompous “protector.” She becomes furious when Marcello pretends to ignore her. It is clear that Musetta and Marcello are still interested in each other. She sends Alcindoro away, insisting that he must buy her new shoes. Amid the excitement of a military parade, the lovers and their friends slip away, leaving Alcindoro to pay the bill. INTERMISSION Act III A cold February dawn Outside a tavern near one of the gates of Paris, a pale and worn Mimì is looking for Rodolfo. She finds Marcello, and tells him of Rodolfo’s insane jealousy. Mimì hides when Rodolfo comes out. Rodolfo tells Marcello that he isn’t jealous: he is terrified that he will be unable to provide for Mimì as her fragile health deteriorates. Mimì coughs, giving away the fact she has been listening. The two lovers embrace and pledge to stay together until spring, even though they both know a long-term relationship is not possible. Marcello and Musetta begin to quarrel and Musetta leaves in anger. (scene change) Act IV A few months later It is now spring and both couples have split up. Marcello and Rodolfo try to work, but the memories of happy times with their respective lovers fill them with sadness. Schaunard and Colline arrive to try to raise their spirits. Suddenly Musetta arrives with news: Mimì, desperately ill, has left the rich man she has been living with; she wants to return to Rodolfo for her last hours. Mimì arrives in a state of collapse. Rodolfo and the others attempt to make her comfortable. Musetta sends Marcello out to sell her earrings in order to buy medicine for Mimì. Musetta goes out herself to look for a muff to warm Mimì’s hands; Colline leaves to sell his old coat and thus obtain money for a physician. Left alone, Rodolfo and Mimì recall their first meeting. The friends return and Colline says the doctor is on his way. Unnoticed by Rodolfo, Mimì dies. When he sees his friends’ faces and realizes the truth, he cries out in anguish. RUNNING TIME Two hours and 30 minutes, including one intermission News & Reviews Jane Rosenberg / Seen and Heard International May 15, 2016	La bohème
Who composed the opera Pelleas et Melisande?	Simple Feelings, Powerful Drama: Puccini's 'La Boheme' : NPR The Bohemians all head out to the Cafe Momus for drinking and fun. One problem: no one has the money to pay the bill. Michael Poehn/Wiener Staatsoper hide caption toggle caption Michael Poehn/Wiener Staatsoper The Bohemians all head out to the Cafe Momus for drinking and fun. One problem: no one has the money to pay the bill. Michael Poehn/Wiener Staatsoper The opera's familiar story is set in the Latin Quarter of Paris. As Act One begins, two struggling young artists, the poet Rodolfo and a painter, Marcello, are working in their shabby, unheated apartment. They're joined by their fellow bohemians, Colline and Schaunard, a philosopher and a musician. Their landlord demands rent, but they put him off and everyone decides to go out drinking — except for Rodolfo. He'll stay home to finish his work. When Rodolfo is alone, there's a knock at the door. It's Mimi, a young seamstress who's looking for candle. Rodolfo invites her in, and they get to know each other through two very famous arias. Rodolfo introduces himself, and his dreams, in the aria "Your little hand is cold" — "Che gelida manina." Her introduction is the aria, "Mi chiamano Mimi" — "My name is Mimi." The situation is ripe for romance, and the two are quickly drawn to each other. But soon there are shouts from the street, and they go off to join Rodolfo's friends. Who's Who Vienna State Opera Orchestra and Chorus Franz Welser-Möst, conductor In Act Two, Rodolfo and Mimi join the others at a busy Cafe. We also meet Marcello's off-and-on girlfriend, Musetta. Tonight, she has a wealthy escort named Alcindoro. Still, her lively aria is clearly meant to get Marcello's attention. When Marcello responds, Musetta makes a scene, driving Alcindoro away. But when the bill comes, no one has the money to pay it. So the bohemians take off. When Alcindoro returns, looking for Musetta, he gets stuck with the tab. Act Three takes place outside a tavern, a roadhouse on the outskirts of Paris, during the wee hours of the morning. It's dark, and snowing. Mimi appears. She's pale, and stricken by a terrible, wracking cough. When Marcello comes out of the tavern, Mimi tearfully tells him that Rodolfo's jealousy is making their relationship unbearable. When Rodolfo emerges, Mimi hides in the shadows. She listens while Rodolfo explains to Marcello that he does have fits of jealousy — but they're really phony. He only does it to get away from Mimi, when he can't bear her obvious illness and suffering. Mimi's coughing gives away her hiding place, and Marcello goes back into the tavern to be with Musetta, leaving Rodolfo and Mimi alone. They reluctantly agree to separate. But when Marcello and Musetta come out of the tavern noisily, their quarrel moves Mimi and Rodolfo to stay together. The quartet that ends the act reveals two intense, but very different relationships. Roldolfo (Stephen Collins, left), Colline (Sorin Coliban, center) and Marcello (Boaz Daniel, right) try to keep warm in a shabby apartment with no heat. Michael Poehn/Wiener Staatsoper hide caption toggle caption Michael Poehn/Wiener Staatsoper Roldolfo (Stephen Collins, left), Colline (Sorin Coliban, center) and Marcello (Boaz Daniel, right) try to keep warm in a shabby apartment with no heat. Michael Poehn/Wiener Staatsoper Act Four takes place in the cold, ill-kept apartment where the opera began. Rodolfo and Marcello are working, but their minds are on their lovers. Colline and Schaunard return with some food, and the scene turns jolly. The mood changes quickly when Musetta arrives with Mimi, who is plainly dying. Her friends try to scrape some money together to get help. Musetta takes off her earrings and gives them to Marcello, to sell for medicine and a doctor. Colline decides to part with his favorite overcoat, bidding it farewell in one of the opera's most moving arias. When Rodolfo and Mimi are left alone, they tenderly recall their first meeting — in this same apartment. The others return, and they all try to make Mimi more comfortable. But she grows quiet, and dies, leaving Rodolfo despondent at her side.	i don't know
In which film did he play a DJ stalked by a crazed fan?	Play Misty for Me \| Movie \| 1971 Play Misty for Me \| 1971 Drama, Thriller Cool talking, Californian all-night DJ, Dave Garver, is stalked by a crazed fan who repeatedly calls in to request the Erroll Garner classic, "Misty". 102 mins	Play Misty for Me
From which country did the Duffel Coat originate?	Fatal Attraction and Stalker Thrillers Movies List - Page 3 © Lionsgate May (2002) May (Angela Bettis) is a lonely outcast who becomes obsessed with finding the perfect friend, but when everyone she comes in contact with fails her, she takes matters into her own hands. continue reading below our video What Do Movie Ratings Mean? © Columbia Misery (1990) Kathy Bates won an Oscar for her performance as the deranged "number one fan" of a novelist (James Caan) whom she rescues from a car accident and proceeds to keep a prisoner in her home. © Freestyle Releasing Missionary (2014) A recently separated middle-aged mother has a brief fling with a young Mormon missionary, but when she tries to reconcile with her husband, the missionary's dark side emerges. © Dimension Mother's Boys (1994) Jamie Lee Curtis is a mother who abandoned her husband and children and then tries to worm her way back in, bumping off anyone who gets in the way of reuniting her family. © Screen Gems Obsessed (2009) Oh no she didn't! A temp (Ali Larter) becomes infatuated with an executive (Idris Elba) in her office and refuses to take no for an answer, much to the chagrin of his wife (Beyoncé Knowles). © Fox Searchlight One Hour Photo (2002) Robin Williams stars as a lonely photo technician in a department store who develops an unhealthy obsession with a family whose pictures he routinely develops. He sees them as the perfect family and devises a plan to become part of their lives. © Warner Bros. Orphan (2009) Like Mother's Boys and The Stepfather, Orphan revolves around a person's obsession with their vision of a perfect family, but in this case, it's a psychotic child -- an adoptee prone to killing adoptive fathers who spurn her romantic advances -- instead of a parent. © Summit P2 (2007) An unhinged security guard (Wes Bentley) stalks and kidnaps an office worker (Rachel Nichols) in the building where he works, holding her captive so that he can...serve her a romantic dinner? © Screen Gems The Perfect Guy (2015) A recently single woman (Sanaa Lathan) begins dating what seems like the "perfect guy" (Michael Ealy), but when his volatile temper appears, she kicks him to the curb, incurring his wrath. © Universal Play Misty for Me (1971) In this ahead-of-its-time thriller, Clint Eastwood (in his directorial debut) plays a radio DJ who's stalked by a female fan with whom he had a brief fling.	i don't know
From 1978 to 1984, who were coached by a lady called Betty Callaway?	Betty Callaway obituary \| Sport \| The Guardian Betty Callaway obituary Ice skating coach behind Torvill and Dean's gold at the 1984 Winter Olympics Betty Callaway, left, with Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean receiving their scores at the world championships in Helsinki in 1983. Photograph: Lehtikuva/PA Archive/Press Association Images Tuesday 5 July 2011 13.12 EDT First published on Tuesday 5 July 2011 13.12 EDT Share on Messenger Close In 1978, two young ice skaters approached Betty Callaway and asked her to be their coach. Callaway agreed, and the decision shaped all their lives; Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill went on to become the most celebrated of Britain's Winter Olympians, and Callaway, who has died aged 83, was forever linked with their successes. The next six years were a heady rise to the pinnacle of the sport; from 1981 to 1984 Torvill and Dean won every competition they entered. The important numbers: three European titles, four world titles and the 1984 Olympic title. "Whatever competition it was, she would just pat us on the shoulders before we went on the ice and when we came off she would say, 'Well done, dears.' She had impeccable manners and was always elegant. She was a really strong lady, but I'm sure she wasn't always as calm inside as she looked," said Torvill. In 1983, their world championship routine was based on the musical Barnum (about the American showman PT Barnum), and the show's star Michael Crawford assisted with their training, teaching Torvill and Dean the acrobatics from the show. He would call Callaway "Henry", as he felt he couldn't call her "Betty". The culmination of four seasons of invincibility came at the 1984 Olympics in Sarajevo, when their "Bolero" routine earned Torvill and Dean maximum sixes from all nine judges for artistic impression. "It's one of the best I think I have seen," said an immaculately attired Callaway to the BBC interviewer Alan Weeks. Understatement was perhaps her forte. Callaway retired as Torvill and Dean's coach after Sarajevo, when the couple turned professional, but was patting their shoulders again when they made a comeback in 1994, the International Skating Union rules having been amended to allow professionals to rejoin the ranks. They won a fourth European title, but at the Winter Games in Lillehammer that year, politics took priority over performance and Torvill and Dean were denied another Olympic gold. In difficult circumstances, Callaway was as polite and obliging as ever. Born Betty Roberts in Reading, Berkshire, and educated in London, she was disappointed in an early ambition to be a ballerina and instead pursued a career in ice skating; she had learned at Queens ice rink in west London. At 16, in the aftermath of the war in Europe, she signed up for the ice show at the Blackpool pleasure beach and progressed through the skating ranks. In 1949, after five years at Blackpool, she married the company's principal skater, Roy Callaway. Together, the Callaways embarked on a coaching career and for the next 17 years based themselves at the Richmond ice rink, Surrey. Betty took her coaching examinations and was awarded her gold star. She also coached royalty: a young Princess Anne was her pupil for three winters. Some of the princess's lessons were held at Streatham ice rink where the Daily Express posted the photo- grapher Stanley Meagher. He sat in the rafters every day for six weeks – camera at the ready –before finally catching the princess in action. The first successful championship skaters coached by the Callaways were the ice dancers Yvonne Suddick and Roger Kennerson, who were twice runners-up in the national championships and reached the podium in three European championships. Their nemeses, in British terms, were the skaters Janet Sawbridge and David Hickinbottom; and it was Sawbridge who would become the first coach to Torvill and Dean. Before Betty Callaway could take her place as the second, she had a spell coaching in West Germany. There was no Olympic ice skating until 1976, and at world and European level, British skaters were dominant until Diane Towler and Bernard Ford retired in 1969, when the Soviet ice dancers took over. No German skaters had ever figured at the business end of an international championship, but under Callaway's tutelage, the West German champions Erich and Angelika Buck – a brother and sister team – won the 1972 European title and were three times runners-up in the world championship. Callaway's reputation as a world-class coach was sealed when she guided the Hungarians Krisztina Regöczy and András Sallay to the 1980 world title, but by that time a couple from Nottingham were already on the roster. Torvill and Dean had parted with Sawbridge in 1978 and approached Callaway. "One of the other coaches recommended her and we gave her a call. To start with, we only saw her about four hours a week, when she would come up to Nottingham. What she was good at was nursing the creativity. She saw the creative side, particularly in Chris, and drew it out of him. She encouraged us to be ourselves," recalled Torvill. After parting with Torvill and Dean, Callaway continued to coach; enjoying a more modest success with Marika Humphreys, who won five British titles with three different partners – Justin Lanning, Philip Askew and Vitaliy Baranov. Callaway was appointed MBE in 1984. She and Roy divorced in 1976, and her second marriage was to a pilot, William Fittall. After his death, in 2003 she and Roy remarried, and he survives her. • Betty Daphne Callaway, ice skating coach, born 22 March 1928; died 27 June 2011 • This article was amended on 7 July 2011. The original stated that the picture showed Callaway, Torvill and Dean at the Olympics in 1984. This has been corrected.	Torvill and Dean
In which film did Michael Caine say ‘not a lot of people know that’?	Christopher Dean - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Christopher Dean Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Christopher Dean 27 July 1958 (1958-07-27) (age 51) Partner: Ice dancing Christopher Colin Dean, OBE (born 27 July 1958 in Calverton, Nottinghamshire , England) is a famous British figure skater who won a gold medal in ice dancing at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill . They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics . Contents Dean grew up in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. From 1974-80, he was a police constable with Nottinghamshire Police . Skating career Christopher Dean began to skate at the age of 10 after he received a pair of skates as a Christmas present. His parents were keen ballroom dancers. At school he was captain of the football team and he saw ice skating as a sport that was athletic and graceful. Dean's first ice partner was Sandra Elson. They began skating together when he was 14 and competed as ice dancers for a few years. However, despite becoming British Junior Dance champions, the team parted, as Dean and Elson did not get along well. Dean then agreed to try out Jayne Torvill, another skater at the Nottingham rink. The pair were first coached by Janet Sawbridge but in 1978 Betty Callaway became their coach. Dean left school at age 16 and joined the Nottingham Police Force in 1974. It was challenging for him to undergo police cadet training, as his schedule often clashed with his skating training sessions. Thus Torvill and Dean had to practise during his off-hours. These difficult times brought them closer and gave them a sense of discipline that was to prove vital throughout their career. By 1980 Torvill and Dean had progressed to not only become British National Dance Champions but were in medal contention in international competitions as well. It was then that Chris realized he could no longer balance his skating and police careers, and he resigned from the police force. Torvill soon left her job as well. Dean also served as the chief choreographer for the Torvill and Dean team. Torvill and Dean 's free program at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , performed to the music of Maurice Ravel 's Boléro , became world famous. They received nine 6.0 marks for artistic impression, (three more for technical merit for a total of twelve 6.0 marks) the highest possible score and the only time ever that an all-perfect score was achieved. This was one of the most popular achievements in the history of British sport, watched by a British television audience of twenty-four million people. Torvill and Dean turned professional after their 1984 Olympic win. Under then existing Olympic Games rules as professionals they became ineligible to participate in Olympic competition. In 1993 the International Skating Union relaxed the rules for professional skaters, allowing the pair to participate in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where they won a bronze medal. Torvill and Dean were admitted to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1989. Recognition Dean was awarded the rank of Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1999. Personal life Between 1991 and 1993 Dean was married to French Canadian world ice dance champion Isabelle Duchesnay whom he met while choreographing the routines for her and her brother Paul Duchesnay in the late 1980s. On 15 October 1994 Dean married US skater Jill Trenary in Minneapolis, Minnesota . They have two sons, Jack Robert and Sam Colin, and resided in Colorado Springs, Colorado . Dean's agent confirmed in March 2010 the couple had separated. [1] Dean also remained close friends with partner Jayne Torvill , although they did not skate together again until 2006. Amateur competitive results (with Torvill) Event Known performance period 1984–1987 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: World Professional Championships Washington 1984 Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10.) Technical piece Designed in Autumn 1984 for the World Professional Championships held in December 1984 (source Facing the Music: 1995:148). The piece was choreographed jointly between Jayne and Chris together with Graeme Murphy, Artistic Director with the Sydney Dance Company at the time [1] . The costumes consisted of both Jayne and Chris wearing billowing orange/red trousers with brief top pieces adorned with India jewels. The piece consists of a tremendous amount of drawn-out lifts, twisting, intertwining, and even sitting and rolling on the ice to create a balletic piece which they describe at evoking Indian sculptures [2] . The piece was first performed at the 1984 Royal Variety Show in London, before going on to win with straight 10s at the 1984 World Professional Championships. An extended Company version of the dance was devised for the 1985/1986 World Tour [3] . It is also known to have been performed again for the one-off televised production with the Russian All Stars at the Luzhniki rink in Moscow in 1987 [2] . The piece contains a unique move of immense technical balance, design, and strength, whereby Dean lifts Torvill feet-first, allowing her to take hold of his lower calf. He then lifts his one leg back with Torvill held horizontal across his body as he completes the lift gliding forward on one leg. The obvious difficulty and stunning symmetry of the lift made it quite a show stopper, and they can be seen to repeat the lift during the 1993 Skates of Gold Exhibition in Boston USA when they take to the ice with their peers from their amateur period: Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko , and Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin . Dean and Torvill showed that the years have done nothing to detract from their skill, strength and balance when they incorporated the same lift into a re-worked version of Bolero for the 2007 series of Dancing on Ice .[citation needed] Encounter 1984 Music: “January Stars” written and performed by George Otis Winston Known performance period 1984–1995 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: World Professional Championships Washington 1984 Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10.) Artistic piece World Team Championship 1994 Result: 1st Encounter runs at over six minutes and was for Torvill and Dean their most enduring professional performance, winning them the World Professional Championships in 1984 and known to be used as performance piece until 1987. They resurrected the piece in 1994 to win at the World Team Championships. It is last known to have been performed at Wembley for the Face the Music World Tour filmed in June 1995. The theme of the piece involves two people who walk past reach other in the street, notice each other, do a double take, and instantly fall in love. What follows is a brief encounter of two people very much in love but destined to be apart. The costumes were minimalist and unobtrusive, in keeping with the understatedness of the piece, consisting in the 1980s of a small sleek light grey-blue dress for Torvill cut like a mini-skirt and a silver-grey outfit for Dean. When Encounter was performed in the 1990s, Torvill wore a dress designed to look identical to the original, while Dean now wore shirt and trousers to match the colour of Torvill's outfit exactly. Heaven and Hell 1985 (Group Number) Music: derived from the Seven Deadly Sins Ballet Known performance period: 1985–1986 Versions available on video/dvd or internet: none known A ten minute group number, with Torvill and Dean taking part in the Heaven section, dressing in cream-white outfits. Venus 1985 Known performance period 1985–1986 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: World Professional Championships Washington 1985 Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10.) This dance was devised as part of their first World Tour, and formed their number in the Planet Suite, with various members of the Company performing the other planet pieces and the whole company performing Jupiter. The premise of Venus is that Jayne is the Goddess of Love looking after the world (source Facing the Music: 1995:167). The world is actually physically represented in the piece by large globe lit up inside and suspended by a wire (controlled by a boom operator) orbiting Torvill and Dean throughout the dance. The opening of the number was most unusual, consisting of an immensely tall Jayne Skating on in a large voluminous cloak and sending the globe/sphere into orbit. Chris was in fact concealed within the cloak, lifting Jayne throughout the opening sequence, to then be revealed as the dance begins. The dance is extremely graceful, with many unusual lifts and intricate moves. The costumes were white, with Jayne wearing a white headscarf adorned with a gold coronet. The dance was used as the artistic piece for the 1985 World Championships which they won for the second year in a row. Jupiter 1985 (Group Number) Music: Holst (The Planet Suite) Known performance period: 1985–1986 Versions available on video/dvd or internet: none known The spectacular finale piece for Torvill and Dean’s first World Tour involving Torvill and Dean spinning like heavenly bodies with half a dozen fliers around them in orbit on wires. At the end, all the lights would go off except for ultraviolet, leaving them apparently spinning in space (source Facing the Music: 1995:167). Diablo Tango 1985 Music: ‘Valentino Tango’ Janko Nilovic Known performance period 1985–1987 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: World Professional Championships Washington 1985 Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 9.9, 9,9, 10.) Technical piece Another dance devised as part of their first World Tour, and also used to win as the technical piece in the 1985 World Professional Championships. This dance was Torvill and Dean’s first real venture into humour. Later notable comic dances would be Hatrick, Low Commotion, and Trunk Tango, but this remains arguably the most slapstick. Dean’s costume is Spanish in appearance, reflecting the Spanish music, consisting of an open-neck white shirt with a loose black tie, black trousers, and a large purple sash around his waist. Jayne is in a black 1920’s outfit, complete with arm-length gloves and basin hat. Shepherd’s Song 1986 Music: Baylero – A Shepherd’s Song from Songs of the Auvergne Composer: Joseph Canteloube; Sung by Kiri Te Kanawa Known performance period: 1986 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes This dance was designed specifically for the 1986 Sports Aid Gala, the proceeds of which went to causes in need in Africa. It is not clear whether it was ever performed again thereafter, but the photo caption on page 76 of Fire on Ice (Wilson:1994) suggests that it was then incorporated into the World Tour, at least for its next visit to Wembley. The lyrics are in fact those of a very simple old folk song depicting a Shepherd and Shepherdess calling to each other across mountain pastures. The booklet with the CD "A La Francaise" gives the following translation of the song: “Shepherd, across the water, you are scarcely having a good time, Sing bailero, lero, lero. Shepherd, how do I get over there, there’s a big stream, sing bailero, lero. Wait, I’ll came and get you, Bailero, lero, lero.” The dance begins and ends most unusually with the dancers lying entwined together asleep on the ice. The opening depicting daybreak and the end nightfall. In the reverse of Bolero, it is Dean who steps onto the ice first and brings Jayne to her feet. The dance is highly balletic, with operatic movements incorporated. At one point in the dance Torvill and Dean encircle each other catching hold of each others’ ice skate in constant succession creating a very beautiful, intricate and highly technical fluid movement. The costumes are very simple, with Torvill in white and Dean in a loose fitting armless shirt piece and brown trousers with white leg ties. Fire and Ice 1986 Produced and Filmed for LWT: 1986 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: Available on the Dancing on Ice 2006 DVD Torvill and Dean devised Fire and Ice in Australia with Graeme Murphy, sold it to LWT (London Weekend Television – part of ITV). It was written by Tom Gutteridge and Carl Davis and rehearsed and filmed in Germany ready for its UK television premier in Christmas 1986 [4] . Fire and Ice is a full length company piece creating narrative ballet on ice. Set between the Planet of Fire and the Planet of Ice, it tells of a love story between a Prince of Fire and a Princess of Ice. It is a full set piece with visual designs and effects depicting different locations on the two planets and telling the story. The piece opens with Dean performing actually ballet within the catacombs of the Plant of Fire, while seeing Torvill in the blue flames of their altar. Upon diving in, he finds himself upon her planet. He meets her and, after taking some time to adapt to her planet, they fall in love. She gets called away to a Royal Ceremony but she rejoins him later. The following morning they are discovered and a violent attack is carried out on the Fire Prince by her own people. She pleads with her father to have mercy on him but he banishes her from his sight and the Fire Prince is left trapped in a prison of ice. Later the Ice Princess sneaks back to him and melts the ice with all her strength, leaving her close to death. The Fire Prince revives her and they are together once more. Meanwhile, the Prince’s own people have witnessed his fate in the flames and have arrived on the Planet of Ice. A war breaks out which ends in the death of both the Prince’s and Princess’s fathers. Devastated and alone, they find each other once more and grieve. As time heals their wounds and their love endures, a distant archway appears towering over the icy mountains. We watch them make their journey towards the arch and finally enter and make their break for freedom and a new life together. Released all over the world on video and dvd, the production is unique in Torvill and Dean’s repertoire – their feature film. The piece contains many dances between the two of them, some of them comic (including one where Dean is actually wearing ordinary shoes on the ice as he is learning to adapt), some of them romantic and passionate, and some of them highly dramatic, including dancing separately with the company dancers representing the people from their respective planets. For the most part, Dean wears a costume almost identical in design to his Song of India costume, only this time, rather than being red and orange, this one is red and burgundy, representing his fiery origins. Torvill wears an Ice Queen costume complete with crown, silver hair, and silver blue dress cut like icicles at the bottom. Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Medley 1987 Music: Irving Berlin: Stepping Out / Change Partners and Dance with Me / Cheek to Cheek / Putting on the Ritz/ Top Hat Known performance period: 1987–1990 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes This medley of Irving Berlin numbers danced in tribute to Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers was devised for the brief tour Torvill and Dean did with the Ice Capades in 1987 [5] , but continued as the final number throughout their long Russian All Stars Tour into 1990. For costumes Chris wore full white tie, waistcoat, and tails, while Jayne wore a flowing near full-length blue dress complete with blue feather boa. Although neatly choreographed with spectacular music and lighting effects, it was arguably not as evocative of Fred and Ginger or as technically accomplished as the amazing “Putting on the Ritz” routines that they performed at the Skate Canada Amateur exhibition in 1982. One impressive component however was the incorporation of tap steps on ice during the middle of the routine. During the All Stars Tour (and possibly the Ice Capades as well) they kept to a similar theme for the final bow, skating on with the company to I Got Rhythm. Eleanor’s Dream 1987 Music: Eleanor Rigby – Paul McCartney Known performance period 1987 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: None known Little is known about this piece and it has never been released commercially and possibly never recorded. It was also created as one of their pieces for the 1987 Ice Capades Tour. In their autobiography Chris states that he actually passed on the dance for Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay to perform in 1988, stating that the dance was about the relationship between a boy and a girl with the boy breaking in upon the woman’s dreams [6] Excerpt taken from: Torvill and Dean: Romancing the Ice - Ice Cycles 1988 Both Dean and Torvill seem eager for responses to their new routines in the show and gratified with the verdict that everything is just great, with special accolades going to " Eleanor Rigby ". It was their newest routine and it's a very interesting version of the song, undertaken with Paul McCartney , having little relation to the earlier Beatles recording. The version used was from the soundtrack of McCartney's film Give My Regards to Broad Street . Dean and Torvill hated the movie but really liked that version of the song. "It's sort of our version of a dream sequence," says Dean, referring to their routine. "And I'm Eleanor," Torvill says simply. Torvill is the fragile title character, clad in muted white with pastel tones across the costume. He is a kind of dream lover to her, dressed in mostly black; he is both exciting and dangerous. She fears him, but she wants him too, and eventually her desire overcomes her fear. That is ultimately her undoing, as he twirls her round and round his body and she can do nothing but be manoeuvred at this will. It ends with her in a crucifix form across his back as he carries her off into the fog. She was right to fear him after all... Hat Trick 1987 World Professional Championships Landover Maryland 1996 Result: 1st (Artistic Performance) Also designed for the Ice Capades Tour, and continuing to be performed throughout the Russian All Stars Tour, this became their most enduring professional piece next to Encounter, entered for various professional competitions between 1990 and 1996 and regularly performed for audiences all over the world in various tours and special exhibitions. It even bred its own kind of full company sequel with Red Hat in the 1997 Stars on Ice Tour. The premise of the dance is pure and very simple comedy almost of the Laurel and Hardy silent movie era – Chris owns a black hat but he spots a red hat which he sets out to claim, but Jayne literally cartwheels in the last minute and claims it for herself, leaving Chris to re-don his rather battered-looking old black hat. The rest of the dance sees the two dancers trick each other continually throughout the number into stealing the red hat and leaving the other with the black hat. This does not even stop at the end of the performance; instead they continue throughout the whole bow call until Chris leaves Jayne with both hats and walks off in disgust. Realising that she “really has done it now”, she mimes mock shock/concern and hurries off after him. The dance is brilliantly carried out and relies on perfect timing between Torvill and Dean throughout, not only in the juggling of the hats while skating at speed but in the many varied moves they carry out. Paganini 1987 Known performance period 1987 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Paganini is a full Company Ballet choreographed by Tatiana Tarasova, with Torvill and Dean, together with lead dancer Yuri Ovchinikov as the leads. The performance consists of many highly balletic dances between Torvill and Dean and a few solo performances with the other company members present on the ice. The piece does evoke traditional Russian ballet and both Torvill and Dean perform extremely well throughout with many beautiful and unique moves. The costumes are simple – Chris in a flamboyant white shirt piece and Jayne all in white, very similar to, if not the same as, as her costume in Shepherd’s Song. Originally filmed and performed for the one-off televised production with the Russian All Stars at the Luzhniki rink in Moscow in 1987, it is not clear whether it became a permanent part of the Russian All Stars Tour, but it seems likely that it was performed in at least the first five months of the Tour. It is not clear whether another company performance they were working on under Chris’s choreography at the time, La Ronde, was ever completed or performed. It would appear that it was probably disbanded and replaced with Akhnaton. Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean’s autobiography [7] : Tatiana wanted to do a story of Paganini, portraying two sides to his character. Niccolo Paganini was many things: the greatest violin virtuoso of the last century, a composer, the megastar of his day, and romantic adventurer devoured by melancholy. He had seemed to Tatiana to be a perfect hero for Russian – a soul in conflict with himself. Yuri Ovchinikov would be dancing Paganini’s crazy persona, Chris dancing the creative one, with Jayne as the great man’s muse. Neither of us took to the number, but restrained ourselves for the sake of a peaceful life. Missing 1987 Known performance period 1987–1994 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Performed to South American music, this routine was always very dimly lit for performance, giving the impression of two people on the run, traveling at night and contending with the elements. Chris wears grey-brown trousers and shirt, with Jayne in a simple one-colour burnt red dress. The symmetry in this dance is stunning, particularly the spinning moves created specifically to demonstrate the despair of the dancers/characters. They performed this throughout the Russian All Stars Tour and at various exhibitions including the 1990 Sports Aid Gala and recreated it in 1994 for the American Artistry on Ice documentary. Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean’s autobiography (Facing the Music: 1995:201): One thing that required our attention was Chris’s response to some Andean music, which reminded him of the terrible things – particularly the officially sanctioned kidnappings – that had been happening in Chile and Argentina in recent years. The subject was very much in the air after the Falklands War, and more recently the Costa Gavras movie, Missing. Chris saw in his mind those who had vanished, the fathers, mothers, husbands, wives, lovers, friends and children, and devised a series of movements linking two people who could be seen as friends or brother and sister, confronting authority, cowering before it, searching for lost loved ones, and ending where they started, in limbo. Akhnaton 1987 Known performance period 1987–1989 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: none known Akhnaton is another company performance devised for the Russian All Stars Tour that was never commercially released on film, and no known copies exist. The costumes were of traditional Egyptian royalty design. The piece received good reviews including repeated praise in the New York Times, and they refer to the piece regularly in their autobiography. Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean’s autobiography [8] : Chris had been interested for a while in ancient Middle Eastern history, and on a trip to London immersed himself in the Egyptian room of the British Museum. He liked the feel of the mythology, Isis and Osiris, Pharaoh as god, the idea of dying as rebirth into the real world, the richness of the funerary ornamentation, all that gold lapis lazuli, the stylised poses in the paintings, the hieroglyphics, and in particular the love story of Akhnaton and his queen Nefertiti. Then by chance we came across the CD of a new opera by Philip Glass, called, of all things Akhnaton. This is not exactly top ten material – minimalist style, vastly long phrases of repeated notes, but in mood just what Chris was looking for. All we needed was to reduce a three-hour epic to 30 minutes. To do that demanded total immersion in the story and imagery. It was an odd thing to do, which involved some long negotiations on our behalf with Philip Glass himself. The dance opened with a strong image to seize and hold the audience. A huge pyramid of silk, 25-foot square at its base, was being admired by modern tourists. Suddenly, a line attached to the top whipped the pyramid up and away, revealing the world of ordinary Egyptians in the 14th Century BC, all in skirts and sandal-like skates. Chris as the Pharaoh made his entry carried on a throne, which led into a love sequence with Jayne as Nefertiti, then a rebellion by the people and a royal death, leaving Jayne/Nefertiti in mourning. Ragtime Poker 1987 Known performance period 1987–1990 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Widely available on the Russian All Stars video realised in 1990, the group number involved the whole company dressed up as a pack of cards – representing different suits, numbers, and court characters. It is a very lighthearted piece with little substance and was clearly provided as accessible comic relief from the other more demanding group pieces. Jayne and Chris come on at the end with the spades. Each dancer carries a large representing card, Jayne’s is the Queen of Spades and Chris’s is the King. Jayne skates mainly with the female skaters in a group with Chris joining them, defending them from the comic advances of the Joker in the pack. Chris wears black trousers, white shirt and waistcoat, with a sparkly red bowtie and jacket with gold lapels. Jayne has a very short flashy red dress with a spade in the middle. Snow Maiden 1987 Music: The Procession of the Tsar Berendy – Rimski-Koraskov Known performance period 1987–1990 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Presumably designed at the beginning of the All Stars Tour, though possibly not until later in the run, this is something of a forgotten masterpiece, even though it has always been available on the Russian All Stars video. Both are dressed in shiny white outfits with blue and mauve embroidery. The ice is lit a wintry blue and the movements take full advantage of the images of Husky-drawn sleighs, winter pageants, and snow-covered landscapes that the music evokes so successfully. The dance is immensely fast and yet graceful at the same time. It actually begins in a static lift already posed as the lights go up, and it contains many large lifts from then on. Jayne leaps effortlessly onto Chris’s shoulders on a number of occasions and, in one move, even leaps all the way round him, going above his head, with seemingly very little assistance (they later incorporated this move into Mack and Mabel for their Face the Music Tour in the mid '90s). It contains many symmetrical dance steps and large sweeping arm gestures, with a succession of impressive lifts and a series of symmetrical jumps and leaps carried out in perfect unison with each other, giving the impression of animals running through the forest. Unique to this dance is a series of two symmetrical steps where they literally leap high into the air together but leaning forward with their inside leg bent as they plunge back to the ground, putting their outside leg straight out behind them. The move actually makes them look like two stags leaping and bounding and thrusting their antlers forward. The piece ends with Jayne throwing herself onto Chris, who bends with Jayne balanced on his knees and allows himself to fall flat on to his back, ending with Jayne suspended in the air held up by Chris, forming a dramatic and very beautiful final tableau as Chris continues to glide across the ice on his back. Echoes of Ireland 1989 Known performance period 1989–1992 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: Challenge of the Champions Innsbruck Austria 1990 Result: 1st (10,10,10,10,10,10,10 – Artistic) (10,10,10,9.9,10,10,9.9 – Technical) Devised initially as one of the new extra pieces for the second leg of the Russian All Stars Tour, this piece went on to be performed for competition to win the World Professional Championships in 1990, and they were still performing a section of it by their 1992 Ukrainian Tour. In the 1992 “Simply the Best” documentary, Chris states “in Echoes of Ireland we visited the country to get an idea of the people and their music before we choreographed this piece for the ice”. The finished piece is actually an ensemble of three quite separate routines, which they later performed in different orders or simply on their own. The first is a tradition lighthearted Irish jig with some very clever footwork. The second is a more sombre dance done to older tradition Irish Folk music. The third piece is a more modern piece, a very beautiful new age number done to a song sung by an Irish female artist. This final dance includes an unusual lift where Jayne jumps up and sits high upon one of Chris’s shoulders facing the opposite way from him. The costumes consist of brown trousers, cream shirt, yellow neckerchief, and green-check waistcoat for Chris, and an off-orange dress with embroidered collar and sleeves and white apron for Jayne. Revolution / Imagine 1989 Music: Revolution – The Beatles / Imagine – John Lennon Known performance period 1989–1990 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: World Professional Championships Result: 1st (10,9.9,10,9.9,10,10,10) Performed during the latter half of the All Stars Tour and also used to win the 1990 World Professional Championships, this piece is very different from any other they performed. It was highly technical, physically demanding with a lot of high and drawn-out lifts, and visually very impressive. True to the style of the music, Revolution is extremely fast-paced and performed with an aggression that neither had displayed before. The movements express violence, dissent, anguish, and entrapment. The costumes were very sophisticated in style: Chris wore back trousers, white open-necked shirt, and a smart black and purple waistcoat, while Jayne wore black trousers and a voluminous white silk blouse. What was particularly unusual about Jayne’s costume was that she actually wore black skates to blend right in with her trousers. While Chris always wore skates the dominant colour of his costume, even when in trousers Jayne rarely did, consistently skating in white skates in nearly all routines. Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean’s autobiography (Facing the Music: 1995:227–228): Revolution was most ambitious. Its inspiration was a Montréal dance group we had seen in Sydney with the odd name of La La La Human Steps, whose rapid, machine-gun, staccato movements were unlike anything we had seen before. Chris thought the technique might be adapted for the ice, if we replaced the dancers’ lifts and throws with quick-fire upper-body movements. It was long, fast and very testing, not only of our abilities as dancers, but also as actors, in particular Jayne, who had to go completely against character, with vicious movements and displays of anger. That was new, not only for her: nobody to our knowledge had done anything like this on ice before. In the 1991 Blade Runners documentary Jayne says: “I didn’t like Revolution at first because I’m not an aggressive person, so it was good that he pushed it because it brought out another side of me – another character that I could portray”. Chris then goes on to explain the theme of the piece, and explains how it leads into imagine and why the perform the two pieces together: “the idea is of it’s a young couple that have been married for a few years and it’s not that fairytale life of happiness. Which happens to a lot of people – that something goes wrong and tension builds and anger grows within that. And I wanted to put that onto the ice – this raw aggression – and overstate it – so that, for people sitting right the way back, it becomes literal though body. But it follows on in a sort of resolve – not necessarily a happy ending – it then goes into Imagine. Maybe there is something else, maybe there is a compromise or at least an understanding of their situation. They may not get back together or it may not be resolved but they’ve analysed that they have a problem and maybe there is something to work towards and achieve a happier solution”. Arc of the Bell 1989 Music: Arvo Part Known performance period 1989–1990 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: none known Little is known of this piece other than it is a modern piece by composer Arvo Part (source: Facing the Music: 1995:227). It has never been commercially available and no footage has come to light on the internet.[citation needed] It was the third routine designed in 1989 for the second leg of the Russian All Stars Tour. Oscar Tango 1990 Music: Simon Jeffes & Piers Harry Known performance period: 1990–1992 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Competition: World Professional Championships Result: 1st When Torvill and Dean decided to compete professionally again in 1990, they used three pieces already designed for both the Ice Capades and the Russian All Stars, but Oscar Tango was the one new piece specifically designed as the technical routine for the World Professional Championships, which they went on to win. The piece is entirely unique in that the first minute and a half is skated in total silence, with the music only beginning after this time. In that time Jayne and Chris stamp out a series of extremely precise, sharp, and fast tango steps entirely separately from each other, but in complete unison and perfect split-second timing. In the “Story So Far...” video released in 1996, Chris explains that “the movements in the silence represent the typical tango, but as the music begins we wanted to express the inner feelings of these two dancers”. However, it could also be interpreted that they are dancing with other partners during the silence (both hold a stance as if miming holding an invisible partner) for whom they feel no connection, only to lose all rigidity when they find each other, instead experiencing total connection, fluidity of movement, and emotion through dancing with each other. The costumes were a patterned blend of sky, royal, and navy blues starting light at the top and getting gradually darker. A lot of new moves were created for this piece, many of which they would call upon again throughout the routines they devised from 1994 – 1998. This included a whole series of moves that were lifted direct from Oscar Tango and placed within the Olympic version of ‘Lets Face the Music’, moves that were to be repeated in ‘In My Life’, and a highly strenuous move whereby Chris lifts Jayne upside down and she puts her legs vertically in the air high above his head before swinging them back down to lie vertically across Chris balancing on his bent knees. This move was used again in ‘In Trutina’ during their 1995-96 World Tour and again for ‘Bridge Over Troubled Water’ also devised in 1995. They created the move once more in 2006, this time incorporating it into their shortened and redesigned version of Bolero. Iceworks / Tilt 1991 Known performance period: 1991 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes In 1990, the BBC programme Omnibus approached Torvill and Dean to do a programme on their choreography. The documentary focused on how their choreography had advanced during their professional years, away from the rigid rules of amateur competition, focusing on the comic performance of Hat Trick, the political expression of Missing, the technical accomplishment of Oscar Tango, and the stylistic performance of Revolution / Imagine. The documentary also scored a first by persuading Chris and Jayne to produce an entirely new dance especially for it. The piece was named Iceworks for the documentary but later named Tilt when performed at events. As a televisual piece Iceworks was able to have dry ice effects, an artistic backdrop, and highly evocative lighting effects. The up-and-coming Jazz composer Andy Sheppard was asked to compose an entirely new piece of music specifically for the routine, and Chris worked closely with him on the composition process. The music was derived initially by blending saxophone with the sound of Chris and Jayne’s blades gliding across the ice; thereafter a beat kicks in together with a slightly ethereal simple tune. The costumes consisted of matching (though not identical) all-in-one tight-fitting pieces consisting of a mix of pastel colours: yellow, pink, mauve, and blue. Designing this dance was fraught with difficulty for both Chris and Jayne: “I couldn’t relate to the stark, modern music that had been commissioned by the Omnibus people. To be frank, I couldn’t understand Chris’s ideas for the music, couldn’t understand what he was trying to get me to do” (source: Facing the Music: 1995:227–228). They were working to a tight deadline for the programme but in the end the pressure became too much and the programme was delayed with the BBC’s agreement. Jayne took a two week break with her just-married husband Phil Christensen before returning to start work with Chris on Oscar Tango. Iceworks was later completely for transmission as part of Omnibus in 1991, and achieved the highest viewing figures ever for the programme. Skater’s Waltz 1992 (Group Number) Music: Waldteufel Known performance period: 1992 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: none known This was the opening number of the 1992 Best of Torvill and Dean Tour that they performed with a Ukrainian ice dancing company. Only a small clip of it is known to be available on the internet, so not an awful lot is known about the dance except that it is a group number with Torvill and Dean performing with the whole company. Their costumes in this piece are possibly their most unusual of any of their performances. Jayne wears a white fur hat and a blue velvet dress with white fur finish and ornate and decorative gold ties and buttons pattern in the middle. Chris similarly wears a blue velvet top piece with the same gold effect, white trousers with a single blue stripe on each leg, and a velvet blue jacket with fur finish slung over his shoulder throughout the routine. The final section of this show had a weather theme, and the final bow call was done to Over the Rainbow which has the whole company skate on, with Torvill and Dean arriving last to take their bow last with the whole company. Stormy Weather 1992 Music: Harold Arien and Ted Koechier Known Performance Period: 1992 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes A love-on-the-rocks number, with similarities in theme to Revolution, but this piece is more suggestive of heartbreak and rejection, possibly that of a couple going through divorce or the discovery of an affair or some other deception. Chris wears the same pale grey-blue outfit that he wears for the later performances of Encounter, while Jayne wears a stunning silky grey-silver dress that swirls out at the bottom and genuinely does conjure an image of storm clouds. It is a very fluid piece with a lot of swinging motions. Low Commotion 1992 Known Performance Period: 1992 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes Another unique piece where Chris and Jayne really experiment with a new type of music and a very different type of footwork. The routine is very fast and demanding, including a section where they skate backwards away from each other and back in a series of three, each time bringing their inside blades within inches of each other, relying on absolutely perfect judgement. Many of Torvill and Dean’s routines involve the display of one particular move three times in a row and this routine plays a joke on this concept when Chris flips Jayne over 360 twice in a row, with Jayne flipping Chris the third time and then flexing her muscles at the audience. They perform the routine in Texas-style barn dance costumes, both in straw hat and blue denim dungarees, Jayne with a red and white check lumberjack shirt, pigtails, and freckles, and Chris wearing a neckerchief. In the 1992 Simply the Best documentary Jayne explains that the characters are based loosely on those in The Tales of Tom Sawyer. The dance is extremely fast, but then when the music peters out at the end, the dancers seem to lose interest or even remember what they were doing and they just stroll off the ice. There was a company piece called Hoedown which either preceded or followed this routine, but it is not clear whether or not Torvill and Dean were actually in the group number. Drum Duet 1993 Known Performance Period: 1993 Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes This was the last new routine that they choreographed before they began work on their Olympic routines. The costumes are extremely colourful and deliberately clashing. Torvill wears pink leggings, red shirt, and orange waistcoat, and Dean wears blue trousers, purple, pink, and blue shirt, and garish blue waistcoat. The music is a series of drumbeats/percussion to which they skate in a long series of intricate steps at speed across the ice. This includes a lot of fast backwards sections, separate jumps, twists, and turns in complete unison. The piece was designed for their stint as guest artists on the Tom Collins Tour of World Figure Skating Champions. 1994 onwards Lucy in the Sky 1994 Cecelia 1995 Bridge Over Troubled Water 1995 Still Crazy 1995 (performed again in 1998 as their final dance before retiring) Six Gestures 1996 Only He Will Do 1997 New Year's Eve Final 1997 Still Crazy 1998 Lets Face the Music / Mack and Mabel / Barnum / Sing Sing Sing / Bolero tributes 2006 Viva Las Vegas 2006 Let Me Entertain You 2006 Foot Loose 2006 It’s a Kind of Magic 2007 Imagine 2007 Diamonds are a Girl’s Best Friend 2007 I Like the Way You Move 2007 These Boots are made for Walking 2007 Shine 2007 Putting on the Ritz 2007 Moon Dance 2007	i don't know
What was created by the Limehouse Declaration of 1981?	Limehouse Declaration - Wikisource, the free online library Limehouse Declaration Roy Jenkins , David Owen , Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams The Limehouse Declaration was a statement issued on 25 January 1981 by Roy Jenkins , David Owen , Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams , all senior British Labour politicians and former Cabinet Ministers . In this document the so-called 'Gang of Four' signalled their intent to leave the Labour Party and form a Council for Social Democracy . This Council became the basis for the British Social Democratic Party (SDP). 692224Limehouse Declaration Roy Jenkins , David Owen , Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams The calamitous outcome of the Labour Party Wembley conference demands a new start in British politics. A handful of trade union leaders can now dictate the choice of a future Prime Minister. The conference disaster is the culmination of a long process by which the Labour Party has moved steadily away from its roots in the people of this country and its commitment to parliamentary government. We propose to set up a Council for Social Democracy. Our intention is to rally all those who are committed to the values, principles and policies of social democracy. We seek to reverse Britain’s economic decline. We want to create an open, classless and more equal society, one which rejects ugly prejudices based upon sex, race or religion. A first list of those who have agreed to support the council will be announced at an early date. Some of them have been actively and continuously engaged in Labour politics. A few were so engaged in the past, but have ceased to be so recently. Others have been mainly active in spheres outside party politics. We do not believe the fight for the ideals we share and for the recovery of our country should be limited only to politicians. It will need the support of men and women in all parts of our society. The council will represent a coming together of several streams: politicians who recognise that the drift towards extremism in the Labour Party is not compatible with the democratic traditions of the party they joined and those from outside politics who believe that the country cannot be saved without changing the sterile and rigid framework into which the British political system has increasingly fallen in the last two decades. We do not believe in the politics of an inert centre merely representing the lowest common denominator between two extremes. We want more, not less, radical change in our society, but with a greater stability of direction. Our economy needs a healthy public sector and a healthy private sector without frequent frontier changes. We want to eliminate poverty and promote greater equality without stifling enterprise or imposing bureaucracy from the centre. We need the innovating strength of a competitive economy with a fair distribution of rewards. We favour competitive public enterprise, co-operative ventures and profit sharing. There must be more decentralisation of decision making in industry and government, together with an effective and practical system of democracy at work. The quality of our public and community services must be improved and they must be made more responsive to people’s needs. We do not accept that mass unemployment is inevitable. A number of countries, mainly those with social democratic governments, have managed to combine high employment with low inflation. Britain needs to recover its self-confidence and be outward-looking, rather than isolationist, xenophobic or neutralist. We want Britain to play a full and constructive role within the framework of the European Community, Nato, the United Nations and the Commonwealth. It is only within such a multi-lateral framework that we can hope to negotiate international agreements covering arms control and disarmament and to grapple effectively with the poverty of the Third World. We recognise that for those people who have given much of their lives to the Labour Party, the choice that lies ahead will be deeply painful. But we believe that the need for a realignment of British politics must now be faced.	SDP
Which country is home to the majority of species of Bird of Paradise?	The Limehouse Declaration and the birth of the SDP · Liberal History The Limehouse Declaration and the birth of the SDP Monday 29th January 2001 On 25 January 1981, four former Labour cabinet ministers – Roy Jenkins, David Owen, William Rodgers and Shirley Williams – published the Limehouse Declaration, publicly signalling their intention to quit the leftward path that the Labour Party had taken. The Declaration advocated a classless society and called for the realignment of British politics. After an overwhelming public response, the SDP came into being two months later. Twenty years on, the Liberal Democrat History Group looked at the origins and importance of the Limehouse Declaration. Did it signal the end of both Old Labour and Liberal Party irrelevance? Or did it back the progressive forces in British politics into a cul-de-sac? Was the SDP a mistake? Or was the party essential for both the reform of Labour and a rebirth of Liberalism? Related Journal Articles	i don't know
The New Zealand kea is known for attacking sheep – what kind of bird is it?	The Kea Parrot: New Zealand's Distinct Bird The Kea Parrot: New Zealand's Distinct Bird The endangered kea parrot is known for its distinctive physical and behavorial traits. By Angela Pham Tweet Famed for its olive-green plumage, scarlet underwings, keen intelligence and its rare attempts to feed on both dead and live sheep, the unique kea parrot of New Zealand draws attention from bird lovers and conservationists throughout the world. The kea parrot needs this attention. With many believing that its numbers have declined slowly but steadily in the past 100 years, organizations like the Department of Conservation of New Zealand, the Kea Conservation Trust and the Animal Health Board now recognize the need to study the birds more and determine how best to protect them. Photo Courtesy of Franny Cunninghame The kea parrot has a distinctive long, thin and curved bill. Taking on the task of counting the current numbers of kea parrots and radio-tracking groups of the birds isn't easy, especially since it is classified as a nationally endangered species in New Zealand. Kea parrots favor forested areas among mountainous regions, where they make nests within the ground and forage in the mountain tops. In winter, the flocks concentrate on breeding and disappear among the forests. The kea's omnivorous diet requires much time spent high and low foraging for food — roots and grub are dug out from the ground in the mountains and forest floors, and foods like berries and seeds of rimu, totara and beech trees are found in the tall tree tops, as well as honeydew and nectar of flowers. Notoriously, the kea parrot will also scavenge dead animals like deer in pursuit of high-fat foods and has been witnessed attacking the occasional live sheep to access the large fatty deposits above a sheep's kidneys, said Josh Kemp, scientific officer for the Research and Development Group at the Department of Conservation of New Zealand. "Some keas living near sheep stations probably learn about the fat by scavenging dead sheep, then they figure out that they can reach it on a live sheep, too," Kemp said. The distinctive shape of the kea's bill enables it to pierce the skin of these mammals: The bill is long, thin and curved, unlike most parrot species' bills. Its long, spindly legs set it further apart from other parrot species. Nonetheless, the kea is still classified as a parrot: Two toes point backwards on the foot and are used for climbing, and the bill — with its moveable lower mandible — serves as a climbing tool as well. But the kea's occasional preying habits may speak volumes of its intelligence. "It may happen because there are sheep and because the kea are very innovative," said Gyula Gajdon, guest scientist at the University of Vienna Department of Neurobiology and Cognition Research. "For me, as a biologist, it is equally interesting to ask, 'How do they manage to open hinged lids of big rubbish bins, or why do they start to prey on mice?'" Bird experts agree that the kea is a distinctive parrot. "Even kaka, the closest relative of kea, provides a quite different setting of main biological features," Gajdon said. The kaka parrot may share the scarlet underwings that kea parrots have and are also classified under the genus Nestor, but kaka parrots are not as intelligent, and kaka parrots nest in tree trunk holes in winter, while kea parrots nest in the ground during summer, Kemp said. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of the kea bird is its smart, curious personality. The diurnal parrots are social creatures, foraging in flocks and keeping in touch with each other with contact calling. Young keas are especially active and playful, Gajdon said. "Especially young birds are the most bold to investigate new objects, play with them, test their affordances and even integrate them in social play," Gajdon said. "The camera man Mike Lemon nicely said that you miss kea when you go home." The parrot's bold and investigative tendencies, however, can often get the kea into trouble. After any destructive bout with human belongings, the birds put themselves at risk. "[…] newspapers in New Zealand report from time to time that kea [parrots] were shot by upset people," Gajdon said. "The Department of Conservation stresses that people do not feed kea so that they are not attracted to human settlements." Inarguably, humans play a significant role in the population numbers of kea birds. Kemp said that lead poisoning, car accidents, entrapment in garbage bins, angry farmers, critter traps and pet poisons have all contributed to kea deaths in past years. However, introduced predators like the stoat, a ferret-like animal, also threaten ground-breeding birds like the kea, Gajdon said. Thankfully, conservation and research efforts have been extended recently to help ensure that kea parrots are thoroughly studied and can thrive safely in their forested environments. "There is some research activity, and while scientists in New Zealand are more conservation-oriented, researchers from other countries are more focusd on the bird's cognition and exploration behavior," Gajdon said. Understanding such behavior is important to help explain the destructive nature of the birds to resolve human-kea conflicts, he added. At Gajdon's university, an intensive research program is underway to research the social and technical intelligence in the birds, both in the wild and in captivity. The Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology at the Austrian Academy of Sciences keeps its own flock of kea to study the parrots in captivity. And New Zealand's Department of Conservation is also planning several large-scale projects that will include a long-term counting program to examine kea parrot population numbers throughout the South Island during the next 10 to 15 years. "In collaboration with the Kea Conservation Trust and the Animal Health Board, we will be radio-tracking four lots of 20 to 30 kea parrots through four aerial 1080 operations next winter," Kemp said. "Then, at two of the sites, we will be monitoring nesting success after the aerial 1080 and comparing it with nesting success in adjacent areas where pets are not controlled." Kemp recommends visiting the KCT website for more details on the upcoming projects.	Parrot
Which best selling Norwegian author created the detective Harry Hole?	Common Birds of the New Zealand Forest Common Birds of the New Zealand Forest Here's one of the most well known and liked New Zealand birds, the fantail. This friendly little creature flits around the forest looking for insects and even seeks out human contact, following people as they walk through the bush and catching the insects which we disturb. The fantail has several adaptations which allow it to catch and hold on to its prey, including the stiff whiskers around its beak which you can see in this photo. These whiskers guide the insects towards the fantail's open mouth as it catches them in mid-air. How wude! Well, of course the fantail's major insect hunting asset is the tail which gives it its name. The tail is very large in comparison to the size of the bird itself, allowing the fantail to turn very rapidly in flight, all the better to catch maneuverable insects. The wax-eye is another cute little bird which lives in what New Zealanders commonly refer to as "the bush". The wax-eye is also known as the white-eye or silver-eye, and unlike the fantail it eats berries and nectar, which it laps up with a brush-tipped tongue. The wax-eye is a very recent arrival in New Zealand, in fact it's thought that it was self-introduced in the mid 1800s from Australia, perhaps when a flock of them was blown across the Tasman Sea by a storm. This little sweetie is a New Zealand robin or, more accurately, a South Island robin, since this sub-species is noticeably different than the variety that lives in the North Island of New Zealand, or the separate Stewart Island version. All of these sub-species are endemic to New Zealand, meaning that they're found nowhere else in the world. Like the fantail, the wax-eye and quite a few other New Zealand birds, the robin is very tame and unafraid of people, which is the natural result of evolving in a country with no mammalian predators. North Island robins aren't common, but South Island robins can be seen regularly in the northern part of the island. This one was by the side of the road in the Lewis pass near the tiny settlement of Maruia. And I found this one on a different occasion, but in very nearly the same place. If you look closely, then you'll realize that it's contemplating a meal of mushrooms, which is very appropriate, since it looks exactly like an egg itself! In reality, they eat insects which they find amongst the leaf litter, which is why both of these photos show the bird on the ground. The cuteness just goes on and on! Here is a juvenile whitehead imploring a parent for food. The whitehead isn't a well known species to most New Zealanders, but it's fairly common in the North Island, south of Auckland, as well as on some islands offshore from the North Island, such as Little Barrier, Kapiti and Tiritiri Matangi, where I photographed these two. Unusually, a nest with two or three youngsters is often attended to by four adult birds, all of which feed the chicks and rush in when necessary to distract predators. The chicks venture outside the nest early, and it's common to find three chicks sitting closely together on a branch. As you can see in this photo, the chicks rapidly flutter their wings as a greeting to the adults, and the adults also greet each other in this way. The tui is a much more well-known bird, and considerably more common than the whitehead, too. It's one of the few native birds comfortable living in suburbia, lapping up nectar from flowers with its tongue. It probably helps a great deal that the tui is a very feisty bird which will chase other birds from its territory. The tui is sometimes also called the parson bird, because of the white tufts under its chin which reminded people of the white collars worn by English parsons. The filaments around its neck also give it a very distinctive appearance. From some angles the plumage looks almost black, but when the light strikes it from certain angles you can see almost metallic greens and blues, as well as rich copper colouring. The pukeko is another very common and well known bird, but unlike most of the birds on this page it is found in many other places around the world, including the United States, Europe, Africa, Asia and Melanesia. Like the name "tui", the word "pukeko" is of maori origin, but in other parts of the world it's called a purple swamphen or purple gallinule. For such a widespread bird it's a surprisingly bad flier, hardly able to flap more than a few tens of meters with its legs dangling down, before crash landing. Once on the ground it walks around looking for insects, frogs and the like, periodically flashing the white plumage under its tail, particularly if it feels threatened. The New Zealand wood pigeon is another bird endemic to this country. It's quite large and like the tui has really beautiful plumage, again with metallic shades of green and copper. The white feathers on its belly and legs nicely highlight the colours on the rest of the bird. Like the tui, the wood pigeon is able to make a living in city parks and suburban gardens, where it searches out berries, or leaves and shoots if there are no berries. There's only one type of kingfisher found in New Zealand, a sub-species of the sacred kingfisher found in Australia and parts of Melanesia. They're very aggressive, attacking other birds and even predatory mammals, and often eat mice in addition to their regular diet of small fish, lizards, worms and insects. Nevertheless, like most kingfishers around the world it's very difficult to get close enough for a decent photograph. This shot was taken on Tiritiri Matangi island , as were the earlier photographs of the whitehead, tui, wood pigeon and pukeko, as well as the next photograph. The bellbird is well known, but not often seen by most people, though it's said to be relatively more common in the South Island. The red eye on this individual indicates that it is male. As the name suggests, their song sounds rather like the ringing of small bells, and it was a major contributor to the dawn chorus of bird song which filled the country each morning when Europeans first arrived. Many species of birds became extinct in the following years, and it seemed as if the bellbird might head in the same direction, but thankfully it's been able to pull itself back from the brink. As you might have noticed, one characteristic of all of the birds on this page is their feistiness, which has allowed them to survive despite the arrival of humans and their accompanying horde of mammalian predators like rats, cats, stoats and ferrets, as well as competitive species like deer which have totally stripped away the forest undergrowth. Each of these birds is impressive, but this one is definitely the King of the Feisty. The kea is one of several parrots found only in New Zealand. Some of these, like the red-crowned and yellow-crowned parakeets, are fairly ordinary as parrots go, others are far from ordinary, like the kakapo, which is not only the world's largest parrot, weighing up to 3.5 kilograms, but is also flightless and nocturnal, and has a very strange and unbirdlike "booming" call. Sadly, it has nearly no concept that there are now enemies in its world or how it should defend itself from them, and this has made the kakapo extremely rare, with fewer than a hundred left in the world. The kea is another extraordinary parrot, but thankfully it's able to take care of itself. The kea isn't nocturnal, nor is it flightless, but it is unusual in being the world's only alpine parrot. High mountains in the South Island are the best place to look for them, both of these photos were taken at the top end of the Homer tunnel which leads across to Milford Sound . Keas are extremely intelligent, scoring better on intelligence tests than most primates, and research has shown that they're one of the very few animals in the world which are self-aware. They've even learned how to take advantage of the animals introduced by humans. For many years farmers complained that keas were killing sheep at night, only to be ridiculed for this idea by environmentalists. However, eventually night camera footage was obtained of keas flying onto the backs of sheep and using their sharp hooked bills to dig into the backs of the sheep in order to feed on the fat around their kidneys. Of course it's very unfortunate for the sheep, and some people refer to the kea as "the feathered wolf". Keas gleefully take out their vengeance not only on the destructive animals introduced by humans, but on humans themselves! Many a skier has returned from an exhilarating day on the slopes only to find that his car has been torn to pieces, with every plastic or rubber part around the doors and windows ripped to shreds! Somehow it seems like very appropriate payback for the thoughtless havoc that we've done, and continue to do, to the original bird inhabitants of the country which were less able to defend themselves.	i don't know
Who has written several successful novels about DS Roy Grace of the Brighton force?	PETER JAMES: Reveals all about Roy Grace PETER JAMES: Reveals all about Roy Grace Written by Adrian Magson Peter James has written 25 books, the most recent of which feature Brighton-based Detective Superintendent Roy Grace. His books have been translated into 29 languages. In England they are published by Pan Books and in the US by Carroll & Graf Publishers. James has written supernatural thrillers, spy fiction, Michael Crichton-style science-based thrillers, and a children's novel, as well as the introductions for Graham Masterton's collection 'Manitou Man' and Joe Rattigan's collection 'Ghosts Far From Subtle'. Over the course of the Roy Grace series, the mysterious disappearance of his wife, Sandy has always been there as a reminder to us of his troubled past. With 'Dead Like You', you seem to have moved us as readers firmly away from 'Sandy as possible victim' into the possibility that she simply got fed up with Roy not getting the top job and took off for pastures new. Did you originally have that in mind or has it changed over the books? Or was I being dense in thinking something nasty had happened? About 12 years ago I attended an open day for the Police at the Missing Persons Helpline offices in South London. I was staggered to learn that 230,000 people are reported missing in the UK every year. The majority turn up again within a few days but if they don’t turn up after 30 days, they are unlikely ever to be seen again. At any one time we have 11,500 people permanently missing in the UK, and the figure is the same pro-rata to population around the western world – there are 55,000 permanent missing in the USA, for example. It is a staggering figure. And the big questions is, where are they? Some have been murdered and their bodies never found – under the floorboards of monsters like Fred West. Some have run off with lovers. Some have disappeared deliberately, running away from debt, and reinvented themselves in another country. Some have had accidents. Some have committed suicide. But the one thing in common, is that the families and loved one they leave behind are left in a state of limbo, because they have no closure. When I was asked about nine years ago to create a new detective, by my publishers Pan Macmillan, I wanted to make Roy Grace different to other fictional detectives. I thought really hard about what it is that detectives actually do, and I realized that first and foremost what they do is to solve puzzles! Every major crime, whether a murder, a rape, a big robbery or a fraud, is a puzzle, to be solved in steady, painstaking steps. I thought it would be intriguing to create a detective who had a personal puzzle of his own that he could not solve, and I came up with the idea that Roy Grace has a missing wife. Almost 9 years before we meet him, we learn that he came home on his 30th birthday to find his wife, Sandy, who he loved and adored, had vanished. My original plan was to reveal the truth about Sandy in the second book. But to my amazement there was such excited speculation by my readers about what might have happened to her, that I decided it would be fun to keep it as an ongoing mystery, and feed a little bit more information about her into each successive novel, so that my readers could start to make their own deductions. In answer to your question, in the first five novels we have tended to see Sandy only through Roy’s rose-tinted memories. There is a snippet of someone who might be her in Dead Tomorrow but very fleeting. In Dead Like You for the first time we see Roy and Sandy together, twelve years back in time, and we see the relationship is not quiet so perfect as Roy had always imagined. I don’t think you were dense at all thinking something nasty had happened. But equally there is a long way to go yet with this story strand!!!! And I can promise you quite a shock at the end of the next novel, Dead Man’s Grip! Your books are full of threat wrapped up in otherwise ordinary, sometimes mundane situations. Do you consciously consider what kind of threat will play most on peoples' fears as the basis for the book, or does that come later? I have always tended to write about the things that interest and intrigue me. I do a lot of psychology research in addition to the specific research time I spend with the police and on other aspects of each of my novels. I am interest both in what motivates criminals, and in what the fears are that we tend to have. I once had a valuable piece of advice from a very eminent psychiatrist when I asked him what he thought, in general, was the thing most people are afraid of. I expected him to say terrorism, or war or cancer, but he surprised me with his answer: “Most people are afraid of being alone,” he said. By that me meant totally alone, rejected by all attempts at making human contact, with no family and no friends. I have used that theme of the fear of being alone in different ways in many of my books. In Dead Simple for instance, Michael is trapped in the coffin. In Looking Good Dead the mother is chained up on her own in the dark. In Dead Man’s Footsteps, Abby is alone, a self-imposed prisoner in her own flat. In Dead Like You again being alone in captivity is a major element in the story. But I guess the biggest theme of all, and the one that interests me the most is the innocent person getting into big trouble through no fault of their own. This is Michael, buried alive in Dead Simple. Tom, in Looking Good Dead, who puts his entire family in jeopardy by doing the decent thing, of trying to return a CD he has found on a train. And in Dead Man’ Grip an innocent woman caught up in an accident in which the grandson of the Mafia capo is killed – and the terrible revenge on everyone involved instigated by the dead boy’s mother… Relationships (good and bad) between victims and perps form an important backdrop to your storylines. Was there anything which made you look towards this aspect of life for your books? I loved crime stories from a very early age, devouring Agatha Christie and Conan Doyle among numerous others. But although very different writers, the structure of the classic English crime novel tends to be the murder at the start and the rest of the story is the puzzle by the police and/or private detective to solve it. Solving the crime is much more important than the actual crime itself, however heinous. Then, when I was 14. I read Graham Greene’s Brighton Rock for the first time - and was just blown away by this novel. Partly because it was set in my home city (a town then) and partly because it was the first time I read a crime novel in which the central characters were the villains and the victims rather than the detective and team – and in fact the Police play a minor role in the book. I have always been deeply fascinated by human nature, and curious about why we all do the things that we do, and that is what interests me above all else about this genre. For instance, in Dead Like You one of the central characters, Darren Spicer (his surname is a homage to Brighton Rock!) is a career burglar, just released from jail – and very much based on a real life character I interviewed in prison. You've made more of a study of crime probably than most people. Do you think crime occurs because of opportunity and circumstance, or intent? In other words, do people do wrong more easily through temptation or inclination? I was a member of a gym a few years ago and the owner, a really nice guy in his late 30s, a committed family man, told me one day he was writing a book about his life story. I asked him if he had a particular angle and he told me yes, he had done five years in prison for armed robbery! I was intrigued. He was from a good, comfortably off, loving Jewish family, never in trouble as a kid. But, he told me, he got into financial trouble at the age of 22, was at a gym opened the wrong locker in the men’s changing room and found a handgun. He took the gun and held up a building society! That is a real instance of an opportunity and circumstances. However, I don’t think there is any short answer to your question and you’ll get a different answer for theft than you will for murder: I think the majority of thieves/burglars are victims of circumstances. Crap parenting, broken homes, no moral values, prison life and its resulting recidivistic spiral, and above all, almost certainly today an expensive drug habit. However killers are altogether different: Some years ago I spent a day with the chaplain of Broadmoor. To be an inmate there you have to be classed as “violently criminally insane” and have committed an act of severe violence or murder. I asked him if he believe from his experience at Broadmoor whether people were born even or just became evil. He told me that roughly 50% of the inmates were schizophrenics – people born with a chemical imbalance in their brain. These cold be treated with medication and many, provided they continued to take their medication, could go back into the community safely. The Yorkshire Ripper is a classic schizophrenic, who said he had been informed by voices in his head to do his slayings. However the other 50% were sociopaths – or psychopaths – (thesame thing). A psychopath is someone born wired differently to other people – someone who has no “conscience” as most of us have. As a child it would not bother him to steal his best friend’s favourite toy. As an adult he could kill or rape and not lose a wink of sleep. These are them most dangerous of all criminals – and often the most clever. Think of Harold Shipton here in the UK, or charming (genuinely charming) Ted Bundy in the USA… Over the years you've covered subject as diverse as transplants, 9/11, surrogacy, genetics, pharmaceuticals and artificial intelligence. Is there a particular subject you've been waiting to use, but haven't yet, and if so, what? I like to explore and write about issues that can or do affect our lives, and which may shape all our futures. In my Roy Grace series, there are several themes responsible for major crimes that I have not yet written about but certainly will – one of them being lover’s jealousy. At the moment I’m writing about revenge in my new book, Deads Man’s Grip – a subject that has long fascinated me. Not that I’m a vengeful kind of guy…!!! Is the advance in DNA testing a good or bad thing for crime writing, and do you think it will make crime writers lazy and readers too expecting of a scientific solution every time? As technology progresses, criminals progress too. Ten years ago the first place Police would look for stolen goods would be antique shops, today the first place they checkout is eBay! The murder clear up rate in the UK is 90% and I don’t see that getting any higher. As science progresses, criminals get more forensically aware, too. As criminals are caught because they make a mistake as they are through good detection. What is interesting is there’s a major shift from the days of Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie to now in the importance of the crime scene. The crime scene is still today vitally important but the mortuary and the path lab are equally important. I wonder today, if a smart defence brief were to walk up to Poirot or Miss Marple and say, “OK, show me the forensic evidence to back this up,” just how many last pages of Agatha Christie novels - and many others of her era – would need to be rewritten… You spend a lot of time with the Brighton police force, and see an aspect of life most of never do. Does anything about Brighton and its 'seedier underbelly', to use a PR phrase, surprise you anymore? The one thing that never ceases to surprises me is the way some people live – and I’m not talking just at the poorer end of the scale. I often go into people’s homes with the Police, whether on a raid, or sorting out a domestic dispute or because of a missing person, or because they’re suspected of running a brothel – and a whole myriad of other reasons. The sheer slovenly way in which so many people live shocks me. Recently, I learned a new expression: I was with two police officers called to a domestic fight in a low-rise apartment block in a pleasant area Brighton. We entered the flat and it stank to high heaven. Out shoes literally stuck to the carpet as we walked across. There were soiled nappies on the floor, old MacDonald’s and Chinese takeaway cartons lying around covered in fungus and mould. Naturally, there was a 50” plasma TV screen on the wall… The two officers calmed the situation down – the couple were going hammer and tongs at each other, with a baby screaming in a cot. As we left, one of the officers turned to me and said, “Peter, this is the kind of place where you need to wipe your feet on the way out!” As a follow-on, does the Brighton Tourist Board worry, do you think, about your next book, or do they enjoy the exposure? The Tourist Board love the exposure! We’ve been having discussions about Roy Grace tours of Brighton. I think the one thing that that would prefer me not to mention too much is that for 9 years running Brighton has had the unwelcome title of “Injecting Drug Death Capital Of The UK”. We actually lost the title in 2008 to Liverpool – but unhappily for the Brighton Tourist Board, we got it back again last year! Does your writing energise or drain you, and how do you (if you have to) cope with momentary obstacles in working on each book? My writing totally energizes me, especially when I’ve had a good session. I constantly come up against obstacles because of my complex plotting, and I find in the daytime that a short – or sometimes long walk, either in the country or around the streets of London, helps me to think clearly. My other big boost is my 6pm treat of a drink – normally a vodka martini! My best writing time is from 6-10m, fuelled by a moderate amount of alcohol and music – mostly jazz during the first two thirds of a book and opera arias during the last. I love setting myself puzzles when I am writing and then working out the solution. I think the hardest one of all for me was when I wrote Dead Simple, in how I was going to create a credible way of getting my character, Michael, out of the grave he had been buried in. It took weeks of slog and long walks and stiff drinks (!) before it finally came to me…. Poor old Roy Grace; he's been through the grinder, privately and professionally. Should we feel sorry for him, or is the old adage that a policeman's lot is not a happy one just grist for your mill? In my experience the vast majority of police officers do genuinely love their work, despite the often crazy hours of the job, the bureaucracy, the horrific sights they see and the internal politics. The police look at the world in a different way to the rest of us. I don’t just mean physically, but culturally too. Last year, I was driving through Sussex on a sunny July day with a Detective Inspector, on our way to a crime scene. I asked him if he felt that as a police officer he viewed the world differently to other people. He smiled and said, “You’re looking through the windscreen at a beautiful summer day. I’m looking at a man who is standing in the wrong place.” There is however something different about major crime detectives, particularly on homicide. I would say they get more personally involved with their cases than any others in the force, save those working with rape victims. Murder is the ultimate horrific crime, because it can never be reversed. Good homicide detectives, in particular the Senior Investigating Officers become involved with the victim’s loved ones, and rapidly feel a massive sense of responsibility – and caring for these people – and for the victims. They become all that stands between the victim and justice – and between the loved ones and closure. That is why so many homicide detectives go on privately working on unsolved cases long after they have retired. Roy Grace has indeed been through the grinder, in his private life, both with his beloved Sandy’s disappearance and now Cleo’s perhaps endangered pregnancy… and professionally with a boss who disliked him, largely for his maverick behaviour and tried hard to undermine him. But he’s a survivor, and above all, he is a good man in a dark world. Dead Like You by Peter James is published in paperback by Pan on 14th October at £7.99	Peter James
Created by Leslie Thomas, Who was ‘The Last Detective’?	Dead Man's Grip (Ds Roy Grace 7): Amazon.es: Peter James: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. Ver las 2 imÃ¡genes Dead Man's Grip (Ds Roy Grace 7) (InglÃ©s) Tapa blanda – 29 sep 2011 de Tapa blanda, 29 sep 2011 — DescripciÃ³n del producto Críticas Praise for "Dead Like You""Possibly the most engrossing thriller since "The Silence of the Lambs."" --"Washington Post Book World" "Sinister and riveting . . . Peter James is one of the best British crime writers, and therefore one of the best in the world." --Lee Child "A terrific thriller . . . "Dead Like You" is a haunting page-turner that seamlessly blends psychological suspense with police procedure, echoing the heart and voices of such authors as P. D. James and Ian Rankin at their best." --Jeffery Deaver "Peter James creates worlds as familiar as your backyard, but doubly spicy, smart, and entertaining. Danger and drama leap from every page, as the master delivers precisely what every reader wants: plenty of sizzle and emotional clout. "Dead Like You "makes for a terrific read. Don't miss this one." --Steve Berry"U.S. readers deserve to know what the rest of the world has known for years--Peter James is one of the best crime writers in the business." -- Reseña del editor I WANT THEM TO SUFFER, AND I WANT THEM DEAD ... Carly Chase is still traumatised after being in a fatal traffic accident which kills a teenage student from Brighton University. Then she receives news that turns her entire world into a living nightmare. The drivers of the other two vehicles involved have been found tortured and murdered. Now Detective Superintendant Roy Grace of the Sussex Police force issues a stark and urgent warning to Carly: She could be next. The police advise Carly her only option is to go into hiding and change her identity. The terrified woman disagrees - she knows these people have ways of hunting you down anywhere. If the police are unable to stop them, she has to find a way to do it herself. But already the killer is one step ahead of her, watching, waiting, and ready ... No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple ObtÃ©n la app gratuita: o Â¿No tienes un Kindle? Consigue un Kindle aquÃ o descarga una aplicaciÃ³n de lectura Kindle GRATUITA. Detalles del producto Tapa blanda: 512 pÃ¡ginas Editor: Pan; EdiciÃ³n: Main Market Ed. (29 de septiembre de 2011) ColecciÃ³n: Ds Roy Grace 7 Idioma: InglÃ©s ISBN-13: 978-0330515566 ValoraciÃ³n media de los clientes: Â¿Quieres actualizar la informaciÃ³n sobre un producto o dar tu opiniÃ³n sobre las imÃ¡genes ? Amazon Premium: EnvÃo 1 dÃa GRATIS y mucho mÃ¡s Los clientes Premium disfrutan de EnvÃo 1 dÃa GRATIS en mÃ¡s de un millÃ³n de productos, Acceso Prioritario a Amazon BuyVIP y Ofertas flash, Almacenamiento de fotos gratis e ilimitado y acceso a las series Amazon Originals, entre otras pelÃculas y series. Por LabijoseBooks en 21 de octubre de 2016 Formato: VersiÃ³n Kindle This may be, so far, one of my favourite books from The Roy Grace series. I jumped from number five to number seven, so I can not judge the previous one, but this was another good thriller, fast-paced and interesting. What starts as a road traffic collision leads to mafia-related plot, keeping you on edge. As usual, short chapters and well defined characters and locations. I haven’t been to Brighton, but yet it feels as though I am a local, such are the descriptions of the place. No doubt I will continue with Grace books. Good stuff. Will he finally find out what really happened to his ex? Â¿Esta opiniÃ³n te ha parecido Ãºtil? SÃ No Enviando comentario... Gracias por tu opiniÃ³n. Lo sentimos, no hemos podido registrar tu voto. Vuelva a intentarlo 4.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas Peter James, Dead Man's Grip 10 de marzo de 2015 Por Elgin W. Wyatt - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: VersiÃ³n Kindle Compra verificada A young American student in Brighton is horribly killed in an accident when he turns his bike into the wrong lane. A woman with a high blood alcohol content swerves to miss him but he is clipped by a white van into the path of a large truck drive by a man who has exceeded his maximum hours. The boy is the son of a powerful American mafia family who swears revenge on all the drivers.When they begin to die in horrible executions, DSI Grace is desperate to prevent further murders and find the clever perpetrator. The plot creates great tension, the murders are inventive and gruesome, and the resolution is gripping. Well written. Por booksrme - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: VersiÃ³n Kindle Compra verificada Another great read from Peter James. I couldn't put this book down. I feel like I know Roy Grace and some of the others after reading about them in other books but I didn't have to know them to get drawn in to this story. A car accident, an everyday occurence, turns into a nighmare for those involved. This begins an unpredictable and fast paced novel that will keep you page turning far into the night. There are also some personal things going on in Supt. Grace's life that even he doesn't know about that I believe are setting us up for the next book and if so I can't wait. Write fast Mr. James I'll be waiting! Characters in this novel are richly developed and leave you feeling like you are in this story. You won't just want to know what happens to them you will need to know. I think I held my breath through much of this novel and to me that's a good book. 3 de 3 personas piensan que la opiniÃ³n es Ãºtil 3.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas Dead Man's Grip 20 de febrero de 2012 Por Kaye - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: VersiÃ³n Kindle Compra verificada For anyone that has read PJ's Roy Grace books this one was far too predictable. Just after the first few chapters it was obvious what was going to happen. I'm afraid Mr. James has fallen into the trap that so many successful writers fall into after churning out so many books of the same genre, the worst sin of all, predictability! With the very last pages of the book I can guess where the next book will go in regards to Roy Grace's personal life. I won't say here and may never know for sure as I think I will give Roy Grace a rest for a bit. 5.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas Exceedingly well written murder mystery thriller 19 de marzo de 2013 Por Burr C Hartman - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: Tapa blanda Compra verificada Peter James has again demonstrated his ability to grip the reader with a tautly written mystery thriller. The book starts with a seemingly unfortunate death of a university student on a bicycle in a hoorible traffic accident in a rainstorm. It then devolves into awful unintended connections with the American and British underworld and parts of Brighton Hove that none of us, the uninitiated, might otherwise never know existed. I can't say more. It would spoil the suspense. Readers simply must read this book. PS: Once you're about halfway through, don't plan on anything else. You won't put it down. 5.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas Another enthralling book in the Roy Grace series 10 de agosto de 2014 Por clarkduck - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: VersiÃ³n Kindle Compra verificada Roy Grace is baffled by a couple of gangland styled "hits" in his English seaside resort hometown. Peter James makes his detective Roy Grace come to life as we get to know him with each turn of the page. Peter Robinson was my favorite British murder mystery writer, but with each novel I like Peter James' work more and more--this is a work well worth your time if you like British murder mysteries, I don't think you'll be disappointed.	i don't know
In which stretch of water was HMS Amethyst fired on and detained in 1949?	FOR THE RECORD FOR THE RECORD WITHIN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 8 Dec 2011 : Column 5P Petition presented to the House but not read on the Floor HMS Concord The Petition of William Leitch. Declares that the Petitioner believes that it is a grievous injustice that the 1949 shipï¿½s complement of HMS Concord were not recognised as a unit involved in the 1949 Yangtze campaign, due to what the Petitioner believes was a wrongful omission of important relevant documents relating to the role of HMS Concord between the 28 and 31 July 1949 and declares that the Petitioner believes that those who served on HMS Concord between 28 and 31 July 1949 deserve justice, remedy and reparation. The Petitioner therefore requests that the House of Commons sets up a select committee to conduct a comprehensive enquiry into the role of HMS Concord in the Yangtze campaign between 28th and 31 July 1949. And the Petitioner remains, etc.ï¿½ William Leitch. 8 Kenmore Avenue, There is in abundance a background of information to support why I consider a deep and penetrating investigation is necessary into why the role of H.M.S. Concord, as a unit involved in the Yangtze Incident during the dates 28th to 31st July 1949 was not recognised in the (1949 Yangtze Campaign Awards System). In December 1948 it was decided to station one large and one small ship, or at least two and preferably three small ships at Shanghai and one small ship at Nanking. On the 6th April 1949 the Communist authorities broadcast their intention of crossing the River Yangtze on the 12th April and taking Nanking by April 15th. Then on the 9th April it was reported that the Communists were placing gun batteries at Icheng with the intention of interdicting river traffic making it evident that requests for clearance of passages of warships up and down the Yangtze were going to take a long time to be dealt with as far as the North bank was concerned. On the 16th April 1949 when the forecast D-Day had failed to materialise Vice Admiral, Madden, in the absence of Admiral, Sir, Patrick Brind Commander-in-Chief, Far East Station, gave the instruction through Captain (F) in H.M.S. Black Swan for H.M.S. Amethyst to proceed to Nanking as soon as she could be ready. Here I wish to point out that at the time of Vice Admiral, Madden, issuing the instructions for H.M.S. Amethyst to proceed to Nanking as soon as she could be ready, there was in place at that time Admiralty instructions which were to the effect; ï¿½During passage up the Yangtze all ships were ordered to be at instant readiness. On 20 April 1949 at 0830, HMS Amethyst (Lt Commander B.M. Skinner RN) en-route to Nanking up the River Yangtze to relieve the guard ship HMS Consort came under very heavy fire from the north bank. Due to serious damage she went aground at Rose Island (she signalled she was under heavy fire, aground, and had suffered casualties). The Captain was mortally wounded, the first Lieutenant though wounded assumed command. During the forenoon the Communist continued to fire at HMS Amethyst. To save further loss of life, about 60 lightly wounded and uninjured were evacuated ashore, further evacuation stopped when those in the water came under fire. Those put ashore eventually arrived in Shanghai. Lt Cdr Skinners wife and two sons were staying in Hong Kong as guests of Ann Rodney wife of Lt Cdr Nigel Rodney the Captain of Concord and Admiral Brind asked Ann Rodney to break the news of Lt Cdr Skinners death to Mrs. Skinner. The Flash Signal, i.e., (a signal which supersedes all others), was picked up by HMS Consort (Cdr I.G. Robertson, DSO DSC RM), she immediately prepared to get under way, leaving Nanking and proceeding at 30 knots towards HMS Amethyst, reaching her at 1400. As she approached HMS Amethyst, she came under very heavy fire. She made three attempts to assist HMS Amethyst, but having sustained many casualties and serious damage she abandoned the rescue and proceeded down river. The signal was also picked up by the frigate HMS Black Swan Captain A.D.H. Jay DSO DSC RN) in Shanghai, and the cruiser HMS London (Captain P.G.L. Gazalet DSO,DSC, RN) en-route to Shanghai from Hong Kong. At dusk, both ships met HMS Consort off Kiang-yin on the Yangtze. Because of the need to get the wounded to hospital and the damage sustained, HMS Consort took no further part in the action and sailed for Shanghai. 21st April at 0030. HMS Amethyst was re-floated and anchored in the river. At 0600 H.M.S. London and HMS Black Swan went 12 miles up the Yangtze to about 30 miles from HMS Amethyst and waited for further information, none came. At 1030 both sailed up river, with White Ensigns, and large white flags hoisted, (white flags meant neutral ships on a peaceful mission) hung on each side of both ships were large Union Flags. Almost immediately both ships came under heavy point blank fire from the north bank, each receiving direct hits. Both ships proceeded as fast as possible in the narrow river, returning fire. At about 15 miles from HMS Amethyst and having sustained many casualties and a great deal of damage, it was decided that to proceed further would be disastrous for both ships and their crews, the order was given to return to Shanghai. This meant running the gauntlet again with both ships incurring further casualties and damage during the next 50 minutes of almost continuous fire. Both ships arrived at in Shanghai at 1930. At 1630 an RAF Sunderland Flying Boat (Flt Lt K. Letford DSO 7 Bar DFC RAF) landed near HMS Amethyst bringing a doctor and medical supplies, as the doctor got into a junk to take him to the ship, firing from the North Bank was directed at the aircraft and it had to take off immediately. 22nd April. Lt Cdr J.S. Kearns RN arrived from Nanking. After assessing the situation he took command of HMS Amethyst. She remained a prisoner for 100 days. When it was obvious negotiations for safe passage down river were leading nowhere Lt Cdr Kearns planned the escape of HMS Amethyst. 30th July, at 2209 with the Yangtze at its highest, HMS Amethyst started her famous escape. She was fired on and hit once immediately. Though the firing continued there were no further hits from the large guns. During the confusion the shore batteries sank a civilian ferry. 31st July. At 0500 HMS Amethyst met the destroyer H.M.S. Concord (Lt Cdr N.R.H. Rodney RN) at the mouth of the River and sent her famous signal: Have rejoined the fleet south of Woosung, no damage or casualties, God Save The King. As a result of the incident, 3 DSOs, 4 DSCs, 1 DFC, 7DSMs, 1 BEM and many Mentioned in Dispatches were awarded. The human cost in the four ships was 46 dead and 68 wounded That was what the official report amounted to, however the true events which took place can be best explained by quoting the statement made by the Commander-in-Chief, Far East Station, Admiral Sir Patrick Brind, on his return to Singapore, from Hong Kong, following the escape of H.M.S. Amethyst 30/31 July 1949, from Admiral Brinds, statement I now quote; * ï¿½I wish to make the fundamental facts of the Amethyst incident from 20th April to 30th July clear, because distorted stories are being spread to poison the minds of the Chinese people I have just returned from Hong Kong where I took the opportunity to examine closely the whole incident and I am therefore quite certain of my facts which are as follows:-- The Chinese Peopleï¿½s Liberation Army accuses the Amethyst of invading Chinese national inland waters, and of bombarding CPLA positions. The truth is that she was on the Yangtze going to Nanking by permission of the constituted Government at Nanking, and there was no question of invasion or intrusion. Furthermore the Amethyst did not return the fire of the CPLA batteries until she was driven ashore badly damaged. Subsequently, when the Amethyst lay in the river awaiting a safe conduct, Colonel Kang, the representative of General Yuan, Commander-in-Chief of the district told Lieutenant Commander Kerans that his ship would be destroyed immediately she moved. He constantly threatened and abused and made it clear that the granting of safe conduct was conditional on admission by me that the British were guilty of intruding into the river and we were responsible for the whole incident. This, of course, I could not accept. During the three months in which Amethyst was detained she was allowed to buy fresh vegetables from local contractors, but supplies were scarce. A small consignment of fuel and stores was allowed to reach her, but in July she was getting desperately short. There seemed no prospect of the replenishments awaiting her at Shanghai ever being allowed to reach the ship in spite of repeated requests. As a result of this deadlock, I decided to authorise an endeavour to escape, in spite of the risk.ï¿½ * Unquote That item can be found among the personnel papers of Admiral Sir Patrick Brind that were deposited within Kings College, Archives London. Now with that above stated, and as the true events after 2209 on the 30th July 1949 have not been recorded properly, the following will maybe bring about recognition of what really took place after 2209 on the 30th July 1949. When Lt Cdr Kearns informed Admiral Brind in a coded signal that he intended to break out at 2200, Admiral Brind without reference to the Admiralty or the Foreign Office in and endeavour on the 28th July 1949 ordered HMS Concord to enter Chinese territorial waters namely the River Yangtze, in readiness to go to the assistance of HMS Amethyst and should the Woosung Forts open fire they (Concord) were to return fire in support of Amethyst. (NOTE: - FOREIGN OFFICE FILES FOR CHINA 1949-1976 (Public Record Offices Classes FO371 and FCO21) From Reel 20 to Reel 26), will establish that at the time of H.M.S. Concord being deployed into Chinas Yangtze River 28th July 1949 the environmental risk and rigour exigencies when assessed were significantly above that which might be routinely expected to be tolerated by UK Armed Forces Personnel.) In the late evening of 30th July Concord proceeded up river where a Nationalist Gun Boat challenged her. Concord subsequently anchored and then at 0145 under cover of darkness she weighed anchor and proceeded up river at 20 knots. At 0220 she spoke briefly with a Chinese Nationalist warship in the vicinity of the Tungshan banks buoy. 0255 Came to starboard anchor Kiutan LV 289 degrees 1.8 miles. At 0345-weighed anchor and proceeded course 285 degrees speed 20 knots. At 0415 altered course to 301 degrees then altered course to 290 degrees 0445 passed S.2 Knoll Buoy. 0450 altered course 300 degrees speed 16 knots. 0510 slow speed in vicinity of Blockhouse buoy. 0512 Amethyst contacted on radar. 0525 Amethyst in sight 3 miles. (Due to bends in the river it appeared as if she was coming across land to meet them) Concord signalled to Amethyst, Fancy Meeting You Again, Amethyst replied, Never Repeat Never Has a Ship Been More Welcome. Kearns then signalled Admiral Brind copy to Admiralty. ï¿½Have rejoined the fleet, no damage or casualties God Save The Kingï¿½ 0535 Concord on station 2 cables with Amethyst on starboard quarter. Course 120 speed 19 knots. 064 Kituan L.V. abeam to Port. Altered course to 115. 0710 speed 10 knots. 0715 Secured from Action Stations. 0740 passed Yangtze L.V. abeam to Starboard 1 mile. 0915 Set course 140 degrees speed 11 knots. Amethyst in station astern. 1158 engines slow ahead together. Course as required to attend to Amethyst. 1200 Concord proceeded alongside Amethyst. 1212 rang off main engines. 2 hours notice for steam. Transferred stores and discharged 147 tons of fuel oil to Amethyst. (when she hove to alongside Concord she only had 7 tons of fuel oil left) 1800 Lt T.J.D. Grant was drafted to Amethyst on temporary loan, also 1 signalman and 1 telegraphst. 2000 slipped from Amethyst. And in company set course for Hong Kong. A short while later met Cossack (Captain (D) who ordered Concord to proceed on patrol leaving Cossack to escort Amethyst back to Hong Kong. Concords log book was taken out of service and replaced. Admiral Brind, it appeared, had exceeded his authority by ordering Concord to assist Amethyst and it looked set for condemnation by both the Admiralty and the Government. Amethysts escape had been kept secret up to this point. Then the story was leaked to the press. King George VI on hearing of Amethysts escape, entered the arena by congratulating all concerned including Admiral Brind. Until now, very little was known of Concords true involvement it had always been understood that Concord had waited at the mouth of the Yangtze for Amethyst when in fact she had gone up river trained her guns on the Woosung Forts as she and Amethyst passed below. Here I feel I should add that at the time of the Amethyst Incident 28th to 31st July 1949 the Commander in Chief, Far East Station, Admiral Sir Patrick Brind had as his Flag Officer, a Lieutenant Scott, and Flag-Lieutenant Scottï¿½s contribution was to devise and signal to Amethyst a one time pad encryption system based on her nominal crew list. On the following three occasions July 1992, September 2002 and June 2003. Rear Admiral, Sir David Scott, KBE, and CB, prior to his demise, deposited within the Churchhill College Archives Centre, Cambridge, along with other writings naval signals and a telegram covering the Amethyst Incident 38th to 31st July 1949. For further information see the link being provided below, as in depositing this material evidence such as it is covering the events that occurred on the River Yangtze 28th to 31st July 1949. Rear Admiral Sir David Scott. KBE CB has in fact Blown The Whistle once again. http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2F0014%2FDKNS Further; YANGTSE OPERATIONS (MEDAL) (Hansard, 1 November 1949, Oral questions) will show that, Commander Noble asked the Prime Minister whether approval has been given for the issue of a General Service Medal for service in operations on the River Yangtse earlier this year. The Prime Minister (Mr. Attlee) Yes, Sir. His Majesty has approved proposals for the grant of the Naval General Service Medal for specified service on the River Yangtse between 20th April and 31st July, 1949. A short White Paper on the subject was published and can be found in the Vote Office The White Paper: - 1948-49 [Cmd. 7813] Committee on the Grant of Honours Decorations and Medals. The Naval General Service Medal, service on the River Yangtze between 20th April and 31st July, 1949 1.(i) The Committee on the grant of Honours, Decorations and Medals have had under consideration the need for the general recognition of certain service in the Forces on the River Yangtze in the period between 20th April and 31st July, 1949, with special regard to the exceptionally trying and dangerous conditions in which duty there was carried out. (ii) The recommendations have been duly submitted to The King, who has been advised by the Prime Minister on matters likely to give rise to difference of opinion. His Majesty has now graciously approved the recommendations set out below. (2) Approval has been given for the award of the current Naval general Service Medal, with an appropriate Clasp, for specified service on the River Yangtze between 20th April and 31st July, 1949, both dates inclusive, as described below. Royal Navy 3. __(i) Service in the following of His Majesties ships on the dates or within the period shown: - H.M.S. Consort 20th April, 1949. H.M.S. London 21st April, 1949. H.M.S. Black Swan 21st April, 1949. H.M.S. Amethyst 20th April to 31st July 1949, both inclusive. As can be seen in the above H.M.S. Concord, was not included, in the award system, yet at the time of Prime Minister, Attlee replying to the question put to him by Commander Noble, it was within the Prime Ministers, knowledge, that the Commander-in-Chief, Far East Station, Admiral Sir Patrick Brind, had in his endeavour to bring about the escape of H.M.S. Amethyst, ordered H.M.S. Concord, to enter Chinas territorial waters, namely the River Yangtze on the 28th July 1949 regardless of risk, to go to the assistance of H.M.S. Amethyst. Add to the above, at the time of Prime Minister, Attlee, replying to the question put to him by Commander Nobel, within the House of Commons on 1st November 1949 it was also within his knowledge that the British Ambassador Sir Ralph Stevenson, Stationed at Nanking, had on the 31st July 1949 sent a telegram to The Foreign Office, and repeated the same to SINGAPORE, HONG KONG, SHANGHAI, CANTON and the C-in-C Far East Station. Item (a) within the telegram read; ï¿½No repeat no publicity should be given to the fact that H.M.Ship Concord entered Chinese territorial waters.ï¿½ (b) Amethyst, in getting underway was forced to reply to fire directed at her by shore batteries. It should be stressed that she did so to the minimum necessary for self-protection. (c) It might help to lesson the possible repercussions upon British Communities in Communist occupied territory if public statements could stress that the escape of H.M.Ship Amethyst was due to the initiative of the officer in command in accordance with the best traditions of a sailor responsible for the safety of his ship and the welfare of the shipï¿½s company and that his intention to do so was not revealed to any of us out here. As the communists have refused to deal with H.M. Embassy in the matter, which they have, in fact, insisted upon treating this as a local issue for discussions between the P.L.A. and the R.N., such a statement is logical and cannot repeat not harm persons concerned. That telegram is one of the items that were deposited within the Churchhill College Archives by Rear Admiral, Sir David Scott, prior to his demise. And as has been referred to, deposited within Kings College Archives, London, the personnel papers of the late Commander-in-Chief Far East Station, Admiral Sir Patrick Brind, that archived material consists of, news-paper items relating to Amethysts escape from the River Yangtze, and there is also, what was the Secret Plans for the defence of Hong Kong as well as the plans to end the Chinese Nationalists Blockade of Shanghai on the River Yangtze. Further, I respectfully requests that the following information be taken into the equation for its importance: - On the 22nd of December 1949 within a SPECIAL ORDER OF THE DAY sent out to the four ships H.M.S. Amethyst, Consort, London and Black Swan, by Admiral, Sir Patrick Brind, Commander-in-Chief, Far East Station he wrote and signed the following which, by way of example I have chosen for its terms therein to quote from, those terms I now quote; * ï¿½On 20th April, 1949, H.M.S. ï¿½Consortï¿½ was ordered to proceed from Nanking to assist H.M.S. ï¿½Ameyhystï¿½,then lying partially disabled and aground in the Yangtze Kiang after being shelled by guns of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Armyï¿½ When approaching H.M.S. ï¿½Amethystï¿½, ï¿½H.M.S. Consortï¿½ came under heavy fire from shore batteries and was unable to stop close to her. She therefore passed on down river, stopped, and engaged the Communist batteries. H.M.S. ï¿½consortï¿½ then closed ï¿½H.M.S. Amethystï¿½, but again came under heavy and accurate fire. Although gallantly handled and well fought, ï¿½H.M.S. Consortï¿½ received such serious damage and casualties that her Commanding Officer, when within half a mile of ï¿½H.M.S. Amethystï¿½, decided to withdraw to avoid his ship becoming completely disabled. Throughout the entire period under fire, the bearing and conduct of all on board were in accordance with the highest traditions of the Service. In addition to those who have already received recognition for their services from His Majesty the King, the names of the following officers and men of H.M.S. ï¿½Consortï¿½ have been brought particularly to my notice, and I commend them for their courage and devotion to duty. Similar ï¿½Special Orders of the Dayï¿½ have been issued for H.M.S. ï¿½Londonï¿½, ï¿½Black Swanï¿½ and ï¿½Amethystï¿½.ï¿½*Unquote. With respect, from that above quoted it can be seen that Admiral Sir Patrick Brind, the Commander-in-Chief, Far East Station, posted, signed and dated those ï¿½SPECIAL ORDERS OFTHE DAYï¿½ 22nd December 1949 in which as he more of less puts it, ï¿½In addition to those who have already received recognition for their services from His Majesty the King, the names of the following officers and been have been brought particularly to my notice, and I commend them for their courage and devotion to duty.ï¿½ As can be seen there is for some unforeseen an extraordinary reason in putting forward his accoladeï¿½s he Admiral Sir Patrick Brind, omits to include H.M.S. Concord, and its ships complement, the ship that he in his endeavour ordered into the Yangtze Kiang, 28th July 1949 to assist in the escape and rescue of H.M.S. Amethyst. Yours Respectfully,	Yangtze
Which ship was hijacked by Palestinian terrorists in the Mediterranean in 1985?	Maritime Monday for September 2nd, 2013: Movies About #@!!%* Sailors; Part I – gCaptain The Admiral Was a Lady (1950) Wanda Hendrix plays a WAVE officer who is endlessly pursued (nowadays, they call it stalking) by Edmond O’Brien, Johnny Sands, and Steve Brodie; four fun-loving, work-hating men, all of whom want to marry her. Hendrix only has eyes for her boyfriend Dick Erdman, who is on the lam from vengeful millionaire Rudy Vallee ( rt ). + Adventure (MGM, 1945) A middle-aged Clark Gable returned from active duty in World War II to star in this MGM release that was heavily advertised as his big comeback. Gable is Harry Patterson, the bosun mate on a merchant marine vessel. While in a San Francisco library, Harry meets librarian Emily Sears (Greer Garson), whom he woos, marries, and leaves to sail off on another freighter. When he returns, Emily has retreated to an old farm to await the birth of their child. Harry continues to resent staying in one place, but ultimately changes his tune when their baby’s life hangs in the balance. + Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (United Artists, 1954) The aristocratic British Robinson Crusoe’s ship sinks and he miraculously survives on a deserted island somewhere in South America. He retrieves a dog, Rex, and cat, Sam, from the shipwreck together with some supplies, weapons, clothes and tools and builds a shelter. He soon learns how to survive by cooking, farming, harvesting the crops. Then the loneliness begins to haunt him. When he sees a group of cannibals in the island, tension and fear become part of his life. Later, he saves the life of a savage that was invited for dinner, names him “Friday” and the two become friends. + This is a reasonably reliable version of the Daniel Defoe’s novel about the 17th century shipwreck victim (Dan O’Herlihy) and his “Man Friday” (James Fernandez). Magnificently photographed in Pathecolor, Adventures of Robinson Crusoe was released in Mexico two years before its American distribution. + All at Sea (MGM, 1929) MGM’s highly popular comedy team of Karl Dane and George K. Arthur starred in this silly but enjoyable silent comedy in which Dane’s goofy gob (named “Stupid McDuff,” no less) is hypnotized by Arthur’s vaudeville magician Rollo the Great. The rangy Danish Dane and the diminutive British Arthur made a fine team, especially in service comedies. + All at Sea (MGM, 1958) In this slapstick British comedy, a proud man from a family of seamen is so prone to seasickness that even the slightest aqueous movement makes him unbearably ill. His illustrious family history is depicted from the Stone Age to the present via flashback. To preserve his family’s name and his own dignity, he establishes a hotel for sailors complete with an amusement pier. It is a great success, which fires the jealousy of local residents who try to destroy his new empire. Fortunately, his sailor pals intervene and save the day. + All Hands on Deck (20th Century Fox, 1961) A somewhat serviceable, light comedy by prolific director Norman Taurog (favored helmer of Elvis Presley and Jerry Lewis films). Squeaky-clean Pat Boone plays a singing lieutenant who has to briefly ship out to the Aleutians and regrettably leave Sally (Barbara Eden), his new love behind. Taking off with the ship is a stowaway turkey, nurtured by Garfield (Buddy Hackett), a zany sailor with a soft heart. The turkey and an amorous pelican have produced a strange-looking egg, and Sally smuggles herself aboard just prior to inspection at Long Beach. + Anchors Aweigh (MGM, 1945) Anchors Aweigh was a huge hit in 1945. This mammoth musical is at base the story of two sailors on leave in Hollywood. Brash Joseph Brady (Gene Kelly) has promised his shy pal Clarence Doolittle (Frank Sinatra) that he will introduce Clarence to all the glamorous movie starlets whom he allegedly knows so well. Clarence only has eyes for a fellow Brooklynite (Pamela Britton). + rt: Gene Kelly dances with Jerry the Mouse (of Tom and Jerry fame) The movie is famous for a musical number where Gene Kelly dances seamlessly with the animated Jerry Mouse. Tom Cat appears briefly as a butler in the sequence supervised by acclaimed animators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. It won the Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture, and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Gene Kelly), Best Song, Best Cinematography, and Best Picture. + The Bad One (United Artists, 1930). Swedish language poster In this melodrama, Mexican super star Dolores Del Rio plays a dancer working in a sleazy Marseilles portside dive that is a front for a bordello. One night she meets a sailor and agrees to be his bride. Unfortunately, one of her former suitors suddenly shows up and a terrible fight ensues. The sailor kills his rival and ends up sentenced to Devil’s Island. Not wanting to be separated from her beloved, the dancer marries the meanest guard in the prison. During a riot, the sailor proves his mettle and gets pardoned. The couple happily decide to return to the hoofer’s native Britain. + Battle Hell (DCA, 1957) aka The Yangtse Incident The saga of the Amethyst, a British vessel left stranded in China during the Communist takeover. The British government tries to reclaim the Amethyst, only to run up against a Great Wall of Red bureaucracy and propaganda. It is up to Lieutenant Commander Kearns (Richard Todd) and his valiant crew to pilot the Amethyst down the Yangtse, under cover of night, without arousing suspicions amongst the locals. + On 20 April 1949, HMS Amethyst (right) was on her way from Shanghai to Nanking (now Nanjing) when she was fired upon by the People’s Liberation Army, thus triggering the Amethyst Incident. The Amethyst was trapped in China until 30 July 1949. For the 1957 film Yangtse Incident: The Story of HMS Amethyst, Amethyst was brought out of storage to play herself. Her engines no longer operational, her sister ship, the Magpie, was used for shots of the ship moving. Amethyst was scrapped shortly after the filming was finished. ( more ) Toothy, ukelele-plucking British music hall favorite George Formby is at it again in 1943’s Bell-Bottom George. From the title, you’d think that Formby has joined the Royal Navy. Well, sort of: when he’s declared unfit for service, Formby poses as a Jack Tar to impress his girl friend Ann Firth. After a series of fitfully funny complications, Formby captures a nest of Nazi spies. Bell-Bottom George was a hit with both British military and civilian audiences. + ( image source ) Blood Alley (Warner Brothers, 1955) Italian language poster In a role originally intended for Robert Mitchum, John Wayne teaches those dirty Commies yet another lesson in Blood Alley. Wayne plays a veteran seaman who comes to the aid of Lauren Bacall, daughter of a missionary doctor killed by the Red Chinese. Bacall convinces Wayne to smuggle a group of villagers past the Communist forces and into the safe harbor of Hong Kong. Though there are many close calls, Wayne proves to be a shade smarter and more resourceful than the minions of Mao. + Location filming took place in and near China Camp, a shrimp fishing village on the San Francisco Bay. Captain Calamity (Grand National, 1936) Set in the scenic South Seas, this adventure centers on a sailor who gets in all kinds of trouble when he tells a whopper about having found a great Spanish treasure. Soon, he and his girlfriend are being pursued by a colorful assortment of treasure-seeking thieves and pirates. + Captains Courageous (MGM, 1937) A boy learns life-changing lessons about the importance of friendship and the dignity of labor in this adventure saga based on a novel by Rudyard Kipling – Spencer Tracy won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of a Portuguese old salt named Manuel, who drags young Harvey Cheyne (Freddie Bartholomew) on board a Gloucester fishing boat after he fall off an ocean liner somewhere in the Grand banks, off Nova Scotia. Harvey shows no gratitude to Manuel for saving his life and demands to be taken home immediately. Manuel and the crew, not the least bit sympathetic, inform him that once they’ve filled the ship’s hold with fresh catch, they’ll return to shore, and not a moment sooner. Over the next few weeks, Harvey grows from a self-centered pantywaist into a young man who appreciates the value of a hard day’s work. In Manuel he finds the strength, guidance, and good sense that he never got from his own father, a wealthy businessman. + Captain Horatio Hornblower (Warner Brothers, 1951) In 1807, Captain Horatio Hornblower leads his ship the HMS Lydia on a perilous voyage around Cape Horn and into the Pacific. Not even his officers know exactly where he is taking them. England is at war with Napoleon and everyone wonders why they have been sent so far from the action… keep reading Hornblower was originally scheduled to star Errol Flynn, but the role was recast when it was decided he’d grown too old to play the role convincingly. + Captain January (20th Century Fox, 1936) One of Shirley Temple’s best films, Captain January is mostly memorable for her singing and dancing duet with Buddy Ebsen, “ At the Codfish Ball .” Temple plays Star, a child of divorce who is looked after by crusty-but-lovable lighthouse keeper Captain January (Guy Kibbee). keep reading The Captain is a Lady (MGM, 1940) This touching romance is based on a play by Rachel Crothers. An aging sea captain squanders his fortune on a bad business deal. Faced with having to move his wife into the poor house, he sells interest in a ship he has nothing to do with, and manages to secure her a spot in a decent home for old ladies. He then dresses as an old woman and moves in with her. Their fortune soon changes after the brave old salt saves a shipwrecked schooner. +	i don't know
What is the alternative name for Japanese green horseradish?	Spice Pages: Wasabi (Wasabia japonica, Japanese horseradish, わさび, 山葵) Japanese horseradish Kochu-naengi, Gochu-naengi, Gyeoja-naengi, Kyoja-naengi, Wasabi; San’gyu (Wasabia japonica var koreana) Lithuanian The so-called wasabi root is a rhizome, a vertical underground stem bearing the leaves. In Japan, it is preferred fresh, but outside of Japan, this spice is only available dried (pale green powder) or in form of a green paste. The most common Japanese cultivars are the dark green daruma wasabi [達磨山葵, だるまわさび] and the paler but hotter matsuma wasabi [真妻山葵, まつまわさび]. Many, if not most, of the brands of Wasabi powder and wasabi paste are actually fakes and consist mainly of coloured horseradish . When buying, remember that wasabi can never be cheap. In Japan, fresh wasabi leaves are often used as an aromatic decoration. Sensory quality Strongly pungent and lachrymatory, like horseradish , but somewhat more pure and fresh. See negro pepper for more about pungent spices. It should be noted that the pungent taste is not discernible in the dried root until it has been treated with water for a few minutes. If tried without previous contact with water, it tastes bitter (see also zedoary ). Main constituents Like its relatives in the cabbage family, wasabi owes its pungency to isothiocyanates. Two glucosinolates have been identified in the root: Sinigrin (90%), which is also the characteristic aroma compound of black mustard and horseradish , and traces of glucocochlearin. These tasteless compounds are enzymatically hydrolyzed to the pungent mustard oils , respectively. Isothiocyanate total of fresh wasabi is around 0.2%. Wasabi flower www.utougi.com Further trace components identified in the volatile fraction are 6-methylthiohexyl isothiocyanate, 7-methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate and 8-methylthioocytl isothiocyanate. These compounds, ω-methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates, are characteristic for wasabi and are often suspected to be responsible for the characteristic taste so much loved by Japanese connoisseurs. Short-chain homologues of these compounds appear, however, also in the Italian herb rocket . Origin Japan. The plant is very difficult to grow, as it does best in flowing water; roots grown traditionally on the banks of mountain streams (sawa wasabi [沢山葵, さわ山葵, さわわさび]) are considered better than those grown with modern hydroponic technology. More recently, wasabi cultivation has been tried in New Zealand and in the West of America to cater to the Japanese community. In Chinese, wasabi is known as shan kui [山葵] (literally mountain sunflower ). The name wasabi, which has entered most Western languages, is Japanese. In Japan, wasabi was originally written in Kanji as 和佐比 which would be read wasahi in modern language; but this notation is no longer used. Instead, the plant’s name is usually written in Hiragana [わさび] or sometimes in Katakana [ワサビ]. The modern Japanese Kanji writing [山葵] parallels the Chinese, but is uncommon due to its irregularity: The single kanji mean yama [山] mountain . The plant name hollyhock refers to Althea rosea, an ornamental closely related to marshmallow, but unrelated to wasabi. Note that although the name is written yama aoi , it is always spoken wasabi. See Sichuan pepper for a more detailed explanation of Kanji readings. A basket of wasabi roots. Nevertheless, there are some European names for wasabi that translate the Kanji literally as mountain hollyhock , e. g., Dutch bergstokroos or German Bergstockrose. The equivalent English name, mountain hollyhock , more often refers to a true relative of hollyhock, Iliamna rivularis (Malvaceae/ Malvales/ Dilleniidae ), than to wasabi. Many Western languages have borrowed the Japanese name to denote wasabi, sometimes adjusting the word to their own sound system. Some languages use descriptive compounds that name wasabi as a variant of the better-known horseradish , e. g., French raifort du Japon, Dutch Japanse mierikswortel, Russian Yaponskij khren [Японский хрен] and Finnish japaninpiparjuuri, all of which mean Japanese horseradish . Another interpretation of wasabi’s nature is reflected by the Hungarian name zöldtorma green horseradish Japanese namida [涙, 泪, なみだ] means tear in everyday speech; if spoken in a sushi bar, however, it will be interpreted by the sushi cook as a wish for an extra-large amount of the lachrymatory wasabi. Sorting Wasabia names (www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au) Wasabi information (member.nifty.ne.jp) Pacific Farms: About Wasabi Urban Agriculture Notes: Wasabi Pacific Coast Wasabi Ltd: Wasabi – The Background Story New Zealand Wasabi Ltd: Meet Wasabi Wasabi – The Best Accompanist of Sushi Sushi Vocabulary (bento.com) Sushi History (eatsushi.com) Making Sushi – a Complete Guide Wasabi by Elisabeth Andoh (mangajin.com) Wasabi plants in cultivation www.utougi.com Wasabi is a spice known exclusively in Japan; it is mostly served to dishes containing different kinds of raw fish, which are so popular in Japan and rapidly winning friends also in the West. Sometimes, wasabi paste is mixed with soy sauce (wasabi-jōyu [山葵醤油, わさび醤油, わさびじょうゆ]) yielding a table condiment popular for grilled steaks and going well with tempura, Japanese (but Portuguese-influenced) deep-fried battered vegetables or sea foods (see perilla ). Wasabi grater made from shark skin (samezaya-oroshi [鮫皮おろし]) Photo: Wolfgang Kehmeier Close-up to the wasabi grater Photo: Wolfgang Kehmeier Wasabi paste is made by grating fresh wasabi root on a grater to a very fine texture; most conservative cooks will use graters made from shark skin (samezayano- wasabi- oroshi [鮫皮のワサビおろし]), yet metal graters are also in use. Since wasabi roots are difficult to come by outside of Japan (and would be even more difficult to pay for if one by chance stumbles over them), Western sushi bars will typically use prepared wasabi paste sold in tubes or dried wasabi as a powder; both, and particularly the latter, are often not true wasabi (hon-wasabi [本山葵, 本わさび, ほんわさび]), but rather imitations made from horseradish or mustard powder with chlorophyll as an vegetable green pigment. Needless to say, Japanese connoiseurs would rate such surrogates as a far, far inferior material. The cuisine of Japan cannot be imagined with ingredients anything less than most fresh. This is easy to understand in the case of raw fish, which changes its taste rapidly and can host dangerous bacteria very quickly. In Japan, fish must be fresh enough to not develop any fishy odour. On the other side, Japanese cooks put much less emphasis on spices and flavouring; it is seen more desirable to let the ingredients’ flavour stand for itself. The pure and clean pungency of wasabi fits very well to this somewhat Spartan concept of tastes. Even in Europe, the Japanese are well-known for their affection to raw fish, but love to this exotic foodstuff is not restricted to Japan at all (see lime about Mexican ceviche). In Japan, the simplest form of raw fish is called sashimi [刺身, さしみ] and consists simply of absolutely fresh fish in thin slices which are dipped into soy sauce and wasabi paste. More known in the West is sushi, which very often, but by no means necessarily, contains raw fish. Basically, sushi (properly spelled zushi in compounds) [鮨, 寿司, すし, スシ] is short grain rice cooked with sugar and vinegar (and thus tasting slightly sweet–sour). After cooling, the rice is brought to a flat, plain shape and topped with some flavourful food (nigiri-sushi, nigiri-zushi [握り寿司, 握り鮨, 握鮨, 握りずし, にぎりずし]). As an alternative, the sushi may be placed on dried seaweed (nori [海苔, のり]) and then rolled up; thus, the cylindric rice bits famous in the West are obtained (maki sushi, maki zushi [巻鮨, 巻寿司, まきずし]. A variant of this design is the so-called inside-out, where the rice is outside of the nori leaf. Some maki types may be seasoned with sesame oil for extra flavour; toasted sesame seeds are a common coating for the rice surface of the inside-out maki. Wasabi plant The most common variants of sushi contain raw fish or raw sea foods, e. g., salmon (sake [鮭, さけ, しゃけ]), tuna (tekka [鉄火, てっか] or maguro [鮪, まぐろ]), shrimp (ebi [蝦, 蛯, 海老, えび]) or squid (ika [烏賊, 墨魚, いか]), but there are also sushi types without fish: Scrambled egg (tamago [卵, 玉子, たまご] egg ), fresh carrot or cucumber (kappa [かっぱ]), and pickled vegetables, predominantly radish (oshinko [お新香, 御新香, おしんこ]). Sushi employing fried or boiled (or even raw) meat is less common, but not unheard of. Sushi is commonly served with soy sauce, wasabi paste and pickled ginger gari [がり, ガリ], which are thin slices of young ginger in a sweet–sour brine. Gari usually has pale pink colour (although there are also colourless variants); this color develops during pickling without addition of any colouring agents. Fragrant herbs like perilla , water pepper or young leaves of Sichuan pepper (kinome) are also possible decorations for sushi. Since sushi is so popular in Western countries, new variants are being created every day, some of which use ingredients which are not at all typical for Japan (avocado, cheese, tomatoes with basil ). Indeed, sushi is as versatile as the Western concept of sandwich and it can be seen as a special Japanese version of sandwich that substitutes bread by another processed cereal, boiled rice. From that analogy it becomes more understandable that almost everything that can appear on top of a slice of bread has also been tried to make into a sushi — often (though certainly not always) with amazing success.	Wasabi
Which is the traditional English dish of pork trimmings and pig’s head?	Kinjirushi Crucifer family Japan Wasabi (sawa-wasabi) is originated in Japan, and traditionally it has been used as a natural herb. Now, wasabi is one of a primary condiments for Japanese dishes, especially for soba noodle, sashimi and of course for sushi. Usually, rhizome of wasabi is grated and used as condiment. Freshly grated wasabi is bright green color, and characterized as sticky texture with fresh scent and hot flavor. Cultivation of Wasabi Wasabi is very delicate plant, so it requires certain climate condition; such as cool temperature, mountain stream, etc. "Sawa" of "Sawa-wasabi" means mountain stream in Japanese language, that is why wasabi is often called as "Sawa-wasabi" It takes about a year to a year and half to harvest. Since wasabi is really picky about climate condition to grow, production area is very limited. Most of wasabi is produced in Shizuoka, Nagano, Iwate and Shimane prefecture in Japan. Cultivation of wasabi was started way back in ancient Japan history. There was a discovery of a very old wooden board from around year of 685, which has writing about wasabi. So, this wooden board proves that cultivation of wasabi has started at least 1300 years ago. Japanese oldest code law, "Taihouritsuryo" indicate wasabi was one of the things that people could render as a tax. Flower of Wasabi Wasabi flower blooms around beginning of spring. This flower is also edible, and pickled in soy sauce.	i don't know
Which band’s 2007 reunion concert attracted 20 million ticket applications?	Led Zeppelin refuse to comment on live reunion - Telegraph Music news Led Zeppelin refuse to comment on live reunion Members of the rock band Led Zeppelin refused to be drawn on whether they might tour again at a press conference for live film Celebration Day. Robert Plant: igored questions about Led Zeppelin reunion. Photo: REX Led Zeppelin: igored questions about Led Zeppelin reunion. Photo: Reuters By Marc Lee 5:15PM BST 21 Sep 2012 When the surviving members of Seventies rock titans Led Zeppelin today made a rare public appearance together to promote Celebration Day, the film of their wildly successful reunion gig of 2007, there was only one question that everyone wanted the answer to: would they play together ever again? However, despite repeated probing, not only did they refuse to answer, they pretty much ignored the question every time it was put to them. Singer Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones were united in their opinion of the gig at the O2 five years ago, which attracted 20 million applications for the 18,000 tickets available. "It was a spectacular experience to get back into the middle of that music," said Plant, while Page said they had wanted to prove themselves to people who had maybe heard of them but never seen them in action. The concert was a tribute to the late Ahmet Ertegun, founder of Atlantic records, who played a key role in the band's career, the initial phase of which came to an end with the death of drummer John Bonham in 1980. At the O2, Bonham's son Jason took his father's place. "No one else could have done it," said Page today, describing his playing as "monumental" and praising his spirit, enthusiasm and encyclopedic knowledge of the Zeppelin catalogue. He knows, for instance, how every song evolved over the dozen years of the band's first incarnation, said Page. Related Articles Led Zeppelin to issue unheard songs 13 Mar 2014 Bearing in mind the misfortune that dogged the band's members (Plant almost quit after his five-year-old son died of a viral infection in 1977), they were asked whether it had been a deliberate choice to open the gig with Good Times, Bad Times. Again, their replies were non-committal. "It's a concise piece of music," said Plant. "It was not what people would have guessed," said Page, while Jones thought it just seemed "fitting", though he had, he added ruefully, forgotten how complicated the first riff is. Pressed as to why it had taken so long for the film of the gig to arrive on the big screen, Jones said: "I'm surprised we got it out so quickly. Five years is five minutes in Zeppelin time." Ahead of the gig they hadn't considered the possibility of releasing a film of it because, said Page, "we didn't know if there would be half a dozen train wrecks in it". Eyes were on them for it all to go wrong, said Plant. So did they have to fix anything musically in the edit? "Not telling you that!" retorted Plant. "What a f------ cheek." However, he then acknowledged that his vocal at the end of the epic song Kashmir did require a little treatment. And how did the band with the most notorious reputation for hedonistic excess celebrate after the gig? No trashing of hotel rooms or adventurous sex with groupies any more, apparently. "We just hugged each other and went, 'Wow!'" said Plant. Celebration Day is in cinemas on October 17 and released on DVD, CD and digitally on November 19.	Led Zeppelin
Charles Moore is whose official 2013 biographer?	The golden gig ticket: the fastest selling tours \| Virgin The golden gig ticket: the fastest selling tours Before you leave... Sign up for exclusives from Richard, insights from top entrepreneurs, awesome podcasts & big giveaways. x Last week, Kate Bush's first concert in 35 years sold out in under 15 minutes, to the roar of syncronized whoops of joy and sighs of disappointment across all platforms of social media. The rapid evaporation of tickets catapulted Bush into one of the fastest-selling female tours of all time, crashing the website in the process. Naturally, this isn't the first time fervent fans have broke the web. With the power to snap up tickets wavering at our fingertips, one would think having an internet connection would make the whole arduous process a little bit easier, but alas, constant demand has upped the anté - and now trying to buy tickets for big names or whopping festivals is like trying to survive a stampede. The recent Bush fan explosion saw gig tout site Ticketmaster seeing record numbers swarm their traffic, saying, "At our peak, the Ticketmaster website had over 65,000 fans looking for tickets." Let Kate Bush serenade you as we look at some of the most shocking sell-out moments. (After all, it's probably the closest we'll get to seeing her live anytime soon.) The Stone Roses' Resurrection hits the record books Ian Brown and co always just wanted to be adored, and with their hit comeback tour in 2009, they were instilled in the record books with just that sentiment back in 2005. The Manchester band returned to their home turf for a weekend of resurrected gigs, attracted crowds of festival-sized proportions, flocking up north in their thousands. All 220,000 tickets were snapped done and dusted in 68 minutes. Paul McCartney gets a Ticket to Ride Money can't buy you love, but in 2009, it could at least buy you an exclusive ticket to a one-off Las Vegas show performed by the former Beatle himself. The gig, which promised to be "A night like Vegas has never seen before", sold out on an average of six seconds. The record was so rare, the Guinness World Records don't even have a category for doing that! Take That Rule the World The 90s boyband have never been short of popularity, but upon their return, fan heartbreak began to be stitched back together at apocalyptic heights - and also secured the Rule the World singers a spot in the record books. Before the Stone Roses pipped them, their 600,000 tickets snapped up in under five hours had the fellow Mancunians rolling in success. Meanwhile, estranged member Robbie William sits pretty in the World Record books for selling 1.6 million tickets of his Close Encounters Tour in a single day. So, no hard feelings either way, we imagine. A few more record-breakers... The highest number of unused tickets bought by one individual goes to Michael Dehn - who grabbed 79,652 from a cancelled Led Zeppelin gig in 1986. Tickets for this year's Glastonbury sold out in a staggering one hour and 27 minutes. Led Zeppelin also hold the record for biggest demand for tickets - their reunion gig in 2007 saw 20 million requests come flooding through What's your greatest ticket-buying success? Here are the longest selling music tours of all time	i don't know
John ‘Swift Nick’ Nevison found notoriety as what?	John Swift Nick Nevison - Highwaymen and Highway Robbery John "Swift Nick" Nevison "The Glamorous Highwayman" John (also known as William) Nevison was one of Britain's most flamboyant highwaymen, a man whose exploits earned him praise from even King Charles II, who was so impressed by the activities of this gentleman-rogue that he nicknamed the highwayman Swift Nick - allegedly! A measure of his fame may be surmised from the fact he is the only highwayman except Claude Du Vall mentioned (albeit briefly) by name in Lord Macaulay's History of England. Much about his life is shrouded in mystery, and confused by conflicting accounts from such writers as Macaulay and seventeenth century pamphleteers, so it can be hard to sort fact from fiction. The Newgate Calendar entry on William (John) Nevison forms the basis for most modern biographical entries, although it doesn't mention the feat for which he is best known - the fabled ride to London that was later attributed to Dick Turpin. Most probably, Nevison was born at Wortley near Sheffield around 1639/40. He came from a good family - according to reports his father is variously named as comfortably off wool merchant or a steward at Wortley Hall. Although he seems to have been prone to stealing and troublemaking at school, he worked as a brewer's clerk in London for several years before absconding to Holland with a debt he had been sent to collect. He then apparently served in an English regiment under the command of the Duke of York in Flanders, distinguishing himself as a soldier, before returning to England. He seems to have lived quietly with his father until the old gentleman passed away, leaving him impoverished - at which point he decided to take to the road. A charming man of tall gentlemanly appearance and bearing, it is claimed that Nevison never used violence against his victims. It seems that his romantic reputation was sealed through a renowned ride from the south of England to York in 1676, a feat later mistakenly attributed in popular legend to Dick Turpin and his horse Black Bess. The error arose in a novel called Rookwood written in 1834 by Harrison Ainsworth, who wrongly attributed the feat to Turpin. In fact the ride was already on record in 1724 (when Turpin was still a butcher's lad in Whitechapel), in Daniel Defoe's A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain , from which the following account is drawn: The Ride to York At 4am one summer morning in 1676, a traveller at Gads Hill in Kent, England was robbed by John Nevison. The highwayman then made his escape on a bay mare, crossed the River Thames by ferry and galloped towards Chelmsford. After resting his horse for half an hour, he rode on to Cambridge and Huntingdon, resting regularly for short periods during the journey. Eventually, he found his way to the Great North Road where he turned north for York. He arrived in York at sunset after a journey of more than 200 miles, a stunning achievement for both man and horse. He stabled his weary horse at a York inn, washed and changed his travel-stained clothes, then strolled to a bowling green where he knew the Lord Mayor was playing bowls. He engaged the Lord Mayor in a conversation and then laid a bet on the outcome of the match - and Nevison made sure the Lord Mayor remembered the time the bet was laid - 8pm that evening. Later, Nevison was arrested for the robbery in Gads Hill and in his defence, produced the Lord Mayor of York as his alibi witness. The Lord Mayor could prove Nevison was in York at 8pm on the day of the robbery and the court refused to believe that a man would have committed that time in Kent and ridden to York by 8pm the same day. He was found not guilty of that crime and emerged as a folk hero, even impressing the king of England. The End of the Road There are few other accurate records of Nevison's career. His gang of six outlaws met at the Talbot Inn at Newark and robbed travellers along the Great North Road as far north as York and as far south as Huntingdon. He was arrested several times - in 1674, when he escaped from Wakefield goal before charges could be brought, and again in 1676 on charges of robbery and horse-stealing. Nevison was sentenced to transportation to Tangiers, but returned to England (or escaped before the ship disembarked from Tilbury) and once more took to highway robbery. He was arrested yet again in 1681 and escaped with the ingenious rouse of 'playing dead' - getting an accomplice to masquerade as a doctor and pronounce him dead of the plague. The net was closing in around him however, especially after he killed a man called Fletcher, a constable who died while trying to arrest him. He was targeted by bounty hunters, and after a tip-off from the landlady was captured while drinking at the Magpie (or Plough) Inn at Sandal, near Wakefield. His execution was never in doubt and he was hanged at York Castle on May 4, 1684. The body was buried at St. Mary Church, York, in an unmarked grave. "Bold Nevison" Did you ever hear told of that hero, Bold Nevison it was his name, And he rode about like a brave hero, And by that he gained a great fame, Now when I rode on the highway, I always had money in store. And whatever I took from the rich Why I freely gave it to the poor. I have never robbed no man of tuppence And I've never done murder nor killed. Though guilty I've been all my lifetime So gentlemen do as you please. Though the subject of frequently issued prose chapbooks and broadsides, there do not appear to be many versions of this 17th Century ballad of Nevison. This version of the ballad was sung by Joseph Taylor and recorded on a wax cylinder for Percy Grainger in 1908	Highwayman
Which TV series is based on the ‘A Song of Ice and Fire’ book series?	Dick Turpin - The Legendary Highwayman and his horse Black Bess Dick Turpin Dick Turpin, much-romanticised through legend, was in fact an infamous highwayman, murderer and convicted horse-thief. He was tried and executed in York, assuring his place in English history and being forever linked with the city. The Only Way is Essex Richard ‘Dick’ Turpin was born in 1705 in Hempstead, Essex. His father John was an innkeeper and a butcher; Turpin became an apprentice butcher. He married at twenty and five years later, then with his own butcher’s shop, he aided the prolific deer-poaching Gregory Gang, disposing of carcasses. Landlord in Gangland London By 1734 Turpin had become landlord of a pub at Clay Hill. His association with the gang was such that he joined them in brutal attacks and robberies in the outer London area. In 1735 after three gang members were arrested the youngest betrayed his fellows, Turpin being named by The London Gazette. Foolishly Turpin and the gang immediately committed further shocking assaults in the Essex area with three more gang members arrested and executed at Tyburn on 10 March. Turpin was named on the indictments for burglary. Dick Turpin’s Grave lies in St. George’s Graveyard in a mainly residential part of York Wanted Man Turning to highway robbery from April 1735, he plagued Epping Forest, Southwark and other London areas. On 10 July, identified and named as ‘Turpin the butcher’, along with Thomas Rowden with a bounty of £100 on their heads, the duo’s crimes continued throughout 1735. Next referred to in February 1737 Turpin reportedly spent the night at Puckeridge with his wife, her maid and another man. Turpin’s letter arranging the meeting (for horse stealing) was intercepted by the authorities. Turpin escaped while the others were arrested and imprisoned. Undeterred Highwayman The following month Turpin took up with highwaymen Matthew King and Stephen Potter, committing a series of robberies, culminating in an incident at Whitechapel when either King or Turpin stole a horse near Waltham Forest. Joseph Major, along with Richard Bayes, identified his animal, found tethered at The Red Lion, Whitechapel, and waited, along with the local constable, for the ‘owner’. King’s brother eventually arrived leading them to his brother Matthew who received serious, but possibly accidental, gunshot wounds, dying the following month. Reports varied, stating Turpin or Bayes had shot King. Turpin fled into Epping Forest and on being spotted by Thomas Morris, who was armed, shot and killed him on 4 May with a carbine. ‘The Gentleman’s Magazine’ named Turpin as the suspect – a £200 reward was offered. Turpin a.k.a John Palmer comes to Yorkshire In June 1737, Turpin, under the alias John Palmer, lodged in Brough , East Yorkshire, posing as a horse trader. He regularly crossed the Humber committing crimes, stealing a horse from Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, and riding it to his father’s at Hempstead. Leaving the horse behind, implicating his father who was subsequently committed to gaol, Turpin returned to Brough having stolen three more horses from a Thomas Creasy. Creasy finally tracked down and recovered his horses in autumn 1738, thefts for which Turpin was eventually tried. His gravestone is the only one in the yard upstanding from the ground (top left) Locked up in York Castle After a minor incident in October 1738 Turpin threatened to shoot someone; three JPs attended and committed Turpin to the House of Correction at Beverley . The JPs’ suspicions of ‘Palmer’s’ lifestyle proved right when JPs from Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, confirmed Palmer was known there as a sheep-thief and suspected horse-thief who had evaded custody. Turpin was consequently transferred to York Castle on 16 October 1738, for the Assizes. Turpin’s final undoing came when his intercepted letter to his brother-in-law revealed his handwriting to James Smith who had taught Turpin to write. Smith travelled to York Castle identifying Turpin on 23 February 1739 and received the £200 reward originally offered following Morris’s murder. Found Guilty On 22 March York Assizes declared Turpin guilty on two charges of horse theft, passing the death sentence. Turpin bought a new frock coat and shoes, and hired five paid mourners. On 7 April 1739 Turpin and John Stead (also a horse-thief) were paraded through York by open cart to Knavesmire, York’s equivalent of London’s Tyburn. Following the hanging, by a pardoned fellow highwayman, Turpin’s body was taken to an inn in Castlegate and buried next day in the graveyard of St George’s Church, Fishergate. It was shortly reportedly as stolen; however, the body-snatchers together with Turpin’s corpse were soon apprehended. The body was reburied, possibly with quicklime, and is alleged to lie in St George’s graveyard. Black Bess and the Legendary Journey to York In legend, Dick Turpin and Black Bess, his faithful mare, are synonymous for their supposed 200-mile ride from London to York, a tale originating in Rookwood (1834), a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth. It was in fact highwayman John ‘Swift Nick’ Nevison who, in 1676, after committing a robbery in Kent and urgently needing an alibi set off on the ride of his life reaching York in around 15 hours. Through folklore Turpin’s violent character has become that of a romantic and dashing highwayman. Related posts: sadie · July 4, 2014 on 4:04 pm ridiculous they killed him by hanging him Bob · May 6, 2015 on 9:51 am No it’s not, he deserved it, he was evil sadie, killing loads of people. JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:22 pm i know we been leaning about highwaymen JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:23 pm i leaned i lot from this so its epic Paul · July 4, 2015 on 11:58 pm Yes it’s true he was a baddie and got what he deserved really I guess.	i don't know
The Golden Wattle is one of the national symbols of which country?	The Golden Wattle Flag The Golden Wattle Flag Support us Introduction The wattle is our only authentic national symbol – totally, unambiguously of this land. It is not conflicted or qualified in its identity or loyalty. It is eloquently, elegantly and undoubtedly Australian. — SCROLL DOWN Introduction The wattle is our only authentic national symbol – totally, unambiguously of this land. It is not conflicted or qualified in its identity or loyalty. It is eloquently, elegantly and undoubtedly Australian. — President, Wattle Day Association A proposal for a new Australian Flag The Golden Wattle Flag is designed to be a ‘new’ symbol that expresses our Australian identity. Over the last three decades, there have been many design proposals put forward for a new Australian flag. Most incorporate familiar symbols such as the Southern Cross, Commonwealth Star and kangaroo. Much like the wattle, these symbols are some of our most enduring national emblems and will always be part of our collective identity. The Golden Wattle Flag finds inspiration in these symbols, drawing them in conceptually and concretely, to build on the story of who we are as a nation and a people. Golden Wattle Flag SCROLL DOWN Golden Wattle Flag The Golden Wattle Flag was designed to communicate a primary story of unity, and to celebrate the natural beauty of our land that unites us all. The Golden Wattle Flag The Golden Wattle Flag is a symbol of our nation’s diversity and aspirations of unity. It represents all the people of Australia, without distinction of race, language, belief or opinion, united equally as one. Wattle star emblem The wattle star emblem represents seven stylised wattle blossoms and the Commonwealth Star. Two national symbols combined as one. The individual flowers arranged around the star suggest the idea of diversity and the unity of our nation. “We are one, but we are many“. The golden wattle is one of our most enduring symbols – it has part of Aboriginal culture for thousands of years, it’s the inspiration behind our national colours, green and gold, and is Australia's national flower. The Commonwealth Star has been the emblem of Australian Federation since 1901. Colour Green and gold, are the national colours of Australia, first used in 1899. They were derived from the palette of the golden wattle leaf and yellow blossom. Green and gold are primarily a symbol our land, and associated with sport through its historical use on Australia's national sporting uniforms. The shade of green used on the Golden Wattle Flag is dark myrtle, known in Australia as 'baggy green'. The central yellow emblem also provides an important visual connection to the yellow sun on the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Dhari and star on the Torres Strait Islander Flag. Distinctly Australian	Australia
For what does the acronym CAD stand?	Australia Symbols and Flag and National Anthem Bird: Emu Coat of Arms: Coat of Arms: The Australia Coat of Arms consists of a shield portraying the badges of the six Australian states, enclosed by an ermine border. The three states on the top half, from left to right are New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. The bottom half, from left to right are South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The shield symbolizes the federation of the states, which took place in 1901. Supporting the Coat of Arms are the red kangaroo and the emu, native Australian animals. Neither animal can walk backwards, thus representing progress and an unwillingness to back down. The background contains a wreath of Golden Wattle, the official national flora emblem. At the bottom of the Coat of Arms is a scroll containing the name Australia. Above the shield is the crest, a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath. Six of the points are representative of the states of the Commonwealth, the seventh point represents the territories of Australia.	i don't know
Which tree is sometimes called the false plane?	Plane Tree \| All About Plane Trees Wood and medicine Plane Trees Don't let the Plane tree's numerous names confuse you. The large deciduous tree is part of a small genus called Platanus, and is often referred to as Plane, Sycamore, Buttonball or Whitewood. Regardless of its many monikers, the tree has definite characteristics that make it a top pick among landscapers. In addition to being admired for its massive size, shade and beauty, the Plane tree's tolerance of pollution make it especially popular with city slickers looking to add some green around their urban dwellings. Appearance of the Tree Plane Tree Leaves Some Plane trees tower to 100 feet or more making them hard to miss amongst a forest of shorter specimens. The fast-growing tree has several distinguishing characteristics, including: Flowers: The tree's flowers form small mesh covered balls containing tiny seeds. The fuzzy, ball-like seed clusters hang from the tree's branches and typically measure between two and four centimeters in diameter. The male flowers are greenish-yellow while the females have a reddish-brown color. Fruit: Similar to the flowers, the Plane tree's fruit resemble small pompoms covered with tiny hairs. In the spring, the fruits break up and are carried away in the wind. Bark: Mature Plane trees sport a distinctive thick, grey, cracked bark. Often the bark will peel off in patches, exposing yellow scales underneath. Leaves: The tree's smooth and shiny broad leaves are indented and feature triangular lobes with pointed teeth. While the Plane tree's large leaves are excellent for shading purposes, they are also apt to clog gutters and storm drains when they fall. In addition, Plane tree foliage that is left in piles on lawns during autumn can kill grass if not cleared in a timely manner. Plane Tree Types London Plane Tree Plane trees are embraced for their ornamental value. The species is extremely popular in urban areas, though some varieties can also thrive in suburban settings. The most popular types of Plane trees are: London Plane: The tree is a common sight throughout urban England. It is often seen lining city streets or acting as borders around parks. Its large canopy provides ample shade and its tolerance of difficult soil conditions allows it to thrive in various locations. The London Plane is a tough and adaptable specimen, though its large size and expansive root system can wreck havoc in sidewalks and sewer systems. American Plane: The American version of the Plane tree is often referred to as Sycamore, Buttonball or Whitewood. Some trees from this species have exceeded 160 feet tall, though most top off at around 100 feet. The tree is known for its dangly seed balls that remain on the tree's branches throughout the winter months. The seed cluster's bristly hairs are carried in the wind and can exacerbate allergies in some sufferers. Oriental Plane: This type of Plane tree is a bit shorter than its American counterpart. However, what make the Oriental plane even more distinct are the tree's bole (trunk). The unusually flaky trunk molts in most temperate latitudes, though this type of tree benefits more from warm summers. The Many Looks of the Plane Tree Plane Tree in Summer Where the Plane Grows Mature Plane Tree The large trees grow abundantly in North America, Eastern Europe and Asia. They thrive in moist soil and need partial to full sunlight in order to prosper. Some Plane tree specimens can survive in sandy or clay-like soil, though most prefer wetter conditions. Regardless of soil type, the tree's roots need room to expand. In addition, the tree's canopy stretches far and wide and should not be limited to small growing spaces peppered with power lines. Popular Uses Plane Tree Wood While the Plane tree is celebrated for its natural beauty, it also serves other purposes as well, including: Timber: The Plane tree's wood is moderately strong and is often used to construct outdoor furniture. The timber is also used for veneer. Food: The tree's sugary sap can be tapped and used as a topping on pancakes, bread and waffles. Medicine: In the Middle Ages, the leaves and bark from the Plane tree were heated and ingested to treat a range of internal ailments including liver problems and diarrhea. Dye: The roots and stems from the Oriental Plane have been used to create dyes to color fabric. The tree is also used by landscapers to shade delicate plants and flowers. In addition, the Plane tree is also planted around the perimeter of properties to act as a wind barrier. Interesting Facts Plane Tree Avenue Millions of people the world over have traveled to London's iconic Hyde Park to view the lines of massive Plane trees. The London specimens form a perimeter along the south and eastern sides of the park and in Victoria Park in Bow. The natural barriers form informal avenues along the winding roads that run through the park. The trees are also staples in cemeteries and along city streets where they offer a slice of serenity. The famous City of London Cemetery features a collection of Plane trees some of which have been there for more than 300 years. Among the oldest Plane trees on the planet include the Osterley Park Oriental Plane. The tree reportedly dates back to 1755, though it's stunted due to extensive exposure to the elements. The Kew Gardens Oriental Plane is another noteworthy specimen dating back to the 1760s. Remarkably, the large tree still maintains a healthy canopy. Plane Diseases The Plane tree's number one enemy is anthracnose. The fungal disease causes the tree's leaves to become disfigured and sometimes shoots and twigs are killed. The infection is exacerbated by excessively damp weather. If not treated quickly, the Plane tree can die from anthracnose exposure. Other diseases that affect the Plane tree include: Massaria: The fungus causes dieback and results in premature leaf drop. Powdery Mildew: The unsightly fungus affects new growth, especially leaves. The powdery white-grey mildew clings to leaves and can spread to flowers. Canker Stain: This wilt disease is related to Dutch Elm Disease and can cause premature leaf drop and possibly death in more serious cases. In addition to these diseases, Plane trees are also susceptible to polluted soil. This is especially noteworthy for trees that line city streets and are exposed to road salt during the winter months. If the soil is tainted with salt, the tree may show signs of distress. Plane Care Plane Tree Care Plane trees are second to none when it comes to shade and attractiveness; however, most specimens don't come cheap. In order to get the most out of your Plane tree investment, consider the following growing tips: Young Plane trees favor damp soil. Be sure to water immature trees regularly until they have a chance to get established in their new home. Pruning is only necessary if you are trying to fit a Plane tree into limited available space. Most Plane tree types grow to extreme heights. Do not plant a Plane under power lines or near other structures that could be affected by their large size. The Plane tree's root system is expansive. Consequently, the tree should not be planted near sidewalks, driveways or sewer lines. Finally, if you plan to cultivate Plane trees as wind barriers, keep in mind that extreme high winds and changes in humidity can cause older trees to shed their bark in large quantities. Copyright © 2012 LoveToKnow Corp., All Rights Reserved	Sycamore
Dying aged 28, who is considered the first great white jazz musician?	Sacred Places: Trees and the Sacred BIBLIOGRAPHY © 1998 (text only) Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe An exploration of how and why places become invested with SACREDNESS and how the SACRED is embodied or made manifest through ART and ARCHITECTURE TREES AND THE SACRED From the earliest times, trees have been the focus of religious life for many peoples around the world. As the largest plant on earth, the tree has been a major source of stimulation to the mythic imagination. Trees have been invested in all cultures with a dignity unique to their own nature, and tree cults, in which a single tree or a grove of trees is worshipped, have flourished at different times almost everywhere. Even today there are sacred woods in India and Japan, just as there were in pre-Christian Europe. An elaborate mythology of trees exists across a broad range of ancient cultures. There is little evidence in the archaeological record of tree worship in the prehistoric world, though the existence of totems carved from wood that may have held a sacred significance is suggested by the pole topped with a bird's body and head which appears next to the bird-headed, ithyphallic male figure in the so-called well scene at Lascaux. In the early historical period, however, there is considerable evidence that trees held a special significance in the cultures of the ancient world. In Ancient Egypt, several types of trees appear in Egyptian mythology and art, although the hieroglyph written to signify tree appears to represent the sycamore (nehet) in particular. The sycamore carried special mythical significance. According to the Book of Dead, twin sycamores stood at the eastern gate of heaven from which the sun god Re emerged each morning. The sycamore was also regarded as a manifestation of the goddesses Nut, Isis, and especially of Hathor, who was given the epithet Lady of the Sycamore. Sycamores were often planted near tombs, and burial in coffins made of sycamore wood returned the dead person to the womb of the mother tree goddess. The ished, which may be identified as the Persea, a fruit-bearing deciduous tree (and which, incidentally, Pausanias [ V, 14. 4 - see BIBLIOGRAPHY ] describes as a tree that loves no water but the water of the Nile) had a solar significance. Another tree, the willow (tcheret) was sacred to Osiris; it was the willow which sheltered his body after he was killed. Many towns in Egypt with tombs in which a part of the dismembered Osiris was believed to be buried had groves of willows associated with them. The terraces of the Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-bahari (c. 1480 BCE) were planted with myrrh trees [1. the Temple of Hatshepsut ]. While the inner sanctuary is located inside the cliff [cf. The Sacred Cave ], the temple's outer sanctuary of terraced gardens recreated the Paradise of Amon, an earthly palace for the Sun-god in imitation of the myrrh terraces of Punt, which was the legendary homeland of the gods. A special expedition to Punt -- probably at the southern end of the Red Sea -- was organized by Hatshepsut's architect and councillor, Senmut, to get the myrrh trees. Besides the terraced gardens of myrrh trees, two sacred Persea trees stood before the now vanished portal in the wall of the entrance forecourt, while palm trees were planted inside the first court [see Earl Baldwin Smith in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. In perhaps a similar fashion, it is believed the ramped terraces of the Mesopotamian ziggurats [cf. The Sacred Mountain ] were also planted with trees, and sacred trees were the principal feature of the so-called Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the wonders of the ancient world. In the desert environments of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia trees, and especially fruit trees, assumed a special importance. The head dress worn by one of the women buried in the tomb of Queen Pu'abi at the Sumerian site of Ur (c. 2500 BCE) includes in the elaborate decoration clusters of gold pomegranates, three fruits hanging together shielded by their leaves, together with the branches of some other tree with golden stems and fruit or pods of gold and carnelian. [see P. R. S. Moorey in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ] In Egypt, the evergreen date palm was a sacred tree, and a palm branch was the symbol of the god Heh, the personification of eternity. For later cultures, the palm branch also served as an emblem of fecundity and victory. For Christians, the palm branch is a symbol of Christ's victory over death. It also signified immortality and divine blessings and is often seen as an attribute of Christian martyrs. It also denotes particular Christian saints such Paul the Hermit and Christopher, as well as the Archangel Michael. The palm tree is also a symbol of the garden of paradise. Trees also figure prominently in the culture and mythology of Ancient Greece. Pausanias [see BIBLIOGRAPHY ] describes the sacred groves of Aesculapius at Epidaurus (II, 27. 1), of Argus in Laconia (III, 4. 1), and a sacred grove of plane-trees at Lerna (II, 38, 1, 2, 8). In the land of Colophon in Ionia was a grove of ash-trees sacred to Apollo (VII, 5. 10), and a sacred grove at Lycosura included an olive-tree and an evergreen oak growing from the same root (VIII, 37. 10). Perhaps the most famous grove, of plane-trees, was that sacred to Zeus, known as the Altis, at Olympia (V, 27. 1, 11). The oak tree was also sacred to Zeus, especially the tree at the sanctuary of Zeus in Dodona which also served as an oracle; it would seem the rustling of the leaves was regarded as the voice of Zeus and the sounds interpreted by priestesses. The oak was also sacred to Pan [see Pausanias BIBLIOGRAPHY ], while the myrtle-tree was sacred to Aphrodite. In the Pandrosium near the temple known as the Erechtheum (421-405 BCE) on the Athenian Acropolis , besides many other signs and remains of Athens' mythical past -- a salt-water well [cf. Water and the Sacred ] and a mark in the shape of Poseidon's trident in a rock -- could also be seen a living olive tree sacred to the goddess Athena. An olive tree growing today outside the Erechtheum In several Greek myths, women and men are frequently transformed into trees: Atys into a pine tree, Smilax into a yew, and Daphne into the laurel, which was sacred to Apollo. In numerous cases the spirit of trees is personified, usually in female form. In Ancient Greece, the Alseids were nymphs associated with groves (alsos, grove), while the Dryads were forest nymphs who guarded the trees. Sometimes armed with an axe, Dryads would punish anyone harming the trees. Crowned with oak-leaves, they would dance around the sacred oaks. The Hamadryads were even more closely associated with trees, forming an integral part of them. In India, tree nymphs appear in the form of the voluptuous Vrikshaka. In Ancient Rome, a fig-tree sacred to Romulus grew near the Forum, and a sacred cornel-tree grew of the slope of the Palatine Hill. Sacred groves were also found in the city of Rome. In Book 8 of The Aeneid, Virgil relates that: Next after this he shows the spacious grove Which fiery Romulus the Refuge named, And 'neath its cool cliff called the Lupercal By Arcad custom of Lycaean Pan, Points too to sacred Argiletum's grove [and on the Capitoline Hill...] The place with its dread sanctity was wont To awe the frightened rustics; even then They trembled at its wood and at its rock This grove, said he, this hill with leafy crest A god inhabits -- who that god may be, Is all in doubt; Arcadians believe That they themselves Jove oftentimes have seen... According to the Roman authors Lucan and Pomponius Mela, the Celts of Gaul worshipped in groves of trees, a practice which Tacitus and Dio Cassius say was also found among the Celts in Britain. The Romans used the Celtic word nemeton for these sacred groves. A sacred oak grove in Galatia (Asia Minor), for example, was called Drunemeton (Strabo, Geographica, XII, 5, 1). The word was also incorporated into many of the names of towns and forts, such as Vernemeton near Leicester in England. The names of certain Celtic tribes in Gaul reflect the veneration of trees, such as Euburones (the Yew tribe), and the Lemovices (the people of the elm). A tree trunk or a whole tree was frequently included among the votive offerings placed in ritual pits or shafts dug into the ground. Others shafts had a wooden pole placed at the bottom. The Celts believed trees to be sources of sacred wisdom, and the hazel in particular was associated with wisdom by the Druids. Perhaps not surprisingly, trees appear at the foundations of many of the world's religions. Because of their relative rarity in the Near East, trees are regarded in the Bible as something almost sacred and are used to symbolize longevity, strength, and pride. Elements of pagan tree cults and worship have survived into Judeo-Christian theology. In Genesis, two trees -- the Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil -- grow at the centre of the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:9). Scriptural and apocryphal traditions regarding the Tree of Life later merge in Christianity with the cult of the cross [cf. Sacred Shapes and Symbols ] to produce the Tree of the Cross. The fantastic Story of the True Cross identifies the wood used for the cross in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ as being ultimately from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in the Garden of Eden. Other stories claim that Adam was buried at Jerusalem and three trees grew out of his mouth to mark the centre of the earth [see F. Kampers in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. In the Old Testament, trees are also associated with the ancient Canaanite religion devoted to the mother goddess Asherah which the Israelites, intent on establishing their monotheistic cult of Yahweh, saught to suppress and replace. The cult Asherah and her consort Baal was evidently celebrated in high places, on the tops of hills and mountains [cf. The Sacred Mountain ], where altars dedicated to Baal and carved wooden poles or statues of Asherah (or the Asherahs; in the past Asherah has also been translated as grove, or wood, or tree) were evidently located. In Deuteronomy 12:2, the Israelites are directed to "to destroy all the places, wherein the nations whom you shall dispossess served their gods, upon the high mountains and upon the hills and under every green tree; you shall tear down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and burn their Asherim with fire." In Ancient Assyria, contemporary with the ziggurats, trees, fruit trees especially, were associated with fertility. The significance of trees in Ancient Assyria is shown in the numerous reliefs of winged deities watering or protecting sacred trees. Sacred trees, or trees of life, were associated in Ancient Assyria with the worship of the god Enlil. Some trees become sacred through what may have occurred in their proximity. It was under a pipal tree that Siddhartha Gautama (born 566 BCE) meditated until he attained enlightenment (Nirvana) and became the Buddha. The Bodhi or Bo (Enlightenment) tree is now the centre of a major Buddhist sacred shrine known as Bodh Gaya . For the ancient Celts, the Yew tree was a symbol of immortality, and holy trees elsewhere functioned as symbols of renewal [see Brosse in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. A tree scarred by lightning was identified as a tree of life, and, according to Pliny [see BIBLIOGRAPHY ] the Celtic Druids believed that mistletoe grew in places which had been struck by lightning. The Druids performed rituals and ceremonies in groves of sacred oak trees, and believed that the interior of the oak was the abode of the dead. In India, it is believed that the Brahma Daitya, the ghosts of brahmans, live in the fig trees, the pipal (ficus religiosa), or the banyan (ficus indica), awaiting liberation or reincarnarnation. Among the eight or so species of tree considered sacred in India, these two varieties of fig are the most highly venerated. The identification of sacred trees as symbols of renewal is widespread. In China, the Tree of Life, the Kien-Luen, grows on the slopes of Kuen-Luen, while the Moslem Lote tree marks the boundary between the human and the divine. From the four boughs of the Buddhist Tree of Wisdom flow the rivers of life. The great ash tree Yggdrasil of Nordic myth connects with its roots and boughs the underworld and heaven. In Japan, trees such as the cryptomeria are venerated at Shinto shrines. Especially sacred is the sakaki, a branch from which stuck upright in the ground is represented by the shin-no-mihashira, or sacred central post, over and around which the wooden Shrines at Ise are built. The shin-no-mihashira is both the sakaki branch and the pillar confirmed in the nethermost ground, like the heaven-tree in many Japanese legends. Sacred forests still exist in India and in Bali, Indonesia. The holy forests in Bali are annexed to temples that may or may not be enclosed in it, such as the Holy Forest at Sangeh [see Vannucci in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. The general feeling of respect and veneration for trees in India has produced a great variety of tree myths and traditions. One of the Five Trees in Indra's paradise (svarga-loka), which is located at the centre of the earth, is the mythic abundance-granting kalpa-vriksha. An image of the kalpa-vriksha carved in sandstone in Besnagar in Central India may originally have stood as an emblem capital on top of a monolithic pillar or stambha, possibly one of the 36 or so pillars erected by the Buddhist emperor Asoka (268-232 BCE). The pillars has been interpreted as replicas of the axis mundi [see John Irwin in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. The stone kalpa-vriksha capping the pillar may therefore be identified as the Cosmic Tree or world-tree, an emblematic variation of the symbolism of the stambha as axis mundi [see Jan Pieper in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. Single pillars made of tree trunks called Irmensul ('giant column') representing the 'tree of the universe' were set up on hilltops by some German tribes. A highly venerated Irmensul in what is now Westphalia was cut down by the Christianizing Charlemagne in 772. With the encouragement of Pope Saint Gregory the Great in the 6th century CE, a common practice among proselytizing Christians was to graft Christian theology onto pre-existing pagan rites and sacred places [see Flint in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. In the case of pagan tree cults, this may initially involve the destruction of the sacred grove or the cutting down of a sacred tree. However, it would appear that frequently a church would be built on the same site, thereby co-opting it in the service of Christian conversion. The process effectively Christianized the sacred powers or energies of the original site. Examples of this include the medieval Gothic cathedral of Chartres , which was built on a site which was once sacred to the Celtic Druids (acorns, oak twigs, and tree idols in the scultural decorations on the South Portal of the cathedral may allude to the original Druidic oak grove: [see Anderson in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ]). And before the Druids, during the Neolithic period, the same site may have been a sacred burial mound. Trees and Architecture The Egyptian temple was conceived essentially as a stone model of the creation landscape. The orders of columns, however, were designed not as direct representations of plant life (the palm, lotus, and papyrus bundle), but as stone reproductions of idealized landscape features. Egyptian palm-leaf capital The palmiform column, for example, which appears already fully developed by the 5th Dynasty (2465 - 2323 BCE) and used constantly for the next 2000 years, shows the palm tree as a circular column as if it were the trunk of a palm tree with the topmost section ornamented with palm leaves shown as if tied with a thong around the column. A famous passage in Vitruvius [see Vitruvius in the BIBLIOGRAPHY ] describes the origin of columns in Greek and Roman architecture (cf. the temples on the Athenian Acropolis ) as derived from tree trunks, a not entirely fanciful explanation given both the tree-like tapering of the classical column (even the flutes may be stylized representations of ribbed tree bark), and the belief that stone temples in ancient Greece were based upon earlier types made of wood. It is known for a fact that the Temple of Hera at Olympia originally had columns of oak, two of which (the others having having been replaced by stone columns as they wore out) were still in place when Pausanias visited Olympia in the 2nd century CE [Pausanias, V, 16. 1 - see BIBLIOGRAPHY ]. The classical column as a tree trunk illustration in Philibert de l'Orme's Le Premier Tome de l'Architecture, 1567 A similar architectural tradition identifies the origin of Gothic pointed arches and vaults in the interlacing of tree branches, and likens the view down the nave of a Gothic cathedral to a path through a wood of tall overarching trees. The suggestion can be made that the arches and vaulting of Chartres Cathedral may deliberately resemble the path to the sacred grove that stood on the original site, with the crossing of the church symbolizing, or perhaps actually located at, the central clearing in the grove where Druidic rituals formerly took place.	i don't know
What was the stage name of jazz pianist Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe?	Jelly Roll Morton - Pianist, Songwriter - Biography.com Jelly Roll Morton Jelly Roll Morton was an American pianist and songwriter best known for influencing the formation of modern day jazz during the 1920s. IN THESE GROUPS Famous People Who Died in 1941 quotes “It is evidently known, beyond contradiction, that New Orleans is the cradle of Jazz and I, myself, happened to be the creator in the year 1902.” Jelly Roll Morton Synopsis Born on October 20, 1890 (some sources say 1885), in New Orleans, Louisiana, Jelly Roll Morton cut his teeth as a pianist in his hometown's bordellos. An early innovator in the jazz genre, he rose to fame as the leader of Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers in the 1920s. A series of interviews for the Library of Congress rekindled interest in his music shortly before his death, on July 10, 1941, in Los Angeles, California. Early Years Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe was born on October 20, 1890 (though some sources say 1885), in New Orleans, Louisiana. The son of racially mixed Creole parents—he was a mix of African, French and Spanish—he eventually adopted the last name of his stepfather, Morton. Morton learned to play piano at age 10, and within a few years he was playing in the red-light district bordellos, where he earned the nickname "Jelly Roll." Blending the styles of ragtime and minstrelsy with dance rhythms, he was at the forefront of a movement that would soon be known as "jazz." National Star Morton left home as a teenager and toured the country, earning money as a musician, vaudeville comic, gambler and pimp. Brash and confident, he enjoyed telling people that he had "invented jazz"; while that claim was dubious, he is believed to have been the first jazz musician to put his arrangements to paper, with "Original Jelly Roll Blues" the genre's first published work. After five years in Los Angeles, Morton moved to Chicago in 1922 and produced his first recordings the following year. Beginning in 1926, he led Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers, a seven- or eight-piece band comprised of musicians who were well-versed in the New Orleans ensemble style. The Red Hot Peppers earned national fame with such hits as "Black Bottom Stomp" and "Smoke-House Blues," their sound and style laying the foundation for the swing movement that would soon become popular. Morton's four-year run with the group marked the pinnacle of his career, as it provided a prominent platform for him to display his immense talents as a composer and a pianist. Morton moved to New York in 1928, where he recorded such tracks as "Kansas City Stomp" and "Tank Town Bump." Despite making use of homophonically harmonized ensembles and allowing more room for solo improvisation in his music, he remained true to his New Orleans roots, producing music that gradually came to be viewed as old-fashioned within the industry. As a result, Morton fell out of the limelight and struggled to earn a living during the bleak times of the Great Depression. Late Career, Death and Legacy Morton was managing a jazz club in Washington, D.C., in the late 1930s when he met folklorist Alan Lomax. Beginning in 1938, Lorax recorded a series of interviews for the Library of Congress in which Morton offered an oral history of the origins of jazz and demonstrated early styles on the piano. The recordings helped rekindle interest in Morton and his music, but poor health prevented him from staging a legitimate comeback, and he died in Los Angeles, California, on July 10, 1941. Although Morton may not have been the inventor of jazz, he is regarded by fans and experts as one of the art form's great innovators. He was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 and honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005, underscoring the far-ranging impact of his influence as a musician. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information	Jelly Roll Morton
Who was the leader of the famous Creole Jazz Band, which first performed in 1922?	Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe - definition of Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe by The Free Dictionary Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe - definition of Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ferdinand+Joseph+Lamothe Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Morton References in periodicals archive ? The Music of Jelly Roll Morton is an album featuring the ragtime and classic jazz pianist, bandleader, composer, and Grammy Lifetime Achievement award winner Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe (1890-1941), known by the professional name "Jelly Roll Morton". Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
Which hunter is the arch-enemy of Bugs Bunny?	All this and rabbit stew - YouTube All this and rabbit stew Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 18, 2008 All This and Rabbit Stew is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject in the Merrie Melodies series, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on September 20, 1941 by Warner Bros. Pictures and The Vitaphone Corporation. It was produced by Leon Schlesinger and directed by an uncredited Tex Avery, with musical supervision by Carl W. Stalling and voices by Mel Blanc. All This and Rabbit Stew features Bugs Bunny being hunted by a slow-witted Black hunter The cartoon's central gag sequence, involving the hunter constantly ending up on the wrong side of a rolling log hanging over a cliff, was repurposed for Bob Clampett's 1946 Looney Tunes short The Big Snooze. For that film, the animation of the Black hunter was redrawn into animation of Elmer Fudd. Due to the film's racial stereotyping, All This and Rabbit Stew has not been seen on television since 1968, and is one of the "Censored Eleven" group of banned Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies shorts. Category	Elmer Fudd
Whose mother-in-law is Pearl Slaghoople?	Elmer Fudd (Character) - Comic Vine Elmer Fudd 80 appearances The Elmer Fudd wiki last edited by RyanBurns on 06/20/14 09:11AM View full history The hunter in Bugs Bunny cartoons and comics, hes always "wabbit hunting". His trademark line is "shhhhhh..... be vewy vewy quiet, I'm hunting wabbits." He is probably the main "badguy" in Bugs Bunny cartoon/comics, next to Marvin the Martian and Yosemite Sam . Elmer J. Fudd/Egghead is a fictional cartoon character and one of the most famous Looney Tunes characters, and the archenemy of Bugs Bunny. He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon (second only to Bugs himself). His aim is to hunt Bugs, but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters. He speaks in an unusual way, Replacing his Rs with Ls and Ws, so "Watch the road, Rabbit," is replaced with "Watch the woad, wabbit!" Elmer's signature catchphrase is, "Be vewy vewy quiet, I'm hunting wabbits", as well as his trademark laughter, "huh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh". The best known Elmer Fudd cartoons include Chuck Jones' masterpiece What's Opera, Doc? (one of the few times Fudd bested Bugs, though he felt bad about it), the Rossini parody Rabbit of Seville, and the "Hunting Trilogy" of "Rabbit Season/Duck Season" shorts (Rabbit Fire, Rabbit Seasoning, and Duck! Rabbit, Duck!) with Fudd himself, Bugs Bunny, and Daffy Duck . Egghead In 1937, Tex Avery introduced a new character in his cartoon short Egghead Rides Again. Egghead initially was depicted as having a bulbous nose, funny/eccentric clothing, a voice like Joe Penner, provided by radio mimic Danny Webb, and an egg-shaped head. Many cartoon historians believe that Egghead evolved into Elmer over a period of a couple of years. However, animation historian Michael Barrier asserts "The Egghead-Elmer story is actually a little messy, my sense being that most of the people involved, whether they were making the films or publicizing them, not only had trouble telling the characters apart but had no idea why they should bother trying." Egghead made his second appearance in 1937's Little Red Walking Hood and then in 1938 teamed with Warner Bros.' newest cartoon star Daffy Duck in Daffy Duck and Egghead. In 1938 Egghead continued to make appearances in the Warner cartoons, including The Isle of Pingo Pongo, and A-Lad-In Bagdad. In A Feud There Was (1938) Egghead made his entrance riding a motorscooter with the words "Elmer Fudd, Peacemaker" displayed on the side, the first onscreen use of that name. Egghead shifts from having a Moe Howard haircut to being bald, and wears a brown derby, a baggy suit, and a high-collared shirt. Egghead himself returned decades later in the compilation film Daffy Duck's Quackbusters. More recently, he also made a cameo appearance at the end of Looney Tunes: Back in Action and was also given in his own story, which starred him alongside Pete Puma , in the Looney Tunes comic book. Egghead has the distinction of being the very first recurring character created for Leon Schlesinger's Merrie Melodies series (to be followed by such characters as Sniffles , Inki, and even Bugs Bunny), which had previously contained only one-shot characters, although during the Harman-Ising era, Foxy, Goopy Geer, and Piggy each appeared in a few Merrie Melodies. In the 1939 cartoon Dangerous Dan McFoo, a new voice actor, Arthur Q. Bryan, was hired to provide the voice of the hero dog-character and it was in this cartoon that the popular "milk-sop" voice of Elmer Fudd was created. Elmer Fudd has since been the chief antagonistic force in the majority of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, initiating one of the most famous rivalries in the history of American cinema. Elmer emerges Elmer Fudd, resembling Egghead early in his career, is annoyed by the prototype Bugs in Elmer's Candid Camera. In 1940, Egghead–Elmer's appearance was refined, giving him a chin and a less bulbous nose and Arthur Quirk Bryan's "Dan McFoo" voice in what most people consider Elmer Fudd's first true appearance: a Chuck Jones short entitled Elmer's Candid Camera. Later that year, he appeared in Friz Freleng's Confederate Honey (where he's called Ned Cutler) and The Hardship of Miles Standish where his voice and Egghead-like appearance were still the same. In 1941's Elmer's Pet Rabbit; its other title character is labeled as Bugs Bunny, but is also identical to his counterpart in Camera. In the interim, the two starred in A Wild Hare. Bugs appears with a carrot, New York accent, and "What's Up, Doc?" catchphrase all in place for the first time, although the voice and physique are as yet somewhat off. Elmer has a better voice, a trimmer figure and his familiar hunting clothes. He is much more recognizable as the Elmer Fudd of later cartoons than Bugs is here. In his earliest appearances, Elmer actually "wikes wabbits", either attempting to take photos of Bugs, or adopting Bugs as his pet. Bugs Bunny has the Elmer confused so there is little wonder as to why Elmer would become a hunter and in some cases actually proclaim, "I hate wittle gway wabbits!" after pumping buckshot down a rabbit hole. Elmer's role in these two films, that of would-be hunter, dupe and foil for Bugs, would remain his main role forever after, and although Bugs Bunny was called upon to outwit many more worthy opponents, Elmer somehow remained Bugs' classic nemesis, despite (or because of) his legendary gullibility, small size, short temper, and shorter attention span. In Rabbit Fire, he declares himself vegetarian, hunting for sport only. Elmer was usually cast as a hapless big-game hunter, armed with a double-barreled shotgun (albeit one which could be fired much more than twice without being reloaded) and creeping through the woods "hunting wabbits". In a few cartoons, though, he assumed a completely different persona—a wealthy industrialist type, occupying a luxurious penthouse, or, in one episode involving a role reversal, a sanitarium—which Bugs would of course somehow find his way into. In Dog Gone People, he had an ordinary office job working for demanding boss "Mister Cwabtwee". In another cartoon (Mutt in a Rut) he appeared to work in an office and had a dog he called "Wover Boy", whom he took hunting, though Bugs did not appear. Several episodes featured Elmer differently. One (What's Up, Doc?, 1950) has Bugs Bunny relating his life story to a biographer, and recalling a time which was a downturn for the movie business. Elmer Fudd is a well-known entertainer who, looking for a new partner for his act, sees Bugs Bunny (after passing caricatures of many other famous 1940s actors (Al Jolson, Jack Benny, Eddie Cantor, Bing Crosby) who, like Bugs, are also out of work). Elmer and Bugs do a one-joke act cross-country, with Bugs dressed like a pinhead, and when he does not know the answer to a joke, Elmer gives it and hits him with a pie in the face. Bugs begins to tire of this gag and pulls a surprise on Fudd, answering the joke correctly and bopping Elmer with a mallet, which prompts the man to point his rifle at Bugs. The bunny asks nervously: "Eh, what's up doc?", which results in a huge round of applause from the audience. Bugs tells Elmer they may be on to something, and Elmer, with the vaudevillian's instinct of sticking with a gag that catches on, nods that they should re-use it. According to this account, the common Elmer-as-hunter episodes are entirely staged. One episode where Bugs "lost" in the hunting was Hare Brush (1956). Here, Elmer has been committed to an insane asylum because he believes he is a rabbit. Bugs Bunny enters Fudd's room and Elmer bribes him with carrots, then leaves the way the real rabbit entered. Bugs acts surprisingly (for him) naïve, assuming Elmer just wanted to go outside for a while. Elmer's psychiatrist arrives, and thinking Fudd's delusion has affected his appearance, drugs Bugs and conditions him into believing that he is Elmer Fudd 'after which Bugs starts wearing hunting clothes and acting like Elmer, hunting the rabbit-costumed Fudd, who is in turn acting like Bugs. Their hunt is cut short when Bugs is arrested, as Elmer Fudd is wanted for tax evasion. After Bugs is hauled away, Fudd breaks the fourth wall and tells the audience, "I may be a scwewy wabbit, but I'm not going to Alcatwaz." Elmer Fudd has occasionally appeared in other costumes, notably as Cupid. He tries to convince Bugs about love, but Bugs is reluctant, thinking to himself "Don't you look like some guy who's always after me?" and pictures the Elmer in hunter's clothes. The Cupid Elmer plots to get even with Bugs, using his love arrows to make Bugs fall in love with an artificial rabbit at a dog track . Elmer also appeared in this form opposite Daffy Duck in The Stupid Cupid (1944). The Bugs–Elmer partnership was so familiar to audiences that in a late 1950s cartoon, Bugs' Bonnets, a character study is made of what happens to the relationship between the two when they each accidentally don a different selection of hats (Native American Wig, Pilgrim Hat, Military Helmets, Bridal Veil and Top Hat, to name a few). The result is comic mayhem; a steady game of one-upmanship that ultimately leads to matrimony. In Hare Brush, it is revealed that he is a millionaire and owns a mansion and a yacht. Fat Elmer For a short time in the 1941–1942 season, Elmer's appearance was modified again, for five cartoons: Wabbit Twouble; The Wacky Wabbit; The Wabbit Who Came to Supper; Any Bonds Today?; and Fresh Hare. He became a heavy-set, beer-bellied character, patterned after Arthur Q. Bryan's real-life appearance, and still chasing Bugs (or vice versa). However, audiences did not accept a fat Fudd, so ultimately the slimmer version returned for good. This time period also saw a temporary change in Elmer's relationship with Bugs Bunny. Instead of being the hunter, Elmer was the victim of unprovoked pestering by Bugs. In Wabbit Twouble, Bugs plays a number of gags on Elmer, advising the audience, "I do dis kind o' stuff to him all t'wough da picture!" (A line somewhat ironically would later be said by the Tortoise as he and his friends cheat Bugs out of winning a race). Another short, The Wacky Wabbit, finds Elmer focused on prospecting for gold which would be used to fund the World War II effort. Elmer sings a variation of the old prospector's tune "Oh! Susanna" made just for this cartoon (complete with the phrase "V for Victory"), with Bugs joining in just before starting to hassle Elmer. He made a later appearance in a episode of The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries as a Russian version with a simple name "Boris" who owns another comedy club in Russia. Elmer-speak He nearly always vocalised consonants [r] and [l], pronouncing them as [w] instead (a trait that also characterized Tweety Bird) when he would talk in his slightly raspy voice. This trait was prevalent in the Elmer's Candid Camera andElmer's Pet Rabbit cartoons, where the writers would give him exaggerated lines such as, "My, that weawwy was a dewicious weg of wamb." to further exaggerate his qualities as a harmless nebbish. That characteristic seemed to fit his somewhat timid and childlike persona. And it worked. The writers often gave him lines filled with those letters, such as doing Shakespeare's Romeo as "What wight thwough yonduh window bweaks!" or Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries as "Kiww the wabbit, kiww the wabbit, kiww the wabbit...!" or "The Beautifuw Bwue Danube, by Johann Stwauss", Stage Door Cartoon's line "Oh, you dubbuh-cwossing wabbit! You tweachewous miscweant!" or the name of actress "Owivia deHaviwwand". Elmer's speech impediment is so well known that Google allows the user to change the search engine language to "Elmer Fudd." Comedian Robin Williams often refers to the impediment as "Fudd syndrome" whenever he accidentally slips up and replaces an 'l' or 'r' with a 'w' sound in a word. Part of the joke is that Elmer is presumably incapable of pronouncing his own first name correctly. Occasionally Elmer would properly pronounce an r or l sound, depending on whether or not it was vital for the audience to understand what the word was. (For example, in 1944's The Old Grey Hare, he clearly pronounces the r in the word "picture".) Usually, Elmer pronounces the 'r's and 'l's when one of those letters is in the last syllable of the word (such as "rascal", which he says as "wascal"). This doesn't occur in one-syllable words like "last" ("wast") or in common words like "hello" ("hewwo"). Latest Images Thanks, we're checking your submission. Whoah, whoah... slow down there. Thanks! Your changes are live! Some of your changes are live Because you're new to wiki editing, we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over. Most changes are approved within a few hours. We'll send an email when it is. Once you've earned over points you'll be able to bypass this step and make live edits to our system. Until then, gain points by continuing to edit pages. 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Which animal has species called Burchell’s and Grevy’s?	How Many Zebra Species Are There? \| Animals - mom.me How Many Zebra Species Are There? Zebras form large herds to investigate new feeding areas. Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images There are three species of zebra: Burchell's or the plains zebra, Grevy's zebra and the mountain zebra. Although each species looks similar, there are differences in appearance. Zebra of all species prefer to live in open grassland, and you'll find them in Eastern Africa, particularly in Kenya, and in parts of southern Africa, especially around the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. Zebra Species Like horses and asses, zebras belong to the equid family. The main characteristics shared by the group are that they are long-lived, fast movers with large teeth suitable for chewing anything herbivorous. Zebra, regardless of species, live approximately 25 years in the wild and up to 40 in captivity. The zebra looks similar to a horse, except he has a short, tufted mane and those distinctive stripes. Each zebra species has its own general stripe pattern, but more fascinatingly, every zebra has his own unique stripe pattern, in the way that a person has a unique set of fingerprints. Scientists offer a few suggestions about the purpose of a zebra's stripes. They may act as camouflage or like sunscreen, or they may keep flies away or help zebras to recognize each other according to the National Geographic. Burchell's Zebra As is typical in the sciences, two species of zebra are named after the scientists who discovered and identified them. Burchell's zebra, which also is referred to as the plains zebra, is the most numerous of the three species. One of the best places to see plains zebra is in the Serengeti park in Tanzania, according to the African Wildlife Foundation. The plains zebra likes to live in smallish units consisting of a stallion, a few mares and their young. These small units occasionally get together with others to form spectacularly enormous herds. These herds usually are the first to enter new grazing pastures, particularly wetlands. They trample down the long vegetation so the gazelle and wildebeest can follow. Grevy's Zebra Grevy's zebra is larger than Burchell's, weighing between 770 and 990 pounds compared to 485 to 550 pounds for a Burchell's zebra. Two features distinguish it from the other zebra species: it has a longer mane and larger ears. The Grevy is only about 5 inches taller than Burchell's zebra, which indicates that Burchell's zebra has a much stockier body. Perhaps that is why the Romans used Grevy's zebra, which they called hippotigris, to pull carts in circuses. Grevy's zebra are found mostly in northern Kenya, but in substantially reduced numbers. There are only around 2,500 Grevy's in Africa compared to 15,000 just a few decades ago, according to the AWF. Converting grazing land to agricultural use is one major threat to these animals. The Mountain Zebra The mountain zebra has two subspecies: Hartmann's and the Cape mountain zebra. These species mostly live in southern Africa, particularly Namibia and western South Africa. Compared to Burchell's and Grevy's zebra, this species prefers mountainous areas. His stripes are thinner and more numerous than those of the Burchell's zebra, and he has broad stripes on his rump that distinguish him from the other two species. He also has a fold of skin on his throat, called a dewlap, that other zebras don't have. Both subspecies are classified as endangered. In the past hunting decimated herds, but land cultivation now is a bigger threat. Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images Author Based in London, Eleanor McKenzie has been writing lifestyle-related books and articles since 1998. Her articles have appeared in the "Palm Beach Times" and she is the author of numerous books published by Hamlyn U.K., including "Healing Reiki" and "Pilates System." She holds a Master of Arts in informational studies from London University. See More Animals	Zebra
Which is the only mammal able to kneel on all fours?	Grevy's Zebra \| African Wildlife Foundation Physical Characteristics What is a Grevy’s zebra? The long-legged Grevy’s zebra is the largest of the wild equids. It is distinguished by its unique stripes, which are as distinctive as human fingerprints. Foals are born with reddish-brown stripes and, gradually, their coats darken to black. The Grevy’s zebra is more closely related to the wild ass than the horse, while the plains zebra is more closely related to the horse. Grevy’s zebras also are taller, have larger ears, and have narrower stripes than plains zebras. Behavior & Diet They have social structures. Grevy’s zebras are loosely social animals that live in herds. A stallion’s attachment to his land and a mare’s attachment to her young are the most stable relationships. Within the herd, dominance is relatively nonexistent, except for the right a territorial male has to a breeding female. If no females are around, the resident male will associate with bachelor males in a friendly manner. Foals can run less than an hour after birth. Newborn foals are able to stand after just six minutes, and they can run after 40 minutes. They are dependent on their mothers for milk until they reach about 6 to 8 months of age. Peak birth periods for the Grevy’s zebra are usually July through August, and mature females breed in two-year intervals. They are grazers. Grevy’s zebras are extremely mobile grazers, and they can digest many types, and parts, of plants that cattle cannot. Despite their mobility, Grevy’s are water-dependent and will migrate to grazing lands only within reach of water. Gallery Challenges Grevy’s zebras have undergone one of the most substantial reductions of range of any African mammal. Habitat loss in an already restricted range is a serious threat to the Grevy’s zebra's survival. It is in competition for resources with other grazers as well as cattle and livestock. Due to overgrazing and competition for water, the juvenile Grevy’s zebras have a low survival rate. Hunting for Grevy’s zebras persists. Hunting is the primary cause of decline of Grevy’s zebras in Ethiopia. They are primarily hunted for their striking skins but will occasionally be killed for food, and in some regions, medicinal uses continue. Solutions Our solutions to protecting the Grevy’s zebra: Employ technology for conservation. African Wildlife Foundation worked with Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) to fit Grevy’s zebras with collars in Buffalo Spring National Reserve. The Global Positioning System (GPS)/Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) collars provide scientists with critical information concerning Grevy’s zebras’ movement patterns and whereabouts. By gaining an understanding of their patterns, scientists are better able to protect the zebras. Engage wildlife scouts. AWF works with communities who live in close quarters with wildlife and equips scouts with essential tools, such as GPS-monitoring devices and vehicles. As a result, AWF is able to ensure enhanced protection of wildlife in these regions as well as provide additional employment opportunities to local communities. Projects Will you show the Grevy’s zebra your support? With your help, AWF can continue working on initiatives like the collaring of Grevy’s zebras, wildlife scout training, and habitat protection. Donate to a cause that will help with wildlife conservation and ensure the continued survival of this endangered species. Monitoring Grevy’s zebra populations in the Samburu Landscape Grevy’s zebras are in grave danger. A mere few decades ago, in the 1970s, more than 15,000 Grevy’s zebras inhabited Africa. Today, fewer than 2,500 remain. The...	i don't know
What will be taking place in a town called Sochi in February?	National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com Sochi, Russia Putin’s Party For Russia, hosting the Winter Olympics could prove it has finally reemerged as a global power. But the beach resort of Sochi—a target for Islamist insurgents, on the site of an alleged genocide—is an unlikely place to stage the celebration. By Brett Forrest Photograph by Thomas Dworzak Valery Inozemtsev ascends a high mountain path through the churned mud of development. He climbs past an Olympics dormitory, past a Moscow bureaucrat’s sprawling new dacha and trucks hauling gravel and steel beams—past all the things that were never here before. Inozemtsev has lived in this formerly sleepy village of Krasnaya Polyana in the Russian North Caucasus for a half century, since before it became a matter of urgent Kremlin concern. “This was the best place in the Soviet Union,” he says. “Virgin nature. And now... ” His voice trails off in discontent. Inozemtsev, 73, continues up the mountain in long, youthful strides. Reaching a wood of chestnut trees, he pauses to fling back his brown cape. He runs two fingers over his white, bushy mustache, then points down the mountainside to the cranes and the construction workers who are busy shredding Krasnaya Polyana, shaping it into Russian President Vladimir Putin’s grand public achievement. “Sometimes I imagine that an earthquake will come and destroy it all,” Inozemtsev says. Through alpine mist, in the southern depths of a once powerful empire, the Olympics have nearly arrived. Russia is an empire no more. Like other great and large nations, however, it still aches to be one. It must find an outlet for its urges, and over two weeks in February, it will have it. Through force of Russian will, the Winter Olympics are coming to an unlikely location. The Sochi Games on the Black Sea coast will take place in the backyard of a recent war with Georgia, on the site of what many call the genocide of a people (the Circassians), and in the orbit of an Islamic insurgency (in Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetiya, and Kabardino-Balkariya). The state has resurrected a fearsome militia, the Cossacks, to help keep the peace that some might design to upend. Allegations of graft circulate widely, high temperatures threaten the snowfall necessary for competition, and activists have called for a boycott over antigay legislation enacted by the Russian parliament. In response Putin has banned protests and rallies in Sochi during the games. A resort town along the Black Sea’s beaches, Sochi drew the wealthy under Tsar Nicholas II, then Soviet leaders and communist workers, with a complex of sanatoriums built to soothe the ill effects of northern winters. These structures are now wan and disintegrating, the fronds of Slavic palm trees wafting over a more provincial clientele in one of Russia’s few subtropical cities. Though Sochi is host to these Olympic games, however, the actual competitions will be staged elsewhere. The skating events will take place in Adler, 17 miles south along the coastline. Ski races will be in Krasnaya Polyana, 29 miles east into the Caucasus range. Nearly every venue for the games has been built from scratch—the ice rinks in Adler, the bobsled run and facsimile alpine villages of Krasnaya Polyana, the rail and infrastructure that connect and enable. The current official price tag, $50 billion, is probably lowballed. Even so, the Sochi Olympics have cost more than any games before them. With many billions of dollars conjured up and carried away, this is not the tightest business plan ever designed. But this is not business. Nor is it mainly a sporting matter. The event is intended to be the culmination of the achievements of Putin, a leader who many Russians believe was dispatched by God to guide Russia away from its defeats and ignominies. The seed of these games was planted in his mind more than a decade ago. A single two-lane road runs through the valley formed by the many Caucasian peaks of Krasnaya Polyana. Just a few years ago this was a humble skiing village of a few thousand people, its innocence guarded by the local off-piste crowd, an insular place of insider’s lingo and cyclical avalanche. That’s all gone now with the mass construction and the 20,000 migrant workers who have arrived to remake the village. Further back in time, this valley bore witness to the destruction of a people who were all but forgotten by the outside world until the Olympics resurrected their memory. Up a side road on a winter afternoon, Astemir Dzhantimirov sits at home, waiting for his boss to dispatch him on a job. Dzhantimirov works for the city’s gas utility, Gorgaz, installing new canisters, fixing old ones. His profession is not his distinguishing feature, however, nor is his prominent nose or his forthright manner. Dzhantimirov, the Russified ending of his family name notwithstanding, is Russian only by citizenship, but this is not what makes him stand out from the many laborers who have flooded the valley. He is Circassian, an ethnic group nearly eliminated from the area 150 years ago, when the tsar’s army overran the mountain dwellers. He lives with his wife and three children on the second floor of a small house. The several interlocking rooms are in good order, quiet as the family tends to homework and chores. Dzhantimirov describes how he learned the old Circassian stories when family would gather at funerals in the Cherkessk region, over the mountains northeast of here. “This was the time when my ears were on the top of my head,” he says. Aunts and uncles told how the armies of the tsars arrived in the early 1800s, how the Caucasus War continued sporadically for decades, how the Circassians lost the land and much more. When Russia gained the Caucasus, the tsars and their generals knew very little of the region, nor of the numerous tribes and tongues that dwelled within the rocky folds of the range. The Kuban Cossacks, vagabond warriors, patrollers of Russia’s southerly margin, knew better than to penetrate the pined cliffs into which others had roamed to ultimate peril. The stray Russian soldier or wanderer routinely fell into bondage in this territory, bartered from tribe to tribe for goats and herbs and other captives. The Russians gained title to these tactical lands—fulfilling what they considered their expansionist destiny—by battling the sultan and the shah, but they also understood that a special effort would be required to make them their own. The Circassians and other local peoples fought against the Russians in a determined guerrilla campaign, but not a winnable one. The Russians felt a special pull to the Caucasus—to the liveliness of frontier combat, to the forbidden romance of Circassian tribeswomen, to this precipitous place of emotional searching, where a St. Petersburg aristocrat could discard the rules that had molded him and become a new man altogether. In time these mountains would become the place of poets and writers, of Mikhail Lermontov and Leo Tolstoy. Ultimately, Russian military capability proved too much for the warriors of the mountains, who refused to accept the tsar’s offer to live in Siberia or emigrate to the Ottoman Empire. The Circassians made their last stand in the small canyon that is now called Krasnaya Polyana, or red glade, a name some erroneously attribute to the bloodshed of the battle. After their surrender in 1864 the Circassians were expelled, and refugees died by the thousands on their way to Sochi. Survivors were shipped to various corners of the Ottoman Empire. Some of them died aboard the Turkish vessels, cast overboard into the Black Sea. Since the announcement that Sochi would host the games, the Circassians’ plight has made global headlines as activists in the diaspora have tried to shine a light on what they regard as genocide. Protests were held in cities around the world, in Istanbul and New York, Amman and Vancouver. “We didn’t go to Russia to fight. They came here to fight us. We lived here several ages,” Dzhantimirov says. “The whole war was started for these beautiful lands.” Dzhantimirov is not an activist. He voted for Putin in the 2012 election. “We have lived in Russia for years and years,” he says. “We have lived side by side, and we have respected each other, and we will stay in Russia. But history is history, and there’s nothing wrong with talking about it.” Pyotr Fedin sits at his desk, a dissatisfied success, a mere landowner instead of the alpine entrepreneur he once was, and he tells the story of how government power made it so. The ’90s had just begun, and Fedin did what every other shrewd Russian was doing: He opened a business. It was the start of free enterprise, the beginning of what contemporary capitalist Russia would become, a place of trial and error, of encouraging successes and compounded failures. It was a time of pressing on, for there was no turning back to the way things were before. Fedin and his partners surveyed the peaks of Krasnaya Polyana. They cleared the pines and erected metal towers in their place. The driveshaft from a seafaring vessel powered the ski lift. Yet few came to ski Fedin’s groomed run. Those wealthy enough to have such bourgeois interests chose the status resort of Courchevel, France, not provincial Krasnaya Polyana. Things began to change one day in 2000, when the new president, Vladimir Putin, rode Fedin’s lift to the top of the mountain, then capably navigated his way down. As Russians ascertained what this new leader could do, as he faced down his enemies and closed ranks with his allies, as Russia solidified, Putin returned to Fedin’s slope time and again. Fedin’s son, Dima, taught ministers and minders and oligarchs how to carve a turn, how to stop, and how to save face while falling. The aspirants would not miss their chance to mix with the man who was becoming a type of ruler they recognized from Russia’s long history. Fedin weathered the inclemency of the Russian economy, while his partners fell out, sold out. Then, as the spoils of an oil-market boom filtered through Russian society, his resort became profitable. But only the naive enjoy success in Russia. Things you build attract the attention of those who can take them away. The calendar turned to 2008, and a Gazprom plane arrived from Moscow. As Fedin recalls it, the men from Russia’s largest company, the state-controlled gas monopoly, suggested that he join them for a ride. And in veiled language that anyone could understand, while the Gazprom plane flew north over Rostov, then Voronezh and Tula, the men looked at Fedin and said, “We respect you.” They offered a figure to buy him out. Fedin knew there was nothing he could do. At the darkly prismatic Gazprom tower in Moscow, Fedin signed the papers placed before him. “I can see your face,” the man with the contracts said to Fedin. “You are sad. The money isn’t what’s interesting for you.” Fedin received fair value, he says, but the business he had built was no longer his. “Money is only paper,” Fedin said, spelling out his name on the contract. (A spokesperson for Gazprom said in an email that the company “was acquired on commercial terms.”) From his office Fedin’s former resort can be seen through the window behind him. “It’s torture, looking at what they’re doing,” he says. “They came from Moscow and said, We know everything.” He speaks of landslides and mudslides and pollution, graft and political ambition. Before the fired head of the ski jump development discovered elevated levels of mercury in his blood (from some mysterious source), before storm waves washed away the multimillion-dollar Sochi cargo port, before the minority group protested against holding the games on the site of an alleged genocide, before a helicopter delivering construction materials crashed in a nature preserve, before the Mzymta River jumped its banks, before antigay legislation caused international outrage—before all of that, the Sochi Olympics appeared to be a more promising idea. The Russian president traveled to Guatemala City in July 2007. He spoke the adversary’s English before a gathering of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), stirring those in attendance, who marveled at his emergence from the thicket of Russian consonants. It is a testament to the attraction of power that even those whom Putin does not rule often seem dazzled in his presence. And yet, when the IOC awarded the 2014 Winter Games to Sochi, granting Russia the right to host the world, the decision paradoxically heightened the state’s suspicion of foreigners and their motives. The Cossack patrolman keeps company with two policemen as they stroll past the few shops in the village of Krasnaya Polyana. In winter garb, the Cossack stands out: gray jodhpurs, tall black riding boots, brown leather suspenders crisscrossing over a soldier’s greatcoat. It is as though he has arrived from another time. Cossacks founded Krasnodar, now the capital of the region in which Sochi finds itself, after Catherine the Great gave them her blessing in the 18th century. The Cossacks of Krasnodar distinguished themselves as the Kuban Cossacks, after the Kuban River, which flows northwesterly from Mount Elbrus and into the Sea of Azov. They performed the violent and difficult work of defending Russia’s outer domain against raiders who rose northward from the lands of Islam. The Kuban Cossacks existed beyond the law, under a code of their own. After the communists came to power, the institution of the Cossacks was abolished, and for many decades this horseman sect was repressed. Yet by the time that Putin began skiing down Fedin’s mountains, the Kuban Cossacks had regathered their numbers. They had not only survived but also constituted such a political force that the government recognized the wisdom of embracing their fatherland imagery. “We’ve always been patriots,” Yevgeny Razumov says, his black Cossack uniform dotted with raindrops outside Krasnaya Polyana’s redbrick police station. “And we’re still here.” The Cossacks have returned to the streets—supplementing police foot patrols, breaking up brawls, occasionally starting them, profiling the ethnically non-Russian, looking the part, reviving old rites. There are 25 Cossacks on patrol in Krasnaya Polyana, another 25 in Sochi, and 15 each at the airport and train station. There are 1,500 total in the Krasnodar region. Alexander Tkachev, the governor of the Krasnodar region and a Cossack himself, dresses in the Cossack uniform from time to time. He is a strong-handed leader, and he has bemoaned an increase in the local Caucasian Muslim population. In a speech in which he ushered the Cossacks back into service, Tkachev said that the neighboring Stavropol region had traditionally acted as an ethnic “filter” for the rest of Russia by assimilating its Caucasian migrants, but with growing minority populations, he feared that was no longer feasible. Recalling the old Cossack role, the sect’s status outside of the law, Tkachev said, suggestively, “What you cannot do, a Cossack can.” Critics complain that the Cossacks are a reactionary force. But the critic isn’t responsible for the safety of others. The Islamist insurgency of the North Caucasus has persisted for 25 years, showing that Russia’s subjugation of these lands remains elusive. A drive to the confluence of the Achipse and Mzymta Rivers in Krasnaya Polyana reveals one more layer of doubt about the placement of these games. The road leads past excavators, trucks, and migrants in hard hats, through a tunnel that drips gray spittle onto the car windshield. At the end of the road two border guards man a checkpoint. In their friendly way they explain that access is prohibited. They point up to the mountain, saying, “Abkhazia is over there, three kilometers away.” Abkhazia is a disputed territory that broke away from Georgia in the 1990s. After Russia won a war with Georgia in 2008, it recognized the sovereignty of Abkhazia. Only Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, and Tuvalu likewise recognize the region’s independence, a list that might elicit laughter, except that Abkhazia is no joke. In May 2012 the Federal Security Service (FSB) discovered several caches of weapons in this territory just over the mountains from the great Olympics development. Explosives, grenade launchers, shoulder-mounted missiles. The FSB arrested three suspects, alleging that they belonged to a terrorist group called the Caucasus Emirate. In July 2013, Caucasus Emirate leader Doku Umarov urged his followers to prevent the Olympics from taking place. For those who make the North Caucasus one of the world’s most volatile regions, disrupting the Olympics would be their own sort of gold medal. With almost fortnightly occurrence, Russia’s special forces and Muslim militants engage in murderous contact across Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetiya, and Kabardino-Balkariya. Each place is within a day’s drive of Adler and Krasnaya Polyana, where it would not be difficult to join the migrant army that is building the Olympic infrastructure. In Krasnaya Polyana the workers huddle down a side street between shifts, slugging down warm Coke in a shack with greasy windows. They feed crumpled ruble bills into a machine, putting money on the phones they use to text home to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, telling their wives how they earn the money they send for the children. A group trudges up the mud path, reaching Defenders of the Caucasus Street, where they wait for the bus that will return them to the sound of scraping metal, the stink of smoldering solder. Suddenly a Volvo sedan loses control on the road. It swerves across the lane divider and jumps the curb, hitting a man and knocking over a light pole. A crowd gathers. The man lies where he fell, on his back, and does not move. Someone throws a coat over the body, a worn and bloody hand sticking out from beneath it. A police car arrives, and three Cossacks emerge. They pull the driver through the window of the Volvo. He has black hair. He is thin. In his eyes you can see that he is lost, drunk. The Cossacks yell in his face, swear at him, saying that he has killed a man and that he deserves to die. They twist him facedown into the dirt and hold him there. They punch him in the kidneys. The man yells in pain. He submits. The Cossacks handcuff him. They place him in the backseat of their squad car. After the Cossacks drive away, the crowd disperses, as though nothing has happened. The corpse remains in the street. Emergency workers eventually arrive to take it to the morgue. What will be left behind? That is a question many locals want answered—those who call Krasnaya Polyana home and have no hand in the muddy profits that have transformed their surroundings. The Olympics have become a prism through which Russia amplifies its message to the world, while downplaying the assaults on humanity, the environment, and the law that have become necessary to achieve the show everyone expects to see. There is a thin line between pragmatism and cynicism, and in Russia you always ride it. This is part of the country’s special attraction. Down in the wine cellar of the Four Peaks Hotel in Krasnaya Polyana, Igor Zubkov uncorks a bottle of Merlot. The hotel belongs to him and his partner, as does the wine, 5,000 bottles of red and white produced with the grapes of Anapa, a town up the Black Sea coast. Zubkov holds a glass in his hand. “The government said that Russians spend four billion dollars a year on travel out of the country during the winter,” Zubkov says. “Why waste four billion a year on a three-month winter season? Why not keep it for ourselves?” State power has transformed Krasnaya Polyana from a sleepy village into a resort with the housing and infrastructure to support an annual winter migration of many thousands. Zubkov looks serious, but then he laughs. “So let’s spend $300 billion to build our own resort,” he says. “That is 75 years’ worth of expenditures.” As with most Russians, it is difficult to tell when Zubkov is joking and when he is serious. As with most Russians, a friendship with Zubkov happens quickly, and could last forever. The time of Putin, who could benefit from a change in the law to stay in office until 2024, might seem longer. There is a hockey game, part of the World Junior Hockey Championship, and it convenes in the new Olympic rink in Adler. This is a teenage competition, Russia against the United States, and no pairing could be more apt given the message these games are meant to convey. As game time draws near, as the crowd mills about and the skaters glide along the glassy playing surface, a man of some recognition appears on the ice. The loudspeaker announces Vladimir Putin. The Russian anthem plays over the arena speakers. As the song reaches its first crescendo, something interesting happens to Putin, a leader of superhuman composure. The music intensifies, and a ripple of energy rolls across Putin’s face. His expression contorts into a smile. He has brought the Olympics to the Black Sea. He has conceived all this, and now it is really happening. As the look of satisfaction begins to overtake Putin’s features, the Russian president regains himself. He stands firm. He returns his face to a frown. Brett Forrest wrote about a new Eurasian railroad in our August 2010 issue. Thomas Dworzak’s most recent book, Kavkaz, showcases many years of work photographing in the Caucasus. \|	Winter Olympic Games
Which unlikely country qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup Finals by beating Kenya?	Sochi Winter Olympics: Plan Your Trip : Sports : Travel Channel Russia Asia Pacific Sports Winter With the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi fast approaching, many sports fans are gearing up for a trip to a part of Russia that they know little if anything about. But while this beach and ski resort is unfamiliar territory to the Western world, it has long been one of Russia's most popular destinations for both summer and winter vacations. The snow-capped Caucasus Mountains' proximity to the Black Sea makes for stunningly beautiful landscapes, from subtropical to alpine – and yes, you can swim in the sea and ski up in the mountains all in one day (well, at least at some times of year – in February the water might be a bit chilly). Basic Facts The Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics takes place from Feb. 7 to 23, followed by the Paralympic Games from March 7 to 16. Sochi is located almost 1,000 miles south of Moscow – about a 2.5-hour 'flight from the capital. By road it's a 20- to 30-hour drive, and by train it takes a day and a half. The 2014 Winter Olympics host city is in the same time zone as Moscow – that's nine hours ahead of New York, and 12 hours ahead of Los Angeles. Weather Naturally, no one can say with any certainty what to expect weather-wise during the Olympics, especially given the area's volatile mix of subtropical and alpine climates, which is accentuated by its tricky topography. However, the average temperature in Sochi in February is 43 F, ranging from 48 degrees during the day to 36 at night. At the ski village of Krasnaya Polyana, temperatures range on average from 28 degrees at night to 41 during the day. While snow can be expected in the mountains, Sochi proper seldom sees it in winter, and only rarely does snow stick around to cover the palm trees. Essentials It goes without saying that you'll need a Russian visa for the entire period of your visit (unless you're traveling on a passport from a country that has a visa-free agreement with Russia), as well as a passport valid for six months after your departure from Russia, plus overseas medical insurance, hotel reservations and so on. For more advice on visas, check out these travel tips for Russia . Getting There Besides domestic flights from Moscow , St. Petersburg and other Russian cities, Sochi can be reached by direct international flights from a small number of European cities as well as from points in the former Soviet Union. Extra international flights are being added for the Games. If you’re flying to Moscow and then to Sochi from there, take note of whether your flights arrive and depart from the same airport, as travel between Moscow's three international airports is time-consuming. Sochi2014 Organizing Committee Orientation and Getting Around Lastochka trains are the fastest and easiest way to get between Sochi and the airport, located in the Adler district 18 miles southeast of the city proper. The ride takes 43 minutes. While Sochi is the host city, the Games are not in the city itself but rather within a sprawling larger area known as Greater Sochi. Olympic events are to take place in two zones called the Coastal Cluster and the Mountain Cluster, about 30 miles from each other. The Coastal Cluster is south of Adler, while the Mountain Cluster is near the alpine resort of Krasnaya Polyana, some 40 miles from the city. Lastochka trains run to Krasnaya Polyana – a ride of 1 hour and 20 minutes from Sochi, while the train journey between the Coastal and Mountain clusters takes 30 minutes. Besides trains, there will also be buses, minibuses and cable cars to help Olympic visitors get around, all free of charge for event ticket-holders on the date printed on the ticket. For more transport information see the Games' official website . Tickets Spectator tickets to the sporting events are to be officially available right through to the end of the Olympics. US residents looking to purchase tickets in advance should order them from CoSport , the official ticket resellers for the United States. Keep in mind that due to the unprecedented security measures in place for the Sochi Olympics, ticket holders will need to ensure that they have received a Spectator Pass (or Olympic Accreditation) in addition to a ticket. Entrance to all of the venues is strictly allowed only with an activated Spectator Pass and a corresponding valid ticket. Spectator Passes Applications for a Spectator Pass can be made either on the Fan Registration Porta l or directly at a Spectator Registration Center (one office located in Moscow, one in the town of Krasnodar and three in Sochi). To apply online, you will need to provide your passport details and ticket information. The pass will take approximately 72 hours to be produced, so this is not something to leave to the last minute. Once the pass is ready, ticket holders can either have it mailed to themselves or collect it at one of the Spectator Registration Centers. All Spectator Passes must be activated before they can be used. To activate your pass, you will need to visit a Spectator Registration Center, bringing the passport used to apply for the pass (or original birth certificate for those under 18) and ticket or ticket order number. Resale of Tickets The purchase and resale of tickets is strictly through official outlets only. Given the use of the Spectator Pass system, it makes little sense to purchase a ticket “off the street,” as the ticket will not provide entrance without a corresponding pass. If you find that you cannot attend an event, tickets can be resold on the official ticket resale website , which is planned to be in operation by the end of 2013. More Travel Tips for Russia:	i don't know
Which England football manager has the highest win percentage (67%) of all?	World Football: 11 Best Currently Active Managers \| Bleacher Report World Football: 11 Best Currently Active Managers By Manuel Traquete , Senior Analyst Sep 2, 2010 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow 6.6K 624 Comments In football, having good players is not enough to create a winning team: you need a skilled manager to turn those players into a strong collective force. Behind every successful team there is a brilliant manager pulling the strings. The following list contains those who are, in my opinion, the 11 best managers in the world. I've based my choice mainly on success, since I believe that, as José Mourinho once said, "the best coach is the one who wins most." I'm aware that I left out some excellent managers, but it's hard to pick 11 when there are so many great managers around. Here's the list. Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images How could the World Cup winner be left out? Simply put, he just couldn't. Del Bosque's career is filled with success. He has won everything with Real Madrid (two La Liga titles, one Spanish Super Cup, two Champions Leagues, one Uefa Super Cup and one Intercontinenal Cup), except the Copa del Rey. Then he has led Spain to World Cup glory for the first time in their history. One might argue that he always had fantastic squads at his disposal, but in no way does that belittle his success. This amazing tactician has always managed to take the most out of his players, thus building an incredibly successful career. Winning percent throughout his career: 58.3 percent Guus Hiddink Mike Hewitt/Getty Images Guus Hiddink always takes success and excellent football everywhere he goes. At the club level, he had an incredible career at PSV, leading the club to six Dutch Leagues and a Champions League. He had short stays at Real Madrid and Chelsea, but in both cases managed to win a trophy. At the international level, he worked a miracle by leading South Korea to the semi-finals at the 2002 World Cup and, in 2006, he led Australia to the knockout stages, something that had never been achieved by the Australians before. He also did a great job with Russia, reaching the semi-finals of the Euro 2008. He is currently coaching Turkey and it's pretty much guaranteed that he will do a great job. Winning percentage: 57.7 percent Louis Van Gaal Alex Livesey/Getty Images Another manager who takes success everywhere he goes. Van Gaal has won four Dutch Leagues (three with Ajax, one with AZ), two Spanish Leagues with Barcelona and one Bundesliga with Bayern Munich. He has also won the Champions League with Ajax. To this day, he has won 19 trophies in his coaching career. Every club he coached won trophies. In 2009/2010, in his first season with Bayern Munich, he led the club to the domestic double and reached the final of the Champions League. There's no denying it: Van Gaal is a winner. Winning percentage: 61.7 percent Rafael Benitez Claudio Villa/Getty Images Some might not like Rafa, but his success is undeniable. With Valencia, he won two Spanish Leagues, beating the likes of Barcelona and Real Madrid. (Galaticos) Then, in Liverpool, he won the Champions League in his first season, by defying all odds and beating much stronger teams along the way. He then got to the final again in 2007 but couldn't win again. Since 1984, he is the only manager to bring European glory to the Reds. He was recently appointed as Inter Milan's manager and he'll finally have the chance to lead a star-filled team. If he manages to lead Inter to glory, he will have proved once and for all that he is one of the best managers in the world. Winning percentage: 54.3 percent Fabio Capello Michael Regan/Getty Images Fabio Capello is one of the most successful managers in the world. He started his coaching career in Milan (1991-1996), where he won four Leagues, three Italian Super Cups, a Champions League, a European Super Cup and an Italian Cup. He won almost everything and became an AC Milan coaching legend. He was two seasons in Real Madrid (1996-1997 and 2006-2007) and he won La Liga on both occasions. With Roma, he won an Italian League and a Super Cup and, with Juventus, He won two leagues (even if they were revoked later due to the Calciopoli scandal). To keep it short, he triumphed in every club he managed. He is now trying to lead England to international glory. With Capello at the helm, English fans have some reasons to dream, despite a disappointing World Cup. He has also a developed the (rather controversial) Capello Index, an on-line player rating system, marking the players' performances out of 100. Winning percentage: 56.9 percent Carlo Ancelotti Getty Images for Chelsea FC/Getty Images Carlo Ancelotti's career as a manager started in Reggiana and Parma. He showed great promise and he was hired by Juventus in 1999. In Juventus, however, he failed to win major trophies (1999-2001). Still, Milan decided to hire his services. And they didn't regret; with Milan, Ancelotti won one Serie A, one Italian Cup, one Italian Super Cup, two Champions League titles, two Uefa Super Cups, and one Fifa Club World Cup. He parted ways with the Italians giants in 2009 but he is still a hero in the Giuseppe Meazza stadium, since he is one of the most successful managers (and players) of AC Milan's history. He was then appointed as Chelsea's manager. In his first season, he won the domestic double. With the amazing squad he has at his disposal and his immense tactical knowledge, Ancelotti will certainly keep winning trophies in London. He is famous, not only for his success, but for his midfield diamond formation. Winning percentage: 55.6 percent Giovanni Trapattoni Ian Walton/Getty Images Trapatonni is the most successful club coach in Italian history and also the only manager in the world to have won all Uefa club competitions plus the Intercontinental Cup. He has won the Serie A on seven occasions (six with Juventus and one with Inter). He also won the European Cup (now known as Champions League) once (with Juventus), the Uefa Cup three times, and the Cup Winners' Cup once. All in all, he has won 21 titles in four different countries (he is one of two managers who have won the national league on four different countries). More recently, he has turned Ireland into a force to be reckoned with and only Henry's hand stopped him from participating in the 2010 World Cup. Trapattoni is undoubtedly one of the best football coaches in history. Winning percentage: 52.8 percent José Mourinho Jasper Juinen/Getty Images José Mourinho is still a very young coach but he is already one of the most successful ones. He won the national league with Porto, Chelsea, and Inter and the Champions League with Porto and Inter. You might not like his defensive tactics, but his success is undeniable. If he manages to win the Spanish league with Real Madrid, he'll join Trapattoni as one of the managers who triumphed in four different leagues. And if he manages to win the Champions League, he will become the first coach ever to win the Champions League with three different clubs. Dethroning Barcelona will be his biggest challenge ever. Winning percentage: 67.1 percent Pep Guardiola Denis Doyle/Getty Images In his first season as a coach, Guardiola won more than most managers do during their entire careers. He took charge of a team in crisis and quickly imposed his ideas, leading Barcelona to six trophies in 2009, something that no club had ever managed before. Better yet, he did so with some of the most beautiful football the world has ever seen. When a manager wins everything there is to win in his first season as a professional coach, one can't doubt his ability. If Guardiola keeps like this, he risks becoming the most successful manager in football history. In two years as a coach, he has already won eight trophies. Beating José Mourinho, now coaching Real Madrid, will be his biggest challenge to date. Winning percentage: 71.8 percent Sir Alex Ferguson Alex Livesey/Getty Images Arguably the most successful manager in football history. He has won 46 titles during his career and 35 in his 24 years with Manchester United. He has won everything there is to win in club football, as well as numerous individual accolades. When he got to Manchester United, Liverpool was by far the most successful club in England (18-7 in league titles). 24 years later, Manchester has tied 18-18 in league titles with Liverpool and is already the most successful club in England overall, all thanks to Sir Alex Ferguson's work. Alex Ferguson always managed to rebuild his squad in an amazing way and he never stopped winning trophies. This season, Manchester United is once again a contender in every competition. Sir Alex Ferguson is considered by many as the best manager in football history. Winning percentage: 57.5 percent	Fabio Capello
Who became chief editor of Cosmopolitan magazine in 1965?	World Cup 2014 coaches and managers - Telegraph World Cup World Cup 2014 coaches and managers A complete run-down of every manager and coach at World Cup 2014 in Brazil and how much they are being paid Weight of a nation: Luiz Felipe Scolari will be looking to win World Cup on home soil Photo: AFP By Hugo Greenhalgh 9:43AM BST 11 Jun 2014 GROUP A Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari, 65, Brazilian In his second spell as Brazil manager after winning the World Cup with them in 2002. 'Big Phil' will be looking to build on the success of last year's Confederations Cup triumph. Famously gave his players copies of 'The Art of War' in 2002. Salary: £2,367,500 Cameroon Volke Finke, 66, German Managed Freiburg for 16 years between 1991 and 2007, where Finke got them promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time in their history. This is his first international appointment. Salary: £235,000 Croatia Niko Kovac, 42, Croatian Only appointed last October, after Igor Stimac was sacked for a disappointing qualifying campaign. Kovac was previously U21 manager and as a player appeared in three World Cups and captained Croatia in 2006. Salary: £161,875 Mexico Miguel Herrera, 46 , Mexican Became interim manager for Mexico's play-off tie against New Zealand last October and was offered the job permanently after their 9-3 aggregate victory. A former Mexican international, Herrara stands at 5ft 6in and was known as El Piojo ('the Louse') in his playing days. Salary: £125,000 Australia Ange Postecoglou, 48, Australian Highly regarded in Australia for his work with the national youth sides. Replaced Holger Osieck as head coach in October 2013 after Australia suffered back-to-back 6-0 defeats to France and Brazil. Won three trophies while he was Brisbane Roar manager between 2009 and 2012. Salary: £831,250 Chile Jorge Sampaoli, 54, Argentine A self-confessed disciple of Marcelo Bielsa, Sampaoli cut his teeth in club management in South America where he helped to make Universidad de Chile one of the best sides on the continent. His Chile team play attacking, energetic football which he believes can get them out of a group which includes Spain and Holland. Salary: £1,057,500 Holland Louis van Gaal, 62, Dutch Undoubtedly one of the finest managers in world football, Van Gaal will be under pressure to impress ahead of his appointment as Manchester United manager. An astute tactician and advocate of 'total football', he has named a young squad for the tournament. Van Gaal is a fiery character and this Dutch side, built in his own image, are sure to be good entertainment at this World Cup. Salary: £1,631,250 Spain Vicente del Bosque, 63, Brazil The quiet Salamancan is the only manager to have won the Champions League, the European Championship and the World Cup. Del Bosque will be hoping his Spain side can match the feat of Italy and Brazil in winning consecutive titles. Has only lost eight times in his 85 game spell as Spain manager. Salary: £2,017,500 Colombia Jose Pekerman, 64, Argentine Became coach in 2012 and led Colombia to their first World Cup in 16 years. Managed Argentina in the 2006 World Cup, where they were knocked out by Germany in the quarter-finals on penalties. Pekerman experimented a lot during qualifying but a great deal still rests on the fitness of Radamel Falcao. Salary: £1,000,000 Ivory Coast Sabri Lamouchi, 42, French Something of a surprise appointment, this is Lamouchi's first senior coaching role. As a player he won titles with Auxerre and Monaco, earning 12 French caps in the process. After getting knocked out in the quarters at last year's Africa Cup of Nations, this is surely the last chance for Ivory Coast's 'Golden Generation' to make an impact at a major tournament. Salary: £618,125 Greece Fernando Santos, 59, Portuguese Santos is now in his fourth year in charge at Greece, where he has also managed top clubs AEK Athens, Panathinaikos and PAOK. His broad knowledge of Greek football has been a great asset for the national team. He will stand down after the World Cup. Salary: £515,000 Japan Alberto Zaccheroni, 61, Italian 'Zac' has 30 years of experience in football management and has helped to make Japan a respected international side. His squad contains a good blend of domestic and overseas players, who have a good chacnce to qualify from the group. He won the Asian Cup in 2011. Salary: £1,625,000 Costa Rica Jorge Luis Pinto, 61, Colombian The Colombian is in his second spell in charge of Costa Rica. He has been a manager for nearly 30 years and spent time in England during the 1980s shadowing non-league coaches, including current Luton manager John Still. Pinto is the uncle of legendary Costa Rican striker Paulo Wanchope. Salary: £262,500 England Roy Hodgson, 66, English Twenty years on from guiding Switzerland to the last 16 in 1994, Hodgson is back at a World Cup. After an unremarkable Euro 2012, England finished qualifying strongly and his 23-man squad is younger than many expected. Hodgson should also benefit from the relatively low expectations going into this tournament. Salary: £3,500,000 Italy Cesare Prandelli, 56, Italy Italy have come on leaps and bounds under Prandelli, following their group stage exit in the 2010 World Cup. The former Juventus midfielder took Italy to the final of Euro 2012 where they lost to Spain. The current 30-man squad is a mix of youth and experience. Recently signed a two-year contract extension that will take him through to Euro 2016. Salary: ££2,575,000 Uruguay Óscar Tabárez, 67, Uruguayan The long-serving manager has been at the helm since 2006 and has achieved plenty of success in that time. Uruguay finished fourth in the 2010 World Cup and won the Copa America in 2011. At 67, Tabarez is the oldest manager at the World Cup. Salary: £750,000 Ecuador Reinaldo Rueda, 57, Colombian Rose to prominence for his work as Colombian Youth Coach, Rueda has previous international experience with Colombia and Honduras. Guided Ecuador to automatic promotion, ahead of Uruguay. Cannot afford to have a slow start, as Honduras did in 2010. Salary: £337,500 France Didier Deschamps, 45, French Took over from Laurent Blanc in 2012 after managing at Monaco, Juventus and Marseille. As a player, he captained France as they won the World Cup in 1998 and the Euros in 2000. Has brought a renewed optimism since the debacle under Raymond Domenech in South Africa, 2010. Salary: £1,287,500 Honduras Luis Fernando Suárez, 54, Colombian Suarez was Ecuador manager when they narrowly lost 1-0 to England in the last 16 at the 2006 World Cup. His Honduras side raised a few eyebrows by beating the USA and Mexico in qualifying. Salary: £375,000 Switzerland Ottmar Hitzfeld, 65, German Hitzfeld's Switzerland were unbeaten during qualifying. Enjoyed enormous success in his native Germany, winning seven Bundesliga titles and two Champions Leagues during spells at Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich. He will retire after the World Cup after six years in the job. Salary: £2,231,250 Argentina Alejandro Sabella, 59, Argentine A former Argentinian international, he had a three year spell in England at Sheffield United and Leeds. Took over in 2011 and topped the CONMEBOL qualifying group. Has set his sights on reaching at least the semi-finals. Salary: £487,500 Bosnia and Herzegovina Safet Susic, 59, Bosnian Susic has spent most of his coaching career in Turkey and guided Bosnia to their highest ever FIFA ranking of 13th prolific striker for PSG during the 1980s, considered by some to be their greatest ever player. Salary: £210,000 Iran Carlos Queiroz, 61, Portuguese Best remembered as Sir Alex Ferguson's assistant at Manchester United, this will be Quieroz's third World Cup after taking South Africa there in 2002 and Portugal in 2010. His Iran side topped the group in qualifying. Edu, the former Arsenal midfielder, will be his assistant in Brazil. Salary: £1,250,000 Nigeria Stephen Keshi, 52, Nigerian Keshi managed Togo to the 2006 World Cup. His Nigeria side were victorious in last year's Africa Cup of Nations. A popular figure, he was named African Coach of the Year for 2013. Salary: £233,750 Germany Joachim Löw, 54, German Burst onto the international scene as Jurgen Klinsmann's assistant in 2004 and became head coach two years later. Has overseen a rejuvenated German side, although there have been no trophies to go with this achievement. Has the best win percentage of any Germany manager with 67 per cent. Salary: £2,146,250 Ghana James Kwesi Appiah, 53, Ghanaian Handed the job after coaching Ghana's U-23s, Appiah is a former Ghanaian international who played in the side that won the 1982 Africa Cup of Nations. Nicknamed ‘the Silent Killer', he will have his work cut out to qualify from the ‘Group of Death'. Salary: £150,000 Portugal Paulo Bento, 44, Portuguese After reaching the semis at Euro 2012, Bento's Portugal finished second in qualifying and had to defeat Sweden in the playoffs. The youngest manager at the World Cup, he was a team mate or coach at Sporting with seven members of his squad including his captain Cristiano Ronaldo. Salary: £1,287,000 USA Jurgen Klinsmann, 49, German Appointed in 2011, Klinsmann has attempted to overhaul this USA side. This led to the surprise omission of Landon Donovan from his final 23-man squad. Klinsmann was a key member of the West Germany side that won the 1990 World Cup. Salary: £1,562,000 Algeria Vahid Halilhodžić, 61, Bosnian Halilhodžić has led Algeria to their first World Cup in 24 years. Spent most of his playing career in France and earned 15 Yugoslav caps. Has since managed in a number of French-speaking countries and was Ivory Coast coach at the last World Cup. Salary: £600,000 Belgium Marc Wilmots, 45, Belgian With 5 goals, he is Belgium's all-time top scorer at the World Cup but will be hoping one of his talented players can surpass that. Wilmots has worked closely with this promising generation for some time and was Belgium's assistant manager between 2009 and 2012. Salary: £515,000 Russia Fabio Capello, 67, Italian After a disappointing 2010 World Cup in charge of England, Capello will be looking for a good showing from his Russia side who topped the group in qualifying. This is their first World Cup appearance in 12 years. Former Italian international Christian Panucci is his assistant coach. Out of all the managers and coaches in Brazil Capello is the highest earner. Salary: £6,693,750 South Korea Hong Myung-bo, 45 Korean Myung-bo captained South Korea at the 2002 World Cup, where he was named one of the players of the tournament. Having coached the U-20 and U-23 sides, he was an obvious appointment as head coach. Learnt under Guus Hiddink during a brief spell as his assistant at Anzhi Makhachkala. Salary: £473,750	i don't know
Which is the USA’s Hawkeye State?	The State of Iowa - An Introduction to the Hawkeye State from NETSTATE.COM The State of Iowa Iowa State Capitol, Des Moines Welcome to Iowa, the Hawkeye State. With its fertile, rolling prairies, Iowa is one of the foremost farming states in the United States. One fifth of the nation's corn harvest is produced in Iowa. Wet springs combined with warm summers create a favorable environment for plantings of corn and soybeans in the state's top-grade farmland. Although agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, Iowa has also encouraged the growth of manufacturing and service industries. If you are going to have large farms, you might as well ensure that you have the right equipment to work those farms, and in that spirit Iowa produced the first gasoline-powered tractor in 1892 (John Froelich, Clayton County). Today, the state claims the largest tractor manufacturing plant in the U.S. THE STATE NAME: The state of Iowa, originally a territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi River, was named after the Iowa River. The Iowa River was named after the Iowa Indians who lived in the territory. The tribal name "Ayuxwa" was spelled by the French as "Ayoua" and by the English as "Ioway." "Ayuxwa" means "one who puts to sleep." James Fenimore Cooper The Hawkeye State This popular nickname for the state of Iowa is said to have come from the scout, Hawkeye, in James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans published in 1826. According to the Iowa State web site, "Two Iowa promoters from Burlington are believed to have popularized the name." The nickname was given approval by "territorial officials" in 1838, twelve years after the book was published and eight years before Iowa became a state. The two men responsible for the promotion of this nickname are thought to be Judge David Rorer of Burlington and the newspaper publisher, James G. Edwards of Fort Madison and, later, Burlington. Burlington had been established in 1833 after the Black Hawk War of 1832. Mr. Edwards changed the name of his Burlington newspaper, The Iowa Patriot , to The Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot in tribute to his friend Chief Black Hawk. Judge Rorer is said to have suggested "The Hawkeye State" after finding the name in The Last of the Mohicans while Mr. Edwards proposed the nickname "Hawk-eyes" in 1838 to "...rescue from oblivian [sic] a momento [sic], at least of the name of the old chief," Black Hawk. Marshall County, Iowa The Corn State This nickname pays tribute to Iowa's corn crop. Iowa leads the country in the production of corn. Iowa has also been called the "Land Where the Tall Corn Grows," in tribute. Land of the Rolling Prairie Iowa has been referred to as the "Land of the Rolling Prairie" because of the vast rolling prairies that covered the state. THE STATE QUARTER: United States Mint Image The Iowa quarter is the fourth of 2004, and the 29th in the 50 State Quarters® Program. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state to be admitted into the Union. The Iowa quarter design features a one-room schoolhouse with a teacher and students planting a tree, and the inscriptions "Foundation in Education" and "Grant Wood." The design is based on "Arbor Day," a painting by Grant Wood, who was born near Anamosa, Iowa. He spent his career as a proponent of small-town values, which he celebrated in the iconic images of small-town plain folk and verdant Midwestern vistas for which he is world-renowned. Iowans have had a commitment to education since the State's earliest days. When Iowa became a state in 1846, it already had a number of rural country schools in each of its counties. Iowa established its first high school in the 1850s, although high schools generally did not become widespread in the United States until after 1900. Private and public colleges also quickly took root in the new State. Although Iowa has long been a leader in agriculture, the State is unique in that it is the only one whose east and west borders are completely formed by rivers - the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. In May 2002, Governor Thomas J. Vilsack established the 16-member Iowa Quarter Commission, which worked with libraries, banks and credit unions to solicit ideas and concepts for the state quarter design. The Commission received nearly 2,000 submissions, which were narrowed to five candidate themes, including "American Gothic," "Foundation in Education," "Feeding the World," "Sullivan Brothers," and "Beautiful Land." In July 2003, the United States Mint forwarded five approved candidate designs to Governor Vilsack for final recommendation. Three designs were emblematic of the "Feeding the World" theme, and the other two represented the "Young Corn" and "Foundation in Education" concepts. Governor Vilsack chose the "Foundation in Education" design, which was approved by the Secretary of the Treasury on August 26, 2003. For more about the state commemorative quarters, visit this page . This 50 State Quarter Map is a great way to collect and display all 50 State Quarters. Sources... University of Missouri-Kansas City in the School of Education. 28 September 2002 <http://www.umkc.edu/imc/iowa.htm> Carpenter, Allan & Provorse, Carl. . Mahwah, N.J.: World Almanac Books (An Imprint of K-III Reference Corporation, A K-III Communications Company), 1996. The Hawk Eye Iowa (World Almanac Library of the States) , by Michael E. Martin. 48 pages. Gareth Stevens Publishing (August 2002) Reading level: Grades 4-6. Filled with the most up-to-date information, including the latest Census results. Full-color photos bring to life the story of Iowa. In addition to an in-depth factual profile of Iowa in the form of a state Almanac, this book offers fascinating and lively discussions of the state's history, people, geography, government, economy, culture, and lifestyles. A section on Notable People, a calendar of events, and enough primary source documents, time lines, maps, and other tools to make this unquestionably the best young adult reference material on the USA available anywhere. Iowa Past to Present: The People and the Prairie , by Dorothy Schwieder, Thomas Morain, and Lynn Nielsen. 99 pages. Publisher: University Of Iowa Press (January 1, 2003) Reading level: Grade 5. A textbook for fifth grade students which traces the history of Iowa from its earliest inhabitants to the coming of modern times.. A Good Day's Work: An Iowa Farm in the Great Depression , by Dwight W. Hoover. 256 pages. Publisher: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher (June 25, 2007) Despite beautiful landscapes and bountiful harvests, farming is hard work and always has been. The Great Depression in rural America, which began in the 1920s and lasted until World War II, made it still harder. At a time when tractors were replacing horses and the family farm was giving way to the large, single-crop enterprise, the struggle to survive and modernize in a period of economic scarcity was especially sharp. In A Good Day's Work , Dwight Hoover, who grew up on an Iowa farm in this era, recalls the events of day-to-day life on a single farm, offering detailed descriptions of daily work in each of the year's four seasons. A Good Day's Work is a fascinating if grim reminder of what it was like to be a child with adult responsibilities. Mr. Hoover's unusual memoir recalls the rough edges as well as the happy moments of rural life. It is an honest re-creation of a world that was vanishing.	Iowa
Which phrase used in English stems from the French meaning ‘already seen’?	THE HAWKEYE STATE – Our liberties we prize & our rights we will maintain. I’m in the Great Hall of the ISU Memorial Union right now, waiting on Colin Woodard to deliver a lecture on his book: American Nations – A History: Eleven Rival Cultures of North America. Starting now 8:10PM ISU students introducing Colin Woodard thank the Greenlee School of Journalism for hosting the ISU Lecture Series, & announce that the lecture is currently being aired on C-SPAN. Colin Woodard is an award winning journalist & author. The book the lecture is over has been described as exploding the Red v. Blue myth in America, & doing away with the façade of partisanship. Colin Woodard takes the stage: He goes on about how presidential candidates are supposed to say different things across the country, a country divided by The Civil War. Places like Iowa & Mississippi might as well be on different planets, right? We are no more a united nation than Europe, & most of our states are different than any two EU states are today; but we don’t talk about that. Regionalism in America is divided into physical boundaries, & in historic design. By following state boundaries you miss the true cultural fissures, which are historically based, & have existed through the centuries & cross state boundaries. Every Marylander knows the difference between the “Three Marylands”, every Texan knows the difference between the “Three Texases”. There’s upstate & downstate Illinois, the same with New York. Woodard quotes James Carville on Pennsylvania: “There’s Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, & Alabama in between.” State boundaries surely are missing something. Woodard says the men who fought the Revolution to unite us as a nation were not our true founders, they were the great-great-great-great grandchildren of our founders, & they were all very different men. All of the different regions of the original 13 colonies were founded by very different people with different cultures & consolidated their own cherished principles & values & remained rather isolated. Throughout the Colonial Republic, different regions saw one another as competitors, & sometimes enemies. Indeed nearly all the individual cultures considered leaving the Union, & many actually tried to do so (The Civil War). Woodard insists that North America is indeed divided into 11 very different nations. Note that a nation is an organization not based on government (that’s a state); but is an organization of cultural or ethnic background. The American Nations: The map of rival American nations. Not pictures: First Nation. Created by Colin Woodard, used to reference this lecture. Yankeedom, a culture founded in Massachusetts Bay, focused on helping human society, aggressive assimilation of outsiders. Prized education, community rather than individual empowerment, & broad citizen participation in government & public life. Modern North-East United States & Northern Midwest. Many areas of the Western Reserve were settled by companies & citizens of New England. New Netherland: Founded by the Dutch, at a time when the Netherlands was the most advanced society in the world. Global commercial trading culture. Freedom of inquiry & conscious. Multi-ethnic & diverse. A magnet for immigrants, & a standard of trade & finance. The Midlands: America’s great swing nation. Founded by the Quakers, who believed in inner light, & who welcomed people of many creeds. Pluralistic. Government has been seen as an unwelcome intrusion. Ethnic mosaic. Focused on the middle-class. Large German population. Rejected government intervention, but believed in community. Tidewater: Set up by English people, but not the same English as Yankeedom. Made by younger sons of English Gentry. Economic political & social affairs were run for & by aristocrats; however, in the context of the New World, they found large difficulty finding servants. Eventually they turned to indentured servitude, & finally to slavery. Conservative. Paid little attention to economic equality. More recently has been eaten away by the federal halos of Washington DC & Naval bases. Eastern Carolinas. Tidewater seems to be disappearing, & becoming the Midlands. Greater Appalachia: Founded in later 18th century, by wave upon wave of settlers of Ireland & Scotland (Scotts-Irish). Characterized with hillbillies & rednecks, warrior ethic, & personal sovereignty & individual liberty. Suspicious of lowland aristocrats & Yankee social engineers. Has been in alliance with the Deep South to override federal control, but during the Civil war, sided with the Union. Deep South: Democracy privilege of the few, peasantry duty of the many. Based off Antiquity. Racial caste systems have been deteriorating. El Norte: Oldest of American nations, New Mexico, Arizona, & Mexico. Spanish came North from the South where they colonized. Northern El Norte was so far from the center of Spanish control that it developed its own culture. Consists of American territory that was colonized by the Spanish. Work-centered. North Mexico. Revolutionary sentiment. Republic of the Rio Grande. Republic of Texas. 2nd generation nations, younger nations founded. Far West: One place where Woodard admits environment trumped ethnography. Area is so high & dry that it just stopped the “Eastern Nations” in their tracks. Colonized by railroads, miners, dams, heavy equipment & industry. Controlled often by distant corporations or federal government. Exploited land for external colony to the benefit of the rest of the nations. Anger has shifted back & forth throughout the centuries to these exploiters, from corporations to federal government. Shifts back & forth. American West, Canadian West, & Alaska. The Left Coast: Settled before the Far West, 19th Century, very thin, shaped like Chile. Modern California, Oregon, Washington, & west Canada. Colonized by Merchants, Missionaries, & others by sea, beyond South America past Tierra del Fuego & up through the Pacific. Other group came through the land, through the Far West, very hazardous. Native Tribes were still trying to defend their land from intruders – Fur Traders, Miners, Prospectors, & Farmers from Appalachia. American Missionary Society tried to convert this area into the new New England. “A new light for humanity”. Combines Yankee Utopianism with Appalachian self exploration & individuality. Staunch ally with Yankeedom in Modern Politics. Less American Areas: Spanish Caribbean: Cuba, Dominican Republic, & Southern Florida. New France: Combines French & indigenous qualities. Egalitarian. Very socially liberal. New Orleans & Quebec. Founded by Champlain. Supposed to be reproduction of feudal system of France, isn’t. First Nation: Indigenous nations of northern Canada. Land seemed useable & was left alone by colonists, & so indigenous people are now reclaiming this land & the Canadian Government has been recognizing this. Greenland is about to become autonomous nation-state, has 95% indigenous speaking population. Will become first nation in the Americas with this quality. — Iowa is the state most dominated by the “Midland” classification, almost fits entirely in that designation. Most other states are divided into 2 or 3 regions. — Woodard goes on to say how this regionalization is exploited in politics. Regions have strict divisions in voting patterns. Parties change over time, but regionalism & cultural divisions have been extremely constant. Things are changing. Southern Nations are no longer solid, cities have popped up, populated largely by Blacks & Hispanics. In 2008 almost 100% of areas in US went more Democratic than in 2004 EXCEPT the large area of Greater Appalachia. Barack Obama primaried worse here too in 2007 & 2008. Many Democrats in this area voted for anyone but Barack Obama in the 2008 & 2012 “primaries”. In 2012 GOP nominated Mitt Romney, a son of a Yankee Governor of Michigan, & himself was Governor of Yankee Massachusetts. Barack Obama spent his whole adult like in Yankeedom, in Chicago. By nominating a Yankee, the GOP did not have a massive gain. In 2012 Santorum represented Greater Appalachia, & Gingrich Deep South. Votes can be tagged down to county level as following this essential model in the 2012 GOP primaries. Blue Coalition: Yankeedom, New Netherland, Left Coast Red Coalition: Deep South, Greater Appalachia, Far West The real fight has been to bring in the swing regions: El Norte, Midlands, Tidewater, & the Spanish Caribbean. He describes historic supermajority regional coalitions. We do not have this today. Until we have a party ideology brings in one of these swing regions, the systemic gridlock will persist. George Bush wanted to pull in El Norte to the Red Coalition. But that did not work; due to many in the GOP having a very narrow ideology of what being an American is, “racism”. El Norte might actually flip Blue, due to demographic changes, namely increasing Hispanic population. Tidewater & Spanish Caribbean also seem to be going Blue. Some states in the Far West are heading Blue as well, Barack Obama lost Montana by 2 points. “Finding the Lost Region” attempt to reinvigorate interest in the history of the Midwest, Midwestern Studies, which has disappeared overtime. focus to bring back Midwestern identity. Geographically speaking what is the Midwest? Why has Midwest identity fallen off over time? Obviously, there are three competing cultures in the Midwest: Yankeedom, Appalachia, Midlands. Midwest is also split into three areas based on dialects, people speak differently in the North, Mid, & South Midwest. Dialect map Woodard referenced, made by Rick Aschmann, READ ABOUT IT Credit: Rick Aschmann The Midwest does exist, but as a federated entity. Woodard shows a map of religions spread across the USA, it maps his distinction of 11 separate nations beautifully. Will post after the lecture. — Q & A Man stands up & asks a questions. Microsoft employee, has moved across the country. All places he enjoyed are places that have similar cultures & are part of the Blue Coalition. Woodard responds: “People say how do original settlements detail cultures today? People move around! This must erode cultural differences!” But it doesn’t happen that way. Part of the reason, he says, is what the man said, that people move to areas that are culturally appealing to them. People move to where likeminded people are. Another man: References “What Happened to Kansas?” Why does it have three separate regions like Iowa? Woman: She feels that Iowa is half Yankeedom & half Appalachia. Wants to know how Woodard determines county nationality? Woodard: Counties have been stable & constant overtime. Easier to study on the East Coast since it’s older, harder in west because it’s younger & also more sparsely populated. Yankeedom took amazing records, involved in genealogy & ancestry. Residents of Yankeedom went along & kept histories of their own areas & small towns & families. Man: In Modern times people are becoming more ideologically condensed. Do you think that this form on condensing has caused secessionist sentiment in Texas? Woodard: That could play into the Zeitgeist; partly loyalty, politics, & regional identity are all syncing up. Man: Why did you not mention Florida? (Woodard didn’t mention it the entire lecture.) Woodard: Left out areas that weren’t really in America, most of Spanish Caribbean is in the Caribbean. Wasn’t included in the book, didn’t get that far. Doesn’t intersect with most of the American story. Like Hawaii, which is part of Greater Polynesia, & Newfoundland. Spanish Florida came not from the El Norte Spanish Empire, but from their Maritime outposts, based in Havana Cuba. Angry south Florida newspaper columnist said “Author says South Florida Not Part of US!” End lecture. Iowa GOP Have a Candidate in SD26, Held by Democrat Mary Jo Wilhelm Waylon Brown of St. Ansgar announced that he will be a Republican candidate to run against Democratic State Senator Mary Jo Wilhelm Senate District 26 in 2016. Brown is the Vice President of the Mitchell County Farm Bureau & was a candidate for Mayor of St. Ansgar in 2013. Brown & his wife are the parents of two 7 year old twins. He is a farmer, & owns a construction company. — Wilhelm is considered vulnerable in 2016. In the presidential election year of 2012 she won out against Merlin Bartz by only 126 votes. Democrats must hold her seat, right now they only hold a 26/24 advantage in the Iowa Senate. Share this: Senator Grassley Holding Judiciary Committee Field Hearing in Des Moines Next Week Chris Boden, associate counsel to Senator Chuck Grassley announced that the Senator will be holding a Judiciary Committee hearing in Des Moines next week. Grassley, current Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, is holding the field hearing in Des Moines on October 13. The hearing will discuss meth abuse. Here are the details: I just wanted to make you aware that Senator Grassley is holding a Senate Judiciary Committee Field Hearing on Tuesday October, 13th in Des Moines. Witnesses from Iowa dedicated to battling meth abuse will share their experiences and expertise at the hearing. The hearing is open to the public and the media. It would be great if you and students in your program could make it to the hearing. The details are below: WHAT: Senate Judiciary Committee field hearing titled “The New Era in the Fight Against Methamphetamine in Iowa WHEN: Tuesday, October 13, 2015 at 10:00 a.m. CST WHERE: Cowles-Kruidenier Auditorium of the State Historical Building, 600 East Locust Street, Des Moines, Iowa 50319 I can’t make it, but I’d like to read coverage afterwards if any reader is planning on attending. Share this: “Wage Inequality: Why it Matters & What to Do About It” by Dr. Heidi Shierholz \| ISU Lecture Series My notes from a lecture delivered by Dr. Heidi Shierholz, Chief Economist at the US Department of Labor. She is an alum from Iowa State. The lecture, Wage Inequality: Why It Matters & What to Do About It, was delivered on October 5th. Economics: The Science of Explaining Tomorrow Why the Predictions You Made Yesterday Didn’t Come True Today Dr. Shierholz mentions quotes from three different economists: 1: Robert Gordon “US Growth is going to slow down dramatically. There’s nothing we can do. Anything who doesn’t agree is an ostrich & can’t face reality.” “US GROWTH IS OVER.” 2: Eric Brynjolfsson “US is at a point of inflection towards faster technological change.” “Growth is not dead! The new machine age is digital, exponential, & combinatorial.” 3: Andrew McAfee “We won’t see a zero-labor economy, but we’re going to head into a labor-light economy. Of course, people like me have been saying some version of this for 200 years, but I think this time is different.” People have also been saying growth is dead for 200 years. On productivity: She mentions that economics are bad at predicting productivity growth; but, & I find this funny, productivity growth has been pretty constant since 1948. Increased 250% since then. About 2% per year on average. Dr. Shierholz predicts that productivity will continue at that rate. It’s useful to acknowledge change will always happen, to accept it, to adapt, & foster an economy that works for everyone. Productivity is 242% of what it was in 1978-1979. In that same time, 95th-99th yearly income has increased 61.9%, this percentile of income earners income has essentially traced productivity growth at around 2% a year, almost exactly the same growth. This is the only group to follow this trend. 90th-95th is a little less. Bottom 90% saw wage growth of 15.2%. Top 1% saw wage growth of 137.7%. SINCE 1979. Hourly compensation has dropped off, followed productivity until 1970, & then stopped. Currently at 110% of what it was, while productivity is 242%. This is the median number. Compensation measures both wages & employer provided benefits. Hourly wage also accounts for hourly wage of salaried workers. Salary / Hours worked. This gap in wages & productivity can be broken down to: decline in labor share, shift & decline in how much income in the economy is earned by workers in the form of wages & benefits, & an increase in owners of capital. Vast majority in that gap is extremely made up of an increase in inequality in income of workers & those earning predominantly capital gains. Dr. S says our economy has been working great for top 95-99th percentile & top 1st. But it is not working for bottom 90%. This is a policy failure, she says. & is the fault of our government. Since 1979, the hourly earnings of men went from $20/hr to $18.35/hr accounting for inflation. Women went from $12.50/hr to $15.21/hr. Women made many gains in the 80s & 90s, due to education & other factors, but women have not gained since 2001. Both are currently on a downward spiral. Due to de-unionization? 35% of American labor force has a college degree, & only 33% of those have seen an increase in wages. College educations are necessary but not sufficient to thrust you into the groups that are actually benefitting under the current economic model. Late 1990s is the ONE PERIOD in 1979-present era where you saw substantial wage growth for the average wage worker. Sustained compensation growth. The unemployment rate averaged 4.1%. That is the labor market it takes to see workers reaping gains. If labor market is slack, you don’t have any other options, your boss doesn’t have to pay good wages to keep you, slack hurts wage growth, tight labor market increases wage growth. Slack means high unemployment, tight means low unemployment. This is particularly important for Black workers, generally 1.8 times the average rate for all Americans. The one time it was below 1.8 times average in last 25 years, was late 90s. Since the 2009 recovery has maintained high unemployment rates, wages have gone down. In late 90s, low unemployment lead to massive increases, more for Blacks actually. US provides no paid sick days to employees. Employers are not required to give 1 paid sick day. Lowest 25% of income earners: only 31% get 1 paid sick day. Next 25, 66. Next 25 73%. Top 25, 84%. If you look at just restaurant workers, 75% do not get one paid sick day. Which means sick workers come to work & make your food. If women 25-54 had the same workforce participation as in peer countries, Canada, we’d have 5 million more workers in USA. Median income traced productivity increases, until late 70s. Since 1948, has increased 137%, productivity has increased 240%. Gap is smaller than individual wages. This is due to women’s increased labor force participation. The increase in their labor force had a positive effect, moved towards gender equality, but doesn’t mean a clear win for the middle class. Families work more. Not because they’re actually gaining from the productivity growth. POVERTY: Poverty was at steady decline prior to the 1970s as the GDP rate grew. GDP continued to grow, but poverty rate levelled off around 14.5% & has maintained that rate ever since. Share of income in the bottom 20%, & where does it come from. 9% from cash transfers like Welfare. 20% come from in-kind benefits like SNAP & Medicaid. More than 2/3 come from wages & employer benefits. From 1983-2013, what share of growth in net worth went to different income distributions: Bottom 60%, in this period, saw net worth drop. Where is it going? Top 5%, gained around 75% of all net worth gain, with 40% going straight to the top 1%. Poor people need higher income to build up assets. When you think about the decisions that are important in people’s lives: medical, legal, financial. Doctors & lawyers are legally required to act in your best interests, most people believe financial advisers are also required to act in your best interest: they are NOT. Leave a job with 401K, to go to a new job. Financial adviser might know that best thing to do is best thing to do is leave it with other employer, or part it indexes fund & not withdraw it, but that the Adviser’s personal interest is to actively manage it to gain compensation. Billions of dollars are wasted by investors acting in this “conflict of interest” situation. Obama Administration has proposed laws forbidding this behavior. Useful way to think about economic inequality is to think of it hand in hand with economic mobility. A lot of inequality, & low mobility, is hereditary poverty. US has a lot less mobility than the myth suggests. People whose parents were in the bottom 20%, 2/3 ended up in bottom 40%. 18% ended up in top 40%. Denmark, ratio is 47.3%, 33.3%. “Isn’t there something genetic? Isn’t there a genetic endowment to hereditary poverty?” No. Adopted children have same tendency & the same data. Strengthen labor market standards: -Increase the minimum wage. Federal wage is extremely low in historical standards. When Fed fails to act, states & localities tend to act. 29 states have higher minimum wage. When you increase this wage, you see increases in lowest earners, but also people just above that because employers like to maintain wage ladders. -increase threshold below which workers can’t be denied overtime. Fair Labor Standards Act 1938. Workers are supposed to get time & a half over 40 hours. Exemption was designed for high-level managers with savvy & leeway. What happens when we set standards like that, as inflation happens, the purchasing power of wage levels erodes. The threshold where you cannot be denied overtime pay is 24,000 a year. You can be under the poverty level for a family of 4, & be denied overtime pay since you are perceived under the law to have enough bargaining power to not need it. -provide earned sick leave & paid family & medical leave. -address just in time scheduling practices. Inequality in job conditions? Low end of labor market, rise of “just in time” scheduling. Employer can call you when they need you. Make you come in, work, send you home after an hour. States & localities are looking at how to address these practices. Compensation for workers scheduled for longer times that are cut? States & localities experimenting with requiring employers to provide schedules 2 weeks in advance, & if schedule is changed they must compensate employee. Requiring workers to compensate for an hour of pay for split shifts. -Ban the box. Growing number of States & Localities outlaw this. Employers can ask criminal history on initial applications, throwing out any past criminals. Major reason people with criminal history have much lower employment & much lower wages. Effects Black males much more. Ban the check box on initial application that requires disclosure of criminal history. Does NOT force someone to hire a killer, simply requires you to give them a chance. Research shows someone convicted at age 18, by 25 they are at the same risk of criminal offense as anyone else. Just means you have to give people a chance. This increases employment of ex-cons, gives them a chance at a decent life, & reduces recidivism. -Strengthen enforcement of existing standards. -Strengthen unionization & worker voice. Unions deliver real economic gains to the Middle Class. About 1/3 of wage loss for Men can be attributed to the decline of unionization. -Tighten the labor market. Transportation & infrastructure investment? You build bridges, build roads, deal with congestion, gets construction & manufacturing jobs into the economy, & has a ripple effect. Used to be a totally bipartisan issue. Q & A Inequality between countries has increased inequality in America? If two countries trade, both are better off, by focusing on things both country is better at & more productive with. When US trades with other poorer countries, we expose our workers to competition from across the globe. Low prison wages hurting wages outside of prison? Whenever you have workers being paid wages below the prevailing wage, then that hurts bargaining power of anyone working similar labor for a higher wage. Look into this. Single-payer health insurance? Maximum wage? We used to have effective maximum wage. 91% top tax bracket essentially meant that you could not make much more money once you met the top tax bracket. This also stops massive increases to CEO pay because it will just go to the government. Inspires increases in wages to lower wage workers. Dramatic increase in what CEOs make, makes it more socially acceptable. We have become desensitized to how rich these people are. Why does the rest of the world have to worry about the economies of Africa, China, & Greece? Spillovers. How much do economies in other countries effect the US economy? We’ve seen domestically, slowing in employment growth. Regardless of education; why does race effect the jobs you will be afforded on the job market? Racial discrimination in the US labor market. Audit studies; sending out identical resumes, with White sounding names & Black sounding names, to test racial disparity. Evidence that people incorporate race in their hiring decisions. Why have 1% seen such high gains? Erosion of labor standards. Decline of unionization. Decline of minimum wage. Higher unemployment. Declining top tax rates Share this: “Pioneers! Oh Pioneers!” (1865) is a poem written by the 19th century American poet Walt Whitman. Interesting facts about Whitman & his connection to Iowa, found here : On 1 January 1865 Whitman was hired as a clerk at the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a governmental agency within the Department of Interior. Six months later, the newly appointed Secretary of Interior, James Harlan, a former Methodist minister and senator from Iowa, fired Whitman upon discovering he was the author of Leaves of Grass, a book Harlan knew by reputation as immoral and pornographic. The incident caused considerable stir within the administration as prominent supporters of Whitman came to his defense, eventually securing him a position in the Attorney General’s Office. James Harlan was a Whig, Free Soil, & later Republican Senator from Iowa. He was also during the mentioned period, the Secretary of the Interior under Andrew Johnson. The poem was written during the period of Manifest Destiny& Westward Expansion. In that regard, the “pioneers” Whitman describes as aren’t exactly the same as those pioneers that settled the Iowa Territory (like my ancestor, William Ingle) & later the State of Iowa. These pioneers are cut from the same cloth, some years later. The poem: Follow well in order, get your weapons ready, Have you your pistols? have you your sharp-edged axes? Pioneers! O pioneers! For we cannot tarry here, We must march my darlings, we must bear the brunt of danger, We the youthful sinewy races, all the rest on us depend, Pioneers! O pioneers! O you youths, Western youths, So impatient, full of action, full of manly pride and friendship, Plain I see you Western youths, see you tramping with the foremost, Pioneers! O pioneers! Have the elder races halted? Do they droop and end their lesson, wearied over there beyond the seas? We take up the task eternal, and the burden and the lesson, Pioneers! O pioneers! All the past we leave behind, We debouch upon a newer mightier world, varied world, Fresh and strong the world we seize, world of labor and the march, Pioneers! O pioneers! Down the edges, through the passes, up the mountains steep, Conquering, holding, daring, venturing as we go the unknown ways, Pioneers! O pioneers! We the rivers stemming, vexing we and piercing deep the mines within, We the surface broad surveying, we the virgin soil upheaving, Pioneers! O pioneers! From the peaks gigantic, from the great sierras and the high plateaus, From the mine and from the gully, from the hunting trail we come, Pioneers! O pioneers! Central inland race are we, from Missouri, with the continental blood intervein’d, All the hands of comrades clasping, all the Southern, all the Northern, Pioneers! O pioneers! O beloved race in all! O my breast aches with tender love for all! O I mourn and yet exult, I am rapt with love for all, Pioneers! O pioneers! Raise the mighty mother mistress, Waving high the delicate mistress, over all the starry mistress, (bend your heads all,) Raise the fang’d and warlike mistress, stern, impassive, weapon’d mistress, Pioneers! O pioneers! See my children, resolute children, By those swarms upon our rear we must never yield or falter, Ages back in ghostly millions frowning there behind us urging, Pioneers! O pioneers! On and on the compact ranks, With accessions ever waiting, with the places of the dead quickly fill’d, Through the battle, through defeat, moving yet and never stopping, Pioneers! O pioneers! O to die advancing on! Are there some of us to droop and die? has the hour come? Then upon the march we fittest die, soon and sure the gap is fill’d. Pioneers! O pioneers! All the pulses of the world, Falling in they beat for us, with the Western movement beat, Holding single or together, steady moving to the front, all for us, Pioneers! O pioneers! Life’s involv’d and varied pageants, All the forms and shows, all the workmen at their work, All the seamen and the landsmen, all the masters with their slaves, Pioneers! O pioneers! All the hapless silent lovers, All the prisoners in the prisons, all the righteous and the wicked, All the joyous, all the sorrowing, all the living, all the dying, Pioneers! O pioneers! I too with my soul and body, We, a curious trio, picking, wandering on our way, Through these shores amid the shadows, with the apparitions pressing, Pioneers! O pioneers! Lo, the darting bowling orb! Lo, the brother orbs around, all the clustering suns and planets, All the dazzling days, all the mystic nights with dreams, Pioneers! O pioneers! These are of us, they are with us, All for primal needed work, while the followers there in embryo wait behind, We to-day’s procession heading, we the route for travel clearing, Pioneers! O pioneers! O you daughters of the West! O you young and elder daughters! O you mothers and you wives! Never must you be divided, in our ranks you move united, Pioneers! O pioneers! Minstrels latent on the prairies! (Shrouded bards of other lands, you may rest, you have done your work,) Soon I hear you coming warbling, soon you rise and tramp amid us, Pioneers! O pioneers! Not the cushion and the slipper, not the peaceful and the studious, Not the riches safe and palling, not for us the tame enjoyment, Pioneers! O pioneers! Do the feasters gluttonous feast? Do the corpulent sleepers sleep? have they lock’d and bolted doors? Still be ours the diet hard, and the blanket on the ground, Pioneers! O pioneers! Was the road of late so toilsome? did we stop discouraged nodding on our way? Yet a passing hour I yield you in your tracks to pause oblivious, Pioneers! O pioneers! Till with sound of trumpet, Far, far off the daybreak call—hark! how loud and clear I hear it wind, Swift! to the head of the army!–swift! spring to your places, Pioneers! O pioneers! Governor Branstad Vetoed $56M in Education Funding to Provide $37M Corporation Tax Break I spent most of my winter, all of my spring & a bit of my summer working at the Iowa Capitol Building in the Legislative Services Agency. The Iowa General Assembly’s sessions are supposed to adjourn in the spring, & are scheduled to end sometime in May; but that didn’t happen this year. A very fun day at the Capitol Building. Instead the House & Senate Democrats fought tooth & nail with the Iowa GOP well into July over education funding. Democrats proposed an increase of 4% in education funding to make up for losses in the past. That was rejected. Democrats proposed to meet Republicans in the middle, with a 2% increase in funding. Rejected. Finally, Democrats dropped the number down to a 1.25% increase. The GOP reluctantly agreed. Compromise? In addition to the 1.25% education funding increase there was a one-time allocation of $55,700,000 that was to provide for things like promised annual wages to teachers, & funds for school supplies so that teachers wouldn’t have to spend upwards of $1,000 on supplies for their classes. This $55.7M in education funding was vetoed, in a surprise move by Governor Terry Branstad this July. “I’m very disappointed, but not surprised, it follows the pattern that we’ve been experiencing in this legislative session. It gives us an even bigger deficit to cover.” Des Moines Public Schools Superintendent Tom Ahart Superintendent Ahart claims the schools weren’t surprised; but as previously stated the public schools had promised teachers 3% raises, & that is impossible to make on an already tight budget, when the Legislature only allocated an additional 1.25%. As State Senator Joe Bolkcom put it: “The agenda for the October 13 meeting of the Administrative Rules Review Committee reveals that the Branstad-Reynolds Administration is proposing a rule change to exempt consumable supplies used in manufacturing from the Iowa sales tax. If the Branstad-Reynolds Administration does not withdraw this rule, it will take effect on January 1, 2016, even though this $37 million annual tax cut has never been approved by the Iowa Legislature.” To sum that up: Branstad is unilaterally issuing a $37,000,000 tax break to corporations that have been lobbying him for who knows how long. This is an on-going tax break, & it was flat-out rejected by the Legislature. Senator Bolkcom went on to further state: “I believe it is illegal for the Branstad Administration to use the rule making process to create a massive corporate tax giveaway without approval by the Legislature. “I believe such a substantial change in tax policy must first be approved by the Legislature. Two years ago, the Branstad-Reynolds Administration agreed with me. That’s why the Administration drafted SSB 1242 in 2013 for the consideration of the Senate Ways and Means Committee. It failed to advance out of committee. It is outrageous that after acknowledging two years ago that this change required legislative action, the Governor and Lt. Governor are now attempting to get it done by bypassing the 150 members of the House and Senate. “Governor Branstad is skilled at getting what he wants. Unfortunately, what he wants is to give millions to large corporations and pay for it by vetoing investments in education.” This situation is eerily similar to what happened in Wisconsin earlier this year, where Governor Scott Walker’s budget slashed $250,000,000 from public education & gave $250,000,000 to the Milwaukee Bucks to build their new stadium. How much power does the Governor have? UPDATE 10/07 8:07PM The Des Moines Register reported today that the Iowa Department of Revenue found in there analysis that the actual tax break being issued will actually measure more than the estimated $37, & will likely be more around the $46M range. The Iowa Department of Revenue found in its analysis that the proposed changes would reduce the sales and use tax burden for manufacturers by up to $40 million annually and would also reduce their local option sales tax burden by up to $6 million annually between 2017 and 2020. Share this: FREE Online Iowa Presidential Caucus College Course Dr. Steffen Schmidt, University Professor of Political Science at Iowa State University is instructing a FREE online course on the Iowa Presidential Caucuses. This class is entirely free, online, & starts on OCTOBER 13. College credit is not given, but graduates can be rewarded with a certificate of completion. The website for the MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) is here: CLICK! Here’s the info from the website: About the Iowa Presidential Caucuses It happens every four years. Iowa voters meet in churches, schools, even living rooms, to be part of the first-in-the-nation stop for US presidential hopefuls. The Iowa Caucuses have helped launch and end the aspirations of many candidates. This initial test in the presidential selection process will be the focus of a new massive open online course (MOOC) at Iowa State University, the Iowa Presidential Caucuses. It’s Free! The Iowa Presidential Caucuses MOOC is open to all free of charge. Self-paced sessions, beginning in September 2015, leading up to the Iowa Caucuses in early 2016: Sep 1 – Sep 29 Role of Media and Technology Future of Caucuses Credit & Participation Participants will not earn college credit, but will receive a Certificate of Participation. The course includes videos, readings, practice quizzes and interactive discussion forums. The course material will be accessible after the sessions are over, excluding the discussion forums. Sounds pretty cool. Those wanting to participate should head over to their website, http://www.iowacaucusesmooc.org , & enroll! Dr. Steffen W. Schmidt is a University Professor of political science at Iowa State University. He grew up in Colombia, South America and has studied in Switzerland and France. Dr. Schmidt obtained his Ph.D. from Columbia University, New York, in public law and government. He has published six books and over 70 articles in scholarly journals, and is the recipient of numerous prestigious teaching prizes, including the Amoco Award for Lifetime Career Achievement in Teaching and the Teacher of the Year Award. Share this:	i don't know
Which poet wrote The Pied Piper of Hamelin?	The Pied Piper of Hamelin - Poems \| Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up Pirate Story by Robert Louis Stevenson Travel by Robert Louis Stevenson Loneliness by Trumbull Stickney read this poet's poems Robert Browning was born on May 7, 1812, in Camberwell, England. His mother was an accomplished pianist and a devout evangelical Christian. His father, who worked as a bank clerk, was also an artist, scholar, antiquarian, and collector of books and pictures. His rare book collection of more than 6,000 volumes included works in Greek, Hebrew, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish. Much of Browning's education came from his well-read father. It is believed that he was already proficient at reading and writing by the age of five. A bright and anxious student, Browning learned Latin, Greek, and French by the time he was fourteen. From fourteen to sixteen he was educated at home, attended to by various tutors in music, drawing, dancing, and horsemanship. At the age of twelve he wrote a volume of Byronic verse entitled Incondita, which his parents attempted, unsuccessfully, to have published. In 1825, a cousin gave Browning a collection of Percy Bysshe Shelley ’s poetry; Browning was so taken with the book that he asked for the rest of Shelley's works for his thirteenth birthday, and declared himself a vegetarian and an atheist in emulation of the poet. Despite this early passion, he apparently wrote no poems between the ages of thirteen and twenty. In 1828, Browning enrolled at the University of London, but he soon left, anxious to read and learn at his own pace. The random nature of his education later surfaced in his writing, leading to criticism of his poems' obscurities. In 1833, Browning anonymously published his first major published work, Pauline, and in 1840 he published Sordello, which was widely regarded as a failure. He also tried his hand at drama, but his plays, including Strafford, which ran for five nights in 1837, and the Bells and Pomegranates series, were for the most part unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the techniques he developed through his dramatic monologues—especially his use of diction, rhythm, and symbol—are regarded as his most important contribution to poetry, influencing such major poets of the twentieth century as Ezra Pound , T. S. Eliot , and Robert Frost . After reading Elizabeth Barrett’ s Poems (1844) and corresponding with her for a few months, Browning met her in 1845. They were married in 1846, against the wishes of Barrett's father. The couple moved to Pisa and then Florence, where they continued to write. They had a son, Robert "Pen" Browning, in 1849, the same year his Collected Poems was published. Elizabeth inspired Robert's collection of poems Men and Women (1855), which he dedicated to her. Now regarded as one of Browning's best works, the book was received with little notice at the time; its author was then primarily known as Elizabeth Barrett's husband. Elizabeth Barrett Browning died in 1861, and Robert and Pen Browning soon moved to London. Browning went on to publish Dramatis Personae (1864), and The Ring and the Book (1868–1869). The latter, based on a seventeenth-century Italian murder trial, received wide critical acclaim, finally earning a twilight of reknown and respect in Browning's career. The Browning Society was founded while he still lived, in 1881, and he was awarded honorary degrees by Oxford University in 1882 and the University of Edinburgh in 1884. Robert Browning died on the same day that his final volume of verse, Asolando: Fancies and Facts, was published, in 1889. A Selected Bibliography Asolando: Fancies and Facts (1889) Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day (1850) Complete Poetic and Dramatic Works of Robert Browning (1895) Dramatic Idyls (1879) Dramatic Idyls: Second Series (1880) Ferishtah's Fancies (1884) La Saisiaz, and The Two Poets of Croisicv (1878) Men and Women (1855) New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1914) Pacchiarotto and How He Worked in Distemper, with Other Poems (1876) Paracelsus (1835) Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day (1887) Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession (1833) Red Cotton Night-Cap Country; or, Turf and Towers (1873) Robert Browning: The Poems (1981) Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book (1971) Sordell (1840) The Brownings to the Tennysons (1971) The Complete Works of Robert Browning (1898) The Inn Album (1875) The Poetical Works of Robert Browning (1868) The Ring and the Book (1868-1869) The Works of Robert Browning (1912) Two Poems (1854) Browning to His American Friends (1965) Dearest Isa: Browning's Letters to Isa Blagden (1951) Learned Lady: Letters from Robert Browning to Mrs. Thomas FitzGerald 1876-1889 (1966) Letters of Robert Browning Collected by Thomas J. Wise (1933) New Letters of Robert Browning (1950) Robert Browning and Julia Wedgwood: A Broken Friendship as Revealed in Their Letters (1937) The Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett, 1845-1846 (1969) Thomas Jones, The Divine Order: Sermons (1884) Anthology The Agamemnon of Aeschylus (1877) Drama Aristophanes' Apology (1875) Balaustion's Adventure, Including a Transcript from Euripides (1871) Bells and Pomegranates, No. IV - The Return of the Druses: A Tragedy in Five Acts (1943) Bells and Pomegranates. No. I - Pippa Passes (1841) Bells and Pomegranates. No. II - King Victor and King Charles (1842) Bells and Pomegranates. No. III - Dramatic Lyrics (1842) Bells and Pomegranates. No. V - A Blot in the 'Scutcheon: A Tragedy in Five Acts (1843) Bells and Pomegranates. No. V - Colombe's Birthday: A Play in Five Acts (1844) Bells and Pomegranates. No. VII - Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845) Bells and Pomegranates. No. VIII - and Last, Luria; and A Soul's Tragedy (1846) Dramatis Personae (1864) Fifine at the Fair (1872) Poems: A New Edition (1849) Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society (1871) Strafford: An Historical Tragedy (1837) Robert Browning , 1812 - 1889 I Hamelin Town's in Brunswick, By famous Hanover city; The river Weser, deep and wide, Washes its wall on the southern side; A pleasanter spot you never spied; But, when begins my ditty, Almost five hundred years ago, To see the townsfolk suffer so From vermin, was a pity. II Rats! They fought the dogs and killed the cats, And bit the babies in the cradles, And ate the cheeses out of the vats, And licked the soup from the cooks' own ladle's, Split open the kegs of salted sprats, Made nests inside men's Sunday hats, And even spoiled the women's chats By drowning their speaking With shrieking and squeaking In fifty different sharps and flats. III At last the people in a body To the town hall came flocking: "'Tis clear," cried they, 'our Mayor's a noddy; And as for our Corporation--shocking To think we buy gowns lined with ermine For dolts that can't or won't determine What's best to rid us of our vermin! You hope, because you're old and obese, To find in the furry civic robe ease? Rouse up, sirs! Give your brains a racking To find the remedy we're lacking, Or, sure as fate, we'll send you packing!" At this the Mayor and Corporation Quaked with a mighty consternation. IV An hour they sat in council, At length the Mayor broke silence: "For a guilder I'd my ermine gown sell, I wish I were a mile hence! It's easy to bid one rack one's brain-- I'm sure my poor head aches again, I've scratched it so, and all in vain Oh for a trap, a trap, a trap!" Just as he said this, what should hap At the chamber door but a gentle tap? "Bless us,' cried the Mayor, "what's that?" (With the Corporation as he sat, Looking little though wondrous fat; Nor brighter was his eye, nor moister Than a too-long-opened oyster, Save when at noon his paunch grew mutinous For a plate of turtle, green and glutinous) "Only a scraping of shoes on the mat? Anything like the sound of a rat Makes my heart go pit-a-pat!" V "Come in!"--the Mayor cried, looking bigger: And in did come the strangest figure! His queer long coat from heel to head Was half of yellow and half of red And he himself was tall and thin, With sharp blue eyes, each like a pin, And light loose hair, yet swarthy skin, No tuft on cheek nor beard on chin, But lips where smiles went out and in-- There was no guessing his kith and kin! And nobody could enough admire The tall man and his quaint attire. Quoth one: "It's as if my great-grandsire, Starting up at the Trump of Doom's tone, Had walked this way from his painted tombstone!" VI He advanced to the council-table: And, "Please your honors," said he, "I'm able, By means of a secret charm, to draw All creatures living beneath the sun, That creep or swim or fly or run, After me so as you never saw! And I chiefly use my charm On creatures that do people harm, The mole and toad and newt and viper; And people call me the Pied Piper." (And here they noticed round his neck A scarf of red and yellow stripe, To match with his coat of the self-same check; And at the scarf's end hung a pipe; And his fingers, they noticed, were ever straying As if impatient to be playing Upon this pipe, as low it dangled Over his vesture so old-fangled.) "Yet," said he, "poor piper as I am, In Tartary I freed the Cham, Last June, from his huge swarm of gnats; I eased in Asia the Nizam Of a monstrous brood of vampyre-bats: And as for what your brain bewilders-- If I can rid your town of rats Will you give me a thousand guilders?" "One? Fifty thousand!" was the exclamation Of the astonished Mayor and Corporation. VII Into the street the Piper stept, Smiling first a little smile, As if he knew what magic slept In his quiet pipe the while; Then, like a musical adept, To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled, And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled, Like a candle-flame where salt is sprinkled; And ere three shrill notes the pipe uttered, You heard as if an army muttered; And the muttering grew to a grumbling; And the grumbling grew to a mighty rumbling; And out of the houses the rats came tumbling. Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats, Brown rats, black rats, gray rats, tawny rats, Grave old plodders, gay young friskers, Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins, Cocking tails and pricking whiskers, Families by tens and dozens, Brothers, sisters, husbands, wives-- Followed the Piper for their lives. From street to street he piped advancing, And step for step they followed dancing, Until they came to the river Weser Wherein all plunged and perished! ‹Save one who, stout as Julius Caesar, Swam across and lived to carry (As the manuscript he cherished) To Rat-land home his commentary: Which was, "At the first shrill notes of the pipe, I heard a sound as of scraping tripe, And putting apples, wondrous ripe, Into a cider-press's gripe: And a moving away of pickle-tub-boards, And a leaving ajar of conserve-cupboards, And a drawing the corks of train-oil-flasks, And a breaking the hoops of butter-casks: And it seemed as if a voice (Sweeter far than by harp or by psaltery Is breathed) called out, 'Oh rats, rejoice! The world is grown to one vast dry-saltery! So munch on, crunch on, take your nuncheon, Breakfast, supper, dinner, luncheon!' And just as a bulky sugar-puncheon, All ready staved, like a great sun shone Glorious scarce an inch before me, Just as methought it said 'Come bore me!' -- I found the Weser rolling o'er me." VIII You should have heard the Hamelin people Ringing the bells till they rocked the steeple. Go," cried the Mayor, "and get long poles! Poke out the nests and block up the holes! Consult with carpenters and builders And leave in our town not even a trace Of the rats!"-- when suddenly, up the face Of the Piper perked in the market-place, With a, "First, if you please, my thousand guilders!" IX A thousand guilders! The Mayor looked blue; So did the Corporation too. For council dinners made rare havoc With Claret, Moselle, Vin-de-Grave, Hock; And half the money would replenish Their cellar's biggest butt with Rhenish. To pay this sum to a wandering fellow With a gypsy coat of red and yellow! "Beside," quoth the Mayor with a knowing wink, "Our business was done at the river's brink; We saw with our eyes the vermin sink, And what's dead can't come to life, I think. So, friend, we're not the folks to shrink From the duty of giving you something for drink, And a matter of money to put in your poke; But as for the guilders, what we spoke Of them, as you very well know, was in joke. Beside, our losses have made us thrifty. A thousand guilders! Come, take fifty! X The Piper's face fell, and he cried, "No trifling! I can't wait! Beside, I've promised to visit by dinnertime Bagdad, and accept the prime Of the Head-Cook's pottage, all he's rich in, For having left, in the Caliph's kitchen, Of a nest of scorpions no survivor-- With him I proved no bargain-driver, With you, don't think I'll bate a stiver! And folks who put me in a passion May find me pipe to another fashion." XI "How?" cried the Mayor, "d'ye think I brook Being worse treated than a Cook? Insulted by a lazy ribald With idle pipe and vesture piebald? You threaten us, fellow? Do your worst, Blow your pipe there till you burst!" XII Once more he stept into the street And to his lips again Laid his long pipe of smooth straight cane; And ere he blew three notes (such sweet Soft notes as yet musician's cunning Never gave the enraptured air) There was a rustling that seemed like a bustling Of merry crowds justling at pitching and hustling, Small feet were pattering, wooden shoes clattering, Little hands clapping, and little tongues chattering, And, like fowls in a farm-yard when barley is scattering, Out came the children running. All the little boys and girls, With rosy cheeks and flaxen curls, And sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls, Tripping and skipping, ran merrily after The wonderful music with shouting and laughter. XIII The Mayor was dumb, and the Council stood As if they were changed into blocks of wood, Unable to move a step or cry, To the children merrily skipping by-- And could only follow with the eye That joyous crowd at the Piper's back. But how the Mayor was on the rack And the wretched Council's bosoms beat, As the Piper turned from the High Street To where the Weser rolled its water's Right in the way of their sons and daughters! However he turned from South to West And to Koppelberg Hill his steps addressed, And after him the children pressed; Great was the joy in every breast. "He never can cross that mighty top! He's forced to let the piping drop And we shall see our children stop! When, lo, as they reached the mountain-side, A wondrous portal opened wide, As if a cavern was suddenly hollowed; And the Piper advanced and the children followed, And when all were in to the very last, The door in the mountain-side shut fast. Did I say all? No! One was lame, And could not dance the whole of the way; And in after years, if you would blame His sadness, he was used to say,-- "It's dull in our town since my playmates left! I can't forget that I'm bereft Of all the pleasant sights they see, Which the Piper also promised me. For he led us, he said, to a joyous land, Joining the town and just at hand, Where waters gushed and fruit-trees grew, And flowers put forth a fairer hue, And everything was strange and new; The sparrows were brighter than peacocks here, And their dogs outran our fallow deer, And honey-bees had lost their stings, And horses were born with eagles' wings: And just as I became assured My lame foot would be speedily cured, The music stopped and I stood still, And found myself outside the hill, Left alone against my will, To go now limping as before, And never hear of that country more! XIV Alas, alas for Hamelin! There came into many a burgher's pate A text which says that heaven's gate Opens to the rich at as easy rate As the needle's eye takes a camel in! The mayor sent East, West, North and South, To offer the Piper, by word of mouth Wherever it was men's lot to find him, Silver and gold to his heart's content, If he'd only return the way he went, And bring the children behind him. But when they saw 'twas a lost endeavor, And Piper and dancers were gone forever, They made a decree that lawyers never Should think their records dated duly If, after the day of the month and year, These words did not as well appear: "And so long after what happened here On the twenty-second of July, Thirteen hundred and seventy-six;" And the better in memory to fix The place of the children's last retreat, They called it the Pied Piper's Street, Where any one playing on pipe or tabor Was sure for the future to lose his labor. Nor suffered they hostelry or tavern To shock with mirth a street so solemn, But opposite the place of the cavern They wrote the story on a column, And on the great church-window painted The same, to make the world acquainted How their children were stolen away, And there it stands to this very day. And I must not omit to say That, in Transylvania there's a tribe Of alien people who ascribe To the outlandish ways and dress On which their neighbors lay such stress, To their fathers and mothers having risen Out of some subterranean prison Into which they were trepanned Long time ago in a mighty band Out of Hamelin town in Brunswick land, But how or why they don't understand. XV So, Willy, let you and me be wipers Of scores out with all men--especially pipers! And, whether they pipe us free, from rats or from mice, If we've promised them ought, let us keep our promise. This poem is in the public domain. This poem is in the public domain. Robert Browning Although playwright and poet Robert Browning was slow to receive acclaim for his work, his later work earned him renown and respect in his career, and the techniques he developed through his dramatic monologues—especially his use of diction, rhythm, and symbol—are regarded as his most important contribution to poetry, influencing such major poets of the twentieth century as Ezra Pound , T. S. Eliot , and ...	Robert Browning
Which is the USA’s Prairie State?	Robert Browning \| Poetry Foundation Poetry Foundation Poet Details 1812–1889 Although the early part of Robert Browning’s creative life was spent in comparative obscurity, he has come to be regarded as one of the most important poets of the Victorian period. His dramatic monologues and the psycho-historical epic The Ring and the Book (1868-1869), a novel in verse, have established him as a major figure in the history of English poetry. His claim to attention as a children’s writer is more modest, resting as it does almost entirely on one poem, “The Pied Piper of Hamelin,” included almost as an afterthought in Bells and Pomegranites. No. III.—Dramatic Lyrics (1842) and evidently never highly regarded by its creator. Nevertheless, “The Pied Piper” moved quickly into the canon of children’s literature, where it has remained ever since, receiving the dubious honor (shared by the fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen and J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, 1911) of appearing almost as frequently in “adapted” versions as in the author’s original. Browning was born on 7 May 1812 in Camberwell, a middle-class suburb of London; he was the only son of Robert Browning, a clerk in the Bank of England, and a devoutly religious German-Scotch mother, Sarah Anna Wiedemann Browning. He had a sister, Sarianna, who like her parents was devoted to her poet brother. While Mrs. Browning’s piety and love of music are frequently cited as important influences on the poet’s development, his father’s scholarly interests and unusual educational practices may have been equally significant, particularly in regard to Browning’s great children’s poem. The son of a wealthy banker, Robert Browning the elder had been sent in his youth to make his fortune in the West Indies, but he found the slave economy there so distasteful that he returned, hoping for a career in art and scholarship. A quarrel with his father and the financial necessity it entailed led the elder Browning to relinquish his dreams so as to support himself and his family through his bank clerkship. Browning’s father amassed a personal library of some six thousand volumes, many of them collections of arcane lore and historical anecdotes that the poet plundered for poetic material, including the source of “The Pied Piper.” The younger Browning recalled his father’s unorthodox methods of education in his late poem “Development,” published in Asolando: Fancies and Facts (1889). Browning remembers at the age of five asking what his father was reading. To explain the siege of Troy, the elder Browning created a game for the child in which the family pets were assigned roles and furniture was recruited to serve for the besieged city. Later, when the child had incorporated the game into his play with his friends, his father introduced him to Alexander Pope’s translation of the Iliad. Browning’s appetite for the story having been whetted, he was induced to learn Greek so as to read the original. Much of Browning’s education was conducted at home by his father, which accounts for the wide range of unusual information the mature poet brought to his work. His family background was also important for financial reasons; the father whose own artistic and scholarly dreams had been destroyed by financial necessity was more than willing to support his beloved son’s efforts. Browning decided as a child that he wanted to be a poet, and he never seriously attempted any other profession. Both his day-to-day needs and the financial cost of publishing his early poetic efforts were willingly supplied by his parents. Browning’s early career has been characterized by Ian Jack as a search for an appropriate poetic form, and his first published effort, Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession (1833), proved in retrospect to be a false start. Browning’s next poetic production, Paracelsus (1835), achieved more critical regard and began to move toward the greater objectivity of the dramatic monologue form that Browning perfected over the next several years. Browning also wrote several plays intended for the stage, along with closet dramas; however, he was not suited to be a playwright. His chief theatrical patron, William Macready, was already becoming disillusioned by the plays’ lack of success and the poet’s persistent difficulties in creating theatrical plots. Before that estrangement, however, the alliance between Browning and Macready had one salutary effect: it provided the occasion for Browning’s composition of “The Pied Piper.” In May 1842 Macready’s son Willie was sick in bed; Willie liked to draw and asked Browning to give him “some little thing to illustrate” while in confinement. The poet responded first with a short poem, “The Cardinal and the Dog,” and then, after being impressed with Willie’s drawings for it, with “The Pied Piper of Hamelin.” The story of the Pied Piper was evidently well known in Browning’s home. The poet’s father began his own poem on the subject in 1842 for another young family friend, discontinuing his effort when he learned of his son’s poem. The primary source of the story was a seventeenth-century collection, Nathaniel Wanley’s Wonders of the Little World (1678). Browning claimed many years later that this was the sole source, but William Clyde DeVane notes that some significant details in Browning’s account, including an erroneous date for the event described, occur in an earlier work, Richard Verstegen’s Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities (1605), but not in Wanley. Whatever its sources, “The Pied Piper” reflects the hand of a master storyteller. The poem tells a story of civic venality and retribution. Desperate to rid the city of rats, the corrupt and repulsively corpulent mayor engages the mysterious piper to charm the vermin away; the piper plays a tune that draws the rats from their holes and leads them to the river Weser, where they drown. Only one especially hardy rat escapes death—by swimming across the river—to tell a cautionary tale to other rats; the rat’s story enables Browning to provide an explanation for the piper’s magic, as the rat tells how the sound of the pipe evoked all kinds of wonderful rattish treats: They fought the dogs and killed the cats, And bit the babies in the cradles, And ate the cheese out of the vats, And licked the soup from the cooks’ own ladles, Split open the kegs of salted sprats, Made nests inside men’s Sunday hats, And even spoiled the women’s chats. Earlier critics tended to see Browning’s rhyme patterns as appropriate for light verse such as children’s poems, where the emphasis is on entertainment, but as a defect in adult poetry, with its philosophical or religious concerns. The source of “The Pied Piper” in arcane reference works from past centuries also suggests one of the problems Browning had in achieving an audience for his adult poetry: he was frequently attacked for obscurity in his verse, and much of that obscurity derives from his unreferenced allusions to the vast body of arcana that he had read. Another narrative poem, “‘How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix,’“ appeared in Browning’s collection of dramatic monologues Bells and Pomegranates. No. VII.—Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845). While not expressly written for children, this poem was printed separately in a child’s edition after Browning’s death and for many years was commonly included in children’s school texts; it remains popular for its galloping anapestic rhythm and exciting description of a cross-country equestrian race. The poem presents an entirely imaginary seventeenth-century mission to relieve the city of Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany. Three riders are dispatched from Ghent, in Belgium, to carry an important message; two of the riders’ horses fail, and the third, that of the speaker, accomplishes the mission to universal acclaim. What the message is, other than to secure the freedom of the German city, is never stated. Besides introducing the world to “The Pied Piper” and establishing the poet’s modus operandi for his future verse, Dramatic Lyrics also had a lasting effect on Browning’s personal life. Elizabeth Barrett admired the book, and in her 1844 poem “Lady Geraldine’s Courtship” she expressed the esteem in which she held Browning by linking him to William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson as one of the great poets of the age. She met Browning and the two poets fell deeply in love; unfortunately, Elizabeth’s father, Edward Moulton Barrett, would not countenance any of his children marrying and leaving the home. On 12 September 1846 they were secretly married, and one week later they eloped to the Continent. Browning wrote relatively little during the marriage, in part because the family frequently moved and, because of Elizabeth’s frail health, he was usually busy making all the arrangements for housing and transportation. The Brownings had one child, Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning, called “Pen,” born in 1849 (the same year Browning’s mother died). Both parents doted on the boy, and Robert Browning took particular responsibility for his son’s education—yet another diversion from poetic production. The poet who some years earlier had produced a major children’s poem to amuse the son of a friend made no similar creations for his own son, however, but continued to work on longer philosophical poems for an adult audience. Browning became in his later years that curious phenomenon, the Victorian sage—widely regarded for his knowledge and his explorations of philosophical questions of great resonance in Victorian life. He witnessed the creation (by F.J. Furnivall in 1881) of the Browning Society, dedicated to the study of the poet’s work and thought. Just before his death in 1889, Browning finally published the other poem written for young Willie Macready, “The Cardinal and the Dog.” This fifteen-line poem, like “The Pied Piper,” originated in one of the legends recounted in Wanley’s Wonders of the Little World. It tells how Cardinal Crescenzio, a representative of the pope at the Council of Trent, was frightened by the apparition of a large black dog that only he could see, after which he became seriously ill; on his deathbed he again saw the dog. The poem has elicited little critical response and has seldom been anthologized; its interest today lies primarily in its role as a warm-up to “The Pied Piper.” Anyone as widely adulated as Browning was during the later years of his life is bound to suffer a decline in critical valuation. Along with other Victorians, Browning was dismissed by influential figures among the modernists, including T.S. Eliot (although Ezra Pound paid tribute to Browning as one of his literary fathers). Following World War II, however, Browning’s reputation has been salvaged by a more objective generation of critics who note his poetic failings but also trace his influence on the poetic forms and concerns of his twentieth-century successors. Through all the vicissitudes of critical reputation, however, Browning’s major contribution to the canon of children’s literature, “The Pied Piper of Hamelin,” has retained its popular audience. Bibliography Bells and Pomegranates. No. I.--Pippa Passes (London: Moxon, 1841). Bells and Pomegranates. No. II.--King Victor and King Charles(London: Moxon, 1842). Bells and Pomegranates. No. III.--Dramatic Lyrics (London: Moxon, 1842); edited by J. O. Beatty and J. W. Bowyer (New York: Houghton, 1895). Bells and Pomegranates. No. IV.--The Return of the Druses: A Tragedy in Five Acts (London: Moxon, 1843). Bells and Pomegranates. No. V.--A Blot in the 'Scutcheon: A Tragedy in Five Acts (London: Moxon, 1843); edited by W. Rolfe and H. Hersey (New York: Harper, 1887). Bells and Pomegranates. No. VI.--Colombe's Birthday: A Play in Five Acts (London: Moxon, 1844). Bells and Pomegranates. No. VII.--Dramatic Romances & Lyrics(London: Moxon, 1845). Bells and Pomegranates. No. VIII.--and Last. Luria; and A Soul's Tragedy (London: Moxon, 1846). Poems: A New Edition, 2 volumes (London: Chapman & Hall, 1849; Boston: Ticknor, Reed & Fields, 1850). Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day (London: Chapman & Hall, 1850; Boston: Lothrop, 1887). Two Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning(London: Chapman & Hall, 1854). Men and Women (2 volumes, London: Chapman & Hall, 1855; 1 volume, Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1856). Dramatis Personae (London: Chapman & Hall, 1864; Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1864). The Poetical Works of Robert Browning, 6 volumes (London: Smith, Elder, 1868). The Ring and the Book (4 volumes, London: Smith, Elder, 1868-1869; 2 volumes, Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). Balaustion's Adventure, Including a Transcript from Euripides(London: Smith, Elder, 1871; Boston: Osgood, 1871). Prince Hohenstiel--Schwangau, Saviour of Society (London: Smith, Elder, 1871). Fifine at the Fair (London: Smith, Elder, 1872; Boston: Osgood, 1872). Red Cotton Night-Cap Country; or, Turf and Towers (London: Smith, Elder, 1873; Boston: Osgood, 1873). Aristophanes' Apology, Including a Transcript from Euripides: Being the Last Adventures of Balaustion (London: Smith, Elder, 1875; Boston: Osgood, 1875). The Inn Album (London: Smith, Elder, 1875; Boston: Osgood, 1876). Pacchiarotto and How He Worked in Distemper, with Other Poems(London: Smith, Elder, 1876; Boston: Osgood, 1877). La Saisiaz, and the Two Poets of Croisic (London: Smith, Elder, 1878). Dramatic Idyls (London: Smith, Elder, 1879). Dramatic Idyls: Second Series (London: Smith, Elder, 1880). Jocoseria (London: Smith, Elder, 1883; Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1883). Ferishtah's Fancies (London: Smith, Elder, 1884; Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1885). Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day (London: Smith, Elder, 1887; Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1887). Asolando: Fancies and Facts (London: Smith, Elder, 1889; Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1890). Complete Poetic and Dramatic Works of Robert Browning, Cambridge Edition, edited by G. W. Cooke and H. E. Scudder (Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1895). The Complete Works of Robert Browning, Florentine Edition, edited by Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke, 12 volumes (New York & Boston: Crowell, 1898). The Works of Robert Browning, Centenary Edition, 10 volumes, edited by Frederic G. Kenyon (London: Smith, Elder / Boston: Hinkley, 1912). New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, edited by Kenyon (London: Smith, Elder, 1914; New York: Macmillan, 1915). Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book, edited by Richard D. Altick (London: Penguin / New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971). Robert Browning: The Poems, 2 volumes, edited by John Pettigrew, supplemented and completed by Thomas J. Collins (London: Penguin / New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). OTHER John Forster, Lives of Eminent British Statesmen, volume 2, undetermined contribution to biography of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, by Browning (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1836). Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley, introduction by Browning (London: Moxon, 1852), pp. 1-44. The Agamemnon of Aeschylus, translated by Browning (London: Smith, Elder, 1877). Thomas Jones, The Divine Order: Sermons, introduction by Browning (London: Isbister, 1884). "Sonnet: Why I Am a Liberal," in Why I Am a Liberal, edited by A. Reid (London: Cassell, 1885). Letters of Robert Browning Collected by Thomas J. Wise, edited by Thurman L. Hood (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1933). Robert Browning and Julia Wedgwood: A Broken Friendship as Revealed in Their Letters, edited by Richard Curle (London: Murray & Cape, 1937). New Letters of Robert Browning, edited by William Clyde DeVane and Kenneth Leslie Knickerbocker (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950). Dearest Isa: Browning's Letters to Isa Blagden, edited by Edward C. McAleer (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1951). Browning to His American Friends: Letters between the Brownings, the Storys, and James Russell Lowell, 1841-1890, edited by Gertrude Reese Hudson (London: Bowes & Bowes, 1965). Learned Lady: Letters from Robert Browning to Mrs. Thomas FitzGerald 1876-1889, edited by McAleer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966). The Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett, 1845-1846, 2 volumes, edited by Evan Kintner (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969). The Brownings to the Tennysons, edited by Thomas J. Collins (Waco: Armstrong Browning Library, Baylor University, 1971). The Brownings' Correspondence, 10 volumes to date, edited by Philip Kelley and Ronald Hudson (Winfield, Kans.: Wedgestone, 1984- ). Further Readings	i don't know
In which Cypriot town will you find The Tomb of the Kings?	Tombs of the Kings - Cyprus.com Description About 2 miles northwards of the Old Harbour you will find the Tombs of the Kings. The tombs are impressive enough to be worthy of kings. They are burial caves carved into the bedrock of the hill and decorated with Doric columns and capitals. You can freely walk about the place once inside, searching through the rooms of the tombs, with parts underground carved into the rock. This Necropolis of Pafos is situated on the North East section of the town, right outside the ancient town fortific...	Paphos
Which planet in the solar system is closest in size to Earth?	King's Hotel Reviews - Paphos, Cyprus - Holiday Watchdog™ Kings hotel Paphos Cyprus "This hotel is 2 star family run whare you are made to feel like one of the family, you are a purson not a room number. the management and staff will do whatever they can to make your holiday trouble free, the rooms are basic but clean,linen and towels are changed 3 times a week the pool area is cleaned every day The hotel is very centeral for harbour .or the old town buses stop close to the hotel The food menu for the week is on the notice board along with all local information In general the hotel is ready to be updated but my wife and I have always enjoyed the freindship of every one at this hotel We will go again Doreen & Bob" Holiday details: Sep 2009 Did you find this review helpful? Yes by Annehumphrey 6 / 10 Helpful staff friendly atmosphere good value "This two star hotel was clean and well managed. The staff were very obliging and helpful, going out of their way to assist me. Yes it was noisy due to the traffic but a request for a room at the rear of the hotel was met within an hour with the minimum of fuss. I felt at home, much more than I have been in 5 star concrete "palaces" The pool area was pleasant and peaceful although a new night club conversion in the next street may change that sometime in the future For now it is well worth a visit and good value for money." Holiday details: Jun 2009 Did you find this review helpful? Yes by mazcolu 8 / 10 Great value for money "My boyfriend and I are currently working in Cyprus for 5 weeks and thought we would get away as we had 2 days off. Money is tight so we looked for bargain hotels on the net and found Kings. Our balcony overlooked the 'Brit Strip' (with lots of restaurants and bars) yet wasn't noisy. The room was a good size and was light and airey although we did need air con which we had to pay a fiver a night for. The pool area, modelled on the theme of ancient greece, was lovely with plenty of shady areas if you wanted to get away from that intense sun. Breakfast was very pleasant too and staff were friendly and helpful. The hotel is in a good location near the attractions of the Tombs, harbour and beaches with a good bus service if you don't fancy walking. A really pleasant stay . Cheers" Holiday details: Jun 2009 Did you find this review helpful? Yes by Mollymoo2812 2 / 10 Would NEVER go back again!!!!!! "I have never in my life stayed at a place that was so filthy. We arrived and the heating system was not working so the maintenance man came up to check and it was a fuse that had blown. He then gave us half a dozen fuses and told us to keep changing them when they blew!! The food was a DISGRACE! The patio doors did not lock properly and when they did there was an inch gap at either side. There was insufficent food for everyone so it was a case of if you're not fast, you're last! We were upgraded from self-catering to B & B so that breakfast was included only to be told that the COOKED breakfast was not available in the winter so there was a continental b/fast which was sparse to say the least ! The evening meal was like Joe's Cafe......if you were not quick, deserts etc were finished and they did not replace them. I was covered in bed bug bites and spider bites so badly that we cut our week long holiday short to 3 days as opposed to a week stay. The reception staff were so rude and unhelpful, but if it wasnt for Jenny ( a temp!) we would probably have frozen to death on our 2nd night. The few days we were there, the maid did not dust, polish OR hoover so there was dust and fluff about an inch thick under the beds. I dont know when they were last checked !!! We could not contact a rep as he was unavailable and his fone was out of service and their office in Cyprus was closed till the 6th January 2009. We were not allowed to use our own travel equipment, ie kettle, iron, hairdryer etc as the management would confiscate these if found in your room but these could be hired (at a cost) from the hotel. I would not recommend this hotel to anyone unless the Health & Hygiene came in and overhauled the place !!!!!" Holiday details: Dec 2008 Did you find this review helpful? Yes by Stephhh95 8 / 10 Basic but family orientated "We spent 2 weeks in this hotel and couldn't fault anything. Nothing was too much trouble for the staff. Geoff was brilliant with the children and friendly. Breakfast was basic but the evening meal soon made up for it. It wasn't any trouble to order something else if you didn't like what was on the menu as long as you notified them before 12 noon. Pool was clean and very inviting. It was very close to the bus stops leading to the harbour and coral bay. We would definately return to this hotel in the future." Holiday details: Aug 2008 Did you find this review helpful? Yes by Benham 4 / 10 Kings Hotel Paphos is extremely clean... "Kings Hotel Paphos is extremely clean and very well run with excellent hard working staff, especially Geoff and Jenny. Rooms had everything you needed and were cleaned every day, faultless. Unfortunately it is not mentioned that smoking is allowed in all bedrooms and that the hotel is situated on a horrendously noisy road. The first room we were allocated 410 in our opinion should never be offered to guests due to its location. Fortunately, we were able to change after two days otherwise we would have left the hotel. It is not the hotels policy to give you a meal on your departure date despite the fact we booked in for seven evening meals and had only received six. We felt particularly cheated and were not very diplomatically dealt with. On a positive note the area around the pool is delightful and like the inside impeccably clean. A good hotel if you are a smoker and can sleep through constant traffic noise. We would not go again or recommend it." Holiday details: Oct 2007, Half Board, booked with Olympic Holidays 1 reader found this review helpful. Did you? Yes by CookieLondon 2 / 10 Group Bookings Beware "Please beware if you are booking via firstdirect while the website says the hotel has air-conditioning and we assumed this was in the package you actually have to pay £2.50 Cyprus per day for the airconditioning to work. The room we got also had rat droppings in the cupboards even though a cleaner came through daily." Holiday details: Aug 2007 Did you find this review helpful? Yes by A TripAdvisor Member Friendly and well located hotel "Date of stay: 19 - 26 February 2005 Review: Trip Advisor Member, Wokingham, Berkshire A clean, comfortable and friendly hotel. All standard facilities provided for and in a good location for the beach, town, harbour and Tombs of the Kings. Buffet breakfast and choice of delicious home cooked three course evening meal served in a comfortable, homely environment. Small lounge with television and bar and outdoor swimming pool. Helpful and friendly staff and night porter service, who would ensure there was breakfast should this be needed for an early morning start to leave for the airport. As hotel is on a busy main road on a junction, traffic noise was a disturbance but otherwise an economical holiday." Holiday details: Oct 2005	i don't know
Which form of textile-making uses knots rather than weaving or knitting?	DIY Stylish Square Knot Macrame Bracelet Tips DIY Stylish Square Knot Macrame Bracelet Macrame is a form of textile-making using knotting rather than weaving or knitting. Its primary knots are the square knots. Here is a nice fashion project to make a square knot Macrame bracelet. It doesn’t require complicated braiding technique. All you need to do is keep tying the knots patiently. This bracelet is a little wider because it uses more than ten strands of cotton yarn. You can choose your favorite colors to create your own design. I like its V shape pattern with small squares in between. This gorgeous bracelet will certainly make a nice-looking ornament on your wrist. In addition, you don’t have to spend much on a nice new bracelet like this, which is one of the benefits of DIY. SUPPLIES: Cotton yarn in various colors; Scissors;	Macramé
1970’s TV. What was the forename of Reggie Perrin’s incompetent brother-in-law?	VIEW CALENDAR Macrame and Knotting Techniques Macrame is a textile-making craft using knotting rather than weaving or knitting. In this class you will learn the basic knots of macrame and use it to make ornamental and decorative projects ranging from necklaces, to plant hangers and more. Macrame is offered in a variety of formats. 4 - week and Weekend Intensives feature 12 hours of skill-building class time, plus free Open Studio time to practice techniques outside of class. Morning Series classes feature 6 hours of class time in the mornings with an abridged course-load of basics. After Workshops are project-based intro course great for trying out the textile arts. Morning Series and After Workshop classes do not come with free Open Studio time. Macrame/Knotting: After Workshops The After Workshops are a series of high quality hands-on classes, at low cost and low commitment. Materials, skills and fun supplied. Classes cover a variety of techniques. All skill levels welcome. Plus they are BYOB. MACRAME PLANT HANGERS Make a whimsical macrame plant hanger. In this three hour class, you will learn square knots, half knots, crown knots, wrap knots, and if you’re a nimble knotter, maybe more! What better gift than handmade?	i don't know
In which African country can you find Timbuktu?	The Legend of Timbuktu, Mali and Today By Matt Rosenberg Updated February 19, 2016. The word "Timbuktu" (or Timbuctoo or Tombouctou) is used in several languages to represent a far-away place but Timbuktu is an actual city in the African country of Mali . Where Is Timbuktu? Located near the edge the Niger River, Timbuktu is situated near the middle of Mali in Africa. Timbuktu has a population of approximately 30,000 and is a major Saharan Desert trading post. The Legend of Timbuktu Timbuktu was founded by nomads in the twelfth century and it rapidly became a major trading depot for the caravans of the Sahara Desert . During the fourteenth century, the legend of Timbuktu as a rich cultural center spread through the world. The beginning of the legend can be traced to 1324, when the Emperor of Mali made his pilgrimage to Mecca via Cairo. In Cairo, the merchants and traders were impressed by the amount of gold carried by the emperor, who claimed that the gold was from Timbuktu. Furthermore, in 1354 the great Muslim explorer Ibn Batuta wrote of his visit to Timbuktu and told of the wealth and gold of the region. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Thus, Timbuktu became renown as an African El Dorado, a city made of gold. During the fifteenth century, Timbuktu grew in importance, but its homes were never made of gold. Timbuktu produced few of its own goods but served as the major trading center for salt trade across the desert region. The city also became a center of Islamic study and the home of a university and extensive library. The city's maximum population during the 1400s probably numbered somewhere between 50,000 to 100,000, with approximately one-quarter of the population composed of scholars and students. The Timbuktu Legend Grows The legend of Timbuktu's wealth refused to die and only grew. A 1526 visit to Timbuktu by a Muslim from Grenada, Leo Africanus, told of Timbuktu as a typical trading outpost. This only incited further interest in the city. In 1618, a London company was formed to establish trade with Timbuktu. Unfortunately, the first trading expedition ended up with the massacre of all its members and a second expedition sailed up the Gambia River and thus never reached Timbuktu. In the 1700s and early 1800s, many explorers attempted to reach Timbuktu but none returned. Many unsuccessful and successful explorers were forced to drink camel urine, their own urine, or even blood to attempt to survive the barren Sahara Desert. Known wells would be dry or would not provide enough water upon an expedition's arrival. Mungo Park was a Scottish doctor who attempted a trip to Timbuktu in 1805. Unfortunately, his expedition team of dozens of Europeans and natives all died or abandoned the expedition along the way and Park was left to sail along the Niger River, never visiting Timbuktu, but merely shooting at people and other objects on the shore with his guns as his insanity increased along his voyage. His body was never found. In 1824, the Geographical Society of Paris offered a reward of 7000 francs and a gold metal valued at 2,000 francs to the first European who could visit Timbuktu and return to tell their story of the mythical city. European Arrival in Timbuktu The first European acknowledged to have reached Timbuktu was Scottish explorer Gordon Laing. He left Tripoli in 1825 and traveled for a year and a month to reach Timbuktu. On the way, he was attacked by the ruling Tuareg nomads and was shot, cut by swords, and broke his arm. He recovered from the vicious attack and made his way to Timbuktu and arrived in August 1826. Laing was unimpressed with Timbuktu, which had, as Leo Africanus reported, become simply a salt trading outpost filled with mud-walled homes in the middle of a barren desert. Laing remained in Timbuktu for just over one month. Two days after leaving Timbuktu, he was murdered. French explorer Rene-Auguste Caillie had better luck than Laing. He planned to make his trip to Timbuktu disguised as an Arab as part of a caravan, much to the chagrin of proper European explorers of the era. Caillie studied Arabic and the Islamic religion for several years. In April 1827, he left the coast of West Africa and reached Timbuktu a year later, even though he was ill for five months during the trip. Caillie was unimpressed with Timbuktu and remained there for two weeks. He then returned to Morocco and then home to France. Caillie published three volumes about his travels and was awarded the prize from the Geographical Society of Paris. German geographer Heinrich Barth left Tripoli with two other explorers in 1850 for a trek to Timbuktu but his companions both died. Barth reached Timbuktu in 1853 and did not return home until 1855 - he was feared dead by many. Barth gained fame through the publication of his five volumes of his experiences. As with previous explorers to Timbuktu, Barth found the city quite the anti-climax. French Colonial Control of Timbuktu In the late 1800s, France took control of the Mali region and decided to take Timbuktu away from the control of the violent Tuareg who controlled trade in the area. The French military was sent to occupy Timbuktu in 1894. Under the command of Major Joseph Joffre (later a famous World War I general), Timbuktu was occupied and became the site of a French fort. Communication between Timbuktu and France was difficult, making Timbuktu an unhappy place for a soldier to be stationed. Nonetheless, the area around Timbuktu was well protected from the Tuareg so other nomad groups were able to live without fear of the hostile Tuareg. Modern Timbuktu Even after the invention of air travel, the Sahara was unyielding. The plane making an inaugural air flight from Algiers to Timbuktu in 1920 was lost. Eventually, a successful air strip was established; however, today, Timbuktu is still most commonly reached by camel, motor vehicle, or boat. In 1960, Timbuktu became part of the independent country of Mali. The population of Timbuktu in a 1940 census was estimated at approximately 5,000 people; in 1976, the population was 19,000; in 1987 (the latest estimate available), 32,000 people resided in the city. In 1988, Timbuktu was designated a United Nations World Heritage Site and efforts are underway to preserve and protect the city and especially its centuries-old mosques.	Mali
In what year in the sixties did it take place?	Timbuktu Timbuktu Asked Jun 14, 2003, 08:36 AM ï¿½ 1 Answer In what modern African country is the site of ancient Timbuktu located? Starman iancode Posts: 5, Reputation: 2 New Member Aug 6, 2003, 04:24 AM Timbuktu Hoping the below will help you. Best Regards ;) Timbuktu, also spelled TOMBOUCTOU, is a city in the West African nation of Mali. It is historically important as a post on the trans-Saharan caravan route. It is located on the southern edge of the Sahara, about 8 mi (13 km) north of the Niger River. Timbuktu was a centre for the expansion of Islam, an intellectual and spiritual capital at the end of the Mandingo Askia dynasty (1493-1591) and home to a prestigious Koranic university. Three great mosques built at that time, using traditional techniques, still remain. Timbuktu was founded about AD 1100 as a seasonal camp by Tuareg nomads. After it was incorporated within the Mali Empire, probably in the late 13th century, the Mali sultan, Mansa Musam, built a tower for the Great Mosque (Djingereyber) and a royal residence, the Madugu (the former has since been rebuilt many times, and of the latter no trace now remains). Shortly after this the city was annexed by the Mossi kingdom of Yatenga, but when the North African traveller Ibn Battutah visited in 1353, he found it again governed by Mali. In the 14th century Timbuktu became an important focal point of the gold-salt trade. With the influx of North African merchants came the settlement of Muslim scholars. It made little difference that the Tuareg regained control of the city in 1433; they ruled from the desert, and, though they plundered periodically, trade and learning continued to flourish. In 1468 Timbuktu was conquered by Sonni 'Ali, the Songhai ruler. He was generally ill-disposed to the city's Muslim scholars, but his successor--the first ruler of the new Askia dynasty, Muhammad I Askia of Songhai (reigned 1493-1528)--reversed the policy and used the scholarly elite as legal and moral counsellors. During the Askia period (1493-1591) Timbuktu was at the height of its commercial and intellectual development. Merchants from Wadan, Tuwat, Ghudamis (Ghadames), Augila, and the cities of Morocco gathered there to buy gold and slaves in exchange for the Saharan salt of Taghaza and for North African cloth and horses. The city's scholars, many of whom had studied in Mecca or Egypt, attracted students from a wide area. The city declined after it was captured by Morocco in 1591. Two years later the city's scholars were arrested on suspicion of disaffection; some were killed during a struggle, others were exiled to Morocco. The small Moroccan garrisons could not protect the Niger Bend, and Timbuktu was repeatedly attacked and conquered by the Bambara, Fulani, and Tuareg until 1893, when the French captured the city. The French partly restored the city from the desolate condition in which they found it, but no railway or tarmac road ever reached it. In 1960 it became part of the newly independent Republic of Mali. Timbuktu is now an administrative centre of Mali. Small salt caravans from Taoudenni still arrive in winter, but there is no gold to offer in exchange, and trans-Saharan commerce no longer exists. Although there is air service, the city remains most easily accessible by camel and boat. Islamic learning survives among a handful of aging scholars, and a Lyc e Franco-Arabe teaches Arabic to the younger generation. Helpful (1) Reply We'd like to understand what you find wrong with iancode's answer: What's inaccurate about this answer? Say it in 25 words or less here and/or reply in the thread with more detail. Please focus on the content not the person! Link to a credible and well-known source. You can provide a URL or simply describe the source. iancode	i don't know
What was the nationality of U Thant?	U Thant biography -Biography Online About U Thant biography U Thant (1909 – 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third United Nations Secretary-General. He was widely praised for his diplomacy and peace-keeping skills which were frequently needed during his turbulent period as UN Secretary-General from Nov 30 1961 to Dec 31, 1971. “Every human being, of whatever origin, of whatever station, deserves respect. We must each respect others even as we respect ourselves. This, as the sages of many lands have taught us, is a golden rule in individual and group, as well as international, relations.” – U Thant, Portfolio for Peace (1968), p. 92 His quiet Buddhist faith was important for cultivating his detachment, compassion and calm demeanour which put others at ease and made him ideally suited the difficult job of conflict resolution. Amongst many critical moments, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, U Thant facilitated a meeting between Soviet premier Nikita Krushchev and John F. Kennedy, which helped to defuse the potential crisis of a nuclear war. Early life U Thant U Thant was born in Pantanaw, Burma on 22 January 1909. His father was an educated and relatively wealthy merchant. He encouraged his children to gain a good education. Thant was an avid reader and became known by his friends as ‘The philosopher’ for his knowledge and wide reading. He also developed a talent for writing and harboured an aspiration to become a journalist. He wrote articles for magazines and became a member of debating societies. Aged 14, his father died – leaving his family to struggle financially. Due to this change in financial fortunes, Thant had to give up his desire for a four year degree and instead took a two year teaching certificate at Rangoon University in 1926. U Nu with U Thant At university he became good friends with Nu, the future prime minister of Burma. After completing his teaching certificate he returned to his hometown of Pantanaw when he become a senior teacher at the high school. Three years later, aged just 25, he became the school’s headmaster after winning first place in the All Burma Teachership Examination. In the 1930s there was a tense political environment as Burmese nationalists sought to gain political independence from the British rule. As a child, he participated in strikes against the university act of 1920. But Thant remained a moderate, supporting a more conciliatory approach to Burmese independence from the British. He admired both Mahatma Gandhi and the British politician Sir Stafford Cripps. In 1942, Burma was invaded and occupied by the Japanese. Thant opposed attempts to make learning Japanese compulsory and became sympathetic to the growing anti-Japanese resistance. In 1948, shortly after India, Burma gained independence. His friend Nu became the first Prime Minister and he asked Thant to become part of the administration. When civil war broke out, Thant undertook the dangerous role of peace-mediator, visiting Karen camps to seek a negotiated peace. However, attempts at reaching a peace agreement failed, and in 1949, the advancing insurgents burnt his hometown and house to the ground. However, in the following year the insurgents were defeated and he was appointed secretary to the Prime Minister (1951-57). He became Prime Minister Nu’s closest confident, advising and writing speeches for him. In 1957, he was appointed Burma’s permanent representative to the United Nations – beginning a long and close association with the international organisation. He became involved in negotiations over Algerian independence and was appointed UN Chairman of Congo Commission. UN Secretary-General In 1961, the current United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold was killed in a plane crash. This left a void in the top UN position, but the superpower blocks of US and the Soviet Union could not agree on a candidate. When Thant was proposed by the non-aligned movement, U Thant was accepted as the most suitable candidate to fill the remaining term of Dag Hammarsjold. He was appointed acting Secretary-General on 3 November 1961 and unanimously appointed full Secretary-General a year later in November 1962. In an interview in The Saturday Evening Post of 21 September 1963, David Sureck asked U Thant: “The first United Nations Secretary-General, Trygve Lie has described your job as ‘the most impossible job in the world.’ What did you think about it on the day you were sworn in?” U Thant’s answer was: “A feeling of humility and an overwhelming sense of responsibility, to which was added a dawning hope that the unanimous support which has so generously been accorded to me would make ‘the most impossible job in the world’ a little less impossible.” ( Source ) Cuban missile crisis The appointment pushed U Thant into the global spotlight. On being appointed Secretary-General he humbly stated. In less than a year, the UN faced one of its most serious crisis as a stand-off between the Soviet Union and the US over nuclear missiles in Cuba threatened the real possibility of nuclear war. U Thant made a suggestion to J.F. Kennedy that in response to a US promise of non-invasion, the Soviets should remove their missiles. Kennedy and Kruschev agreed to this forming the basis of further negotiations. U Thant’s intervention was widely credited in playing a role in defusing the crisis. “U Thant has put the world deeply in his debt.” in December 1962, Katangan secessionists attacked UN operation in Congo forces (ONUC). U Thant authorised the use of force to defeat the rebels and the decisive operation helped end the insurgency and help end the Congo civil war. Nobel Peace Prize In 1965, members of the Norwegian Nobel committee wished to award U Thant the Nobel Peace Prize for helping defuse the Cuban missile crisis and the Congo civil war. However, the Chairman Gunnar Jahn of the Nobel committee vetoed U Thant’s award and instead it was given to UNICEF. For the next two years the Nobel Committee were deeply divided and no prize was awarded. On being told he might be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, U Thant humbly commented ‘Is not the Secretary-General merely doing his job when he works for peace?” Second term Thant was unanimously reappointed Secretary-General for a second term in December 2, 1966. During this period he oversaw the growth of the UN, as it admitted new members from Asia and Africa. He also helped establish UN development programmes and UN environmental programmes – which began to extend the role of the UN into humanitarian functions. In his last period of tenure, the UN had to face a succession of conflicts, such as the Six Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971. The late 1960s also saw an escalation of the Vietnam War. U Thant’s criticism of US involvement led to a deterioration in relations with the Johnson administration, making his period more difficult. U Thant attempted to create direct peace talks between Washington and Hanoi, but these were rejected by the US. He was criticised by the US and Israel during the Six Day war, despite making a last minute flight to Egypt to try and dissuade Nasser from going to war with Israel. Despite great difficulties, U Thant is widely credited with strengthening the role and presage of the UN Secretary General. He left office with widespread admiration. The Soviet idea for a troika formula of 3 secretary generals was no longer desired. At the end of his second term, U Thant made it clear he would not be seeking a third term. In fact he once remarked that one term was enough for any Secretary-General. His successor was Kurt Waldheim Personal qualities U Thant was noted for his calm and detachment, he had a remarkable ability to act as peace maker and help people feel at ease. He explained the role of his Buddhist practise and faith in cultivating emotional detachment. As a Buddhist, I was trained to be tolerant of everything except intolerance. I was brought up not only to develop the spirit of tolerance but also to cherish moral and spiritual qualities such as modesty, humility, compassion, and, most important, to attain a certain degree of emotional equilibrium. Although dealing with difficult, almost intractable world problems, he had the discipline to keep his emotions hidden – even though it told on his health. “No one will ever know the intense internal struggle which U Thant’s discipline and his deep faith concealed from the public gaze. He was occasionally even reproached for his calm. His medical history, which he concealed as far as possible, tells another story — the story of a good and disciplined man doing his best to perform one of the most difficult jobs in the world, and privately enduring the extremes of fatigue, worry and frustration.” – General Secretary Kurt Waldheim talking of his predecessor. “This world of ours is assailed by injustice and insecurity. To liberate the world from injustice and insecurity, U Thant served tirelessly the heart of mankind. His heart of peace and his heart of oneness he offered to see the appreciable progress of humanity.” – Sri Chinmoy, who led the Peace Meditations at the United Nations, and spoke highly of U Thant’s contribution to the United Nations. Sri Chinmoy – U Thant Retirement After his retirement U Thant concentrated on writing, in particular the avocation of greater international co-operation and the development of truly global community. “Many of the problems that we face today are due to, or the result of, false attitudes – some of them have been adopted unconsciously. Amongst these is the concept of narrow nationalism – ‘my country, right or wrong’. It is lack of truth in international relations that leads to the conscious or unconscious adoption of double standards. It is therefore essential that, in international relations as in human relations, we should practice, as we preach to others, the universal principle of truth. “ – U Thant ( Notable quotes at UN ) He died from lung cancer on 25 November 1974 in New York. After his death, his body was returned to his native Burma where he was held in great esteem by his fellow countrymen. However, the military junta which had overthrown the democratically elected government of Nu refused to accord U Thant any honour. This refusal led to student protest and anti-government speeches. The military junta broke up the protests, killing protesters in the process. He was buried at the foot of Shwedagon Pagoda. U Thant’s natural humility made him reluctant to accept any awards. However, he did accept the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1965,the Gandhi Peace Award in 1972, and over 24o honorary degrees. During his time at the United Nations he invited, spiritual teacher Sri Chinmoy to lead peace meditations at the United Nations. After his death, Sri Chinmoy, the leader of the UN meditation group established the U Thant Peace Award which honoured individuals or organisations who made a contribution to world peace. Citation : Pettinger, Tejvan . “Biography U Thant”, Oxford, UK www.biographyonline.net , 2nd November 2014 Related	Burmese
Who was the Secretary General from 1997 to 2006?	U Thant Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Leaders U Thant Biography U Thant was a Burmese diplomat who served as the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline. Quick Facts 3rd Secretary General of the U.N. Nationality Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding Image Credit http://www.biography.com/people/u-thant-9504735 U Thant was a Burmese diplomat who served as the Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971. He was the third Secretary-General of the U.N. and the first non-European to hold the position. Born in a family of landowners and rice merchants, he wanted to become a journalist. He lost his father at the age of 14, and his father's death pushed the family into financial turmoil. Being the eldest son, the family's responsibilities fell on Thant's shoulders and to support the family he opted for a two-year teaching certificate at Rangoon University instead of a four-year degree. Thereafter he started working as a school teacher before becoming the head master of the school at a relatively young age. His friend U Nu, who became the Prime Minister of Burma following the countryâs independence, brought him into public life and Thant served in different capacities in the government for several years before becoming the Secretary General of the United Nations. He served two terms as the Secretary General of the United Nations and refused to be considered for a third term. During his time at the United Nations, he effectively tackled grave diplomatic crises such as the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Civil War in Congo. Childhood & Early Life U Thant was born on January 22, 1909, in Pantanaw, Burma, to Po Hnit and his wife Nan Thaung. Thantâs father, an educated man, was one of the individuals involved in the establishment of the Burmese Research Society as well as the newspaper âThe Sunâ. Thant had three younger siblings, all brothers. He attended the National High School located in Pantanaw and was known to be a studious, thoughtful student who was nicknamed âThe Philosopherâ by his class mates. When he was only 14 years old, his father passed away and the entire family had to endure financial difficulties during that time. Considering the financial condition of his family at the time, he thought that he would not be able to afford to go for a fully fledged four year course at the university and hence he enrolled in Rangoon University for a teaching certificate course in 1926. At University, Thant became friends with U Nu, who would go on to become the Prime Minister of the country. He completed his course after two years and returned to his Pantanaw and started teaching at National High School. Career After teaching at the National High School for some time, U Thant appeared for the All Burma Teachership Examination in 1931 and came first. By the time he was 25, he became the headmaster of the school. During this period, he contributed to several periodicals as well as newspapers. Following the occupation of Burma by Japan in 1942, he was appointed as the secretary of the educational reorganisation committee set up by the Japanese but he quit after a year following the move to make Japanese language a compulsory part of the curriculum. He went back to National High School and stayed as the headmaster for four years. In 1947, he became a part of the government service in the capacity of a press director with the help of his friend U Nu and the following year, he was appointed as the director of broadcasting after Burmaâs independence. Subsequently, he went on to become the Secretary at the Ministry of Information. In 1951, Burmese Prime Minister U Nu appointed him as the secretary to the prime minister. He served in that position for six years and was the closest person to the prime minister, as he helped him formulate policies and also wrote his speeches. During this period Thant also attended global conferences. In 1957, he was appointed as the Burmaâs permanent representative to the United Nations and served in that capacity till 1961. During that time, he was actively engaged in the negotiations that took place for Algerian independence and also served as UN Congo Commission Chairman. In 1959, he was made the vice president of the UN General Assembly. On 3 Nov 1961 he was appointed as the acting Secretary-General of the UN after the major members could not reach a conclusion following the death of then UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold. On 30 November 1962, General Assembly unanimously appointed him secretary-general till November 3, 1966. During his first term, he facilitated mediation between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R to diffuse the Cuban Missile Crisis and also helped end the secessionist unrest that erupted in Congo. On 2 December 1966 he was re-elected as the U.N. Secretary-General and his five year term saw him establish key UN programmes like the UN Development Programme, UN Environmental Programme as well as the UN University and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, among others. His relation with the US deteriorated after he ordered UN troops in Sinai to be withdrawn following the request of President Nasser of Egypt. Additionally, his criticism of American policies in relation to the Vietnam War was a bone of contention. On 31 December 1971, he retired from his post of the U.N. Secretary-General and did not seek re-election for a third term. Subsequently, he joined the Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs in the capacity of a senior fellow and spent his last days in Riverdale, Bronx. Major Works His most important work in his career as a diplomat was that of mediating between the US and Russia to diffuse the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It helped avoid a nuclear war. Awards & Achievements U Thant was someone who did not like to accept awards; he refused to accept the Burma's second highest honor awarded to him by U Nu's government in 1961. He accepted two awards in his life: the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1965 and the Gandhi Peace Prize in 1972. Personal Life & Legacy U Thant married Daw Thein Tin and the couple had three children; two sons named Maung Bo and Tin Maung Thant and a daughter named Aye Aye Thant. He also had one adopted son. He died of lung cancer on November 25, 1974, in New York. 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To within one year, in what year of this century was it badly damaged by fire?	1301.0 - Yearbook Complete, 2008 1301.0 - Yearbook Complete, 2008 Year Book Australia 2008: Media story leads (Media Release) FEATURE ARTICLE 4: NATURAL DISASTERS IN AUSTRALIA 'Mother Earth can seem like an uncaring planet. The impact of geohazards on our lives and economy is very great, and will never go away. Every year floods, tsunamis, severe storms, drought, wildfires, volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and subsidence claim thousands of lives, injure thousands more, devastate homes and destroy livelyhoods'. International Union of Geological Science (IUGS), last viewed August 2007, <http://www.esfs.org> . The following survey of natural disasters occurring within Australia since the late-19th century, first published in the article A hundred years of science and service - Australian meteorology through the twentieth century in Year Book Australia 2001, has been expanded and updated. Federation drought 1895-1902 The five years preceding Federation had been intermittently dry over most of the country. Very dry conditions set in across eastern Australia during the spring of 1901, and became entrenched over the following months. As the drought worsened, enormous sheep and cattle losses were reported from Queensland, and many rivers dried up. The Darling River at Bourke virtually ran dry, while Murray River towns such as Mildura, Balranald and Deniliquin - at that time dependent on the river for transport - suffered badly. The Australian wheat crop was all but lost. Rain in December 1902 brought temporary relief, with a more substantial break in autumn 1903. The long drought and its severe climax in 1902 had devastated stock numbers, and began focusing attention on planning for irrigation, especially in the three states through which the Murray River flows. Cyclone - Mackay - January 1918 The Mackay Cyclone was the first of two cyclones to inflict heavy damage on significant population centres in northern Queensland during early 1918. Moving in from the Coral Sea late on 20 January, its devastating winds terrified residents as buildings disintegrated, gas and water supplies failed, and roofing iron scythed though the air. A storm surge inundated the town around 5.00 am, with large waves reportedly breaking in the centre of Mackay. Phenomenal rainfall - 1,411 millimetres (mm) in three days at Mackay Post Office - generated the worst flooding in Mackay's history. In total, 30 people lost their lives, mainly in Mackay and Rockhampton. Severe storm clouds approach yacht club, 2000 – courtesy Bureau of Meteorology. Floods - north-eastern Tasmania - April 1929 Although north-eastern Tasmania's climate is normally relatively benign, it is prone to intense rainfall over short periods. The worst event of the 20th century occurred in April 1929, when 22 people died. Rain commenced late on 3 April and, in three days, up to 500 mm fell over the high country of the north-east, and over a smaller area south of Burnie and Ulverstone. The Briseis Dam on the Cascade River crumbled, and the resulting torrent, carrying thousands of tons of trees, rocks and gravel, overwhelmed houses and offices, with 14 deaths. Over 1,000 houses in Launceston were inundated, and most other north coastal rivers were heavily flooded. Scenes of devastation - to man-made structures and natural features - were widespread across northern Tasmania. Bushfire - Victoria - Black Friday, January 1939 Following an exceptionally dry winter and spring, vegetation over most of Victoria was in an extremely hazardous condition by January 1939. Heatwave conditions from early in the second week of January saw many large fires break out, especially on the 10th when Melbourne registered a maximum of 44.7 degrees Celsius (oC). Despite milder conditions in southern Victoria on the 11th and 12th, the fires could not be extinguished and 21 people died. On the 13th the onset of strong and even hotter winds (Melbourne a record 45.6oC) coalesced these fires into a sea of flame. Several timber towns were burnt to the ground, extensive tracts of mountain forest (including Melbourne's main catchment area) were incinerated, and 50 more people died, many trapped in timber mills. In the ensuing Royal Commission, many changes to rural fire fighting practices in Victoria were proposed, and eventually implemented. Record floods - New South Wales - February 1955 The Hunter Valley floods of late February 1955 have, in many people's minds, come to symbolise flooding in Australia. A monsoon depression moving south from Queensland deposited up to 250 mm of rain in 24 hours over the already-saturated Hunter region. The Hunter, and several west-flowing rivers, swiftly rose to record levels, drowning the surrounding country. In East Maitland, water completely submerged houses, and 15,000 people were evacuated. It was a similar story throughout the Hunter, Macquarie, Namoi and Gwydir River Valleys, with houses destroyed, metres of flood waters in the streets, and many thousands of stock drowned. In all, 14 people died, and damage to bridges, roads, railways and telephone lines took months to repair. This event was the most spectacular of many heavy rain episodes over eastern Australia between late-1954 and the end of 1956. Fire and storm - south-west Western Australia - 1961, 1978 Perhaps Western Australia's worst bushfire disaster - the Dwellingup fires - occurred in January 1961. An intense cyclone off the north-west coast led to five days (20-24 January) of gusty winds and 40oC temperatures over the lower south-west. Fires, many started by lightning, burnt uncontrolled through this period. Strong north-west winds on the 24th drove the fires southward, destroying the township of Dwellingup, and many houses in other small settlements. Fortunately there was no loss of human life. A similar event occurred in early April 1978, when Cyclone Alby swept past the south-west of Western Australia, generating severe gales (gusts to 150 kilometres per hour (km/h)) between Kalbarri and Albany, and causing widespread damage and coastal (storm surge) flooding, as well as raising large dust clouds. Over 360 separate fires flared, more than 114,000 hectares (ha) of forest and farmland were burned, and many buildings and homes destroyed. Bushfire - southern Tasmania - Black Tuesday, February 1967 On Tuesday 7 February 1967, 110 fires fanned by 80 km/h winds ravaged southern Tasmania, burning within a 56 km radius of Hobart and reaching to within 2 km of central Hobart. Over the four days leading up to the fires, a period of extreme temperature (around 40oC) and low humidity was experienced. The fire index of 96 on the day of the fire was one of the highest readings on record and there were winds of up to 65 knots. A wet spring had produced thick, lush vegetation, which became very dry in the three months prior to the disaster, resulting from the warm temperatures that prevailed. The main vegetation types found in this area were rainforest and eucalypt forest as well as cleared land. There were 62 deaths, 900 injuries and over 7,000 people made homeless. The fires killed 500 horses, 1,350 cattle, 60,000 sheep, 24,000 chickens, 600 pigs, and other animals. Around 3,000 buildings - 1,293 homes, 128 major buildings including factories, churches, schools and post offices - 80 bridges, and 1,500 vehicles were destroyed. In total, 5,400 km of farm fences and 265,000 ha were burnt, including orchards - 20% of Tasmania's fruit crop - other crops, pastures and forests. The total estimated cost of the fires at the time was approximately $45 million (m) and insurance loss was $14m. Earthquake - Meckering - October 1968 Although the Meckering earthquake was not the largest in Western Australia's history, it was certainly the most significant in terms of damage done (over $5m) and cultural upheaval. At 10.59 am, on 14 October 1968, the small wheat-belt town of Meckering, about 130 km east of Perth, was destroyed by an earthquake. From the population of approximately 240 people, 20 were injured, but incredibly, no one was killed. The earthquake was felt throughout the southern half of the state and caused damage in the surrounding townships, particularly York and Northam, and in the Perth metropolitan area. It measured 6.9, making it one of the largest recorded seismic events in Australian history. The earthquake, and its aftershocks, were accompanied by surface faulting extending over an area of 200 square kilometres (sq km). Some of the surface faulting - up to 3 metres high and nearly 40 km long - is still visible today. The Meckering Fault was the first tectonic ground breakage to be recorded in Australia. Meckering earthquake 1968 Meckering earthquake 1968 Floods - Brisbane - January 1974 Following a very wet 1973, the month of January 1974 featured probably the biggest continent-wide drenching since European settlement, with vast areas of the country inundated. In Brisbane, preceding heavy rain had already produced some flooding when, on 24 January, Cyclone Wanda came ashore north of the city. Wanda inflicted relatively little wind damage, but produced record rains over the Australia Day weekend. In three days, Brisbane received 580 mm, with much higher falls over river catchments near the city (1,300 mm in five days at Mt Glorious). Many houses bordering rivers and creeks were washed away as rivers rose to their highest levels since the disastrous 1893 floods. The rising waters trapped people in homes and offices causing many heroic rescue attempts but unfortunately 14 people died. Brisbane floods 1974. Cyclone Tracy - Darwin - December 1974 The year 1974 started with Cyclone Wanda bringing devastating floods to Brisbane, and ended with Darwin devastated by Cyclone Tracy. Small but compact by world standards, Tracy packed unusually strong winds (gusts to 217 km/h at Darwin Airport before the recorder failed). Tracy moved in from the Arafura Sea, skirted Bathurst Island, then, swinging sharply south, struck Darwin early on Christmas Day. Good warnings had been issued, but the combination of public indifference (it was Christmas and no severe cyclone had affected Darwin for years), extremely fierce winds, and the loose design of many buildings at that time, led to wholesale destruction. Most buildings were totally destroyed or badly damaged and 65 people died. Much of the remaining population was swiftly evacuated. In the wake of Tracy, much more attention was given to building codes and other aspects of disaster planning. Darwin after Cyclone Tracy, December 1974. The 1982-83 drought In terms of short-term rainfall deficiencies (up to one year) and their impacts, the 1982-83 drought was probably Australia's worst in the 20th century. It started in autumn 1982, with severe rainfall deficiencies over eastern Australia exacerbated by frequent sharp frosts in June and July. Dry conditions persisted, and by year's end extensive areas of eastern Australia had record or near-record low April to December rainfall. The upper Murrumbidgee River became a chain of waterholes. Reservoirs throughout the south-east fell to levels unknown for many years. The northern Australian wet season failed, with record low summer rain in some areas. In February 1983, dust storms and devastating fires swept the south-eastern States, before heavy rain in late March broke the drought. In all, this drought caused losses in excess of $3 billion (b), and first brought into public prominence the link between El Ni�o and Australian drought. Dust storm - Melbourne - February 1983 Late on the morning of 8 February 1983 a strong, but dry, cold front began crossing Victoria, preceded by hot, gusty northerly winds. The loose topsoil in the Mallee and Wimmera was quickly picked up by the wind, and as the front moved east, the soil collected into a large cloud oriented along the line of a cool change. At Horsham, in western Victoria, raised dust could be seen by 11.00 am; by noon it had obscured the sky. In Melbourne, the temperature rose quickly as the north wind strengthened, and by 2.25 pm it had reached 43.2oC, a record February maximum. A short time later, a spectacular reddish-brown cloud could be seen advancing on the city, reaching Melbourne just before 3.00 pm. It was accompanied by a rapid temperature drop, and a squally wind change strong enough to uproot trees and unroof about 50 houses. Visibility plunged to 100 metres. The worst of the dust storm was over by 4.00 pm, when the wind speed dropped rapidly. At its height, the dust storm extended across the entire width of Victoria. The dust cloud was up to 320 metres deep when it struck Melbourne, but in other areas extended thousands of metres into the atmosphere. It was estimated that about 50,000 tonnes of topsoil were stripped from the Mallee - about a fifth was dumped on the city - leaving the ground bare, and exacerbating the effects of the drought. Open water channels in the north-west were clogged with sand and dirt. Dust storm, Melbourne, February 1983 – courtesy Trevor Farrar, Bureau of Meteorology. Bushfire - South Australia, Victoria - Ash Wednesday, February 1983 The severe drought over eastern Australia in 1982 led to tinder dry conditions throughout the grasslands and forests of south-eastern Australia. On 16 February 1983, near-gale force northerly winds, and temperatures well over 40oC drove huge fires (many started by arsonists) across Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. Nearly 2,500 houses were destroyed and 75 people died (47 in Victoria and 28 in South Australia). The worst affected areas were Victoria's Dandenong Ranges and the Macedon area, and South Australia's Mt Lofty Ranges, all scenic areas with considerable residential populations. Forests in south-eastern South Australia and Victoria's Otway Ranges were incinerated. Most deaths occurred in the hour following the cool change, when strong, gusty westerly winds turned long, narrow corridors of flame into wide fronts. The enquiry that followed led to many changes in fire weather briefing procedures, most notably the provision for regular updates on the progress of wind changes. Fire in the Penola Forest (South Australia), Ash Wednesday, February 1983. Tropical cyclones - Port Hedland The Pilbara coast in Western Australia experiences more cyclones than any other part of Australia. Since 1910 there have been 48 cyclones that have caused gale-force winds at Port Hedland. On average this equates to about one every two years. About half of these cyclones have an impact equivalent to a category 1 cyclone. Six of these, January 1939, March 1942, Cyclone Joan in December 1975, Cyclone Leo in March 1977, Cyclone Dean in February 1980, and Cyclone Connie in January 1987 caused very destructive wind gusts in excess of 170 km/h. Along the Pilbara coast the cyclone season runs from mid-December to April peaking in February. The strongest wind gust recorded at Port Hedland during a cyclone is 208 km/h during Cyclone Joan (1975). Earthquake - Newcastle - December 1989 At 10.27 am on Thursday 28 December 1989, the city of Newcastle, New South Wales was devastated by a moderate earthquake of magnitude 5.6. The epicentre, approximately 15 km south-east of the Newcastle central business district, was 10-12 km deep within the crust under Boolaroo, an outer suburb of Lake Macquarie. The effects were felt over an area of about 200,000 sq km, with isolated reports of movement from up to 800 km from Newcastle. An aftershock, measuring 2.1, was recorded the following day. The earthquake claimed 13 lives and 160 people were hospitalised. Nine people died at the Newcastle Workers Club; three people were killed in Beaumont Street, Hamilton and one person died of shock. Damage to buildings and facilities, totalling about $4b, occurred within a 9,000 sq km region. Approximately 50,000 buildings sustained damage, including 40,000 homes, affecting 300,000 people and leaving 1,000 homeless. A further 300 buildings were demolished. Some of the buildings in Newcastle dated back to the 1860s, most of them were either unreinforced masonry (URM) or had URM components such as chimneys, walls, verandahs or access stairs. Over the years, pollutants had caused widespread corrosion of steel ties in homes and other buildings, and in the suspension ties of awnings and parapets, where they existed. As a result all such buildings were highly vulnerable to horizontal shaking. Additionally, foundation soils in the Newcastle area played a key role. In the inner parts of the city these were alluvium, some of it dredged from the Hunter River, other parts were underlain by former courses of the river now filled either naturally over time or for housing developments. Ground shaking on sedimentary layers may be amplified relative to that on bedrock at frequencies which correspond to the natural frequencies of buildings so damage is exacerbated. Landslide - Thredbo - July 1997 At 11.35 pm on Wednesday 30 July 1997, 2,000 cubic metres of mud and rock shifted below the Alpine Way, a main road above the village of Thredbo in the New South Wales Alpine Region. The slide travelled down the slope taking with it the Carinya Ski Lodge. It then tumbled down the hill across Bobuck Lane, slamming into an elevated car park and then directly into Bimbadeen Lodge. Large parts of both buildings were scattered across the site and buried under 3,500 tonnes of rubble and soil; 18 people were killed. The area of landslide had a slope of between 22 and 40 degrees, composed primarily of soil and some loose or floating boulders. Rescue strategies were developed collaboratively by the emergency services, coordinated by New South Wales Police. The harsh environment, steepness of the hill and instability of the site made rescue operations difficult. The instability of the site under darkness posed danger to emergency services personnel and rescue could not begin until daylight. It was only after initial assessments were made of the collapsed structure that effective search methods could be carried out to detect the location of trapped victims. Only then was drilling through slabs and inserting cameras possible. Approximately 1,100 individual pieces of equipment were used on site by New South Wales firefighters. At 5.50 am on Saturday, 2 August a male survivor, Stuart Diver, was found in a confined space trapped under three concrete slabs. Although suffering from hypothermia he was not severely injured. His release took rescuers and paramedics more than ten hours. Seven years later a New South Wales Supreme Court judgement determined the cause as 'a leaky mains pipe and a road built on a vulnerable slope of debris'. Since the landslide, the New South Wales Government has spent $50m upgrading the Alpine Way. Thredbo landslide, July 1997 – courtesy Emergency Management Australia. Storm at sea - Sydney to Hobart yacht race - December 1998 Of the 115 yachts that set sail at 1.00 pm on 26 December 1998 in the Sydney to Hobart yacht race, only 44 reached their destination. The cause of this disaster was an intense low pressure system which formed in the Bass Strait region of south-eastern Australia during the long weekend of 25-28 December 1998. The explosive development of this low commenced on 26 December and reached peak intensity on 27 December with average wind speeds reported in the 50-60 knot range. Gusts and squalls of considerably higher wind speeds would almost certainly have been experienced by the yachts for short periods - possibly reaching up to 70-75 knots - and causing ferociously massive seas. The destruction caused to the fleet by the storm triggered a huge search and rescue operation involving numerous personnel from organisations such as the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, the Royal Australian Navy, the Royal Australian Air Force and police. Even so, it resulted in the abandonment of several yachts and the death of six people. It was the most disastrous event in the then 54-year history of this yachting classic. The yachts encountered very severe wind and sea conditions before most were half way into their approximately 630 nautical mile journey down the south-east coast of Australia. The worst weather to hit the fleet occurred off the southern New South Wales coast and in eastern Bass Strait. The Bureau of Meteorology had issued a gale warning for the southern New South Wales coast four hours in advance of the start of the race; it upgraded this to a storm warning for the southern New South Wales coast and the eastern Bass Strait area about one hour into the race. Record rainfall - Esperance - January 1999 The following extract is from the Western Australian Regional Office of Climate and Consultative Services, Bureau of Meteorology records for 7 January 1999: 'Persistent heavy rainfall in the Esperance region in the past few days has caused significant flooding. From late Monday evening (4th) until 9.00 am today Esperance recorded 209 mm, the heaviest rainfall event since rainfall records began in 1889. A total of 107 mm fell in the 24 hours to 9.00 am this morning, including 55 mm from 10.00 am until 11.30 am yesterday morning. This is the third highest daily fall on record, falling short of the 126 mm on 30 April 1922. The two-day fall of 189 mm replaces the previous highest total of 137.7 mm on 5-6 June 1941. This unseasonal event is due to a strong and slow moving upper level trough undercut by cool south-easterly winds near the surface.' Hailstorm - Sydney - April 1999 New South Wales and southern Queensland are particularly prone to large hail, normally accompanying severe thunderstorms developing along low pressure troughs. Late on 14 April 1999, a storm moving parallel to, and just off the southern New South Wales coast, swung north over the eastern suburbs of Sydney. Huge hailstones, some the size of softballs, and driven by squally winds, struck the city and eastern suburbs. The onslaught of ice badly damaged or destroyed many cars, partly destroyed many homes, and damaged several commercial aircraft. Many thousands of buildings, mostly homes, suffered serious roof damage. Insurance losses exceeded $1.7b, replacing the Newcastle earthquake of 1989 as Australia's costliest natural disaster (in terms of insured losses). Tennis ball sized hail, Sydney, April 1999. Bushfire - Canberra - January 2003 In mid-January 2003, due to the combination of extreme weather conditions (high temperature, low humidity, lightning strikes and strong gusty winds) multiple bushfires broke out in the Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales and the Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. During the ensuing days, gale-force winds pushed the fires into the forested land adjoining Canberra, including the Stromlo forest. During the afternoon of Saturday 18 January the situation deteriorated quite dramatically, with fire spreading to many residential areas of Canberra, taking fire-fighters by surprise and engulfing parts of the suburbs of Duffy, Rivett, Chapman, Kambah, Higgins, Hawker and Cook. The unique meteorological conditions associated with the approaching fire front caused extreme wind conditions in localised areas of south-western Canberra. These fierce winds uprooted trees, downed power lines, blew in house windows, stripped tiles from roofs, and even embedded pot plants in house roofs ahead of the fire front. Thousands of emergency response personnel and volunteers held Canberra together during the devastating bushfires which claimed four lives, destroyed as many as 530 homes and nearly a million hectares of national parklands and state forest before it was contained. Statistics show that 5% of houses had severe damage caused by wind alone, while another 5% were damaged by both wind and fire. Over a six-hour period at Canberra Hospital, 139 patients (105 with fire-related problems) were treated - one every four minutes. Insured losses from the January 2003 bushfires were estimated to cost $250m, with 2,500 individual claims. Chapman after the Canberra bushfires, January 2003 – courtesy Geoscience Australia. Cyclone - north Queensland - March 2006 Category 5 Cyclone Larry smashed into the far-north Queensland coast, lashing the area with winds of up to 290 km/h. It crossed the coast near Innisfail around daybreak on the morning of Monday 20 March 2006. Gale-force winds uprooted trees, lifted roofs of houses and flattened crops. Fortunately, no lives were lost and no serious injuries were reported. However, between Babinda and Tully, damage to infrastructure and crops was extensive with the total estimated loss upwards of $500m. To a somewhat lesser extent, damage also occurred in areas north to Cairns, south to Cardwell and on the Atherton Tablelands. Larry developed from a low pressure system over the eastern Coral Sea. The low became noticeable on Thursday 16 March and was then closely monitored by the Bureau of Meteorology. It developed into a tropical cyclone during the early hours of Saturday 18 March, and proceeded on a general westerly course towards the Queensland coast. Late in the morning of 18 March, Larry was classified as a severe category 3 cyclone and continued to intensify to a marginal category 5 cyclone as it approached the Queensland coast. Larry was the first severe tropical cyclone to cross near a populated section of the east-coast of Queensland since Rona in 1999 and the effects of the winds on buildings were devastating. Larry caused a significant storm surge, the highest inundation recorded was a substantial 4.9 metres above the expected tide at Bingil Bay. Rainfall associated with Larry resulted in flooding in the Mulgrave, Russell, Tully and Murray Rivers on the north tropical coast and in the Gulf Rivers. The heaviest rainfall, in the Tully River catchment, was over 500 mm recorded at Euramo, near Tully, in the 72 hours to 9.00 am on 22 March. A bushfire rages near Merimbula, New South Wales, New Years Day, 2006 – courtesy Stephen Kemp, Bureau of Mereorology. Floods - Newcastle - June 2007 Over the June long weekend, between Friday 8 and Monday 11 June 2007, the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales were lashed with severe weather conditions. Torrential downpours and gale-force winds caused flash flooding, and grounded a bulk carrier the Pasha Bulker on Nobbys Beach. Thousands of residents were urged to abandon their homes ahead of a torrent of expected floodwater. The death toll from the three days of wild storms reached nine after a man was swept into a stormwater drain in the Newcastle suburb of Lambton after getting out of his car. At the peak of Friday's wild weather, five members of the same family were swept to their deaths when a section of the Old Pacific Highway collapsed under their vehicle and it was hit by a 'wall of water' at Somersby, near Gosford. Further north, a couple were killed when their vehicle was washed off a flooded bridge at Clarence Town, while a 29-year old man died when a tree fell on his ute at Brunkerville, Lake Macquarie. The State Emergency Service issued an evacuation order for about 5,000 residents of central Maitland, South Maitland, Lorne and Singleton. Sandbagging operations were undertaken at Branxton to protect homes near the river. About 75,000 homes of the Lower Hunter and Central Coast experienced power cuts. The Premier of New South Wales said the damage in Newcastle was worse than that caused by the city's December 1989 earthquake. 'Pasha Bulker' stranded on Nobbys Beach, Newcastle, June 2007 – courtesy Amy McEneny. Floods - Gippsland - July 2007 Six months previously, Victoria's Gippsland was under siege from bushfires which destroyed everything in their wake and after the inferno, drought gripped the region. In July 2007, residents were dealt another devastating blow as for almost a week Gippsland was awash with the state's worst floods in a decade. Seven rivers burst their banks causing tens of millions of dollars worth of damage to homes, businesses and farms as well as a significant loss of public and private assets. The rapidly rising floodwaters left one man dead and forced dozens of families to be rescued and many communities to be evacuated. More than 48 hours of torrential rain left towns throughout Gippsland struggling to stay above water. Over 1,000 emergency service staff worked to save homes and shops in towns throughout Gippsland where rivers burst over flood plains and roads. Efforts included the evacuation of everyone in Newry, north of Maffra. The Victoria Police air wing winched more than 20 residents to safety, including a woman and her dog. Document Selection	two thousand and seven
She was built in 1869 to carry what cargo?	Natural disasters in Australia \| australia.gov.au Natural disasters in Australia Australian poetry Natural disasters in Australia Kerry Reed-Gilbert, Strength Dignity Pride, from exhibition Sacred Country Unwrapped, 2007. Courtesy of Collector Gallery Artspace and Bookshop. Australia experiences a range of 'natural disasters' including bushfires, floods, severe storms, earthquakes and landslides. These events cause great financial hardship for individuals and communities, and can result in loss of life, which has become part of Australian folklore. However, these events are also considered both part of the natural cycle of weather patterns in Australia as well as being affected by human factors such as overstocking, vegetation loss, dams, groundwater and irrigation schemes. These patterns are recognised by terms such as a 100-year drought – a drought of severity that is only seen once in a hundred years. Fire can often follow drought, and drought can be followed by flood. Severe fires followed by drought can also contribute to soil erosion. The experience of natural disaster has come to be seen as part of the Australian national character as described in the poem 'My Country' by Dorothea McKellar (1904). I love a sunburnt country, a land of sweeping plains, Of ragged mountain ranges, of droughts and flooding rains. I love her far horizons, I love her jewel-sea, Her beauty and her terror - the wide brown land for me! Drought A drought is a prolonged, abnormally dry period when there is not enough water for users' normal needs. Drought is not simply low rainfall; if it was, much of inland Australia would be in almost perpetual drought. Because people use water in so many different ways, there is no universal definition of drought. Living with Drought, Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Australia is the driest of all inhabited continents, with its climates varying markedly over time and space. At any given moment, large parts of the country may be in drought. Research has showed that major droughts include clusters in the mid-1860s, 1877, 1888, 1895–1903, 1911–16, 1918–20 and variously between 1926–30, 1934–44, 1944–54, 1958–68 and 1972–81. The early 1980s and 1990s also saw punishing droughts. Australia has experienced two significant '100-year droughts' in the last 100 or so years. These major droughts have resulted in financial losses, personal hardship and environmental damage. There have been ramifications on land administration and settlement, ecological systems, regional and local economies and technologies. Social consequences in the 1911–16 drought included larger than expected enlistment of men from drought affected areas in Western Australia into the Australian Imperial Forces during the First World War. In Western New South Wales and west Darling areas, the 1895 Federation Drought was exacerbated by heavy overstocking, and the arrival of rabbits which crossed the Murray River into western New South Wales in 1881 and reached plague proportions. Overstocking caused widespread severe erosion and increased the effects of the drought. 1895-1902, the Federation Drought In the five years leading up to Federation in January 1901, there were intermittent dry spells throughout Australia. By spring 1901, very dry conditions were being experienced across all of eastern Australia. Rivers in western Queensland dried up and the Darling River almost ran dry at Bourke in New South Wales. Murray River towns such as Mildura, Balranald and Deniliquin, which depended on the river for transport, suffered badly. During this drought there was extended use of stock routes in Western New South Wales and the opening up of new stock routes to take advantage of 'native wells' with consequent evaporation of the wells. Together with engineering of irrigation schemes along the Murray-Darling River, the consequences were salinity problems and a rabbit plague (Bobbie Hardy, Lament for the Barkindji, Rigby Press, 1976). 1982–83 In 1982–83, large areas of central and eastern – particularly south-eastern – Australia experienced unprecedented low rainfall levels. This was the culmination of the four-year drought that had begun in 1979. It is estimated that the total cost to the economy was around $A7 billion. Agricultural losses, such as the death of livestock, resulted in massive job losses in rural areas. The effects of the drought contributed to the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires across Victoria and South Australia (see below). Mark Rogers, Drought, 1999. Courtesy of Mark Rogers. 1991-95 This drought in north-eastern New South Wales and much of Queensland, was the result of the lowest rainfall levels on record. A number of major water reservoirs went dry and many others fell to critically low levels. Average rural production fell by over 10 per cent and rural unemployment rose. Loss to the economy is estimated at around $A5 billion. 1996-mid 2010, the Millennium Drought From late 1996 to mid-2010, much of southern Australia (except parts of central Western Australia) experienced a prolonged period of dry conditions, known as the Millennium Drought. The drought conditions were particularly severe in the more densely populated southeast and southwest, and severely affected the Murray-Darling Basin and virtually all of the southern cropping zones. While this episodic dry spell contributed to a long-term statistical decline in southern cool-season rainfall, it is also partially distinct from those drying trends—most particularly in the southwest, where winter drying has persisted for more than four decades. During the Millennium Drought, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Hobart, Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane were all affected by persistent or periodic drought episodes. This period ranks with the Federation Drought and the Forties Drought as one of the three most severe, widespread and prolonged dry periods since 1900. Fires Bushfires are different from controlled burning. Indigenous communities have traditionally used fire as a hunting and farming tool to assist with regeneration. Indigenous Australians used controlled burning and fire management is used to encourage the growth of new plants and to prevent the growth of long grass which contribute to the tinder or fuel for bushfires. Fire management also allowed animals to escape, although some were lost to hunters. Eucalypts, for example, require occasional burns to regenerate. Fire stick farming used over tens of thousands of years created the fertile grazing plains west of the Blue Mountains. Long periods of dry, hot weather and natural vegetation that burns easily makes Australia particularly vulnerable to bushfire. Australian bushfires can be particularly severe as eucalyptus trees contain large amounts of oil which can burn very fast and very hot. Other human management factors which have contributed to the severity of bushfires include high fuel loads, a change from fire prevention to fire fighting measures, and not building adequate buffer zones to protect built assets (Nairn Inquiry, 2003). As Australians learn to understand more about bushfires, bushfire prevention strategies are being adopted. The 1967 Tasmanian fires In 1967 southern Australian was experiencing drought conditions. On 7 February, 264,270 hectares were burnt in southern Tasmania in just five hours. Of the 110 fires burning that morning, the worst was the Hobart fire. The fire made its way over Mt Wellington and encroached on the city's western suburbs. Sixty-two (62) people died, and 1,400 homes and other buildings were destroyed. At the time, it was the largest loss of life and property in Australia from fire on any single day in Australia's history. Ash Wednesday bushfires, 1983 In the summer of 1983, conditions in Victoria and South Australia contributed to extremely high ignition levels. Drought conditions with a heatwave with temperatures of 43 degrees Celsius meant that forests were highly combustible. On Wednesday 16 February (now known as 'Ash Wednesday'), around 180 bushfires were burning across both states, the largest of them starting in Victoria. Out of the Ash Wednesday fires, Victorian rescue teams were reorganised to better fight future fires: through improved radio networks, single command centres and establishing linkages between existing rural and city firefighters. Volunteer crew of MLO 10 from the ACT Bushfire Service patrolling the Mount Franklin containment line, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003. Photo by David Tunbridge. Image courtesy of the National Library of Australia. Canberra firestorm, 2003 In mid-January 2003, extreme weather conditions led to multiple outbreaks of fire in Namadgi National Park to the south of Canberra. Strong winds pushed the fires into forested areas adjoining Canberra and on the afternoon of Saturday 18 January, firestorms fanned by high winds hit Canberra suburbs. Thousands of hectares of forest and park lands were burnt out. Black Saturday bushfires, Victoria, 2009 The Black Saturday bushfires were a series of bushfires that ignited or were burning across Victoria on and around Saturday, 7 February 2009. As many as 400 individual fires were recorded that day. The fires occurred during extreme bushfire-weather conditions. Background temperatures reached 46 degrees Celsius (115°F) and winds were in excess of 100 km/h (62 mph). This had been precipitated by an intense heat wave and almost two months of little or no rain. A cool change hit the state in the early evening, bringing with it lower temperatures but gale-force southwesterly winds in excess of 120 km/h (75 mph). This change in wind direction caused the long eastern flanks of the fires to become massive fire fronts that burned with incredible speed and ferocity towards towns that had earlier escaped the fires. Wikipedia, Black Saturday bushfires Sam the koala receiving water from a Country Fire Authority (CFA) firefighter in burnt bushland. Sam’s image, just days after the news of Black Saturday, touched millions of people. Image courtesy of the ABC. The fires affected 78 townships, many badly damaged: Kinglake, Marysville, Narbethong, Strathewen, and Flowerdale were all but completely destroyed. Houses in the towns of Steels Creek, Humevale, Clonbinane, Wandong, St Andrews, Callignee, Taggerty, and Koornalla were also destroyed or severely damaged, with fatalities recorded at each location. An estimated 7,562 people were displaced from their homes. The fires on 7 February 2009 resulted in the nation's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire: 173 people died and 414 were injured as a result of the fires. That day has become widely referred to as Black Saturday. A group of researchers from various state fire agencies and research organisations was assembled by the Bushfire CRC to look at key issues arising out of the February 2009 Victorian bushfires. Their research examined fire behaviour, human behaviour, buildings and land issues. The final report notes that four of the five major fires spread two to three times faster than predicted and that spotting of the fires ahead of the main fire front played a major part in the forward rate of the fire spread.Many residents were not prepared for the severity of the fire and a considerable amount of last-minute planning and preparation took place on the day of the fires. In addition fire agencies and councils were only modestly successful in alerting communities about effective preparation and the severity of the fire danger. Building materials, as well as the immediate proximity to adjacent forest fuels were seen as significant contributing factors as well as the design and location of water pumps. New South Wales bushfires, 2013 In October 2013, a series of bushfires occurred across the state of New South Wales. At the peak of the fires, on 18 October, over 100 fires were burning across the state. The most severe fires began in the Greater Blue Mountains Area on 16 and 17 October, fueled by hot, dry and windy weather together with high fuel loads in bushland. Two fatalities were attributed to the fires. At least 248 dwellings and other buildings were destroyed; with 193 properties destroyed and 109 damaged in the lower Blue Mountains at Springwood, Winmalee and Yellow Rock. More than 118,000 hectares (291,584 acres) of bushland were burnt across the state, concentrated around the eastern seaboard and highlands. 2013 New South Wales bushfires, Wikipedia. Heatwaves A heatwave is a prolonged period of excessive heat, which results from a certain combination of temperature, humidity, air movement and duration. Heatwaves are the most underrated of the natural disasters, as the bushfires that accompany many heatwaves tend to get most of the attention, and in Australia they have caused the greatest loss of life on any natural hazard (except disease). Unlike bushfires, there is generally no escaping a heatwave. While the 1939 'Black Friday' bushfires in Victoria killed 71 people and are written into our history, the accompanying heatwave – which triggered the blazes – claimed 438 lives and yet remains largely unacknowledged. On the 30 January 2009, prior to the Black Saturday fires, there had been a week of temperatures over 40 degrees celsius, with 18,000 homes in Victoria without electricity as the heatwave conditions tested the electricity grid. Floods Floods occur when water covers land which is normally dry. Floods in Australia range from localised flash flooding as a result of thunderstorms, to more widespread flooding following heavy rain over the catchment areas of river systems. Flooding is also a regular seasonal phenomenon in Northern Australia. Australian towns were built on floodplains despite warnings from local Aborigines. Nyngan (meaning flood in its local Aboriginal language) was severely flooded on 23 April 1990. Cover of Yarri of Wiradjuri by John Warner. Gundagai was rebuilt on a new site after a flood in 1852 wiped out 71 buildings, and 89 of the town's 250 inhabitants died. More people would have perished were it not for the heroism of local Aborigine Yarri of the Wiradjuri people and his mate Jackie, who saved more than 40 people using a simple bark canoe. Recently, town councils and shires have started mapping the 100-year flood areas so that the extent of the flood plain can be mapped for town planning, building regulations and zoning for land use to avoid building on flood-prone areas. Regional flood mitigation programs have been initiated by the Australian Government to work with state and territory governments. North eastern Tasmania, 1929 In April 1929, 22 people died when heavy rain caused severe flooding in the north east of Tasmania. In addition, 14 people died when the Briseis Dam on the Cascade River gave way, inundating the town of Derby. A further eight people (six from one family) were drowned near Ulverstone when a truck crashed into a flooded river. Rain commenced late on 3 April and, in three days, up to 500mm fell over the high country of the northeast, and over a smaller area south of the Burnie/Ulverstone area. The Briseis Dam on the Cascade River crumbled, and the resulting torrent, carrying thousands of tons of trees, rocks and gravel, overwhelmed houses and offices, with 14 deaths. Over 1,000 houses in Launceston were inundated, and most other north coastal rivers were heavily flooded. Bureau of Meteorology, A hundred years of science and service, 2001, p.16. Hunter Valley, South-eastern Australia, 1952 In late February 1955, a monsoon depression moving down from Queensland dumped 250mm of rain in 24 hours over the already-saturated Hunter region. The Hunter, and several west flowing rivers, swiftly rose to record levels, drowning the surrounding country. In East Maitland, water completely submerged houses, and 15,000 people were evacuated. It was a similar story throughout the Hunter, Macquarie, Namoi and Gwydir River Valleys, with houses destroyed, metres of flood waters in the streets, and many thousands of stock drowned. Brisbane, Queensland, 1974 The town of Charleville inundated by the April 1990 floods. Image courtesy of the Bureau of Meteorology. In January 1974, the weakening Cyclone Wanda brought heavy rainfall to Brisbane and many parts of south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. One third of Brisbane's city centre and 17 suburbs were severely flooded. Fourteen people died and over 300 were injured. Fifty-six homes were washed away and 1,600 were submerged. Queensland and New South Wales, 1990 Over one million square kilometres of Queensland and New South Wales (and a smaller area of Victoria) were flooded in April 1990. The towns of Nyngan and Charleville were the worst affected with around 2,000 homes inundated. Six people were killed and around 60 were injured. Brisbane and Queensland, 2010–2011 Beginning in December 2010, a series of floods in Queensland forced the evacuation of thousands of people from towns and cities including the capital city Brisbane. At the time, the Premier Anna Bligh announced that at least 70 towns and over 200,000 people were affected. Damage initially was estimated at around A$1 billion. The estimated reduction in Australia's GDP is about A$30 billion. Three-quarters of the state of Queensland was declared a disaster zone. Disaster declarations were made for the Brisbane, Bundaberg, Dalby, Gladstone, Gold Coast, Gympie, Ipswich, Logan, Maryborough, Rockhampton, Roma, Sunshine Coast, Toowoomba, Warwick and Redcliffe districts, representing three-quarters of the state. The Condamine, Ballone and Mary Rivers recorded substantial flooding. An unexpected flash flood raced through Toowoomba's central business district. Water from the same storm devastated communities in the Lockyer Valley. Thousands of houses in Ipswich and Brisbane were inundated as the Brisbane River rose and Wivenhoe Dam, with flood mitigation capacity, was forced to release thousands of megalitres of water each day. Clean up volunteers organised via social media after the Brisbane floods. Photo by Megan Slade, courtesy of The Sunday Mail. As the flooding receded, social media was used to organise more than 55,000 volunteers who registered to help clean up the streets of Brisbane. Thousands more unregistered volunteers wandering the muddy streets with gumboots and mops in what was recognised as a ‘tremendous spirit of volunteering right across Queensland. Victorian floods, 2011 The Queensland floods were followed by the 2011 Victorian floods which saw more than fifty communities in western and central Victoria also grapple with significant flooding. Queensland and New South Wales, 2013 Flooding in the path of ex-Tropical Cyclone Oswald was the worst since European settlement in some areas of southeast Queensland, where rainfall in excess of 1000mm was recorded in 96 hours. In Bundaberg, more than 2000 homes and close to 700 businesses were inundated as the Burnett River rose to a record 9.53 metres, forcing the biggest evacuation in Queensland history. Most of the east coast of Queensland, and the coast of New South Wales from the Illawarra northwards, experienced very heavy rainfall during the period from 22 to 29 January 2013, as a result of the former tropical cyclone Oswald tracking southwards along a track just inland from the Queensland coast. This rainfall resulted in severe flooding in many areas within 200 kilometres of the east coast, most notably in the Burnett catchment in Queensland and the Clarence catchment in northern New South Wales, both of which reached record flood peaks. Bureau of Meteorology, Special Climate Statement 44 – extreme rainfall and flooding in coastal Queensland and New South Wales. Cyclones A cyclone is an area of low pressure around which the winds flow clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. I f the sustained winds around the centre reach 119 km/h (with wind gusts in excess of 170 km/h), then the system is called a severe tropical cyclone. In other countries severe tropical cyclones are called hurricanes or typhoons. The Tropical Cyclone Season in Australia extends from November to April. Some of the most destructive cyclones which have hit the Australian mainland include: Cyclone Mahina, 1899 In March 1899 in Cape York, Queensland, Cyclone Mahina resulted in the greatest death toll of any natural disaster in Australia's recorded history. Over 400 people died, including the crews of around 100 pearling fleet vessels, and an estimated 100 local Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Cyclone Ada, 1970 Tropical Cyclone Ada caused severe damage to resorts on the Whitsunday Islands, Queensland, in January 1970. Its path of destruction included the islands of Daydream, South Molle and Hayman.& The damage bill was estimated at $A390 million and 14 people were killed. The devastation inflicted on Darwin by Cyclone Tracy in December 1974. Photo by Australian Information Services. Image courtesy of the Bureau of Meteorology. Cyclone Tracy, 1974 On Christmas Eve 1974, Cyclone Tracy struck the city of Darwin in the Northern Territory. Small but compact by world standards, Tracy packed unusually strong winds (gusts to 217km/h at Darwin Airport before the recorder failed). Tracy moved in from the Arafura Sea, skirted Bathurst Island, then, swinging sharply south, struck Darwin early on Christmas Day. Good warnings had been issued, but the combination of public indifference (it was Christmas and no severe cyclone had affected Darwin for years), extremely fierce winds, and the loose design of many buildings at that time, led to wholesale destruction. Bureau of Meteorology, A hundred years of science and service, 2001, p.17. One hundred and ninety-five millimetres (195mm) of rain fell in less than nine hours, and winds estimated at around 250 km per hour flattened the city. In terms of damage to a community, Cyclone Tracy remains Australia's most destructive for property damage. Seventy one (71) people were killed, and many thousands injured. Of a population of 43,000, 25,000 were left homeless. Most of the population was evacuated. One result was the priority given to the development of cyclone-proof buildings and other aspects of disaster planning. Cyclone Larry, 2006 The Far North Queensland coast was declared a natural disaster zone after the severe impact of tropical Cyclone Larry on 20 March 2006. The category five cyclone registered winds of up to 290 km/h. Major damage was caused to homes, other buildings and agricultural crops, but no loss of life occurred. $A1.5 billion was the estimated total damage bill for the affected regions. Cyclone Yasi, 2011 Yachts, pleasure craft and tourist vessels piled on top of each other at Port Hinchinbrook marina in the aftermath of Cyclone Yasi. Courtesy of AFP. Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi was a tropical cyclone that crossed the coast in northern Queensland, in the early hours of Thursday, 3 February 2011. Yasi originated from a tropical low near Fiji, intensified to a Category 3 cyclone on 31 January 2011 before the cyclone intensified to a Category 5 system. At Mission Beach, which experienced the most severe damage, wind gusts were estimated to have reached 290 km/h (180 mph). Areas around Tully, Silkwood, Mission Beach, Innisfail and Cardwell bore the brunt of the damage. Insurance losses were estimated at around $655 million. According to residents in Tully, the town was ‘...a scene of mass devastation’. An unknown number of homes were completely destroyed as intense winds, estimated at 209 km/h (130 mph), battered the area, with an estimate that about 90% of the structures along the main avenue sustained extensive damage. Prior to landfall, tens of thousands of residents were evacuated ahead of the storm’s anticipated arrival on 2 February. The evacuations along with the preparations for Cyclone Yasi, subsequent to Cyclone Larry, meant that there was no loss of life directly attributed to Yasi. Australians in the face of adversity The trauma experienced by many people, such as those who suffered loss of their family members, their homes, their livelihoods and close friends in the Black Saturday bushfires is matched by their resilience to re-establish their lives and sense of identity. The resilience of Australians is often most apparent in times of crisis. Grant Devilly, a trauma specialist at the University of Melbourne's psychology department, says the typically Australian 'she'll be right' mentality is invaluable in time of crisis, and Australian's are 'pretty bloody resilient'. Louise Milligan, in her article 'The Plucky Country' (The Australian, 20 January 2003), points out that victims of disasters in Australia tend to adopt the attitude that 'the main thing is we're alive – it's only bricks and mortar'. Auxiliary Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn, Pat Power, has a similar view: I have been a priest 38 years and I stand in awe of the resilience of human nature in situations of personal tragedy. Just to see people retaining their sense of humour and a sense of camaraderie, and the public responding so generously – it's something that makes me proud to be an Australian. The Australian, 20 January 2003 This Australian character of showing resilience in the face of natural disaster and the natural cycle of drought, fire and floods has helped define our language and sense of humour as well as our music, poetry, literature and comedy. Useful links	i don't know
Who was the first person to be voted off this year’s ‘Strictly Come Dancing’?	MasterChef's Gregg Wallace first to be voted off Strictly Come Dancing \| Daily Mail Online comments Gregg Wallace has become the first celebrity to exit Strictly Come Dancing on Sunday night. The MasterChef presenter and his partner Aliona Vilani, and Mrs Brown's Boys star Jennifer Gibney and professional partner Tristan MacManus were the first two couples to face a 'dance-off' on the hit BBC One show. They were selected as the lowest scoring of the 15 celebrity couples taking part in the series - after combining judges' marks from performances last weekend and last night along with the results of viewers' votes. Scroll down for video Time to say goodbye: Gregg Wallace and dance partner Aliona Vilani were the first pair voted off Strictly Come Dancing on Sunday night End of the road: Gregg will not be continuing any further in the show Dance off: The MasterChef presenter had to take on Jennifer Gibney and her partner Tristan MacManus during the first dance off of the show Disappointed by the news that he would be dancing to try and keep his place in the competition so early on in the series, Gregg said: 'There are some amazing dancers in this competition so I'm not surprised. I had no ambitions of winning it.' RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share However, the 49-year-old's performance - a chef-inspired Charleston to Ray Charles' Hey Good Lookin, which ended with him sticking his finger in a Victoria Sponge cake and licking the cream off - did not impress the judges enough to save him. Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell and Bruno Tonioli all voted for Jenny, 50, and Tristan. Second chance: The teams battled it out but only one couple could carry on Impressive: Jennifer and Tristan did well to impress the judges with their version of Aretha Franklin's A Natural Woman Success: They will be joining the rest of the cast into next week's round - movie week Pretty in pink: The Mrs Brown's Boysstunned in her long pink gown Crazy moves: The Mrs Brown's Boys star proved her flexibility in a series of hard poses Dancing queen: Jennifer looked like the belle of the ballroom on Sunday's episode After dancing to Aretha Franklin's A Natural Woman, the pair will now be joining the other couples in the next round. Head Judge Len Goodman admitted: 'I'd have agreed with my colleagues. It would have been unanimous.' On leaving the show, Gregg admitted: 'It was the most terrifying thing I've ever done. What I liked most was practising because it wasn't so scary. If I come again can you all just watch me while I practice?' Not quite enough: Gregg's dance was energetic but didn't quite do it for the judges De ja vu: History repeated itself for Aliona, who was the first to leave alongside golfer Tony Jacklin during the first finals show in 2013 Hugs: The dancer partners seemed to have gotten very close during their short stint on the show Sigh of relief: Gregg wrote in The Telegraph that he found the experience a little traumatic and even had panic attacks throughout the show Then he thanked his dance partner - who was also the first to leave the same results show last year with celebrity golfer Tony Jacklin - for her 'patience', dubbing her a 'saint'. In fact, Gregg said he found Strictly Come Dancing so terrifying that he suffered anxiety attacks and had to seek professional help as a result. Writing in The Telegraph he admitted: 'I've never felt so scared and uncomfortable, to the point where I was crying and having severe anxiety attacks, with pain in my chest and shortness of breath. At the top: EastEnders star Jake Wood turned out to be the surprise package of the series, blowing away his rivals in week two with a sizzling salsa Judging panel: Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell and Bruno Tonioli all voted for Jennifer and Tristan, while Len said he agreed with their decision Foodie: The MasterChef star brought his talents in the kitchen onto the dancefloor Not the judges' piece of cake: Head Judge Len Goodman admitted he would have agreed with the other three judges in sending Gregg home 'I only managed that Charleston thanks to an hour's session with a therapist beforehand,' he said of his dance on Saturday night's show. 'I'm so relieved I can just relax, cheer the others on and stick to cooking.' Meanwhile, EastEnders star Jake Wood came top of the leaderboard with his partner Janette Manrara after their spectacular body-bending salsa on last night's show. Happy go lucky: Jennifer has another shot at becoming queen of the dance-floor as she continues in the competition Grateful: The Masterchef host thanked his partner Aliona for being 'a saint' Blue: Simon Webbe and partner Kristina Rhianoff performed the Tango tonight to Ed Sheeran's Sing, and finished to a standing ovation from the crowd, with the judges giving them 26 points - one down from last week Meanwhile, athough she’s yet to impress the judges with her moves on Strictly Come Dancing, Judy Murray has spoken of her joy when sons Andy and Jamie gave her a much needed confidence boost. Her tennis star sons – who are currently on the other side of the world in China and Kuala Lumpur – told their mother how impressed they were with her new glamorous transformation. According to The Express, the 55-year-old revealed: ‘Both of them said to me, "Mum, you look gorgeous.” ‘It was unexpected because I never look gorgeous and, apart from the Wimbledon Ball, they have never seen me all glammed-up. I’m definitely one of the proudest mums around.’ Larger than life: Alison Hammond's Foxtrot with Aljaz went down a storm with the judges - who awarded her 22 points and praised her performance Up on top: Jake couldn't believe he got three nines as shown by his gesture Hot mama: Judy Murray recently spoke of her joy that sons Andy and Jamie admire her new glamorous transformation Wonna-be: Tim Wonnacott, 61, is convinced he can go "all the way" in the BBC One dancing contest alongisde partner Natalie Lowe Lady in red: Caroline Flack stunned in her bright and bold ensemble Wild in white: West Derby actress Sunetra Sarker stunned in her white feather dress Judy – who has been partnered up with dancing pro Anton du Beke – scored an unimpressive 18 out of 40 with her cha cha cha on Saturday evening. Of the tennis-themed routine, Craig remarked: 'Your body seems to be as tight as a newly strung racquet,' before contributing to her unimpressive score of 17. However, Judy has been warned not to take much notice of her scores, she added: ‘Jamie said, “Don’t worry about the marks Mum, it’s really important not to peak too early.”’ Next week's show will be the first of Strictly Come Dancing's show-stopping themed weekends this series starting with the movie theme on Saturday, October 11 at 6.30pm. Cuddle: Mark Wright hugged his partner tight after they took a spin round the dance floor on Saturday night Kissy: Scott Mills had a cheeky lipstick mark on his cheek... Proud: Pixie was ecstatic about her performance and continued to dance backstage Backstage: Natural History Unit wildlife presenter Steve Backshall went wild on the dance floor with his partner Saying goodbye: The cast gave the first loser a big hug goodbye at the end of the show, seeing him off in style	Tony Jacklin
What subject does Catherine Tate’s character teach in ‘Big School’?	First person voted off Strictly Come Dancing First person voted off Strictly Come Dancing Updated / Oct. 7, 2013 08:29 Tony Jacklin failed to impress Former golfer Tony Jacklin became the first celebrity to exit Strictly Come Dancing last night. Jacklin and professional dance partner Aliona Vilani, and fashion designer Julien Macdonald and his partner Janette Manrara, were the first two couples to face a "dance-off" on the show. They were the lowest scoring couples after combining judges' marks from performances along with the results of viewers' votes. Jacklin has performed a golf-themed Charleston on Saturday to It Don't Mean A Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) but the Strictly judges Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell and Bruno Tonioli all chose to save Macdonald who danced the Tango to Applause by Lady Gaga. Head Judge Len Goodman said: "Tony you've been one of my golfing heroes all of my life, sadly I have to say I would have gone with Julien and Janette, but you're still one of my heroes." 69-year-old Jacklin said of the show "It was a very, very intimidating situation going on stage in front of 10 million people - I felt like running away half an hour before going on last night but there was security all over the place." He said the experience had been very positive and he had no regrets about taking part. View Comments	i don't know
Who wrote the 1924 poem ‘Leda and the Swan’?	SparkNotes: Yeats’s Poetry: “Leda and the Swan” “Leda and the Swan” “Byzantium” Summary The speaker retells a story from Greek mythology, the rape of the girl Leda by the god Zeus, who had assumed the form of a swan. Leda felt a sudden blow, with the “great wings” of the swan still beating above her. Her thighs were caressed by “the dark webs,” and the nape of her neck was caught in his bill; he held “her helpless breast upon his breast.” How, the speaker asks, could Leda’s “terrified vague fingers” push the feathered glory of the swan from between her thighs? And how could her body help but feel “the strange heart beating where it lies”? A shudder in the loins engenders “The broken wall, the burning roof and tower, and Agamemnon dead.” The speaker wonders whether Leda, caught up by the swan and “mastered by the brute blood of the air,” assumed his knowledge as well as his power “Before the indifferent beak could let her drop.” Form “Leda and the Swan” is a sonnet, a traditional fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter. The structure of this sonnet is Petrarchan with a clear separation between the first eight lines (the “octave”) and the final six (the “sestet”), the dividing line being the moment of ejaculation—the “shudder in the loins.” The rhyme scheme of the sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFGEFG. Commentary Like “The Second Coming,” “Leda and the Swan” describes a moment that represented a change of era in Yeats’s historical model of gyres, which he offers in A Vision, his mystical theory of the universe. But where “The Second Coming” represents (in Yeats’s conception) the end of modern history, “Leda and the Swan” represents something like its beginning; as Yeats understands it, the “history” of Leda is that, raped by the god Zeus in the form of a swan, she laid eggs, which hatched into Clytemnestra and Helen and the war-gods Castor and Polydeuces—and thereby brought about the Trojan War (“The broken wall, the burning roof and tower, / And Agamemnon dead”). The details of the story of the Trojan War are quite elaborate: briefly, the Greek Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, was kidnapped by the Trojans, so the Greeks besieged the city of Troy; after the war, Clytemnestra, the wife of the Greek leader Agamemnon, had her husband murdered. Here, however, it is important to know only the war’s lasting impact: it brought about the end of the ancient mythological era and the birth of modern history. Also like “The Second Coming,” “Leda and the Swan” is valuable more for its powerful and evocative language—which manages to imagine vividly such a bizarre phenomenon as a girl’s rape by a massive swan—than for its place in Yeats’s occult history of the world. As an aesthetic experience, the sonnet is remarkable; Yeats combines words indicating powerful action (sudden blow, beating, staggering, beating, shudder, mastered, burning, mastered) with adjectives and descriptive words that indicate Leda’s weakness and helplessness (caressed, helpless, terrified, vague, loosening), thus increasing the sensory impact of the poem. More Help	W. B. Yeats
Who took over as Governor of the Bank of England on July 1st 2013?	Leda and the Swan - Dictionary definition of Leda and the Swan \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary Leda and the Swan For Further Study William Butler Yeats’s daring sonnet describing the details of a story from Greek mythology—the rape of Leda by the god Zeus in the form of a swan—was written at the height of the poet’s career, the same year he received the Nobel Prize for literature. “Leda and the Swan” is a violent, sexually explicit poem that has all of the lyricism and complexity of Yeats’s later work, with its plain diction, rhythmic vigor, and allusions to mystical ideas about the universe, the relationship of human and divine, and the cycles of history. It can be seen as a poem about the way a single event is to be understood as part of a larger scheme; the result of the god’s assault on Leda is the birth of Helen of Troy, the subsequent destruction of early Greek civilization, and the beginning of the modern era. It has also been suggested that the poem, which was first written (and later revised in this present form) during the Irish Civil War of 1922–1923, is intended to draw attention to the violence that beset Yeats’s homeland during that time. “Leda and the Swan” has been considered one of the most technically masterful poems ever written in English. In the work, Yeats uses the fourteen lines of the traditional sonnet form in a radical, modernist style. He calls up a series of unforgettable, bizarre images of an immediate physical event using abstract descriptions in terse language, while at the same time offering a distanced view of that occurrence in the sweep of time. Yeats himself considered the poem one of his major accomplishments, and in addition to praising its economy of language and skillful use of rhythm, critics have seen it as a fine example of how ideas that were central to the poet’s life found expression in his poetry. Author Biography William Butler Yeats was born on June 13, 1865, in the Dublin suburb of Sandymount. His father was a lawyer and a well-known portrait painter, and his mother was the daughter of a shipping merchant. Yeats began writing verse in his teens shortly after entering the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin. There he became interested in the occult, which remained a lifelong passion. In 1887, Yeats moved to London, where he became acquainted with some of the leading literary figures of his day. He also joined the Theosophical Society of Madame Blavatsky, where he furthered his interest in occult practices and magic. In 1889, Yeats’s first volume of poems, The Wanderings of Oisin, appeared to critical acclaim. The same year he met and fell in love with Maud Gonne, a passionate activist deeply committed to Irish nationalism. Under Gonne’s influence, Yeats became increasingly involved in Ireland’s political struggle for independence from Britain. Yeats was also active in societies that attempted an Irish literary revival. Together with Lady Isabella Augusta Gregory, whom he met in 1896, he founded the Irish Theatre, which was to become the Abbey Theatre, and he served as its chief playwright for many years. In part because of the hatred and the bigotry of the Nationalist movement, Yeats became increasingly disappointed by the Irish cause, and his poetry is full of protests against it. He was further disillusioned with Irish politics when, in 1903, Maude Gonne, having turned down his own marriage proposals, married a Nationalist activist. Yeats’s attitude is reflected in the works written during his middle-age years in which he writes unsparingly of Ireland as a “blind, bitter land.” In 1916, Maude Gonne’s husband, together with other Irish freedom fighters, was executed in the Dublin Easter Rising, prompting Yeats to write “Easter 1916,” in which he eulogizes the dead heroes but offers also an honest appraisal of their activities. Maud Gonne refused yet another proposal from Yeats, and in 1917 he married Georgie Hyde-Lees, who shared his interest in mysticism and spiritualism. By this time, Yeats was a well-known figure. He was appointed to the Irish Senate in 1922, the same year that the Irish Civil War broke out. The following year, Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Although he received the prize chiefly for his dramatic works, his significance today rests on his achievement as a poet. Yeats’s most highly acclaimed work was actually written after he received the Nobel Prize. He finished a first version of “Leda and the Swan” (which was titled “Annunciation” originally) the same year he won the prize and had it published in 1924 in a new, radical magazine called To-morrow. Yeats said he was inspired to write the poem after contemplating on Ireland’s place in world politics. He revised the poem six times, and it appeared in its final form in The Tower in 1928. That volume, together with The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933) and Last Poems and Plays (1940) confirmed Yeats’s reputations as one of the most influential twentieth-century poets writing in English. When he died on January 28, 1939, in Roquebrune, France, he was considered indisputably to be the greatest poet that Ireland had every produced. [This text has been suppressed due to author restrictions] [This text has been suppressed due to author restrictions] Poem Summary Title The title of the poem is important, because it is the only indication of the characters who are the subject of the poem. In the poem, Yeats assumes that the reader is familiar with the myth referred to in the title. Throughout the fourteen lines, he never uses the names of either of the characters. Zeus’s name in fact appears neither in the title nor the text of the poem; the reader is expected to understand that the swan is an incarnation of the all-powerful god. Lines 1–4 The structure of the sonnet is Petrarchan, an Italian form of the sonnet that characteristically divides its theme into an octave, in which a problem or emotion is stated, and a sestet, in which the problem or emotional tension is resolved. There is a clear separation between the first eight lines (the octave) and the final six (the sestet). The octave is divided into two four-line stanzas, or quatrains. The first quatrain opens with a recounting of the occurrence in mid-scene. It begins abruptly, as the swan assaults Leda with “a sudden blow,” which is most likely a reference to an act of sexual penetration. The use of that simple, powerful phrase (not a complete sentence) and a break before the line continues emphasizes the explosive violence of the act. Line 1 continues with a description of the great swan hanging in the air above the girl with its wings beating. There is a pun on the word still; the bird’s wings continue to beat and are also still as it hovers above without moving. In line 2 there is a description of Leda that indicates her physical (and perhaps psychological) state, as she staggers under her assailant. The swan has its body over Leda as she falters under him; he caresses her thighs with his webbed feet. There is an almost sensuous description in the phrase “her thighs caressed,” but this is followed immediately by the grotesque image of the swan’s “dark webs” in line 3 and the image of Leda’s neck in his bill as he holds her helpless against him. The swan is never referred to directly as a swan, but its presence is expressed in ordinary images like “great wings” and “dark webs” that in the context of the poem seem quite extraordinary. Leda is simply “the girl” who is caught in the bird’s beak like a small helpless animal. In line 4 the crushing movement of the girl pinned against the bird is reinforced by the repetition of the word breast as the two are joined together unwillingly as one. Lines 5–8 The second quatrain of the octave continues with a description of the rape, but it is presented here in the form of two rhetorical questions. How, asks the speaker, can this mere mortal girl resist the power of this beast-god as he subjugates her? And how can she help but feel the beating of his heart (or his sexual organ) as he lies with her? Leda’s fingers are “terrified” and “vague” because they are powerless amidst the “feathered glory” that surrounds her; and she acquiesces to the assault because she is helpless to resist; she cannot push the god’s body from her “loosening thighs.” She loses her identify with the continuing attack; she is no longer even “girl” but merely “body” laid in a “white rush” (referring to the bird’s feathers but punning on an image of ejaculation). She feels the pulsation of the bird’s “strange heart” (which, again, could refer to its penis) against her. Again in this stanza the picture of the bird is rendered in simple images using a combination of abstract and concrete descriptors that emphasize its divine and incomprehensible nature: it is a “feathered glory” with a “strange heart.” The details of Leda’s psychological state and physical body are presented with skillful compression and interconnectedness, with references to her “terrified” fingers and “loosening thighs.” Lines 9–11 In the final sestet the poem moves away from the description of the rape to its effect, shifting from an immediate physical description of the present to an abstract dramatization of the future. While the first part of the poem concentrated on the physicality of the act, the last stanza steps back from the present and situates it in the larger pattern of history. Also, while the first two stanzas of the poem had references to the whiteness of the swan and the blackness of its webs, the images in the final stanza are vivid with references to fire and blood. Line 9 begins with the swan’s orgasm and ejaculation, the “shudder in the loins” that, it is explained, engenders, or gives rise to, a startling series of events. The act of rape just described, the speaker says, spawns “The broken wall, the burning roof and tower / And Agamemnon dead.” This compressed line and a half describe the fall of Troy (walls broken and roofs burned) and the death of Agamemnon at the conclusion of the Trojan War. That is, with the union of Leda and the swan will come the birth of Helen, and with that the series of events that culminates in the siege and fall of Troy, which signals the collapse of early Greek civilization and ushers in a new, modern age. The phrases “broken wall,” “burning roof,” and “tower” also have sexual connotations. The broken wall refers to the breaking of the female hymen in sexual intercourse; the burning roof refers to the vagina; the tower is a symbol of the phallus. Fire traditionally symbolizes sexual passion and represents the divine union with the human. The break in line 11 is the only deviation from the traditional form of the sonnet, and the division stresses the completeness of thought presented in the previous eighteen words that express a vast historical process. This single event, the impregnation of the mortal woman Leda by the god Zeus signals the beginning of a new time in history. Here, in a few short lines, Yeats makes reference to his theory of history that claims that every two thousand years a new era of civilization is ushered in because of the reversal of the gyres. The mortal Leda is caught in this cosmic pattern, a helpless victim of divine forces that use her merely as a means to a larger end. Lines 12–14 After the break in line 11 the speaker again changes tenses (this time to past) and ends the poem with another question. The use of the past tense serves to further distance the act and see it in terms of its historical significance. The speaker asks if Leda, as she was taken and ravaged so savagely by this “brute blood of the air,” the god in the form of a swan, knew the consequences of what was happening to her. When she is violated by and in union with the god, does she come to some sort of divine knowledge? Does she know, as he obviously must because of his divinity, that this act portends the end of a civilization? In these lines, the description of the swan as the “brute blood of the air” identifies Zeus with a cosmic force; he is a being that is physical, animal, and divine. The poem ends in the last line with an image of the swan, after its orgasm, Media Adaptations The Nobel Internet Archive maintains a Yeats web page at http://www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/literature/1923a.html (last accessed April 2001) with links to other interesting sites. An audiocassette titled The Poetry of William Butler Yeats, which features eighty-five of Yeats’s best known verses, including “Leda and the Swan,” was released in 1996 by Dove Books Audio. The myth of Leda and the Swan has been the subject of numerous works of art, including sculptures and other decorative works from ancient times: Correggio’s painting “Leda with the Swan” (1531–1532); Tintoretto’s painting “Leda and the Swan” (1570–1575); Van Dongen’s watercolor “Leda and the Swan” (1922); and Salvador Dali’s painting “Leda atomica” (1949). Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo also produced paintings of the Leda myth, but both paintings have been lost—although a number of reproductions and copies of the artists’ sketches survive. as it releases its captor carelessly from its beak. He has satisfied his desire and lets her drop, indifferent to his victim’s terrifying experience. The question the reader is left with is whether Leda knew that her experience would inaugurate a new cycle and whether in her terrifying union with the god she gains some type of mystical or cosmic insight. Themes Mythology “Leda and the Swan” is a difficult poem to grasp fully on a casual reading because it assumes considerable background knowledge on the part of the reader of the event being described and its place in Greek mythology. The poem is also inspired by Yeats’s strange and difficult theory of historical cycles. Even when one is acquainted with Yeats’s sources and theories, the poem is a challenge for the student because of the complexity of the ideas to which it makes subtle reference. However, the lyrical quality and force of description in the poem can be appreciated even by those who find the ideas hard to follow. Thus the poem can be enjoyed on two levels. It is both a chilling, bizarre description of a violent act of rape and a sophisticated exploration of Yeats’s ideas about the nature of cosmic history and the place of humans in it. The ancient Greek myth that Yeats used as the source of his poem is that of Leda, the daughter of the Aetolian king Thestius. According to one version of the myth (there are at least half a dozen variations), the beautiful mortal Leda caught the eye of the god Zeus (the ruler of the Greek deities) after she had married the Spartan Tyndareus. Leda resisted the god’s advances, and so he seduced her in the form of a swan. Leda gave birth, by laying eggs, to four children: the twin girls Helen and Clytemnestra and the twin boys Castor and Polydeuces. Helen, greatly famed for her beauty, later married Menelaus but then fell in love with Paris, and the couple fled together to Paris’s homeland of Troy. Menelaus’s attempt to win back his wife gave rise to the Trojan War. Under the command of Menelaus’s brother Agamemnon (also the husband of Clytemnestra), the Greeks besieged Troy for nine years, and the city finally fell. On Agamemnon’s return home to Mycenae, he was murdered by his wife and her lover. The Trojan War’s lasting impact was that it marked the end of the ancient Greek mythological era and the birth of modern history. Most accounts of the Leda myth do not describe it in terms of rape but as a seduction, yet in his poem Yeats emphasizes the unwillingness and terror of the mortal victim at the mercy of the beast-god. It is not an account of Zeus winning over Leda but of a brutal sexual assault. It is often suggested that Yeats might have based the poem on the Michelangelo painting of the Leda story (he owned a reproduction of it) or a picture of a bas-relief from an art history book, but it is likely that with the poem the poet is creating his own, idealized version of the scene. Violence and Helplessness Yeats wrote “Leda and the Swan” during the turbulent days of the Irish Civil War. In 1922, Britain and Ireland signed a treaty that established the Irish Free State, which gave Ireland some measure of autonomy but kept it under the firm authority of Britain. This resulted in civil war between supporters of the treaty and its opponents. Yeats, who became an Irish senator in 1922, supported the Free State, but he deplored the violence used on both sides in the war. Yeats declared that his inspiration for “Leda and the Swan” was his meditation on Ireland’s place in world politics. For centuries Ireland had struggled for independence against Britain. Although there are no explicit references to Ireland or to politics in the poem, the subjugation of Leda can be seen as reflecting the brutality inflicted upon Ireland by its powerful aggressor, and the violence of the poem can be seen as an emblem of the violence of the civil war. The focus of the poem is the violent rape, which is presented in intensely physical terms. Throughout, the helplessness of the mortal girl is contrasted with the incomprehensible and overwhelming power of the bird-god. The diction of the poem points to the swan’s domination and strength (“great wings,” “beating still,” “feathered glory”) in contrast to Leda’s passivity (she is “caught,” “caressed,” “helpless”). The violence of the poem is also heightened by the use of the tightly controlled form of the sonnet, which describes the rape in spare but forceful terms. The act that Yeats describes brings forth a new era and civilization, and the poem thus seems to indicate that all such far-reaching transformations in history must have violent and incomprehensible beginnings. Also, with the description of the “broken wall, the burning roof and tower” that are the result of the brutal assault of Leda, Yeats seems to be suggesting that violence generates continuing violence in human history. Annunciation “Leda and the Swan” is one of Yeats’s several “Annunciation” poems. In fact the original version of the poem, published in 1924 was called “Annunciation.” In the Christian tradition, the Annunciation is the announcement by the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would have a child by the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit in the form of a dove descended upon Mary and fulfilled the angel’s words. The result of this union between the divine and human was Jesus Christ, whose birth signaled the destruction of an old order and ushered in a new age and a Christian civilization. In “Leda and the Swan,” Yeats describes an annunciation of a quite different type as the god Zeus, also in the form of a bird, descends upon Leda and impregnates her with Helen, who will be the cause of the destruction of Greek civilization and give rise to a new modern era. Yeats thus sees the rape of Leda by Zeus as an event parallel to the annunciation to the Virgin Mary. The children of Mary and Leda changed the world, and the moment of their conception is a pivotal moment for the universe. For Yeats, the annunciation is a moment in which the supernatural energy of a god is mingled with the human to revitalize a declining civilization. In “Leda and the Swan,” as with Yeats’s other annunciation poems such as “The Magi,” “Two Songs from a Play,” “The Mother of God,” and “The Second Coming,” the violence and terror of the union of god and human is stressed. Yeats implies that any union of human and divine must be a horrifying experience. However, he thinks that there is a possibility that in that moment of merging, the mortal may attain supernatural or transcendent insight. Thus the speaker at the end of the poem asks if Leda, as she is mastered by the “brute blood of the air,” gains through her experience some form of divine knowledge and divine power. The Cycle of History Yeats viewed history as cyclical and believed that every two thousand years a new era would be ushered in that would be the antithesis, or opposite, of the one that was being replaced. Again, although he makes no overt reference to his theory of history in the poem, Yeats uses the subject of Leda and the swan to illustrate a moment in which the cycle is begun anew. The use of tense in the poem calls attention to the timelessness of the event and so the cyclical nature of history. The rape is described in the first eight lines using present tense, but, as seen in lines 9 to 11, the act engenders consequences that are yet to be experienced in the poem—they are in the future. The poem ends using the past tense, making it clear that the events described have already taken place. The entire effect is to convey the sense that the rape is more than an assault on a particular woman at a static moment in history, but it is also a symbol for universal and recurring—although certainly violent, painful, and destructive—elements of human experiences. In “Leda and the Swan,” Yeats also seems to be pointing to his mystical theory of the universe, although he makes no overt references to it. The poem describes a moment that represents a change of era according to Yeats’s historical model of gyres, which he describes in his prose work A Vision. In that book, Yeats conceives of history as composed of two cones rotating in opposite directions. Every moment of time moves through these spirals and so contains two opposite but interpenetrating movements, as one cone widens and the other narrows. The spiralling motions are called Topics for Further Study Research the different forms of the Leda myth as they are told in ancient Greek sources. Examine how the story is represented in various paintings and sculptures from classical to modern times. Find examples of sonnets written in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries and compare their themes and structures to those used by Yeats in “Leda and the Swan.” What are the main similarities among the poems? What are the major differences? In Greek mythology, Zeus took the form of a swan to seduce Leda and transformed himself into a bull to win over the princess Europa. Investigate similar accounts of such metamorphoses in myths from other traditions, including those of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. gyres. The times of the greatest turbulence in history are when the gyres reverse their motions, which happens every two thousand years The rape of Leda by Zeus is an event that brings forth such a reversal. It brings forth a new era, one that is antithetical to the civilization out of which it sprang and which it replaces. Another example of an event that comes from the reversal of the gyres, according to Yeats, is the annunciation and descent of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove to the Virgin Mary, which resulted in the birth of Christ. He held, in fact, that this event brought forth a reversal of the era that was spawned by the rape of Leda as described in “Leda and the Swan.” Style Recurring Image The swan is an image that is found in many of Yeats’s poems. (His poetry, in fact, is full of birds of various sorts, from eagles to owls to parrots, but the swan is the most frequently recurrent bird symbol.) Although what the swan represents evolves in Yeats’s poetry, it seems for him to be essentially a symbol of mystery and passion. In “Leda and the Swan,” the swan is mysterious, divine, incomprehensible, violent, and brutally passionate. The use of the swan and other recurring images in Yeats’s poetry also serve to draw his entire body of work into a coherent whole. By using certain images over and over again, he creates a shorthand that allows readers to recognize complex ideas that may not be explicitly mentioned in a particular poem but are the focus of other works. The swan in some of Yeats’s other works, such as “The Wild Swans at Coole,” “The Tower,” and “Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen,” represents wildness, rage, bitterness, and unsatisfied desire, and some of those thoughts will echo in this poem to a reader familiar with Yeats’s poetry. Modernist Sonnet Form “Leda and the Swan” is a sonnet, a traditional fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter. The poem uses the rhyme scheme of the Shakespearean sonnet for the first two quatrains (four-line stanzas), and the rhyme scheme of the Petrarchan sonnet for the last six lines: abab cdcd efgefg. (The rhyme scheme of the first two quatrains of the Petrarchan sonnet is abba abba; the rhyme scheme of the last six lines of the Shakespearean sonnet is efef gg.) However, the subject matter of the work is extremely nontraditional—most sonnets are about love or public matters, not violent rape. Yeats breaks with tradition and creates a sonnet in a daring modernist style. The poem is full of such paradoxes, or oppositional elements, which is one of the sources of its richness. For example, the sonnet is one of the most precise and tightly controlled forms of poetry, but Yeats chooses this structure to describe a situation of explosive power and intensity. An act of force and violence is described within a structure of order and control. The poem is written in iambic pentameter, so it moves along in a steady, pulsating way. But Yeats uses phrases to break up the traditional meter—there is an abrupt break after the opening words, for example, and again after the description of what is engendered by the union: “And Agamemnon dead.” The total effect is of a rhythm that reflects the event being explicated: a throbbing sensation is created that is broken up by dramatic moments of even greater intensity. The line break in the middle of the sestet is the only nontraditional element in terms of the sonnet’s formal structure, and it is used to emphasize the sudden end of the rape and to distance the reader from the event. The rhyme used in the poem is traditional for the sonnet form, but the mixture of perfect and imperfect rhymes (“push” and “rush” in lines 5 and 7, “up” and “drop” in lines 11 and 14) add variety and interest. Language Because Yeats uses such a narrow, tightly ordered structure for his poem, he uses words to their maximum effect. The language and images in the poem are a mixture of concrete and abstract, which conveys a sense of the immediacy of the event as well as its greater cosmic significance. The swan is never referred to as a swan, for example, but as “feathered glory” and “brute blood of the air,” which emphasizes its physical presence as well as its incomprehensible and divine nature. The use of body parts (and not their names) to refer to Leda and the swan (“thighs,” “fingers,” “nape,” “beak,” “webs,” “bill”) again stresses the physicality of the act. The diction in the poem is extremely simple, but the images created from them are vigorous (the “white rush,” for example, calls up an otherworldly image of the swan, as it indicates its physical whiteness as well as it power). The use of strong, simple verbs (“caught,” “hold,” “push,” “drop”) further emphasizes the sense of action. Yeats also plays on words a great deal in the poem, thus communicating several meanings in the confines of taut phrases. The images of the “broken wall, the burning roof and tower” are references to the siege of Troy but are also sexual allusions. With the phrase “the staggering girl” he draws attention to Leda’s physical as well as her psychological state. Yeats manages to communicate extremely complex ideas about the ushering in of a new era through the violent union of human and divine and the cycle of history in very few words. He does this by presenting vivid images that have multiplicity of meanings and by carefully changing the tense in the poem from present to future to past to draw attention to the timelessness of the action that he has depicted in such immediate terms. The history of Yeats’s homeland of Ireland has been one of struggle for self-determination since the twelfth century, when Britain was formally granted overlordship of the island. In addition to the fight for independence and home rule, Ireland Compare & Contrast 1922: Ireland is partitioned, after a treaty deal with the British, into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. Britain maintains control of both provinces, and the Irish Civil War is fought between those who support the partition and those who oppose it. 1949: The Republic of Ireland is proclaimed, and the country withdraws from the British Commonwealth. The British Parliament affirms the status of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. Many Irish, including those supporting the outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA), continue to call for unification. 1969: British troops are sent to Northern Ireland to contain continued violence that includes terrorist acts by the IRA and police retaliation. In 1971, imprisonment without trial is introduced in Northern Ireland as a measure to counter terrorism. In 1972, on what comes to be known as “Bloody Sunday,” British soldiers shoot and kill thirteen protestors at a civil rights march in Londonderry. The British abolish the Northern Ireland Parliament and impose direct rule. 1998: A historic Northern Ireland peace agreement is reached. An accord is ratified by large majorities in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. 1924: “Leda and the Swan” is condemned by members of the Irish Catholic clergy and press as filth. 1959: An unexpurgated version of D. H. Lawrence’s novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover is published for the first time in the United States. The novel, which explores in explicit detail the sexual relationship of a man and women from different social classes, had been deemed obscene and had been suppressed from publication for more than thirty years. 1989: The live performances and song lyrics of the rap music group 2 Live Crew’s album Nasty as They Wanna Be provoke intense controversy. Some characterize the group’s work as obscene, while others defend the band against censorship. 1999: An exhibition of works by British artists called “Sensation,” which includes a painting of the Virgin Mary decorated with elephant dung, appears at the Brooklyn Museum of Art. New York mayor Rudolph Guiliani freezes the museum’s annual subsidy of more than $7 million, calling the exhibit sick. has, since the seventeenth century, been beset with a bitter religious contention between Catholics and Protestants. When Yeats wrote “Leda and the Swan” in 1923, Ireland was in the midst of a bloody civil war that was the result of the Anglo-Irish conflict as well as the discord between the largely Catholic south and the Protestant north. The failure of the British government to implement home rule led, in 1916, to the Easter Rising, during which many prominent leaders of the movement for independence were killed. The militant organization Sinn Féin, which had been founded among Irish Catholics, emerged as the dominant nationalist group during that time. They declared themselves the Irish Assembly and proclaimed an Irish republic in 1918. The group was outlawed by the British and began then to wage war underground. The Anglo-Irish War that broke out in 1919 saw guerrilla attacks by Irish insurgents (later called the Irish Republican Army—or IRA) on British forces as well as vigorous retaliations by the British. Yeats staunchly supported the Irish cause and strongly denounced the British, in particular the tactics used by the Black and Tans, the British anti-terrorist forces. In 1920, a new Home Rule bill provided for the partition of Ireland into two separate entities. A 1922 treaty with the British finalized the partition of Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. However, the Irish Free State and most Irish Catholics refused to recognize the finality of the partition because the close relations between Northern Ireland and Britain posed a threat to the Catholic minority in the north, and civil war broke out. Although Yeats had always supported the Irish against the British, choosing sides in the struggle of Irish against Irish was difficult for him. He elected to back the Irish Free State and was even appointed to a six-year term in the new government’s Senate. The bitter civil strife ended in April 1923. Much of Yeats’s poetry written during the Anglo-Irish and Civil Wars reflects his bitterness toward those conflicts. The poem “Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen” is a harsh and relentless portrait of the destruction of civilized values and the helplessness and hopelessness left in its wake. “Meditations in Time of Civil War” (1923) is a pessimistic poem that speaks of meaningless violence, social chaos, and a fallen world. “Leda and the Swan” makes no overt references to politics, the Anglo-Irish struggle, or the civil war, but it may be seen as representing the violence of the political events during the time. Yeats declared that he wrote the poem as he was meditating on the Irish situation, although he says, “as I wrote, bird and lady took such possession of the scene that all politics went out of it.” No doubt the poem’s tone of brutal violence and subjugation took its inspiration from the political events facing Ireland. The use of diction like “sudden blow,” “staggering,” “caught,” “helpless,” “terrified,” “broken,” “dead,” and “brute blood” are certainly evocative of the savagery of war. Some critics have gone as far as to suggest that in the poem, Leda may be viewed as a symbol for Ireland, helpless and staggering underneath the brute power of her mighty British conqueror. Leda may also be seen as representative of the people and the swan as the force of law and tyrannical government. It is also significant that the original version of the poem, called “Annunciation,” was written during a time when the new Irish government was beginning to institute censorship laws that targeted works whose content was counter to Catholic morality. Yeats had been a strong supporter of the Irish novelist James Joyce whose work Ulysses was embroiled in a famous and lengthy censorship battle in Britain and the United States before it was published in France in 1922. In writing “Leda and the Swan,” Yeats apparently hoped to arouse controversy and to flout what he thought were unjust laws targeting freedom of expression. The poem was denounced as obscene by much of the Catholic press. Critical Overview When Yeats first published a version of “Leda and the Swan” in 1924 in the radical monthly paper To-morrow, it was met with criticism from many conservatives who deplored its sexually explicit subject matter. Yeats later revised the poem (not because of the criticism but because he constantly reworked his poetry), and it appeared in his prose work A Vision in 1925 in a slightly amended form and as an epigraph to a lengthy discussion of his cyclical theory of history. The poem was revised four more times and appeared in its final version in the 1928 collection, The Tower. That volume was received enthusiastically by reviewers, and it is still regarded as one of the poet’s greatest works. Some early readers again found the sexual explicitness of “Leda and the Swan” troublesome, but for the most part it was greatly admired. Contemporary critics have been extremely generous with their praise of the poem. John Unterecker, in his Reader’s Guide to William Butler Yeats, calls it “a nearly perfect sonnet,” and Balachandra Rajan considers it “one of the most unimprovable poems ever written.” Many critics have commented on the poem’s intricacy of thought within the narrow confines of the sonnet, remarking at the masterful use of language and rhythm to create lyricism and complexity. A few commentators have faulted the work for its oblique references to the poet’s complicated philosophical theories. Yvor Winters, for example, in his article “Leda and the Swan,” says that the ideas in the poem “constitute Yeats’s private fairy tale,” and that they are “foolish.” A few feminist writers, notably Elizabeth Butler Cullingford, have found that the poem “flirts with pornography” because of its violently sexual nature and the subjugation of Leda. Others, such as Scott C. Holstad, have suggested that in the poem Yeats plays out a rape fantasy that is the result of his unrequited love for Maud Gonne. Even critics who have found the topic of the poem troubling or distasteful, however, have conceded that “Leda and the Swan” is one of the most technically brilliant poems ever written in the English language. Yeats’s choice of diction and his use of language, imagery, and rhyme, it is agreed, contribute to a powerful total effect. As Richard Ellman has written in his The Identity of Yeats, “He gathers his intensity and force, which have hardly been equalled in modern verse, by creating, with the aid of symbol, myth, and ritual, patterns where thoughts and feelings find unexampled voice.” Criticism Uma Kukathas Kukathas is a freelance editor and writer. In the following essay, she discusses Yeats’s choice of a brutal rape as the subject of his poem “Leda and the Swan.” When “Leda and the Swan” was first published in 1924 (in a version somewhat different than the final form that appears in modern collections of Yeats’s verse), it aroused criticism from the Catholic press in Ireland because of its sexually explicit subject matter—the violent rape of a mortal woman by a god who had taken on the form of a swan. Yeats published the poem in a radical journal and hoped to stir up controversy in order to make the point that he opposed the country’s repressive attitude toward “immoral” literature. In the early twenty-first century, “Leda and the Swan” is hardly considered an indecent work and is heavily anthologized in poetry collections as one of the finest poems written in English. While few people would argue that the poem is anything but brilliant in its technical mastery of language, some contemporary readers might still find the content of the poem troubling or objectionable because of its sexual—and perhaps sexist—nature. Is Yeats’s poem sexist? Should female readers be offended by the content of the work? The readers of “Leda and the Swan” who criticized it when it was first published did so because they thought that a sexual subject was not an appropriate topic for a work of art. More than seventy years later, sexual themes are not generally considered unsuitable for literary expression. Some feminists, however, object to the use of sexist themes in art because they perpetuate the subordination of women. The portrayal of women in television or films as being primarily objects of sexual interest, for example, is condemned as detrimental to women’s status as equal members of society. The question to be explored here, then, is whether by offering a graphic image of female degradation in “Leda and the Swan” Yeats produced a sexist work and if the treatment of his female character detracts from the poem’s status as great literature. Sexism is defined in Webster’s dictionary as “behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex.” It is difficult to say whether in “Leda and the Swan” Yeats is presenting stereotypical portraits of Leda as female and Zeus as male. The action described is a “Part of the power and brilliance of Yeats’s poem is that it is so unsettling, that it presents in a tightly controlled sonnet a multitude of feelings—horror, repulsion, and sexual confusion.” rape, and in that situation there is clearly an imbalance of power between the assailant and the victim. The male Zeus is clearly the strong, domineering figure and the female Leda is the weak, defenseless one. He has her “nape caught in his bill” like a small animal, and he “holds her helpless.” However, simply to describe a scene in which two people of the opposite sex are shown in a particular situation is not necessarily to foster the idea that those are their natural roles. What would be more disturbing is if a woman’s attitude to her assault in such a situation is characterized in terms that present an incorrect but often accepted picture of how women respond to rape. Does Yeats’s characterization of Leda promote any such picture? One often used stereotype of women is that they somehow invite rape by being seductive and alluring and that in some sense they actually want to be violated by their attackers. Clearly in Yeats’s poem Leda does not invite Zeus’s advances. The poem begins abruptly, and there is a clear sense that Leda is as shocked by the “sudden blow” as the reader is. She is “staggering,” so she has obviously been caught off guard both physically and mentally by the massive bird. The action of the first four lines is described in terms of the swan’s movements, and Leda is entirely passive. Another stereotype that is used often by rapists who claim that their sexual actions are justified is that women actually enjoy the force of rape and that in some sense their participation is consensual. As the rape begins in the first stanza, Leda appears to be a completely unsuspecting and unwilling victim of a forcible act. However, the sensual overtones of the poem also imply that the rape being described is not simply an act of violence but in some sense an erotic act. What Do I Read Next? Numerous poets have used the story of Leda as a source for their poetry. The most famous of the poems about the Greek myth are Rainer Maria Rilke’s “Leda” (1908), in Selected Poems, H. D.’s (Hilda Doolittle’s) “Leda” (1921) in Hymen, and D. H. Lawrence’s “Leda,” in Pansies (1929). The 1928 volume The Tower, in which “Leda and the Swan” was published, is considered one of Yeats’s finest collections of poetry. It includes some of his most famous works, including “Sailing to Byzantium,” “Among School Children,” and “The Dying Swan.” The Greek Myths (1960), by Robert Graves, retells the creation myths and the legends and lives of Greek gods and heroes. Yeats’s Mythologies (1962) is an anthology of Irish legends and tales of the occult that reflect the poet’s deep interest in myth and preserving and celebrating Irish history and culture. Leda’s thighs are “caressed,” and the swan “holds her helpless breast upon his breast” in a position that suggests intimacy or even lovemaking. As the poem progresses, there seem to be additional hints that there is in fact some consent on Leda’s part. In the second stanza, the poem moves to an examination of Leda’s state of mind. It is presented in the form of two questions: How can those terrified vague fingers push The feathered glory from her loosening thighs? And how can body, laid in that white rush, But feel the strange heart beating where it lies? The use of the interrogative to describe Leda’s condition in this stanza adds a dimension of ambiguity in terms of her response to her predicament. On the one hand, she simply cannot resist: she is not being attacked by any ordinary assailant, after all, but being seized here by the all-powerful leader of the gods. How could she fight back in such a case? For this reason she appears to be stunned: her “terrified vague fingers” indicate that she is numbed by the experience. However, the use of the interrogative could point not only to the impossibility of resistance on Leda’s part but to the fact that she finds the god irresistible in a sexual sense. Even though in the second stanza the poem focuses on Leda’s physical and psychic state, the words used to describe her point of view hardly seem inappropriate for a woman who is being victimized. In the midst of Leda’s violation the swan is described as the “feathered glory.” Leda’s thighs are described not as being violently pried apart but as “loosening,” perhaps in response to the rapist, again suggesting that this is a consensual act. The next two lines of the poem stress the union of woman and god. The use of the word body without a pronoun could imply that their two bodies are one; both together “feel” the strange heart beating. The heart is a traditional symbol of love, and the use of that word again seems hardly fitting in the context of a forcible and violent rape. In the last stanza, there is further ambiguity with the line “A shudder in the loins.” Again there is no pronoun before “loins,” and it may be that the shudder is not only on the part of the swan but is felt by Leda, too. That a bestial rape would give rise to anything but horror seems unthinkable, but the ambivalence of the description again forces the possibility that there is some mutual enjoyment that results from the sexual union. At the end of the poem, after it is learned that the union between Leda and the swan-god brings about a turbulent sequence of events—the siege of Troy and, by implication, the destruction of ancient Greek civilization—another question is posed, this time about the effect of the rape on Leda: “Being so caught up, / So mastered by the brute blood of the air / Did she put on his knowledge with his power. . . .” Did Leda gain some type of insight, some knowledge about the nature of the cosmos and human history? Again, the use of the verb caught up can be read as being ambiguous. Leda was caught up and mastered by the god, but caught up can also imply being intensely involved in the act and complicit in some sense. Although the various references do not show explicitly that Leda is a willing partner in the union with Zeus, the erotic tone of the poem and the hints at acquiescence in the act on Leda’s part are unsettling. They do seem to point to the stereotype that women derive pleasure from forced sexual intercourse and, perhaps by extension, that they are somehow not entirely without blame in acts of violence against them. However, to see the poem merely as an instance of Yeats’s sexism would be a mistake. Although there seem to be various clues that Yeats thinks of Leda as being erotically caught up in the event, it is obvious at the end of the poem that what has been described is a violent and contemptible abuse of a woman by a callous and indifferent aggressor. After the speaker asks if in the union Leda “put on his knowledge with his power,” it becomes clear that the god has used the mortal woman for nothing more than his sexual gratification. The swan discards her unceremoniously—he lets her drop from his “indifferent beak”—and the question is left as to whether in her horrific subjugation by a god Leda also participated somehow in the divine. Yeats uses the heightened eroticism of the act as presented throughout the poem to add to the confusion and complexity of what has taken place, and the final question gains additional force after the event has been depicted in such a manner. The rape is described in terms that are brutal, bizarre, terrifying, and erotically charged, and these various aspects contribute to the incomprehensible nature of what has taken place. Yeats’s suggestions that Leda was somehow caught up in the act are used not to point to women’s supposed consent to acts of violence but to add to the terrifying confusion she feels as she is not only physically raped but has her humanity violated by an indifferent god. Although “Leda and the Swan” does seem to characterize a woman’s participation in rape in ways that are found in negative and demeaning stereotypes, Yeats’s intention in the poem seems not to offer a commentary on women’s nature but on the terror and irresistible draw that comes with contact with the divine. The portrayal of the female rape victim thus should not be seen as sexist because what is presented ambiguously as consent on the part of Leda is used not to foster a stereotypical portrait of women but to depict the terrifying power of the god that is irresistible even in its horror and brutality. Part of the power and brilliance of Yeats’s poem is that it is so unsettling, that it presents in a tightly controlled sonnet a multitude of feelings—horror, repulsion, and sexual confusion. The use of Leda’s manipulation by the god and the reader’s sense that she is held completely at his mercy both physically and mentally does not detract from the greatness of Yeats’s poem but contributes to its intensity and adds a further dimension of complexity to this technically brilliant work of literature. Source: Uma Kukathas, Critical Essay on “Leda and the Swan,” in Poetry for Students, The Gale Group, 2001. Wendy Perkins Perkins is an associate professor of English at Prince George’s Community College and has published widely in the field of twentieth-century British and American literature. In the following essay, she explores the mythological elements of Yeats’s poem and how they relate to its overall themes. In Greek mythology, Leda was the daughter of Thestios, king of Aetolia, and wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta. The legend tells that one day Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods, came to Leda in the form of a swan and seduced her. As a result, she bore two eggs; both would develop into two off-spring each, Castor and Pollux from one egg and Helen and Clytemnestra from the other. Helen would become the breathtakingly beautiful Helen of Troy and would trigger the eventual destruction of Troy, the disintegration of early Greek civilization, and the introduction of the next cycle of Greek civilization, known as the classical age. Yeats’s dramatization of this moment of annunciation in “Leda and the Swan” reveals his own spiritual and historical philosophy. In his study of Yeats in A History of Modern Poetry, David Perkins notes that the poet “thought of himself as a person of religious temperament who had been deprived of religion by nineteenth-century science.” In this sense, Yeats was a modernist, a term that came to be applied to a group of artists and writers who produced works in the early decades of the twentieth century. Modernists like Yeats became disillusioned with traditional beliefs in religion, political systems, and society in response to political events and the works of such scientists and thinkers as Darwin, Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, and Frazer. The devastation of World War I compounded the modernists’ revolt against conventional values. Perkins comments that in this atmosphere of cynicism, Yeats still felt a need to sense a spiritual depth and mystery in the universe and, beyond this, an ultimate coherence and meaning. . . . [He also felt] an imaginative need for concrete symbols in which the mystery could be invoked and contemplated. His religious quest was more urgently motivated by metaphysical and imaginative hungers than by moral ones. Unable to accept the lack of faith in any established institution or doctrine, Yeats searched for “The poem begins with ‘a sudden blow’ as Zeus enters in the form of the swan with his ‘great wings beating,’ grasping ‘the staggering’ and ‘helpless’ girl as he begins to rape her.” other avenues to explore in an effort to establish his own worldview. Perkins explains that Christianity was “from his point of view, impossible to believe, and his religious needs drove him to other traditions.” One tradition that Yeats explores in “Leda and the Swan” is Greek mythology. Yeats employs the myth of Leda and Zeus to illustrate his theories on the cycle of history. His book A Vision outlines his thoughts on historical cycles as well as his theory that the universe is made up of opposites, or antitheses, and that harmony can only be achieved through a merging of these opposites. Both of these theories figure prominently in “Leda and the Swan.” The cyclical theory of history expressed in A Vision centers on his idea that history moves in two-thousand-year cycles, each cycle representing a civilization that begins with a gripping mystical conception and birth. Yeats determined that the annunciation of Mary and the birth of Christ initiated the Christian era of 1–2000 A.D., and earlier the annunciation of Leda and the birth of Helen initiated the classical era of 2000–1 B.C. In his famous poem “The Second Coming,” Yeats describes the end of the present two-thousand-year cycle and speculates that a new figure will emerge as a reflection of the new era as Christ represented the old. Yet his cynicism over the traumatic events of the early part of the twentieth century—World War I as well as the troubles experienced in his native Ireland—prompts a dark vision of the new Messiah in his question at the end of this poem, “what rough beast, its hour come round at last, / Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?” The myth that dominates the first cycle of history is illustrated in “Leda and the Swan,” especially in the third stanza when the speaker notes that the result of Zeus raping Leda will be the destruction of Troy and the early Greek civilization: the act “engenders . . . / The broken wall, the burning roof and tower / And Agamemnon dead.” The poem also illustrates Yeats’s theory that each era is ushered in by an act of violence, which hits the reader immediately in the first stanza. The poem begins with “a sudden blow” as Zeus enters in the form of the swan with his “great wings beating,” grasping “the staggering” and “helpless” girl as he begins to rape her. B. L. Reid, in his article on Yeats for Dictionary of Literary Biography, notes that the speaker’s point of view is that of an amazed and awed accidental bystander, elected voyeur and granted powers of empathy with Leda’s physical experience and with some part of her mental experience. . . . [Then the poem] plunges straight ahead until the god in the swan has worked his will in this exalted rape. Commenting on Yeats’s style, Reid notes, “When Yeats boldly breaks his eleventh line he breaks, graphically, the body of Leda, the roofs of Troy, the body of Agamemnon, and the hearts of many men and women.” A merging of opposites also occurs in the poem, reflecting Yeats’s view that in life a synthesis of antithetical forces must occur in order to establish permanence and a sense of harmony. Through his poetry, Yeats explores oppositions between art and reality, imagination and moral responsibility, intellect and passion. In “Leda and the Swan,” Yeats asks whether a synthesis has occurred as Zeus’s “brute blood” masters Leda in the final stanza: “Did she put on his knowledge with his power / Before the indifferent beak could let her drop?” Critic Charles A. Raines, in his article “Yeats’ Metaphors of Permanence,” concludes, Leda must feel the strange heart beating because a synthesis of Zeus’ superhuman characteristics and Leda’s human characteristics has taken place. . . . If [Zeus’] knowledge and power are obtained by Leda it must be because the supernatural has intermingled with the body, and this must be so for the result of this combination is Helen, who is considered by Yeats to have provided a source of order in the sense that she began the classical Aegean age which, for Yeats, represents permanence. Helen is considered a progenitor of permanence because she represents a synthesis of life (Leda) with the spiritual (Zeus), which produces permanence. Perkins notes that the poem ends with the speaker’s questioning whether any synthesis has taken place in the coupling of Zeus and Leda. He echoes Raines when he comments, “combining knowledge and power, the god in the form of a swan is a symbol of antitheses reconciled,” but he questions whether Leda gains Zeus’s knowledge: the antithesis Yeats poses at the end of the poem is that between the supernatural and the human. The supernatural is a whole or unified being, and the question is whether even in a fleeting moment the human is capable of such completeness. The complex symbolic structure of “Leda and the Swan” makes it difficult to come to any absolute conclusions about the experience between Zeus and Leda. The poem does, however, provide an excellent example of Yeats’s theories on the cyclical nature of history and how the opposing forces of life fit into those theories. Source: Wendy Perkins, Critical Essay on “Leda and the Swan,” in Poetry for Students, The Gale Group, 2001. Cullingford, Elizabeth Butler, “Pornography and Canonicity: The Case of Yeats’s ‘Leda and the Swan,’” in Law, Literature, and Feminism, edited by Susan Sage, Heinzelman, and Zipporah Batshaw Wiseman, Duke University Press, 1994, pp. 165–88. Ellmann, Richard, The Identity of Yeats, Oxford University Press, 1964. Hargrove, Nancy D., “Aesthetic Distance in Yeats’s ‘Leda and the Swan,’” in Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 39, 1983, pp. 235–45. Holstad, Scott C., “Yeats’s ‘Leda and the Swan’: Psycho-Sexual Therapy in Action,” in Notes on Modern Irish Literature, Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 1995, pp. 45–52. Levine, Bernard, “A Psychopoetic Analysis of Yeats’s ‘Leda and the Swan,’” in Bucknell Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, March 1969, pp. 85–111. O’Donnell, William H., The Poetry of William Butler Yeats: An Introduction, Ungar, 1986, pp. 99–102. Perkins, David, A History of Modern Poetry: From the 1890s to the High Modernist Mode, Harvard University Press, 1976. Raines, Charles A., “Yeats’ Metaphors of Permanence,” in Twentieth Century Literature, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1959, p. 1220. Rajan, Balachandra, W. B. Yeats: A Critical Introduction, Hutchinson University Library, 1969, pp. 132–34. Reid, B. L., “William Butler Yeats,” in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 19: British Poets, 1880–1914, Gale Research, 1983, pp. 399–452. Smith, Stan, W. B. Yeats: A Critical Introduction, MacMillan, 1990, pp. 113–18. Unterecker, John, A Reader’s Guide to William Butler Yeats, The Noonday Press, 1959, pp. 187–89. Winters, Yvor, “‘Leda and the Swan,’” in Yeats: Poems, 1919–1935: A Casebook, edited by Elizabeth Cullingford, Macmillan Publishers, 1984, pp. 125–27. For Further Study Ellmann, Maud, “Daughters of the Swan,” in m/f, Vol. 11–12, 1986, pp. 119–62. This essay uses the methods of pscyhoanalysis and deconstruction to explore questions of gender and sexuality in Yeats’s poems and pays special attention to “Leda and the Swan.” Ellmann, Richard, Yeats: The Man and the Masks, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1948. This is an informative introduction to Yeats and his ideas that combines biography and criticism. Fletcher, Ian, “‘Leda and the Swan’ As Iconic Poem,” in Yeats Annual, No. 1, edited by Richard J. Finneran, Humanities Press, 1982, pp. 82–113. This book discusses the use of the Leda myth in other works of literature and art and uses them to illuminate Yeats’s treatment of the story. Young, David, Troubled Mirror: A Study of Yeats’s “The Tower,” University of Iowa Press, 1987, pp. 73–84. Young provides a detailed account of the collection in which “Leda and the Swan” first appeared, exploring how the poems interact and discussing Yeats’s poetic method. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 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Who was the first female D.J. on Radio 1?	BBC Radio 1 - Annie Nightingale - Annie Nightingale Profile Annie Nightingale Profile A little bit about Annie “She was always the first on to the floor, last to slide under the table” Gillian Reynolds, Daily Telegraph Annie Nightingale is best known as Britain’s first female DJ on Radio 1. She is now the station’s longest serving broadcaster. She remains the only female DJ in the world to have been honoured with an MBE by The Queen. Her career has been a fantastical musical journey beginning with hanging out with The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Who, becoming a journalist and TV presenter, and being a co-owner of a chain of fashion boutiques. Having cracked the all-male preserve of DJs at Radio 1, she began a long career in broadcasting, always choosing her own music and championing dozens of artists who later became world-wide successes. Then a second career in television began when she took over as solo presenter of BBC TV’s legendary series The Old Grey Whistle Test, recently voted top music programme in The 100 Best TV Shows of all time. Annie brought her irreverent humour to the show at exactly the time of the punk revolution. She has always played and enthused about underground and new music, and through her championing of breakbeat, she is now known as Queen Of Breaks. She djs at clubs and festivals all over the world, with concomitant scrapes and adventures. She has been bugged in Russia, drugged in Iraq and mugged in Cuba, the last with nearly fatal consequences. Annie now introduces you to the weekend, every Friday morning 3-5am.	Annie Nightingale
Give any year in which the second, longer-lasting Boer War was fought?	Radio 1 announces all-female DJ line-up for International Women’s Day \| The Independent Radio 1 announces all-female DJ line-up for International Women’s Day Tuesday 14 January 2014 22:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Culture (From left) Annie Nightingale, Annie Mac and B.Traits BBC Radio 1 will mark International Women’s Day by broadcasting an all-female line-up of DJs for 12 hours on two consecutive days. Radio 1 will air women presenters from 7pm to 7am on Friday 7th and Saturday 8th March, including Radio 1’s first ever female DJ and the station’s longest serving broadcaster, Annie Nightingale, as well as Annie Mac, B.Traits and Monki. The DJs will also pick a selection of both established and emerging female artists and producers to champion throughout their shows. Madga, a Polish-born techno DJ, will broadcast and a special Essential Mix from Magda, in celebration of International Women's Day on March 8. Annie Nightingale said: “I am looking forward to celebrating the array of specialist dance DJs on Radio 1, who are female. Gender is, welcomingly, not an issue nowadays when Radio 1 appoints new DJs and it has been demonstrably supportive of women. “We all desire to be judged on our abilities alone in this very competitive field and we all thrive on the respect of our peer group, and our audiences. “The line-up shows our individual styles and genres from garage, house, drum n bass, r&b, hip hop, trap, grime and techno, and we shall have a lot of fun over the weekend.” The special line-ups follow the announcement that Gemma Cairney, the Radio 1 DJ won a 2013 Sony Radio Academy Gold Award for her documentary on teenage domestic violence, will move to a new early-morning weekday slot, preceding Nick Grimshaw’s Breakfast show. Ben Cooper, Controller of BBC Radio 1, said: “It’s fantastic that Radio 1 and 1Xtra has such a wide range of female specialist DJs. We are committed to giving opportunities to the best DJs in the world and you are going to hear something very special to celebrate International Women’s Day.” All-female line-up	i don't know
What relation was King Stephen to William the Conqueror?	After Richard III is William the Conqueror's grandson King Stephen next to be dug up? - Mirror Online News After Richard III is William the Conqueror's grandson King Stephen next to be dug up? Stephen was crowned in 1141 after the death of Henry I and buried at Faversham Abbey - now the site of the Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Share 1141-1154: His reign was dominated by civil war (Photo: Getty) Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Archaeologists are planning to start digging for another of Britain’s ‘lost’ kings - this time under a school playing field. The team searching for medieval monarch King Stephen, who died in 1154, hope to follow in the footsteps of those who found King Richard III . Thousands gathered to witness his burial at Leicester Cathedral today after his discovery under a car park in the city. Video Loading Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8Cancel Play now Share this video Watch Next The fresh search is set to take place this week 160 miles away in Faversham, Kent. Stephen, grandson of William the Conqueror, was crowned in 1141 after the death of Henry I. His reign was dominated by civil war and he was buried in the grounds of Faversham Abbey along with his wife Queen Matilda and son Eustace. The abbey was demolished by Henry VIII in 1538 and when it was excavated by archaeologists in 1965 the bones of Stephen were not found. Video Loading Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8Cancel Play now Share this video Watch Next But local archaeologist Dr Brian Philp claims he has located the site of the former’ abbey’s royal vaults and believes an excavation will unearth Stephen’s tomb. Dr Philp, director of the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, has identified the playing fields at Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School as his resting place. He said: “I have now relocated the site of the royal vaults. “We did not find any human bones in 1965 but the vaults were not fully excavated. “Once we have found the exact location, we may be able to find the bones.” poll loading	Grandchild
Which socialist, federal republic existed from 1943 until 1992?	The politics of William le Gros, Earl of Yorkshire Main Page The politics of William le Gros, Earl of Yorkshire William le Gros's political and military career took place mainly during the reign of King Stephen, the grandson of William the Conqueror. Stephen was born around 1096, the third son of Adela (William the Conqueror's youngest known daughter) and Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres. Stephen the younger was sent to the court of his uncle Henry I to be educated. In 1125 he married Matilda, who was the heiress of Boulogne county. In 1126, however, Henry I made all of his nobles swear to support the claim of his daughter to the English throne. His daughter was the Empress Matilda, who had been married to Emperor Henry V of Germany. Despite this oath, when Henry I died in 1135 Stephen seized the royal treasury at Winchester, and he persuaded the Archbishop of Canterbury to crown him on December 22nd. (Even Stephen's enemies always referred to him as 'King', while Empress Matilda was also called 'Empress Maud', 'Countess of Anjou' or 'Lady of England' but never 'Queen'.) 5 in church and local government. One of Stephen's greatest problems, of course, was that he could not gain a decisive victory over Empress Matilda's forces. Three other events in 1138-39 contributed greatly to the instability of Stephen's reign: in May 1138 the powerful Earl Robert of Gloucester formally went over to Empress Matilda's side; Stephen failed to protect the Norman barons from the Welsh; and Stephen arrested three bishops in 1139, thus putting himself on shaky moral grounds. At this same time Stephen decentralized the power of the crown by installing earls in each shire as sheriffs. The actual civil war on English ground began with the landing of Empress Matilda and the Earl of Gloucester on the coast in 1139. During this same year King David invaded England again. William le Gros continued to support Stephen. 6 In 1141 King Stephen's army was defeated by Empress Matilda's forces and he was captured. Even Stephen's hitherto loyal brother Bishop Henry declared for Empress Matilda. Stephen's wife Matilda, however, freed Stephen and captured the Earl of Gloucester. Empress Matilda could not get any material help from her young husband Geoffrey, because he was concentrating on conquering Normandy (until 1144-45 when he succeeded). 7 Probably the closest King Stephen ever came to winning was when he trapped Empress Matilda in Oxford Castle in December of 1142, forcing her to flee in disguise through the snow. Most of the fighting in England between 1142 and 1147 took place in the Thames Valley. Between 1147 and 1148 King Stephen's cause seemed to be growing: Robert Earl of Gloucester died on October 31st 1147, and the Empress left England for good in early 1148. But unfortunately for Stephen he had steadily lost the support of the church during the 1140's. This culminated in the fact that the church refused to crown Stephen's oldest son Eustace in 1151, effectively ending Stephen's dynasty. 8 After Empress Matilda left England her son Henry took command of her forces. Henry did not have the gender problems of his mother, nor was he as dependent on the non-military help his father did not provide her. Stephen's Queen Matilda had died on May 3rd 1152, followed shortly by their son Eustace on August 17th 1153. In November of 1153 King Stephen and Henry formed the 'Treaty of Winchester', which basically stated that Stephen would remain king for his lifetime, and that Henry would be the heir to the throne of England. King Stephen had displayed an amazing amount of energy fighting Henry, but the war-weariness of the barons on both sides - they refused to fight, thus forcing Stephen and Henry to parley - brought about the peace settlement, finally ending 18 years of bitter civil war. 9 Many modern historians talk of Stephen in terms like: weak kingship, disorder, violence, and little justice. This partially comes from the scholar John Horace Round, who coined the term 'anarchy' in relation to Stephen's reign. More recently historians refer to this time period as a civil war, a much more apt description. Stephen was certainly not the greatest king of England, but he was both courageous and determined. The circumstances he had to deal with did not make him shine. Stephen was an energetic king whose military abilities were praised by his contemporaries (but criticized by modern scholars). Perhaps, ultimately Stephen's true failure as a king was an inability to convince others of his abilities. Stephen died at Dover on October 25th 1154. He was buried next to his wife and son at Faversham Abbey. Henry II, son of Empress Matilda, was crowned King of England on December 19th 1154.	i don't know

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