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Which mountain is also known as Mont Cervin? | "The Matterhorn or Monte Cervino, also known in French as Mont Cervin is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy." Stock photo and royalty-free images on Fotolia.com - Pic 115903359
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| Matterhorn |
Who made a risqué joke about Hugo Boss and the Nazis at the GQ Magazine awards? | And the Spa....!!! - Review of Hotel Mont Cervin Palace - TripAdvisor
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And the Spa....!!! - Review of Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
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Hotel | Bahnhofstrasse 31, Zermatt 3920, Switzerland |
Hotel amenities
Travelers' Choice® 2016 Winner Luxury | Romance
There are newer reviews for this hotel
“Heaven in the mountains”
Reviewed January 7, 2013
I first visited this hotel about 30 years ago with my parents for several years in a row. After a break to cheaper hotels (student life....), I came back again 5 years ago and keep coming back yearly at Christmas for at least 10-15 days.
This year the Month Cervin has renovated all its rooms and what an improvement! The hotel has always been in the top of the Zermatt hotels, but now it is the absolute top! Without loosing it's mountain charm, the hotel is now modern chique. Hopefully the diningroom and bar will be the next to be renovated, since they still reflect that old athmosphere....not bad either!
The staff is always friendly and ready to fulfill your every need. Great skiroom and ski service!
And the Spa....!!!! Best treatments in town, great pool, whirlpools and hot open air pool. Sauna, steamroom, gym....what isn't there?
I will return for many years to come!
Room Tip: Any room is good! No bad pick possible!
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Stayed December 2012, traveled with family
Value
Ask Eric D about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
SeilerHotelsZermatt, Geschäftsführer at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, January 23, 2013
Dear Mr. Dorlas,
Thank you so much for taking the time to share your thoughts and your personal experience with us. We appreciate the unique opportunity to see ourselves through the eyes of our guests. The best evidence a hotelier can get for the expected service, the quality and the overall hospitality provided in his hotel, is that the guests come back year after year and become part of a big family. We are enchanted to read that you and your entire family will stay at the Mont Cervin the coming year! Please pass my best regards to your mother and tell her that I am looking forward to welcoming her back soon!
We are very grateful for your loyalty.
Sincerely,
Report response as inappropriate Thank you. We appreciate your input.
This response is the subjective opinion of the management representative and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
442 reviews from our community
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“Excellent Resort in Swiss Alps”
Reviewed December 16, 2012
We spent one week in the Petit Cervin. The rooms are spacious and cosy, in typical Swiss Chalet Style. The atmosphere was relaxed, the staff professional and extremely friendly. Mont Cervin Palace and Petit Cervin are connected by and underground corridor. Pool area as well as the SPA can be reached through the same connection. There are 3 pools, 2 inside and 1 outside, heated in wintertime. SPA treatments have been excellent. The restaurants Cervin Grill and Myoko are excellent, they offer great winelists with reasonable pricing. Overall "value for money".
Stayed December 2012, traveled as a couple
Value
Ask CAH72 about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
SeilerHotelsZermatt, Geschäftsführer at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, January 22, 2013
Dear TripAdvisor Member
We are so glad that you spent an unforgettable week at our Le Petit Cervin. Thank you for sharing your impressions on this website. It makes us very happy to read about such positive comments about our facilities, the quality and also our staff. It is very motivating and shows that we can carry on this way.
We would be more than happy to welcome you back soon and to offer you the same great experience again.
In the meantime we wish you all the best and a happy 2013!
Best regards,
Report response as inappropriate Thank you. We appreciate your input.
This response is the subjective opinion of the management representative and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
caro55
“Le Petit Cervin Zermatt”
Reviewed September 22, 2012
The only reason I hesitate giving this hotel a 5 star rating is the following. I booked a Master Suite with Matterhorn view with a single bedroom attached off the small living room because our 24 yr old daughter was traveling with us. This is an expensive hotel but I thought the price was somewhat reasonable considering we would have a larger room for my husband and me and a smaller room off common area for my daughter. I paid online a nonrefundable/non cancelable rate; in other words, they took all of my money. When we checked in, the arrangement had changed to just the Master Suite w/a roll away bed in the small living room area for our 24 yr old daughter. The checking in process was, therefore, a bit stressful. Not wanting to ruin our vacation, my daughter agreed to the arrangement because, luckily, there was a small bathroom with shower off the living area where her rollaway bed was. Other than this problem, everything else with this hotel is top rate. The personnel at the Le Petit Cervin are exceptional. I can not say enough about the extent they will go to provide excellent service. The quality of amenities are top shelf; bed linens, bath towels, housekeeping morning and follow up turn down evening service impeccable. This is hotelier service at it's best! Breakfast buffet incomparable. Wonderful bar/great wine and a beautiful view. We really enjoyed the experience even more than the Monte Rosa Hotel that we visited years ago. My husband and I wanted to return to Zermatt to give our daughter a similar experience we had years ago. I think we succeeded. She came away enchanted with Zermatt. Le Petit Cervin was an instrumental part of that experience.
Room Tip: Reserve a Matterhorn view room - enchanting!!
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Stayed September 2012, traveled with family
Value
Ask caro55 about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
SeilerHotelsZermatt, General Manager at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, October 2, 2012
Dear TripAdvisor Member
Thank you very much for taking the time to give us your feedback. We are pleased that you chose the Le Petit Cervin to give your daughter a similar experience you had years ago in Zermatt. We really regret your experience at check-in and apologize for any inconveniences caused. We completely understand how disappointing it can be when your expectations are not met. We always strive to exceed guests’ expectations, sorry for falling short in this instance.
We hope that you will give us a try the next time you are back in Zermatt. Please feel free to contact us directly and we will arrange a stay which is perfect from the beginning.
All the best and hope to see you soon again!
Karin & Kevin Kunz
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This response is the subjective opinion of the management representative and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
shutterlab
“Outstanding comfort and service”
Reviewed September 10, 2012
Hotel exceeded our expectations on every level. The service simply could not have been more courteous and more efficient. The breakfasts were very good, nice selection, and the dinners in the main dining room were outstanding: excellent menu selection, great food, beautiful presentation, friendly and attentive service. Everyone went out of their way to make us feel welcome and comfortable; we really felt like "guests," rather than simply customers.
Room Tip: The suites are HUGE and very comfortable. Even the ones on the side have a balcony with a great view...
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Ask shutterlab about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
SeilerHotelsZermatt, General Manager at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, October 1, 2012
Dear TripAdvisor Member
Many thanks for your kind words about your experience with us. We are more than happy that you have taken along lovely memories of your vacation in the Matterhorn Village.
Alexander Seiler’s maxim “Hospitality by Heart” or “United for the wellbeing of our guests” is also our credo. We are particularly happy that in your case we have succeeded and that you enjoyed your stay at the Mont Cervin Palace.
It would be our pleasure to welcome you back some other time and to spoil you again. In the meantime we wish you all the best and a wonderful autumn.
Best regards from Zermatt
“Completely Worth It”
Reviewed August 5, 2012
I stayed in the Mont Cervin last summer and in the Petit Cervin this year. Both parts of the Hotel were amazing. The decor is wooden and perfect for the Swiss mountain-town. Movies and entertainment were free as well as wifi. The spa is almost dangerous. It is so nice that it can easily cause you to skip seeing the town of Zermatt while you spend your whole stay in the pool, caldorium, sauna, or one of the many other areas the spa has to offer. Room service is as cheap if not cheaper than restaurants in the town (still expensive), but it is worth the price.
Stayed July 2012, traveled with friends
Value
Ask Richard S about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
SeilerHotelsZermatt, General Manager at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, October 1, 2012
Dear TripAdvisor Member
Thank you very much for your kind review and for your loyalty. You are a regular guest as we can read from your comment. It is always a great pleasure to welcome back guests. It shows that they feel well taken care of and at home. That’s our endeavour and it is always a big recognition to receive a positive reaction and to know that we succeeded.
We very much look forward to meeting you again soon at the foot of the Matterhorn!
Greetings from Zermatt
“Excellent Hotel”
Reviewed June 28, 2012
Stayed for two nights in Le Petit Cervin (the annex building) because Hotel Mont Cervin Palace was under the renovation.
There seemed to be a mistake with room booking upon check-in. We booked a Chalet Open Suite Matterhorn (South-facing balcony or terrace with view of the impressive Matterhorn), but the staff showed us a Chalet Open Suite Classic. We complained to the manager about this and she solved the problem in a few hours. So we were happy.
The location was 5-7 min walk from the station along the main street.
The room made of wood was comfortable and cozy. The bathroom was modern and clean. The breakfast was good. The staffs were very kind. We will be back.
Stayed June 2012, traveled as a couple
Value
Ask HenenaB about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
, General Manager at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, July 3, 2012
Dear TripAdvisor Member
We hope you arrived home safely and that you can look back on a relaxing stay at the Le Petit Cervin. Thank you very much for taking your time to share your experience. In order to continuously improve and develop our services and procedures, we are particularly dependant on the comments of our clients.
We do apologize for any inconveniences caused at your arrival. We completely understand your surprise at check-in as you were assigned another room category than you had booked. Although we succeeded in finding you the room you wished, the beginning of your stay wasn’t very pleasant. We do assure you that this Situation doesn’t occur very often, but sometimes we are also victims of circumstance and system errors. However it shouldn’t happen and we would like to express regret.
Nevertheless, we hope you could enjoy your stay and would be pleased to welcome you back some other time and to spoil you again. In the meantime we wish you all the best and a wonderful summertime!
With best regards from the Matterhorn Village
Karin & Kevin Kunz
Report response as inappropriate Thank you. We appreciate your input.
This response is the subjective opinion of the management representative and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
Arielmorg
Reviewed June 5, 2012
Like many other travelers, I booked the petit Cervin almost by accident, and what a fantastic accident!!!!
We were upgraded to a better room, and by the way,it was one of the nicest rooms we'd ever stayed. Everything was done as it should and any time we needed anything, our expectations were surpassed, every single person in the staff worked hard to excel in whatever they were doing.
One important topic (I care a lt about those things): I have always been skeptical about reserving programs/buying things through the hotel because they usually charge more than they should. Not this time!!!!!! I could find cheaper skis elsewhere? Yes, if I tried hard, but I did not feel I overpaid for anything!!!!!
The only two (minor) negatives were that we did not love the hotel restaurant (although it is well known and has a few stars), and the tv system had some issues during our stay.
Also, one must know that zermatt is not ski in- ski out, and the whole process of getting to the pistes can be tiring! But this has nothing to do with the hotel, which I cannot recommend enough. And if you can, choose the petit Cervin instead of mont Cervin, which is also nice, but feels crowded and a bit older.
Room Tip: No need to think about it. Just get any of the rooms!
See more room tips
Ask Arielmorg about Hotel Mont Cervin Palace
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
SeilerHotelsZermatt, General Manager at Hotel Mont Cervin Palace, responded to this review, October 1, 2012
Dear TripAdvisor Member
We are so glad to read about your comments and that you have taken along lovely memories of your stay in the Matterhorn Village. Thank you very much for your positive review, which we will share with the whole team. It is a big gratification for the hard work and it motivates to carry on this way. We also appreciate your remarks concerning the issues with the TV system and do apologize for any inconveniences caused.
It would be our great pleasure to welcome you back once again at Le Petit Cervin or maybe at Mont Cervin Palace if you would like to give it a try. After extensive renovations, The Mont Cervin Palace will re-open for the winter season on 13.12.12. We look forward to your visit!
In the meantime we wish you all the best and a wonderful autumn.
Best and sunny regards from the mountains.
Karin & Kevin Kunz
Report response as inappropriate Thank you. We appreciate your input.
This response is the subjective opinion of the management representative and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
Official Description (provided by the hotel):
International Hotel in six-story traditionally Swiss building located in village center. ... more
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Sir John Houblon was the first Governor of what? | Sir John Houblon £50 note to be withdrawn | Daily Mail Online
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Around 63 million £50 banknotes showing the first governor of the Bank of England, Sir John Houblon, are to be withdrawn from circulation
From April 30, the only legal £50 note will be that celebrating the business partnership of entrepreneur Matthew Boulton and engineer James Watt, who together helped forge the Industrial Revolution.
The withdrawal of the Houblon note is part of a regular review to combat fraud.
Historic: The note was introduced in 1994 and featured his house on the current site of the Bank of England
Businesses may choose to no longer accept the note, but it can still be exchanged at the central bank
The Boulton and Watt note, introduced in November 2011, is more secure because it features a new ‘motion thread’ – five windows showing the pound symbol and the number 50, which appear to move up and down when the note is tilted.
The old-style notes are due to be withdrawn from circulation in 15 weeks.
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In total, about 224 million £50 notes worth £11.2 billion are in circulation, of which the Bank estimates 63 million with a total value of £3.2 billion are Houblon notes.
From May onwards, retailers are unlikely to accept the Houblon notes as payment, but most banks and building societies will still allow customers to deposit them into their accounts.
However, agreeing to exchange the notes after April 30 will be at the discretion of individual institutions.
Momentous: Sir John was the founder of the Bank of England and lived in a house on the site in Threadneedle Street, City of London, where it now stands
Barclays, NatWest, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), Ulster Bank and the Post Office have agreed to exchange the older-style £50 notes for both customers and non-customers up to the value of £200 until October 30.
In a video placed on YouTube, Victoria Cleland, head of notes division at the Bank, advises people: 'If you have any Houblon £50 notes, it's best to spend, deposit or exchange them before April 30.'
If people do not pay in or exchange the Houblon £50 notes by the withdrawal deadline, this does not mean that the notes then become worthless.
Composer: A £20 note bearing the image of Sir Edward Elgar, pictured, has already been withdrawn
All notes that have been issued by the Bank whose legal tender status has been withdrawn are covered by its 'promise to pay'.
This phrase dates back to times when notes could be swapped for gold. It means that people can, at any time, obtain the face value of a note that has been withdrawn by exchanging it at the Bank of England in London.
There is no fee for the service and banknotes of this type can be exchanged by post or in person.
Legally the Bank of England is only required to give one month's notice of an intention to withdraw legal tender status. It gave a similar three-month notice period to its latest announcement when a £20 note featuring composer Edward Elgar was withdrawn in 2010.
Sir John Houblon was appointed as the Bank's first governor in 1694 and the £50 banknote celebrating him was first issued in 1994, to coincide with the Bank's 300th anniversary.
The design on the back of the note includes an image of Sir John's house in Threadneedle Street on the site of the Bank's present building.
In December, the Bank announced that it plans to issue plastic banknotes for the first time from 2016, when a new £5 note featuring Sir Winston Churchill appears.
A £10 note featuring Jane Austen to follow around a year later will also be made from polymer rather than the cotton paper currently used.
The announcement at the end of last year followed a three-year research programme that concluded plastic notes stay cleaner for longer, are more difficult to counterfeit and are at least 2.5 times longer-lasting.
Old-series notes previously issued by the Bank can be exchanged by posting them, at the sender's risk, to Dept NEX, Bank of England, Threadneedle Street, London EC2R 8AH.
| Bank of England |
Which crime used to be called ‘lese-majeste’ meaning injured majesty in French? | News Release - Bank of England announces Houblon £50 banknote to be withdrawn on 30 April 2014 | Bank of England
News Release - Bank of England announces Houblon £50 banknote to be withdrawn on 30 April 2014
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The Bank of England announces today that the £50 banknote carrying the portrait of Sir John Houblon, the first Governor of the Bank of England, will be withdrawn from circulation on 30 April. From that time, only the £50 note featuring Matthew Boulton and James Watt, which was introduced in November 2011, will hold legal tender status.
Members of the public who have Houblon £50 notes can continue to use them up to and including 30 April.
After 30 April, general retailers are unlikely to accept the Houblon notes as payment. However, most banks and building societies will continue to accept them for deposit to customer accounts. Agreeing to exchange the notes after 30 April is at the discretion of individual institutions. Barclays, NatWest, RBS, Ulster Bank and the Post Office have all agreed to exchange Houblon £50 notes for members of the public – up to the value of £200 – until 30 October 2014.
The Bank of England will continue to exchange Houblon £50 notes after 30 April, as it would for any other Bank of England note which no longer has legal tender status.
Notes to Editors
1. Two images, one each of the front and back of the Houblon £50 banknote, are on the Bank Flickr channel for use in the news media: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bankofengland/sets/
2. A short video of Victoria Cleland, Head of Notes Division, talking about the withdrawal of the Houblon £50 note is available at the following link: http://youtu.be/_dj6HSln0Mo
3. To arrange interviews, please call the Bank of England Press Office on 0207 601 4411 or email [email protected]
4. Details of the Houblon £50 withdrawal are also available on A4 posters highlighting the 30 April withdrawal date. Copies of these are available free of charge by calling 020 7601 4878. Further information is also available on the banknote pages of the Bank's website at www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/fiftywithdrawal
5. The Houblon notes are being withdrawn under authority given to the Bank by virtue of Section 1 (5) of the Currency and Banknotes Act 1954.
6. 'Legal tender' means that if a debtor pays in legal tender the exact amount they owe under the terms of a contract, they have a good defence in law if they are subsequently sued for non-payment of the debt. In practice, the concept of 'legal tender' does not govern the acceptability of banknotes as a means of payment. This is essentially a matter for agreement between the parties involved.
7. The Bank of England regularly reviews and updates its notes in order to take advantage in banknote design and security. The withdrawal of the Houblon £50 note is part of that process.
8. The Houblon £50 banknote was first issued on 20 April 1994. The Boulton and Watt £50 banknote was first issued on 2 November 2011.
9. There are approximately 224 million £50 notes (£11.2bn) in circulation, of which an estimated 63 million (£3.2bn) are Houblon notes.
10. Old series Bank of England notes can be presented for exchange either in person at the Bank’s premises in London, or sent by post (at the sender’s risk) to: Dept NEX, Bank of England, Threadneedle Street, London EC2R 8AH. For further details, please see the Bank of England website.
Brief historical background on historical characters
Sir John Houblon
Sir John Houblon was the first Governor of the Bank of England; he was appointed to this position in July 1694. In 1696 he was re-elected by a General Court of Proprietors and continued in office until July 1697. The Houblon £50 note was issued in 1994 to coincide with the Bank’s 300th anniversary. The design on the back of the note includes an image of Houblon's house in Threadneedle Street on the site of the Bank's present building.
Matthew Boulton and James Watt
Matthew Boulton and James Watt were responsible for accelerating the progress of manufacturing steam engines during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their inventions and improvements to this technology made a significant contribution to the progress of the Industrial Revolution. In 1775 the two men entered a partnership to develop and market steam engines. Initially these were for use in the mining and textile industries before they extended the innovation to benefit a wider range of industries in the UK and worldwide.
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Who composed the Scottish and Italian Symphonies? | Mendelssohn: "Scottish" and "Italian" Symphonies - | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Mendelssohn: "Scottish" and "Italian" Symphonies
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| Felix Mendelssohn |
We call it a spanner – what do Americans call it? | Mendelssohn’s Italian Symphony - January 17-18, 2014 - Concerts & Tickets - The Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
Matthias Pintscher , conductor
Felix Mendelssohn was one of music’s most precocious prodigies, creating mature compositions while just a teenager. Still, at age 20, he did what most young men from wealthy families did at the time: He embarked on a “grand tour.” With extended visits to the British Isles and Italy, Mendelssohn expanded his worldview and brought home inspiration for future projects. Scotland would be memorialized in the Scottish Symphony and the Hebrides Overture, while Italy sparked an Italian Symphony. True to their origins, Mendelssohn’s Scottish works are misty and stormy, while the southern climate of Italy produced, in Mendelssohn’s words, “the jolliest piece I have ever done.”
Mendelssohn sketched part of the Italian Symphony while in Italy in 1830–31, and completed the work in 1833. He used the piece to fulfill a prestigious commission from the Philharmonic Society of London, the same group that had commissioned Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. The Italian Symphony (the nickname came from the composer) debuted in London in May of 1834. Besides the clear, sunny nature of the work, especially in its ebullient first movement, Mendelssohn confirmed the Italian origins with specific folk references. He dubbed the finale a saltarello — a leaping Italian folk dance — and he also incorporated elements of a tarantella, a devilishly fast dance from southern Italy to be undertaken (so the story goes) after a bite from a tarantula, until the dancer is cured or dies.
Later in 1834, Mendelssohn made substantial revisions to the symphony’s final three movements. He intended to revise the first movement, too, but postponed that task. Eventually, he judged that too much time had passed for him to rework the first movement in a style consistent with the rest of the piece, so he suppressed the symphony altogether. The work was published posthumously as the Symphony No. 4, although it actually came after the First and Fifth symphonies and was followed by the Second and Third. To further complicate the matter, the publisher worked from the original London score instead of Mendelssohn’s revised version, which itself existed in various iterations. A scholarly edition based on Mendelssohn’s revisions finally came out in 1999, but it is quite a different work than the one the public knows. Clearly, Mendelssohn’s final intentions have been misrepresented over the years, but millions of fans who love the original Italian Symphony likely would not want a single note changed. This raises an age-old question: Is the composer the ultimate arbiter of his own music? In the case of a genius such as Mendelssohn, we can probably agree that any version of his work is a treasure to have in our repertoire.
Aaron Grad ©2009
About This Program
Rich orchestral colors and textures abound in this program led by composer and conductor Matthias Pintscher, the newest Music Director of the distinguished French chamber orchestra Ensemble InterContemporain. The talents of SPCO flutist Julia Bogorad-Kogan are showcased in the elegant dances and flashy badinerie of Bach’s Orchestral Suite No. 2, which is followed by Stravinsky’s Neoclassical ballet suite from Pulcinella. Bach is revisited by way of Anton Webern’s pointillist interpretation of the Baroque master’s Ricercare from The Musical Offering, and the program concludes with Mendelssohn’s cherished Italian Symphony.
COMPOSER CONVERSATION SERIES
Composer and conductor Matthias Pintscher, featured on this program, will join us for a Composer Conversation at Amsterdam Bar and Hall in Saint Paul on Wendesday, January 15 at 7:00pm. Composer Conversation Series events are FREE but reservations are required. More at thespco.org/composer-conversation-series .
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What was founded by Allen Lane in 1935? | Penguin Books - Design Museum
Penguin Books
Posted June 26, 2016 -- Updated May 25
A pioneer of high quality paperbacks, Penguin adopted an equally progressive approach to book design.
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Penguin Books
When PENGUIN was founded in 1935 with the radical concept of producing inexpensive paperback editions of high quality books, it adopted an equally progressive approach to typography and cover design. Under Jan Tschichold in the 1940s and Germano Facetti in the 1960s, Penguin became an exemplar of book design.
Returning to London from a weekend at the Devon home of the crime writer Agatha Christie in 1934, the publisher Allen Lane scoured Exeter Station for something to read. All he could find were reprints of 19th century novels and Lane decided to found a publishing house to produce good quality paperbacks sold at sixpence each, the same price as a packet of cigarettes.
Lane’s secretary suggested Penguin as a 'dignified, but flippant' name for the company and the office junior Edward Young was sent to sketch the penguins at London Zoo as its logotype. Young was then asked to design the covers of the first set of ten paperbacks to be published in summer 1935 including Ariel and A Farewell to Arms. Considering illustrated book covers to be trashy, Lane insisted on his following a simple horizontal grid for Penguin’s jackets in colours that signified the genre of each book: orange for fiction, green for crime, and blue for biography.
The rigorous application of colour, grid and typography in those early paperbacks instilled Penguin with a commitment to design from the start. The company then strengthened its design ethos under the direction of the German typographer Jan Tschichold (1902-1974) during the 1940s and the Italian art director Germano Facetti (1926-2006) in the 1960s.
A rigorous and inspiring visual language
The enduring principles of Penguin’s design were defined by Allen Lane when he founded the company in the mid-1930s, but it was not until the late 1940s that it adopted a disciplined and coherent approach to design under Jan Tschichold. Already established as an eminent writer on typography and a famous practitioner by the time he arrived at Penguin in 1946, Tschichold was more assertive at imposing his design philosophy than his predecessors.
Before his arrival the design of individual books had appeared cohesive, at least compared to those of rival publishers, but had varied with the views of the editor and printer. A firm believer in typographic systems, Tschichold designed a template for all Penguin books with designated positions for the title and author’s name with a line between the two. He unified the design of the front, spine and back and redrew Edward Young’s endearingly amateurish Penguin symbol in eight variations. Finally he produced a set of Composition Rules which, he insisted, were to be followed by Penguin’s typographers and printers to ensure that the same style was always applied.
Tschichold was equally rigorous in the design of special sets of books published by Penguin. These included Penguin Modern Painters, introduced in 1944 by the art historian Sir Kenneth Clark to popularise modern art to “the wide public outside the art galleries”, and the Penguin Shakespeare Series, which had the same democratising objective for William Shakespeare’s plays. Among Tschichold’s innovations was to persuade Allen Lane to allow Penguin to take advantage of recent advances in printing by using illustration on the jackets of particular sets of books such as the Shakespeare Series.
In 1949 Tschichold returned to Switzerland after three highly productive years in which he had defined an intellectually rigorous and inspiring visual language for Penguin, ensuring that ‘its books, produced as cheaply as possible in millions for the millions, are every bit as well set and designed as the most expensive in the country’. His successor, the typographer Hans Schmoller (1916-1985) had a rich knowledge of type and unerring eye for detail, but was less radical in his approach and tended to refine Tschichold’s templates rather than inventing his own. Schmoller’s design for the 1950s architectural series, The Buildings of England written by the historian Nikolaus Pevsner, was modelled closely on Tschichold’s templates. However he did change the Penguin grid from horizontal to vertical in 1951 for Penguin fiction covers. The vertical grid had been devised at Tschichold’s behest by the designer Erik Ellegaard Frederiksen, but was not adopted until Schmoller had modified it. The result was the division of the cover into three vertical stripes, which allowed enough space for illustration while maintaining the tri-partite division and the original 1930s colour coding so strongly associated with Penguin.
Return to the cutting edge of book design
By the early 1960s Penguin, once a pioneer in book design, had lost its edge. In 1961 the company appointed the Italian art director Germano Facetti, who had studied architecture in Milan and worked for Domus magazine there before moving to London to design for Olivetti, then renowned for its inventive approach to contemporary design, as its new head of design. In an era when London’s fledgling graphic design scene was invigorated by the emergence of talented Britons like Alan Fletcher, Colin Forbes and Derek Birdsall, and the arrival of the gifted US designers, such as Robert Brownjohn and Bob Gill, Facetti was charged with revitalising Penguin’s design tradition.
One of his most inspiring projects was the redesign of Penguin Crime. In 1962 Facetti commissioned the Polish-born designer Romek Marber, having admired his covers of The Economist, to redesign the series. Green was retained as the defining colour of Penguin Crime, but Marber refreshed it by choosing a brighter shade. The horizontal title band at the top stayed too, as did the hierarchy of information – logo, series and price, then title, followed by the author’s name – with rules dividing each band. Marber then added a visually compelling image, often a staccato photograph or illustration hinting at the drama and tensions of the plot.
The redesign was so successful that Facetti adopted variations of it for other Penguin series. For Penguin Classics, he introduced the use of an historic painting, invariably reflecting the themes of the book, to the covers and for Penguin Modern Poets, he commissioned a series of photograms by Peter Barrett, Roger Mayne and Alan Spain between 1962 and 1965. One of Facetti’s final projects before leaving Penguin in 1972 was to commission Derek Birdsall to redesign its education titles.
In just over a decade at Penguin, Facetti succeeded not only in modernising its approach to design, but doing so in a coherent way across hundreds of titles. At a time when publishers still tended to commission design on a title-by-title basis, described by Facetti as “the arty-crafty approach of the single beautiful achievement”, he had succeeded in establishing consistently high standards of inspiring and often provocative design in a systematic manner appropriate to a modern publisher of mass-market books in the 1960s.
A rich heritage revived
After Facetti’s departure Penguin’s design saw some of its less successful years, but the company has since revived its commitment to typography and cover design with particular series, notably the mid-1980s King Penguins collection of contemporary fiction with a cover grid designed by Mike Dempsey and Ken Carroll featuring the work of such illustrators as Andrei Klimowski. In 2004, Penguin published the Great Ideas series of social, political and philosophical tracts in paperback for £3.99 each. Penguin’s art director Jim Stoddart asked a junior designer, David Pearson, to develop the design identity of the series, which he did by dressing each cover in the lettering or typographic style typical of its time in a rigorous palette of black and burgundy type on creamy white – from lettering derived from early Christian sources used for St Augustine’s Confessions of a Sinner, to an Arts and Crafts style bookplate for John Ruskin’s discourse On Art and Life.
The Great Ideas and their bold typographic covers proved a great success, and the Penguin team responsible for the design was nominated for the Design Museum’s Designer of the Year in 2005. In the following years another four series were released, each with diverse and expressive covers yet also a coherent visual identity devised by Pearson.
When Penguin decided to celebrate its 70th anniversary by publishing a collection of 70 Pocket Penguins paperbacks to sell for £1.50 each, the design was entrusted to art directors John Hamilton and Jim Stoddart. As timing was tight, Hamilton hit upon the idea of inviting 70 designers, artists and illustrators to create one cover each. He and Stoddart then resolved that the covers should be designed within seven days for a flat fee of £70.
All the designers they approached said ‘yes’. In deference to Penguin’s heritage, each book was the A-format size of its original 1935 paperbacks, and some of the cover designers were Penguin veterans, such as Alan Aldridge, Derek Birdsall and Romek Marber. The finished collection of 70 covers acts as a panorama of contemporary graphic design and illustration: from Peter Saville’s glacial typography for Homer and David Shrigley’s sinister drawing for Freud, to the elaborate sculpture on Julie Verhoeven’s F. Scott Fitzgerald cover.
For the 60th anniversary of Penguin Classics in 2006, the architect Ron Arad, shoe designer Manolo Blahnik, fashion designer Paul Smith, video artist Sam Taylor-Wood (Taylor-Johnson), and the graphic designers Fuel were each invited to select a favourite title from the series and design it as they wished. The results were five distinctive designs ranging from Paul Smith’s embroidered silk cover that dressed up Lady Chatterley’s Lover to Ron Arad’s stripped-down binding for The Idiot that let the book become its own cover. The set of five hardcover books was released as Penguin Designer Classics and limited to 1,000 copies each. Priced at £100, they sold out upon release.
In 2010, Penguin Decades was launched to mark the publisher’s 75th birthday, featuring some of the great books published in Britain from the 1950s to the 80s and original cover designs by Peter Blake, Zandra Rhodes, Alan Aldridge and John Squires. Five years later, having turned 80, Penguin released Little Black Classics, a set of 80 titles priced at 80p each, which echoed the series of mini books created for its 60th birthday. The ambitions of the project and the tight budget combined to shape the cover design. Jim Stoddart devised a simple black-and-white, typographic cover and made some visual references to Penguin cover designs from the past, such as placing a wider white stripe in the middle as an allusion to the original Penguin tri-band covers. The new series is accompanied by a simple but clever interactive website that invites its visitors to explore the collection.
These new paperbacks continued to celebrate Penguin’s ‘extraordinary design heritage’ as well as Allen Lane’s democratising mission, both of which gave Penguin books their distinctive identity from the outset and lasting popularity around the world.
Today, 70 years on from the publication of the first Jan Tschichold Classics, Jim Stoddart, Penguin Art Director since 2001 introduces the colourful, small-format Pocket Penguins. Developed in tandem with the multi-million selling Little Black Classics launched in 2015, The Pocket Penguins’ typographical covers use a new palette to denote the works’ original language, as Tschichold’s Classics did in the 40s. The new logo developed for these series frees the Penguin from the confines of its orange ‘lozenge’ on Classics for the first time in over 50 years.
| Penguin Books |
Which new film is considered by many critics to be Woody Allen’s best for 20 years? | Penguin Special: The Story of Allen Lane, the Founder of Penguin Books and the Man Who Changed Publishing Forever: Jeremy Lewis: 9780141024615: Amazon.com: Books
By Deb HALL OF FAME TOP 50 REVIEWER VINE VOICE on September 27, 2009
He was the type of boy no one took particular notice of. Academically he was a dud. Athletics was definitely not his calling. He was nondescript in every way and if he were to graduate high school in this day and age he would most likely be the young man voted least likely to succeed. Allen Lane Williams was a boy of little promise, but upon leaving school at the age of sixteen his life would change forever. In deference to his Uncle John, owner of the Bodley Head, a renown publishing company in London, the family surname was changed to Lane. Allen Lane Williams Lane was going to start at the bottom, a fact in which he later would be ultimately proud of, and join the firm. In a PENGUIN SPECIAL: The Story of Allen Lane, the Founder of Penguin Books and the Man Who Changed Publishing Forever, Jeremy Lewis relates the story of a humble boy who would eventually change and challenge the face of the book world. He would be the dud turned dynamo.
Allen's Uncle John had great appreciation for those who learned the ropes from the ground up and his nephew fit the bill. Starting at the very bottom rung in the firm, he came to know the business well and when his uncle passed away he quickly stepped forward to claim his inheritance, an inheritance of not only the company, Bodley Head, but a wealth of publishing and business acumen. With the eventual demise of the family business, Lane quickly founded Penguin Books, a company that was said to be the "publishing phenomenon of the decade, if not the century."
Lane was ruthless, shrewd and came to know his business, seemingly better than any predecessor or peer. No one stood in his way when it came to a good business deal, not even his own brother. His axe made little distinction, but then again he was known for impetuous acts of generosity. Penguin, the name soon synonymous with the work `paperback,' was as cheap as a pack of cigarettes and catapulted the young Allen Lane to the top of the publishing world. He instinctively knew a good book when he saw one. It was an amazing feat for one, whom many claimed, never even turned the page of a book, let alone finished one. Toward the end of his life Lane himself claimed, "I'm not a very intelligent man, and I've really got away with murder."
I would not go so far to claim this book is riveting, invaluable or fascinating as the advance praise blurbs claimed for this book, but I did find it fairly interesting as I'm a huge Penguin fan. It amazed me that a man such as Allen Lane has been swept into obscurity, as his "book," the Penguin, appears destined for immortality. Jeremy Lewis did a marvelous job of researching and writing this book, but I believe that the reader would need to be firmly interested in publishing history and/or Penguin Books to enjoy it.
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The Brazilian Wandering variety is the most poisonous in the world …….what? | Brazilian Wandering Spiders: Bites & Other Facts
Brazilian Wandering Spiders: Bites & Other Facts
By Jessie Szalay, Live Science Contributor |
November 19, 2014 08:26pm ET
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Credit: Nashepard | Shutterstock
Brazilian wandering spiders, also called armed spiders or banana spiders, belong to the genus Phoneutria, which means "murderess" in Greek. And it's no wonder why — it's one of the most venomous spiders on Earth. Its bite can be deadly to humans, especially children, although antivenin makes death unlikely.
The Guinness Book of World Records has named the Brazilian wandering spider the world's most venomous spider in multiple years, though, as Jo-Anne Nina Sewlal , an arachnologist at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad, pointed out, "Classifying an animal as deadly is controversial," as the amount of damage depends on the amount of venom injected. Also, a "well-publicized study that an intravenous injection of 0.006 mg of venom from these spiders caused death in mice could be regarded of little concern to humans, since we are many times larger than a mouse," she said.
Classification/taxonomy
There are eight species of Brazilian wandering spider, all of which can be found in Brazil. Some of the species also can be found throughout Latin America, from Costa Rica to Argentina, according to an article in the journal American Entomologist . Author Richard S. Vetter, a research associate in the department of entomology at the University of California, Riverside, wrote that specimens of these powerful arachnids have been exported to North American and Europe in banana shipments. However, Vetter noted, in many cases of cargo infestation, the spider in question is a harmless Cupiennius species that is misidentified as a Phoneutria species. The two types of spiders look similar.
The taxonomy of Brazilian wandering spiders , according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), is:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phoneutria reidyi
Size & characteristics
Brazilian wandering spiders are large, with bodies reaching up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) and leg spans reaching about 6 inches (15 cm), according to the Conservation Institute . The species vary in color, though all are hairy, mostly brown and may have a black spot on their bellies.
Behavior
According to Sewlal, these arachnids "are called wandering spiders because they do not build webs but wander on the forest floor at night, actively hunting prey." They kill by both ambush and direct attack.
They spend most of their day hiding under logs or in crevices, and come out to hunt at night. They eat insects, other spiders and sometimes, small amphibians, reptiles and mice.
Because of the toxicity of their bite and their alarming-looking posture, these spiders have a reputation for being aggressive. But these behaviors are actually defense mechanisms.
"When threatened, they will raise their first two pairs of legs," said Sewlal. This dramatic and intimidating posture exposes the scarlet hair surrounding the fangs on some species. Their threatened stance serves as a warning, indicating to predators that the poisonous spider is ready to attack.
"Their bites are a means of self-defense and only done if they are provoked intentionally or by accident," Sewlal said.
A Brazilian wandering spider guards her egg sac.
Credit: Dr. Morley Read Shutterstock
Mating
In almost all spider species, the female is larger than the male. This dimorphism is no different in the Brazilian wandering spider. Males approach females cautiously when attempting to mate, according to the biology department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Males perform a dance to get females' attention, and males often fight each other over the female. The female can be picky, and she often turns down many males before choosing the one she will mate with. Once she does pick one, the male needs to watch out; females often attack the males once copulation is finished.
The female then can store the sperm in a separate chamber from the eggs until she is ready to fertilize them. She will lay up to 1,000 eggs, which are kept safe in a spun-silk egg sac.
Brazilian wandering spiders typically live for one or two years.
Bite
Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides, according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The venom affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims' neuromuscular systems.
After a human is bitten by one of these spiders, he or she may experience initial symptoms such as severe burning pain at the site of the bite, sweating and goose bumps, Sewlal said. Within 30 minutes, symptoms become systemic and include high or low blood pressure, fast or a slow heartbeat, nausea, abdominal cramping, hypothermia, vertigo, blurred vision, convulsions and excessive sweating associated with shock. People who are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider should seek medical attention immediately.
In addition to intense pain and possible medical complications, the bite of a Brazilian wandering spider can deliver a long, painful erection to human males. The venom boosts nitric oxide, a chemical that increases blood flow. Several studies have looked at incorporating the venom into drugs for erectile dysfunction.
However, these bites are rare, and envenomations are usually mild, Vetter said. He cited a Brazilian study , published in the journal Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo in 2008, that revealed that only 2.3 percent of bites were treated with antivenin. (The other bites did not contain enough venom to require it.) The study also pointed out that, as of that year, only 10 deaths had ever been attributed to the spider's bite in Brazil. According to the study, "cases of serious envenomation are rare (0.5 percent)."
"It is unlikely that the spider would inject all of its venom into you, as this venom is not only needed as a means of defense but to immobilize prey," Sewlal agreed. "So if it did inject all of its venom, it [would] have to wait until its body manufactured more before it could hunt." That would leave the spider vulnerable to being attacked by predators.
Furthermore, Sewlal pointed out that venom production requires a lot of a spider's resources and time. "So if the spider were to attack frequently and use up all of its venom, it [would] be safe to assume that it has a ready food supply to replace the energy and resources used. This situation does not exist in the wild."
Additional resources
Learn more about Brazilian wandering spiders from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse .
See a gallery of the world's largest spiders , including the Brazilian wandering spider, at the Conservation Institute.
Find a spider in your bananas ? It may or may not be a deadly species, according to the University of California, Riverside.
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Only two wild cats live wild in Europe – the wild cat itself is one – what is the other? | Brazilian wandering spider: World's most venomous arachnid on the loose in Britain after being discovered in Aldi bananas - Mirror Online
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Brazilian wandering spider: World's most venomous arachnid on the loose in Britain after being discovered in Aldi bananas
Keith Hobbs and wife Laura fled with their four children when told that it was probably the Brazilian wandering spider, which can have legs up to 6in (15cm) long and kill with its venomous bite
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Fears: Eggs, believed to belong to a Brazilian Wandering Spider, found in a pack of bananas
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The world's deadliest spider is feared to be on the loose in Britain after a family spotted a nest in a bunch of Aldi bananas.
Keith Hobbs and wife Laura fled with their four children when told that it was probably the Brazilian wandering spider, which can have legs up to 6in (15cm) long and kill with its venomous bite.
They found the cocoon at their home in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, on Thursday.
Deputy head teacher Mr Hobbs, 32, told The Sun: "As soon as we knew what they were we just grabbed the kids, who were in their pyjamas, and ran out the house.
"We've spent the night in a hotel room. It's terrifying - it's like a bad dream."
The family's nightmare began when Mrs Hobbs' parents bought them the bananas from an Aldi store in Hinckley, Leicestershire.
Scared: Keith Hobbs and family
After she opened the bag and found the nest her husband called police and also contacted wildlife experts.
The Aldi shop was temporarily shut yesterday but reopened in the afternoon after no spiders were found.
Aldi has reportedly agreed to pay for the Hobbs' hotel bill and for a pest control firm to fumigate their home.
Geoff Grewcock, who runs the Warwickshire Wildlife Sanctuary, said: "We had a call from the family who had bought the bananas from Aldi and there was a clump of eggs in there.
"We had to determine what the eggs were and we thought on the balance of probabilities it was probably eggs from a Brazilian Wandering Spider.
"They can kill you, people who get bitten do die. I have dealt with scorpions and Black Widow spiders before, but never one of these. It is frightening.
"My advice if you see one would just be to run away as fast as possible and then call the police. Don't be brave. The bananas came from Brazil and the question now is where is the adult?
"We searched all around the house and their car, and also the mother-in-law's car as she had picked them up as well."
An Aldi spokesman said: "Recent reports alleging that the eggs of the Brazilian Wandering Spider have been found in a bunch of bananas at the Aldi store in Hinckley are unsubstantiated.
"The bananas in question have been removed from the store and sent for expert analysis.
"The Hinckley store in question has now been reopened and customers should be reassured their safety remains our number one priority."
A spokeswoman for Warwickshire Police said: 'We were called at 10.10pm on June 4 to St Nicholas Park Drive in Nuneaton where a family were thought to have found Brazilian wandering spider eggs in a bag of bananas believed to have been bought from the Aldi store in Watling Street, Hinckley.
"As a precaution, the family address is being fumigated. An officer attended the store at 7.15am yesterday and the store was closed at 8.15am in case a spider had got loose. No spiders were found at the store by officers."
About the Brazilian wandering spider
Lethal: Venom from a Brazilian Wandering can kill a human within two hours (Photo: Wiki Commons)
The Brazilian wandering spider has been classed as the world's most venomous arachnid in Guinness World Records since 2010.
Venom from the spider can kill a human being in just two hours, with victims suffering nausea, hypothermia and convulsions.
It is fast-moving and aggressive, with a body up to 2in long, six small eyes and two large ones, and large red fangs it displays by raising its front two legs.
In 2005, a British man spent a week in hospital after he was bitten by one of the spiders that had travelled to the country in a shipment of bananas.
It is found in South and Central America and its Greek name, Phoneutria, translates as "murderess".
Rather than building a web to catch its prey, the spider hunts insects, small mammals and reptiles on the jungle floor.
Although an effective anti-venom exists, at least 10 people have been killed by the spider in Brazil and the true total is believed to be higher.
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What kind of creature is an addax? | Addax - Animals
Animals
Also known as: Screwhorn Antelope
Conservation Status: Critically Endangered
Location: Sahara Desert (tiny parts of Chad, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, and Tunisia)
Lifespan: Up to 19 years
Addax range of location
Many Addax have been killed for their skins, so they are now quite rare.
The Addax never drinks. It gets all the moisture it needs from the plants it eats.
Its wide hooves allow it to travel quickly and easily over soft sand.
Scientific classification
Height: 1 metre (3.3 feet) at the shoulder
Weight: 60 to 120 kg (130 to 260 lbs)
Coat colour: In the winter it is greyish brown with white hind quarters and legs. In the summer, the coat turns almost completely white or sandy blonde.
Head: Their head is marked with brown or black patches that form an X over their nose. They have a scraggly beard and prominent red nostrils. Long black hairs stick out between their curved and spiraling horns ending in a short mane on the neck.Horns, found on both males and females, have two to three twists and can reach 80 centimeters (31 in) in females and 120 centimeters (47 in) in males.
Tail: Their tail is short and slender, ending in a puff of hair.
Hooves: The hooves are broad with flat soles and strong dewclaws to help them walk on soft sand.
Behaviour
Addax are 'nocturnal'. This means that they sleep during the day and are awake during the night. They do this because it is easier to feed at night when the temperature is cooler. During the day, Addax sleep so they can conserve their energy in the hot weather. The Addax live in a group of about 5 to 20 individuals.
Predators or Prey?
Lions, Leopards, and Hyenas. Although, these predators are completely or almost extinct in the wild (some live in conservation).
Diet
The Addax is a herbivore. This means that they only eat vegetables (no meat). This is because more energy comes from plants, which is very important in the tough habitat. Their diet consists of desert succulents, leaves, Aristida grasses, herbs, perennials and small bushes (if available). Addax can survive without water because they can get all the water they need from the plants that they eat.
Habitat
The Addax live on sandy or stony deserts, semi-deserts, or dry steppes. When they rest during the day, they lay in holes in the sand, often near giant rocks to hide from the sun and wind.
Conservation
There are fewer than 300 Addax left in the wild. They mostly only remain in Chad Mauritania, and Niger. Although, more than 1600 live in captivity all around the world. Additionally, around 550 live under semi-wild conditions in fenced in areas in Morocco and Tunisia. This is a total of around 2450 Addax left in the entire world.
Reproduction
Male Addax reach sexual maturity at about 3 years, while the females mature at about 1 and a half years. The gestation period is about 8 to 9 months. A female Addax will give birth to one young at each birth. This reproduction is very similar to that of humans.The baby Addax will weight between 4.7 and 6.75 kilograms. It is hidden away for about 6 weeks (away from predators) and suckled 2 to 3 times a day on its mother. Young Addax have a tan coloured coat with very faint or no markings.
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Fungi do not have seeds – what do they have? | Addax | All About Exotics
All About Exotics
$2500 to $6000
Intro to the Addax
*Addax antelope are one of 3 U.S. exotic species currently included in a pending ruling to ban breeding, selling and hunting
Watch the supporting video, brought to you by the EWA and Keith Warren’s “The High Road Tv”.
Addax have loosely spiraling horns that angle upward and back in both males and females. Horns with 1.5 to 3 twists are common. Exhibit a sandy to almost white summer coat and gray winter coloration, haunches and belly remain white all year. May have a noticeable neck ruff with winter coat. Darker face with a white ‘X’ across face with coarse, brown hair on forehead. Young are born tan. Have a slender tail with short tuft of hair at tip. Widely splayed hooves, adapted for traversing desert sand. Average horn length is 28″, but can grow in excess of 43″. Height at shoulder is 40-45″. Body weights of males are between 225 and 300 lbs; 100 to 200 lbs in females dependent on age and range conditions.
Addax behavior
Herd animal usually traveling in groups of 5-20 animals. Surviving in the Sahara with it's harsh desert environments, addax are one of the most drought resistant exotic species. They acquire most of their daily water intake from plant species in their diet. They also have highly concentrated urine which is a method of conserving water. With available water, they will often drink only once daily. Males leave small dung piles while females scatter their dung. Addax are most active during dawn and twilight hours, bedding up in shade during warmer portions of the day. Males attempt to establish territories with several females within its perimeter while females form dominance hierarchies based on age -- oldest ranking the highest. Addax are considered one of the slower antelope species leaving them vulnerable to faster predator species.
Addax food and eating habits
Addax prefer grass, but will utilize browse species if grasses are unavailable.
Addax breeding
Can take place at any time of the year, but usually peaks from May to July. Females most often have 1 calf per cycle, with peak birthing taking place from January to March. Gestation averages 8 & 1/2 months and young are usually fully weaned at 1 month. Females are typically able to breed starting around 2 years of ages while males mature sexually at ages 2 to 3. A single male will mate with several females within his established territory.
Addax average life span
Have been known to live up to 25 years in captivity.
Keeping Addax
Thrive in warm, dry climates. Considered one of the most drought resistant exotic game species. Cold tolerant if adequate heavy brush for shelter in harsh conditions. May require grass hay to supplement diet during harsh winter months. Prone to parasites in moist climates. Young are susceptible to fire ant bites that can lead to mortality. New mothers are known to be very aggressive in defending young to the point of attacking humans and vehicles. Blocks of dense cover should be established for calving and shelter. Due to their "slow" nature, land with populations of large predator species such as mountain lions and coyotes could pose a threat. 4 ft. fence is usually adequate for containing Addax.
Addax hunting
Widely considered a "Super Exotic" -- Expect to Pay $2500 to $6000 depending on trophy size and outfitter ---> avg. cost for a trophy caliber addax is ~ $4600.
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Which term describes any two colours which together produce white light? | Color - body, used, process, chemical, form, energy, air, parts, effects
Color
Color
Photo by: SSilver
Color is a property of light that depends on the frequency of light waves. Frequency is defined as the number of wave segments that pass a given point every second. In most cases, when people talk about light, they are referring to white light. The best example of white light is ordinary sunlight: light that comes from the Sun.
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation: a form of energy carried by waves. The term "electromagnetic radiation" refers to a vast range of energy waves, including gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, radar, and radio waves. Of all these forms, only one can be detected by the human eye: visible light.
White light and color
White light (such as sunlight) and colors are closely related. A piece of glass or crystal can cause a beam of sunlight to break up into a rainbow: a beautiful separation of colors. The technical term for a rainbow is a spectrum. The colors in a spectrum range from deep purple to brilliant red. One way to remember the colors of the spectrum is with the mnemonic device (memory clue) ROY G. BIV, which stands for Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet.
English physicist Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was the first person to study the connection between white light and colors. Newton caused a beam of white light to fall on a glass prism and found that the white light was broken up into a spectrum. He then placed a second prism in front of the first and found that the colors could be brought back together into a beam of white light. A rainbow is a naturally occurring illustration of Newton's experiment. Instead of a glass prism, though, it is tiny droplets of rainwater that cause sunlight to break up into a spectrum of colors, a spectrum we call a rainbow.
Color and wavelength
The word "color" actually refers to the light of a particular color, such as red light, yellow light, or blue light. The color of a light beam depends on just one factor: the wavelength of the light. Wavelength is defined as the distance between two exactly identical parts of a given wave. Red light consists of light waves with a wavelength of about 700 nanometers (billionths of a meter), yellow light has wavelengths of about 550 nanometers, and blue light has wavelengths of about 450 nanometers. But the wavelengths of colored light are not limited to specific ranges. For example, waves that have wavelengths of 600, 625, 650, and 675 nanometers would have orange, orangish-red, reddish-orange, and, finally, red colors.
Words to Know
Color: A property of light determined by its wavelength.
Colorant: A chemical substance—such as ink, paint, crayons, or chalk—that gives color to materials.
Complementary colors: Two colors that, when mixed with each other, produce white light.
Electromagnetic radiation: A form of energy carried by waves.
Frequency: The number of segments in a wave that pass a given point every second.
Gray: A color produced by mixing white and black.
Hue: The name given to a color on the basis of its frequency.
Light: A form of energy that travels in waves.
Nanometer: A unit of length; this measurement is equal to one-billionth of a meter.
Pigment: A substance that displays a color because of the wavelengths of light that it reflects.
Primary colors: Colors that, when mixed with each other, produce white light.
Shade: The color produced by mixing a color with black.
Spectrum: The band of colors that forms when white light is passed through a prism.
Tint: The color formed by mixing a given color with white.
Tone: The color formed by mixing a given color with gray (black and white).
Wavelength: The distance between two exactly identical parts of a wave.
The color of objects
Light can be seen only when it reflects off some object. For example, as you look out across a field, you cannot see beams of light passing through the air, but you can see the green of trees, the brown of fences, and the yellow petals of flowers because of light reflected by these objects.
To understand how objects produce color, imagine an object that reflects all wavelengths of light equally. When white light shines on that object, all parts of the spectrum are reflected equally. The color of the object is white. (White is generally not regarded as a color but as a combination of all colors mixed together.)
Now imagine that an object absorbs (soaks up) all wavelengths of light that strike it. That is, no parts of the spectrum are reflected. This object is black, a word that is used to describe an object that reflects no radiation.
Finally, imagine an object that reflects light with a wavelength of about 500 nanometers. Such an object will absorb all wavelengths of light except those close to 500 nanometers. It will be impossible to see red light (700 nanometers), violet light (400 nanometers), or blue light (450 nanometers) because those parts of the spectrum are all absorbed by the object. The only light that is reflected—and the only color that can be seen—is green, which has a wavelength of about 500 nanometers.
Primary and complementary colors
White light can be produced by combining all colors of the spectrum at once, as Newton discovered. However, it is also possible to make white light by combining only three colors in the spectrum: red, green, and blue. For this reason, these three colors of light are known as the primary colors. (For more on the concept of primary colors, see subhead titled "Pigments.") In addition to white light, all colors of the spectrum can be produced by an appropriate mixing of the primary colors. For example, red and green lights will combine to form yellow light.
It is also possible to make white light by combining only two colors, although these two colors are not primary colors. For example, the combination of a bluish-violet light and a yellow light form white light. Any two colors that produce white light, such as bluish-violet and yellow, are known as complementary colors.
The language of colors
A special vocabulary is used to describe colors. The fundamental terms include:
Hue: The basic name of a color, as determined by its frequency. Light with a wavelength of 600 nanometers is said to have an orange hue.
Gray: The color produced by mixing white and black.
Shade: The color produced by mixing a color with black. For example, the shade known as maroon is formed by mixing red and black.
Tint: The color formed by mixing a color with white. Pink is produced when red and white are mixed.
Tone: The color formed by mixing a color with gray (black and white). Red plus white plus black results in the tone known as rose.
Pigments
A pigment is a substance that reflects only certain wavelengths of light. Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a white pigment because such a substance would reflect all wavelengths of light. A red pigment is one that reflects light with a wavelength of about 700 nanometers; a blue pigment is one that reflects light with a wavelength of about 450 nanometers.
The rules for combining pigment colors are different from those for combining light colors. For example, combining yellow paint and blue paint produces green paint. Combining red paint with yellow paint produces orange paint. And combining all three of the primary colors of paints—yellow, blue, and red—produces black paint.
An array of bright colors. (Reproduced by permission of
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Other color phenomena
Color effects occur in many different situations in the natural world. For example, the swirling colors in a soap bubble are produced by interference, a process in which light is reflected from two different surfaces very close to each other. The soap bubble is made of a very thin layer of soap: the inside and outside surfaces are less than a millimeter away from each other. When light strikes the bubble, then, it is reflected from both the outer surface and from the inside surface of the bubble. The two reflected beams of light interfere with each other in such a way that some wavelengths of light are reinforced, while others are canceled out. It is by this mechanism that the colors of the soap bubble are produced.
| Complement |
Sterling silver contains 92.5 parts silver and 7.5 parts ……what? | What Colors Can Be Mixed to Make White Light? | eHow
What Colors Can Be Mixed to Make White Light?
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White light used to be the subject of much mystery. It took the curiosity of one man to discover the composition of white light and to understand with greater clarity how it could be manipulated. Today we are capable of projecting and mixing light in many different color combinations with relative ease, using modern technology and a basic knowledge of how white light is formed.
Newton's Observations
Sir Isaac Newton, one of history's foremost scientists, is the man we have to thank for unlocking the mysteries of white light. Although rainbows in the sky long provided a clue as to the interaction between white light and colored light, Newton helped clarify exactly what sort of interaction that was. His experiments with glass prisms showed that white light could be dispersed to form the colors of the visible spectrum and then rejoined to form white light again.
Basic Composition
White light is comprised of all of the other colors of light in the visible spectrum, from red to violet. All one would need to make white light is a projection of the three primary colors of light: red, blue and green. When flashed together on a screen or other surface at the same intensity, their overlapping area of interaction will be as white as a spotlight.
Complementary Colors
Blending the primary colors in equal proportion works fine for creating white light, but one can also mix white light with just two colors of light, as long as these colors are complementary. An effective guide to use to determine complementary colors is a color wheel. The simplest color wheels display each of the primary colors of light in a circle, as well as colors of light created by combining any two primary colors. If you combine a primary color with the color created by the other two in perfectly equal proportion, then you also get white light. For example, red and green light create yellow light when mixed equally. Yellow light, when mixed with blue light, the remaining primary color, will form white light. This process is known as additive mixing.
Practical Applications
White light mixing is important for use in television sets and other devices or appliances that use light screens, such as cell phones and computer monitors. The whiteness of a blank word processor document does not reflect the absence of light, but the concentrated presence of it, for example. Color mixing is also important for live stage productions, such as theater plays or musical performances.
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Which tourist resort of Croatia was formerly known as Ragusa? | Dubrovnik Things to do
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Experience the "Pearl of the Adriatic" through Dubrovnik Cruises. The ancient port city of Croatia, which lies within the Dalmatain Coast, offers the beauty of the Adriatic Sea plus the ancient wonders of Croatia. Enjoy the blue waters while cruising and the historic architecture of the city formerly known as Ragusa.
The Weather
Dubrovnik is in a Mediterranean city featuring dry warm summers (temperatures average in the 80s) and temperate winters. Perfect for cruising in the summer, 80 plus degree weather allows the visitor the freedom to swim the pristine waters or sunbath on the shore, yet comfortable enough to tour the ancient sites and appreciate the outdoor shopping. Mild winters allow for satisfying off-season travel as well.
Ports of Call
Dubrovnik Cruises generally dock in Old Town. Your trip can vary from a day trip to a 24-day voyage through the Black Sea. You can choose to cruise locally visiting cities such as Split, Zadar, the Serbian Port of Koper and the Albanian city of Durres or you can add diversity to your travels and include Venice and Istanbul. Make sure your excursion includes Cavat, a resort community on the southern side of Rat peninsula that offers gorgeous beaches and resort-style travel. Boats come and go several times a day from the local old harbor pier.
Exclusive to Bargain Cruising
If you'd prefer more freedom and privacy, you can take your own private cruise, a private and pricey alternative. Cruises can be purchased as bargain packages as well. Directline cruises offers 5 percent discounts on cruises booked through their 800 number. Vacations-to-Go claim that you can save up to 75 percent off through their booking procedures.
Don't Forget the Essentials
Croatian travel requires a passport, but no visa if your visit is limited to under 90 days. If you don't speak Croatian, fret not. English is spoken for the benefit of tourists. During the latter 1900s Croatia was considered part of the former nation of Yugoslavia and was attacked by former country members in the Serbian-Montenegro Army. Croatia is now considered both a safe and free nation and Dubrovnik a safe community. While euros are commonly accepted, the official currency of Croatia is the Kuna. Most restaurants and tourist attractions are considered reasonably priced.
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Which European capital is situated at the point where Lake Malar joins the Baltic Sea? | Dubrovnik - Lonely Planet
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Regardless of whether you are visiting Dubrovnik for the first time or the hundredth, the sense of awe never fails to descend when you set eyes on the beauty of the old town. Indeed it’s hard to imagine anyone becoming jaded by the city’s marble streets, baroque buildings and the endless shimmer of the Adriatic, or failing to be inspired by a walk along the ancient city walls that protected a civilised,... Read More
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Which mountain range forms the backbone of Italy? | Apennine Range | mountains, Italy | Britannica.com
Apennine Range
Alternative Titles: Appennines, Appennini, Appennino
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Ariano Irpino
Apennine Range, also called the Apennines, Italian Appennino, series of mountain ranges bordered by narrow coastlands that form the physical backbone of peninsular Italy . From Cadibona Pass in the northwest, close to the Maritime Alps , they form a great arc, which extends as far as the Egadi Islands to the west of Sicily . Their total length is approximately 870 miles (1,400 kilometres), and their width ranges from 25 to 125 miles. Mount Corno , 9,554 feet (2,912 metres), is the highest point of the Apennines proper on the peninsula. The range follows a northwest–southeast orientation as far as Calabria , at the southern tip of Italy; the regional trend then changes direction, first toward the south and finally westward.
The Apennines mountain range.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The Apennines are among the younger ranges of the Alpine system and, geologically speaking, are related to the coastal range of the Atlas Mountains of North Africa . Similarities have also been observed with the Dinaric Alps , which extend through the Balkan region, including Greece. Nearby Sardinia and Corsica , on the other hand, are dissimilar to the Apennines, their granitic rock masses being linked to outcroppings along the Spanish and French coast, from which they parted some 20 million years ago.
Physical features
Geology
The majority of geologic units of the Apennines are made up of marine sedimentary rocks that were deposited over the southern margin of the Tethys Sea , the large ocean that spread out between the Paleo-European and the Paleo-African plates during their separation in the Mesozoic Era (about 250 to 65 million years ago). These rocks are mostly shales, sandstones, and limestones, while igneous rocks (such as the ophiolites of the northern Apennines, the remains of an older oceanic crust) are scarce. The oldest rocks—metamorphic units of the late Paleozoic Era (about 300 to 250 million years ago), with their continental sedimentary cover containing plant remains—represent the relicts of the ancient continental crust of Gondwanaland and are found in small outcroppings. The granitic intrusions and metamorphic units of the Calabrian and Sicilian ranges are also Paleozoic (Hercynian orogeny), but they are believed to be Alpine in origin and only became part of the Apennine chain through subsequent major tectonic movements.
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Jura Mountains
The Apennine orogeny developed through several tectonic phases, mostly during the Cenozoic Era (i.e., since about 65 million years ago), and came to a climax in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs (about 23 to 2.6 million years ago). The Apennines consist of a thrust-belt structure with three basic trending motions: toward the Adriatic Sea (the northern and central ranges), the Ionian Sea (Calabrian Apennines), and Africa (Sicilian Range). During Plio-Pleistocene times (i.e., about 5,300,000 to 11,700 years ago), ingression and regression of the sea caused the formation of large marine and continental sedimentary belts (sands, clays, and conglomerates) along the slopes of the new chain. In the past million years numerous large faults have developed along the western side of the Apennines, which may be connected to the crustal thinning that began about 10 million years ago and resulted in the formation of a new sea, the Tyrrhenian. Most of these faults have also facilitated strong volcanic activity, and a volcanic chain has formed along them from Mount Amiata in Tuscany to Mount Etna in Sicily; most of these volcanoes—including Mount Amiata, Mount Cimino, the Alban Hills near Rome , and the Ponza Islands—are extinct, but, to the south, Mount Vesuvius, the Eolie Islands , and Mount Etna are all still active. Seismic activity is common along the entire length of the chain (including Sicily), with more than 40,000 recorded events since ad 1000. Mostly earthquakes are shallow (three to 19 miles deep), and their occurrence is probably connected to the settlement of the chain in the complicated interaction between the African and European tectonic plates.
Mountain Ranges
The geologic youth of the Apennines and a great variety of rock types are responsible for the rugged appearance of the range today. In the north, in Liguria , sandstones, marls, and greenstones occur. Landslides often occur in these brittle rocks. In Tuscany, Emilia, Marche , and Umbria , clay, sand and limestones are common. In Lazio , Campania , Puglia , Calabria, and northern and eastern Sicily, there are large calcareous rock outcrops, separated by lowland areas of shale and sandstone. In Molise , Basilicata , and Sicily, extensive argillaceous (clayey) rock types occur. Here, the landscape has a thirsty and desolate appearance, with frequent erosion of the calanchi, or badlands, type.
Physiography
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Starting from the north, the main subdivisions of the Apennines are the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, with a maximum height of 7,103 feet at Mount Cimone; the Umbrian-Marchigian Apennines, with their maximum elevation (8,130 feet) at Mount Vettore; the Abruzzi Apennines , 9,554 feet at Mount Corno; the Campanian Apennines, 7,352 feet at Mount Meta; the Lucanian Apennines, 7,438 feet at Mount Pollino ; the Calabrian Apennines, 6,414 feet at Mount Alto; and, finally, the Sicilian Range, 10,902 feet at Mount Etna . The ranges in Puglia (the “boot heel” of the peninsula) and southeastern Sicily are formed by low, horizontal limestone plateaus, which remained less affected by the Alpine orogeny.
The rivers of the Apennines have short courses. The two principal rivers are the Tiber (252 miles long), which follows a southerly course along the western base of the Umbrian-Marchigian range before flowing through Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Arno (155 miles), which flows westerly from the Tuscan-Emilian range through Florence to the Ligurian Sea . Also significant is the Volturno (109 miles), which rises in the Abruzzi Apennines near Alfedena and flows southeast as far as its junction with the Calore River near Caiazzo and then turns southwest to enter the Tyrrhenian Sea . In spite of the limited length of the rivers, the action of running water is the chief agent of erosion responsible for molding the contemporary Apennine landscape. The character of the physical geography depends on the varying nature of the rocks in each region and their resistance to water action. The overall aspect of relief, however, exhibits characteristics of an early, or juvenile, stage in the cycle of erosion. In limestone areas, karst erosion, with crevasses worn by water action, predominates. In the highest part of the Apennines there are traces of the erosive action of the glaciers of the last Ice Age, although, unlike the Alps , contemporary glaciers are lacking.
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| Apennine Mountains |
What are the invisible lines that supposedly link ancient magical sites? | Geography of Italy - the Alps, Apennine, the two seas
Geographic map Italy
Country of oppositions
A look at the map of Italy immediately shows that the country is characterised by two big mountain ranges: the Alps in the north and the Apennine mountains along most parts of the peninsula. Surrounded by four seas on three sides, the land is mostly hilly with only few plain sections. High mountain panoramas, scenic hills and miles of sandy beaches are all part of the topographic variety of Italy.
Mt Etna
Idyllic mountain world of Italy
Despite many beaches, islands and the reputation of being a bathing paradise in the Mediterranean Sea, mountains and hills characterise the map of Italy. Two big mountain ranges define the country: the powerful mountain massif of the Alps in the north and the Apennine mountain range extending over two thirds of the peninsula. Both mountain ranges are the result of the African and European tectonic plates having been dominating the Italian countryside for 2 million years.
In the north, Italy shares some of the highest mountains of the Alps with its neighbouring countries France and Switzerland. The Aosta Valley is one of the country's mountainous highlights including the impressive Mont Blanc (4,897 m), Monte Rosa (4,633 m) and Matterhorn (4,478 m). The Dolomite Mountains in the northeast of Italy are at least as impressive being a tourist magnet for sportive guests and nature aficionados in both winter and summer.
The Apennine Mountains, however, run in curves for more than 1,350 kilometres from Genoa to Calabria hrough nearly two thirds of the country. Because of their shape and length, they are also often called the backbone of Italy. The highest elevation of the Apennine Mountains is the Corno Crande (2,913 m) in the Abruzzi.
Map of Italy: peninsula and bathing paradise
The map of Italy looks like a boot. Four different seas surround the peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea from three sides: The Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea in the south, and the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea in the west. Italy shows great scenic diversity ranging from flat sandy beaches on Sardinia to the breathtaking rock cliffs round Amalfi. Italy is surrounded by an 8,000 kilometres long coast crowded with millions of beach tourists look for a well-needed timeout from the daily hustle and busty every year.
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Which relative of the giraffe has zebra-like stripes? | Zebra-like giraffe relative rediscovered - World news - World environment | NBC News
Zebra-like giraffe relative rediscovered
Okapi hadn't been detected in Congo park in 50 years
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Peter J. Stephenson / WWF-Canon via Reuters
This okapi, an animal that is the giraffe's closest living relative, lives in the Ituri Reserve within the Democratic Republic of Congo, but the species hadn't been detected where it was first discovered a century ago until a recent survey found signs of its presence.
msnbc.com staff and news service reports
updated 6/9/2006 9:18:44 AM ET 2006-06-09T13:18:44
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JOHANNESBURG — An animal that looks like a cross between a horse, zebra and giraffe has been rediscovered where the species was first found a century ago, conservationists announced Friday.
Delighted conservationists said they had found conclusive proof of the existence of the okapi in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s Virunga National Park — defying the odds of survival in a region battered by savage conflict.
Discovered in what is now Virunga in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo in 1901, the shy forest-dwelling okapi has not been seen in the park since 1959.
It was known to be present elsewhere in the Congo and several zoos around the world have okapis in captivity, but there were concerns it had gone extinct in the place of its discovery because of violence and lawlessness.
But a recent survey of the area by the World Wildlife Fund and the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation found 17 okapi tracks and other evidence of its presence.
No sightings of the elusive animal were made but its tracks were taken as absolute proof of the creature’s recent activity in the park.
Giraffe's closest living kin
It is only found in the secluded forests of eastern Congo and is considered the giraffe’s closest living relative.
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“The rediscovery of okapis in Virunga National Park is a positive sign,” said Marc Languy, of WWF’s Eastern Africa Regional Program. “As the country is returning to peace, it shows that the protected areas in this troubled region are now havens for rare wildlife once more.”
Okapi have large ears, a relatively long neck, and a long black tongue. Males have hairy horns, while females are sometimes have a reddish tone and usually slightly taller than males.
A solitary animal, the okapi only joins peers for mating. They feed on more than 100 different species of forest plants, some which are poisonous to humans, as well as grasses, fruits, ferns and fungi. They also eat a type of clay that provides minerals and salt.
The animal’s eastern Congo home has been the scene of incessant conflict including a brutal civil war that erupted in 1998 and then escalated to engulf several other African states at a cost of millions of lives.
The Congo hopes to put the bloodshed and chaos behind when it holds its first free elections in four decades next month, but marauding rebels and militia continue to fight on in the remote east.
Poaching, deforestation a problem
Virunga National Park, located on the border with Rwanda and Uganda, stretches some 200 miles between Lake Kivu and Lake Albert.
Besides the threats from armed conflict, wildlife has suffered from poaching and deforestation by the more than 60,000 squatters inside the park.
“Except for mountain gorillas, which have shown an increase in population due to important conservation efforts, most wildlife in the park have heavily suffered from poaching,” WWF said in a statement. “The population of hippopotamus, for example, has dropped from 29,000 in the mid-1970s to less than 1,000 today.”
Reuters contributed to this report.
| Okapi |
What collective name is given to the children of Gaia and Uranus? | 'Mythical' animal finally poses for camera - CNN.com
'Mythical' animal finally poses for camera
Story Highlights
African animal so elusive it was once believed to be mythical is photographed
Okapi is shy animal related to the giraffe, with zebra-like stripes on its rear
Animal is now known to live only in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
LONDON, England (CNN) -- Rare images of an African animal so elusive that it was once believed to be mythical have been released.
One of the first pictures of the elusive okapi was taken by camera trap.
The okapi is a shy animal related to the giraffe, with zebra-like stripes on its rear. It is native to the tropical rainforests of Africa but is now known to live only in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Okapis were last seen in the DRC 50 years ago, and the images are the first to capture the animal in the wild.
"To have captured the first-ever photographs of such a charismatic creature is amazing," said Noelle Kumpel, manager of the Bushmeat and Forests Conservation Program at the Zoological Society of London, which took the pictures.
"Okapi are very shy and rare animals, which is why conventional surveys only tend to record droppings and other signs of their presence."
The okapi's face and long legs resemble those of the giraffe, their closest-living relative, but they look more like horses with long necks. The average height of their shoulders is 1.6 meters (5 feet, 3 inches), the ZSL says.
They have a short, dense, velvety coat and dark prehensile tongue long enough to clean their own eyelids and ears.
The new pictures show the okapi in the foliage of the DRC's Virunga National Park, where decades of economic collapse and armed conflict have threatened the diverse wildlife.
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More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo
In one image, an okapi looks curiously toward the camera amid the green trees and groundcover. Its large ears, dark nose, and zebra stripes are clearly visible.
The next shot shows the okapi walking away from the camera, giving a clear view of its striking black-and-white stripes on its rear legs.
A third image released by ZSL was taken at night and gives a vivid side view of the animal.
"The photographs clearly show the stripes on their rear, which act like unique fingerprints," said Theirry Lusenge, a key member of ZSL's survey team in the DRC. "We have already identified three individuals, and further survey work will enable us to estimate population numbers and distribution in and around the park, which is a critical first step in targeting conservation efforts."
ZSL said the images prove the okapi still thrives in the park despite threats to its survival, which include poaching, deforestation, military camps inside the park, and the influx of refugees at the park's borders.
The animal's exact status is still a mystery, however, and it remains under threat, the ZSL said. Okapi meat reportedly poached from the park is now regularly on sale at the nearby town of Beni -- and if hunting continues at the same rate, okapi could become extinct within the park within a few years, the ZSL said.
The Virunga National Park is one of only three protected areas the okapi are known to inhabit, the ZSL said.
The ZSL's study of the okapi is part of a larger EU-funded conservation project in the park. Though focused on okapi, the study has also managed to find other species including shrews and duikers, a kind of antelope, a ZSL spokeswoman said.
The study involved 18 cameras set up around the park by the ZSL and the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation, the spokeswoman said.
The announcement comes a month after another group of researchers reported finding thousands of previously-unknown gorillas in the neighboring Republic of Congo.
The U.S.-based Wildlife Conservation Society said in August they had found 125,000 Western lowland gorillas living in a swamp in northern Congo, adding significantly to the existing worldwide population of the threatened species.
Okapi were well known by Africans for centuries but the animal remained elusive, thanks to its acute hearing and effective camouflage, according to The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa.
Nineteenth-century explorers sometimes caught a fleeting glimpse of the okapi's striped backside as it ran through the forest, leading to speculation that it was a kind of zebra, the National Zoological Gardens says. It was known to the pygmy as a sacred animal.
Still, the okapi remained unknown to the Western world until the early 20th century, when British explorer Harry Johnston went to Congo and sent a complete skin and skull back to Britain, the ZSL said.
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Which US city filed for bankruptcy in July? | Bankrupt Cities, Municipalities List and Map
Bankrupt Cities, Municipalities List and Map
Many local governments across the U.S. face steep budget deficits as they struggle to pay off debts accumulated over a number of years. As a last resort, a select few filed for bankruptcy.
Governing is tracking the issue, and will update this page as more municipalities seek bankruptcy protection.
A federal judge recently approved Detroit's plan to pay off about $7 billion in debt. Detroit previously became the largest U.S. city ever to file for bankruptcy in 2013.
Overall bankrupt municipalities remain extremely rare. A Governing analysis estimated only one of every 1,668 eligible general-purpose local governments (0.06 percent) filed for bankruptcy protection from 2008 through 2012. Excluding filings later dismissed, only one of every 2,710 eligible localities (not all states permit governments to file for bankruptcy) filed since 2008.
The majority of filings have not been submitted by bankrupt cities, but rather lesser-known utility authorities and other narrowly-defined special districts throughout the country. In Omaha, Neb., more than a dozen sanitary districts have filed for bankruptcy, accounting for nearly a quarter of all Chapter 9 filings since 2010.
It's also important to note that only about half of states outline laws authorizing municipal bankruptcy. View our bankruptcy laws map for each state's policies.
List of Bankruptcy Filings Since January 1, 2010
All Municipal Bankruptcy Filings: 51
General-Purpose Local Government Bankruptcy Filings (9):
-- City of Hillview, Ky.
-- City of San Bernardino, Calif.
-- Town of Mammoth Lakes, Calf. (Dismissed)
-- City of Stockton, Calif.
-- City of Harrisburg, Pa. (Dismissed)
-- City of Central Falls, R.I.
-- Boise County, Idaho (Dismissed)
LAST UPDATED: Aug. 21, 2015
Municipal Bankruptcies Map
The map below shows all municipalities filing for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection since 2010, along with local governments voting to approve a bankruptcy filing.
Cities, towns and counties are shown in red. Utility authorities and other municipalities are displayed in gray. Click a marker to view details of each filing. Multiple municipalities have filed for bankruptcy in some cities, such as Omaha, Neb., so not all markers are visible without zooming in on the map.
Please note that some listed municipal bankruptcy filings have been dismissed, as indicated.
Detroit Bankruptcy
States without laws authorizing municipal bankruptcies often allow for different measures providing financial relief. In Michigan, seven cities and school districts have emergency managers, and another three are under consent agreements. View our map and story about the state's efforts to turn around the distressed municipalities.
Other Detroit Coverage:
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Rachel Verinder’s diamond gives what book its title? | Detroit becomes largest U.S. city to enter bankruptcy
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Detroit becomes largest U.S. city to enter bankruptcy
DETROIT — U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Steven Rhodes is set to rule Tuesday on whether the city of Detroit is eligible for bankruptcy.
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Detroit becomes largest U.S. city to enter bankruptcy DETROIT — U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Steven Rhodes is set to rule Tuesday on whether the city of Detroit is eligible for bankruptcy. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1bcKJC9
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Detroit becomes largest U.S. city to enter bankruptcy
Nathan Bomey, Brent Snavely and Alisa Priddle, Detroit Free Press Published 9:58 a.m. ET Dec. 3, 2013 | Updated 7:53 p.m. ET Dec. 3, 2013
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Detroit Mayor Dave Bing says there is "going to be a lot of pain" for people following a judge's ruling that the city is eligible to fix its finances in bankruptcy court. (Dec. 3) AP
Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection July 18.
The city of Detroit from midtown.
(Photo: Carlos Osorio, AP)
Pension reductions could be part of mix
City could sell assets, including Detroit Institute of Arts property
Judge would like to see a draft plan by the end of the year
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DETROIT — The city of Detroit officially became the largest municipality in U.S. history Tuesday to enter Chapter 9 bankruptcy after a judge declared it met the specific legal criteria required to receive protection from its creditors.
The landmark ruling ends more than four months of uncertainty over the fate of the case and sets the stage for a fierce clash over how to slash an estimated $18 billion in debt and long-term liabilities that have hampered Detroit from attacking pervasive blight and violent crime.
STORY: How Detroit went broke
"It is indeed a momentous day," U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Steven Rhodes said at the end of a 90-minute summary of his ruling. "We have here a judicial finding that this once-proud city cannot pay its debts. At the same time, it has an opportunity for a fresh start. I hope that everybody associated with the city will recognize that opportunity."
In a surprise decision Tuesday morning, Rhodes also said he will allow pension cuts in Detroit's bankruptcy. He emphasized that he won't necessarily agree to pension cuts in the city's final reorganization plan unless the entire plan is fair and equitable.
"Resolving this issue now will likely expedite the resolution of this bankruptcy case," he said.
Rhodes' verbal ruling, which precedes a 140-page written opinion to be issued Wednesday, gave Detroit the green light to enter Chapter 9 bankruptcy.
"The court finds that Detroit was and is insolvent," he said. "The court finds that the city was generally not paying its debts as they became due."
Rhodes said bankruptcy was a "foregone conclusion for a very long time. Cities often wait longer to file for bankruptcy than they should have, and the city of Detroit was no exception."
Rhodes said he will not issue a stay on the bankruptcy, meaning the case will proceed.
“The court finds that Detroit was and is insolvent. The court finds that the city was generally not paying its debts as they became due.”
Judge Steven Rhodes, U.S. Bankruptcy Court
Even though Michigan Council 25 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees already has filed an appeal — and more will come in days ahead — the bankruptcy code provides for Chapter 9 to continue while appeals are pending that challenge, said Clark Hill lawyer Robert Gordon, who represents the city's pension funds and will be filing an appeal.
John Pottow, a University of Michigan bankruptcy law professor, said Rhodes clearly was urging the city to reach a consensual resolution with its creditors.
"Bottom line: He's pushing negotiation," Pottow said in e-mail.
Rhodes scolded the city for rushing through negotiations with creditors before its filing, noting they only had 30 days to offer a counter. Saying that amount of time is "simply far too short," Rhodes ruled the city did not satisfy good faith requirements to try to negotiate with creditors outside of bankruptcy court.
Lawyers for unions and retirees who fought to persuade the judge to reject Detroit's eligibility for bankruptcy found a silver lining in Rhodes' criticism of the city's negotiation efforts.
"The city has to step up now and negotiate more reasonable and more fairly," said Lynn Brimer, a lawyer for the Detroit Retired Police Members Association.
Despite criticism of Detroit's negotiations, Rhodes said negotiating in good faith was impractical for the city because its financial crisis was growing worse, and creditors filed several lawsuits that could have derailed a bankruptcy filing.
(Photo: Spencer Platt, Getty Images)
The city now will proceed with its plan to introduce a proposal to restructure its debt and reshape government operations.
Rhodes asked lawyers for Jones Day, the law firm that represents the city in bankruptcy court, if a first draft of the so-called "plan of adjustment" could be filed by the end of the year. Lawyer David Heiman responded, "We're not quite certain," adding it would be far in advance of the judge's March deadline.
Detroit Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr said his team plans to submit the plan of adjustment "in the coming weeks," file a disclosure statement early next year and work to exit Chapter 9 protection by the end of September.
"Time is of the essence, and we will continue to move forward as quickly and efficiently as possible," Orr said in a statement. "We hope all parties will work together to help us develop a realistic restructuring plan that improves the financial condition of Detroit and the lives of its 700,000 citizens."
The plan is expected to include controversial cuts to unsecured creditors and asset sales, including a potential spinoff of the water and sewer department and the possible sale of Detroit Institute of Arts property.
Rhodes said one-time infusions of cash will not provide for a sustainable financial future, but he did not rule out the possibility of approving asset sales.
In a press conference after the ruling, Orr message's to pensioners was this: "We're trying to be very thoughtful, measured and humane," but cuts are necessary.
“You can treat creditors differently.”
Lawyer Sharon Levine, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
Gordon, the lead lawyer for the city's two pension funds, said he believes the judge cares about residents and the plight of pensioners.
"I hope it plays out when a plan is proposed," he said of expected pension cuts. While the judge cautioned the city he would scrutinize proposed cuts in the restoration plan, Gordon did not interpret it as a warning to the city to protect the money.
Other lawyers representing retirees expressed disappointment that individuals were being lumped with bondholders and financial institutions.
Major creditors objecting to the bankruptcy included AFSCME; the United Auto Workers; Detroit's two pension funds; the city's public safety unions, retiree associations and a committee created to officially represent retirees during the bankruptcy.
AFSCME lawyer Sharon Levine said bankruptcy is a powerful and flexible tool.
"You can treat creditors differently," she said.
The ruling comes after an exhaustive nine-day bankruptcy eligibility trial that concluded Nov. 8. During that trial, Rhodes gave unions and retiree groups an opportunity make their argument that the city's bankruptcy case should be rejected.
(Photo: Carlos Osorio, AP)
Unions and retirees argued that Orr conducted no substantive negotiations with creditors and argued the city fell short of its duty to conduct "good faith" negotiations before filing for bankruptcy. No financial creditors objected to the filing.
By July 18, the day Detroit filed for bankruptcy, the city was being bombarded by lawsuits, facing dwindling cash flow and failing to deliver vital services — adding credence to Jones Day bankruptcy lawyer Bruce Bennett's argument that reaching a deal with more than 100,000 creditors would have taken too long.
"It was clear to Judge Rhodes that negotiations were not going to go anywhere," Laura Beth Bartell, a Wayne State University law professor, said in a recent interview.
Rhodes ruled the city is legally insolvent and obtained the necessary legal authorization from Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder to enter Chapter 9.
Brimer, who represents Detroit's retired police officers, said the fight isn't over.
"Perhaps it's fair to say the fight has just begun," she said.
Mayor Dave Bing sounded an optimistic note after the ruling, saying it will be beneficial in the long run.
"There's going to be a lot of pain for a lot of different people," he said. "But in the long run, the future will be bright."
Contributing: Joe Guillen, Detroit Free Press
4 main rulings on eligibility
Here's how U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Steven Rhodes ruled Tuesday on each criteria of the eligibility question as required under Chapter 9 of U.S. bankruptcy code.
Criteria
Ruling
Did the city obtain the state's approval to file for bankruptcy?
Rhodes ruled that Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder legally gave the city the OK to file for bankruptcy in July.
Is the city insolvent?
"The court finds that the city was generally not paying its debts as they became due. ... The court finds that the city of Detroit was and is insolvent."
Did the city negotiate in good faith?
Allowing only a month to negotiate was not enough, Rhodes said. "This calendar was very tight and did not request counter proposals," he said. "The creditors cannot be faulted for failing to offer counter proposals when they did not have enough information to evaluate the city's initial vague proposal." He ruled that the city did not negotiate in good faith but filed the petition for bankruptcy in good faith.
Was it impractical to negotiate in good faith?
Rhodes found that negotiating in good faith was impractical. And "accordingly, the court finds that pre-filing negotiations were impracticable."
Live coverage from the federal courthouse in Detroit
See the details as they happened in this Twitter blog by Free Press reporters Nathan Bomey and Brent Snavely.
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Polydactylism is distinguished by extra what? | Polydactyls
Polydactyls
(c) RebelPawz Maine Coons 2015
Introduction
Our special interest is in Polydactyl Maine Coons. In our opinion they are the most amazing creatures and they deserve a lot of love and respect.
RebelPawz Maine Coons was founded because of our love for the Polydactyl Maine Coons (and Mainelymagic Enzo Furrari P very much in particular).
Mainelymagic
Enzo Furrari P
We are just totally in love with this special trait of the Maine Coon and would love to see it advance further and get more respected in the New Zealand show world. New Zealand is currently the only country in the world where you can show a poly on totally equal footing with other Maine Coons and other pedigree cats. Our objective is to see them out there much more than they are currently and be totally on an equal footing with the straight foots (no pun intended ;) ). TICA world wide have in May 2015 allowed polys into championship, but it had to be done as a separate breed code from the straight foots, but it is a step in the right direction.
RebelPawz have been incredibly fortunate to be able to start breeding polys, thanks to the extremely generous support of Soozn Grindell of Mainelymagic Maine Coons (importer of the first Poly Maine Coon to NZ) and Zena Pigden/Liz Curry of Shiningwater and Kittycourt Maine Coons.
We will be forever grateful to Soozn Grindell for her immense knowledge and help with our breeding program and for the fuel for our passion for the Poly Maine Coon.
We are part of a very small group of breeders in New Zealand who breeds Poly Maine Coons and we are very proud and humbled to be able to be part of it. We hope to make everyone proud of our efforts and look forward to the exciting journey ahead.
Kittycourt Embers N Ashes
In human, polydactyly is considered a common occurence.
Dr Alan Green (MD FAAP), author, pediatrician, lecturer and keynote speaker says:
'Polydactylism, or having one or more extra fingers or toes, is probably the most common abnormality of development found at birth. Polydactylism is reported in about 2 per 1000 children. However, many of the simpler cases are taken care of in the nursery by the obstetrician or pediatrician and don't show up in these statistics' (ref 1).
Anne Boleyn, Winston Churchill and King Charles VIII of France (ref World Knowledge Library) are some famous polydactyls.
"Polydactyly is an ancient trait and but for a quirk of evolution, all modern animals would have 7 or 8 digits instead of just 5. The oldest known four-legged animals, Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, had 7 or 8 digits per limb. The "extra" digits were next to the thumb. The extra digits disappeared 350 million years ago, leaving modern animals with just 5 per limb. 100 million years after evolution opted for five digits, throwbacks to ancestral polydactyly occurred, as a fossil of a seven-toed reptile demonstrates. The fossil, an aquatic marine reptile called Nanchangosaurus, was an mutant or evolutionary throwback which lived 100 million years after other seven-toed amphibians had died out.” (Ref 2).
There has been concern in the Cat Fancies that polydactyly may be associated with other abnormalities that we would not want to encourage in cat breeding. It is important that we separate true polydactyl from other syndromes that happen to include extra digits such as Ellis-van Creveld syndrome which is a disorder of the skeletal dysplasia type and includes cardiac malformation, dwarfism, cleft palate as well as extra digits. This is an autosomal recessive gene found on the chromosome 4 short arm and quite distinct to the simple dominant polydactyl gene found in the Maine Coon cat.
RebelPawz Brimful of Asha
Genetics and Research
The polydactyl gene in the Maine Coon breed is the standard benign autosomal dominant gene for polydactyly, Pd. This gene has been identified following the sequencing of the cat genome.
Preaxial polydactyly is caused by ectopic expression of the signalling molecule Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the developing limb bud. Mutations in the long-distant, limb-specific cis-regulator for SHH, called the ZRS, are responsible for the ectopic expression which underlies the trait. Populations of domestic cats which manifest extra digits, (including Maine Coons and the celebrated polydactylous Hemingway’s cats), also contain mutations within the ZRS. The polydactylous cats add significantly to the number of mutations previously reported in mouse and human, and to date all are single nucleotide substitutions.
The variant of the Pd gene found in Maine Coons and other North American cats has been called Hw and is slightly different to the Pd genes found in cats from Great Britain (UK1 and UK2). (Ref 3).
The Pd gene is harmless even when homozygous and is not known to be associated with other anomalies. It has complete penetrance.
Sarah Hartwell describes it thus; The form of polydactyly most commonly seen in cats is a simple autosomal (i.e. not linked to gender) dominant trait which does not affect the cat adversely and is not associated with other abnormalities.(ref 2)
Polydactyl is easy to select for or against when breeding Maine Coons. You must have a polydactyl to breed a polydactyl. If you do not have a polydactyl you cannot have one born in a litter.
There are 2 forms of polydactyly; pre-axial and post-axial. Axial refers to the folding of the embryonic limb. The "thumb” side is before the axis (pre-axial) and the "little finger” side is post-axial. In humans it is usually post-axial i.e. an extra little finger, whereas in cats it is normally pre-axial with the extra toe on the thumb side of the foot. The Maine Coon Pd gene is the pre-axial form.
The Pd gene in Maine Coons has a variable expression and can give rise to a varying number of toes with a natural maximum number of 7 toes on each foot. There are different phenotypes associated with the gene. The most common are "mitten paws" and "hamburger paws" and both are pre-axial.
The Pd gene is harmless even when homozygous and is not known to be associated with other anomalies. It has complete penetrance.
Sarah Hartwell describes it thus; The form of polydactyly most commonly seen in cats is a simple autosomal (i.e. not linked to gender) dominant trait which does not affect the cat adversely and is not associated with other abnormalities.(ref 2)
Polydactyl is easy to select for or against when breeding Maine Coons. You must have a polydactyl to breed a polydactyl. If you do not have a polydactyl you cannot have one born in a litter.
There are 2 forms of polydactyly; pre-axial and post-axial. Axial refers to the folding of the embryonic limb. The "thumb” side is before the axis (pre-axial) and the "little finger” side is post-axial. In humans it is usually post-axial i.e. an extra little finger, whereas in cats it is normally pre-axial with the extra toe on the thumb side of the foot. The Maine Coon Pd gene is the pre-axial form.
The Pd gene in Maine Coons has a variable expression and can give rise to a varying number of toes with a natural maximum number of 7 toes on each foot. There are different phenotypes associated with the gene. The most common are "mitten paws" and "hamburger paws" and both are pre-axial.
mitten paw
hamburger paw
In one of the first scientific articles on polydactyly in cats (1949), Charles Danforth (Dept of Anatomy, Stanford University School of Medicine) says: "Although the domestic cat normally has eighteen digits, five on each front foot and four on each hind foot, the occurrence of individuals with more than that number is not uncommon.” (Ref 4)
Earlier studies on guinea pigs had found one form of polydactyly that is lethal when homozygous.
Dr Danforth raised polydactyl cats in his laboratory and reported on 234 normal and polydactyl kittens in 55 litters. His matings reflected a simple dominant trait and he concluded that there was no evidence that the homozygous form was naturally lethal; the data ...(is) sufficient to show that the type of polydactyly studied behaves as a simple dominant with good penetrance, but variable expression and to indicate that there is no reason to suspect the gene of being lethal when homozygous. (Ref 4)
For some reason it seems that in Germany, officials are of the view that the Pd gene is cats is in fact lethal when homozygous and they reference the Danforth article for evidence of this conclusion. We can only surmise that an error in translation many years ago led them to this erroneous conclusion.
More recently, Dr Solveig Pflueger’s article in the Cat Fanciers Journal 1998 expanded our genetic knowledge of polydactyly. In this article she states; "it does not appear to affect the cat adversely and is not known to be associated with other anomalies”(Ref 5).
Radial Hypoplasia
There has been much scare mongering about the ethics of breeding polydactyl cats caused by the emergence of the "Twisty Cats” in 1998.
Dr Pflueger (MD, PhD, FACMG) is considered one of the world’s leading geneticists. Her 1998 article discussed the usual polydactyl gene (Pd) and the Twisty Cat gene (Tw). After reading her article I had a personal conversation with Dr Pflueger and we discussed the Pd gene and the Twisty Cat gene. Dr Pflueger stated categorically that these 2 genes were quite different genes, that the Tw gene has never been seen in the Maine Coon Cat and never would be unless someone introduces an outcross cat that carries the gene. (Ref 6)
The Tw gene is also a dominant gene with variable expression that gives rise to triphalangeal pollex-radial hypoplasia. An unknown polydactyl cat may in fact have this gene as in its mildest expression it can appear to be normal except for extra digits. However if used for breeding this polydactyl of unknown origin will produce 50% of its offspring with the Tw gene. Some of those will have severe radial hypoplasia (RH). Dr Plueger told me that if a polydactyl cat has been bred from with no incidence of radial hypoplasia then that cat has the usual benign Pd gene and not the Tw gene. (Ref 6).
As the polydactyl gene in Maine Coons has been bred for many generations and can be traced back to foundation stock, it is evident that this gene is not in the Maine Coon. Care must however be taken when introducing new foundation (as is allowed in the breed in the USA) to check that any new polydactyl does not have the Tw gene.
Syndactyly
Another problem falsely associated with polydactyly is the split foot.
Syndactyly (hypodactyly) or split-foot is the opposite of polydactyly. Instead of having additional toes, the cat's forefeet (rarely the hind feet) have two toes giving it the appearance of a crab or lobster claw. In humans, the condition is sometimes known as "lobster-hand". The other digits have either been suppressed altogether or each of the cat's toes is made up of two or more fused digits. A paper by A G Searle (in "Annals of Eugenics" Vol. 17, Part 4, pp. 279-283, 1953) discussed the lobster-claw condition in cats; Searle noted that the anomaly was usually inherited as a dominant, and had suggested that the right side was often more severely affected than the left.
Syndactyly is rarer than polydactyly and is caused by the SP gene.
Maine Coon Polydactyls
It is accepted that a good percentage of the breed were polydactyls originally. The definitive book of the Maine Coon "That Yankee Cat” by Marilis Hornidge discusses the standard; "The paws are large and round with their prominent tufts. The number of claws in those paws was perhaps the most controversial of all issues in the final stages of setting up a standard. The traditional MC was frequently a polydactyl or many-toed cat, a genetic mutation that occurs with great frequency in the upper north-eastern United States...Whatever the reason for its abundance in this geographic area, the "poly” or snowshoe-footed cat is part of the Maine Coon legend. Polydactylism was so dear to the hearts of the original group of enthusiasts who drew up the MCBFA standard, that rather than divide the ranks, a special classification with its own standard was set up for cats possessing the trait.”
Some authors estimate the percentage of polydactyls in the breed to be originally as high as 40%. In an interview in 1976 (not long after the Maine Coon was first accepted for showing) one of the foremost experts in the breed Beth Hicks stated: "I don’t know if you are familiar with it but there was a study done by someone connected with a university in the 1950’s which showed that 40% of the Maines were polydactyls. Now, this was before they came back on the show circuit.” Sadly, it appears that this trait is being bred out of the Maine Coon simply to fit in with the dictates of the show world.
Polydactylism was not seen in other breeds when the Maine Coon was first accepted as a breed and all other breed show standards listed 5 toes in front and 4 behind. When the Maine Coon Breeders and Fanciers Association (MCBFA) were putting together a show standard there was a lot of debate surrounding the issue of polydactylism. There was some resistance to the acceptance of the Maine Coon—"it's only a barn cat after all” - and many felt that insisting on allowing the standard to reflect the polydactyl variation could be the death knell for its acceptance into the show hall. It was always the intention of that early group of dedicated fanciers that once the ordinary Maine Coon was accepted, they would then put forward the polydactyl standard. Early correspondence and literature dating back to 1969, shows that polydactyl cats were always intended to be accepted for showing and they were never viewed as deformed or detrimental.
Mainelymagic Digitally Enhanced (left) along with Mainelymagic The Jazzman P (right) were the first polydactyls in the world to gain the title of Champion.
The official publication of the MCBFA the "Scratch Sheet” of 1970 clearly shows that there was (and still is) a Maine Coon Polydactyl Standard voted in by the membership as follows: ""Our MCBFA Polydactyl Standard has been voted in by our membership, and the wording is as follows. The Maine Coon Polydactyl Cat should conform to the Standard of the Maine Coon Cat, with the exception that multiple toes are allowed on either fore or hind paws or both.”(Ref 7)
The Maine Coon Polydactyl Standard remains in effect today - it has never been removed. The Cat FAQ on the MCFBA web site refers to the trait: "However, modern purebred Maine Coons are rarely polydactyls. This is because all cat associations automatically disqualify polydactyls from competition in the purebred classes. Because of this, most polydactyls were culled from the Maine Coon breed decades ago and only a few breeders continue to work with them.”(Ref 8)
This goes some way in establishing that the attempted eradication of the polydactyl was simply motivated by show issues and not for any health reason.
The statement above that "all cat associations automatically disqualify polydactyls from competition in the purebred classes" is no longer correct as the New Zealand Cat Fancy has accepted polydactylism in the Maine Coon by altering the standard to allow for extra toes.
Article 4b of the MCBFA constitution clearly states that an object of the society is "..protecting the Maine Coon Cat from obliteration of any of its naturally evolved features.” But unfortunately the fanciers now at the helm are many years distant from those original devotees and have moved away from the polydactyl trait and preserving the breed’s heritage.
Those original breeders who instigated the acceptance of the Maine Coon clearly intended the polydactyl standard to be implemented as soon as the breed cemented its championship status. In a letter of 29th September 1973, the then President of the MCBFA Mr Ljostad says "We have a six toed kitten in our house too. You are right that they are not accepted at cat shows yet. We knew that many Maine Coons were polydactyl and did not want this trait to get entirely lost from the breed…..”(Ref 9) The word "yet” at the end of the second sentence clearly indicates that this trait was intended to be recognised in the future.
Sarah Hartwell observes;
Polydactyl cats are said to be virtually non-existent in Europe, because "unusual looking cats" were destroyed due to witchcraft superstitions, practically eliminating the trait (Kelly, Larson, 1993). I do not know whether Britain was included in the generic term "Europe" or whether it meant mainland (continental) Europe only. In Norway, polydactyl cats are known as "ship's cats" as the extra toes supposedly gave them better balance on ships in stormy weather; they are not uncommon and polydactyl kittens are sought after pets. Polydactyl random-bred cats have been reported in Sweden though other European cat lovers (locations not reported) had apparently never seen a polydactyl. They are common enough in Britain to be considered unremarkable.
Polydactyl cats were considered "lucky" by sailors. Sailors also believed polydactyl cats to be superior mousers and ratters. Employed as ships' ratters and lucky mascots, they would have reached America with early British settlers hence their greater frequency in Eastern states. A disproportionately high number of "lucky" polydactyl cats, compared to normal-toed cats, would have found their way there. This would lead to a greater proportion of polydactyls than usual for a random-breeding cat population. (Ref 2)
The incidence in the breed today is unknown but is very much reduced from the original estimated 40%. This is because most mainstream breeders, who enjoy showing, do not breed polydactyls as they cannot be shown.
In her 2004 article in the "Maine Attraction”, Lucinda King writes; "Recent discussions show that many UK breeders oppose the polydactyl, yet research by the writer shows that many of these breeders have polydactyls in the first 5 generations of their pedigrees. Indeed some of the top show cats in the UK come from polydactyl lineage. One argument for this is that a poly to non-poly mating will derive a litter where 40 to 50% of the resultant litter will be polys, but all of the litter usually have increased boning. Hence perhaps thereby producing the size often required to do well in show in the non-poly.
A crude analysis of members web sites of the two GCCF affiliated Maine Coon Clubs in the UK show that of those with pedigrees or pedigree names on their web sites that can be traced, 63% of these breeder members have polydactyls within the first 5 generations of at least one of their Dams pedigrees. This figure is lower for Sires with 37% having polys within the first 5 generations of at least one of their Sires. However, it must be remembered that a Sire will produce many more progeny than that of a Dam.”(Ref 10).
History
The Pd gene is widespread in Maine Coon pedigrees.
Many breeders are concerned that their pedigree Maine Coon may be "contaminated" by the introduction of the Pd gene. What most do not realise is that this gene has been a part of the breed since before it became a pedigree breed, it continues to be a part of the breed, and it is almost certain to be found in the lines of their cats somewhere. Polydactyl Maine Coons have been bred from all over the world since the beginning of the breed and continue to be used. Most breeders do not understand that allowing polys to be shown does nothing to change breeding practices.
To substantiate my hypothesis that most Maine Coons have a poly in their background, I decided to research the early foundation cats of the Maine Coon breed and write articles on those that were polydactyls. I started with Gray Luv Perry. I did a quick internet search and spoke with a few of the old breeders. I intend to do similar articles on other foundation polydactyl Maine Coons. In the meantime, please read about the esteemed and influential Gray Luv Perry:
Gray Luv Perry
One of the early polydactyl cats seen extensively in the background of many breeding programs (poly and non poly) throughout the world was Gray Luv Perry. Through her daughter Abishai of Sundar (also a polydactyl) she is found throughout the entire Maine Coon breed. Gray Luv Perry was one of the most influential cats in the Maine Coon breed. She was a blue solid with white polydactyl according to Pawpeds. Her daughter, Abishai of Sundar born on the 19th of April, 1972 was sired by the solid black, Sam Spade Perry. Abishai was also a blue solid with white polydactyl. No photos seem to exist of Gray Luv, Sam Spade or Abishai. Gray Love Perry and Sam Spade Perry were foundation cats brought into the breed in the late 1960's or early 1970's by Mrs Phyllis Voth of Wisconsin. Rumour has it that Mrs Voth obtained her foundation cats from the Humane Society Shelter in Madison, Wisconsin. Mrs Voth is the breeder of Abishai of Sundar and all of her offspring, under the Sundar prefix.
Phyllis Voth mentored Ginny Malloy (Charmalot cattery) who is well known throughout the world as one of the early influential breeders of Maine Coons. Ginny Malloy's first breeding cat was Abishai's grand-daughter; GRC Sundar Sarisvati of Charmalot (Pic above).
In an article on the Pawpeds site, "Ginny says that her cattery is still today based on Heidi Ho Richard III of Charmalot, (who tragically died of FUS and uremic poisoning at the young age of four), together with Sarisvati and two other very important females, Charmalot Bluesette and Charmalot Lady Rebecca".
The very first Maine Coon to achieve the distinguished merit status was Abishai's daughter, CH Sundar Tiffany of Tufpaws. "Tiffany" was confirmed as a DM on January 13, 1983. She was also the dam of the two Tufpaws national winners. It was another four years before the next Maine Coon CH Heidi Ho's Coon Victoria was confirmed as a DM on January 14, 1987, and another nine years before the first male DM, GC Lovabacon's Tom Terrificat. "Terry" had his DM confirmed on September 7, 1991. Abishai is in the pedigrees of many Maine Coon catteries. While researching, I could not find one cattery who did not have Gray Luv Perry and Abishai in their lines. Each of the breeders of the TICA Breed Committe has these cats in their lines: Coonyham, Tanstaafl, Chemicoons, Smokeycoons, Broadsway, Juliehills, and Shononcats Other breeders such as Calicoon, Codycats, Hibou, Nascats, Tati-Tan, Willowplace, Woodpile...the list seems endless, have them as a foundation in their lines.
References:
| fingers or toes |
Who is to replace Jessie J in the 2014 series of The Voice? | Polydactyls
Polydactyls
(c) RebelPawz Maine Coons 2015
Introduction
Our special interest is in Polydactyl Maine Coons. In our opinion they are the most amazing creatures and they deserve a lot of love and respect.
RebelPawz Maine Coons was founded because of our love for the Polydactyl Maine Coons (and Mainelymagic Enzo Furrari P very much in particular).
Mainelymagic
Enzo Furrari P
We are just totally in love with this special trait of the Maine Coon and would love to see it advance further and get more respected in the New Zealand show world. New Zealand is currently the only country in the world where you can show a poly on totally equal footing with other Maine Coons and other pedigree cats. Our objective is to see them out there much more than they are currently and be totally on an equal footing with the straight foots (no pun intended ;) ). TICA world wide have in May 2015 allowed polys into championship, but it had to be done as a separate breed code from the straight foots, but it is a step in the right direction.
RebelPawz have been incredibly fortunate to be able to start breeding polys, thanks to the extremely generous support of Soozn Grindell of Mainelymagic Maine Coons (importer of the first Poly Maine Coon to NZ) and Zena Pigden/Liz Curry of Shiningwater and Kittycourt Maine Coons.
We will be forever grateful to Soozn Grindell for her immense knowledge and help with our breeding program and for the fuel for our passion for the Poly Maine Coon.
We are part of a very small group of breeders in New Zealand who breeds Poly Maine Coons and we are very proud and humbled to be able to be part of it. We hope to make everyone proud of our efforts and look forward to the exciting journey ahead.
Kittycourt Embers N Ashes
In human, polydactyly is considered a common occurence.
Dr Alan Green (MD FAAP), author, pediatrician, lecturer and keynote speaker says:
'Polydactylism, or having one or more extra fingers or toes, is probably the most common abnormality of development found at birth. Polydactylism is reported in about 2 per 1000 children. However, many of the simpler cases are taken care of in the nursery by the obstetrician or pediatrician and don't show up in these statistics' (ref 1).
Anne Boleyn, Winston Churchill and King Charles VIII of France (ref World Knowledge Library) are some famous polydactyls.
"Polydactyly is an ancient trait and but for a quirk of evolution, all modern animals would have 7 or 8 digits instead of just 5. The oldest known four-legged animals, Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, had 7 or 8 digits per limb. The "extra" digits were next to the thumb. The extra digits disappeared 350 million years ago, leaving modern animals with just 5 per limb. 100 million years after evolution opted for five digits, throwbacks to ancestral polydactyly occurred, as a fossil of a seven-toed reptile demonstrates. The fossil, an aquatic marine reptile called Nanchangosaurus, was an mutant or evolutionary throwback which lived 100 million years after other seven-toed amphibians had died out.” (Ref 2).
There has been concern in the Cat Fancies that polydactyly may be associated with other abnormalities that we would not want to encourage in cat breeding. It is important that we separate true polydactyl from other syndromes that happen to include extra digits such as Ellis-van Creveld syndrome which is a disorder of the skeletal dysplasia type and includes cardiac malformation, dwarfism, cleft palate as well as extra digits. This is an autosomal recessive gene found on the chromosome 4 short arm and quite distinct to the simple dominant polydactyl gene found in the Maine Coon cat.
RebelPawz Brimful of Asha
Genetics and Research
The polydactyl gene in the Maine Coon breed is the standard benign autosomal dominant gene for polydactyly, Pd. This gene has been identified following the sequencing of the cat genome.
Preaxial polydactyly is caused by ectopic expression of the signalling molecule Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the developing limb bud. Mutations in the long-distant, limb-specific cis-regulator for SHH, called the ZRS, are responsible for the ectopic expression which underlies the trait. Populations of domestic cats which manifest extra digits, (including Maine Coons and the celebrated polydactylous Hemingway’s cats), also contain mutations within the ZRS. The polydactylous cats add significantly to the number of mutations previously reported in mouse and human, and to date all are single nucleotide substitutions.
The variant of the Pd gene found in Maine Coons and other North American cats has been called Hw and is slightly different to the Pd genes found in cats from Great Britain (UK1 and UK2). (Ref 3).
The Pd gene is harmless even when homozygous and is not known to be associated with other anomalies. It has complete penetrance.
Sarah Hartwell describes it thus; The form of polydactyly most commonly seen in cats is a simple autosomal (i.e. not linked to gender) dominant trait which does not affect the cat adversely and is not associated with other abnormalities.(ref 2)
Polydactyl is easy to select for or against when breeding Maine Coons. You must have a polydactyl to breed a polydactyl. If you do not have a polydactyl you cannot have one born in a litter.
There are 2 forms of polydactyly; pre-axial and post-axial. Axial refers to the folding of the embryonic limb. The "thumb” side is before the axis (pre-axial) and the "little finger” side is post-axial. In humans it is usually post-axial i.e. an extra little finger, whereas in cats it is normally pre-axial with the extra toe on the thumb side of the foot. The Maine Coon Pd gene is the pre-axial form.
The Pd gene in Maine Coons has a variable expression and can give rise to a varying number of toes with a natural maximum number of 7 toes on each foot. There are different phenotypes associated with the gene. The most common are "mitten paws" and "hamburger paws" and both are pre-axial.
The Pd gene is harmless even when homozygous and is not known to be associated with other anomalies. It has complete penetrance.
Sarah Hartwell describes it thus; The form of polydactyly most commonly seen in cats is a simple autosomal (i.e. not linked to gender) dominant trait which does not affect the cat adversely and is not associated with other abnormalities.(ref 2)
Polydactyl is easy to select for or against when breeding Maine Coons. You must have a polydactyl to breed a polydactyl. If you do not have a polydactyl you cannot have one born in a litter.
There are 2 forms of polydactyly; pre-axial and post-axial. Axial refers to the folding of the embryonic limb. The "thumb” side is before the axis (pre-axial) and the "little finger” side is post-axial. In humans it is usually post-axial i.e. an extra little finger, whereas in cats it is normally pre-axial with the extra toe on the thumb side of the foot. The Maine Coon Pd gene is the pre-axial form.
The Pd gene in Maine Coons has a variable expression and can give rise to a varying number of toes with a natural maximum number of 7 toes on each foot. There are different phenotypes associated with the gene. The most common are "mitten paws" and "hamburger paws" and both are pre-axial.
mitten paw
hamburger paw
In one of the first scientific articles on polydactyly in cats (1949), Charles Danforth (Dept of Anatomy, Stanford University School of Medicine) says: "Although the domestic cat normally has eighteen digits, five on each front foot and four on each hind foot, the occurrence of individuals with more than that number is not uncommon.” (Ref 4)
Earlier studies on guinea pigs had found one form of polydactyly that is lethal when homozygous.
Dr Danforth raised polydactyl cats in his laboratory and reported on 234 normal and polydactyl kittens in 55 litters. His matings reflected a simple dominant trait and he concluded that there was no evidence that the homozygous form was naturally lethal; the data ...(is) sufficient to show that the type of polydactyly studied behaves as a simple dominant with good penetrance, but variable expression and to indicate that there is no reason to suspect the gene of being lethal when homozygous. (Ref 4)
For some reason it seems that in Germany, officials are of the view that the Pd gene is cats is in fact lethal when homozygous and they reference the Danforth article for evidence of this conclusion. We can only surmise that an error in translation many years ago led them to this erroneous conclusion.
More recently, Dr Solveig Pflueger’s article in the Cat Fanciers Journal 1998 expanded our genetic knowledge of polydactyly. In this article she states; "it does not appear to affect the cat adversely and is not known to be associated with other anomalies”(Ref 5).
Radial Hypoplasia
There has been much scare mongering about the ethics of breeding polydactyl cats caused by the emergence of the "Twisty Cats” in 1998.
Dr Pflueger (MD, PhD, FACMG) is considered one of the world’s leading geneticists. Her 1998 article discussed the usual polydactyl gene (Pd) and the Twisty Cat gene (Tw). After reading her article I had a personal conversation with Dr Pflueger and we discussed the Pd gene and the Twisty Cat gene. Dr Pflueger stated categorically that these 2 genes were quite different genes, that the Tw gene has never been seen in the Maine Coon Cat and never would be unless someone introduces an outcross cat that carries the gene. (Ref 6)
The Tw gene is also a dominant gene with variable expression that gives rise to triphalangeal pollex-radial hypoplasia. An unknown polydactyl cat may in fact have this gene as in its mildest expression it can appear to be normal except for extra digits. However if used for breeding this polydactyl of unknown origin will produce 50% of its offspring with the Tw gene. Some of those will have severe radial hypoplasia (RH). Dr Plueger told me that if a polydactyl cat has been bred from with no incidence of radial hypoplasia then that cat has the usual benign Pd gene and not the Tw gene. (Ref 6).
As the polydactyl gene in Maine Coons has been bred for many generations and can be traced back to foundation stock, it is evident that this gene is not in the Maine Coon. Care must however be taken when introducing new foundation (as is allowed in the breed in the USA) to check that any new polydactyl does not have the Tw gene.
Syndactyly
Another problem falsely associated with polydactyly is the split foot.
Syndactyly (hypodactyly) or split-foot is the opposite of polydactyly. Instead of having additional toes, the cat's forefeet (rarely the hind feet) have two toes giving it the appearance of a crab or lobster claw. In humans, the condition is sometimes known as "lobster-hand". The other digits have either been suppressed altogether or each of the cat's toes is made up of two or more fused digits. A paper by A G Searle (in "Annals of Eugenics" Vol. 17, Part 4, pp. 279-283, 1953) discussed the lobster-claw condition in cats; Searle noted that the anomaly was usually inherited as a dominant, and had suggested that the right side was often more severely affected than the left.
Syndactyly is rarer than polydactyly and is caused by the SP gene.
Maine Coon Polydactyls
It is accepted that a good percentage of the breed were polydactyls originally. The definitive book of the Maine Coon "That Yankee Cat” by Marilis Hornidge discusses the standard; "The paws are large and round with their prominent tufts. The number of claws in those paws was perhaps the most controversial of all issues in the final stages of setting up a standard. The traditional MC was frequently a polydactyl or many-toed cat, a genetic mutation that occurs with great frequency in the upper north-eastern United States...Whatever the reason for its abundance in this geographic area, the "poly” or snowshoe-footed cat is part of the Maine Coon legend. Polydactylism was so dear to the hearts of the original group of enthusiasts who drew up the MCBFA standard, that rather than divide the ranks, a special classification with its own standard was set up for cats possessing the trait.”
Some authors estimate the percentage of polydactyls in the breed to be originally as high as 40%. In an interview in 1976 (not long after the Maine Coon was first accepted for showing) one of the foremost experts in the breed Beth Hicks stated: "I don’t know if you are familiar with it but there was a study done by someone connected with a university in the 1950’s which showed that 40% of the Maines were polydactyls. Now, this was before they came back on the show circuit.” Sadly, it appears that this trait is being bred out of the Maine Coon simply to fit in with the dictates of the show world.
Polydactylism was not seen in other breeds when the Maine Coon was first accepted as a breed and all other breed show standards listed 5 toes in front and 4 behind. When the Maine Coon Breeders and Fanciers Association (MCBFA) were putting together a show standard there was a lot of debate surrounding the issue of polydactylism. There was some resistance to the acceptance of the Maine Coon—"it's only a barn cat after all” - and many felt that insisting on allowing the standard to reflect the polydactyl variation could be the death knell for its acceptance into the show hall. It was always the intention of that early group of dedicated fanciers that once the ordinary Maine Coon was accepted, they would then put forward the polydactyl standard. Early correspondence and literature dating back to 1969, shows that polydactyl cats were always intended to be accepted for showing and they were never viewed as deformed or detrimental.
Mainelymagic Digitally Enhanced (left) along with Mainelymagic The Jazzman P (right) were the first polydactyls in the world to gain the title of Champion.
The official publication of the MCBFA the "Scratch Sheet” of 1970 clearly shows that there was (and still is) a Maine Coon Polydactyl Standard voted in by the membership as follows: ""Our MCBFA Polydactyl Standard has been voted in by our membership, and the wording is as follows. The Maine Coon Polydactyl Cat should conform to the Standard of the Maine Coon Cat, with the exception that multiple toes are allowed on either fore or hind paws or both.”(Ref 7)
The Maine Coon Polydactyl Standard remains in effect today - it has never been removed. The Cat FAQ on the MCFBA web site refers to the trait: "However, modern purebred Maine Coons are rarely polydactyls. This is because all cat associations automatically disqualify polydactyls from competition in the purebred classes. Because of this, most polydactyls were culled from the Maine Coon breed decades ago and only a few breeders continue to work with them.”(Ref 8)
This goes some way in establishing that the attempted eradication of the polydactyl was simply motivated by show issues and not for any health reason.
The statement above that "all cat associations automatically disqualify polydactyls from competition in the purebred classes" is no longer correct as the New Zealand Cat Fancy has accepted polydactylism in the Maine Coon by altering the standard to allow for extra toes.
Article 4b of the MCBFA constitution clearly states that an object of the society is "..protecting the Maine Coon Cat from obliteration of any of its naturally evolved features.” But unfortunately the fanciers now at the helm are many years distant from those original devotees and have moved away from the polydactyl trait and preserving the breed’s heritage.
Those original breeders who instigated the acceptance of the Maine Coon clearly intended the polydactyl standard to be implemented as soon as the breed cemented its championship status. In a letter of 29th September 1973, the then President of the MCBFA Mr Ljostad says "We have a six toed kitten in our house too. You are right that they are not accepted at cat shows yet. We knew that many Maine Coons were polydactyl and did not want this trait to get entirely lost from the breed…..”(Ref 9) The word "yet” at the end of the second sentence clearly indicates that this trait was intended to be recognised in the future.
Sarah Hartwell observes;
Polydactyl cats are said to be virtually non-existent in Europe, because "unusual looking cats" were destroyed due to witchcraft superstitions, practically eliminating the trait (Kelly, Larson, 1993). I do not know whether Britain was included in the generic term "Europe" or whether it meant mainland (continental) Europe only. In Norway, polydactyl cats are known as "ship's cats" as the extra toes supposedly gave them better balance on ships in stormy weather; they are not uncommon and polydactyl kittens are sought after pets. Polydactyl random-bred cats have been reported in Sweden though other European cat lovers (locations not reported) had apparently never seen a polydactyl. They are common enough in Britain to be considered unremarkable.
Polydactyl cats were considered "lucky" by sailors. Sailors also believed polydactyl cats to be superior mousers and ratters. Employed as ships' ratters and lucky mascots, they would have reached America with early British settlers hence their greater frequency in Eastern states. A disproportionately high number of "lucky" polydactyl cats, compared to normal-toed cats, would have found their way there. This would lead to a greater proportion of polydactyls than usual for a random-breeding cat population. (Ref 2)
The incidence in the breed today is unknown but is very much reduced from the original estimated 40%. This is because most mainstream breeders, who enjoy showing, do not breed polydactyls as they cannot be shown.
In her 2004 article in the "Maine Attraction”, Lucinda King writes; "Recent discussions show that many UK breeders oppose the polydactyl, yet research by the writer shows that many of these breeders have polydactyls in the first 5 generations of their pedigrees. Indeed some of the top show cats in the UK come from polydactyl lineage. One argument for this is that a poly to non-poly mating will derive a litter where 40 to 50% of the resultant litter will be polys, but all of the litter usually have increased boning. Hence perhaps thereby producing the size often required to do well in show in the non-poly.
A crude analysis of members web sites of the two GCCF affiliated Maine Coon Clubs in the UK show that of those with pedigrees or pedigree names on their web sites that can be traced, 63% of these breeder members have polydactyls within the first 5 generations of at least one of their Dams pedigrees. This figure is lower for Sires with 37% having polys within the first 5 generations of at least one of their Sires. However, it must be remembered that a Sire will produce many more progeny than that of a Dam.”(Ref 10).
History
The Pd gene is widespread in Maine Coon pedigrees.
Many breeders are concerned that their pedigree Maine Coon may be "contaminated" by the introduction of the Pd gene. What most do not realise is that this gene has been a part of the breed since before it became a pedigree breed, it continues to be a part of the breed, and it is almost certain to be found in the lines of their cats somewhere. Polydactyl Maine Coons have been bred from all over the world since the beginning of the breed and continue to be used. Most breeders do not understand that allowing polys to be shown does nothing to change breeding practices.
To substantiate my hypothesis that most Maine Coons have a poly in their background, I decided to research the early foundation cats of the Maine Coon breed and write articles on those that were polydactyls. I started with Gray Luv Perry. I did a quick internet search and spoke with a few of the old breeders. I intend to do similar articles on other foundation polydactyl Maine Coons. In the meantime, please read about the esteemed and influential Gray Luv Perry:
Gray Luv Perry
One of the early polydactyl cats seen extensively in the background of many breeding programs (poly and non poly) throughout the world was Gray Luv Perry. Through her daughter Abishai of Sundar (also a polydactyl) she is found throughout the entire Maine Coon breed. Gray Luv Perry was one of the most influential cats in the Maine Coon breed. She was a blue solid with white polydactyl according to Pawpeds. Her daughter, Abishai of Sundar born on the 19th of April, 1972 was sired by the solid black, Sam Spade Perry. Abishai was also a blue solid with white polydactyl. No photos seem to exist of Gray Luv, Sam Spade or Abishai. Gray Love Perry and Sam Spade Perry were foundation cats brought into the breed in the late 1960's or early 1970's by Mrs Phyllis Voth of Wisconsin. Rumour has it that Mrs Voth obtained her foundation cats from the Humane Society Shelter in Madison, Wisconsin. Mrs Voth is the breeder of Abishai of Sundar and all of her offspring, under the Sundar prefix.
Phyllis Voth mentored Ginny Malloy (Charmalot cattery) who is well known throughout the world as one of the early influential breeders of Maine Coons. Ginny Malloy's first breeding cat was Abishai's grand-daughter; GRC Sundar Sarisvati of Charmalot (Pic above).
In an article on the Pawpeds site, "Ginny says that her cattery is still today based on Heidi Ho Richard III of Charmalot, (who tragically died of FUS and uremic poisoning at the young age of four), together with Sarisvati and two other very important females, Charmalot Bluesette and Charmalot Lady Rebecca".
The very first Maine Coon to achieve the distinguished merit status was Abishai's daughter, CH Sundar Tiffany of Tufpaws. "Tiffany" was confirmed as a DM on January 13, 1983. She was also the dam of the two Tufpaws national winners. It was another four years before the next Maine Coon CH Heidi Ho's Coon Victoria was confirmed as a DM on January 14, 1987, and another nine years before the first male DM, GC Lovabacon's Tom Terrificat. "Terry" had his DM confirmed on September 7, 1991. Abishai is in the pedigrees of many Maine Coon catteries. While researching, I could not find one cattery who did not have Gray Luv Perry and Abishai in their lines. Each of the breeders of the TICA Breed Committe has these cats in their lines: Coonyham, Tanstaafl, Chemicoons, Smokeycoons, Broadsway, Juliehills, and Shononcats Other breeders such as Calicoon, Codycats, Hibou, Nascats, Tati-Tan, Willowplace, Woodpile...the list seems endless, have them as a foundation in their lines.
References:
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Who won the 2013 series of TV’s Celebrity Masterchef? | Celebrity MasterChef: who should win? | Television & radio | The Guardian
TV and radio blog
Celebrity MasterChef: who should win?
It's the final week and four contestants remain – Ade Edmondson, Brian Capron, Les Dennis and Janet Street-Porter. Which one do you think Gregg and John will choose?
Who's the master? Clockwise, Les Dennis, Janet Street-Porter, Brian Capron and Ade Edmondson. Photograph: BBC/Shine TV
Wednesday 4 September 2013 07.37 EDT
First published on Wednesday 4 September 2013 07.37 EDT
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Celebrity MasterChef has been ticking along according to plan so far. As always, the trips to fancy restaurants have been fraught. As always, we've been treated to a nonstop medley of arbitrarily chosen tracks from Now That's What I Call Accessible Dubstep and Serene Moods: Inspirational Balladry. As always, Gregg Wallace has responded to news that a dish will be served late by slapping his forehead like he's trying to dislodge a wasp from his ear. And, as always, there will be a presentation-based afternoon-tea round where everyone spends an entire day making stuff that they could have quite easily bought on a plastic platter from Iceland for a pound.
And, since this is the final week of the competition, we're days away from discovering the Celebrity MasterChef 2013 champion. Ade Edmondson , Brian Capron , Les Dennis and Janet Street-Porter are all scrapping it out for the title. On Friday, one of them will be crowned. Who do you want it to be?
Actually, that's a silly question. You want it to be Janet Street-Porter . I want it to be Janet Street-Porter. Everyone wants it to be Janet Street-Porter. At this stage of the competition – and I'm not ruling out Stockholm Syndrome – there are only about four people on Earth who I love more than Street-Porter. Last week, the contestants were asked to make a dish inspired by someone they admire. While the others droned on and on about their grandchildren and their parents and how special they were, Janet made a fish pie. Inspired by herself. Because she likes fish pie. She is magnificent.
Janet stands out because she seems to have a genuine aversion to the notion of fine dining. The finals of MasterChef are essentially UltraFaff Central, and this visibly irks her no end. And, while it makes about as much sense for someone who hates fine dining to appear on MasterChef as it does for someone who hates stupidity and ridiculous dental veneers to appear on Made in Chelsea, she's given the show a sound kick up the bum. Tonight, tired of being reminded by Gregg and John that her presentation isn't up to scratch, she turns in a treacle tart so utterly sarcastic and halfhearted that she may as well have written "Will this do?" on it in an unbroken stream of urine.
The judges, used to being pandered to by a procession of wriggly-tongued bumlickers, haven't had the foggiest what to do with Janet either. They've tried joshing along with her. They've tried taking a hard line. Later this week, she gets spectacularly good-cop-bad-copped by Gregg and John and she barely even notices. Street-Porter is disturbance made flesh, and it's been a delight to watch her reduce everything around her to rubble. The fact that she's through to the final four, despite being such a chronic pain in everyone's arse, is a miracle.
So Street-Porter should win Celebrity MasterChef . Whether she actually will or not is a different story. We can probably write Les Dennis out of the equation now. Appearing on the show has certainly endeared people to him – he's so pathologically unsure of himself that he ends every sentence with a heartbreakingly sad little smile – but he's made too many mistakes to be taken seriously as a champion. Similarly Brian Capron, who seems to be too busy concentrating on looking like some sort of creepy woodsperson to pay attention to the details necessary to cut it at this level.
And that just leaves Ade Edmondson. Although initially he seemed as if he would be out of his depth on a show that isn't based on a lazy pun of his own name , he's grown in stature during the latter stages. He has made fewer mistakes, ruffled fewer feathers. Wallace has gone "Weyyyy" at him with a far higher ratio than the other remaining contestants. If he can just get through this week without getting distracted and recreating the Duck Soup mirror scene with his evil twin Wallace, Edmonson will probably win Celebrity MasterChef.
But that doesn't really matter. In our hearts, deep down, Street-Porter is already the winner. Right? Leave your thoughts below.
| Ade Edmondson |
Who announced his ‘Great Leap Forward’ in 1958? | Celebrity MasterChef: who should win? | Television & radio | The Guardian
TV and radio blog
Celebrity MasterChef: who should win?
It's the final week and four contestants remain – Ade Edmondson, Brian Capron, Les Dennis and Janet Street-Porter. Which one do you think Gregg and John will choose?
Who's the master? Clockwise, Les Dennis, Janet Street-Porter, Brian Capron and Ade Edmondson. Photograph: BBC/Shine TV
Wednesday 4 September 2013 07.37 EDT
First published on Wednesday 4 September 2013 07.37 EDT
Share on Messenger
Close
Celebrity MasterChef has been ticking along according to plan so far. As always, the trips to fancy restaurants have been fraught. As always, we've been treated to a nonstop medley of arbitrarily chosen tracks from Now That's What I Call Accessible Dubstep and Serene Moods: Inspirational Balladry. As always, Gregg Wallace has responded to news that a dish will be served late by slapping his forehead like he's trying to dislodge a wasp from his ear. And, as always, there will be a presentation-based afternoon-tea round where everyone spends an entire day making stuff that they could have quite easily bought on a plastic platter from Iceland for a pound.
And, since this is the final week of the competition, we're days away from discovering the Celebrity MasterChef 2013 champion. Ade Edmondson , Brian Capron , Les Dennis and Janet Street-Porter are all scrapping it out for the title. On Friday, one of them will be crowned. Who do you want it to be?
Actually, that's a silly question. You want it to be Janet Street-Porter . I want it to be Janet Street-Porter. Everyone wants it to be Janet Street-Porter. At this stage of the competition – and I'm not ruling out Stockholm Syndrome – there are only about four people on Earth who I love more than Street-Porter. Last week, the contestants were asked to make a dish inspired by someone they admire. While the others droned on and on about their grandchildren and their parents and how special they were, Janet made a fish pie. Inspired by herself. Because she likes fish pie. She is magnificent.
Janet stands out because she seems to have a genuine aversion to the notion of fine dining. The finals of MasterChef are essentially UltraFaff Central, and this visibly irks her no end. And, while it makes about as much sense for someone who hates fine dining to appear on MasterChef as it does for someone who hates stupidity and ridiculous dental veneers to appear on Made in Chelsea, she's given the show a sound kick up the bum. Tonight, tired of being reminded by Gregg and John that her presentation isn't up to scratch, she turns in a treacle tart so utterly sarcastic and halfhearted that she may as well have written "Will this do?" on it in an unbroken stream of urine.
The judges, used to being pandered to by a procession of wriggly-tongued bumlickers, haven't had the foggiest what to do with Janet either. They've tried joshing along with her. They've tried taking a hard line. Later this week, she gets spectacularly good-cop-bad-copped by Gregg and John and she barely even notices. Street-Porter is disturbance made flesh, and it's been a delight to watch her reduce everything around her to rubble. The fact that she's through to the final four, despite being such a chronic pain in everyone's arse, is a miracle.
So Street-Porter should win Celebrity MasterChef . Whether she actually will or not is a different story. We can probably write Les Dennis out of the equation now. Appearing on the show has certainly endeared people to him – he's so pathologically unsure of himself that he ends every sentence with a heartbreakingly sad little smile – but he's made too many mistakes to be taken seriously as a champion. Similarly Brian Capron, who seems to be too busy concentrating on looking like some sort of creepy woodsperson to pay attention to the details necessary to cut it at this level.
And that just leaves Ade Edmondson. Although initially he seemed as if he would be out of his depth on a show that isn't based on a lazy pun of his own name , he's grown in stature during the latter stages. He has made fewer mistakes, ruffled fewer feathers. Wallace has gone "Weyyyy" at him with a far higher ratio than the other remaining contestants. If he can just get through this week without getting distracted and recreating the Duck Soup mirror scene with his evil twin Wallace, Edmonson will probably win Celebrity MasterChef.
But that doesn't really matter. In our hearts, deep down, Street-Porter is already the winner. Right? Leave your thoughts below.
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If a dessert is served ‘a la mode’ what is it served with? | A La Mode! 5 Desserts That Are Even Better with Ice Cream — Recipes from The Kitchn | The Kitchn
Deep Dish Chocolate Chip Cookies
If I've already made the decision to have dessert, then the question of whether or not to have it a la mode is a no-brainer. Yes, please! There's something about ice cream that makes each sweet bite that much better. Here are five desserts beyond the traditional apple pie a la mode that are begging to be topped with a scoop of ice cream.
(Image credit: Nealey Dozier )
While vanilla ice cream is the obvious choice for its versatility, sorbets and even vegan ice creams are great toppers that offer a nice temperature and textural contrast with whatever they're served on. My favorite part is when they start to melt, forming a nice saucy base that mingles in with the rest of the dessert. Dig the ice cream scoop out of the drawer and start scooping!
| Ice cream |
From which cereal is polenta now mainly made? | Dessert
Dessert
Traditional vanilla bean custard with a crunchy caramel crust.
$7.95
A delightful combination of chocolate, snickers, cheesecake, and whipped cream on a graham cracker crust!
$9.95
Layered white and dark chocolate mousse in a raspberry sauce.
$7.95
Texas Pecan Pie a la mode
Deep dish, thick and rich, loaded with pecans and served with cinnamon ice cream.
$7.95
Made from fresh key lime juice.
$7.95
Texas Tower Chocolate Layer Cake
A four layer chocolate fudge cake with chocolate sauce, a great dessert for two.
$11.95
Apple Dumplings
Made from scratch, served with a warm caramel sauce, topped with pecans, served with cinnamon ice cream.
$7.95
Ice Cream Sundae
Blue Bell Cinnamon, Vanilla or Cookies and Cream ice cream served with whipped cream, caramel, chocolate sauce and sugared almonds.
$7.95
Texas sized cheesecake, swirled with Raspberry, Strawberry or Caramel sauce.
$7.95
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What is the chief ingredient of passata? | 1000+ images about Passata and Tomato Recipes on Pinterest | Homemade pizza sauce, Soups and Green tomatoes
Crock-Pot Roasted Cherry Tomato Sauce {via CrockPotLadies.com} - This fresh sauce uses less than 5 ingredients, is vegan, vegetarian and gluten free and is simply amazing served over your favorite pasta. Or as a brushetta topping!
See More
| Tomato |
In Hockney’s Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy – who or what is Percy? | Knocklara Sheeps Cheese - Galway Kai Café + Restaurant
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Another of the wonderful home -grown chesses that we love to use in the kitchen is that of Knocklara all the way from Waterford.
As far as cheesemakers go we seem to have a superb selection of Irish cheeses at the moment, a skill that’s being honed with great success as a cottage industry.
Knocklara farmhouse is an old favourite producing a selection of cheeses of which we use their sheeps cheese.
The chief chessemakers Agnes and Wolfgang Schliebitz are very serious about cheese, and have been making their specialty sheeps cheese since 1990, that’s more than 20 years of refinement, and it seriously shows in the finished product.
If you are a regular to Kai you will surely have tasted the mouth-watering cheese at some point.
Cheese is handmade at Knocklara using traditional methods and vegetarian rennet. This method increases the health benefits of the cheese, and increases its flavour.
The cheese is available to buy at Sheridans if you fancy trying some at home. And if you are feeling adventurous why not try this recipe out with your dinner guests courtesy of Café Paradiso…our favourite veggie restaurant in Cork.
Deepfried courgette flowers with Knockalara sheep’s cheese & capers and a tomato-citrus broth
INGREDIENTS
1 tablespoon finely chopped chives
60g rice flour
200mls sparkling water
oil for deep-frying
Bring a pot of water to a boil. With a sharp knife, score the base of the tomatoes with a cross and drop them into the water for 30 seconds or so. Remove them to a bowl of cold water, then peel off the skins. Deseed the tomatoes and finely dice the flesh.
Heat the olive oil in a small pan over medium heat. Add the tomato and garlic, and cook for one minute. Add the orange zest and herbs, and cook for one minute more. Add the passata and 100mls of water or vegetable stock. Simmer for one minute, then remove from the heat and season with salt and pepper. Leave the broth to cool to room temperature.
Stir the capers and chives into the cheese. Open the flowers and fill them to about halfway with the mixture. Twist the ends of the flowers to partially close them.
Combine the flours and whisk in enough cold sparkling water to get a thin batter.
Heat some vegetable oil to approximately 180°c in a deepfryer or pot.
Drop the flowers into the batter to lightly coat them, then lower them carefully into the oil, a few at a time. Fry for 3-4 minutes, turning once, until lightly coloured and crisp. Drain on paper.
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What name is given to a depiction of Mary holding the dead body of Christ? | The Pieta by Michelangelo
The Pieta by Michelangelo
Shop our Religious Pieta Gallery.
The Pieta, which depicts the Virgin Mary holding the body of her son Jesus Christ after his death, has been created in many different forms by various painters and sculptors. Of all the great paintings and sculptures on the Pieta, however, the one by Michelangelo stands out from all the rest.
Prior to sculpting the Pieta, Michelangelo was relatively unknown to the world as an artist. He was only in his early twenties when he was commissioned in 1498 to do a life-size sculpture of the Virgin Mary holding her son in her arms. It would be the first of four that he would create and the only one he completely finished. It was to be unveiled in St. Peter's Basilica for the Jubilee of 1500.
In less than two years Michelangelo carved from a single slab of marble, one of the most magnificent sculptures ever created. His interpretation of the Pieta was far different than ones previously created by other artists. Michelangelo decided to create a youthful, serene and celestial Virgin Mary instead of a broken hearted and somewhat older woman.
When it was unveiled a proud Michelangelo stood by and watched as people admired the beautiful Pieta. However, what was pride quickly turned into anger as he overheard a group of people attributing the work to other artists of his time. That anger caused Michelangelo to add one last thing to his sculpture. Going down the sash on the Virgin Mary, Michelangelo carved his name. He later regretted that his emotions got the best of him and vowed to never sign another one of his works again.
We hope that you will enjoy our selection of The Pieta by Michelangelo. We have a variety of sizes from which to choose. All of them are imported from Italy and made with exacting standards from bonded carrara marble.
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In which US state is Princeton University? | JESUS LIFTED DOWN FROM THE CROSS: famous paintings
Jesus ' friends pried his dead body off the cross and lowered it into the arms of his mother Mary , and into the care of the disciples, mostly women, who waited on the slopes of Golgotha.
The 'Pieta' by Michelangelo
'Descent from the Cross', Rogier Weyden
Note that this German painting was done at the height of World War I,
with Christ opening his arms to suffering humanity
'Descent from the Cross', Jean Jouvenet
'Descent from the Cross', Pieter Coeck van Aelst
'Descent from the Cross', Charles Le Bru n
'The Descent from the Cross', Tintoretto
Tintoretto presented the people in his paintings as individuals, capturing the moment as they experienced it. The descent from the cross was no longer a tableau with static figures, as it had been in Botticelli's paintings. Look at Mary's face. Unlike Jesus, she is still living, and suffering terribly. Her eyes have seen more than a mother can endure, and she has retreated into a semi-conscious state.
'The Descent from the Cross', Peter Paul Rubens, 1612
'The Descent from the Cross', James Tissot
'Descent from the Cross', Peter Paul Rubens
'Deposition from the Cross', Pontormo
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Hidden meanings in paintings of the Descent from the Cross
Joseph of Arimathaea, a rich and respected member of the Sanhedrin - the Jewish legislative council in Jerusalem - and secretly a disciple, obtained permission from Pilate, the Roman governor, to take the body of Christ from the cross. He brought a linen sheet and together with Nicodemus who brought myrrh and aloes to preserve the body, took it down from the cross.
We see the nails being removed from the body, or the body being lowered from the cross.
There are usually four people involved: Nicodemus with pincers drawing the nail from the left hand, Joseph taking the weight of the body, Mary holding the right hand which is already free, and the apostle John standing sorrowfully a little apart.
From the 16th century and especially in later painting of the Spanish Netherlands the cross is viewed aslant, there are often four ladders, and two unidentified men lean over the cross-bar lowering the body to Joseph and Nicodemus. Mary Magdalene kneels, and there is a third woman, Mary the wife of Clopas. The instruments of the Passion lie on the ground: the crown of thorns, nails, and sometimes the inscripion and sponge. The body may be lowered to the ground by sliding it down a long winding-sheet.
Joseph and Nicodemus can be distinguished by their dress. The former is richly clad, in contrast to the latter who is of more lowly appearance. In supporting the body Joseph takes the upper part, Nicodemus the lower. St John is of youthful appearance, often long-haired.
Prior to the Counter- Reformation the Virgin is sometimes seen swooning into the arms of her companions, but in later works she stands, perhaps clasping her hands.
Mary Magdalene, important in the Counter-Reformation as an example of Christian repentance, is a major figure.She is richly dressed and may wipe Jesus' feet with her luxuriant hair.
The Bible text : Christ is taken down from the Cross
Matthew 27:57-58
57 When it was evening, there came a rich man from Arimathe'a, named Joseph, who also was a disciple of Jesus. 58 He went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate ordered it to be given to him.
Mark 15:42-46
42 And when evening had come, since it was the day of Preparation, that is, the day before the sabbath, 43 Joseph of Arimathe'a, a respected member of the council, who was also himself looking for the kingdom of God, took courage and went to Pilate, and asked for the body of Jesus. 44 And Pilate wondered if he were already dead; and summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he was already dead. 45 And when he learned from the centurion that he was dead, he granted the body to Joseph. 46 And he bought a linen shroud, and taking him down, wrapped him in the linen shroud, and laid him in a tomb which had been hewn out of the rock; and he rolled a stone against the door of the tomb.
Luke 23: 50-54
50 Now there was a man named Joseph from the Jewish town of Arimathe'a. He was a member of the council, a good and righteous man, 51 who had not consented to their purpose and deed, and he was looking for the kingdom of God. 52 This man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. 53 Then he took it down and wrapped it in a linen shroud, and laid him in a rock-hewn tomb, where no one had ever yet been laid. 54 It was the day of Preparation, and the sabbath was beginning.
John 19:38-40
38 After this Joseph of Arimathe'a, who was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly, for fear of the Jews, asked Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus, and Pilate gave him leave. So he came and took away his body. 39 Nicode'mus also, who had at first come to him by night, came bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds' weight. 40 They took the body of Jesus, and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews.
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Which instrument was played by jazz artist Benny Goodman? | Benny Goodman — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
fip
Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman, (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz musician, known as King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet, The Professor, and Swing's Senior Statesman.
Goodman was regarded by some as a demanding taskmaster, by others an arrogant and eccentric martinet. Many musicians spoke of The Ray, Goodman's trademark glare that he bestowed on a musician who failed to perform to his demanding standards. Anita O'Day and Helen Forrest spoke bitterly of their… read more
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If you were using a pull-through what would you be cleaning? | Benny Goodman facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Benny Goodman
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
Benny Goodman
Benny Goodman (1909-1986) was a great jazz clarinetist and leader of one of the most popular big bands of the Swing Era (1935-1945).
Benjamin David Goodman was born in Chicago, Illinois, on May 30, 1909, of a large, poor Jewish family. (A brother, Harry, was later a bassist in Benny's band.) Benny studied music at Hull House and at the age of 10 was already a proficient clarinetist. At age 12, appearing on stage in a talent contest, he did an imitation of the prevailing clarinet favorite, Ted Lewis; so impressed was popular bandleader Ben Pollack that five years later he sent for Goodman to join the band at the Venice ballroom in Los Angeles. After a three-year stint with Pollack, Goodman left in 1929 to free-lance in New York City in pit bands and on radio and recordings. In 1934 he led his first band on an NBC radio series called "Let's Dance" (which became the title of Goodman's theme song). The band also played at Billy Rose's Music Hall and at the Roosevelt Hotel and made a handful of records for the Columbia and Victor labels.
In 1935, armed with a repertory developed by some great African American arrangers (Benny Carter, Edgar Sampson, Horace Henderson, and ex-bandleader and Swing Era genius Fletcher Henderson), the band embarked on a most significant road trip. Not especially successful in most of its cross-country engagements, the band arrived at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles in a discouraged mood. The evening of August 21, 1935, began inauspiciously, the audience lukewarm to the band's mostly restrained dance music. In desperation Goodman called for the band to launch into a couple of "flagwavers" (up-tempo crowd-pleasers)—"Sometimes I'm Happy" and "King Porter Stomp"—and the crowd reaction was ultimately to send shock waves through the entire pop music world. Hundreds of people stopped dancing and massed around the bandstand, responding enthusiastically and knowledgably to arrangements and solos that they recognized from the just recently released records. (Apparently Goodman had been too conservative both early in his tour and earlier that night and had underestimated his audience.)
The Palomar engagement turned out to be not only a personal triumph for the band but for swing music in general, serving notice to the music business that "sweet" dance music would have to move over and make room for the upstart (and more jazz-based) sound. Goodman's popularity soared: the band topped almost all the magazine and theater polls, their record sales were astronomical, they were given a weekly cigarette-sponsored radio show, and they were featured in two big-budget movies, "Hollywood Hotel" and "The Big Broadcast of 1937." But an even greater triumph awaited. Impresario John Hammond rented that bastion of classical music, Carnegie Hall, for a concert that was to win respectability for the music. The night of January 16, 1938, is now legendary; responding to the electric expectancy of the overflow audience, the band outdid itself, improving on recorded favorites like "King Porter Stomp," "Bugle Call Rag," "Down South Camp Meeting," and "Don't Be That Way." It capped off the evening with a lengthy, classic version of "Sing, Sing, Sing" which featured some brilliant solo work by trumpeter Harry James, pianist Jess Stacy, and Benny himself.
Two of the finest musicians ever to work with Goodman were pianist Teddy Wilson and vibraphonist-drummer Lionel Hampton. Both were with the band from the mid-1930s and both were present at Carnegie Hall, but they were used only in trio and quartet contexts because of the unwritten rule forbidding racially integrated bands. Goodman has the distinction of being the first white leader (Artie Shaw and Charlie Barnet followed suit) to challenge segregation in the music business, and as the restrictions eased he hired other African American greats such as guitarist Charlie Christian, trumpeter Cootie Williams, bassist Slam Stewart, and tenor saxophonist Wardell Gray.
Goodman's band had a greater personnel turnover than most bands, and an endless array of top-notch musicians moved through the band, among them trumpeters Bunny Berigan, Harry James, and Ziggy Elman; trombonist Lou McGarity; tenor saxophonists Bud Freeman, Georgie Auld, Zoot Sims, and Stan Getz; pianists Mel Powell and Joe Bushkin; vibists Red Norvo and Terry Gibbs; and drummers Dave Tough and Louis Bellson. Most defected to other bands and a few to start their own bands (Krupa, James, and Hampton). Overwhelmingly, musicians found Goodman an uncongenial employer: he was reputed to be stern and tight-fisted. A taciturn, scholarly-looking man, Goodman was unflattering referred to in music circles as "The Ray" because of his habit of glaring at any player guilty of a "clam" or "clinker" (a wrong note), even in rehearsal. A virtuoso clarinetist equally at home performing Mozart (which he did in concerts and on records), Goodman was less than patient with technical imperfection.
After World War II the clarinet, which, along with the tenor saxophone, had been the Swing Era's glamour instrument, was relegated to a minor role in bebop's scheme of things. Even the peerless Buddy DeFranco, the definitive bebop clarinetist, was unluckily marginal in an alto saxophone-and-trumpet-dominated idiom. Goodman struggled for a while to reconcile himself to the new music, but in 1950 he decided to disband, and from that time forward his public appearances were rare and were chiefly with small groups (usually sextets or septets) and almost exclusively for television specials or recordings or European tours. In 1950 he toured Europe with a septet that included two other jazz greats, trumpeter Roy Eldridge and tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. His most celebrated tour, however, was part of the first-ever cultural exchange with the Soviet Union. In 1962, at the behest of the State Department, he went to Russia with a septet that included Sims and alto saxophonist Phil Woods. The trip was a smashing success and contributed greatly to the popularization of American jazz in Eastern Europe.
After his marriage in 1941, Goodman's home was New York City; his wife Alice (John Hammond's sister) died in 1978; they had two daughters, and she had three by a previous marriage. Goodman maintained his habit of spot-performing and in 1985 made a surprise and, by all accounts, spectacular appearance at the Kool Jazz Festival in New York. He died the following year of an apparent heart attack.
With his withdrawal from the limelight, most observers felt that he became a deeper, less flashy player than he was in the glory years when he was fronting the country's most popular swing band. His ultimate contribution to jazz, however, is still being debated: much post-1940s jazz criticism retrospectively judged him to have been overrated relative to the era's other great clarinetist-leader, Artie Shaw, and to the great early Black players of the instrument (Jimmy Noone, Johnny Dodds, Edmond Hall, and Lester Young, a tenor saxophonist who "doubled" on clarinet) and the great white traditionalist Pee Wee Russell. Esthetic evaluations are problematical at best and tend to fluctuate from era to era, but Goodman's technical mastery, burnished tone, highly individual (and influential) solo style, and undeniable swing certainly earned him a permanent place in the jazz pantheon.
Further Reading
There is no serious biography of Goodman. There was a promotional autobiography, written with the help of Irving Kolodin, in 1939 called The Kingdom of Swing. A film biography produced in 1955 titled "The Benny Goodman Story" is more Hollywood than Goodman. Probably the best source is a biography-discography by D. Russell O'Connor and Warren W. Hicks, Benny Goodman—On the Record (1969). □
Cite this article
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MLA
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Benny Goodman (Benjamin David Goodman), 1909–86, American clarinetist, composer, and band leader, b. Chicago. Goodman studied clarinet at Hull House. In Chicago he had the opportunity to hear (and eventually to play beside) some of the outstanding jazz musicians of the era. He played the clarinet for many years in Chicago and later in California. In 1928 he went to New York City, where in 1934 he organized his own orchestra. In 1935 he formed the Benny Goodman trio with Gene Krupa and Teddy Wilson; it became a quartet in 1936 when Lionel Hampton joined it. Performing for radio, motion pictures, and records, Goodman's orchestra became nationally famous. After 1939 he became known as the King of Swing. In the 1950s Goodman's many tours abroad gained him international esteem. He also achieved success playing classical music for clarinet, particularly with the Budapest String Quartet. He commissioned Béla Bartók to compose Contrasts, for violin, clarinet, and piano, in 1938. Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and Morton Gould wrote music for him. Goodman wrote The Kingdom of Swing (1939) with Irving Kolodin.
See bio-discographies by D. R. Connor (1958 and 1969); study by J. L. Collier.
Cite this article
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996.
Goodman, Benny [Benjamin] (David) (b Chicago , 1909; d NY, 1986). Amer. clarinettist and jazz musician. Trained in mus. at synagogue. Prof. début 1921 at Central Park Th., Chicago. Joined Ben Pollack's band as a soloist 1925. Went to NY with Pollack and after 1929 worked as freelance. In 1934 formed his own 12-piece band, inaugurating the ‘swing era’. In 1935 formed a trio with Teddy Wilson (pf.) and Gene Krupa (drums), expanding it in 1936 to a quartet with Lionel Hampton (vib.). In 1938 recorded Mozart cl. quintet with Budapest Qt. and commissioned Contrasts from Bartók, giving f.p. in NY 1939 with Szigeti and Bartók. Soloist with NYPO (cond. Barbirolli) in Mozart conc. Commissioned concs. from Copland and Hindemith 1947, and appeared as soloist with Amer. orchs. in works by Bernstein, Brahms, Debussy, Weber, Nielsen, Prokofiev, Poulenc, and Stravinsky. Re-formed own band 1940 and again 1948. Toured Russ. 1962. Played at Aldeburgh Fest. 1985.
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What seven-letter word means “A Russian tea urn”? | samovar - definition and meaning
samovar
Definitions
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
n. A metal urn with a spigot, used to boil water for tea and traditionally having a chimney and heated by coals.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
n. A metal urn with a spigot, for boiling water for making tea. Traditionally, the water is heated by hot coals or charcoal in a chimney-like tube which runs through the center of the urn. Today, it is more likely that the water is heated by an electric coil. It is a common misconception that tea is boiled in the samovar. This is not the case. The samovar merely boils the water, which is drawn off via the spigot into a separate teapot in which the tea is allowed to steep.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
n. A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
n. A copper urn used in Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, and elsewhere, in which water is kept boiling for use when required for making tea, live charcoal being placed in a tube which passes up through the center of the urn. Similar vessels are used in winter in northern China, for keeping soups, etc., hot at table.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
n. a metal urn with a spigot at the base; used in Russia to boil water for tea
Etymologies
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Which of Beethoven’s symphonies was nicknamed ‘The Eroica’? | samovar - Word of the Day | Dictionary.com
Word of the Day
a metal urn, used especially by Russians for heating water for making tea.
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Citations for samovar
She never used the samovar except on special occasions, for example during the visits of her sisters-in-law. Then she made tea and set it on the table to flatter them. Tamar Yellin,
The Genizah at the House of Shepher
, 2005
Nadi is near to the sink preparing the samovar for later and she calls out in Farsi for Esmail to take off his shoes and then come into the kitchen for washing. Andre Dubus III,
House of Sand and Fog
, 1999
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Which James Bond villain owns the island of Crab Key? | Crab Key - James Bond Locations
Off the coast of Jamaica.
Summary
Crab Key is a fictional island owned by Dr. No and appears in both the novel and the movie Dr. No.
Image
The image on the left is the location used for filming the bauxite mine and other external shots of Crab Key. It is actually in North Jamaica and was cleverly shot to make it look like a small island.
Crab Key in the novel Dr. No
In Ian Fleming's novel Dr. No (1958), Crab Key was an island located thirty miles north of Jamaica and sixty miles south of Cuba. The island was 50 square miles (80km2) and 3/4 of the land toward the east was occupied by swamps, shallow lakes and marshland filled with thousands of trees and shrubs called mangroves.
Toward the west of the island was a 500 foot mountain that abruptly ended at a sheer drop to the infested waters below. A hot wind at the west blew northeast over the mountain. There were many large colonies of seabirds at the west of Crab Key that excreted guano, a substance high in phosphorus that is used to make fertilizer. There was mountains of the stuff and Dr. No hired one hundred workers to dig it out. The workers dug 50 cubic feet of guano a day, which was sold in monthly shipments, loaded onto ships with a crane under the supervision of Dr. No.
A long river led down into the sea, along the south east into a small sandy bay where Bond first went when he visited the island. The bottom of the river was muddy and filled with small fish, shrimp and leeches. The sand in the bay was formed from volcanic rock and was of a chocolate brown colour that looked almost black at night.
To the east of Crab Key there were many species of birds including:
Egrets
Sand Pipers
Roseate Spoonbills
Dr. No had a lair built into the mountain at the west of Crab Key. The inside was huge, with elaborate guest quarters, prison cells and an exquisite dining room and home for Dr. No. In one of the rooms on the west wall, there was a huge pane of magnified glass that gave a magnificent view of the ocean outside. Dr. No had hired experts to build it who had installed the glass panel on the inside of the mountain, and chipped away at the rock outside to create a view directly into the depths of the ocean.
Dr. No was running an operation from the island, jamming USA test missiles with a powerful radio beam, causing them to crash land. The island was well guarded with radar, high powered boat patrols and manhunts with sniffer dogs.
Dr. No had bought the island for its privacy so that he could conduct his plans without interference. However, a group of bird lovers called the Audubon Society had a lease on part of the island and had found some rare birds. They planned to make the island into a tourist attraction and refused to sell their lease. Dr. No bought a huge tractor and fixed it up to look like a dragon, adding a flame thrower on the front. He sent men out in the vehicle to burn the people at the Audubon camp as well as all the rare birds in the area. Although Dr. No got his privacy back, Bond ended up investigating and Dr. No eventually came to his death, choking under a huge heap of guano.
The Real Mine used for Crab Key
Crab Key in the Movie
The image on the left is the actual location of the beach used in Dr. No. It is a beach located at the north of Jamaica, but in the film it's the island crab key.
In the movie Dr. No , Crab Key was an island located off the coast of Jamaica. It contained a large bauxite mine and acres upon acres of swamps, marshland, rivers and Mangroves. A Chinese scientist named Dr. No owned the island. He was running an operation where he would ruin USA missile launches by interfering with missiles and causing them to crash. He controlled the missiles with a powerful radio beam which was powered by a nuclear reactor underground.
Dr. No had created an underground lair in the mountains, which contained the reactor, some guest quarters and Dr. No's private quarters. Dr. No had designed a large aquarium with glass that magnified the tiny fish and made them look like sharks.
Bond and his ally Quarrel suspected that Dr. No had murdered a British Agent and had attempted to murder Bond. They sailed over to the island at night and went to sleep. When they awoke the next day, Honey Rider emerged from the sea in a beautiful white bikini in what may be one of the most famous scenes in movie history.
A guard boat zoomed around toward them and told them to come out with their hands up. When nothing happened, they shot around the sand and left. Bond realized that they must have spotted Honey's boat on the radar, mistaking it for Bonds.
The Guard Dogs on Crab Key
They moved further into the island and were followed by Dr. No's guards, who were equipped with sniffer dogs. They managed to escape the dogs and they ventured further into the island, finding tire tracks. They ended up being captured by men who came in Dr. No's dragon, which was in reality a painted truck/buggy with a flame thrower on the front.
Dr. No's men were merciless, and killed Quarrel with the flame thrower. They then took Bond and Honey into a sophisticated decontamination lab, cleaning them before sending them into the guest Quarters. The doors of the rooms could only be opened from the outside, but the rooms were luxurious. Later on, Bond was taken into a prison cell, a small room with nothing but an air vent. The grate of the vents were electrocuted, but Bond smashed it and climbed through. The vents transversed all around the lair, with a central pipe that carried boiling hot water down.
He stole someones radiation suit and went into the Control room, which contained the reactor and many monitoring tools. He went over to the main controls and overpowered the reactor. Everyone evacuated the place, just as the entire island blew into pieces, killing Dr. No and his dreams.
| Dr. No |
In which fictional county is ‘The Archers’ set? | The World of James Bond 007 - Villains - Villains Information
Dr Julius No
Dr Julius No is a fictional character in the James Bond film and novel Dr No. He was the very first James Bond villain in the film series. Dr No was played by Joseph Wiseman.
Dr No is a brilliant scientist who is half German and half Chinese. He specialised in atomic energy at the cost of losing both of his hands, which were replaced with metal hooks.
He offered his skills and expertise to the Americans but was rejected. To get revenge, No joined the villainous organisation SPECTRE where he relocated to his island in Crab Key, Jamaica.
Dr No, in an effort to cause trouble for the Americans, used his secret island base as a headquarters where he would sabotage US missiles removing their guidance systems and destroying them.
No was killed after a hand-to-hand fight with Bond on a descending platform. Due to Dr No's metal hooks he was unable to grip the framework of the lift and thus sank into the boiling radioactive
water to his death.
Joseph Wiseman
Joseph Wiseman (born May 15, 1918 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Canadian actor who played the title character, Dr Julius No in the first James Bond film, Dr No.
He also had roles in a wide variety of other films, including The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century.
FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character in the James Bond universe. He is the archenemy of MI6 Secret Service Agent James Bond and head of the evil terrorist organisation, SPECTRE,
Blofeld usually appears accompanied by a white Angora cat in the films (but not in the novels). It was also briefly a trademark of the Bond films not to show Blofeld's face, only a close-up of Blofeld stroking
his cat. This "trademark" was later broken in the film You Only Live Twice and subsequent films.
Blofeld appears in five official James Bond movies as well as Never Say Never Again, the 1983 remake of Thunderball, which makes him the most persistent and arguably greatest of James Bond's enemies.
Blofeld was responsible for the murder of Bond's wife Tracy Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, but for years never got his comeuppance. Blofeld apparently met his demise (or so we thought) in the pre-title sequence of 1981's For Your Eyes Only but for copyright reasons his name was never mentioned either verbally or in the final credits. The only indications that this wheelchair-bound character is Blofeld are the presence of the Angora cat, baldness and the original trademark of not showing Blofeld's face. In the novels Blofeld was killed by Bond in Japan in the novel You Only Live Twice.
In the films, Blofeld's physical appearance and personality varies wildly due to the change of actors (i.e. Blofeld's scar does not appear in On Her Majesty's Secret Service or Diamonds Are Forever, and in On Her Majesty's Secret Service it is revealed that Blofeld has removed his earlobes, but they return in Diamonds Are Forever along with a full head of hair). This is actually in keeping with the Blofeld of Fleming's novels,
who is described as drastically changing his personality and appearance in order to hide from Bond.
Lotte Lenya
Lotte Lenya (October 18, 1898 � November 27, 1981), singer and actor, born Karoline Wilhelmine Blamauer, in Vienna, Austria.
As a child of working class parents, Lenya wanted to be a dancer. She moved to study in Zurich, Switzerland in 1914, taking up her first job at the Schauspielhaus. She moved to seek work in Berlin, Germany in 1921, where the following year she was seen by her future husband, the German composer Kurt Weill during an audition, although they did not meet properly until 1924, marrying him for the first
time in 1926.
After she accepted the part of Jenny in Die Dreigroschenoper in 1928, she was accepted into the local stage community and performed in a variety of musicals, especially those of Weill and his collaborator Bertolt Brecht. With the rise of Nazism in Germany, and being Jewish, and having become estranged from Weill, Lenya fled to Paris, France in March 1933, then on to the United States of America. She divorced Weill in 1933, and remarried him in 1937: he died in 1950.
During World War II Lenya sang on stage and performed on Voice of America. After being coaxed back on stage after her husband's death, she appeared on Broadway in Barefoot in Athens and married writer George Davis. In 1954 she won a Tony Award for her role as Jenny in Marc Blitzstein's English version of Die Dreigroschenoper, The Threepenny Opera.
Lenya went on to record a number of songs from her time in Berlin, as well as songs from the American theatre, in a distinctive husky low voice. The combination of singing and speaking called "sprechstimme" was devised by Weill to accommodate her voice.
She was present in the studio when Louis Armstrong recorded Weill's "Mack the Knife". Armstrong improvised the line "Look out for Miss Lotte Lenya!" and added her name to the long list of Mack's female victims in the song for the English translation.
After 1957 death of George Davis, she married the artist Russell Detwiler in 1962, who died aged 44 in 1969.
Lenya died in New York from cancer in 1981. She is entombed, with her first husband, in a
mausoleum at the Mount Repose Cemetery, Haverstraw, New York.
GOLDFINGER
Auric Goldfinger
Auric Goldfinger is a fictional character in the James Bond film and novel Goldfinger. His first name, Auric, is an adjective meaning of gold. Goldfinger was played by Gert Fr�be. Consequently, Goldfinger was banned in Israel after it was revealed that Fr�be was a member of the Nazi party. The ban, however, was lifted many years later when a Jewish family publicly thanked Fr�be for protecting them from persecution during World War II.
In 2003, the American Film Institute declared Auric Goldfinger the 49th greatest villain in the past 100 years of film.
Arguably the most famous James Bond villain in any film, Goldfinger's obsession was gold. In fact, Goldfinger was a gold smuggler accomplishing this feat by having a workable car built out of gold and transporting it via airplane. Once the car got to its destination, Goldfinger would have it melted down. Goldfinger is also an avid golfer who plays a Slazenger 7 golf ball. He's defeated by Bond, however, when he is tricked by Bond after attempting to cheat.
Auric Goldfinger owned many properties throughout the world including "Auric Enterprises, A.C.", which was the headquarters for most of his smuggling operations. It was located in Switzerland. He also owned a farm in Kentucky that was used for horse breeding called "Auric Stud".
Goldfinger's scheme, codenamed "Operation Grandslam", involved breaking into the US Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, and detonating a nuclear weapon thus contaminating the United States gold reserve and thereby dramatically increasing the value of his gold holdings.
He was terminated by being sucked out of an airplane, mid-flight, when attempting to assassinate
Bond.
Gert Fr�be
Karl-Gerhart Fr�ber, better known as Gert Fr�be (February 25, 1913 � September 5, 1988), was a German actor who starred in many films, including the James Bond film Goldfinger as Auric Goldfinger and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang as Baron Bomburst. Fr�be could not speak English and was ultimately dubbed
in many of his classic roles.
THUNDERBALL
Emilio Largo
Emilio Largo is the main villain in the 1965 James Bond movie Thunderball. He was played by Italian actor Adolfo Celi. He is also the main villain in the 1983 unofficial James Bond movie Never Say Never
Again, a remake of Thunderball. In Never Say Never Again he was played by the Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer.
Largo is a grey haired man in his 50's who wears an eye patch and works for the evil organization, SPECTRE where he is Number 2 and head of extortion operations. Largo's two main headquarters were located in Palmyra. The first was his estate which housed a giant swimming pool filled with sharks. Bond would later be thrown into this pool only just to barely escape. The second was Largo's private yacht, nicknamed the Disco Volante. The yacht played a pivotal role in the seizure and transportation of two nuclear weapons.
Largo's scheme in Thunderball, at the time, was unique and ingenious. It involved the theft of two nuclear weapons from NATO at sea to which he would then use to hold the world hostage by threatening to detonate the two devices in England or the United States unless they paid the ransom of 100 million British pounds.
The basic concept of Largo's scheme in Thunderball is held over in Never Say Never Again. Like Thunderball the scheme involved obtaining two nuclear warheads, this time stealing them directly from a United States Air Force base in the UK and holding the world hostage.
He is killed by his mistress Domino, shot in the back with a harpoon gun while on his yacht.
YOU ONLY LIVE TWICE
Donald Pleasence (October 5, 1919 � February 2, 1995) was a British actor. He was born in Worksop,
England, the son of a stationmaster.
Pleasence's acting career began in a 1939 production of Wuthering Heights, but was soon interrupted by his service in the Royal Air Force and a year in a German prisoner-of-war camp. He had been a conscientious objector at first, but later joined the Royal Air Force. He was shot down and taken prisoner.
He returned to acting after the war, and critics began to call him the "Man with the Hypnotic Eye". Perhaps because of this, and his bald head and quiet-but-intense voice, he specialised in insane and evil characters. His trademark voice may be credited to elocution lessons he had as a child.
Pleasence was married four times and is father to five daughters. Miriam Raymond and Pleasance produced two daughters, Anglea and Jean in their 1941 to 1958 marriage. His 1959 to 1970 marriage to actress and singer Josephine Martin Crombie produced two daughters, Lucy and Polly. He was married to Meira Shore from 1970 to 1988 and they had one daughter, Miranda. His last marriage to Linda (maiden surname unknown) lasted until his death in 1995.
He died in St Paul de Vence, France from complications from heart valve replacement surgery.
ON HER MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE
Telly Savalas
Telly Savalas (January 21, 1924 � January 22, 1994) was a Greek-American actor. He was best known for his work on the Kojak television series, and for playing Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
Savalas was born in Garden City, New York to Greek parents, Nicholas and Christina Savalas. He served in World War II after he dropped out of Columbia University, where he was studying psychology. He was honourably discharged with a Purple Heart disability. During the early 1950s, Savalas worked for ABC radio and eventually became the executive producer of his own popular talk show, "Telly's Coffee House". It was not until he was in his thirties that he decided to turn to acting.
Telly was well known for being totally bald. Up until the mid-1960s, he had what his family termed a halo�a ring of hair along the back and sides of his head. He eventually decided to shave off the remaining hair when he began playing in movies. Telly maintained that style for the rest of his life.
In the early 1990s, Savalas contracted bladder cancer, ultimately succumbing to the disease in 1994, only a day after he turned 70, in Universal City, California.
He was also the godfather of Friends star Jennifer Aniston, with whom he shared Greek roots.
DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER
Charles Gray
Charles Gray (August 29, 1928 � March 7, 2000) was a British actor, born in Bournemouth, Dorset.
He appears as Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever (1971). In the earlier You Only Live Twice (1967), he plays a British agent, Henderson, making him one of a small number of actors to have played a villain and a Bond ally in the series.
To many younger movie fans, he is best known for portraying The Criminologist (the narrator) in The Rocky Horror Picture Show.
He was Mycroft Holmes to Jeremy Brett's Sherlock in the Granada TV
version of the stories.
Dr Kananga / Mr Big
Mr Big is a James Bond villain in the novel and film Live and Let Die. In the film, Big is played by actor Yaphet Kotto. The novel and film version of Mr Big are extremely different bordering on the film character being a completely new character altogether.
In the film, Mr Big is a businessman and owner of a chain of restaurants in New York City and New Orleans called "Fillet of Soul". Big is also the head of one of the most vicious street gangs in Harlem. On the fictional tiny island of San Monique, Big is known by his alter ego Dr Kananga. Kananga is the de facto dictator of the island and thus has certain diplomatic immunities in the United States easily allowing him to smuggle drugs into the country.
Through Big's alter ego, Kananga, he grows vast quantities of opium in San Monique that are covered by large camouflage nets and guarded by the mystical Baron Samedi. Using the poppies Kananga hopes to flood the US market with heroin distributed through Big's legitimate restaurants for free thus forcing other drug dealers out of business. In doing so he believes that he would double the amount of addicts, which he would be able to exploit with his new found monopoly.
Big is thwarted by his voodoo high priestess, Solitaire and James Bond. During the final sequence Bond forces Kananga to swallow a pellet of compressed air, which unloads in Kananga causing him to inflate
and eventually explode.
Yaphet Kotto
Yaphet Frederick Kotto (born November 15, 1937 in New York City) is an African-American actor. His father was from Cameroon.
Kotto got his start in acting on Broadway, where he appeared in The Great White Hope, among other things. His film debut was in 1963 in an uncredited role in 4 For Texas, but his first big break came in Nothing But a Man in 1964. Kotto landed the role of the James Bond villain Mr Big in Live and Let Die. Kotto also starred in Alien.
He played Baltimore police Lieutenant Al Giardello in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street.
Ironically, his son, Fredrick Kotto, is a real-life police officer with the
city of San Jose, California.
THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN GUN
Francisco Scaramanga
Francisco Scaramanga is a fictional character in the James Bond film and novel The Man with the Golden Gun. In the novel, the character is actually named Paco "Pistols" Scaramanga. For the film, Scaramanga was played by British actor Christopher Lee. Lee is actually Ian Fleming's cousin and was Fleming's pick to play the role of Dr Julius No in the film Dr No. According to some Bond film historians, Lee was also considered for the role of Bond as well.
Francisco Scaramanga is a high-priced freelance assassin charging one million dollars per hit. He's best known for being "The man with the Golden Gun", which is also Scaramanga's weapon of choice. The Golden Gun can fire a custom made 4.2 calibre golden bullet. The gun also separates into a gold cigarette lighter, a gold cigarette case, a gold cuff link and a gold pen so as to avoid detection. This weapon was used to assassinate Agent 002, Bill Fairbanks.
All of Scaramanga's dealings go through his henchman Nick Nack, which allows for Scaramanga to take on a role of anonymity. Not much is truly known about Scaramanga due to this, however, Bond reveals that one feature of Scaramanga's is a third nipple. This information later comes in handy to Bond who uses Scaramanga's anonymity and only known physical feature to get into contact with Scaramanga's current employer Hai-Fat.
Francisco Scaramanga lives on a personal island somewhere off the coast of southeastern China that has it's own self-sufficient solar power plant. Scaramanga's home in addition to the power plant also includes a sort of "funhouse". Nick Nack will use the facility to often hire other assassins to murder Scaramanga as a sort of challenge to Scaramanga or perhaps to just keep him on his toes. In addition, Scaramanga also has a private junk, which Bond later steals to get off the exploding island.
Francisco Scaramanga was hired by Hai-Fat to assassinate a British scientist named Gibson, thought to be in possession of information crucial to solving the energy crisis by creating a virtually unlimited amount of energy using a new technique of harnessing the Sun's power. Gibson is assassinated and his invention, the solex agitator, is stolen at the scene by Nick Nack. The solex agitator is a critical component of Gibson's solar energy device. With it in Scaramanga's hands it allows for him to sell the device to the highest criminal bidder or use it for his own nefarious plans.
After taking Goodnight (Bond's semi-partner in the film) hostage, Scaramanga lures Bond to his private
island. There Bond and Scaramanga have a duel, which Bond eventually wins.
Christopher Lee
Christopher Frank Carandini Lee (born May 27, 1922 in London) is a prolific British actor known for his versatility and film longevity.
He was educated at Wellington College, he volunteered to fight for the Finnish forces during the Winter War against the Soviet Union in 1939, then served in the Royal Air Force and intelligence during World War II.
Lee became famous for his role as Count Dracula in a string of Hammer Horror films. He is viewed by many as the quintessential film villain. Other notable films include The Wicker Man and The Man with the Golden Gun. Lee is now over 80 years old, and still appearing in films such as The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, and Star
Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.
THE SPY WHO LOVED ME
Karl Stromberg
Karl Stromberg is a fictional character in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. Stromberg was played by German actor Curt Jurgens. The character Stromberg was created specifically for the film by writer Christopher Wood. The novel The Spy Who Loved Me, written by Ian Fleming wasn't told from Bond's perspective, but rather a Bond girl that is in love with James Bond. The entire plot of the film has actually nothing to do at all with the plot of the novel. This was at Fleming's request; when he sold the rights to his novel to EON Productions he requested only the title be used. Stromberg has the distinction, therefore, of being the very first major James Bond villain to be created specifically for the movies.
Stromberg was a successful self-employed businessman as head of his own shipping firm. Stromberg's obsession and passion was the ocean where he lived in his palace, named Atlantis, that could submerge itself underwater so as not to be seen or detected. Located off of Sardinia, Italy, Atlantis had everything to support life above and below water for any length of time. In fact, Atlantis was more like a city, able to
support dozens if not hundreds of people.
Stromberg also owned a huge tanker, named Liparus, that was his headquarters away from Atlantis.
Although Stromberg had a passion and love for the ocean and its life, he absolutely despised human life. It was his belief and personal mission to start over with a new civilisation underwater. After contracting two scientists to create the technology to track nuclear submarines, Stromberg took this technology and used it to acquire a Soviet nuclear submarine and an American submarine. By tracking the subs, Stromberg's tanker, the Liparus, would sneak up on the subs and capture them inside the tanker. His plan called for the use of firing nuclear weapons from these subs at New York City and Moscow thus framing each other's government and starting a nuclear war, which would wipe out every last human being on Earth.
This scheme is actually a recycled plot from a previous film, You Only Live Twice, which was similar in that by stealing space shuttles it would start a war between the Soviets and the Americans. It was also used, in part, in the sequel to The Spy Who Loved Me, Moonraker. In Moonraker, the villain Hugo Drax had an obsession with starting human civilisation over in space. The film Moonraker was also written by Christopher Wood.
Stromberg's scheme is prevented after Bond sneaks aboard the Liparus as a prisoner from a recently captured American submarine. With Bond's help, the crews of the other submarines escape and take over the tanker. With the tanker in their control, Bond is able to order the stolen submarines to fire their nuclear warheads at each other. Prior to this, however, Stromberg abducts Bond's partner, Anya Amasova, and escapes to his city-ship, Atlantis.
Bond pursues Stromberg, and after two failed attempts by Stromberg to kill Bond, Bond exercises his licence to kill, executing Stromberg with multiple gunshots to the chest. Afterwards, Atlantis is scuttled by
the remaining American submarine while Bond and Anya escape.
Curt J�rgens
Curt J�rgens (December 13, 1915 � June 18, 1982) was a German stage and motion-picture actor.
Known as Curt Jurgens in the English-speaking world, he was born in Solln, Bayern, Germany. He began his working career as a journalist before becoming an actor at the urging of his actress wife, Louise Basler. He spent
much of his early acting career on the stage in Vienna.
Critical of the Nazis in his native Germany, in 1944 he was shipped to a concentration camp. J�rgens survived and after the war became an Austrian citizen. He continued with his acting career, becoming an international film star. His breakthrough screen role came in Des Teufels General (1955, The Devil's General) and he came to Hollywood following his appearance in the sensational 1956 Roger Vadim directed French film Et Dieu ... cr�a la femme (And God Created Woman) starring Brigitte Bardot. In 1957, J�rgens made his first Hollywood film, The Enemy Below.
Although he appeared in over 100 films, J�rgens considered himself primarily a stage actor. He directed a few films with limited success, and also wrote screenplays. Curd J�rgens was married five times; one of his wives was actress Eva Bartok (1927-1998). Showing his sense of humour, he titled his 1975 autobiography "Sixty and Not Yet Wise".
J�rgens maintained a home in France but frequently returned to Vienna to perform on stage and that was where he died of a heart attack in 1982. He was interred in the city's Zentralfriedhof. Jurgens had suffered another heart attack several years before. During this he had a terrifying experience where he claimed he
died and went to hell.
MOONRAKER
Sir Hugo Drax
Sir Hugo Drax is a fictional character and villain created by author Ian Fleming for the James Bond novel Moonraker. For the film and novelisation, Drax was largely transformed by screenwriter Christopher Wood. In the film, Drax is played by actor Michael Lonsdale.
Hugo Drax is a billionaire living in California in a ch�teau that was imported from France. He owns Drax Industries, which constructs space shuttles. In addition, Drax supposedly owns the Eiffel Tower, but
apparently couldn't export it from France because they wouldn't issue him an export licence.
In a scheme similar to that of Karl Stromberg's plan, Drax sought to destroy the entire human race except for a small group of carefully selected humans, both male and female, that would leave Earth and start over on a space station in Earth's orbit. Using biological weapons created by Drax's scientists he would wipe out the remaining human race. After a period of time when the biological agents no longer had any effect, Drax and his master race would return to Earth to reinhabit the planet. These humans would supposedly be extremely loyal to him and live in harmony with one another.
In Drax's plan, the biological agents were to be dispersed around the earth from a series of fifty strategically placed globes, each containing enough toxin to kill one hundred million people. Only three globes had been launched when the station was destroyed, taking with it the threat from the other forty-seven globes. After the station is destroyed, Bond returns to Earth and uses the guns mounted to the shuttle to destroy the remaining three globes.
Bond and his companion, CIA Agent Dr Holly Goodhead, commandeer one of Drax's space shuttles and blast off to his orbiting space station. There with the help of Goodhead, Jaws and a combination of British
and American space soldiers, Bond foils Drax's plan by destroying the space station. Drax is sucked out into space after Bond shoots Drax with his wrist dart gun.
FOR YOUR EYES ONLY
Julian Glover
Julian Wyatt Glover (born March 27, 1935) is a British actor.
Glover was born in London, the son of Gordon Glover, a BBC radio producer, and Honor Wyatt, a close friend of the novelist Barbara Pym. He trained at the National Youth Theatre and performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company. During the 1960s and 1970s, Glover frequently appeared in British television shows, including Doctor Who and By the Sword Divided. He also appeared in films such as 1967's Quartermass and the Pit. He made some of his most notable appearances during the 1980s as the Imperial General Maximilian Veers in The Empire Strikes Back (1980), the ruthless villain Aristotle Kristatos in the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only (1981) and the deceptive American villain
Walter Donovan in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989).
OCTOPUSSY
Louis Jourdan
Louis Jourdan (born June 19, 1919) is a French actor, known chiefly for his suave manner and good looks.
Born Louis Gendre in Marseille, France, he was educated in France, Turkey and England and trained as an actor at the Ecole Dramatique. He made his film debut in 1939. Following the German occupation of France during World War II, he continued to make films but after refusing to participate in Nazi propaganda films, he joined the French Resistance. After the 1944 liberation of France by the Allies, Louis Jourdan
married Berthe Frederique with whom he had a son.
In 1947, Jourdan accepted an offer from a Hollywood studio to appear in The Paradine Case, an Alfred Hitchcock drama starring Gregory Peck. There, he became friends with several stars who shared his love of the game of croquet. After a number of American films, his most notable work was in the 1954 light-hearted comedy-romance, Three Coins in the Fountain following which he made his Broadway debut in the lead role in the Billy Rose drama, The Immoralist. He returned to Broadway for a short run in 1955 and that year made his US television debut as Inspector Beaumont in the series Paris Precinct.
During the 1950s, Louis Jourdan made several international films including playing the male lead in La Mari�e est trop belle opposite Brigitte Bardot. However, he is best remembered as the romantic lead opposite Leslie Caron and Maurice Chevalier in the 1958 film version of the Colette novel, Gigi. The film earned nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. In later years, Jourdan appeared in a number of films, playing the part of the villain, including 1977's Count Dracula and in the 1983 James Bond film, Octopussy, he was cast as "Kamal Khan," a Bond villain.
Tragedy struck when his son died of a drug overdose in 1981. Louis Henry Jourdan was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.
Louis Jourdan has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6153 and 6445 Hollywood Blvd. He is
retired and living in the south of France.
Steven Berkoff (born August 3, 1937) is an actor, writer and director. He lives in London, in the area
called Docklands.
Max Zorin
Max Zorin was the main villain of the James Bond film A View to a Kill played by Christopher Walken.
Zorin was a leading French business man, operating on the microchip market. His plan is simple: To destroy his only competition in Silicon Valley by triggering a massive earthquake in the San Andreas Fault.
His untimely death comes when he is thrown off the Golden Gate Bridge in
San Francisco.
Christopher Walken
Ronald Walken (born March 31, 1943), known professionally as Christopher Walken, is an American film, television and theatre actor best known for playing menacing or psychologically damaged characters. He was born in Queens, New York, and has been married to casting director, Georgianne Walken, since 1969.
Walken initially trained as a dancer in musical theatre before moving on to more serious roles in theatre and then film. A select number of his movies include dance moves that he has worked in, reflecting this early background.
He has been in nearly one hundred movies and television shows since 1953, including The Dead Zone (1983), Brainstorm (1983), A View to a Kill (1985), Batman Returns (1991) True Romance (1993), Pulp Fiction (1994) and Catch Me If You Can (2002). He was George Lucas' second choice for Han Solo after Harrison Ford. He also has won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in The Deer Hunter (1978) where he played alongside Robert De Niro. He was nominated again in 2002 for Catch Me if You Can.
He also has a considerable body of work in the theatre with over one hundred plays to his credit. He won the Clarence Derwent award for his performance in The Lion in Winter in 1966 and an Obie for his 1975 performance in Kid Champion. He has performed the main role in a number of Shakespeare plays�notably Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet and Coriolanus.
He tried his hand at writing and directing with the short five minute film Popcorn Shrimp in 2001.
He is also a frequent guest on Saturday Night Live where he has a recurring character and sketch called "The Continental". Another skit for which Walken has become famous was a spoof recording session for Blue �yster Cult's "Don't Fear the Reaper." Playing a music producer, he repeatedly stopped the recording to request "more cowbell!" This sketch has become a huge cult hit.
He has also starred in two music videos. His first video role was as Madonna's guardian angel in her 1993
"Bad Girl" video and the second appearance was in Fatboy Slim's Weapon of Choice video in 2001.
THE LIVING DAYLIGHTS
Joe Don Baker
Joe Don Baker (born February 12, 1936 in Groesbeck, Texas) is an American film actor best known for his three appearances in the James Bond franchise. Baker got his start in acting as an uncredited character in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, but his real beginnings came when he scored the role of Steve McQueen's younger brother in the film Junior Bonner. He would later star as the main character in the 1973 film Walking Tall, a film that was remade in 2004 starring The
Rock.
Joe Don Baker appeared in a couple of films that were eventually lampooned on the Mystery Science Theater 3000 television series. This included the films Mitchell and Final Justice. Baker was reportedly incensed by his portrayal as an ignorant redneck in these episodes, allegedly at one point threatening to assault the writers of the show.
While actor Carroll O'Connor was undergoing heart bypass surgery, Baker took his place on the television series In the Heat of the Night. Baker appeared as Captain Tom Duggan, a retired police captain who filled in while O'Connor's character was away at a police convention.
In 1987, Baker got the role of the villain Brad Whitaker in the Bond film The Living Daylights, starring Timothy Dalton as James Bond. In 1995 and 1997 Baker returned to the Bond franchise, this time playing a different character, Jack Wade, in GoldenEye and Tomorrow Never Dies with Pierce Brosnan as Bond. He is one of six actors to have played two separate roles in the official James Bond cinema franchise, preceded by Charles Gray, Walter Gotell, Jeremy Bulloch, Maud Adams and Robert Brown. The character of Wade is similar to that of CIA agent Darius Jedburgh, played by Baker in the 1985 BBC Television serial Edge of Darkness. This serial was directed by Martin Campbell, who also
cast Baker as Wade in GoldenEye.
LICENCE TO KILL
Robert Davi
Robert Davi (born 1953) is an American character actor who tends to play primarily villains. He is known for his rugged, pock-marked features and impressive stature. Davi is perhaps best remembered for his role as the villain Franz S�nchez in the James Bond film Licence to Kill.
He starred in NBC's Profiler and has a recurring role on Stargate Atlantis.
GOLDENEYE
Sean Bean
Sean Mark Bean (born April 17, 1959) is a British actor from Sheffield, Yorkshire.
He worked for his father's welding firm before becoming an actor. He made his acting debut in 1983 in theatre at Watermill Theatre in Newbury, Berkshire, England as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet. He is best known for his role as the fictional character Boromir in The Lord of the Rings movie series and, in the United Kingdom, as Richard Sharpe in the television series. This fact of his popularity in the Sharpe series was made into an in-joke in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. Bean was also featured in the Moby music video We Are All Made of Stars. He's been married and divorced three
times and has three daughters: Lorna, Molly and Evi.
TOMORROW NEVER DIES
Jonathan Pryce
Jonathan Pryce (born June 1, 1947) is a British actor born in Hollywell, Wales.
In 1974 he married actress Kate Fahy and they have three children. Pryce appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company during the 1970s. A Welsh speaker, he appeared at the concert to launch the
National Assembly for Wales, reciting poetry by Dafydd ap Gwilym.
THE WORLD IS NOT ENOUGH
Robert Carlyle
Robert Carlyle (born April 14, 1961) is a Scottish movie actor, who is considered by many to be one of the best British actors of the modern era.
Carlyle, born in Glasgow, was abandoned by his mother at the age of four. Inspired after reading Arthur Miller's The Crucible, he enrolled in acting class at the age of twenty-one, at the Glasgow Arts Centre. In 1991, he and four friends founded an acting company. He first came to the attention of the public as a psychotic murderer in an episode of Cracker (in which he killed Christopher Eccleston among others), but was soon playing a more sympathetic role, that of Highland policeman, Hamish McBeth, in the BBC comedy-drama of the same name.
In 1997, Carlyle got married to Anastasia Shirley. In 2002, she gave birth to their first child, daughter Ava.
Carlyle is perhaps best remembered for his work in The Full Monty, a comedy movie about a group of men who must perform striptease to earn their living. Another memorable role was that of the villain
Renard in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough.
Sophie Marceau
Sophie Marceau (November 17, 1966) is a French actress.
Born Sophie Dani�le Sylvie Maupu in Paris, France, at the age of fourteen she played in the teenager movie La Boum (1980). Overnight, the film elevated her to teenage idol status in France and many other European countries. In 1983, she was honoured with a Cesar Award, France's equivalent of an Oscar, for "Most Promising Actress".
Two years later the less funny but more sentimental sequel La Boum 2 (1982) increased her popularity further. At age sixteen she played a more demanding role in Form Saganne (1984), where her partners were Gerard Depardieu and Catherine Deneuve. The same year she played with Jean-Paul Belmondo in Joyeuses P�ques (1984).
She showed her dramatic skills in films directed by her long-time companion, director Andrzej Zulawski: L'Amour braque (1985), Mes nuits sont plus belles que vos jours (1989), La Note bleue (1991) and La Fid�lit� (2000).
Marceau rose to international stardom playing the part of Princess Isabelle in Mel Gibson's epic Braveheart (1995). Following this success, she appeared in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) and as a Bond girl in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough (1999).
Marceau wrote a semi-autobiographical novel Telling Lies (2001), and tried directing, as well. Making her directorial debut in a feature film, Sophie Marceau was awarded "Best Director" by the jury of the 2002 Montreal World Film Festival for her film Parlez-moi d'amour (Speak to Me of Love), starring Judith Godr�che. Prior to this, in 1995, she had made a nine-minute short film, L'Aube � l'envers, which also
starred her friend Godr�che.
DIE ANOTHER DAY
Toby Stephens
Toby Stephens (born April 21, 1969, Middlesex, London) is a British actor best known for his role as Gustav Graves in the 2002 James Bond movie Die Another Day. Stephens, the son of Maggie Smith and Sir Robert Stephens began his film career with the role of Othello in 1992'sOrlando. He regularly appears
on television and stage.
Donald "Red" Grant
"Red" Grant is a fictional character in the James Bond novel and film From Russia With Love. In the film, Grant is a henchman for the villain Rosa Klebb. Red Grant is played by actor Robert Shaw.
Red Grant, a.k.a. Donald Grant, works for SPECTRE and is assigned the task of assassinating James Bond to avenge the death of Dr Julius No. The pre-title sequence in From Russia With Love shows Bond and Grant searching for one another where in the end Grant kills Bond only to have a mask removed to reveal that the person is not Bond and that the whole thing was a training mission for Grant.
Although it's Grant's mission to kill Bond, the early part of the film shows Grant taking on the role of Bond's protector to ensure Bond delivered the Lektor encoding device. Grant is killed when Bond
outsmarts him with the use of Q-branch's attach� case.
Robert Shaw
Robert Shaw (August 9, 1927 � August 28, 1978) was an English actor and writer. His best-known film performances include the henchman Red Grant in the James Bond film From Russia With Love (1963), Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966), Doyle Lonegan in The Sting (1973) and Quint in Jaws (1975).
He was an accomplished writer as well as a respected actor, adapting his own novel The Man in the Glass Booth for the stage but asking for his credit to be removed from the filmed version.
He played "the Priest" in the beautifully named A Town Called Bastard
(1971).
Walter Gotell
Walter Gotell (March 15, 1924 � May 5, 1997) was a German actor famous for his role as General Gogol in the Bond films.
Born in Bonn, Germany he started in films as early as 1942 usually playing German henchmen. During the 1950s he moved into making TV guest appearances on such shows as The Saint. Beginning in the 1970s he played the recurring role of General Gogol in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. The character returned in Moonraker (1979), For Your Eyes Only (1981), Octopussy (1983), A View to a Kill (1985) and The Living Daylights (1987). However, the Gogol character was not his first role in a Bond film; in 1963, he played the henchman Morzeny in From Russia With Love.
He died in 1997 from cancer.
GOLDFINGER
Oddjob
Oddjob is a henchman to the villain Auric Goldfinger in the James Bond film and novel, Goldfinger. In the film he was played by Korean-American, Harold Sakata.
Oddjob was silent and never said a word throughout the entire novel and film. He is skilled in martial arts, specifically karate. His trademark weapon is a steel-brimmed bowler hat which he throws with deadly effect. In both the film and the novel, he is responsible for the death of Tilly Masterson, whom he decapitates by throwing his hat while she attempts to escape on foot.
Oddjob is extremely strong, demonstrating his strength in a number of scenes, including one where he crushes a golf ball with his bare hand. He was outmanoeuvred when Bond threw his hat into some metal bars in the Fort Knox vault. When Oddjob reached to retrieve his hat, Bond used a severed live electrical cable to electrify the bars, causing a deadly current
to run from the bars to the hat to Oddjob, killing him.
Harold Sakata
Toshiyuki "Harold" Sakata (July 1, 1920 � July 29, 1982) was a film actor most famous for his role as the villain "Oddjob" in the James Bond film Goldfinger.
Toshiyuki Sakata was born on July 1, 1920 in Holualoa, Hawaii, of Japanese descent; when he moved to mainland America he began to go by the more Western name "Harold." He spent his early life training as a weightlifter and won a silver medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London; he also did a stint as a professional wrestler under the name "Tosh Togo."
Bond producers Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli took notice of Sakata because his heavy build�he stood 1.85 metres and weighed 129 kilograms�coupled with his intimidating gaze made him the perfect choice for the part of Oddjob. He had no acting background at all, but the character was mute and required little theatrical skill.
As Oddjob, he was bodyguard to Bond villain Auric Goldfinger and his sharpened, steel-brimmed bowler hat became a famous and much-parodied trademark of the Bond series. He appeared in several other movies in similar roles and took on "Oddjob" as a middle name.
He also appeared in a series of TV commercials for cough syrup, the premise of which was that he had a severe cough, causing him to smash everything in sight until someone gave him cough syrup.
Sakata died on July 29, 1982 in Honolulu, Hawaii, of cancer.
THUNDERBALL
Robert Wilson Simmons
Robert Wilson Simmons (March 29, 1919 � September 26, 1954), better known as Bob Simmons, was an early surfing pioneer, and considered to be the father of the modern surfboard.
Simmons was born in Los Angeles, California. During his early teens, he developed a tumour on his left ankle which nearly caused his leg to be amputated. After beating the cancer, Bob was involved in a serious bicycle collision and, while staying in the hospital, he was advised to try surfing. He first got on a surfboard at age twenty at Newport Beach, California. In 1954, Bob drowned while surfing at Windansea,
California.
Karin Dor (born February 22, 1936 in Wiesbaden, Germany) is a German actress who also starred in
British (You Only Live Twice) and American films (Alfred Hitchcock's Topaz).
DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER
Mr Wint & Mr Kidd
Mr Wint and Mr Kidd are fictional characters in the James Bond novel and film Diamonds Are Forever. In the novel, Wint and Kidd are members of the Spangled Mob. In the film they are henchmen for the villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld. In the film Mr Wint is played by actor Bruce Glover and Mr Kidd is played by Putter Smith.
Mr Wint and his partner Mr Kidd are assassins working for Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Their assignment is to kill everyone in the "pipeline" that are connected to the diamonds being smuggled to Blofeld.
Several scenes in the film strongly suggest that Mr Wint and Mr Kidd are involved in more than just a professional relationship. The two are seen arm-in-arm in a more-than-friendly pose on two occasions. Also, when the two are on the same flight as smuggler and Bond girl Tiffany Case, Mr Kidd says that she is "quite attractive;" Mr Wint gives him a nasty look before Mr Kidd qualifies his comment with the words "for a lady."
The two use numerous methods of killing their targets (or trying to), some highly creative:
Placing a scorpion down the shirt of a South African dentist.
Using a radio-controlled bomb to blow up a helicopter shortly after killing the dentist.
Sealing Bond in a coffin and sending him into a crematorium furnace.
Tying the feet of Plenty O'Toole to a concrete block and throwing her into a swimming pool.
Putting Bond into a length of pipeline to be buried in the desert outside Las Vegas.
Their final attempt to kill Bond and Case takes place on a cruise liner after Bond foils Blofeld's plot. They pose as stewards in the couple's suite, serving them a romantic dinner complete with dessert. However, when Bond remembers the smell of Mr Wint's aftershave and links it to his prior misadventures, the pair immediately turn against him. Mr Kidd then ignites the kebabs he is holding in both hands, aiming to burn Bond alive while Mr Wint holds him. During the struggle, Case throws the dessert at one of the pair; she misses, and the dessert turns out to be concealing a bomb. Bond first neutralises Mr Kidd by splashing brandy on the kebabs and his clothes, setting him on fire. Within seconds, he is burning uncontrollably, and in desperation jumps overboard. The film portrays Mr Kidd as dead when he hits the water. Then, Bond gains the upper hand against Mr Wint, pulling his arms between his legs and tying his hands and the bomb together with his coattails. Bond then
throws Mr Wint overboard, and the bomb explodes while he is falling toward the water.
Bruce Glover (born May 2, 1932 in Chicago) is an American actor most famous for his role of assassin Mr Wint in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever. He is also the father of actor Crispin
Glover.
Putter Smith (born Patrick Smith in 1941, California, USA) is an American jazz bassist and actor, who
played Mr Kidd in the James Bond film, Diamonds Are Forever.
Bruce Cabot
Bruce Cabot (April 20, 1904 � May 3, 1972) was an American film actor.
Born Etienne Pelissier Jacques de Bujac in Carlsbad, New Mexico, Cabot made his film debut in 1931 and during the course of his career appeared in almost one hundred feature films.
His most widely seen performance was in King Kong (1933) opposite Fay Wray.
Among his other films are Fury (1936), The Last of the Mohicans (1936), Dodge City (1939), Susan and God (1940), The Quiet American (1965) and Cat Ballou (1966). Cabot continued acting into the early 1970s, with many of his later performances being supporting roles in John Wayne films. A lifelong friend of Wayne, they first acted together in Angel and the Badman (1947). The eleven films in which they appeared together include The Comancheros (1961), The Green Berets (1968), The Undefeated (1969) and Chisum (1970).
Cabot's final film appearance was in Diamonds Are Forever (1971).
He was married twice, to the actresses Adrienne Ames and Francesca De Scaffa.
He died in Woodland Hills, California from lung cancer and throat cancer.
LIVE AND LET DIE
Julius W. Harris
Julius W. Harris, (1923, Philadelphia � October 17, 2004 Woodland Hills, California) was an American actor who played in more than seventy movies and on television in a career that spanned four decades.
His first big role was as a father in Nothing But a Man, a critically acclaimed 1964 film about black life in the South starring Ivan Dixon and Abbey Lincoln.
Some of his other famous roles included Tee Hee in the James Bond film Live and Let Die, Scatter in Superfly and Ugandan President Idi Amin in the television movie Victory at Entebbe.
He was a member of the Negro Ensemble Company in New York City.
THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN GUN
Nick Nack
Nick Nack is a fictional character in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun. He was played by French actor Herv� Villechaize. Nick Nack was an all-around personal assistant to Francisco Scaramanga. He was Scaramanga's butler, housekeeper and chef, as well as a henchman to Scaramanga's criminal activities.
A distinctive feature of Nick Nack was his height, standing at only one metre.
Although Nick Nack was very loyal to Scaramanga, at times he would hire other assassins to kill Scaramanga. Scaramanga would tolerate this as a means to practice his skills, but Nick Nack was also the sole heir to Scaramanga's estate and if the assassin were to succeed Nick Nack would inherit everything.
After Scaramanga's demise, Nick Nack was captured in a suitcase by Bond; his current status is
unknown.
Herv� Villechaize
Herv� Villechaize (April 23, 1943 � September 4, 1993) was a famous French actor who was born in Paris and achieved world-wide recognition with his role as Tattoo in the television series Fantasy Island (1978-
1984). He was also well known for playing the henchman Nick Nack in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun.
Villechaize suffered from dwarfism due to a thyroid dysfunction throughout his life despite his sergeant father's attempts to cure the disease in several institutions. He insisted on being typed a midget which irritated activists like Billy Barty who felt that kind of euphemism hurt their cause. After receiving his initial art training in France, he left for the USA, where he continued his career as an artist and photographer.
His first movie appearance was in Chappaqua in 1966, which was followed by several films including Crazy Joe, Seizure and The Forbidden Zone. He proved a difficult, though popular, actor on Fantasy Island where he continually hit on women and quarrelled with the producers. He was eventually fired, but the show jumped the shark at this move and was soon cancelled.
As a consequence of his health problems and troubles in his professional career, Villechaize became alcoholic and depressive in the last few years of his life. In 1993, he shot himself at his home and was
found by his wife, Kathy Self. He died in hospital in North Hollywood, California as a result of his injuries.
THE SPY WHO LOVED ME
Jaws
Jaws is a fictional assassin in the James Bond franchise. He was played by Richard Kiel and first appeared in the movie The Spy Who Loved Me as a henchman to the villain, Karl Stromberg. He would later appear in the sequel Moonraker as a henchman to the villain Hugo Drax. However, in this second appearance, his character was changed from that of a ruthless and unstoppable killing machine to more of a comedy figure. He eventually turns against Drax and helps Bond to defeat him, and also gains a girlfriend.
Jaws gets his name from having strong steel braces covering his teeth that could bite through virtually anything. During filming Kiel would only wear the steel teeth for a couple of minutes because they hurt so much. In addition to having steel braces, Jaws was also 2.10 metres tall and extremely strong which forces Bond to be especially inventive while fighting him. Furthermore, he has an uncanny ability to survive any misfortune seemingly
completely unscathed and come back to challenge Bond again.
Richard Kiel (born September 13, 1939 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American actor best known for his role as "Jaws" in the James Bond movies The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. He also portrayed an alien
on a famous episode of The Twilight Zone entitled "To Serve Man".
OCTOPUSSY
Kabir Bedi
Kabir Bedi (born January 16, 1946) is an Indian-born international film actor.
He was born in Lahore. He was married to Odissi dancer Protima Bedi. Their daughter Pooja Bedi was an
actress in Hindi films. He is currently married to Nikki Bedi.
A VIEW TO A KILL
May Day
May Day is a fictional character in the James Bond film A View to a Kill, played by actress Grace Jones.
May Day is the henchman and lover of chief villain Max Zorin. She is portrayed as the head of an all-female group of guards for Zorin. She also has superhuman strength; in one scene, she memorably lifts a man over her head with no apparent effort.
Early in the film, she kills Bond's French contact using a poisoned stage prop. Bond then goes on a memorable chase to try to track her down. She first climbs the Eiffel Tower, with Bond in pursuit, and then parachutes from the structure. Bond then tries to follow her in a car, but she eventually gets away.
May Day and Bond next encounter one another at Zorin's horse farm during his annual thoroughbred sale. The two share an intimate evening, but shortly afterwards, she kills Bond's MI6 companion Sir Godfrey Tibbett while he is taking a Rolls-Royce through a car wash, and then collaborates with Zorin to try to drown Bond in that car.
She is one of a select few henchmen to switch sides during a Bond film. The switch comes after Zorin floods a mine near Silicon Valley which he is using in his scheme to destroy the region, thereby cornering the market in microchips. Bond and companion Stacey Sutton try to escape the mine, with May Day in pursuit; Sutton gets away, but Bond and May Day fall into the floodwaters.
Once the waters start to subside, the two wind up together again, and see the bodies of some of her colleagues. She is immediately angry at Zorin, and is more than willing to help Bond foil Zorin's plan. The pair then go to a fault where Zorin has set a nuclear bomb whose detonation would cause a massive earthquake that would lead to the flooding of Silicon Valley. She uses her strength to lower Bond to the bomb, lift Bond and the bomb back to the surface, and put the bomb on a handcar to send it out of the mine on an existing railroad line. However, the brakes on the car malfunction and unexpectedly activate. May Day realises that the bomb can only be removed from the mine if she stays on the car and holds the brakes open. Bond tries to get her to jump and save herself, but she tells Bond about the brake problem. Her last words to Bond are "Get Zorin for me!"
As Zorin and his remaining henchmen are sitting in an airship over San Francisco Bay, looking at the culmination of their plan, they suddenly see May Day exiting the mine with the bomb. Zorin suddenly says "May Day!", and the camera then changes to focus on her giving Zorin a defiant stare. The bomb
then explodes, killing her, but foiling Zorin's master plan.
Grace Jones (May 19, 1952) born Grace Mendoza, in
Spanish Town, Kingston, Jamaica is a model, singer and actress.
Jones is known for her post-modern costuming and performance, at which she dressed in men's clothing and gorilla suits. She gained a reputation for temperament after she physically attacked British chat show host, Russell Harty, because he turned his back on her to speak to another guest.
Musically, she began singing disco, then moved on into quirky pop and reggae, featuring big names in Jamaican music on albums such as Nightclubbing. Later, she recorded hip-hop flavoured dance music.
She was a Bond girl in A View to a Kill, a 1985 movie in the James Bond series of films. She later had a role in the 1992 Eddie Murphy film Boomerang. In 1986 she was a vampire in the film Vamp. Earlier in her acting career, she starred alongside future governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger and NBA legend Wilt Chamberlain in 1984's Conan the Destroyer.
She appeared in the September 1987 issue of Playboy
magazine.
Alison Doody
Alison Doody (born January 1, 1966 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish actress and the youngest of three children.
She was forced to pull out of the role of �owyn in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy when she became pregnant. Miranda Otto took over the role. She is probably best known for her portrayal of Dr Elsa Schneider in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Jenny Flex in the James Bond
film A View to a Kill.
THE LIVING DAYLIGHTS
Jeroen Krabb�
Jeroen Krabb� (born December 5, 1944 in Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands) is a Dutch actor and film director.
He first came to prominence in fellow Dutch countryman Paul Verhoeven's films Soldaat van Oranje opposite Rutger Hauer and De Vierde man with Ren�e Soutendijk.
His first big American film was the mediocre Whoopi Goldberg comedy Jumpin' Jack Flash. However, it is as the "bad guy" in a string of international films from the late 1980s which brought him international stardom, with notable films being No Mercy, (1986), the James Bond film The Living Daylights, (1987), The Punisher, (1990) and The Fugitive, (1993). He has also appeared in numerous TV productions including the last episode of Dynasty and as Satan in the TV production Jesus.
He has also been both director and producer recently with a poignant film about Jews during the 1970s in the Netherlands co-starring Isabella Rossellini and Maximilian Schell called Left Luggage made in 1998 and the Harry Mulisch novel adapted into film The Discovery of Heaven.
Apart from acting and directing he is an accomplished artist (his paintings have graced Dutch stamps) and co-authored a Dutch cookbook. In November 2004 he released the book schilder, which is an overview of his paintings.
He has also been immortalised in wax at the Amsterdam Madame Tussaud's Wax museum.
LICENCE TO KILL
Benicio del Toro
Benicio del Toro (born February 19, 1967) is an actor. He was born in San German, Puerto Rico and grew up in Santurce, a district of San Juan, Puerto Rico. His parents, Gustavo del Toro and Fausta Sanchez-del Toro, were both lawyers. Benicio's mother died of hepatitis when he was nine years old.
Benicio attended Academia del Perpetuo Socorro (The Academy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help), a Catholic school in Miramar, Puerto Rico. At age thirteen, he moved to Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and attended Mercersburg Academy, a boarding school.
He received a best supporting actor Oscar for his role in Traffic.
Wayne Newton
Carson Wayne Newton (born April 3, 1942) is an American singer and entertainer based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He has performed over twenty-five thousand concerts in Las Vegas over a period of over forty years, earning him the nickname Mr Las Vegas. His longevity and popularity has made him almost synonymous with Las Vegas itself. He still performs at the Stardust resort in Las Vegas for forty weeks of the year.
Born in Norfolk, Virginia, Wayne Newton was active in show business at an early age. He learned the piano, guitar and steel guitar at the age of six. Along with his older brother Jerry Newton, he appeared with the Grand Ole Opry road shows, performed for President Harry S. Truman, and auditioned unsuccessfully for Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour.
Wayne's severe asthma forced the family to move to Phoenix, Arizona in 1952. In the spring of 1958, toward the end of Wayne's junior year in high school, a Las Vegas booking agent saw a local TV show on which the two Newton brothers were performing and took them back with him for an audition. Originally signed
for two weeks, the two brothers eventually performed for five years, doing six shows a day.
GOLDENEYE
Alan Cumming
Alan Cumming (born January 27, 1965 in Perthshire, Scotland), is an actor of stage and screen, possibly best known for his performance in the film X2 as Nightcrawler.
After graduating from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in 1985, Cumming appeared in a six part series on British Television called Shadow of the Stone with Shirley Henderson in 1986. In 1991, he played the lead in a BBC Christmas special, Bernard and the Genie opposite Lenny Henry, and went on to star in the Scottish sitcom, The High Life, for which he also wrote the theme music, playing airline steward "Sebastian Flight".
He has often been utilised as a character actor�he was the hedonistic Lord Rochester in Plunkett and Macleane (1997) as well as the evil scientist Fegan Floop in Spy Kids and its sequels, directed by Robert Rodriguez.
Perhaps one of Cumming's most acclaimed performances was as the charismatic Emcee in the 1998 Broadway revival of the popular stage musical Cabaret, for which he won a Tony as well as other awards that year.
His other stage roles have included Otto in the 2001 Broadway production of Design for Living by Noel Coward, the title role in the 1993 English Touring Theatre production of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, and "The Madman" in the 1990 Royal National Theatre production of Accidental Death of An Anarchist by Dario Fo.
In 2001 Cumming co-wrote and co-directed the ensemble film The Anniversary Party with friend Jennifer Jason Leigh, which they both starred in as a Hollywood couple.
His first novel "Tommy's Tale" was published in 2002 and he was one half of Victor and Barry with Forbes Masson, a comedy act revolving around two members of a Glasgow amateur theatre group.
He lives in New York and London with his dog Honey.
Xenia Onatopp
Xenia Onatopp is a fictional character in the James Bond film GoldenEye, played by actress Famke Janssen.
Onatopp, born in the Republic of Georgia when it was a part of the Soviet Union, was a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Force. After the collapse of the USSR, she joined the crime syndicate Janus, led by renegade MI6 agent Alec Trevelyan. Early in the movie, Bond is involved in a car chase with her, meets her at a party and then places her under surveillance.
She encounters Bond two more times during the film, attempting to thigh-crush him on both occasions. The first time, Bond gets away and forces her to lead him to Janus. The second time is after he and Natalya Simonova, the only innocent survivor of the Severnaya attack, enter Cuba to stop Trevelyan.
Onatopp rappels from a helicopter onto Bond, who is just awakening, and quickly gains the upper hand in their battle. She gets Bond into position to crush his chest; just as Bond is ready to pass out from the pressure of her thighs, he connects the rope she rappelled down to her safety harness, and then grabs a nearby submachine gun and kills the helicopter's pilot. The chopper veers away, pulling Onatopp off Bond. She is then trapped in the fork of a tree, with her chest being crushed by her safety harness. She dies just before the chopper crashes. After Onatopp's death, Bond's quip to Natalya is "She always did
enjoy a good squeeze."
Famke Janssen
Famke Janssen (born November 5, 1965) is a Dutch actress.
Janssen was born in Amsterdam. When she moved to the US in 1984 she began her professional career as a model and worked for Yves Saint Laurent. After studying stagecraft at Columbia University she moved to Los Angeles where she appeared in guest roles on TV series (such as Star Trek: The Next Generation and Melrose Place). Soon after, she appeared in the first Pierce Brosnan James Bond film GoldenEye making an impression on the cinema world as Xenia
Onatopp. She is best known for her roles in Lord of Illusions, Rounders, X-Men, Deep Rising and X2.
TOMORROW NEVER DIES
Ricky Jay
Ricky Jay (born Richard Potash in Brooklyn, New York, 1948) is an American actor and professional sleight-of-hand artist.
Ricky Jay is known for his signature card tricks, card throwing, feats of memory and inimitable stage patter. At least two of his shows, "Ricky Jay and His 52 Assistants," and "On the Stem," were directed by David Mamet, who has cast Jay in a number of his films. He has also appeared in films by other directors, notably Boogie Nights.
When not performing, he collects rare books and artefacts, has worked with libraries and museums on their collections and is the author of several books such as Learned Pigs and Fireproof Women and Cards As Weapons and a newsletter.
Up until recently Ricky Jay was listed in the Guinness Book of Records for throwing a playing card 60 metres at 145 kilometres per hour and can throw a playing card into a watermelon rind from ten paces.
Mr Jay created a consulting firm called "Deceptive Practices," which provides "Arcane Knowledge on a Need-To-Know Basis." Among his firm's clients are the stage,
television and film industries.
Goldie
Clifford Price, better known as Goldie (born December 28, 1965 in Wolverhampton) is a British electronic music artist, disc jockey and actor. As a musician he works mainly within the jungle and drum and bass genres, and has helped to promote these styles globally. As an actor he continues to develop his skills both on the big screen and on TV.
Goldie has had roles in movies, most notably the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough and in Guy Ritchie's gangster flick, Snatch. He has also acted on the British soap opera Eastenders.
Goldie has also appeared on Celebrity Big Brother in 2002 to aid of a number of charities. As a TV presenter he presented Crime Business on digital television channels Bravo and FTN, and presented The World's Deadliest Gangs on Bravo.
He is currently married to Sonjia Ashby, although he was romantically involved with singer Bj�rk for several years (they broke up around September 19, 1996). Goldie is well known for his efforts to keep his private life out of the tabloids, and spends great effort to avoid having his
photo taken during his downtime.
Jeff Nuttall
Jeff Nuttall (July 8, 1933 � January 4, 2004) was an English poet, publisher, actor, painter, sculptor, jazz trumpeter, anarchist sympathiser and social commentator who was a key part of the British 1960s counter-culture.
Nuttall was born in Clitheroe, Lancashire, and grew up in Herefordshire. He studied painting in the years after the World War II and began publishing poetry in the early 1960s. Together with Bob Cobbing, he founded the influential Writers Forum Press and writers workshop. He also associated with many of the American beat generation writers, especially William Burroughs. His 1968 book Bomb Culture was one of the key texts of the countercultural revolution of the time, a work which drew the links between the emergence of alternatives to mainstream societal norms and the threatening backdrop of potential nuclear cataclysm. Nuttall was one of the pioneers of the happening in Britain.
Nuttall served as Chairman of the National Poetry Society from 1975 to 1976, a period when the Society briefly served as a home for the British Poetry Revival. He was poetry critic for a number of national newspapers and was the Poetry Society nominee for Poet Laureate but was overlooked in favour of Ted Hughes.
Nuttall worked as an art teacher. In his later life he appeared in several films and on TV. His Selected Poems was
published in 2003.
Rick Yune
Rick Yune (born August 22, 1971) is a Korean-American actor. He was born in Seoul, South Korea, and recently appeared in the James Bond movie Die Another Day as Zao, a North Korean extremist military officer who hopes to reunify the two Koreas by wiping out the US troops stationed in South Korea. Generally popular among young people of South Korea until then, he became the subject of fierce criticism for his role in the movie, viewed as ignorant of Koreans and humouring the tense political situation between the
two Koreas.
SMERSH
SMERSH was featured in Ian Fleming's early James Bond novels and films as 007's nemesis. SMERSH is a conjunction of two Russian words: "Smyert Shpionam", which means "Death to Spies". Though Fleming's SMERSH was supposed to be modelled on the real SMERSH organisation, the novels had SMERSH as a massive Soviet counterintelligence operation aimed at sending operatives abroad to subvert the West with an additional goal of killing western spies, particularly Bond.
The novel, Casino Royale, breaks SMERSH down into five departments:
Department I: In charge of counterintelligence among Soviet organizations at home and abroad.
Department II: Operations, including executions.
Department III: Administration and finance.
Department IV: Investigations and legal work. Personnel.
Department V: Prosecutions�the section which passes final judgment on all victims.
SMERSH made its longest-lasting impact on Bond in Casino Royale when a SMERSH agent carved a Russian letter (representing SMERSH) into the back of his hand. Despite skin grafts, a faint scar remained on Bond's hand which was referenced numerous times in future novels.
The film version of The Living Daylights, the expanded plot (an extension of the short story) was based around a faked re-activation of SMERSH, it having been defunct for twenty years prior to the film. A few passing references to SMERSH can also be found in the James Bond novels of John Gardner, most notably Icebreaker.
In later novels, as well as in the James Bond movies, Bond's archenemy became SPECTRE. Film versions of books in which SMERSH was featured either substituted SPECTRE or made the villains independent operatives, although in From Russia with Love Bond initially thinks he is combating SMERSH only to find that the film's villains are actually
working for SPECTRE.
SPECTRE
The SPecial Executive for Counterintelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion (SPECTRE) is a fictional terrorist organisation led by Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Appearing in Ian Fleming's James Bond novel, Thunderball, and subsequently in a number of James Bond films where it has been the spy's most persistent opponent.
The goal of the organisation is extortion and world domination. The basic strategy of the organisation is illustrated by the analogy of the fighting fish Blofeld keeps in an aquarium in the film version of From Russia With Love. Blofeld notes that one fish is refraining from fighting two others until their fight is concluded. Then, that cunning fish attacks the weakened victor and kills it easily. Thus SPECTRE's main strategy is to instigate conflict between two powerful enemies, namely the superpowers, hoping that they will exhaust themselves and be vulnerable when SPECTRE finally moves in to seize power.
Organisation discipline is notoriously draconian with the penalty for disobedience or failure being death. Furthermore, to heighten the impact of the executions, Blofeld often chooses to focus attention on an innocent member, making it appear his death immanent, only to suddenly strike down the actual target when that person is off guard. Members of SPECTRE are referred to only by numbers within the organisation, presumably as a security measure.
SPECTRE is headed up by the super-villain, Ernst Stavro Blofeld who usually appears accompanied by a white Angora cat in the movies (but not in the books). In the films, the Number 2 of SPECTRE is Emilio Largo who appears for the first and final time in the film Thunderball. The organisation SPECTRE appears or is in some way in control in four James Bond films including:
Dr No
Thunderball
You Only Live Twice.
SPECTRE also appears in Never Say Never Again, the 1983 remake of Thunderball. In the original Bond novel series, SPECTRE first appeared in the book Thunderball. But it appears that after James Bond smashed SPECTRE's plot to blackmail NATO with stolen nuclear weapons, SPECTRE was disbanded. Blofeld continued to cause trouble on his own in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. In the official film series, the organisation is much more resilient, coming back after each defeat by Bond with increasingly grander schemes until its final apparent defeat in You Only Live Twice. After which, Blofeld apparently worked independently in the films On Her Majesty's Secret Service and Diamonds Are Forever, although SPECTRE is mentioned by name one last time in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Blofeld also appears for the last time in the pre-title sequence of 1981's For Your Eyes
Only, where he supposedly finally meets his demise.
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Which British dramatist wrote the 1945 play ‘An Inspector Calls’? | An Inspector Calls - YouTube
An Inspector Calls
Last updated on Jan 24, 2014
An Inspector Calls (1982 BBC TV Film)
An Inspector Calls was a made-for-television adaptation produced by Ronald Smedley for the BBC and broadcast on 17 August 1982. The film was based on the play written by British Dramatist J B Priestley, which was first performed in 1945 in the Soviet Union, and subsequently in the UK in 1946. The play is a three-act drama, and the BBC's ninety-minute film was accordingly filmed in three parts, directed by Michael Simpson. Bernard Hepton starred as Inspector Goole, and the cast included Sarah Berger as Sheila Birling, Nigel Davenport as Arthur Birling, Simon Ward as Gerald Croft, Margaret Tyzack as Sybil Birling and David Sibley as Eric Birling.
| J. B. Priestley |
‘Catriona’, also known as ‘David Balfour’, was the sequel to which novel? | IN-YER-FACE THEATRE
Back catalogue: Stephen Daldry
A Postmodernist Calls: J B Priestley, Stephen Daldry and the British Stage by Aleks Sierz (1999)
Class is a postmodern issue. I have chosen Stephen Daldry 's 1992 production of J. B. Priestley's classic play, An Inspector Calls, as a case study in how class is represented in contemporary British theatre for two reasons. First, because the play itself focuses on the issue of class and, second, because Daldry's version is a good example of how a postmodern style can make an old play look as if it has something new to say about 'now'. The main question is: what does representing class in a postmodern way do to the play's politics?
Although controversial, postmodernism is arguably the best way of describing the condition of today's culture. Since postmodernism is the flavour of the zeitgeist , much of the culture produced in our time bears at least some traces of its influence. Most accounts of postmodernism stress its origins in the failure of the master narratives of the Enlightenment, which used to give us a unified understanding of the world and a clear method for representation in art. As a style, postmodernism is characterised by self-reflexivity, irony, allusiveness. It is cool, stylised, sceptical, parodic, pessimistic. As the cultural expression of a capitalism whose commodities colonise all aspects of life, postmodernism prefers pastiche to authenticity. The political effects of postmodernism are often compared unfavourably with those of modernism - it is seen as an aesthetic that is more concerned with surface than depth, form rather than content, image rather than reality. It prefers a visual playfulness to a deeper engagement with issues. A distinctly postmodern style is usually characterised by a collapse of the distinction between high art and pop culture, a blurring of the boundary between art work and everyday life, and a mixing of different media conventions. Stylistically eclectic, postmodernism often surprises the audience by its daring mix of unusual elements (Lyotard, pp xxiii-xxv, 76-82; Best and Kellner, pp 1-5, 10-16, 25-32, 274-282; Connor, pp 1-23, 132-157; Jameson, pp 1-54; Hutcheon, pp 118-129, 227-231).
Its general popularity has meant that postmodern attitudes touch even a traditional art form such as theatre, especially where theatre is a mass medium - in 1993 -4 as many people went to the theatre in London as watched live football (Casey et al, 1996, pp xix-xx). The most popular form of theatre - the mega-musicals of Andrew Lloyd Webber - are the most commodified in the global market. Their mix of high art and pop culture owes more than a little to postmodern sensibility. Because the main characteristic of theatre is that it is a live experience which explores the nature of representation, much straight theatre is also affected by postmodernism. When the curtain goes up, many in today's comparatively sophisticated audience will ask: what is being represented and how?
An Inspector Calls was written during the Second World War by the Bradford-born left-wing writer and dramatist John Boynton Priestley (1894-1984). Often praised for being "well constructed" and for its theme of "human responsibility" (Atkins, 1981, pp 217, 230; Cook, 1997, p 202), An Inspector Calls was first staged in Moscow in 1945, apparently because there were no London theatres free at the time. A year later, its first London production at the New Theatre starred Alec Guinness and Ralph Richardson. Since then, it has been filmed, shown on BBC television and revived on the London stage in 1974 and 1987. It has also become a staple of amateur drama groups and local repertory companies - most productions use the traditional illusions of a naturalistic drawing-room play to convey its political message.
Its plot combines Priestley's moral socialism with his obsessive interest in theories about the circularity of time. When the mysterious Inspector Goole calls on the Birlings, a prosperous middle-class family celebrating their daughter's engagement, it is gradually revealed that Eva Smith, a young working-class woman, who has just committed suicide, was connected in different ways to each member of the family. The Inspector proves that each member of the family was partly responsible for her death. At the end, while the older Birlings (Mr and Mrs) remain complacent, the Inspector's visit provokes a crisis of conscience in their children (Sheila and Eric). In the play's last moments, the Inspector leaves and time suddenly seems to repeat itself.
Although written in 1944-5, An Inspector Calls is set in 1912, which is Priestley's way of emphasising his point that the middle class is on the edge of destruction (the audience know that this complacent family is just two years away from the abyss of the First World War). In the play script there's a page of stage directions describing the comfort of the Birlings' home: "a fairly large suburban house, belonging to a prosperous manufacturer. It has good solid furniture of the period. The general effect is substantial and heavily comfortable, [�] The lighting should be pink and intimate until the INSPECTOR arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder" (Priestley, 1969, p 161).
Despite all this banal detail, Priestley was not naive about the nature of representation: in the 'Introduction' to his collected plays, he explains that he sets his dramas in "respectable" sitting rooms as a way of persuading people that they were watching a real story - once they were hooked, he would regale them with his moral message (Priestley, 1948, pp vii-viii). A naturalistic mode of representing class is thus a means to a political end.
In An Inspector Calls this is reflected in the play's language. Although Mr Birling constantly mentions his knighthood and Mrs Birling is always on about class, the family's speech is less a reflection of individual personality than of class character: as when Mr Birling says that the Titanic is "unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable" or when Sheila calls Eric a "Chump" (Priestley, 1969, pp 166, 164). The Inspector, significantly, speaks in a different, more rhetorical way. He's an iconic figure, a symbol of justice, a moral reformer who, because he wants to change the world, can afford to ignore class etiquette. Often his language has biblical solemnity: "Public men, Mr Birling, have responsibilities as well as privileges" (p 195). The working class, however, is not represented. It is an absence. Eva Smith never appears - she is a hidden victim.
In Priestley's play the Birlings are shown as a solid middle-class, northern family. It is a world where you dress for dinner, have maid servants and where the ladies withdraw from the room after the meal. Yet Priestley's message is that under this veneer of respectability lies an uglier reality. By showing Mr and Mrs Birling as hypocritical, he attacks the double standards of a whole class. They can get away with murder, while the working class (even when industrious) cannot prosper. In the Inspector's last speech, the middle class is warned that if there is no change, the country will be engulfed in "fire and blood and anguish" (Priestley, 1969, p 207). The ending is symbolic: while the older generation remains morally irresponsible, Sheila and Eric turn towards change. They have learnt that private behaviour has public consequences. In 1945, this was a call to vote Labour.
However successful, most plays only reach a small, often metropolitan, audience. The way a mass audience got to know about An Inspector Calls was through the film version, directed by Guy Hamilton, and released by British Lion in 1954. Its success at cinemas and its frequent rescreenings on television made its way of seeing class seem natural. The bluff, northern accents, the awkward posture of the actors and the sets - especially the dining-room table, that enduring totem of middle-class family life - all create the solid world of the bourgeoisie. Also revealing is the choice of Alastair Sim to play the Inspector; as an actor, he is both benign and creepy. The advantage of naturalism in film is that it shows how the characters react in close-up: we see the Birlings' guilt written on their faces.
The origin of Stephen Daldry's revisionist version of An Inspector Calls, which was designed by Ian MacNeil, says a lot about the structure of British theatre after a decade of Thatcherite arts policies, when government rate-capping measures forced local councils to cut arts budgets. For although the play got much media attention when it opened at the National Theatre, it began life at a smaller regional venue, the York Theatre Royal. Like many local theatres, York had suffered cuts in its subsidy during the 1980s, with the result that it came to depend more and more on ticket sales for its funding. To achieve good box office, the theatre's programming began to emphasise safe plays rather than riskier fare.
By 1989, when Daldry - then a relatively unknown director - came to direct An Inspector Calls, the theatre allowed him to put it on because it was thought to be a safe product. Paradoxically, because Daldry and his team were working for very little money, they had a lot of freedom to take risks. The main innovation made by Daldry and MacNeil was to take what had once been a standard drawing-room thriller and turn it into a strikingly visual piece of theatre. As Daldry told the local newspaper at the time, "I think there's a need to rediscover Priestley as a radical experimentalist rather than as an old war horse" (Hutchinson, 1989, p 12). So instead of the usual dining-room set, which represents the home life of the middle classes in much postwar drama, Daldry and MacNeil created a doll's house, "a box on stilts" (Turner, 1989).
Influenced by Expressionism, the production featured not only the six main characters, but also a crowd of outcasts, "a number of non-speaking extras, the have-nots, gloom-laden with their ragged children" (B. A., 1989). By adding this group of extras, which represent the working class (absent from the original play), Daldry and MacNeil turned a domestic drama into a much more socially conscious epic. As Daldry said, "We are being told by our Prime Minister [Thatcher] that there is no such thing as society. But there is evidence that people are turning against that thinking" (Hutchinson, 1989, p 12). By representing the have-nots, Daldry was clearly making a political point.
Daldry's An Inspector Calls enjoyed a successful run at York from 19 October to 11 November 1989. Later, after he'd directed several successful fringe shows, he was asked to put on a play at the National Theatre in London. He chose An Inspector Calls. When it opened in 1992, it seemed to be the perfect National play - it was well known enough to be popular, but its production was daring enough to look new. The set, with its doll's house on stilts marooned in a symbolic landscape, whose desolate cobbled streets are redolent of factory closures as well as bomb damage, immediately signals a radical departure from tradition. In a final coup de theatre, the house of Birling splits apart and burns to ground. Daldry's An Inspector Calls is certainly spectacular, but how does it relate to postmodernism ?
When the curtain rises on An Inspector Calls, it is clear that Daldry is opening out the play as if he's making a film. Daldry says his aim is "to work within a filmic style then re-establish it as theatre" (National Theatre, n.d.). Many critics think he succeeded. Jack Tinker, for example, says, "There is an altogether filmic quality" to the play (Daily Mail, 12 September 1997). The music played at the start of the performance is from Bernard Herrmann's score for Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo, a classic bit of ironic cross-referencing between film and theatre - and a mixing of previously separate media which suggests a postmodern sensibility. The use of an Expressionist style for the overall look of the production is also a postmodern ploy. Daldry and MacNeil mix two historical eras by dressing the Birling family as typical Edwardians and the crowd of silent onlookers in 1940s clothes (a stylistic reference also to John Boorman's 1987 film Hope and Glory as well as a political reference to the 1945 Labour victory). This kind of playful attitude to the past and the collapse of rigid distinctions between the styles is also typically postmodern.
The production goes further by blurring the boundary between the art work and the audience. When the Inspector delivers his last speech, in Daldry's version he does it directly to the audience, while the house lights go up so that everyone in the stalls feels they are being addressed. While the Inspector says: "We don't live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other", the audience is reminded of the programme note which quotes Mrs Thatcher: "There is no such thing as society" (Priestley, 1969, p 207; National Theatre, 1992). This moment underlines another postmodern characteristic of this production - the way it refers to its own conventions of representation.
At the start, a little boy crosses the front of the stage and tries to raise the heavy plush curtains to take a peek at what's behind. Just as directly addressing the audience draws attention to the play's political relevance, the boy draws attention to theatre as an act of representation. While the scene when the Inspector addresses the audience works well because it takes the issue of class into the real world, the spectacular ending of the play is more problematic. Although the collapsing house is an entertaining theatrical moment, it is also postmodern in its love of irony, exaggeration, kitsch and parody. It harks back not only to Expressionism, but also to the Hammer horror film; it mixes film images with theatre, seriousness with fun. Some critics doubt whether this works. As Lindsay Duguid says, "At times, the production seems to be no more than an ironical commentary on the original text." And Peter Ansorge equates the play's entertainment values with those of popular musicals: "The house that visibly crumbled on-stage in Daldry's production equals the shock of the chandelier that the Phantom sends hurtling down on the audience just before the interval of Lloyd Webber's musical" (Ansorge, 1997, p 25).
There are other ways in which Daldry's version subverts the naturalism by which the play usually represents class. The general look of the production suggests the postmodern love of the grotesque. The way the characters are cooped-up inside the doll's house when their meal begins has all the parody, playfulness and pastiche of postmodern style. Their conversation, fractured by the confines of the set, exemplifies the postmodern attraction to fragmented discourse. As the plot develops, the Birlings leave their doll's house (which represents the unreal world of the bourgeoisie) and come down onto the battered landscape (which represents reality). By the end, the younger Birlings are literally stripped of their evening dress: Sheila is down to her petticoat and Eric in shirtsleeves. The play's moral message about class being a protective cover is thus represented in a visual and playfully punning way.
Central to Daldry's project in reviving An Inspector Calls was a desire to return to Priestley's main political message. "I wanted very much to reclaim the production", to restore Priestley's original politics, says Daldry (Seavill, 1995). "If we have the moral courage and resources to examine our recent past perhaps we can qualify to 'live our lives again'" (York Theatre Royal, 1989). While Daldry succeeds in making the play an exciting evening in the theatre, not all the results of adopting a postmodern sensibility are equally positive. The main problem is one of characterisation. A naturalistic way of playing Priestley's characters allows the audience to identify with them, to see in their representation of class attitudes its own feelings writ large - the effect is that the audience is implicated and forced to examine its own prejudices. But by turning these characters into fanciful figures who inhabit a doll's house, Daldry lets the audience off the hook. For example, Sheila's fiance, Gerald, acts as if he's "oblivious, in a way that is characteristic not only of himself, but of his whole circle and (the play implies) his whole class" (Lesser, 1997, p 22). "The Birlings are emblems, not people. In creating high drama, Stephen Daldry has lost the very thing Priestley prided himself on: the common touch" (Duguid).
The moral problem of representing class through emblems - a postmodern tactic - arises when this distances the audience from the action, allowing it to see the play as about "them" rather than "us", thus freeing it from any pangs of guilt. So while Daldry's An Inspector Calls is a daring piece of theatre, it also one that depends on a specific economic framework to find its audience. With subsidy concentrated at the centre of British theatre, people who want to take their experimentation further than resources at the margins allow, are forced to work at the big national institutions. It's where the money is. When Daldry and MacNeil put on An Inspector Calls at the National , they had a their disposal the huge resources of one of the best equipped theatres in Britain. The theatre's board at first had doubts about reviving such an old-fashioned author as Priestley; then it almost had cold feet about the huge expense of the set (the design concept was the same but had become much more technically sophisticated). In the event, the popularity of the play vindicated Daldry and MacNeil. Whatever was spent on the production was recouped when it was sold to a commercial producer, who put up the money to transfer it to the West End and then Broadway. Its success led to large profits not only for Daldry (who as director gets a share of the box office receipts), but also for the producer. The National also received a sum from the transfer. In this way, low government subsidies force managements to make arrangements with the private sector to recoup their loses. Policy affects distribution as well as aesthetics.
Watching a live show can involve unexpected additions to the meaning of the performance. When I saw An Inspector Calls at the National in September 1992 , just after it opened, heads turned as Neil Kinnock (who had resigned the Labour leadership in July after losing the General Election in April) took his seat in the stalls. His presence gave the play an added political charge. For while most of the audience was middle-class and middle-aged, their sentiments were liberal. For this reason there was something a bit unsettling about complacent greyhairs hearing a sermon from the stage, then going out into a rainy night, ignoring the homeless begging for money, and getting into their taxis. The issue of class is not just a question of representation, but also a matter of the social circumstances of cultural production.
Although Daldry's An Inspector Calls started off with a comparatively privileged audience, it soon found a mass following, becoming the most successful revival of a straight play in the 1990s . While most productions run for a few weeks and are seen by thousands, this blockbuster has been running for six years and has been seen by about 1.5 million people worldwide. Although some musicals score such successes, it is extremely unusual for a straight drama to reach these figures (Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, which has run for about 50 years in the West End, is a rare exception). After being in repertory at the National, An Inspector Calls toured Britain, then transferred to the West End, first to the Aldwych, then to the Garrick theatre. It toured Broadway and the United States. It was also seen in Japan, Australia and Austria. By September 1997, when the production had its seventh cast change, it had garnered "19 major awards" (PW Productions, 1997). These include Olivier awards for best revival, best director and best designer, plus London's Evening Standard awards and Critics Circle awards (1993-4), as well as four Tony awards on Broadway (McCabes, 1997). If, as anecdotes suggest, a handful of people walked out because they thought this version of the play was "socialist propaganda", the great majority of audiences were moved by the experience.
In conclusion, it is surely ironic that the most successful political play of the 1990s is not a acerbic critique of Tory policy but a revival of a 50-year-old classic. By using daring stylistic devices, Daldry and MacNeil took "a relatively serious, extremely admonitory play" and gave it "the thrill and glamour of spectacle" (Lesser, 1997, p 14). But the way their An Inspector Calls represents class has negative as well as positive effects. On the positive side, the shock of the lights going up and the stalls being exposed to the merciless harangue of the Inspector's last speech, emphasises the play's political message. On the negative side, the huge entertainment value of the costumes and set tends to distract from the humanity of the story. This depoliticises the play by turning it into a cartoon. On balance, Daldry's An Inspector Calls is both more thrilling and less human than other versions. A new aesthetic style often has such contradictory meanings. Just as, in the 1930s, Walter Benjamin saw the art work as both civilising and barbaric, so in the 1990s the best theatre is often both experimental and entertaining at the same time (Benjamin, p 258). Even if Daldry's An Inspector Calls is not a completely postmodern work, it still contains the tensions of the postmodern condition - where a belief in change co-exists with sceptical irony.
Notes and references
Atkins, J. (1981) J. B. Priestley: The Last of the Sages. London: John Calder.
Ansorge, P. (1997) From Liverpool to Los Angeles: On Writing for Theatre, Film and Television. London: Faber.
B. A. (1989) 'An Inspector Calls', review in the Yorkshire Post, 21 October.
Benjamin, W. (1970) Illuminations. London: Jonathan Cape.
Best, S. and D. Kellner (1991) Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations. London: Macmillan.
Brome, V. (1988) J. B. Priestley. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Connor, S. (1989) Postmodernist Culture: An Introduction to Theories of the Contemporary. Oxford: Blackwell.
Casey, B., R. Dunlop and S. Selwood (n. d. [1996]) Culture as Commodity? The Economics of the Arts and Built Heritage in the UK. London: Policy Studies Institute.
Cook, J. (1997) Priestley. London: Bloomsbury.
Cranham [reference to theatre museum session] in Daldry, S. et al. (1996) 'Do new writers have hearts?' New Sceptics session 1, 15.10.97. Video tape of discussion at the Theatre Museum, London.
Duguid, L. (1992) 'An Inspector Calls', review in Times Literary Supplement, 25.9.92.
Hutcheon, L. (1988) A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. London: Routledge.
Hutchinson, C. (1989) 'Under closer inspection', Yorkshire Evening Press, 18.10.89.
Jameson, F. (1991) Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso.
Lesser, W. (1997) A Director Calls: Stephen Daldry and the Theatre. London: Faber.
Lyotard, J-F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
McCabes (1997) 'Awards for An Inspector Calls', publicity list of main awards, Michael McCabes Associates, London.
Priestley, J. B. (1948) 'Introduction' to The Plays of J. B. Priestley, vol. 1. London: Heinemann.
Priestley, J. B. (1969) 'An Inspector Calls' in Time and the Conways and Other Plays, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
PW Productions (1997) An Inspector Calls, publicity leaflet for the Garrick Theatre, London.
Royal National Theatre (n. d. [1993]) Platform Papers no. 3: Directors pamphlet. London: Royal National Theatre.
Royal National Theatre (1992) An Inspector Calls, programme for the production, London.
Seavill, R. (1995) 'J. B. Priestley's utopian vision', interview with Stephen Daldry in the programme of An Inspector Calls, Garrick Theatre, London.
Sierz, A. (1994) 'Polishing the kitchen sink', New Statesman & Society, 11.3.94.
Turner, F. (1989) 'An Inspector Calls', review in the Guardian, 6.11.89.
York Theatre Royal (1989) An Inspector Calls, programme for the production, York.
© An earlier version of this chapter appeared as 'A Postmodernist Calls: Class, Conscience and the British Theatre' in Jane Stokes and Anna Reading (eds), The Media in Britain: Current Debates and Developments, London: Macmillan, 1999: pp 236-245.
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To within a year either way, in what year did Victoria’s husband Prince Albert die? | Queen Victoria - The UK's Longest Reigning Monarch
Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria
The Longest Ruling Monarch of the United Kingdom
Queen Victoria of Great Britain. Original Artist: By T H Maquire. (1852). (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
By Patricia Daniels, Contributing Writer
Updated July 26, 2016.
Who Was Queen Victoria?
Ascending to the throne at only 18 years old, Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom for nearly 64 years -- the longest of any British monarch. During her reign, Great Britain became a powerful industrial nation and boasted an empire that stretched across the globe.
Despite the early loss of her beloved husband, Queen Victoria provided a reassuring stability during much of the 19th century - an era of great social and technological change. The years of her reign are referred to as the Victorian Era.
Dates: May 24, 1819 - January 22, 1901
Reign: 1837 - 1901
Also Known As: Alexandrina Victoria of the House of Hanover; "the Grandmother of Europe"
The Girl Who Would Be Queen
Queen Victoria was born at Kensington Palace on May 24, 1819 to Edward, the Duke of Kent (and fourth son of King George III) and German Princess Victoire of Leiningen. Although Victoria was fifth in line to the throne - unlikely to become monarch - the duke feared that any future claim to the throne might be challenged if she were born abroad.
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Profile of Queen Victoria
He ensured that his daughter was born on British soil, moving with his pregnant wife from Germany to England.
Christened Alexandrina Victoria at birth, the child came to be called Victoria. Despite being born into royalty, she did not grow up surrounded by wealth. Edward's spendthrift ways had left him with many debts.
The duke and duchess, in an attempt to reduce expenses, moved with their infant daughter to a modest home. Not long after the move, Edward became ill and died of pneumonia on January 23, 1820 (Victoria was just eight months old). Six days later, King George III died as well, thus making George IV King of England.
Victoria was now third in line to the throne behind her two uncles, who had failed to produce heirs.
Victoria's Less Than Royal Childhood
King George IV , whose only legitimate child had died in childbirth, was resentful of his brother's daughter. He begrudgingly allowed Victoria and her mother to move into an apartment at Kensington Palace, but would only approve a small allowance. The duchess’s brother, Prince Leopold (later King Leopold I of Belgium ), agreed to pay for Victoria's upbringing and education.
Tutors were hired to school Victoria in history, math, drawing, and languages. Raised by a German mother who spoke little English, Victoria spoke mostly German the first few years of her life, but readily learned both English and French.
In 1827, when Victoria was eight, her Uncle Frederick, the Duke of York, died, placing her one step closer to the throne.
A Scheming Pair
When newly widowed, Victoria's mother had turned for advice to John Conroy, a colleague of her late husband. In the years following the duke's death, the self-serving Conroy convinced the duchess that she should have herself declared Victoria's regent (an agent acting on behalf of an incapacitated or underage monarch) in the event that Victoria became queen while still a minor. In this way, Conroy - through the duchess - could essentially control the throne.
When King George IV (who loathed Conroy and the duchess) died in 1830, the pair believed they could easily persuade newly-crowned King William IV to name the duchess as Victoria's regent. But King William did not trust the duchess and refused her request. The duchess petitioned Parliament, winning approval as Victoria's sole regent in 1831.
The regency proved unnecessary. On June 20, 1837, a month after Victoria's eighteenth birthday, King William died, making Victoria queen of England.
The Young Queen
Weeks after assuming the throne, Queen Victoria moved to Buckingham Palace , where she began the business of ruling the nation. The young queen's composure and confidence impressed the prime minister and the Privy Council (a group of high government officials and advisers to a monarch).
The official coronation was held on June 28, 1838 amid great celebration. The public was enchanted by the new queen, who seemed more eager to please them than her predecessors had been. A scandalous incident, however, would soon sway public opinion against her.
The "Lady Flora affair," as it came to be known, was the product of the young queen's immaturity and lack of discretion. Victoria, among others, had noticed that her mother's lady-in-waiting, Flora Hastings - an unmarried woman - appeared to have a bulging abdomen. Queen Victoria jumped to the conclusion that Lady Flora was pregnant, and began to make comments about her to various members of her staff. The rumor circulated beyond palace walls.
Within months, Lady Flora was gravely ill. When she died of an apparent abdominal tumor, the queen was blamed for having started the rumors that had brought dishonor upon a dying woman. The public was outraged; many of her detractors actually booed the queen when she went out in public.
It would take an engagement and marriage for Queen Victoria to regain her reputation.
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert: Courtship and Marriage
Victoria's Uncle Leopold had long favored his German nephew Prince Albert - first cousin to Victoria - as the perfect candidate for marriage to the queen. When the prince and Victoria had met two years earlier, she had been impressed by Albert's looks and demeanor.
Upon meeting with him a second time in October 1839, Victoria seemed smitten. Within days, she proposed to him (protocol would not allow him to propose to her), and the engagement was announced.
Even before the wedding a debate arose as to what title Prince Albert should hold. Queen Victoria preferred "King Consort," so that Albert could rule by her side, but members of Parliament were opposed to giving that power to a foreigner.
Parliament decided to award the prince no rank or title whatsoever; he was simply made a British subject. Prince Albert was immensely disappointed, and the queen was furious, but could not oppose the decision.
The wedding was held on February 10, 1840 . Despite rainy weather, large crowds lined the streets to watch the procession from Buckingham Palace. Later, the crowd cheered as the newly-married couple rode past in their carriage.
The Royal Offspring
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert welcomed the birth of their first child, Princess Victoria in November 1840. However, the queen was not happy that she'd become pregnant so soon after the wedding, and often complained in her journal about the difficulties of motherhood.
Queen Victoria gave birth to a male heir, Albert ("Bertie"), a year later. Between 1843 and 1857, the queen had seven more children, completing her family of five daughters and four sons . All survived to adulthood, a rare outcome at a time when many children did not survive infancy.
The queen's fourth son, Leopold, born in 1853, was diagnosed at an early age with hemophilia , a genetically-transmitted bleeding disorder. He died in his thirties of the disease.
Through the marriages of Victoria's children, hemophilia later re-emerged in several European royal families, most notably in the son of Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his wife Alexandra (Victoria's granddaughter).
It was later determined that Queen Victoria and two of her daughters (as well as Alexandra) were carriers of the gene, which was passed on to their sons.
Prince Albert's Role
Prince Albert enjoyed being a father and found that having children had necessitated that he take on more responsibilities in the royal household. Queen Victoria increasingly relied upon him for advice, and he welcomed this new role. The prince was widely praised for organizing palace finances and eliminating wasteful spending.
Prince Albert earned the admiration of the British public following an assassination attempt upon the queen in 1840. When a gunman shot at the royal carriage, Albert acted quickly, pushing his wife to the carriage floor to avoid the bullet. (Queen Victoria would survive seven assassination attempts.)
After initial reservations about Albert's capabilities, Parliament appointed him regent in July 1840 during the queen's pregnancy. As regent, Prince Albert would be in charge of the heir if Queen Victoria were to die in childbirth, or otherwise. The prince was not awarded the title of "prince consort" until 1857.
War and Rebellion
The British became involved in the Crimean War from 1854 to 1856. Most of the fighting took place in Russian-held Crimea, where bitter cold and disease took as many lives as battle wounds.
The queen, lacking any power in military situations, felt compelled to help. She organized relief efforts, knitted socks and mittens, and visited soldiers in hospitals. In her official capacity, Queen Victoria wrote letters of condolence to war widows.
British presence in India stirred up a rebellion of Indian soldiers, called "sepoys," in 1857. The uprising resulted in the deaths of hundreds of European civilians. When the rebellion was finally subdued by British troops, all of India came under the control of the Crown of England.
Queen Victoria proudly referred to India as a "jewel of her crown." She was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877, when Parliament passed the Royal Titles Act.
The Death of Prince Albert
Queen Victoria endured the darkest year of her life in 1861, beginning with the death of her mother in March.
Later in the year, her oldest son, Bertie - first in line to the throne - created a scandal by becoming romantically involved with an actress. Prince Albert traveled to Cambridge to chastise his son, despite feeling weak and feverish. He returned to Windsor Castle, where his condition deteriorated over the next few weeks.
Prince Albert died on December 14, 1861 at age 42, from probable stomach cancer.
A widow at 42, the queen was devastated. Faced with her official duties as well as the care of her children, she felt incapable of carrying on. Queen Victoria became a recluse, avoiding public events and social engagements and even refusing foreign visitors.
Victoria's children suffered as well. They had lost their father; now their mother, too, seemed to abandon them in her grief. Some of the younger children became depressed and withdrawn, and Bertie became the object of his mother's anger.
The queen blamed the 21-year-old prince for his father's death. She felt that her son's misbehavior had compelled Prince Albert to make the trip to Cambridge, worsening his illness.
The public and Parliament began to lose patience with the queen, who neglected her duties and remained in mourning for more than three years.
Queen Victoria and John Brown
Desperate to help the grieving queen, the royal physician suggested that she go horseback riding to improve her health. He sent for the groom from the queen's stables in Scotland. John Brown arrived in early 1865.
The handsome 39 year old sported a kilt and had a straightforward, somewhat rough way of talking with the queen. She responded well to him and began venturing out in public for the first time in years.
Although it was clear that the queen was in better spirits since Brown's arrival, he was unpopular with both the queen's family and the public. Rumors abounded that the two were having an affair, but no proof has ever been found to support that notion.
John Brown remained the queen's servant until 1883, when he died of a streptococcal infection.
Later Years
Over the years, Queen Victoria regained her popularity by making more of an effort to attend public functions and by becoming involved in charitable causes. She kept close contact with an ever-changing roster of prime ministers, always ready with an opinion on the issues of the day.
The queen celebrated her Diamond Jubilee in 1897, marking sixty years as monarch. She was proud of the many jubilee biographies that were written about her, several of which described her as a virtuous woman who set a good example.
Queen Victoria died of a stroke on January 22, 1901 at the age of 81. Her eldest son, Albert, succeeded her as King Edward VII .
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In 2012, Luis Suarez twice scored hat-tricks against which Premiership side? | PBS : Empires : Queen Victoria : Her Majesty : Queen Victoria
Portrait of Queen Victoria.
The Royal Collection Windsor.
Princess Alexandrina Victoria was not only born to be Queen of England: she was conceived to be Queen. Once Princess Charlotte, the only legitimate child of the Prince of Wales, the future George IV, died in childbirth late in 1817, her son stillborn, the nation was plunged into mourning and her unmarried uncles stirred into competition to sire an heir to the throne. With the Prince of Wales, Prince Regent for his insane father, George III, separated from the future (but uncrowned) Queen Caroline, no lawful successor would come that way. To solve the succession dilemma, the royal brothers, princes of the blood, most of them with mistresses and illegitimate progeny, were ordered to marry and beget, with their reward for success a promised cancellation of their heavy debts.
Although William IV, the Duke of Clarence (1830-37), duly married a minor German princess, no child of his survived early infancy. Next in line, Edward, Duke of Kent, would jettison his mistress of many years and marry the widowed Victoire, Duchess of Amorbach, who had proved her fertility during her first marriage. When she became pregnant, it became necessary, once she could travel, to leave her small German dukedom and give birth on English soil to establish unquestionable credentials for the child's likely inheritance. But beset by debt unresolved by the Regent, the Duke encountered delays in raising the money to get his entourage across the Channel. On 28 March 1819, in her eighth month, the Duchess set off, arriving at Dover on 24 April, barely in time for the accouchement. At Kensington Palace, in apartments reluctantly granted by the Regent, who disliked his improvident brother, the future queen was born on 24 May. The new princess was christened a month later, with none of the usual royal names available to her parents because of the Regent's refusal to permit another Charlotte or Elizabeth or Georgina.
Since the Russian tsar, Alexander I, was godfather in absentia, his name was available, and even as late as the morning of her accession, at eighteen, on June 20, 1837, the public was unsure of the official name of the new queen. She had always been known as Victoria, however, and was so proclaimed. Fatherless as an infant-her father had died on January 23, 1820, only six days before his own father, George III-she was dominated by her ambitious mother, who hoped for a Regency for herself if William IV died before Victoria's eighteenth birthday. Stubbornly, the ailing king held on just long enough for his niece to reign in her own right. But she proved wilful and difficult, creating embarrassments at Court that led her advisers, notably the avuncular Viscount Melbourne, the Prime Minister, to press her to marry. A husband might control her, and in any case the nation needed a guaranteed succession.
Victoria's mother and her Coburg brothers arranged to keep the prospective marriage within the family. Yet they were assisted by the dearth of acceptable Protestant candidates among European royals, some of whom the young Queen interviewed to her disappointment. Late in 1839, however, when she met Prince Albert, the younger son of her uncle Ernest, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, for only the second time (three years earlier he had been a callow teen-ager), she was smitten. A student at the University of Bonn, he was clearly her intellectual superior-and, she thought, beautiful. She proposed (he could not, as she was Queen), and they were married in February 1840.
At first, Albert only wielded the blotting paper as she signed documents. He was uneasy about his lack of occupation and status; but he had been employed to ensure the succession. Biology thereafter ensured his role. When Victoria became so visibly pregnant that she could not appear ceremonially, Albert assumed her functions. Once she became heavy and listless, he also became, in effect, the senior partner (although five months her junior) in a dual monarchy. After nine children through 1856, he had established himself as her primary adviser, often drafting memoranda that she recopied in her own hand and signed. Impressed by his abilities, the aging Duke of Wellington, eager to retire, even invited him to become chief of the army, but Albert, an honorary field marshal, resisted the temptation, explaining that he had to subsume his personality and his ambitions in the interests of the Queen.
Portrait of young Queen Victoria.
The Royal Collection Windsor.
But for the period of the Crimean War (1853-54), when the couple, especially Albert, were suspected falsely of Russian sympathies, the dual monarchy worked efficiently. England in any case was evolving, after the first Reform Bill (1832), into a constitutional monarchy, with the sovereign's powers becoming more moral and symbolic than legislative. The authority of the throne now rested more and more in popular respect for its occupant. That situation ended abruptly when Albert, at 42 in December 1861, died of what was very likely stomach cancer. His incompetent physicians called it typhoid, but no other cases existed in the area, rendering that diagnosis suspect, and although Victoria knew nothing of his long-standing symptoms, and was prostrated by his death, Albert was aware that he had been suffering from something inoperable.
The Prince Consort's death altered the monarchy irreparably. Victoria was inconsolable, out of shock, out of loss, and out of her realization that she had depended so long upon Albert's advice and support that she was unsure she could be sovereign alone. She went into purdah, for years failing to perform even her ceremonial functions on grounds that she was in perpetual mourning. The monarchy accordingly declined in authority and in esteem, and public perception was summed up by a cartoon in the press that showed the royal robes draped over an empty throne. Twenty at Albert's death-the same age as were Victoria and Albert at their marriage, Albert Edward ("Bertie"), the Prince of Wales was given no compensatory duties to fill some of the void left by his father's death and his mother's disappearance into grief. Just before his father's last illness the young prince had been discovered in a liaison with a lady of the evening, and Victoria believed that the shock and the potential scandal had led to Albert's decline. Bertie was pronounced as unfit to be king, and unfit to assume any national role. Bertie's lack of anything to do, and his incapacity to invent serious work for himself led to his life as playboy prince, despite a marriage that was supposed to settle him down. (Alexandra was beautiful but brainless, with no ability to rein in her husband.) His increasing notoriety as "Edward the Caresser" (in Henry James's phrase) and Victoria's invisibility as sovereign would lead to a decade of republican agitation that ended fortuitously in 1871 when Bertie came down with authentic typhoid fever, and nearly died. The weeks of public agitation over his possible demise, and his seemingly miraculous recovery, exploded the thin but widespread anti-monarchical sentiment in Britain. It did not make the Prince more moral or even more circumspect, but the second ministry of Benjamin Disraeli beginning in 1874 engineered the rehabilitation of the throne by drawing the queen back into public life and in finding acceptable roles for her heir.
Victoria and Albert.
The Royal Collection Windsor.
The costly Indian Mutiny in 1856-57 had led to reorganization of imperial rule in the subcontinent, and on Victoria's return to visibility in the 1870s she began to yearn for a title that would prevent her eldest daughter, Vicky, married to the heir to the German throne, from-as empress--outranking her proud mother. The Queen wanted to be Empress of India, and as part of the price for her increasing public role pressed Disraeli into arranging an imperial title representing the jewel in her crown. At about the same time, the Prince of Wales, eager for a junket to India with his cronies, to hunt elephants and tigers, convinced the Prime Minister to arrange a royal tour. Despite all likelihood that the princely progress would be a disaster, it was a triumph, demonstrating Bertie's diplomatic and impresario qualities, which he would employ with brio thereafter. As he was embarking home, news arrived that the Queen had indeed been styled Empress of India.
Fortunately for the Queen's reputation, her Scots manservant John Brown had died early in 1883. For Victoria, Brown's much-lamented passing severed a link with Albert in life and in death. He had been the Prince's gillie, and to extricate the Queen from self-imposed purdah her doctors recommended importing Brown from Balmoral to care for her personal horses and get her out riding. The gruff, bearded Scot became her favorite, accompanying her publicly almost everywhere. He also become a barrier -- as she wanted -- to intrusions from staff, and even from her children. (They despised him.) He sat in on table-turning seances in that heyday of spiritualism to help summon up a very dubious hint of the Prince. She despised smoking but Brown could appear before her in a haze of tobacco, and often tipsy as well with whiskey -- and he taught Victoria how to put a nip of Scotch in her tea. Class vanished. In an age of sentimental effusions, she sent him valentines by post, and awarded him a special medal for loyal service to the Queen.
Rumor had it that he was sexually intimate with her, even that they were secretly married, and in 1869 a scandal sheet claimed that the Queen (in her 50th year) had gone to Switzerland to covertly bear his child. Her very openness about Brown belied such intimacies, but without a husband to embrace she seems to have savored being clutched by him as he helped on and off her horses, and in and out of her carriages. When he was dying, protocol forbade her to visit him (contrary to an episode in the film "Mrs. Brown"), and in any event a fall had lamed one of her knees, and she could not have climbed stairs to his quarters. "If he had been a more ambitious man," said Sir William Knollys, the Prince of Wales's comptroller, of Brown, "there is no doubt . . . he might have meddled in more important matters. I presume the family will rejoice at his death, but I think very probably they are shortsighted." Yet Brown's disappearance from the Victorian scene helped restore the Queen's public image. She could better embody middle-class values and become the symbolic mother of her country.
Victoria's Funeral
Pathe
The 1880s and 1890s were decades of Victoria's increasing visibility as symbol of Britain and of Empire, as-with the Prince of Wales often acting as impresario-she celebrated her Golden Jubilee as Queen, and then, turning it into an imperial festival, she marked her Diamond Jubilee in 1897. She had become an icon of Empire, ironically just as the Anglo-Boer War was about to erupt in South Africa, adding to the red areas on the globe but embarrassing the nation by showing how difficult it was to win and control colonies in a dawning age of nationalism. In her waning years, Victoria, calling herself a soldier's daughter, went out, although wheelchair-bound by age and frailty, to bid departing troops godspeed.
The war was still ongoing when, incapacitated by a series of small strokes, she died in January 1901, the first month of the new century. But Victoria's world of simple values and simple loyalties, and her rigid view of the Crown, had preceded her in death.
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It is generally agreed that the term ‘hat-trick’ was first used in 1858, in which sport? | What's a Hat Trick in Different Sports? Here's An Easy Explanation
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What's a Hat Trick in Different Sports? Here's An Easy Explanation
If you're a sports fan, you have definitely heard the word "hat trick" being thrown around at some point or the other. But because of its wide usage, it is often hard to deduce what the term means in each specific sport. So we make it easy with this article that defines what the term hat trick means in different sports, along with its origin.
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Speedy Gonzales!
In the NHL, the fastest-recorded natural hat trick was achieved by Chicago Blackhawks player Bill Mosienko, at 3 back-to-back goals in just 21 seconds!
Being an enthusiast of any sport, it is very important to understand the terminology used to better understand and appreciate the game. If you were watching a soccer match, and said, "Yeah, touchdown!" when a goal is scored, you are in for the wrath that is going to be showered down upon you by your friends and other fans. But that's what is so awesome about the Internet! Today, if you are unsure about something, all you have to do is enter the magic keywords into your preferred search engine, and voilà! You are exposed to new discoveries and better knowledge about things you thought you knew so well!
So here we are, sports enthusiasts just like you, trying to understand the "Whats", the "Whens", and the "Whys" behind the words that fuel the adrenaline already triggered by a game. And the best part is, this is a no-frills subject, because we only focus on one of the most universal sporting phrases out there―the "Hat Trick". Used in varied sports from cricket, to soccer, rugby, baseball, and hockey, amongst others, while the crux remains the same, what you achieve with a "hat trick" varies with each sport. We bring you the definition of a hat trick, along with its origin and usage in each sport.
Hat-Trick: Definition And Origin
Before we dive into what popularized the usage of the term, we have to know what a hat trick means in general. It is essentially an achievement, by either the offensive or defensive player in a game, who achieves a feat in numbers of three, within a given time frame or within the stipulated rules, completing which would earn you a "hat trick". Confused still?
Based on a definition given by the Oxford Dictionary (that is slightly paraphrased), "A hat trick is three successes of the same kind within a limited period ..." This could be the scoring of three goals, in games like soccer, hockey, water polo, or the taking of three wickets or three strikes like in cricket and baseball, respectively. But beyond just gaining a three of a kind, certain parameters must be followed (which varies with each sport) in order for it to be called a "hat trick".
The most widely accepted fact indicates that the word was first used in 1858 in the game of cricket.
According to the legend, back in those days, the fans would hold a collection of proceeds for any player who performs exceptionally in a game, and that collection is awarded to the player. So when a bowler named H. H. Stephenson took three wickets consecutively with three successive balls, the observers held the customary collection, and they bought a cap/hat with the proceeds and gifted it to him. And, thus, the feat of achieving a three of a kind came to be known as a hat trick. So, we covered the "hat" bit. But what about the "trick"?
Back in the 19th century, magicians started experimenting and performed the famous hat trick that we know of today that included pulling rabbits, doves, and whatnots out of a top hat. That became known as the "Hat-Trick". Now in the sport, getting the three of a kind was an exceptional feat, and seemed like a magic trick. Which is another explanation for why it is named the way it is!
So now that we know the basic meaning and history behind the term, let us see how it permeated into so many different sports and what meaning it took on in each of them.
Meaning Of "HAT-Trick" In Different Sports
In Cricket
● In the game that started it all, we have already looked at the origin of the term. We know now that in cricket, scoring a hat trick means the same player taking three consecutive wickets. But even there, we have a couple of variations.
● The catch here is, while it has to be consecutive, it can occur even when the bowler is interrupted by an over bowled by another player, or by the end of an innings and the start of a new one.
● For example, in Test cricket, you could take a wicket in the last ball of the innings, then another two in the next innings, provided they are taken by the same player in consecutive turns.
● There have been only 41 hat tricks till date in Test cricket; 36 in ODIs and 3 in the new format, Twenty20.
● When a player takes four wickets in four consecutive balls, it is either called a "four in four" or more commonly a "double hat trick". A "triple hat trick" is the term given to the achievement of five wickets in five consecutive balls.
In Hockey
● In this game, a hat trick can be three goals by a player at any point in the game, and doesn't have to be consecutive goals. In the event that the goals were made one after the other, it is called a "natural hat trick".
● Today, the game that is most commonly known to use and witness hat tricks is the game of ice hockey. The game became popular in America around the same time that cricket was popularized in other countries, which is how the term slowly percolated. But there are three varying explanations given to the term's origin in this game.
● According to the first narrative, dating back to the 1940s, Alex Kaleta of the Chicago Blackhawks was walking around in Toronto, prior to his match against the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was searching for a hat and found a man by the name of Sammy Taft. So he sees this swanky gray fedora with a gray trim, and he really digs it, but he didn't have enough paper to buy it. So Taft makes an offer to Kaleta, telling him that if he were to score three goals in the upcoming match, the former would gift him the hat free of charge. As it turned out, Kaleta took it seriously, scored four goals, and Taft kept his word. Enter, the hat trick in hockey.
● This next story actually features a hat company. In Guelph, Ontario in the 1850s, the Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters were sponsored by Biltmore Hats (thus the name!). They supposedly had a custom of gifting a brand new fedora to any Biltmore player who could score three goals in a game.
● The final legend is based in 1960s' Montreal. Here, a hat manufacturer by the name of Henri Henri would award a hat that's free of cost to a player who would score three goals in any game at the Montreal Forum.
● Ultimately, the accepted narrative in the NHL Hall of Fame, and hockey fans in the original Kaleta story.
● Mario Lemieux made history by being the only player to make the "five-goal hat trick", also known as the "quintella". In this move, he scored on every possible game situation; by scoring a goal each in shorthanded, on a powerplay, an empty net goal, a penalty goal, and on even strength.
● A "Gordie Howe hat trick" (named after the player) is one where the player scores his goal, assists another player in a goal, and gets into a fight. Traditionally, this doesn't fulfill the requirement of a hat trick. Howe himself only achieved the feat twice in his career, both against the Toronto Maple Leafs.
● A goal scored in overtime is generally not counted in a hat trick. But in the "DC hat trick", you have to score the third goal in overtime shootout.
● Bigger is better in Texas, and a "Texas hat trick" is one where there are four goals scored in a single game by a player.
● The most infamous one by far is the "rat trick". The term was coined by John Vanbiesbrouck of the Florida Panthers for a feat achieved by his teammate and captain Scott Mellanby. Before their match, Scott killed a rat in the locker room with his hockey stick and then went on to score a hat trick in the match. Eventually, the Panthers' fans were so taken by it that, in all the following matches of the team in the year 1993, if a player scored a hat trick, the fans would throw plastic rats on the ice as a sign of respect. But the fun eventually ended when a penalty was stipulated for such action, where the home team would be penalized for such an act.
● Interestingly, you can still throw hats as a mark of respect, and there is no penalty on that.
In Soccer (Football)
● In soccer, a player scoring three goals in a single game at any point of time is known as a hat trick. Any goal scored in a penalty shootout is not added towards a hat trick, but shots taken in added time and extra time still count.
● A player who achieves this is awarded with the match ball.
● A "perfect hat trick" is a type of hat trick where the individual player scores one goal with his left foot, one with his right, and one as the result of a header. This can be achieved in any order.
● Three consecutive goals by a player is called a "flawless hat trick".
In Rugby
● In both the rugby union and rugby league, a hat trick occurs when a player achieves three or more tries in a game.
● A "full house" occurs when a player scores a try, a conversion, a penalty goal, and drop goal.
● As with the other games, the player who achieves either of these feats is awarded with the match ball.
In Baseball
● In baseball, a hat trick occurs when the batter gets three strikeouts in a single game.
● This is one of the only games where the term 'hat trick' takes on a negative connotation (for the most part at least!).
● In the off chance that it is used in positive light, a hat trick is also used to refer to a player who scores three home runs in a single game.
● If a player strikes out four times in a game, it is called the Golden Sombrero.
● More than that (five or six strikeouts) is either the Titanium or Platinum Sombrero.
In Water Polo
● Again, the scoring of three goals by a single player is a hat trick in water polo.
In Golf
● To earn a hat trick in golf is even harder, because you need to win three consecutive championships, or events to earn the tag!
In Lacrosse
● A game which makes the scoring of a hat trick look easy, lacrosse too requires an individual to score three goals to achieve the hat trick.
In Darts
● If you score three consecutive bulls-eyes in a game of darts, you have achieved the hat trick.
In Cycling
● Winning three stages in a single tour, or winning three consecutive tours gains you a hat trick in this sport.
In Poker
● Seen very rarely, a hat trick in poker occurs when a single hand played in one round eliminates three players simultaneously.
In Motor Racing
● You have to either win three races successively or win the same event thrice in a row to achieve a hat trick here.
● Securing pole position, achieving the fastest lap, and winning the race―all in one, also counts as a hat trick.
In Marbles
● If a player hits all the marbles in a single run, it counts as a ... you get the drift!
In Scrabble
| Cricket |
In 2000 to 2002, which Grand Prix team won a hat-trick of constructors’ titles? | sports
sports
a game played on horseback by two teams of four players each, who attempt to drive a small wooden ball through the opponents' goal with a mallet having a long, flexible handle
water polo
Origin: ult. < Tibet dial., var. of pulu, properly, the name of the ball
Related Forms:
poloist po′·lo·ist noun
Polo (pō′lō)
Polo, Marco (mär′kō) 1254-1324; Venetian traveler in E Asia
Webster's New World College Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
po·lo (pōˈlō)
noun
A game played by two teams of three or four players on horseback who are equipped with long-handled mallets for driving a small wooden ball through the opponents' goal.
Water polo.
Origin: Balti (Tibeto-Burman language of Pakistan), ball.
Related Forms:
poloist poˈlo·ist noun
Po·lo (pōˈlō), Marco 1254-1324.
Venetian traveler who explored Asia from 1271 to 1295. His Travels of Marco Polo was the only account of the Far East available to Europeans until the 17th century.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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An electrical switch that allows a low power to control a higher one. A small current energizes the relay, which closes a gate, allowing a large current to flow through.
In the radio world, a relay is a device that receives a signal from a low-power or distant transmitter and retransmits it on the same or different frequency in order to increase the coverage area. For example, the signal from a broadcast facility in a valley would only propagate within that valley. A relay site at the top of a nearby mountain would rebroadcast the original signal to a wider audience. In commercial TV and radio, these relay sites are known as "translators."
frame relay
Definition
Telecommunications technology that breaks data stream into small data packets called frames, to provide transmission speeds of 64 kilo bits per thousand (Kbps) to 2.4 giga bits per second (Gbps) at relatively lower costs. Frame-relay equipment assigns a reference number, error detection and correction information, and an address (that identifies the device the data is being sent to) to each frame. As these frames travel through the communications network (local or world-wide) each packet switched exchange reads their addresses and routes them appropriately until they arrive at their destination device (phone, fax, computer, etc.) where they are reassembled in the proper (original) order.
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hockey
hat-trick or hat trick in sport is the achievement of a positive feat three times during a game, or other achievements based on threes. The term was first used in 1858 in cricket to describe HH Stephenson's feat of taking three wickets in three balls, [1] and was used in print for the first time in 1878. [2]
The term was eventually adopted by many other sports including association football, water polo, and team handball (three goals), but didn't become popular in North America until the mid 1940s (in
James Hayter holds the record for the fastest English Football League hat-trick coming on as an 84th minute substitute for Bournemouth against Wrexham netting 3 goals in less than 140 seconds. Robbie Fowler currently holds the fastest hat-trick in Premiership history by scoring 3 goals within 4 minutes and 33 seconds for Liverpool against Arsenal in 1994. Nigel Clough scored a hat-trick in exactly 4 minutes in the old First Division (the highest league in English football before the advent of the Premier League) for Nottingham Forest against Queens Park Rangers in the 1987/88 season. On 4 September 1950, Blackpool's George McKnight scored a hat-trick against Fulham "in under four minutes". [6]
The fastest hat-trick in the history of Major League Soccer was scored by Harut Karapetyan for Los Angeles Galaxy, he completed it in roughly five minutes in June 1998, in a match against Dallas Burn. LA Galaxy won the match 8–1.
In World Cups American Bert Patenaude scored the first hat-trick in the 1930 inaugural. Sandor Kocsis (1954), Just Fontaine (1958) and Gerd Müller (1970) scored two hat-tricks in the same World Cup. Gabriel Batistuta scored hat-tricks in two World Cups (1994 and 1998) Geoff Hurst scored a hat-trick in the 1966 Final – the only one in a Final. At least one hat-trick has been scored in every World Cup tournament except the 2006 tournament.
Seven players have scored a hat-trick in the UEFA European Football Championship. Of those seven, Michel Platini is the only player to have scored two hat-tricks (against Belgium and Yugoslavia), both in the group stage of Euro 1984. David Villa scored a hat trick at the Euro 2008 competition in Austria and Switzerland for Spain against group rivals Russia, a game which Spain won 4–1.
Dennis Bergkamp scored a memorable hat-trick against Leicester City in September 1997. The hat-trick of goals were the top three in the Match of the Day Goal of the Month competition for that month; a unique achievement.
Jermain Defoe of Tottenham Hotspur scored a hat-trick in just seven minutes during the second half of a game against Wigan on November 22, 2009. He then went on to score a further two goals in the game, a total of five in just thirty-six minutes, only the third time a player had scored five goals since the FA Premier League was introduced in 1992.
The last player to notch an English top-flight double hat-trick (i.e., six goals in one match) was Geoff Hurst, who in 1968 bagged half a dozen in West Ham United's 8-0 victory over Sunderland A. F. C. in a Division One fixture.
Prolific striker Ted MacDougall broke AFC Bournemouth's goalscoring record with a double hat-trick in an 8-1 win over Oxford City during an F A Cup First Round replay in November 1970. Remarkably, almost exactly a year later, the big centre-forward then smashed his own record with a triple hat-trick (i.e., nine goals) as Bournemouth crushed Margate FC 11-0 at the same stage of the following season's competition. This achievement remains a record for the F A Cup.
On February 7, 1970, George Best also scored a double hat-trick for Manchester United in an F A Cup fifth-round tie away at Northampton Town, the final score being 8-2.
In March 2010, Bryan Ruiz of FC Twente scored one of the quickest hat-tricks ever against Sparta Rotterdam, with goals in the 46th, 49th (pen) and 50th minutes.
The fastest-ever hat-trick in an "A" international was set when Abdul Hamid Bassiouny of Egypt needed only 177 seconds to bag his three goals in a game against Namibia.
Sigurd Rushfeldt of Tromsø IL became the all-time top scorer of the Norwegian Tippeligaen on May 29, 2011 in a home match against SK Brann. In the first half, he equaled Harald B
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badminton
Toss
The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game starts. If you win, you can choose between serving first or to start play at either end of the court. Your opponent can then exercise the remaining choice.
Scoring system
The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of 3 games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the game. In women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.
If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first scored 14 (10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or to 'set' the game to 17 (13) points.
The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side can add a point to its score.
Recently BWF have been testing a new scoring format of 21 points per game on all major Badminton competition and decided to replace the old format permanently.
Change of ends
The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent after finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change ends when the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of 15 points
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In tennis, an ace is a legal serve that is not returned winning the point.
In professional tennis, aces are generally seen on a player's first serve, where the server can strike the ball with maximum force and take more chances with ball placement (usually in the far corners of the service box).
The most common placement of an ace is a hard flat serve to either the middle or the corner of the service box, or a spin serve out wide such as a slice serve to the deuce court for right-handed servers, or a kick serve, also known as a topspin serve, to the ad court for right-handed servers.
It has been suggested that Tennis records relating to aces be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Proposed since June 2010.
The world record for most aces in a match is held by John Isner, with 113 aces in a first round match against Nicolas Mahut at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships on June 22–24, 2010 (Mahut holds second place with 103 in the same match). Ivo Karlović holds the third position, as he hit 78 acein a Davis Cup match on 18 September 2009.
The Isner-Mahut match also holds several other Open Era records, including longest match, at over eleven hours in length, and most combined aces - 216 in total.
The record for the fastest ace is held by Ivo Karlović who served a 156 mph (~251 km/h) ace against Germany during the 2011 Davis Cup.
At the 2007 Indianapolis Tennis Championships, Sam Querrey hit 10 consecutive aces when he defeated James Blake in a quarterfinal. This is believed to be an Open Era record.
Goran Ivanišević holds the record for most aces served in a year with 1477 in the 1996 season. He also holds the record for most career aces with 10,093.[citation needed]
In Woman's tennis, Venus Williams holds the record for the fastest ace by a woman at 130 mph in the 2008 Zurich tournament. Her sister Serena Williams holds the record for most number of aces in a tournament by a woman (89 aces at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships).
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cricket
"Cricketer" redirects here. For other uses, see Cricketer (disambiguation).
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings.
In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side to Test cricket played over five days. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals.[1]
Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC, the game's governing body, has ten full members.
History
Main article: History of cricket
Early cricket was at some time or another described as "a club striking a ball (like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball". [3] Cricket can definitely be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England. Written evidence exists of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 1301 [4] and there has been speculation, but no evidence, that this was a form of cricket.
A number of other words have been suggested as sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598, [5] it is called creckett. Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch [6] krick(-e), meaning a stick (crook); or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff. [7] In Old French, the word criquet seems to have meant a kind of club or stick. [8] In Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from "cryce, Saxon, a stick".[9] Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.[10] According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hokey, met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase").[11] Dr Gillmeister believes that not only the name but the sport itself is of Flemish origin.
The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859
The earliest definite reference to cricket being played in England (and hence anywhere) is in evidence given at a 1598 court case which mentions that "creckett" was played on common land in Guildford, Surrey, around 1550. The court in Guildford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, equating to the year 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59 year-old coroner, John Derrick, who gave witness that when he was a scholar at the "Free School at Guildford", fifty years earlier, "hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play [on the common land] at creckett and other plaies." [ ] It is believed that it was originally a children's game but references around 1610[14] indicate that adults had started playing it and the earli
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football
The rules of football are clear: Only one forward pass that starts behind the line of scrimmage is allowed per play. But a backward or parallel pass, followed by a forward pass, is legal. This play is used frequently in flag football.
How It Works
In flag football, the quarterback will often take the snap about seven or eight yards behind the center in shotgun position. Instead of looking down field, the quarterback will toss the ball to a teammate who is parallel to his position or behind him. That teammate will look down field and throw the ball to an open receiver for a big play. As long as the running back or receiver who takes the pass from the quarterback is not in front of him, a second pass can be thrown.
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| i don't know |
When the ads. finished, keeper Molly Badham welcomed them back to which zoo? | PG Tips chimp in rehab as she’s too human – The Sun
SHE is a Seventies icon – an advertising star so famous she makes today’s
meerkats look like a bunch of extras.
But Choppers, one of the talented chimps from the PG Tips family, has been
left traumatised after years of being treated like a HUMAN.
And, according to her new keeper, the tea makers could not give a monkeys —
refusing to pick up the bill for her care.
The 42-year-old chimp was watched by millions in the 1970s, playing the role
of Ada in the classic adverts.
But she was left psychologically scarred by her spell in the limelight and has
had to endure a spell in simian rehab to help her mix with other chimps.
Sharon Redrobe, new chief executive of Twycross Zoo, where Choppers has lived
all her life, said: “She’s been damaged — it’s not a good start in life to
be treated like a human because they don’t learn ape behaviour and find it
difficult to adjust to being with other chimps.
“We’ve tried to get in touch with PG Tips but they are owned by Unilever now —
they’d rather they had nothing to do with it.
“But they still use a monkey in their adverts, which is a direct link to the
old PG Tips ads.
“It would be nice if they would put their hand in their pocket and contribute
towards Choppers’ care, especially as she was such a big part of their
marketing strategy.”
The iconic TV adverts, featuring the Tipps family, first aired in 1956 and
were a huge hit for the brand.
By 1958, PG Tips had risen from fourth place in the British tea market to
first.
Much-loved Choppers starred in perhaps the most famous commercial of them all
from 1971, where two chimps playing father and son removal men accidentally
dropped a piano down a flight of stairs.
Kitted out in a frilly pink pinny, she offered consolation cuppas to the
bumbling piano movers played by her ape pals.
Now, 40 years on, it is hard to imagine that the hunched, greying great ape
shuffling around her cage once delighted millions of TV viewers.
But Choppers has had a difficult few years. She was left bereft last July when
her advert co-star and lifelong pal Louis died, aged 37.
Sharon said: “When he died, Choppers was obviously sad. They had been together
for their entire lives. However it presented a good opportunity to get her
mixing with other chimps.”
But after living with Louis for so long, co-existing with other animals was a
struggle for poor Choppers.
Sharon, who took over the running of Twycross last year, added: “A lot of our
chimps at the zoo have been hand-reared but Choppers and Louis’ TV past made
it extra difficult to integrate them with others.
“They were introduced to other chimps a long time ago, before I came to the
zoo, but there had been a fight and the plan was dropped.
“When we first introduced Choppers to other apes this time around, it was
obvious there were problems. She liked to smile, something she learned from
humans, but baring your teeth in the chimp world is known as a ‘fear grin’
and can provoke aggression.”
It took three years of hard work to help Choppers bond with the other chimps —
yet Unilever, the multinational giant that now owns PG Tips, has refused to
pay. Last night a spokesman for Unilever said: “We haven’t featured
chimpanzees in any PG Tips advertising for over a decade and now use the
iconic Monkey character as our brand ambassador.”
Sharon said: “We worked really hard but it is worth it. There is definite
progress.
“Choppers has started hooting and grooming other chimps, which is wonderful to
see. Now that she’s picking up chimp behaviour, she seems so much happier.”
Choppers has improved so much, she is now housed with a group of friends, as
the Twycross team slowly expand her social group.
But despite the progress, Sharon is adamant her chimps will never be thrust in
front of TV cameras again.
She said: “It happened — you can’t deny the past. But I absolutely would not
use chimps in entertainment any more. It makes me so disappointed that in
2013 we still have performing chimps out there.”
The new Leonardo DiCaprio film, The Wolf Of Wall Street, has come under fire
from animal rights groups for scenes including a young chimp called Chance,
who wears a variety of outfits and rollerskates.
Sharon said: “Movie makers and people like Leonardo DiCaprio ought to know the
impact this work has on the animal concerned.
“Whenever you see a chimp on film or TV, that’s a baby — they are baby animals
that have been taken away from their mothers.”
Sharon’s leadership of the zoo is a world away from that of Molly Badham, who
co-founded the park in 1963. Back then, the zoo was a welcome blaze of
exoticism in the quiet suburbia of Leicestershire.
On a summer’s day, crowds would flock to see the legendary tea parties, where
chimps would dress up in their finest clothes and tumble on to stage riding
tricycles.
And Molly revelled in her chimps’ cheeky antics, saying: “They were very proud
of their clothes.
“I remember one wanted to wear the shoes it had all the time.
“Another could pour tea without spilling it. And they loved riding their
tricycles. The tea parties used to be a highlight, both for the chimps and
visitors to the zoo.” In the early days, Twycross funded its scientific work
by training chimps for the famous PG Tips adverts.
And Molly insisted the apes enjoyed dressing up for their television work.
She said in 2003: “They were having a ball. They were juveniles and so very
curious. They were enjoying themselves and having fun.”
But the zoo now actively promotes conservation — it is also known as the World
Primate Centre — and the animals’ enclosures are matched as closely as
possible to wild habitats.
Sharon said: “Back in the day, they didn’t know the harm they were doing. But
in 2013, it’s wrong and we know it’s wrong.
“When people see chimps on TV adverts they think they are cute and funny, like
dogs and cats.
“They don’t think about them as the intelligent, wonderful animals they are.
“It also distracts from the facts. In 20 years, the UN and the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature are agreed that great apes will be
extinct in the wild.”
While the outlook is grim, Twycross is doing all it can to ensure their own
chimps live out their days in comfort.
And after her troubled life, Choppers has finally found some peace, with care
and comradeship from both humans and fellow apes.
Her eyes light up as her keepers feed her fresh broccoli — but tea is most
definitely not on the menu.
OSCAR: The cutest chimp ever to be filmed. Disney’s 2012 documentary
Chimpanzee followed baby Oscar in his first year of life in the Ivorian
jungle. It made a star of the primate and £23million for the film company.
Extraordinary footage showed Oscar separated from his troop but he was
adopted by a fully-grown male.
BUBBLES: Owned by pop legend Michael Jackson, Bubbles lived an
seemingly charmed life on the star’s sprawling Neverland Ranch in
California. But Bubbles became disturbed as he grew older, displaying fits
of rage and even biting ranch visitors. He has lived in a Florida sanctuary
since 2005.
CHEETAH: Cheetah was at one time Hollywood’s most famous chimp,
starring in the Tarzan movies of the early 1930s. He died in 2011 at the age
of 80, spending his twilight years at the Suncoast Primate Sanctuary in Palm
Harbor, Florida. It was claimed Cheetah enjoyed finger painting and American
football.
Chimpanzees are our closest living relatives, sharing more than 98% of
our genetic blueprint.
In the wild, chimps live in large communities of several dozen animals.
An estimated 100,000 to 200,000 chimpanzees remain in the wild.
Chimpanzees can be taught to use some basic human sign language – and can
retain over 100 words.
They rarely live past the age of 50 in the wild, but chimps have been
known to reach past the age of 60 in captivity.
| Twycross |
What was the first name of Mark Knopfler’s brother in Dire Straits? | Twycross Zoo - ITV Central News | ZooChat
Leicestershire
Did anyone see ITV Central News the BBC News and This Morning what Sharon Redrobe said about the chimps that were on the PG Tips Adverts some 30 years ago
It makes me sick how someone who didn't know Miss Badham and Miss Evans could speak the way she did OK it needed change but back in the day they were the only females to run a zoo successfully and it made money all of which got put back into the zoo.
If you missed it look on ITV player and you will find it and if you put tea chimps into google I am sure you will find it
Leicestershire
Hi
Miss Redrobe put the information over wrong in the days they are talking about late 50's early 60's you could have a wild animal as a pet be it any of the big cats, chimps or anything. The chimps were donated by people e.g. the people who owned Tojo.
The chimps that were used were NOT Babies they were what I would call toddlers and as I have stated all of the chimps were donated it was a case of you found somewhere that could house a chimp or have them put to sleep, why do you think there are cases of big cats being seen in the wild.
The last adverts that featured chimps were played by the French and Italian chimps.
SmallestGiraffe said: ↑
I agree the chimps have paid for the way they were treated as babies, but as mentioned a couple of times in the article that sort of thing was of its time and i'd hope that now a lot more people are better educated and that sort of thing wouldn't happen now. Chimps are such amazing creatures as they are, they really do not need to be dressed up or playing the piano to prove that
Click to expand...
Cheshire, UK
Jane Doe said: ↑
Did anyone see ITV Central News the BBC News and This Morning what Sharon Redrobe said about the chimps that were on the PG Tips Adverts some 30 years ago
It makes me sick how someone who didn't know Miss Badham and Miss Evans could speak the way she did OK it needed change but back in the day they were the only females to run a zoo successfully and it made money all of which got put back into the zoo.
If you missed it look on ITV player and you will find it and if you put tea chimps into google I am sure you will find it
Click to expand...
Why? Do you disagree with her view that the way young chimpanzees were treated created later problems?
Leicestershire
Why I disagree is because they were not damaged. Chimpanzees naturally like to get attention but they still new how to be chimps. Some of the chimps that came to the zoo had already got problems. Miss Redrobe didn't now enough about them and how they came to the zoo, I personally think she made a very big deal about it because she ended her interview with "we will be building a 3 million pound chimp complex If we can raise the money" so I think she made a big deal of it just to get people to come to the zoo and spend money.
If people want to have a go at anyone think about Monkey Word.
The apes that are damaged are those that are on holiday beaches abroad they have their teeth pulled out so they do not bit anyway the chimps at the zoo now how to be chimps.
Behind You! (to the left)
Jane Doe said: ↑
Why I disagree is because they were not damaged. Chimpanzees naturally like to get attention but they still new how to be chimps.
Click to expand...
No they didn't -they spent most of their days inactive with little interaction between Chimps. Also twos' and threes' is nowhere near a natural grouping for Chimps -how could they act like Chimps when they were not in group sizes big enough to encourage natural interactions and behaviour?
Jane Doe said: ↑
Miss Redrobe made a very big deal about it because she ended her interview with "we will be building a 3 million pound chimp complex If we can raise the money" so I think she made a big deal of it just to get people to come to the zoo and spend money.
Click to expand...
I don't think that's really a bad objective really, have you seen the Chimp enclosures at Twycross recently? There's nothing particularly good or modern about them, though it's great to see the Chimps finally in larger groups and good to know the zoo is trying to improve things.
Whilst not denigrating Molly & Natalie's achievements in anyway it's wrong to look at everything they did as beyond criticism. Quite plainly, what was acceptable in the 1970's was, with hindsight, not in the Chimps best long term interests.
england
Jane Doe said: ↑
I personally think she made a very big deal about it because she ended her interview with "we will be building a 3 million pound chimp complex If we can raise the money"
Click to expand...
Thanks for the information on the existing Chimps at Twycross. I hadn't realised that a large proportion of those they still have were actually born there. I guess quite a lot of them would have been handraised though, as I've very rarely seen a mother Chimp with baby on many visits there over the years.
The new Chimp complex is still/back on the cards then, at some time in the future. This wasn't mentioned in the above article, only in the interview I guess- which I didn't see. I really hope they can raise the funds for it- IMO it would be the single most important new build the Zoo could undertake and its still of maximum priority. I'm quite confident virtually all of the existing Chimps could be brought together as a single large 'clan' - the relative(I do say relative) ease with which they amalgamated some of them into somewhat larger groupings virtually proves that.
India
Jane Doe said: ↑
The thing I object to is the fact that those chimps that were used were not babies they were what I would class as toddlers, plus all of those chimps that were used for the adverts had been donated to the zoo because their owners could not look after them any more.
If the adverts had not happened then there would be no Twycross Zoo read molly's zoo.
Click to expand...
I'm pretty sure that many of the chimps (and certainly most of the other primates at the zoo) were bought directly by the zoo owners from dealers and pet-shops. There's nothing wrong with that -- that is the only way things worked back then -- but it would be incorrect to try and say that Twycross only got chimps through "donation".
And for my edification, who is Sharon Redrobe?
england
Chlidonias said: ↑
I'm pretty sure that many of the chimps (and certainly most of the other primates at the zoo) were bought directly by the zoo owners from dealers and pet-shops.
And for my edification, who is Sharon Redrobe?
Click to expand...
Some of Twycross' early Primate species would certainly have come from animal dealers- a number of their early Monkey species and the initial pairs(1.1.) of Gorillas and Orangutans(2.3) would have been from those sources as were two (0.2) of the later Gorillas also. Probably some of the original Chimps too. Very few primates were available in Petshops even in those days, a few of the commoner monkey species, the odd chimp and even a young Gorilla and Orangutan in Tysley's Pet Stores in Birmingham- though close to Twycross, neither of these went there.
Sharon Redrobe is a vet and the new CEO at Twycross, replacing the previous(former) Director who was hired by the original owners but who 'resigned' a year or so ago after what appeared to be inside pressure.
India
Pertinax said: ↑
Sharon Redrobe is a vet and the new CEO at Twycross, replacing the previous(former) Director who was hired by the original owners but who 'resigned' a year or so ago after what appeared to be inside pressure.
Click to expand...
I thought she might be the CEO but couldn't remember. What I'm getting from this thread is that she has said (in summary) "Hand-raising chimps as humans for entertainment purposes was a bad idea and the result was many individual misfit adult chimps. This is not something which would be done nowadays. We would like to get all these chimps together and socialised, and we would like to raise enough money to build an actual proper chimp enclosure at Twycross". Is that about right? I'm not sure what the fuss is if that is the case.
Leicestershire
Shorts said: ↑
No they didn't -they spent most of their days inactive with little interaction between Chimps. Also twos' and threes' is nowhere near a natural grouping for Chimps -how could they act like Chimps when they were not in group sizes big enough to encourage natural interactions and behaviour?
I don't think that's really a bad objective really, have you seen the Chimp enclosures at Twycross recently? There's nothing particularly good or modern about them, though it's great to see the Chimps finally in larger groups and good to know the zoo is trying to improve things.
Whilst not denigrating Molly & Natalie's achievements in anyway it's wrong to look at everything they did as beyond criticism. Quite plainly, what was acceptable in the 1970's was, with hindsight, not in the Chimps best long term interests.
Click to expand...
Miss Badham & Miss Evans did what they thought best built up Twycross on a shoe string, there is still 1 original house and that is the old giraffe house. The Amazon house which was the Reptile house was the first house to be purposely built Mrs Boardman new the roof was knackered but no she still spent a fortune on it and now the roof has finally given up that is why it is closed until further notice. I feel everyone just wants to call Miss Badham & Miss Evans there are things I have been told that don't sit right with me that the new team have done, all Miss Redrobe wanted was to make it look bad on Miss Badham for what she did years ago and we all know that wouldn't happen now, she only did it to get the 3 million that is needed. It was always Miss Badhams wish and intention to build a purpose built chimp complex but it never happened because 1 was her age and finally it was decided she should retire and let someone bring it up to date, so what happened Mrs Boardman was brought in and what did she do spend, spend, spend, and now there is Miss Redrobe and all she wants to do is slag Miss B off.
There is no point me sticking up for Miss Badham because everyone has already made up their minds.
Swansea , UK
With regards to the aquisition of chimps by Twycross in the early days , there is a lot of information available in the recent Chimpanzee studbooks . From memory , Twycross received many wild-caught baby chimps , a lot of them were moved on to other zoos after a relatively short period .
MY INTERPRETATION of this is the tractable ones that could be worked with were kept , whilst the others were moved on . I could be totally wrong here I admit .
I am not necessarily condemning this . As others have said , what was acceptable practice was very different then . Even Gerald Durrel purchased wild-caught baby apes for Jersey and collected chimps in West Africa .
India
Jane Doe said: ↑
There is no point me sticking up for Miss Badham because everyone has already made up their minds.
Click to expand...
you're being a bit over-dramatic. Nobody on here, as far as I can tell, hates Miss Badham or Evans, or thinks badly of them as such. It is just that what was done forty years ago in the zoo world isn't what would be done today. It's as simple as that. It is the same for any older zoo in the world.
I found the news video (here: Chimps were 'damaged' by TV adverts | Central - ITV News ) and there's nothing even remotely bad in it. The CEO is simply saying that chimps wouldn't be used like that by Twycross today, that they end up "damaged" as she put it, and that they want to get all the chimps together into social groups which is the way chimps should be, and for which they need to raise money to build a proper facility.
On a side note, the piece showed clips from the PG Tips adverts. I hadn't realised those are the exact same adverts that I used to watch as a kid on tv in New Zealand! I loved those ads!! The nature of the times indeed.
Leicestershire
Well I knew Molly Badham all of the chimps in the early days were given to them because the owns could not handle them, because they were pets it was not against the law for people to have tropical animals like a cat or a dog. You are making Miss Badham sound like Mary Chipperfield
Bele said: ↑
With regards to the aquisition of chimps by Twycross in the early days , there is a lot of information available in the recent Chimpanzee studbooks . From memory , Twycross received many wild-caught baby chimps , a lot of them were moved on to other zoos after a relatively short period .
MY INTERPRETATION of this is the tractable ones that could be worked with were kept , whilst the others were moved on . I could be totally wrong here I admit .
I am not necessarily condemning this . As others have said , what was acceptable practice was very different then . Even Gerald Durrel purchased wild-caught baby apes for Jersey and collected chimps in West Africa .
Click to expand...
Leicestershire
If people read her books they would see. Where are they thinking of putting it all ? It is common sense chimps would not be used like that now so she was just having a dig.
I know a lot of things that have happened under the new management that would never have happened in Miss B & Miss E's Day.
There was plenty of money until the previous director used it all.
Chlidonias said: ↑
you're being a bit over-dramatic. Nobody on here, as far as I can tell, hates Miss Badham or Evans, or thinks badly of them as such. It is just that what was done forty years ago in the zoo world isn't what would be done today. It's as simple as that. It is the same for any older zoo in the world.
I found the news video (here: Chimps were 'damaged' by TV adverts | Central - ITV News ) and there's nothing even remotely bad in it. The CEO is simply saying that chimps wouldn't be used like that by Twycross today, that they end up "damaged" as she put it, and that they want to get all the chimps together into social groups which is the way chimps should be, and for which they need to raise money to build a proper facility.
On a side note, the piece showed clips from the PG Tips adverts. I hadn't realised those are the exact same adverts that I used to watch as a kid on tv in New Zealand! I loved those ads!! The nature of the times indeed.
Click to expand...
| i don't know |
Craig and Charlie Reid got together to form which band in 1983? | Story
THE PROCLAIMERS January 2015
After completing a 2-year World tour late in 2013, Craig and Charlie took 2014 off to focus entirely on writing a new album. They headed to Rockfield Studios in December with their band and producer Dave Eringa (Manic Street Preachers, Wilko Johnson & Roger Daltrey, Idlewild, The Who) and recorded their 10th studio album for release on Cooking Vinyl in April this year.
The Proclaimers return to the road and will be touring in 2015 from May through to December.
April 2013 saw The Proclaimers out on a three week USA acoustic tour before joining up with their live band for a host of UK festivals and concerts over the summer including their fifth Glastonbury appearance, Cornbury, T In The Park, Camp Bestival and a Canadian tour in August. The Proclaimers returned for more UK dates and their final concert this year as the first Scottish band to play at the newly opened Hydro Arena in Glasgow in early October.
1st July saw the release of a thirty-track compilation selected by Craig and Charlie from their 9 studio albums to date. ‘The Very Best of The Proclaimers’ (25 Years – 1987 to 2012).
Following on from the theatre success of the musical drama featuring songs by The Proclaimers
‘Sunshine On Leith’, the movie version had its UK release in October (Entertainment Film Distributors) and was hugely popular, opening at number 3, moving up to 2 in it’s second and spending another month in the top ten, generating over £4.8 million at the UK Box office. Sunshine On Leith was number 5 in the highest grossing Independent UK films of 2013. The movie was released in the UK on DVD/Blu-ray on 27th January 2014. It has its international releases across the globe throughout 2014 and is released in USA/Canada in 2015.
Screenplay by Stephen Greenhorn, directed by Dexter Fletcher, produced by DNA Films & Black Camel Pictures and starring Peter Mullan, Jane Horrocks, George MacKay, Antonia Thomas, Kevin Guthrie and Freya Mavor.
Strikingly individual, twin brothers Craig and Charlie Reid have over the years enjoyed huge success across the globe as the emotional honesty, political fire, wit and sing-along raucousness of their songs and their extensive touring has enlightened and entertained fans new and old. The Proclaimers have carved out a niche for themselves in the netherworld where pop, folk, new wave and punk collide. In the process they have enjoyed Gold and Platinum singles and albums in UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Born in Leith in 1962, Craig and Charlie Reid grew up in Edinburgh, Cornwall and Auchtermuchty in Fife. At home, they listened to early rock ‘n’ roll and country greats such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Merle Haggard and Hank Williams. At school they played in punk bands and formed The Proclaimers in 1983. With a fervent live following growing in Scotland, particularly in Inverness where they performed regularly, their first big break came late in 1986 when they were invited to tour with The Housemartins. Then in January 1987 they made a now seminal appearance on the Channel 4 pop programme The Tube, performing Letter From America & Throw The ‘R’ Away. Singing in regional accents about Scotland – its emigration and its politics – they were a far cry from the mid-Eighties playlist staples of Rick Astley and Sinitta, and became a phenomenon almost overnight, signing to Chrysalis within a month and recording their debut album acoustically, This Is The Story, a week later, produced by the man who also signed them to Chrysalis, John Williams. Voted NME Readers Best New Band that year, they toured the UK extensively and a new ‘band’ version of Letter From America, produced by Gerry Rafferty went Top 3 in November.
Complementing their raw, stripped down delivery with the greater musical scope of a full band, they then embraced country and rock on their second album, 1988’s Sunshine On Leith produced by Pete Wingfield, which also saw them form their first full live band and go on a 9 month World tour.
In addition to the deeply moving classic title track which has gone on to be an anthem for Hibs fans, the album featured hit singles, the raucous, euphoric I’m Gonna Be (500 Miles) and I’m On My Way. In 1989 ‘I’m Gonna Be’ spent 6 weeks at number 1 in Australia and a was a top 10 college radio hit in USA. The song went on to soar to No. 3 during a 6-month reign in the US Billboard Singles Chart in 1993 after appearing on the soundtrack of the Johnny Depp film Benny And Joon. I’m On My Way also re-emerged in 2001 when it subsequently accompanied one of the pivotal scenes in the hit movie Shrek.
In 1990, The Proclaimers had a huge UK & European hit with their King Of The Road EP. The Proclaimers returned in 1994 with Hit The Highway, an album that featured a three-piece brass section yielding the hit Let’s Get Married.
A longer than intended break then ensued before a fourth album, 2001’s Persevere, was cut in Minneapolis. Produced by Chris Kimsey with an all star American musician line up, another fantastic collection of Reid/Reid songs re-established The Proclaimers as they went back on another mammoth year long World tour.
Since then, the band have barely stood still, following the 2002 release of their Best Of they continued to tour extensively and one of that year’s more unusual highlights saw them perform on the pitch at Hampden Park to over a billion TV viewers before the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final between Real Madrid and Bayer Leverkusen. Two more acclaimed studio albums followed, 2003’s Edwyn Collins produced Born Innocent and 2005’s more soul orientated Mark Wallis/David Ruffy produced Restless Soul. 2005 saw another live career highpoint, opening the bill at the Live 8 concert at Murrayfield Stadium. 2006 also saw a notable appearance in an episode of Family Guy.
In March 2007, they topped the UK singles chart with a rousing new rendition of their classic anthem I’m Going to Be (500 Miles), a collaboration with comedians Peter Kay and Matt Lucas for Comic Relief, raising over a million pounds for charity in the process. EMI relaunched their 2002 Best Of collection, re-entering the Album Charts at No 5 with sales soaring beyond platinum. September 2007 saw The Proclaimers release their seventh studio album ‘Life With You’ (Universal) in the UK to fantastic critical praise and great commercial success. The Proclaimers kicked off their biggest ever UK & Ireland tour in October, 44 dates to over 100,000 fans. In Scotland, they sold more gig tickets than any other single act in 2007.
Touring continued in 2008, with a huge 129 date, yearlong World tour, across Europe, two months coast to coast across the USA & Canada, followed by a variety of shows from Muscat to Bermuda, alongside English seaside resort gigs and European festivals including their fourth Glastonbury appearance and all brought to a triumphant conclusion with a concert at Edinburgh Castle.
In 2009, The Proclaimers released their 8th studio album ‘Notes & Rhymes’ (Universal) and hit the road for another 95 date World tour. In March, Craig and Charlie headed over to Austin, Texas to make their debut at SXSW where they performed a series of seven acoustic showcases, including a one-off Scottish extravaganza, sharing a bill with Glasvegas and Primal Scream.
Whilst 2010 was spent mainly writing, The Proclaimers performed at 21 summer dates in Europe climaxing with a main stage T In The Park performance.
In October 2011 special editions of The Proclaimers first three albums were released on Chrysalis (This Is The Story, Sunshine On Leith, Hit The Highway), each containing the original album plus a bonus disc containing B-sides, live tracks and previously unreleased radio sessions, all newly remastered at Abbey road Studios, London.
With producer Steve Evans at the helm, The Proclaimers released their 9th studio album ‘Like Comedy’ in April 2012 to great acclaim by leading independent label Cooking Vinyl. One of their greatest fans, Matt Lucas made his director’s debut on the video for the single ‘Spinning Around In The Air’ where he wrote a script for a Golden wedding anniversary descending into drunken mayhem and in the process managed to persuade Craig and Charlie for a career first, dressing them up as elderly ladies.
The Proclaimers were then back out live with a busy summer in UK which included headlining the Hebridean and Big Tent festivals in Scotland, followed by another headline slot at Cambridge Festival, main stage appearances at the V Festivals in England and three shows at the Singapore Grand Prix. Another unique appearance occurred when The Proclaimers appeared on ITV’s Emmerdale – as headliners at Home Farm’s music festival, in an episode marking the beginning of the soap’s 40th birthday celebrations.
October 2012 saw The Proclaimers head out on an eight week, 36 date UK tour, before finishing the year in style with a Hogmanay concert on the esplanade of Stirling Castle.
The last few years has see The Proclaimers grace main stages at the likes of V Festival, T In The Park, Isle Of Wight Festival, Womad and Glastonbury in-between regular touring across the globe. Craig and Charlie have reached the rarefied status that few have been able to achieve: with nearly three decades of career longevity, they are as innovative as ever and with every album and show played, they’ve continued to garner new fans.
Their songs have been used extensively in adverts across the World and the list of movies they have featured in includes The Commitments, The Crossing, Mama’s Boy, Bottle Rocket, Benny & Joon, Shrek, Dumb & Dumber, Bye Bye Love, Burke And Hare, The Angel’s Share, Bachelorette, Perfect Pitch.
The Proclaimers songs, too, provided the inspiration to an enormously successful, highly acclaimed, award winning new musical, Sunshine On Leith, put together by the Dundee Rep Theatre. Written by Stephen Greenhorn. The drama follows the highs and lows of 2 soldiers returning home from Afghanistan. Families, relationships and life in Leith are not all plain sailing in this exceptional love story about everyday life in Scotland. Directed by James Brining, the musical first toured Scotland in Spring 2007, returning in November 2008 for a 4 month run in Scotland and its first foray into England. The musical had its third outing a 4 month theatre tour (3 months in Scotland, 1 month in England) in Autumn 2010 with the cast for this run starring Billy Boyd, most widely known for playing the Character ‘Pippin’ in the movies The Lord of The Rings and ‘Barret Bondon’ in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.
Why did it take 20 years before anyone noticed The Proclaimers were born to be turned into a musical? Not since Willy Russell came up with Blood Brothers has Britain produced such a perfect marriage of music and theatre. Had playwright and screenwriter Stephen Greenhorn done nothing else, he should be declared a genius for spotting that the songs of Craig and Charlie Reid – with all their emotional honesty, singalong raucousness and political fire – are a true gift to the stage. THE GUARDIAN
Matt Lucas is a huge fan and in the sleeve notes of their Best Of compilation he writes of Scotland’s finest Celtic soul brothers: ‘I find it hard to put into words quite how the music of The Proclaimers makes me feel. It makes me laugh. It makes me cry. It just makes me generally euphoric … Sunshine On Leith says more to me about my life and the way I feel than anything Morrissey or Cobain ever wrote.’
On BBC Radio 4’s Desert Island discs, David Tennant describes his first track by The Proclaimers – “I could have chosen any and every track from this band, probably my favourite band of all time. They write the most spectacular songs, big hearted, uncynical passionate songs.”
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| The Proclaimers |
The falcon’s dive from a height onto its prey is known as a what? | STG Presents - The Proclaimers
The Proclaimers
All Ages / Bar with I.D.
$23.50 advance
Show Description
STG Presents and Emporium Presents welcome The Proclaimers to The Neptune on October 13, 2016.
The Proclaimers kick off another seven-month tour this year with their first ever shows in Hong Kong in April as part of the HK Rugby Sevens tournament. They then do a 10 date April tour of Australia and New Zealand including their first ever concert at Sydney’s Opera House. The summer sees more UK and European festival appearances, including a 28 date England & Wales Seaside & Regional Tour. September and October sees a two-month tour of USA and Canada. Craig and Charlie will then come off the road to focus on writing and recording with a view to being back out live in 2018.
Since releasing their hugely acclaimed 10th studio album ‘Let’s Hear It For The Dogs’ in April 2015, The Proclaimers embarked on a mammoth 68 UK date tour which included (15 Festivals/53 sold out Theatres). Ents 24, the UK’s biggest live guide announced The Proclaimers as the 6th biggest live music act in the UK in 2015.
Festival highlights in 2015 included Wychwood, Glastonbury, T In The Park, Cambridge, Carfest, Belladrum and V Festivals. April 2013 saw The Proclaimers out on a three week USA acoustic tour before joining up with their live band for a host of UK festivals and concerts over the summer. The Proclaimers final concert this year saw them become the first Scottish band to play at the newly opened Hydro Arena in Glasgow in early October. July 2013 saw the release of a thirty-track compilation selected by Craig and Charlie from their 9 studio albums to date. ‘The Very Best of The Proclaimers’ (25 Years -1987 to 2012).
Following on from the theatre success of the musical drama featuring songs by The Proclaimers ‘Sunshine On Leith’, the movie version had its UK release in October (Entertainment Film Distributors) and was hugely popular, opening at number 3, moving up to 2 in it’s second and spending another month in the top ten, generating over £4.8 million at the UK Box office. Sunshine On Leith was number 5 in the highest grossing Independent UK films of 2013. The movie went on to have great international successes across the World in 2014.
Strikingly individual, twin brothers Craig and Charlie Reid have over the years enjoyed huge success across the globe as the emotional honesty, political fire, wit and sing-along raucousness of their songs and their extensive touring has enlightened and entertained fans new and old. The Proclaimers have carved out a niche for themselves in the netherworld where pop, folk, new wave and punk collide. In the process they have enjoyed Gold and Platinum singles and albums in UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Born in Leith in 1962, Craig and Charlie Reid grew up in Edinburgh, Cornwall and Auchtermuchty in Fife. At home, they listened to early rock 'n' roll and country greats such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Merle Haggard and Hank Williams. At school they played in punk bands and formed The Proclaimers in 1983. With a fervent live following growing in Scotland, particularly in Inverness where they performed regularly, their first big break came late in 1986 when they were invited to tour with The Housemartins. Then in January 1987 they made a now seminal appearance on the Channel 4 pop programme The Tube, performing Letter From America & Throw The ‘R’ Away. Singing in regional accents about Scotland - its emigration and its politics - they were a far cry from the mid-Eighties playlist staples of Rick Astley and Sinitta, and became a phenomenon almost overnight, signing to Chrysalis within a month and recording their debut album acoustically, This Is The Story, a week later, produced by the man who also signed them to Chrysalis, John Williams. Voted NME Readers Best New Band that year, they toured the UK extensively and a new ‘band’ version of Letter From America, produced by Gerry Rafferty went Top 3 in November.
Complementing their raw, stripped down delivery with the greater musical scope of a full band, they then embraced country and rock on their second album, 1988's Sunshine On Leith produced by Pete Wingfield, which also saw them form their first full live band and go on a 9 month World tour.
In addition to the deeply moving classic title track which has gone on to be an anthem for Hibs fans, the album featured hit singles, the raucous, euphoric I’m Gonna Be (500 Miles) and I'm On My Way. In 1989 ‘I'm Gonna Be’ spent 6 weeks at number 1 in Australia and a was a top 10 college radio hit in USA. The song went on to soar to No. 3 during a 6-month reign in the US Billboard Singles Chart in 1993 after appearing on the soundtrack of the Johnny Depp film Benny And Joon.
I’m On My Way also re-emerged in 2001 when it subsequently accompanied one of the pivotal scenes in the hit movie Shrek. In 1990, The Proclaimers had a huge UK & European hit with their King Of The Road EP. The Proclaimers returned in 1994 with Hit The Highway, an album that featured a three-piece brass section yielding the hit Let’s Get Married.
A longer than intended break then ensued before a fourth album, 2001's Persevere, was cut in Minneapolis. Produced by Chris Kimsey with an all star American musician line up, another fantastic collection of Reid/Reid songs re-established The Proclaimers as they went back on another mammoth year long World tour.
Since then, the band have barely stood still, following the 2002 release of their Best Of they continued to tour extensively and one of that year’s more unusual highlights saw them perform on the pitch at Hampden Park to over a billion TV viewers before the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final between Real Madrid and Bayer Leverkusen. Two more acclaimed studio albums followed, 2003's Edwyn Collins produced Born Innocent and 2005's more soul orientated Mark Wallis/David Ruffy produced Restless Soul. 2005 saw another live career highpoint, opening the bill at the Live 8 concert at Murrayfield Stadium. 2006 also saw a notable appearance in an episode of Family Guy.
In March 2007, they topped the UK singles chart with a rousing new rendition of their classic anthem I'm Going to Be (500 Miles), collaboration with comedians Peter Kay and Matt Lucas for Comic Relief, raising over a million pounds for charity in the process. EMI relaunched their 2002 Best Of collection, re-entering the Album Charts at No 5 with sales soaring beyond platinum. September 2007 saw The Proclaimers release their seventh studio album ‘Life With You’ (Universal) in the UK to fantastic critical praise and great commercial success.
The Proclaimers kicked off their biggest ever UK & Ireland tour in October, 44 dates to over 100,000 fans. In Scotland, they sold more gig tickets than any other single act in 2007.
Touring continued in 2008, with a huge 129 date, yearlong World tour, across Europe, two months coast to coast across the USA & Canada, followed by a variety of shows from Muscat to Bermuda, all brought to a triumphant conclusion with a concert at Edinburgh Castle.
In 2009, The Proclaimers released their 8th studio album ‘Notes & Rhymes’ (Universal) and hit the road for another 95 date World tour. In March, Craig and Charlie headed over to Austin, Texas to make their debut at SXSW where they performed a series of seven acoustic showcases, including a one-off Scottish extravaganza, sharing a bill with Glasvegas and Primal Scream.
Whilst 2010 was spent mainly writing, The Proclaimers performed at 21 summer dates in Europe climaxing with a main stage T In The Park performance.
In October 2011 special editions of The Proclaimers first three albums were released on Chrysalis (This Is The Story, Sunshine On Leith, Hit The Highway), each containing the original album plus a bonus disc containing B-sides, live tracks and previously unreleased radio sessions, all newly remastered at Abbey road Studios, London.
With producer Steve Evans at the helm, The Proclaimers released their 9thstudio album 'Like Comedy' in April 2012 to great acclaim by leading independent label Cooking Vinyl.
One of their greatest fans, Matt Lucas made his director's debut on the video for the single 'Spinning Around In The Air' where he wrote a script for a Golden wedding anniversary descending into drunken mayhem and in the process managed to persuade Craig and Charlie for a career first, dressing them up as elderly ladies.
The Proclaimers were then back out live with a busy summer in UK which included headlining the Hebridean and Big Tent festivals in Scotland, followed by another headline slot at Cambridge Festival, main stage appearances at the V Festivals in England and three shows at the Singapore Grand Prix.
Another unique appearance occurred when The Proclaimers appeared on ITV’s Emmerdale –as headliners at Home Farm’s music festival, in an episode marking the beginning of the soap’s 40th birthday celebrations.
October 2012 saw The Proclaimers head out on an eight week, 36 -date UK tour, before finishing the year in style with a Hogmanay concert on the esplanade of Stirling Castle.
Craig and Charlie have reached the rarefied status that few have been able to achieve: with nearly three decades of career longevity, they are as innovative as ever and with every album and show played, they’ve continued to garner new fans.
Their songs have been used extensively in adverts across the World and the list of movies they have featured in includes The Commitments, The Crossing, Mama’s Boy, Bottle Rocket, Benny & Joon, Shrek, Dumb & Dumber, Bye Bye Love, Burke And Hare, The Angel’s Share, Bachelorette, Perfect Pitch.
The Proclaimers songs, too, provided the inspiration to an enormously successful, highly acclaimed, award winning musical, Sunshine On Leith, put together by the Dundee Rep Theatre. Written by Stephen Greenhorn. The drama follows the highs and lows of 2 soldiers returning home from Afghanistan. Families, relationships and life in Leith are not all plain sailing in this exceptional love story about everyday life in Scotland. Directed by James Brining, the musical first toured Scotland in Spring 2007, returning in November 2008 for a 4 month run in Scotland and its first foray into England. The musical had its third outing a 4 month theatre tour (3 months in Scotland, 1 month in England) in Autumn 2010 with the cast for this run starring Billy Boyd, most widely known for playing the Character ‘Pippin’ in the movie The Lord of The Rings.
Why did it take 20 years before anyone noticed The Proclaimers were born to be turned into a musical? Not since Willy Russell came up with Blood Brothers has Britain produced such a perfect marriage of music and theatre. Had playwright and screenwriter Stephen Greenhorn done nothing else, he should be declared a genius for spotting that the songs of Craig and Charlie Reid -with all their emotional honesty, singalong raucousness and political fire - are a true gift to the stage. THE GUARDIAN
Matt Lucas is a huge fan and in the sleeve notes of their Best Of compilation he writes of Scotland's finest Celtic soul brothers: 'I find it hard to put into words quite how the music of The Proclaimers makes me feel. It makes me laugh. It makes me cry. It just makes me generally euphoric ... Sunshine On Leith says more to me about my life and the way I feel than anything Morrissey or Cobain ever wrote.'
On BBC Radio 4’s Desert Island discs, David Tennant describes his first track by The Proclaimers - "I could have chosen any and every track from this band, probably my favourite band of all time. They write the most spectacular songs, big hearted, uncynical passionate songs."
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What is a ‘tercel’ (‘tiercel’ in the USA)? | tiercel - WordReference.com Dictionary of English
tiercel
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017
tier•cel (tēr′səl),USA pronunciation n. [Falconry.]
Sporttercel.
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017
ter•cel (tûr′səl),USA pronunciation n. [Falconry.]
Sportthe male of a hawk, esp. of a gyrfalcon or peregrine.
Also, terce•let (tûrs′lit),USA pronunciation tiercel.
Vulgar Latin *tertiolus, equivalent. to Latin terti(us) third + -olus -ole1; probably so called because the male is about one third smaller than the female
Middle French terçuel
Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers::
tiercel /ˈtɪəsəl/ n
tercel /ˈtɜːsəl/, tiercel n
a male falcon or hawk, esp as used in falconry
Etymology: 14th Century: from Old French, from Vulgar Latin tertiolus (unattested), from Latin tertius third, referring to the tradition that only one egg in three hatched a male chick
'tiercel' also found in these entries:
Forum discussions with the word(s) "tiercel" in the title:
No titles with the word(s) "tiercel".
| male falcon |
Who wrote the 1946 work ‘The Winslow Boy’? | tiercel - WordReference.com Dictionary of English
tiercel
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017
tier•cel (tēr′səl),USA pronunciation n. [Falconry.]
Sporttercel.
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017
ter•cel (tûr′səl),USA pronunciation n. [Falconry.]
Sportthe male of a hawk, esp. of a gyrfalcon or peregrine.
Also, terce•let (tûrs′lit),USA pronunciation tiercel.
Vulgar Latin *tertiolus, equivalent. to Latin terti(us) third + -olus -ole1; probably so called because the male is about one third smaller than the female
Middle French terçuel
Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers::
tiercel /ˈtɪəsəl/ n
tercel /ˈtɜːsəl/, tiercel n
a male falcon or hawk, esp as used in falconry
Etymology: 14th Century: from Old French, from Vulgar Latin tertiolus (unattested), from Latin tertius third, referring to the tradition that only one egg in three hatched a male chick
'tiercel' also found in these entries:
Forum discussions with the word(s) "tiercel" in the title:
No titles with the word(s) "tiercel".
| i don't know |
Which 2007 Rihanna song topped the charts in fifteen countries? | Rihanna | MUSFAN – Search and listen songs
Clear Playlist
Rihanna
Robyn Rihanna Fenty (born February 20, 1988), known by her stage name, Rihanna, is a Bajan singer. Her song Umbrella was one of the highest-selling songs of 2007 and her 3rd album Good Girl Gone Bad was critically acclaimed, helping propel her to superstar status. She has attained thirteen Billboard Hot 100 number ones thus far and is the second Bajan artist to win a Grammy Award. She is also a cultural ambassador for Barbados. Rihanna was born in Saint Michael, Barbados to Ronald Fenty, a warehouse supervisor, and Monica Fenty, an accountant. Her mother, a native of Guyana, is Afro-Guyanese and her father is Bajan and Irish. She is the oldest of three siblings; two younger brothers, Rorrey and Rajad Fenty. She began singing at around the age of seven. Her childhood was deeply affected by her father's addiction to crack cocaine and parent's rocky marriage, which ended when she was fourteen years old. Rihanna attended Charles F. Broome Memorial School, a primary school in Barbados, and then the Combermere School, where she formed a musical trio with two of her classmates at the age of fifteen. In 2004 she won the Miss Combermere Beauty Pageant. She was an army cadet in a sub-military programme that trained with the military of Barbados and Shontelle was her drill sergeant. At the age of 15, she formed a girl group with two of her classmates. In 2003, friends introduced Rihanna and her two bandmates to record producer Evan Rogers, who was vacationing in Barbados with his wife. The group auditioned for Rogers, who said that "the minute Rihanna walked into the room, it was like the other two girls didn't exist." While auditioning for Rogers, Rihanna sang Destiny's Child's cover of "Emotion". Over the next year, Rihanna and her mom shuttled back and forth to Rogers home in Stamford, Connecticut. Then, shortly after turning 16, she relocated in the United States and moved in with Rogers and his wife. Carl Sturken helped Rihanna record a four-song demo, which included the ballad "The Last Time," a cover of Whitney Houston’s hit "For the Love of You" and what would become her first hit, "Pon de Replay" to send to various recording companies. It took a year to record the demos, because she was going to school and would only record during summer and Christmas school breaks. Rihanna's demo made its way to Def Jam, which invited her to audition for the label's then-president, Jay-Z, who quickly signed her. Rihanna broke into the recording industry in 2005 with the release of her debut album Music of the Sun, which features the number 2 hit single "Pon de Replay". Less than a year later, Rihanna released A Girl Like Me and earned her first number-one single, "SOS, which sampled the popular 80s track "Tainted Love". "Unfaithful" was also released and was fairly successful. Rihanna released her third album, Good Girl Gone Bad, in June 2007. Prior to the release of the album, she spent the week of the Grammys writing songs for the album with Ne-Yo. She adopted a more sexual image while recording the album, eventually dying her hair black and cutting it short. Rihanna worked with Timbaland and Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, as well as previous musical collaborators such as Stargate, Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers to re-imagine her album compositions with uptempo dance tracks. Rihanna commented, "I want to keep people dancing but still be soulful at the same time. You feel different every album, and [at] this stage I feel like I want to do a lot of uptempo [songs]." The album topped the charts in countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Russia and Ireland, and peaked at number two in the United States and Australia. Unlike previous work, the album featured a more dance-pop sound instead of the dancehall, reggae and ballad styles. The album received positive reviews by critics, becoming her most critically acclaimed album at that time compared to her previous efforts. It yielded eight hit singles - "Umbrella" "Shut Up and Drive", "Don't Stop The Music" "Hate That I Love You" "Rehab" "Disturbia" "Take A Bow" "If I Never See Your Face Again" - all singles reaching the top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 — including the worldwide number-one hit "Umbrella," featuring Jay-Z. In addition to reaching number one in various countries, "Umbrella" was the number one single in the United Kingdom for ten consecutive weeks, making it the longest-running number-one single since Wet Wet Wet's single "Love Is All Around" spent fifteen weeks at the top in 1994. The song is listed number three on the 100 Best Songs of 2007 published by Rolling Stone magazine. In 2008, "Umbrella" earned Rihanna and Jay-Z a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in addition to receiving nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. It managed to stay at number one in the United Kingdom for 10 weeks, the longest time spent by a female and in the 21st century, on this chart. "Umbrella" has also been recognised in various forms of accolades by the music press. The song is listed number three on the 100 Best Songs of 2007, published by the music magazine Rolling Stone. Time magazine also listed the song number three on their Top 10 Songs of 2007. The song is listed number one on Entertainment Weekly magazine's list of the 10 Best Singles of 2007, while topping the magazine's poll for the best single of 2007. Blender magazine awarded the song Song of the Year in their Readers' Poll 2007. The music press has considered "Umbrella" as 2007's Song of the Summer, while The New York Times writer Kelefa Sanneh regarded it as "arguably 2007's signature slow jam". In August 2009, Rihanna collaborated with Jay-Z and Kanye West on "Run This Town." The song peaked at number two on Billboard Hot 100 and also reached the top ten in five other countries. She appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia for the September 2009 Issue. The shoot was influenced by Rihanna's hair, which she had cut for the shoot into a mohawk-like style. The style of the shoot was Extreme Couture and very dark, and in one shot she appeared semi-nude. Rihanna performed "Run This Town" along with Jay-Z and West for the "Answer the Call" concert at Madison Square Garden in September 2009, making it her first musical performance since the altercation with Brown. The trio also performed "Run This Town," on the premiere of The Jay Leno Show on September 14, 2009. In November of 2009, "Rated R" was released in the wake of a physical altercation with romantic interest Chris Brown, who pled guilty to felony assault. The album's lead single, "Russian Roulette" -- written with Ne-Yo - was one of the year's most controversial singles. The album also includes collaborations with Tricky, The-Dream, Stargate, and SRP. One year later, Rihanna released her fifth studio album called "Loud'. It's lead single, "Only Girl (In the World)", reached number one in more than ten countries. The song also won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. "Talk That Talk" was released one year after "Loud". With the song "We Found Love", Rihanna became the fastest solo artist in the chart's history to achieve twenty Hot 100 top-ten singles, breaking the previous record set by Madonna. The song later became her eleventh number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. "You Da One" became the second single from the album but was not as successful as "We Found Love". The third single from the album, "Talk That Talk" featuring Jay-Z, was announced on Rihanna's Twitter. The fourth single, "Where Have You Been", peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. On February 20, 2012, Rihanna and Chris Brown released 2 remixes, one featuring the "Talk That Talk" album track "Birthday Cake" and the other featuring Chris Brown's "Turn Up The Music" In April 2012, the singer appeared in the movie "Battleship", which is based on the game of the same name. Rihanna's seventh album, Unapologetic was released on November 19, 2012; it was preceded by the lead single Diamonds, which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 becoming Rihanna's twelfth number one single on the chart and tying her with Madonna and The Supremes for the fourth-most number ones in the chart's history. Rihanna has been working on her, currently untitled, eighth studio album since 2014. The first single from her upcoming album FourFiveSeconds was released on January 24, 2015. The second single Bitch Better Have My Money debuted on Tidal on April 5, 2015. Read more on Last.fm. User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply.
| Umbrella |
What does the word ‘antediluvian’ mean, literally? | Rihanna
artist page
Rihanna
Robyn Rihanna Fenty, known by her stage name, Rihanna, is a Bajan singer. Her song 'Umbrella' was one of the highest-selling songs of 2007 and her 3rd album "Good Girl Gone Bad" was critically acclaimed, helping propel her to superstar status. She has attained seven Billboard Hot 100 number ones thus far and is the second Bajan artist to win a Grammy Award. She is also a cultural ambassador for Barbados. Rihanna was born in Saint Michael, Barbados (February 20, 1988) to Ronald Fenty, a warehouse supervisor, and Monica Fenty, an accountant. Her mother, a native of Guyana, is Afro-Guyanese and her father is Bajan and Irish. She is the oldest of three siblings; two younger brothers, Rorrey and Rajad Fenty. She began singing at around the age of seven. Her childhood was deeply affected by her father's addiction to crack cocaine and parent's rocky marriage, which ended when she was fourteen years old. Rihanna attended Charles F. Broome Memorial School, a primary school in Barbados, and then the Combermere School, where she formed a musical trio with two of her classmates at the age of fifteen. In 2004 she won the Miss Combermere Beauty Pageant. She was an army cadet in a sub-military programme that trained with the military of Barbados and Shontelle was her drill sergeant. At the age of 15, she formed a girl group with two of her classmates. In 2003, friends introduced Rihanna and her two bandmates to record producer Evan Rogers, who was vacationing in Barbados with his wife. The group auditioned for Rogers, who said that "the minute Rihanna walked into the room, it was like the other two girls didn't exist." While auditioning for Rogers, Rihanna sang Destiny's Child's cover of "Emotion". Over the next year, Rihanna and her mom shuttled back and forth to Rogers home in Stamford, Connecticut. Then, shortly after turning 16, she relocated in the United States and moved in with Rogers and his wife. Carl Sturken helped Rihanna record a four-song demo, which included the ballad "Last Time," a cover of Whitney Houston’s hit "For the Love of You" and what would become her first hit, "Pon de Replay" to send to various recording companies. It took a year to record the demos, because she was going to school and would only record during summer and Christmas school breaks. Rihanna's demo made its way to Def Jam, which invited her to audition for the label's then-president, Jay-Z, who quickly signed her. Rihanna broke into the recording industry in 2005 with the release of her debut album Music Of The Sun, which features the number 2 hit single "Pon de Replay". Less than a year later, Rihanna released A Girl Like Me and earned her first number-one single, "SOS", which sampled the popular 80s track "Tainted Love". "Unfaithful" was also released and was fairly successful. Rihanna released her third album, Good Girl Gone Bad, in June 2007. Prior to the release of the album, she spent the week of the Grammys writing songs for the album with Ne-Yo. She adopted a more sexual image while recording the album, eventually dying her hair black and cutting it short. Rihanna worked with Timbaland and Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, as well as previous musical collaborators such as Stargate, Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers to re-imagine her album compositions with uptempo dance tracks. Rihanna commented, "I want to keep people dancing but still be soulful at the same time. You feel different every album, and [at] this stage I feel like I want to do a lot of uptempo [songs]." The album topped the charts in countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Russia and Ireland, and peaked at number two in the United States and Australia. Unlike previous work, the album featured a more dance-pop sound instead of the dancehall, reggae and ballad styles. The album received positive reviews by critics, becoming her most critically acclaimed album at that time compared to her previous efforts. It yielded eight hit singles - "Umbrella" "Shut Up and Drive", "Don't Stop The Music" "Hate That I Love You" "Rehab" "Disturbia" "Take A Bow" "If I Never See Your Face Again" - all singles reaching the top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 — including the worldwide number-one hit "Umbrella," featuring Jay-Z. In addition to reaching number one in various countries, "Umbrella" was the number one single in the United Kingdom for ten consecutive weeks, making it the longest-running number-one single since Wet Wet Wet's single "Love Is All Around" spent fifteen weeks at the top in 1994. The song is listed number three on the 100 Best Songs of 2007 published by Rolling Stone magazine. In 2008, "Umbrella" earned Rihanna and Jay-Z a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in addition to receiving nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. It managed to stay at number one in the United Kingdom for 10 weeks, the longest time spent by a female and in the 21st century, on this chart. "Umbrella" has also been recognised in various forms of accolades by the music press. The song is listed number three on the 100 Best Songs of 2007, published by the music magazine Rolling Stone. Time magazine also listed the song number three on their Top 10 Songs of 2007. The song is listed number one on Entertainment Weekly magazine's list of the 10 Best Singles of 2007, while topping the magazine's poll for the best single of 2007. Blender magazine awarded the song Song of the Year in their Readers' Poll 2007. The music press has considered "Umbrella" as 2007's Song of the Summer, while The New York Times writer Kelefa Sanneh regarded it as "arguably 2007's signature slow jam". Rihanna is finishing up recording of her upcoming fourth album, which is slated for a late-Fall release. Play.com has confirmed that the album will be released on November 23, 2009 whereas Amazon.co.uk has said that the album will be released November 16, 2009. She will be in the studio with Tricky, The Dream, Stargate, Ne-Yo and SRP in the coming weeks. In August 2009, Rihanna collaborated with Jay-Z and Kanye West on "Run This Town." The song has so far peaked at number three on Billboard Hot 100 and also reached the top ten in five other countries. Rihanna has also been working on her fourth studio album. She appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia for the September 2009 Issue. The shoot was influenced by Rihanna's hair, which she had cut for the shoot into a mohawk-like style. The style of the shoot was Extreme Couture and very dark, and in one shot she appeared semi-nude. Rihanna performed "Run This Town" along with Jay-Z and West for the "Answer the Call" concert at Madison Square Garden in September 2009, making it her first musical performance since the altercation with Brown. The trio also performed "Run This Town," on the premiere of The Jay Leno Show on September 14, 2009. Rated R (2009) was released in the wake of a physical altercation with romantic interest Chris Brown, who pled guilty to felony assault. The album's lead single, "Russian Roulette" -- written with Ne-Yo -- was one of the year's most controversial singles.
| i don't know |
In the Sherlock Holmes story, what was ‘The Speckled Band’? | The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes The Speckled Band Summary
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes The Speckled Band Summary
NEXT
Now we go back even further in time, says Watson, to a case that Holmes investigated while he and Watson were still bachelor-ing it up together at the 221B Baker Street apartment.
Watson sets the stage: it's early April 1883, and Holmes wakes Watson at the ungodly hour of 7:15am to tell him that a young lady has come to Holmes with a case.
And indeed, in the sitting room is a lady of around thirty, dressed in black with a black veil, who's shaking with fear. She is pale and drawn, and her hair has strands of premature grey. She's desperate for help, and promises Holmes that, while she can't pay him anything now, she'll be married soon and have control of her own income. So she's good for the money, if he'll give her time.
Holmes says that it's no problem. He's in this business for the pleasure of the hunt, though he'll be happy to let her pay him back for any expenses he works up, at her convenience. So, he says, let's hear your story.
The lady's name is Helen Stoner, and she's living with her stepdad.
This stepdad is the last living member of a great English family, the Roylotts. The Roylotts once controlled huge tracts of land, but after generations of spending lots of money, nothing is left of the estate except an old house, heavily mortgaged.
The current (and final) Roylott, seeing that there's nothing left of his inheritance, goes to India to make his fortune on his own. He does succeed in making some cash – but Roylott also manages to get into trouble. He flies into a rage when his house gets robbed and beats his Indian butler to death, for which he is sent to prison for a while. Eventually, though, he goes back to England.
Roylott was pretty busy while he was in India: not only does he set up his own medical practice and beat his butler to death, but he also finds the time to marry Miss Stoner's mother, a young widow at the time. Miss Stoner also has a twin sister, Julia.
Miss Stoner's mother was left with quite a lot of money – one thousand pounds per year (about U.S. $132,000 now) – which she left to Roylott upon her death eight years prior. But her will does allow for some of that money to go to Miss Stoner and to Julia if/when the girls get married.
With the money his wife has left him, Roylott takes Miss Stoner and Julia away from London and to his old family home in Stoke Moran. For their part, Miss Stoner and Julia are psyched to go: they think they'll be happy there.
But then – Roylott changes. He becomes violent and starts frightening away all the neighbors. He has no friends except for a group of Roma (known kind of negatively throughout the story as "gipsies") who camp on the lawn. Roylott also keeps a cheetah and a baboon to roam the grounds.
Because of Roylott's hideous temper, Miss Stoner and Julia can't get any servants to stay at the house. The work, Miss Stoner says, contributed to Julia's death two years before.
The thing is, before her death (obviously, since she's not a zombie), Julia had gone to visit her mother's sister. It's there that she meets a guy who wants to marry her.
Roylott doesn't object openly to the marriage, but exactly two weeks before the date of the wedding, Julia is killed.
That fatal night, Roylott goes to bed early, but he isn't sleeping yet: the smell of his heavy Indian tobacco is bothering Julia, whose bedroom is right next to his. So Julia goes over to Miss Stoner's room, which is on the other side of Julia's room, to chat about her upcoming wedding.
At about 11pm, Julia heads back to her room to sleep, but before she goes, she asks Miss Stoner if she has ever heard anyone whistling in the middle of the night.
Miss Stoner says no.
Julia tells her sister that, for the past few nights, always at around 3am, she has heard a low whistle that has awakened her. But she can't hear where it's coming from.
Miss Stoner thinks it must be the people camped out on their lawn.
Julia supposes so. She heads off to sleep.
Miss Stoner mentions that she and Julia have always locked their doors before sleeping because they're afraid of the cheetah and the baboon.
That night, Miss Stoner can't sleep. She is certain that something bad is going to happen. And sure enough, in the middle of the night, she hears a woman screaming: it's Julia!
Miss Stoner throws open her door; as she does so, she hears the low whistle Julia described, followed by a metal clanging sound.
Miss Stoner runs to Julia's room, where the door is curiously unlocked.
Miss Stoner sees Julia, her face terrified, her body swaying, appear in the doorway.
Julia starts to convulse, but is able to say, "Oh, my God! Helen! It was the band! The speckled band!" (Speckled. 50).
Miss Stoner rushes out to find her stepfather – he is, after all, a doctor – who's coming out of his own room while tugging on his dressing gown. He rushes to help Julia, but she's already unconscious. Julia dies.
Holmes is very interested in this bit about the whistle and the metal clanging sound. He also asks if Julia was dressed.
Miss Stoner says no, that her sister was in her nightgown, and that she was carrying a burned-out match and matchbox in her hand.
She also tells Holmes that the coroner tried to find evidence that would prove Roylott was involved in Julia's death. Everyone in the neighborhood knows he's dangerous, but no one has been able to find any actual proof that he murdered his stepdaughter.
Julia's windows were locked and barred, and there were no bruises or anything on her body. There's also no evidence of poison.
Miss Stoner thinks Julia died of fright, and that "the speckled band" might have meant a group of people – the gypsies, with their spotted handkerchiefs?
To get back to Miss Stoner's story, two years have passed since this terrible event. She has since gotten engaged to a guy named Percy Armitage.
Roylott has not objected to the marriage, and they couple is supposed to be married in the spring.
Two days ago, Miss Stoner continues, some construction on the outside wall of her bedroom made it necessary for her to switch rooms. So now she's sleeping in the room her sister Julia died in (creeeeeepy!).
Doubling the creepiness is this: now that Miss Stoner has moved into her dead sister's room, she, too, has heard the whistle that Julia heard before she died. Miss Stoner was so freaked out that she decided to seek help. So she has come to Holmes to ask for his protection.
Holmes says Miss Stoner's made the right choice, but she still hasn't told him everything: he reaches over and lifts a frill of lace covering Miss Stoner's wrist. On her skin are five dark bruises, shaped like fingerprints. Roylott has been abusing her.
Holmes asks if he and Watson can come up to the house at Stoke Moran that day, without her stepdad knowing.
Miss Stoner agrees, and they decide to meet at Stoke Moran in the early afternoon. Miss Stoner heads off.
Holmes chats with Watson about the case for a few moments, when suddenly the door swings open.
A tall, fierce, vicious-looking man stands in the doorway.
He introduces himself as Dr. Grimesby Roylott, of Stoke Moran. He demands to know what Miss Stoner has been telling Holmes.
Holmes won't answer, and seems to find Roylott ridiculously funny.
Roylott has heard of Holmes, and understands that Holmes likes to get involved in other people's affairs. Roylott warns Holmes not to get involved in this one: Roylott's a tough guy, and he won't be messed with.
To prove his overall toughness, Roylott grabs a poker from the fireplace and bends it. He tosses the bent poker at Holmes as though to say, "See what a powerful guy I am!" and then flounces off.
Holmes responds, though Roylott's unfortunately not there to see it, by bending the poker back straight again.
Holmes is most offended that Roylott seems to have confused Holmes with the official police: he is, above all, a private detective.
Before going on their afternoon journey to Stoke Moran, Holmes visits a public office to see the will of Miss Stoner's dead mother. It turns out that her estate had originally been worth about 1,100 pounds (now U.S. $131,000) a year in interest, but its value has dropped to 750 pounds (U.S. $89,000). Each of the girls, if married, is supposed to get 250 pounds in income. Which would leave Roylott with only 250 pounds a year of his own (around U.S. $30,000), enough to ruin him financially. So he's got a great motive for killing off his engaged stepdaughter(s).
Holmes and Watson head to Stoke Moran – Watson is armed, by the way.
They meet Miss Stoner as she's walking across a field towards the house.
Holmes tells her that her stepdad knows she visited Holmes that morning. He tells her to keep her door locked that night.
They reach the house, and Holmes begins his investigation. Half the house is totally falling down, but the right wing, where Miss Stoner and Roylott live, is in pretty good condition. In fact, the house repairs seem unnecessary, and Miss Stoner admits that she thinks Roylott started the construction to make her move from her own bedroom to Julia's.
It would be totally impossible to get into Miss Stoner's current room from the outside if the shutters were closed and barred from the inside. So Holmes is confused.
They enter the room, and there's a lot going on that seems suggestive to Holmes: the room itself is pretty bare, but there's a beautiful bell-pull, newer than all the other things in the room, that was installed just a couple of years ago. But Julia never used it, nor did she ask for it to be put in. As Holmes looks more closely, he finds that she couldn't have used it even if she wanted to, because it's not attached to anything.
Something else that's pretty odd: at the same time as the fake bell-pull was installed, a new ventilating duct was placed in the wall of the room. But it doesn't go outside, oh no: it leads from Julia's bedroom to Roylott's, a strange choice if you're looking to bring fresh air into a room.
Holmes also looks into Roylott's room, which has a safe.
Miss Stoner says the safe must hold his business papers, but Holmes thinks otherwise – he suggests that an animal is inside, because there's a saucer of milk on top of the safe.
He also checks out the seat of Roylott's chair and then spots a small dog whip hung on a corner of Roylott's bed, tied in a loop.
Holmes seems to have figured it all out by looking at these clues, but Watson and Miss Stoner are still lost.
Holmes decides that he and Watson have to spend the night in Miss Stoner's current room. She must go to bed early, pretending to have a headache, and then sneak quietly into her former bedroom (despite the repairs) for the evening.
Holmes and Watson get a nearby hotel room, from which they can see Roylott's house.
Holmes confesses to Watson that he feels kind of bad about bringing Watson along on this one because he'll be in some danger.
Watson's all, "No worries!" (Dr. John Watson laughs in the face of danger.) He also admits that he has no clue what's going on.
Holmes throws him a bone: first, Holmes tells Watson that he knew there was a ventilator between Julia and Roylott's bedrooms even before they saw the house. How? Because Julia was bothered by the smell of her stepdad's cigar smoke the night she died.
Holmes also points out that it's pretty weird that the fake bell-pull and the ventilator were both put it in just around the time that Julia died. What's more, her bed has been nailed to the floor. So it can't be moved.
All of this is evidence, Watson says, of some "subtle and horrible crime" (Speckled. 218).
So, Holmes and Watson settle in to watch the Stoke Moran house from their local inn until 11pm, when Miss Stoner lights a lamp in her sister's bedroom window to signal to Holmes and Watson that she's heading over to her old bedroom.
Holmes and Watson sneak onto the estate. Watson is surprised to see something that looks like a deformed child running across the grounds. It's the baboon. The cheetah's also probably around somewhere.
Holmes and Watson creep quietly into Julia's former bedroom, through the window. They lock the shutters behind them and turn off the light for fear that Roylott will see the light through the ventilator shaft.
They wait, wide awake. Watson has his pistol ready for action.
Finally, around 3am, they see a brief flash of light. A smell of burning oil and heated metal wafts in, and Watson realizes that someone in the next room has lit a dark-lantern, a lamp with a special sliding panel for blocking light.
After half an hour, there is another tiny sound, like a jet of steam from a kettle.
Holmes strikes a match and starts beating at the bell-pull with his cane.
Watson can't see what it is that Holmes is hitting, though he can see that Holmes's face is filled with disgust and horror.
Holmes stops with the cane, but he's watching the ventilator carefully.
Suddenly, they hear a terrible yell. Holmes tells Watson to bring his gun, and they enter Roylott's room.
Roylott is dead, sitting in his wooden chair with that small leather dog whip across his chest. Around his forehead is a weird yellow band with brown spots – a band that moves! It is, in fact, a snake, an Indian swamp adder (tragically, not a real snake).
Holmes grabs the dog whip from Roylott's body and uses the loop tied at the end as a noose to catch the snake and put it back in the safe.
Holmes and Watson bring Miss Stoner (who's fairly freaked out) to her aunt at Harrow.
The coroner decides that Roylott's death is the result of an accident while playing with a dangerous pet.
Holmes explains the rest of the case to Watson: Holmes admits that he started out on completely the wrong track. He also thought the "speckled band" reference was probably to the Roma group living on Roylott's land. But Holmes realized that he was wrong when he saw how impossible it would be to get into the room from the outside.
Once Holmes saw the ventilator, the bell-pull, and the nailed-down bed, he figured that the ventilator must be some kind of bridge for something to travel between the two rooms.
The whole snake thing then seemed obvious, especially given Roylott's history in India.
As for the whistle, Roylott probably trained the snake to respond to a whistle to make it return to his room before it could be seen by its potential victim, if it didn't bite her right away.
In Roylott's room, Holmes saw signs that Roylott liked to stand on his chair (to get access to the ventilator). The safe, the milk, and the whipcord all pointed to the training and management of this dangerous animal. The clang Miss Stoner heard the night before was the sound of Roylott quickly closing the door of the safe to shut in the snake. And the rest is history!
Holmes admits that, by attacking the snake and sending it back to its owner, he's probably responsible for it striking out at Roylott on the other side of the vent. He also can't say that he feels too bad about that.
| Snake (disambiguation) |
What is the surname of Aleksandr, the chief meerkat in the comparethemarket.com ads? | The Speckled Band: The Best Sherlock Holmes Story Ever!
The Speckled Band...
...Was Conan Doyle's Favourite Holmes Story
"Violence does, in truth, recoil upon the violent, and the schemer falls into the pit which he digs for another."
The Speckled Band is, without doubt, one of the best - actually, the best - out of the stories in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
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Don't just believe me. Believe the author himself!
Sir. Arthur Conan Doyle himself ranked it the number one Sherlock Holmes story of all time.
I remember getting the jitters when I first read the story for the first time.
It kept revolving in my head for quite a while.
What's so amazing about The Speckled Band? Quite some things.
The name itself – is well, definitely mysterious. I mean, what on earth is a speckled band?
The mystery is mind-blowing.
Sherlock Holmes' deductions about the crime are eye-popping.
The drama and twist at the end – are rivetting.
Here's my own rating of The Speckled Band.
Introduction/Initial deduction
Average Rating: 9.33/10
What's the Mystery/Problem Here?
The story begins in April 1883, when a young woman – Helen Stoner - rushes into Holmes' apartment at 7:15 AM.
She has a story she can't wait to share with Holmes...
Helen Stoner is talking to Sherlock Holmes and Watson in this Sidney Paget illustration
Now Helen, lives with her step-father in Stoke Moran, West Surrey, England. Her mother has been dead for many years – and her twin sister had died mysteriously two years ago.
But why is Helen so agitated? Because something horrible had happened two years ago to her sister and the same thing is now happening to her!
Two years ago, her sister had been about to get married - when, a few weeks before her wedding - this sister had started hearing a strange whistle in the night. On one such night, her sister had suddenly screamed in the night. When Helen rushed to her room, this sister had died in her arms with the words, “The speckled band..” on her lips.
No cause of death was ever ascertained.
And now, two years later, it is Helen who is about to get married. And the weirdest fact is – that she has heard the same strange whistle last night! Of course she is horrified! And that is what has brought Helen to Sherlock Holmes.
The mystery is definitely mind blowing. I mean – a woman dies mysteriously in a locked room with strong windows...And now her sister hears the same whistle this woman heard before she died.
That does seem like a horror story, doesn't it?
How did Helen's sister die? Who wants to kill Helen now? And what's with the whistle and the scream?
It's up to Holmes to clear the air...
Magical Moments From The Speckled Band
Like all other stories, this one too has moments you can't miss, moments that take you by storm...
1 The Moment When Julia Stoner Dies
One of the most mysterious and gripping visions in the story is the death of Julia Stoner, the client Helen's sister.
If there had to be one moment in The Speckled Band that I will never forger, it would be that moment when Julia Stoner dies in Helen's arms shrieking,
“Oh , my God! Helen! It was the band! The speckled band!”
Conan Doyle has presented that scene very, very well and he freakin' really manages to create horror, mystery, excitement, and what not in that scene. My number 1 moment for sure.
Take a peek at Joseph Friedrich's illustration of this moment...
2 The Moment When Holmes Twists the Poker Back
Just after Helen Stoner has left Holmes' apartment (after talking to him about her problem), in comes her wicked step-father Grimesby Roylott.
This Roylott dude is pretty aggressive and he starts warning and threatening Holmes the moment he steps in. Now, what would you do if a stranger barged in and started abusing you? Of course your instinctive response would be to retort back and say the worst things to the stranger.
But Monseur Holmes, as we know, is pretty much a master of his instincts. He goes quite beyond them at times. Holmes cheerfully ignores all the abuses hurled at him and talks about the weather and how well the crops are expected to grow this year.
As he's about to leave, the infuriated Roylott then twists a poker to showcase his strength. Holmes, straightens the twisted poker back (after Roylott has left) with the words:
“I am not quite so bulky, but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own.”
I love that moment.
This is one of cool things about Holmes that makes him so endearing for me. He does not give in to the urge to get angry, to exact revenge, to fight.
He does what's best for the case, handles the worst situations with good humour and is mostly chilled out.
And yet, he ends up proving his point conclusively every time.
Spoiler Alert: If you haven't read the story yet, STOP, skip points 3 and 4 and move on to the Trivia Section!
3 The Moment When Sherlock Holmes Notices the Bell Pull
When Holmes is investigating Julia's (and now Helen's) room, he suddenly notices the bell pull in the room. He studies it, asks about it and then tugs at it – only to find out that it is a dummy.
It is simply a string that has been hung from a hook!
That is one of the first things that starts clearing the air of mystery in Holmes' mind...This is what makes him think ( or so I think) - something entered the room with the help of the bell pull. This idea then makes Holmes examine the area near the bell pull – the fixed bed and the ventilator for instance...
I call this one of the magic moments – because it throws the first beam of light on the mystery.
4 The Moment When the Swamp Adder Hisses and Holmes Sends it Back
Ah! Without doubt, this moment is one of the most dangerous moments throughout all Sherlock Holmes stories.
Imagine Holmes and Watson waiting in the darkness of Helen's room for something mysterious to happen. Then, a hissing sound is heard. Holmes lights a match and hits at a dangerous snake - a swamp adder, in an instant sending it back to where it came from.
Bone chilling.
Both these dudes (Holmes and Watson) – have got nerves. No denying that.
Here's an illustration of the scene by Sidney Paget. Classic.
One of the few Sidney Paget illustrations that show Holmes in real action!
One of the reasons The Speckled Band is one of the best Holmes stories is this: it has many, many bone-chilling and mind blowing moments.
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There's a woman who dies talking about a speckled band. There's a guy who twists pokers. There's a deadly snake that makes its entry in the last few pages.
Combine that with Holmes' cool deductions and you know this is a great Holmes story.
The Speckled Band: Cool Trivia!
1 Conan Doyle Wrote a Play Based on The Speckled Band
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a play in 1902 called The Stonor Case. The play premiered at the Adelphi theatre in London in 1910.
Apparantly, Conan Doyle wrote the play to get out of a dire financial situation.
The play was a huge success.
While the plot of the play is the same as that of The Speckled Band, the way things are shown to the audience in the play – and some of the characters are different.
For instance, Helen Stoner is Enid Stonor and her sister is Violet (not Julia) in the play. Grimesby Rylott (note the spelling!) has a butler called Rodger in the play.
Even our dear old Holmes had a page called Billy! And then there's Rylott's servant called Ali...
Then, the play starts with an inquest – an inquiry - into Violet's (the client's sister's) death – and not with the client visiting Holmes. So, well, you get the point: there are quite some differences.
Many people think the story is better than the play. One of the top reasons is that Holmes' amazing explanations and deductions are NOT the focus of the play!
While the story is centered around Holmes, the play has Holmes as one of the characters – not The Character.
To Sherlock Holmes fans, that can make all the difference. ;-)
2 The Speckled Band Has Been Adapted Into Many Movies and TV Shows
How many movies and TV shows has The Speckled Band influenced? Take a guess.
The answer is 11. And counting.
In fact, the first movie based on The Speckled Band was a silent film made in 1912...
The most faithful TV episode based on The Speckled Band has to be the 1984 episode of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring Jeremy Brett.
While I have to confess that I haven't seen all of these movies and TV shows, still, I truly think – that none of the video versions do full justice to the actual story.
The emotions that the actual stories created in my mind – well, they are truly incomparable.
Maybe you can't enjoy a TV episode or a movie based on a book you love very much. It always seems to fall short :-)
Spoiler Alert: Not read The Speckled Band yet? Skip the next two points and read the story!
3 What Does a Bell Pull Look Like?
In The Speckled Band, a bell pull plays an important role. It is the bell pull which doesn't work that first catches Holmes' attention.
What is a bell pull? How did it work in the olden days?
Well, here's a picture of a bell pull.
That's a bell pull photographed by Kevin Gordon. Thanks Kevin!
In the 19th century, a bell pull was used to summon servants by making bells in the bell room ring. So, you pulled the bell pull in your room and that would ring a bell in the bell room. The servant/s would then come up!
Nowadays, of course bell pulls have become obsolete. Even people who do have servants, can use an electric bell to summon them.
4 What is a Swamp Adder?
The swamp adder is the mysterious and terrible villain of The Speckled Band.
It is the snake that supposedly crawled down the ventilator, down the dummy bell wire and bit Julia Stoner.
Now, does such a snake really exist? Could such a thing really happen?
While the way in which Conan Doyle recites the story is splendid, nope – the creature talked about – the swamp adder from India is completely a work of fiction.
For starters, the snake in The Speckled Band is supposed to come from India – where Dr Roylott once lived. But then, there are no swamp adders in India.
The swamp adder is found only in Tanzania, Mozambique and Malawi.
Now, supposing that the snake that killed Julia was indeed the swamp adder, there's another issue that pops up. A swamp adder's bite will take many minutes to kill – it can't kill in a few seconds – the way it happens in the story. Also, the snake's bite would be clearly visible on Julian Stoner's body – which does not happen in the story.
Yet another point: a snake is sensitive to climate change and it would be difficult for a snake brought from India or Africa to survive in England – so Mr. Swamp Adder wouldn't exactly be at ease in West Surrey, England.
To top it all – Roylott offers the snake milk to drink and snakes hardly ever drink milk. He whistles when he wants to say “hello” to the snake – but snakes can't hear. AND – snakes can't climb ropes. Whoops. Quite some issues!
Some cool and intelligent dudes have therefore suggested that the snake in the Speckled Band might actually be an artificial hybrid between the Mexican Gila monster and the Indian cobra.
Here's a picture of both the creatures.
Thanks to L A Dawson and Saleem Hamid for the original pictures
Dr Roylott might very well have been capable of performing this weird experiment. In this case – such a hybrid might be able to drink milk, climb ropes, and maybe even hear whistles. Grr...
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The conclusion?
The creature was definitely fictional – BUT – that does not take away the charm and gripping quality of the story. The story still rocks. :-)
So, that's my take on The Speckled Band.
What, have you still not read the story?
Go ahead and take a peek here!
| i don't know |
What is the total if you add the number shirts of the two flankers in rugby union? | Rugby Program |
Rugby
Ashley Jones
Common Injuries/PrevalenceGarraway et al (2000) concluded in a study of professional rugby players, that an injury occurred for every 59 minutes of play and that the majority of injuries were to the knee, hip and thigh. In a New Zealand study (Bird et al, 1998), the injury rate was cited as 10.9 injuries per 100 player games.
The lower limb was most injured both in games and during practice, with the most frequently occurring types of injuries, sprains and strains. It is interesting to note that more injuries occurred during practice rather than games. In games, the tackle was the most common game event to lead to an injury taking place. Foul play accounted for 13% of all injuries from this study.
The results of this study contrast sharply with an earlier (Lewis et al, 1996) analysis of injury. They concluded that rucking produced the greatest number of injuries for men and youths while the tackle was the instrument of the game causing more injuries for women. Foul play accounted for 33% of injuries for men but only 17% and 19% for women and youths.
An interesting study (Watson, 1995) on injuries in football from a posture and mechanics perspective, gives excellent insight into the effectiveness of a prescreening procedure linked to an individualised prehabilitation training program. The results of the two year study showed that players who suffered ankle injuries had a lower mean score for ankle mechanics than those who remained injury free. Knee injuries correlated very highly with lumbar lordosis and sway back. Whilst those players suffering back injuries were associated with poor shoulder symmetry, scapulae abduction, back asymmetry and spiral malalignments such as kyphosis lordosis and scoliosis. The study concludes by suggesting than “an intervention to improve body mechanics would be likely to reduce the incidence of sports injuries in football”.
Prevention/Minimisation Strategies
Musculoskeletal screening of all players and an individualised prehabilitation training program designed for year round use.
Adherence to a year round strength and conditioning program.
Vigilance of officials to foul play and severe penalties for instigators of foul play.
Education of players for the laws of the game.
Increased refereeing at the tackle and ruck/maul.
Use of protective gear at practice and especially during games.
Ensure selection of players for specific positions is based around the knowledge and experience of the player having played in the position and having the body type to fill the demands of the position.
In unit games depower the scrum engagement, use of under 19 law may be:
“Front row coming together. Each prop touches the opponents upper arm and then pause before the front rows meet. The sequence should be crouch, touch, pause, engage”.
Or pack uncontested scrums to minimise any injury potential.
Strength & Conditioning
1. Warm Up – Dynamic Movement Drills
Work through this list of exercises and perform the movement over 22 metres where applicable or for 15 repetitions each leg, prior to performing the movements move around at a progressively quicker pace for 5 minutes.
High knees
– side to side
2. Jump Training for Wingers/Fullback and Lineout Jumpers
The loading phase of each jump should be as brief as possible. Every jump should emphasise a vigorous thrusting up of the arms. Time will simply be wasted if your effort is not maximal. Rest between 1 and 2 minutes between sets and initially perform 1 set of 4 different exercises for 10 repetitions per set, a total of 40 contacts. Increase this by 10 contacts per week until you are at 100 contacts per workout, do not exceed 100 contacts per workout. You should do the jump workout twice per week after you have completed the dynamic warm up drills above and before any other training.
Vertical jumps
One step forward and vertical jump
One step backward and vertical jump
One step sideways and vertical jump
Bench blasts – one foot is on a workout bench and the other is on the floor, push off high into the air and alternate foot position on landing.
Iso squat jump – hold a static quarter squat position for 10secs and then vertical jump from that position.
Forward and back jumps over a line progressing to a low box
Side to side jumps over a line progressing to a small box
Tuck jumps – bring knees to chest not chest to knees
Explosion jumps onto a box
Repeat jumps over hurdles or onto boxes or a combination
Lateral jumps over hurdles or onto boxes or a combination
Patter hops or jumps (5 dot drill)
Repeat standing long jumps for distance or speed
Standing triple jumps
3. Strength Training
The CARE Program (Core Abdominal Rehab Exercises)
As everyone connected to sport realises the first function of the strength and conditioning coach is to minimise the risk of injury. From this principle evolved the CARE program. As in any contact/collision sport there is an inherent risk in participation. Injuries to all major joints are possible. Some of the mechanics of the injury make them impossible to prevent, but with adherence to an overall conditioning program, they may be minimised.
CARE Program Example
1-3 sets x 15 reps or for time
4 way neck/rotary neck
Rotator cuff – external and internal – multi position
Rhomboid shrugs for scapular retraction
Grip exercises
Seated pelvic movements on Swiss ball
Transverse abdominis – bracing with medicine ball
Balance board push ups
Balance board single leg balance
Balance board squat
2 x 15 @ 60% in circuit style
4. Metabolic Training (MT)
MTI 3 x 30 minutes per week: Walk briskly for 5 minutes before and after you run. Keep your heart rate between 160 and 180 beats per minute. Aim to cover between 4 and 7 kilometres in this time. Out and back runs are good, where you run out on a course for 15 minutes and then turn and head back to the starting point. During the run, after the first few weeks, add 20 by 5-30 seconds bursts of speed. These runs are great on golf courses, forests trails, beaches if possible.
MT2 Golf Course Fartlek Run: After a general warm up you run the golf course ensuring the following speeds, jog the par 5’s, 3/4 pace the par 4’s and sprint the par 3’s. Walk from the green to the next tee as recovery.
MT3 Rugby Suicides: Starting on a try line sprint to the 22 metre line and jog back to try line immediately, turn and sprint to half way line, turn and job back to try line, immediately turn and sprint to far 22 metre line, turn and job back to try line, immediately turn and sprint to far try line, turn around and job back to try line. This is one repetition. Perform 6-8 repetitions with a 1:0.5 work:recovery system.
MT4 Coathangers: Start at the junction of the half way line and the sideline, sprint around goal post the sprint the length of the field around the other goal post and return to the starting position. This is one repetition. Perform 6-8 repetitions with a 1:05 work:recovery system.
MT5 Repetition Sprints: Sprint 5 x 22 metres as fast as possible with a walk back recovery between repetitions and then rest actively for 3-5 minutes before next set. Sprint 5 x 10 metres as fast as possible with a walk back recovery between repetitions and then rest actively for 3-5 minutes before next set. Sprint 5 x 78 metres as fast as possible with a walk back recovery between repetitions and then rest actively for 3-5minutes before next set. Sprint 5 x 100 metres as fast as possible with a walk back recovery between repetitions and then rest actively for 3-5 minutes before next set.
Metabolic Training Schedule
Forwards – 1 x MT1 or 2, 2 x MT3 or 4, 1 x MT5
Backs – 2 x MT3 or 4, 2 x MT5
5. In Season Speed/Power/Conditioning Workout
Dynamic Warm Up
As per #1 – 10 minutes.
Lower Body Power
Leg drive drill against fence 3 x 10 each leg or for 10 seconds
Horse driving drill in partners 5 repetitions each
Pull for 20 metres then release for 20 metres (alternate)
Pushing contest in partners 5 repetitions each
Push for 20 metres then release for 20 metres (alternate)
Crossover side lunges – standing in balanced athletic position (on balls of fee knees slightly bent with hands up in front of body) pivot on left foot and crossover lunge with right leg and then repeat in other direction for 3 sets of 10 repetitions each side
Double leg hurdle jumps or long jumps 3 x 10 repetitions or select 4 exercises from jump training and do 40-60 contacts per workout.
Agility
Back pedal and turn 10 metres and then 10 metres repeat x 6
Slide L/R and then sprint forward 5 metre left slide then 5 metres right then sprint forwards for 10 metres.
Pro Agility man on man – facing each other 1 metre apart, 1 player turns and sprints to a cone 5 metres away then to a cone 10 metres and then back to start, other player has to react to partner and race him to the finish.
Speed
Walk into sprint 3-5 repetitions of each of the following distance with a walk back recovery in between and 5 minutes active rest between sets.
Goal line to 22 metres (22m), goal line to half way line (50M), goal line to far 22 metres (78m).
Tempo Conditioning
10 x 100 metres @ 80% of maximum with an exercise performed upon completion of each run for set time and a passive rest for a set time eg 100m in 20 seconds then 20 seconds push ups then 20 seconds rest.
Warm Down
Stretching for 10 minutes all major muscle groups particularly glutes, hamstrings, quadriceps, calves, groin and hip flexors.
6. Flexibility
A total body flexibility program is essential to ensure that the muscles are at optimal length to produce force and also so that body parts are free to move through a complete range. This alone will improve your speed of movement. Before you train do the active drills to get your body moving and when you finish at session spend 10 minutes stretching the major muscles particularly the glutes, quadriceps/hip flexors, hamstrings and lower back. This is as important as a set of any strength exercises or a sprint session, don’t skip it.
References
Garraway W M, A J Lee, S J Hutton, E B Russell and D A MacLeod
Impact of Professsionalism on Injuries in Rugby
British Journal of Sports Medicine 34(5) Oct 2000, 348-351
Bird Y N, A E Waller, S W Marshall, J C Alsop, D J Chalmers and D F Gerrard
The New Zealand Rugby Injury and Performance Project: Epidemiology of a Season of Rugby Injury
British Journal of Sports Medicine 32(4) Dec 1998, 319-325
Lewish E R and K P George
An Initial Investigation of Injuries in Women, Men and Youths Playing Rugby Union Football at the Same Club
Sports Exercise and Injury 2(4) Nov 1996, 186-191
Watson A W S
Sports Injuries in Footballers Related to Defects of Posture and Body Mechanics
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 35(4) Dec 1995, 289-294
Rugby Laws of the Game 2001
Under 19 Variations, p146
| thirteen |
Rugby league. Which European Super League team are known as the ‘Giants’? | Rugby World Cup 2015: team-by-team verdicts for the tournament which kicks off in September at Twickenham - Telegraph
Watch: the World Cup lowdown in 100 seconds
Rugby World Cup 2015: team-by-team verdicts for the tournament which kicks off in September at Twickenham
With 100 days to go until the Rugby World Cup kicks off, what are the prospects for the 20 competing teams?
Who is in line to win the Rugby World Cup? (It's New Zealand, obviously) Photo: GETTY IMAGES
England
Stuart Lancaster has dumped bad boys Dylan Hartley and Manu Tuilagi – and could overlook alleged drink-driver Danny Cipriani on the eve of the tournament – but the truth is he has enough strength in depth to make up for those loses. Tom Youngs is a more confident lineout thrower with No2 on his back, and there is a raft of midfield options; look at the immergence of Jonathan Joseph in the Six Nations. That Pool A shoves together three of the top-six ranked teams, according to World Rugby, is unfortunate. But England (fourth) are the best rated, compared to Wales (fifth) and Australia (sixth), and of course home advantage will give them a lift; it is interesting to note that of the seven previous editions the Rugby World Cup hosts have reached the final on five occasions. That their group is bookended by games against Fiji and Uruguay – when Lancaster’s side will know exactly how many points they need to notch up against the semi-pro South Americans – is favourable. And having beaten Wales in Cardiff earlier in the year it could become a shootout with Australia (who they defeated 26-17 in November) for them. Win that, and the pool, and they should gain an easier ride to the final (with a last-eight clash with possibly Scotland and then Ireland in the semi-final). With George Ford pulling the strings, England have sharpened their attacking potency, and on top of an impressive pack and the home-crowd roar they should make it to the last two.
Verdict: Runners up
Wales
The loss of Jonathan Davies is a blow, but added to that question marks hover over George North, the youngest try scorer in Rugby World Cup history (he was 19 years and 166-days old when crossed against Namibia in 2011), given that he has not played for Northampton since the Six Nations when concussed. Then there is a reliance of the fitness of captain Sam Warburton, who struggles to play too many games in such quick succession, by dint of his commitment to the cause. Kicker Leigh Halfpenny's fitness will also be central to Welsh hopes of progressing from Pool A, the group of death. Yes, Warren Gatland's side will be one of the most experienced, and they are playing a couple of games in Cardiff (however, not the ones against England and Australia), but they have a poor record against the Wallabies – they have won just once in their last 15 meetings – and were defeated at the Millennium Stadium in the spring by England.
Group stage
Australia
An improving tight five means that the pack can no longer simply be given the Andrew Sheridan treatment, and are certainly regaining that hard edge with Michael Cheika at the helm. They arguably have the most exciting backs too, with Israel Folau potentially lethal on the counter attack, although they do have a tendency to implode a bit too often for comfort. And their record of six Test wins out of 14 in 2014 suggests that the Wallabies might not reach the heights of past Rugby World Cups. Further, the prospect of foreign-based players like Matt Giteau and Drew Mitchell coming back in to the fold, with the rules having been relaxed, smells of desperation and will surely be destabilising for incumbents. Finish behind England in Pool A and they are likely to be lining up against South Africa – a side they have lost to in four of their last five meetings – in a last-eight clash.
Quarter-finals
Fiji
Since their famous 2007 win over Wales, one of the finest rugby matches of all time, Fiji have sadly declined. The win over Italy in June was promising, and in the 6'5", 19st 10lb goal-kicking wing Nemani Nadolo they have one of the most exciting players in Super Rugby, but a lack of funding and political unrest have seen the romantics' favourites slip back.
Group stage.
Uruguay
Last time Los Teros reached the Rugby World Cup, in 2003, they defeated Georgia 24-12 to reach a high-water mark. That was only their second win in their second tournament, and it is expected that the merry band of semi-professionals will hardly make a ripple in the Pool A of death.
Group stage
South Africa
November losses to Wales (12-6) and Ireland (29-15) hinted that there may be cracks in the South African team. They did beat New Zealand 27-25 the month before that, though, in the All Blacks' first defeat in almost two year. So perhaps they were allowed to lift their foot off the pedal. Pool B should be straightforward for them, too, with Japan, Scotland, Samoan and USA considerably lower in the World Rugby rankings. The Springboks are second in that list, and for good reason. Topping their group should pit Heyneke Meyer's side against Australia, if England win Pool A and Wales fail to lift themselves. And they have the edge over the Wallabies (see above) but a last-four fixture against New Zealand could be the game of the tournament. Semi-finals
Samoa
The best of the Pacific Island sides, Samoa pose a danger to any side. The Northampton trio of scrum-half Kahn Fotuali'i and the Pisi brothers George and Ken are among the most dangerous attacking players in the Premiership and they will be incredibly tough opponents for Scotland. That is likely to be a key match in deciding who goes through to the quarter-finals along with the Springboks and the team simply don't play together often enough to make them a real force. Group stage
Scotland
With Vern Cotter, the New Zealand head coach who formerly masterminded Clermont Auvergne's attractive brand of rugby, at the helm, it was hoped that Scotland's fortunes would swing upwards. It wasn't to be in his first Six Nations, when they huffed and puffed but failed to register a win, even at home against Italy. There is more attacking guile, and centre Mark Bennett is one to watch, as is No10 Finn Russell. But can the success of Glasgow in the PRO12 translate to international success? They should advance to the knockout stages, but the winner of Pool A (England, Australia or Wales) awaits. Quarter-finals
Japan
Made huge progress by climbing above Argentina and in to the top 10 of the World Rugby rankings in June 2014, although they have since slipped back down to 13th. Japan, the 2019 Rugby World Cup hosts, perform well against low-ranked opponents but tend to struggle on the big stage, despite the wealth of their domestic league which has attracted increasingly top-drawer starts from around the globe. Eddie Jones is a shrewd enough coach that his side won't be complete walkovers, though, but expect them to get blown away in the final third by the top-three sides in the group. Group stage.
USA
A few years ago they looked to be an up-and-coming side with lots of potential. Now though they've slipped back and endured a poor Pacific Nations Cup in 2014, in which they drew with Uruguay and were comfortably beaten by Japan. They will be boosted by the inclusion of Saracens' wing Chris Wyles and Northampton's Toulon-bound outstanding lock/No 8 Samu Manoa, but their main goal will be not to finish bottom. Group stage.
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New Zealand
The defending champions and overwhelming favourites. They retained their Rugby Championship crown in style last year, but will be disappointed to have lost both their winning and unbeaten records at different points in the tournament. They seem to have world-class replacements waiting in the wings for some of the game's all-time greats and Dan Carter started just one Test last year. They are a team like no other in world sport, with uncanny spacial awareness and more pace and power than the rest of the teams in this group combined. South Africa – and England in December 2012 – proved they can be beaten, but only an idiot would bet on it happening. After all, they have lost just those two games in the 42 Tests they have played since last lifting the Webb Ellis Cup. Winners
Argentina
After finishing third in 2007, Argentina have regressed. Their excellent performance at the Rugby World Cup in France was rewarded with a place in the newly renamed Rugby Championship from 2012, but it was only in their final match in 2014, against Australia, that they managed to notch a win. The game has moved on from their defensive, forward-oriented tactics that found success eight years ago, but The Pumas are catching up slowly. Still, they are essentially in a group of four, playing for second place, and it's a weak group they should win. Ireland, or France, should be waiting for them in the last eight, though. Quarter-finals
Tonga
An ageing team, Tonga have nonetheless improved every Rugby World Cup and shocked eventual finalists France last time around, winning 19-14. They are wildly inconsistent though and it would come as little surprise if they beat Argentina but came unstuck against Georgia to miss out on qualification to the knockout stages. Group stage
Georgia
You know what you're going to get from Georgia. With several of their enormous powerhouse forwards plying their trade at some of Europe's top clubs, they will hit and bloody even the best teams up front and rarely let up. A 49-7 defeat to Ireland in November hinted at how for behind the Six Nations countries, even though they went above Italy in the World Rugby standings – they remain 14th, one above the Azzurri – after winning their fifth consecutive Nations Cup in March with a clean sweep over Romania, Spain, Russia, Germany and Portugal. Group stage
Namibia
The Africans have played 15 matches at the World Cup and have lost them all, by an aggregate score of 974-144. Although there was a glimmer of improvement against Fiji last time around, that proved to be a false dawn and, despite the presence of the excellent Saracens flanker Jacques Burger, four defeats beckon for the tournament's lowest-ranked team. Their match against the All Blacks might well set a new mark for the biggest win / defeat. Australia currently hold that record, having bettered Namibia 142-0 in 2003. Brace yourselves. Group stage
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France
There used to be something enthralling and enchanting about France. The flair, the unpredicability: they would be unstoppable one match, dire the next. Now they're unstoppable for 10, 20 minutes per match at the best and pretty woeful to watch the next. They should advance from the group easily enough, but performances and results over the past 12 months have been bad enough that Ireland will fancy their chances of beating them comfortably to top spot. Quarter-finals
Ireland
Back-to-back winners of the Six Nations, Joe Schmidt's side have moved up to No3 in World Rugby's rankings. So much hinges on the fitness and form of Jonathan Sexton, however. The fly-half's return from his Paris sojourn will help him intergrate with the new young backs more quickly, while up front the peerless Paul O'Connell continues to tell age exactly where to go. A last-eight clash against the runners up of Pool C should be straightforward, but from there it gets a little too tricky. Semi-finals
Italy
How long can one man carry a team? We may soon know the answer as the ageing Sergio Parisse seems to no longer be enough on his own. Italy have slipped down to 15th in the latest World Rugby rankings and in 2014 they lost all three of their summer games to Japan, Samoa and Fiji. They finished bottom of the Six Nations last year and only a tight victory over Scotland stopped them from receiving the wooden spoon yet again this term. Might be worth a tenner on Canada or Romania upsetting them. Group stage
Romania
Narrow wins over Tonga and Canada have been the highlight of Romania's 2014. By qualifying for the tournament they've maintained their impressive 100 per cent attendance record, but their traditional forward power is dwindling and they have been replaced as eastern Europe's dominant team by Georgia. Group stage
Canada
Once an up-and-coming side, Canada have slid down the rankings and lost every game they have played in 2014. Their record points scorer in World Cups is the full-back James Pritchard, who was poor in his two games for Northampton eight years ago and has since spent his career in the Championship playing for Bedford Blues. It would be a surprise to see Canada come away with anything but four defeats. Group stage
| i don't know |
Mt. Egmont, which also goes by another name, can be found in which country? | Your say: Renaming Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary | Stuff.co.nz
Your say: Renaming Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary
Last updated 08:43 22/01/2008
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Stuff readers have their say on a proposal to rename Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary.
I am very much in favour of Mt Egmont’s name being changed to Mt Hillary. As it is so rightly said, the name Egmont has no real historical significance and no-one can be offended by renaming the mountain. It is the most fitting tribute to honour Sir Ed and anything outside the alpine world, such as a road name is just not significant enough.
- Jenny Rollo
Possibly a better way of celebrating the life of Sir Ed would be to have an annual one day holiday which has been previously suggested. My thoughts are to do away with the Anniversary days of the Provinces (which scatter the calendar, with many being close to other holidays) and replace those with an annual "Achievement Day" (or New Zealand Achievers Day) at the time of year between Labour Day and Christmas. Achievement Day could then be a time to commemorate not only for Sir Ed's life but also other past worthy achievers.
- P Howes
If it wasn't enough that Maunga Taranaki had to suffer the indignity of being 'renamed' after one of Captain Cooks corporate sponsors - a syphillitic Lord who never set foot in this country - and in spite of the best efforts of many informed New Zealanders to ensure that the traditional name of the mountain, Taranaki, be properly acknowledged - another example of colonial ignorance and arrogant thinking has reared its ugly head once again. To suggest that Taranaki (not Egmont) be renamed after the great Sir Edmund Hillary is an insult to the man and the mountains he loved.
- Kiwa Hammond
I bet you're thinking it shouldn't be an issue then if the history of the mountain is already well-established. But imagine teaching children in schools in the future, when they ask "why is Mt Hillary named that?" And all the reply could be is because he was a famous Kiwi. Famous for conquering the world's highest peak in another country. There is no justice in renaming a mountain that has no relation to the Hillary's achievement. And by renaming it because he died is an insult to the current history of the mountain, and if anything a lame attempt at glorifying the man.
- Mo
There is no justice in renaming a mountain that has no relation to the Hillary's achievement. And by renaming it because he died is an insult to the current history of the mountain, and if anything a lame attempt at glorifying the man.
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Plain old No!! It's my family's heritage, and Mt Taranaki shouldn't have been dubbed Egmont to begin with. Sure the past is the past and great moments in history should be marked, but not at the expense of other heritage or history. Renaming that mountain will slowly over time help degrade the history of the mountain, and will be a catalyst to losing the story of the mountain altogether. Keeping the Maori history alive is a struggle as it is.
- M
No. Leave it as it is. This is another example of mass hysteria taking over in NZ.
- John
Is Mt Egmont-Taranaki, with it’s spectacular cone shaped peak, really “unlike anything else in the world” as Richard Long would have us believe? Errrr, what about Mt Fuji? In any case, nobody seemed to mind when Mt Egmont became Mt Egmont-Taranaki, so why not rename it Mt Egmont-Taranaki-Hillary?
- Andrew Friend
Yes, rename Egmont/Taranaki Mt Hillary - then at least one mountain in NZ will be named after someone who earned it.
- John Hawkins
News media have been quick to quote the well-known whakatauki as a way of summing up Hillary's life. Whaia e koe ki te iti kahurangi; ki te tuohu koe, me maunga teitei. Seek the treasure you value most dearly, if you bow your head, let it be to a lofty mountain. Richard Long should reflect on what mountains mean to a culture that takes such a saying as guidance and wisdom. If New Zealanders want to honour Sir Edmund they should find a charity they believe in and commit time and money to helping the less fortunate. Just as he did in Nepal.
- Savage
Sir Edmund Hillary was only human and although I believe it a grand gesture to remember him in someway I do not believe that this would have been his wish. Remember him by following example and climb your own Everest whatever that may be in your life, or even better still give something back to the community, its not that far fetched and greatly needed in NZ.
- Taase
As beautiful and inspirational a man that Sir Ed was, Taranaki is considered a tupuna or ancestor to the tangata whenua of Taranaki and its renaming would be incredibly inappropriate and disrespectful of the relationship that the people of Taranaki with their tupuna. I also see how this is what Sir Ed would have wanted.
- Mahina-a-rangi Baker
Sir Edmund Hilary is already honoured by having his image on the New Zealand $5 note. It is easy to see how hard New Zealand dignitaries are trying to find a permanent way to honour a 'New Zealand icon'. It seems obvious the most publically agreed upon way to do so is an obvserved public holiday in his name.
- Mat and Jayne
We are a New Plymouth family from Taranaki living and working for the time being in the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic where we have been for the last eight years. We think it would be ABSOLUTELY PROPER to re-name Egmont/Taranaki Mount Hillary after the great NZ hero and fine man. As Sean Fitzpatrick would have said - "full credit to the person who had this idea". We hope that there is a lot of support for this proposal and that it actually happens. We get a lot of enjoyment from reading Stuff every day and thank you for this service.
- Richard and Marian Biggs
I don't think this is a great idea. Typical media hype! If Sir Ed had something to do with the Taranaki Region then maybe, but he doesn't!!! Doesn't Auckland have any hills
it wants to rename -like No-tree Hill?
- T L Daly
I thought that Mt Egmont was renamed Mt Taranaki when it was handed back to Maori? And it is located in the Egmont national Park? I doubt that Maori will be enthusiastic about this one, and fair enough, they gave there-named mountain back to the nation after all. Re-naming towns and landmarks is a peculiarly Russian and American tradition that we do not want to start here, in my opinion.Better to remember Sir Edmund Hillary as he wished by supporting the Himalayan Trust and sponsoring young New Zealanders to travel to Nepal and continue Sir Ed's work building schools and health centres and cleaning up the mountain environment, which is being despoiled by alpine tourism. A win-win situation for the people of Nepal and New Zealand.
- Stephen Palmer, Wanganui
No, I think everyone is jumping on to the bandwagon with re-naming rights for Sir Ed. Have a holiday named after him instead, it is written in the history annals for years to come and isn't culturally or religiously offensive as may be with renaming certain historical icons like Mount Tarankai-Egmont.
- W Reid
In wanting to create a lasting memory of Sir Ed, lets not get into fights he wouldn't have and lets not forget who he was! Sir Ed was and still is, such an inspiration to us all so why can't we learn from him? Humility and Humbleness were a big part of what made Sir Ed so great. As such I couldn't think of a more inappropriate thing to do for Sir Ed than rename Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary. Sir Ed spent a considerable amount of his life going into bat for the underdog. He was a real advocate for the average bloke and was governed by a real sense of what is fair. Given the effort Maori had to make to have the
existing name of the mountain recognised (Taranaki rather than Egmont) I doubt very much Sir Ed would approve of such a change. Especially if that change was not initiated by Maori. While we're on the topic, another thing Sir Ed would disapprove of is the rest of us getting upset because the British Royals didn't attend his funeral. While making an effort to remember him, lets not forget who he was!
- Simon
To consider renaming the mountain is a hysterical response. Mount Taranaki/Egmont is already named and known throughout the world. Given that Sir Edmund has no direct link with Taranaki or Mount Taranaki/Egmont, why the region would even entertain the idea of
renamining the mountain is a true puzzle.
- Frances-Rose Schumacer
I find it interesting that when Richard Long considers renaming mountains he states that Cook/Aoraki and Tasman have huge historical significance, but Egmont/Taranaki doesn't? and in explanation he talks about some guy named Egmont, who obviously has less importance to NZ then a couple of other guys named Cook and Tasman. But has he considered that the iwi around Taranaki (and there are 8 mandated iwi in residence) may have a bit to say about that? In the Maori world the word Taranaki has huge significance, it explains a whole group of people with incredible mana and history. By all means get rid of the word Egmont and leave Taranaki, because as far as significance goes, it could be easily argued that the word Taranaki carries far more weight then Cook, and significantly more weight then Tasman (who didn't even stand on the land). I am totally in favour of recognising a great kiwi man, and would love to see a mountain named after him. Of the three that Long discusses, Tasman has my vote. May I finally suggest, in closing, that Richard Long try dipping his toe into all the knowledge of the world, a good start will be by removing his eurocentric glasses.
- Bobby Bryan
Ridiculous idea - this mountain was and always should have been Taranaki, plain and simple. Remove the name Egmont! And stop making a farce of Sir Edmund Hillary's life and death!
- Laurie Wilson
Absolutely not! Sir Ed has nothing to do with Taranaki! I object wholeheartedly. In any case, why does something have to be renamed after him? Is New Zealand really so cheap that we cannot create something in his honour?
- Hine O'Carroll
Whilst I agree that Sir Ed has been a terrific role model throughout his life he was only one of the team who 'knocked off' Mt Everest. We seem to have forgotten that the rest of that team made a huge contribution to the final result.Most of his achievements have been made overseas and I feel that all the hype is somewhat of an overkill and to suggest that NZ should mark the occasion with some sort of symbolic gesture is something that Sir Ed would not have wanted. May he rest in peace and be a role model for years to come.
- Rob Bigley
Your suggestion is as crass as your insistance that weve been 'snubbed' by the royal family, over Ed's tangi. Who looks around around and says 'they' should be here, at a tangi. Media I guess.
- Peter Doorbar
Rename Taranaki? Go jump in the lake! - and I bet Sir Ed would say the same.
- Stacia Smith
That would be a fitting and wonderful tribute. The Royal Snub - unless it came with a corporate box you wouldn't see them here...unless it was a Rugby World Cup then the Princes would be there with bells on!
- Hayden
No, definitely not. There are quite a few 'memorials' already for Sir Ed within the countries, including statues, Outdoor Centres, Schools etc. I like the idea of re-naming Auckland Airport, Hillary Airport. But I think the man is well remembered already and a continuation of the government funding the Fund that he started to help out in Nepal should continue
- Annette Davidson
Er, why? There is already a mountain more-or-less named after him, and certainly one that is inextricably linked with him. You may have heard of it too - it's called Mt Everest. Sir Edmund doesn't need some piddly little mountain in NZ named after him to achieve
immortality. He's already done that by climbing Everest, driving Antarctica, a lifetime of selfless devotion to Nepal, and all his other accomplishments. Naming a mountain - or a road, or an airport, or whatever - here after him is twee. Naming a star after him, on the other hand, is something I could get behind.
- Jon, Wellington
Renaming it Mt Hillary would end the PC thing of having to call it Mt Taranaki as if Egmont never existed - one seems to be branded an out of date redneck nowadays if one refers to it as Egmont (Taranaki is the official style of Fairfax NZ, too) - try calling it Egmont on PC TV One and Three, where Aoraki takes precedence over Cook these days ( ie always calling it Aoraki-Mt Cook but always taranaki, never Egmont-Taranaki). Egmont was never abolished as a name; the mountain has two names...but you'd never believe it these days. The unofficial abolition of Egmont has taken place under the present govt....for example stamps issued in recent years have changed from Egmont (late 90s) to Taranaki alone.
- Paul
Brilliant idea
- Waipipi
This had it's name changed already to Taranaki. There was an important reason for doing this. A man made symbol is a better way to commemorate a man.
- Audrey Thompson
I don't think this is what Sir Ed wanted. He wanted a continuation of his work in Nepal and I think that is what is being continued in some way by the government through an increase in funding. Mt Egmont/Mt Taranaki seems to have enough names and adding another will not be popular I am sure. His name has already been added to various sporting commissions. Perhaps an idea might be to institute a fund bearing his name in some way which encourages New Zealanders, entrepreneurs or educationalists to think of innovative ways to advance the Nepalese causes Sir Ed cared most about.
- Michael M
Yes, I think it appropriate to rename Mt Egmont. But there may be people in the Taranaki region whom the name has significance be it sentimenally or culturaly. Tread carefully for once cans of worms are opened they are tricky to stuff back in.
- Barbara
I'm not sure what century, or country, you guys live in, but almost no one here in Taranaki calls our volcano "Mt Egmont". It's called Mt Taranaki and it would be an insult to Taranaki Maory to change its name. We all love Ed, but this is a stupid idea.
- F Weston
Don't do it.
- Bart Hanson
Sir Ed was a great man for sure, but Mt Taranaki should always be Mt Taranaki - ask anyone who lives here!
- David
Good idea. That's the least he should get. Honour him with pride. Maybe keep Taranaki on the Maori side, and then replace Mt Egmont with Mt Hillary. I've visited NZ a couple of times, and never have I mentioned Mt Egmont (nor did other travellers I met back then). We all referred to Mt Taranaki. When changing Egmont to Hillary, one might perhaps mention the volcano by naming Sir Edmund... and thus fixing his name in common talk... never to forget.
- Roald Duchateau
Totally stupid. It's bad enough in the Naki with the argument whether it is Egmont or Taranaki. I do appreciate the sentiment though.
- Sherie
Best idea I have heard for a while, better than Mt Taranaki.
- Taryn Pierce
You don't seriously think in any possible way Aotearoa New Zealand has the right to strip Taranaki of its name ? I am a Mainlander so I am more attached to Aoraki and happy to hear people are not in favour of a name change (although Aoraki- Hilary sounds alright?) How long and how much hard work and protest throughout the decades has it taken for Maori to gain the right to have their sacred ancestors names made official ? Taranaki is a significant historical figure in the Maori world and a sacred ancestor of the Tangata Whenua of the Taranaki region. Taranaki -Hilary, perhaps, but you can't take away the name of Taranaki - it is sacred. Moreover, I am sure Sir Ed would be horrified to hear that in his death his country would disenfranchise others for the sake
of his memory.
- Rebecca Ream
Ridiculous. Keep it Mt Taranaki. What do you think Ed would have thought of somebody naming a bloody mountain after him? Let alone the controversy of Mt. Egmont/ Mt. Taranaki. Leave it be.
- Stephen Walter
| New Zealand |
Which of the four provinces of Ireland is the most populous? | Your say: Renaming Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary | Stuff.co.nz
Your say: Renaming Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary
Last updated 08:43 22/01/2008
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Stuff readers have their say on a proposal to rename Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary.
I am very much in favour of Mt Egmont’s name being changed to Mt Hillary. As it is so rightly said, the name Egmont has no real historical significance and no-one can be offended by renaming the mountain. It is the most fitting tribute to honour Sir Ed and anything outside the alpine world, such as a road name is just not significant enough.
- Jenny Rollo
Possibly a better way of celebrating the life of Sir Ed would be to have an annual one day holiday which has been previously suggested. My thoughts are to do away with the Anniversary days of the Provinces (which scatter the calendar, with many being close to other holidays) and replace those with an annual "Achievement Day" (or New Zealand Achievers Day) at the time of year between Labour Day and Christmas. Achievement Day could then be a time to commemorate not only for Sir Ed's life but also other past worthy achievers.
- P Howes
If it wasn't enough that Maunga Taranaki had to suffer the indignity of being 'renamed' after one of Captain Cooks corporate sponsors - a syphillitic Lord who never set foot in this country - and in spite of the best efforts of many informed New Zealanders to ensure that the traditional name of the mountain, Taranaki, be properly acknowledged - another example of colonial ignorance and arrogant thinking has reared its ugly head once again. To suggest that Taranaki (not Egmont) be renamed after the great Sir Edmund Hillary is an insult to the man and the mountains he loved.
- Kiwa Hammond
I bet you're thinking it shouldn't be an issue then if the history of the mountain is already well-established. But imagine teaching children in schools in the future, when they ask "why is Mt Hillary named that?" And all the reply could be is because he was a famous Kiwi. Famous for conquering the world's highest peak in another country. There is no justice in renaming a mountain that has no relation to the Hillary's achievement. And by renaming it because he died is an insult to the current history of the mountain, and if anything a lame attempt at glorifying the man.
- Mo
There is no justice in renaming a mountain that has no relation to the Hillary's achievement. And by renaming it because he died is an insult to the current history of the mountain, and if anything a lame attempt at glorifying the man.
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Plain old No!! It's my family's heritage, and Mt Taranaki shouldn't have been dubbed Egmont to begin with. Sure the past is the past and great moments in history should be marked, but not at the expense of other heritage or history. Renaming that mountain will slowly over time help degrade the history of the mountain, and will be a catalyst to losing the story of the mountain altogether. Keeping the Maori history alive is a struggle as it is.
- M
No. Leave it as it is. This is another example of mass hysteria taking over in NZ.
- John
Is Mt Egmont-Taranaki, with it’s spectacular cone shaped peak, really “unlike anything else in the world” as Richard Long would have us believe? Errrr, what about Mt Fuji? In any case, nobody seemed to mind when Mt Egmont became Mt Egmont-Taranaki, so why not rename it Mt Egmont-Taranaki-Hillary?
- Andrew Friend
Yes, rename Egmont/Taranaki Mt Hillary - then at least one mountain in NZ will be named after someone who earned it.
- John Hawkins
News media have been quick to quote the well-known whakatauki as a way of summing up Hillary's life. Whaia e koe ki te iti kahurangi; ki te tuohu koe, me maunga teitei. Seek the treasure you value most dearly, if you bow your head, let it be to a lofty mountain. Richard Long should reflect on what mountains mean to a culture that takes such a saying as guidance and wisdom. If New Zealanders want to honour Sir Edmund they should find a charity they believe in and commit time and money to helping the less fortunate. Just as he did in Nepal.
- Savage
Sir Edmund Hillary was only human and although I believe it a grand gesture to remember him in someway I do not believe that this would have been his wish. Remember him by following example and climb your own Everest whatever that may be in your life, or even better still give something back to the community, its not that far fetched and greatly needed in NZ.
- Taase
As beautiful and inspirational a man that Sir Ed was, Taranaki is considered a tupuna or ancestor to the tangata whenua of Taranaki and its renaming would be incredibly inappropriate and disrespectful of the relationship that the people of Taranaki with their tupuna. I also see how this is what Sir Ed would have wanted.
- Mahina-a-rangi Baker
Sir Edmund Hilary is already honoured by having his image on the New Zealand $5 note. It is easy to see how hard New Zealand dignitaries are trying to find a permanent way to honour a 'New Zealand icon'. It seems obvious the most publically agreed upon way to do so is an obvserved public holiday in his name.
- Mat and Jayne
We are a New Plymouth family from Taranaki living and working for the time being in the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic where we have been for the last eight years. We think it would be ABSOLUTELY PROPER to re-name Egmont/Taranaki Mount Hillary after the great NZ hero and fine man. As Sean Fitzpatrick would have said - "full credit to the person who had this idea". We hope that there is a lot of support for this proposal and that it actually happens. We get a lot of enjoyment from reading Stuff every day and thank you for this service.
- Richard and Marian Biggs
I don't think this is a great idea. Typical media hype! If Sir Ed had something to do with the Taranaki Region then maybe, but he doesn't!!! Doesn't Auckland have any hills
it wants to rename -like No-tree Hill?
- T L Daly
I thought that Mt Egmont was renamed Mt Taranaki when it was handed back to Maori? And it is located in the Egmont national Park? I doubt that Maori will be enthusiastic about this one, and fair enough, they gave there-named mountain back to the nation after all. Re-naming towns and landmarks is a peculiarly Russian and American tradition that we do not want to start here, in my opinion.Better to remember Sir Edmund Hillary as he wished by supporting the Himalayan Trust and sponsoring young New Zealanders to travel to Nepal and continue Sir Ed's work building schools and health centres and cleaning up the mountain environment, which is being despoiled by alpine tourism. A win-win situation for the people of Nepal and New Zealand.
- Stephen Palmer, Wanganui
No, I think everyone is jumping on to the bandwagon with re-naming rights for Sir Ed. Have a holiday named after him instead, it is written in the history annals for years to come and isn't culturally or religiously offensive as may be with renaming certain historical icons like Mount Tarankai-Egmont.
- W Reid
In wanting to create a lasting memory of Sir Ed, lets not get into fights he wouldn't have and lets not forget who he was! Sir Ed was and still is, such an inspiration to us all so why can't we learn from him? Humility and Humbleness were a big part of what made Sir Ed so great. As such I couldn't think of a more inappropriate thing to do for Sir Ed than rename Mt Taranaki Mt Hillary. Sir Ed spent a considerable amount of his life going into bat for the underdog. He was a real advocate for the average bloke and was governed by a real sense of what is fair. Given the effort Maori had to make to have the
existing name of the mountain recognised (Taranaki rather than Egmont) I doubt very much Sir Ed would approve of such a change. Especially if that change was not initiated by Maori. While we're on the topic, another thing Sir Ed would disapprove of is the rest of us getting upset because the British Royals didn't attend his funeral. While making an effort to remember him, lets not forget who he was!
- Simon
To consider renaming the mountain is a hysterical response. Mount Taranaki/Egmont is already named and known throughout the world. Given that Sir Edmund has no direct link with Taranaki or Mount Taranaki/Egmont, why the region would even entertain the idea of
renamining the mountain is a true puzzle.
- Frances-Rose Schumacer
I find it interesting that when Richard Long considers renaming mountains he states that Cook/Aoraki and Tasman have huge historical significance, but Egmont/Taranaki doesn't? and in explanation he talks about some guy named Egmont, who obviously has less importance to NZ then a couple of other guys named Cook and Tasman. But has he considered that the iwi around Taranaki (and there are 8 mandated iwi in residence) may have a bit to say about that? In the Maori world the word Taranaki has huge significance, it explains a whole group of people with incredible mana and history. By all means get rid of the word Egmont and leave Taranaki, because as far as significance goes, it could be easily argued that the word Taranaki carries far more weight then Cook, and significantly more weight then Tasman (who didn't even stand on the land). I am totally in favour of recognising a great kiwi man, and would love to see a mountain named after him. Of the three that Long discusses, Tasman has my vote. May I finally suggest, in closing, that Richard Long try dipping his toe into all the knowledge of the world, a good start will be by removing his eurocentric glasses.
- Bobby Bryan
Ridiculous idea - this mountain was and always should have been Taranaki, plain and simple. Remove the name Egmont! And stop making a farce of Sir Edmund Hillary's life and death!
- Laurie Wilson
Absolutely not! Sir Ed has nothing to do with Taranaki! I object wholeheartedly. In any case, why does something have to be renamed after him? Is New Zealand really so cheap that we cannot create something in his honour?
- Hine O'Carroll
Whilst I agree that Sir Ed has been a terrific role model throughout his life he was only one of the team who 'knocked off' Mt Everest. We seem to have forgotten that the rest of that team made a huge contribution to the final result.Most of his achievements have been made overseas and I feel that all the hype is somewhat of an overkill and to suggest that NZ should mark the occasion with some sort of symbolic gesture is something that Sir Ed would not have wanted. May he rest in peace and be a role model for years to come.
- Rob Bigley
Your suggestion is as crass as your insistance that weve been 'snubbed' by the royal family, over Ed's tangi. Who looks around around and says 'they' should be here, at a tangi. Media I guess.
- Peter Doorbar
Rename Taranaki? Go jump in the lake! - and I bet Sir Ed would say the same.
- Stacia Smith
That would be a fitting and wonderful tribute. The Royal Snub - unless it came with a corporate box you wouldn't see them here...unless it was a Rugby World Cup then the Princes would be there with bells on!
- Hayden
No, definitely not. There are quite a few 'memorials' already for Sir Ed within the countries, including statues, Outdoor Centres, Schools etc. I like the idea of re-naming Auckland Airport, Hillary Airport. But I think the man is well remembered already and a continuation of the government funding the Fund that he started to help out in Nepal should continue
- Annette Davidson
Er, why? There is already a mountain more-or-less named after him, and certainly one that is inextricably linked with him. You may have heard of it too - it's called Mt Everest. Sir Edmund doesn't need some piddly little mountain in NZ named after him to achieve
immortality. He's already done that by climbing Everest, driving Antarctica, a lifetime of selfless devotion to Nepal, and all his other accomplishments. Naming a mountain - or a road, or an airport, or whatever - here after him is twee. Naming a star after him, on the other hand, is something I could get behind.
- Jon, Wellington
Renaming it Mt Hillary would end the PC thing of having to call it Mt Taranaki as if Egmont never existed - one seems to be branded an out of date redneck nowadays if one refers to it as Egmont (Taranaki is the official style of Fairfax NZ, too) - try calling it Egmont on PC TV One and Three, where Aoraki takes precedence over Cook these days ( ie always calling it Aoraki-Mt Cook but always taranaki, never Egmont-Taranaki). Egmont was never abolished as a name; the mountain has two names...but you'd never believe it these days. The unofficial abolition of Egmont has taken place under the present govt....for example stamps issued in recent years have changed from Egmont (late 90s) to Taranaki alone.
- Paul
Brilliant idea
- Waipipi
This had it's name changed already to Taranaki. There was an important reason for doing this. A man made symbol is a better way to commemorate a man.
- Audrey Thompson
I don't think this is what Sir Ed wanted. He wanted a continuation of his work in Nepal and I think that is what is being continued in some way by the government through an increase in funding. Mt Egmont/Mt Taranaki seems to have enough names and adding another will not be popular I am sure. His name has already been added to various sporting commissions. Perhaps an idea might be to institute a fund bearing his name in some way which encourages New Zealanders, entrepreneurs or educationalists to think of innovative ways to advance the Nepalese causes Sir Ed cared most about.
- Michael M
Yes, I think it appropriate to rename Mt Egmont. But there may be people in the Taranaki region whom the name has significance be it sentimenally or culturaly. Tread carefully for once cans of worms are opened they are tricky to stuff back in.
- Barbara
I'm not sure what century, or country, you guys live in, but almost no one here in Taranaki calls our volcano "Mt Egmont". It's called Mt Taranaki and it would be an insult to Taranaki Maory to change its name. We all love Ed, but this is a stupid idea.
- F Weston
Don't do it.
- Bart Hanson
Sir Ed was a great man for sure, but Mt Taranaki should always be Mt Taranaki - ask anyone who lives here!
- David
Good idea. That's the least he should get. Honour him with pride. Maybe keep Taranaki on the Maori side, and then replace Mt Egmont with Mt Hillary. I've visited NZ a couple of times, and never have I mentioned Mt Egmont (nor did other travellers I met back then). We all referred to Mt Taranaki. When changing Egmont to Hillary, one might perhaps mention the volcano by naming Sir Edmund... and thus fixing his name in common talk... never to forget.
- Roald Duchateau
Totally stupid. It's bad enough in the Naki with the argument whether it is Egmont or Taranaki. I do appreciate the sentiment though.
- Sherie
Best idea I have heard for a while, better than Mt Taranaki.
- Taryn Pierce
You don't seriously think in any possible way Aotearoa New Zealand has the right to strip Taranaki of its name ? I am a Mainlander so I am more attached to Aoraki and happy to hear people are not in favour of a name change (although Aoraki- Hilary sounds alright?) How long and how much hard work and protest throughout the decades has it taken for Maori to gain the right to have their sacred ancestors names made official ? Taranaki is a significant historical figure in the Maori world and a sacred ancestor of the Tangata Whenua of the Taranaki region. Taranaki -Hilary, perhaps, but you can't take away the name of Taranaki - it is sacred. Moreover, I am sure Sir Ed would be horrified to hear that in his death his country would disenfranchise others for the sake
of his memory.
- Rebecca Ream
Ridiculous. Keep it Mt Taranaki. What do you think Ed would have thought of somebody naming a bloody mountain after him? Let alone the controversy of Mt. Egmont/ Mt. Taranaki. Leave it be.
- Stephen Walter
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Which straits separate Tierra del Fuego from mainland South America? | Docking a ferry in the raging winds of Patagonia
Docking a ferry in the raging winds of Patagonia
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Before the Panama Canal was opened in August 1914, the Straits of Magellan were the only way to transit between the Atlantic and the Pacific for those who didn’t want to brave the Drake Passage. The straits separate mainland Patagonia from Tierra del Fuego, and this video of a ferry crossing it could have served as an advertisement for the rather more docile Panama Canal. In the wild currents and crazy winds, it takes minutes of delicate maneuvering with bow and stern thrusters to dock the ferry and unload its cargo of cars onto the beach.
| Magellan |
In the heroic poem ‘The Song of Roland’, which ‘O’ is Roland’s best friend? | Southern South America: Southern Argentina and Chile | Ecoregions | WWF
x Temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands
Southern South America: Southern Argentina and Chile
The Patagonian Grassland extend from near the tip of the southern cone in Argentina, northwards across eastern Tierra del Fuego, then extends just north of the Straits of Magellan to the Rio Gallegos. The Falkland Islands are also included in this ecoregion. Habitats in this ecoregion include tundra grasslands in the northern portion, high latitude Andean meadows in the central portion, deciduous thickets along the southern extremes, and swamp forests on the Falkland Islands.
Scientific Code
Description
Location and General Description
The Patagonian grasslands are located at the bottom tip of South America. The region extends from the Santa Cruz Province in Argentina to the Tierra del Fuego in Chile and Argentina. The ecoregion also includes the Islas Malvinas or Falkland Islands on the Atlantic Ocean. The Strait of Magellan divides the ecoregion in two. The northern section is part of mainland South America and the southern section constitutes the Tierra del Fuego Island. The Patagonian grasslands show a relief of low mountains, mesas and plains. The soils are rich with high concentrations of fine materials and have a lot of organic material. The climate is cold and humid with 200- 300 mm of rain per year and an average temperature below 8 ºC.
The dominant vegetation of this ecoregion consists of grass-steppe interspersed with shrubs (Cabrera, 1976). Some of the plant species include the coirón blanco (Festuca pallescens), senecio (Senecio patagonicus) and Palntago maritime. Atriplex reichei and Lepidophyllum cupressiforme (a stocky shrub with alternating scaly leaves) are found in salty soils near the sea. Common genera in the region include Adesmia, Anarthrophyllum Berberis, Chuquiraga, Lycium, Mulinum, Schinus and Verbena (Villamil 1997). In the Tierra del Fuego the steppe's dominant vegetation is coirón (Festuca gracillima), a perennial grass 30 – 70 cm high, with thin, stiff, pleated leaves. Other grasses include Poa atropidiformis, Trisetum sp., and Hordeum comosum. The bottom of the valleys and plains are dominated by cebada silvestre (Hordeum comosum), with Alopecurus antarticus, Phleum conmutatus, Poa pratensis, Agrosti sp. (Cabrera 1976).
Biodiversity Features
Wetlands are of great importance in this ecoregion including the following: marsh and lagoons of Tero, marsh of Rio Pelque, Lago Argentino, lagoons of Puerto Bandera, Lake Viedma, lagoons of the Meseta del Tobiana, lagoons Escarchados. Areas with a high importance in the coastal zone include Río Santa Cruz, Monte León, Río Coig, Ría Gallegos, Cabo Vígenes, Bahía San Sebastián, Río Grande, Península Mitre, Canal Beagle and Isla of the Estados (Canevari et al. 1998).
The fauna is very diversified in this region. Some of the mammals include the Patagonian Mara (Dolichotis patagonum), the Southern Viscacha (Lagidium viscacia), the Wolffsohn's Viscacha (Lagidium wolffsohni), the Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicusi), the Humboldt's Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus humboldti), the puma (Felis concolor), the Falkland Island wolf (Dusicyon australis), the Guanaco (Lama guanicoe). There are numerous birds in the ecoregion, some of them are the Lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata), the Patagonian tinamou (Tinamotis ingoufi), the Black-chested buzzard-eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus), the Peregrine (Falco peregrinus), the Band-winged nightjar (Caprimulgus longirostris), the Patagonian mockingbird (Mimus patagónicus), and the Patagonian yellowfinch (Sicalis lebruni).
The Patagonian grasslands and the southern part of the Patagonian steppe ecoregion have various endemic birds. These birds inhabit various types of habitat from freshwater lakes to coastal water and rocky shores. Endemic birds frequently found in the Santa Cruz Province and north of the Straits of Magellan include the hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), Magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis), chocolate-vented tyrant (Neoxolmis rufiventris), canary-winged finch (Melanodera melanodera), short-billed miner (Geositta antarctica), ruddy-headed goose (Chloephaga rubidiceps), and striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis), which is found also south of the Straits of Magellan (Stattersfield et al. 1998). The blackish cinclodes (Cinclodes antarcticus) is found in the Tierra del Fuego Island. Endemic birds of the Falkland Islands are the Falkland steamerduck (Tachyeres brachypterus) and the Cobb’s wren (Troglodytes cobbi). The Islands are also very important for various seabirds including the Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) (Stattersfield et al. 1998).
Threatened species in the ecoregion include the cauqué colorado (Chloephaga rubidiceps), the ñandú petiso (Pterocnemia pennata), the Patagonian Mara (Dolichotis patagonum), the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the zorro gris chico (Dusicyon griseus), and the lobo de dos pelos (Aretocephalus australis) (Chebez 1988; Bertonatti and González 1992; Chebez 1994; García Fernández et al 1997).
Current Status
The human population in the ecoregion is low, but the area has been affected by grazing livestock and introduced herbivores (Dinerstein et al 1995). The natural grassland, in particular tussock grass, has been destroyed, and endemic birds in the area rely directly or indirectly on this grass (Stattersfield et al. 1998). There are not many protected areas in this ecoregion; some of them are Dicky Private Reserve, the Reserva Costa Atlántica Tierra del Fuego, and Magallanes National Reserve.
Types and Severity of Threats
Desertification is the most serious threat to this ecoregion. Grazing of cattle and introduced herbivores deteriorates the scarce vegetation cover, leaving the soil exposed to processes of erosion (Soriano and Movia 1988; Dinerstein et al 1995). The destruction of the natural habitat has severely affected the avifauna in the area, especially endemic species. Three species are of particular concern: Great grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), with few than 5,000 individuals remaining, Ruddy-headed goose (Chloephaga rubidiceps), with a serious decline in population numbers, and Striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis), whose numbers have declined due to hunting (Stattersfield et al. 1998).
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
The delineation’s for the Patagonian Grasslands were derived from Daniele and Natenzon (1994), and linework follows their classification of "Pastizales Australes (austral grasslands)" region. Other resources consulted include Cabrera (1976) and Morello (1968).
References
Bertonatti, C., y F. González. Lista de Vertebrados Argentinos Amenazados de Extinción. FVSA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Cabrera, A.L. 1976. Regiones Fitogeográficas de Argentina. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo II. Fascículo I. Editorial ACME S.A.C.I., Buenos Aires Argentina
Canevari P., D.E. Blanco, E. Bucher, G. Castro, e I. Davidson. 1998. Los Humedales de la Argentina. Clasificación, situación actual, conservación y legislación. Humedales para las Americas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Chebez, J.C. 1988. El deterioro de la Fauna. En El deterioro del Ambiente en la Argentina (suelo, agua, vegetación, fauna). Fundación para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Daniele, C., and C. Natenzon. 1994. Regiones Naturales de la Argentina. Draft map. Argentina National Parks Department, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Dinerstein, E., D.M. Olson, D.J. Graham, A.V. Webster, S.A. Primm, M.P. Bookbinder, y G. Ledec. 1995. Una evaluación del estado de conservación de las ecoregiones terrestres de América Latina y el Caribe. Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza, Banco Mundial Washington, D.C.
García Fernández, J.J., R.A. Ojeda, R.M. Fraga, G.B. Díaz, y R.J. Baigún. 1997. Mamíferos y aves amenazados de la Argentina. FUCEMA, SAREM, AO del Plata, APN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Morello, J. 1968. La vegetación de la República Argentina, No. 10: Las grandes unidades de vegetación y ambiente del Chaco Argentino. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Soriano. A., y C.P. Movia. 1986. Erosión y desertización en la Patagonia. . Interciencia V, 11 (2): 77-83
Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long, and D.C. Wege. (1998). A global directory of Endemic Bird Areas. BirdLife Conservation Series. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
Villamil, Carlos B. 1997. Patagonia. S.D. Davis, V.H. Heywood, O. Herrera-MacBryde, J. Villa-Lobos, and A.C. Hamilton, editors. Centres of plant diversity: A guide and strategy for their conservation, Vol. 3 The America. IUCN, WWF, Oxford, U.K.
Prepared by: Claudia Dellafiore
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What is the name of Andy Capp’s best friend? | Andy Capp (TV Series 1988– ) - IMDb
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Andy is an out-of-work layabout who only wants to have a drink and read the racing news. This leaves his long-suffering wife Flo as the sole breadwinner.
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John Lacey comes home one evening to discover a letter from his wife (starting with "Dear John" - hence the title) telling him that she is leaving him. Lonely and now divorced, the series ... See full summary »
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Stars: Gareth Hale, Norman Pace, Melanie Kilburn
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French and Saunders (TV Series 1987)
Comedy
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Stars: Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Simon Brint
Edit
Storyline
Andy is an out-of-work layabout who only wants to have a drink and read the racing news. This leaves his long-suffering wife Flo as the sole breadwinner.
22 February 1988 (UK) See more »
Company Credits
(Minffordd, North Wales) – See all my reviews
It's interesting how a fictional character can be successful in one medium yet utterly unsuccessful in another. Andy Capp was a huge success in the comic strips, spawning various merchandising deals (I fondly recall my first bottle of Andy Capp's Spring Tonic) and even a spin-off character: 'Buster, Son of Andy Capp', who had his own long-running strip yet was never once mentioned in the original. Despite this success, Andy never caught on in any other medium. The West End stage musical based on Andy Capp was a flop. This short-lived TV series (running briefly in February-March 1988) was no better.
This synopsis reflects only the TV series, not the comic strip. Andy and Flo Capp live at 37 Durham Street, Hartlepool. Andy is a layabout, a drunkard, a bully, a liar and a gambler. The only reason he's not a skiver into the bargain is because he hasn't got a job to skive off in the first place. His put-upon wife Flo is kept working overtime to pay the bills. To make matters worse, Andy is a serial philanderer.
This Thames TV sitcom suffered from the total unlikeability of the main character. (In the comic strip, Andy was more of a likable rogue.) The first episode dealt with Andy's promise to turn over a new leaf. (He doesn't, of course.) The sixth and final episode dealt with Andy's reluctance to celebrate the Capps' wedding anniversary.
Most of the recurring characters in the comic strip get a look-in here, including the Capps' neighbours next-door over, Chalkie White and his wife Ruby. Also on offer are barman Jackie, rent-collector Percy Ritson (geddit? "writ's on"), and the 'milkie' (milkman) making his dawn rounds as Andy comes staggering home from a night on the tiles.
The Andy Capp strip was brilliant in small bites, but the character didn't seem to work very well over an extended narrative. Certain features of the comic strip just didn't make a smooth transition to live-action. Andy Capp famously wore his flat cap completely over his eyes (like Beetle Bailey and Cheech Wizard) but, in this live-action series, actor James Bolam had to wear his slightly over-sized cap a bit farther back so that he could see where he was going. I laughed at Andy and Flo's frequent fisticuffs in the comic strip, which were always drawn as a huge dust cloud with feet and fists emerging from its depths. In live action, this wouldn't work nearly so well ... in fact, in live action, a brawl between a man and a woman simply isn't funny at all.
Even Andy Capp was not immune to the onslaught of political correctness. For three decades of comic-strip dailies, he sported a 'tab' (cigarette) in his mouth, but this was quietly deleted in 1988. Later, such newfangled annoyances as mobile 'phones found their way into the strip (with Andy opposed to them, refreshingly). As great as the strip was, 'Andy Capp' the TV series was nothing much. This short-lived series is not worth a second look.
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| Chalkie White |
Henry Morton Stanley was born in which country? | Andy Capp | ZoomInfo.com
Andy Capp
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Web References (8 Total References)
: People : ArtsEd
artsed.co.uk [cached]
THEATRE INCLUDES: Oh What A Lovely War, Bodyguard, Taboo, Hair, Zorro, Never Forget, We Will Rock You, Footloose, Grease, Jesus Christ Superstar, Aspects Of Love, Doctor Dolittle, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, La Cage Aux Folles, Bernstein's Peter Pan, Bless The Bride, Mr Cinders, Andy Capp.
home
www.mikedixonmusic.com [cached]
THEATRE INCLUDES:The Infidel, Oh What A Lovely War, Bodyguard, Taboo, Hair, Zorro, Never Forget, We Will RockYou, Footloose, Grease, Jesus Christ Superstar, Aspects Of Love, Doctor Dolittle, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, La Cage Aux Folles, Bernstein's Peter Pan, Bless The Bride, Mr Cinders, Andy Capp.
Andy Capp
wn.com [cached]
Andy Capp
Andy Capp is a British comic strip created by cartoonist Reg Smythe (1917-1998), seen in The Daily Mirror and The Sunday Mirror newspapers since August 5, 1957.
...
Andy Capp
...
Statue of cartoon character Andy Capp, created by Hartlepool resident Reg Smythe and seen in The Daily Mirror and The Sunday Mirror newspapers since August 5, 1957
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Andy Capp
...
Cartoon strips "Jane" (1932-1959), "Garth" (1943-1997, reprints 2011), "Just Jake" (1938-1952), "A Man Called Horace" (1989-), "Andy Capp" (1957-), and "The Perishers" (1955-2006 and later reprints).
"The Old Codgers", a fictional pair who commented on the letters page from 1935 to 1990. Chalky White, who would wander around various British seaside resorts waiting to be recognised by Mirror readers (an obscured photo of him having been published in that day's paper). Anyone who recognised him would have to repeat some phrase along the lines of "To my delight, it's Chalky White" to win £5. The name continues to be used on the cartoons page, as Andy Capp's best friend.
Tachyon TV
tachyon-tv.co.uk [cached]
Andy Capp: The Complete Series on DVD
Never mind Marvel's Avengers Assemble, look which adaptation of an infamous British comic character is on DVD at last.
It’s ironic, in light of the tabloid demonization of the ‘economically inactive’, that the introduction of the Welfare State in the 1950s coincided with the debut of the Daily Mirror’s Andy Capp, a lazy, workshy, philandering, chain-smoking rogue whose daily routine encompasses the ‘labour exchange’ (as was), the pub and the bookies, with occasional rounds of domestic violence with
his
fearsome, rolling pin-brandishing wife Flo, the family breadwinner - in a nutshell, the Frank Gallagher of
his
day. Funny how one man’s folk devil can be another man’s folk hero, for in
his
heyday Capp was a national institution, with annual paperback collections of
his
exploits, merchandise tie-ins and two spin-off progeny (Buster and Mandy), both strangely unseen in the original strip (there’s a Jeremy Kyle episode, right there).
For all
his
workshy, gambling, philandering ways, what made Andy Capp a loveable rogue in the original strips wasn’t so much
his
brazenly inactive lifestyle as how
he
way each incident with a combination of bluff and wisecracking quick wit.
...
Capp was the creation of Hartlepool-born Reg Smythe, whose wife â€" interestingly â€" was called Flo, and created Capp on a whim “on the A1 road at 60mph†after a request from the Mirror’s editor to create a back page strip for its Northern readership, with Andy and Flo based upon
his
own downtrodden parents; and Smythe created Capp working for the GPO as a clerk, after finishing active duty.
However, a three pane comic strip does not guarantee a successful half-hour sitcom, as Thames found when it brought Andy to the small screen for one uncelebrated series in 1988, with James Bolam donning the iconic plaid cap and ever-present tab hanging from his lip.
...
Andy Capp on DVD
...
What’s most surprising about Andy Capp is that this adaptation is from the pen of Keith Waterhouse.
...
Clearly, Waterhouse found more comic mileage in a real life character who shared the same qualities as Andy, when the year after this series aired, his play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell made its West End debut, another celebration of a daydreaming, alcoholic idler.
...
Andy Capp: The Complete Series is released by Network on June 11th 2012.
Andy ...
way each incident with a combination of bluff and wisecracking quick wit.
...
Capp was the creation of Hartlepool-born Reg Smythe, whose wife - interestingly - was called Flo, and created Capp on a whim "on the A1 road at 60mph" after a request from the Mirror's editor to create a back page strip for its Northern readership, with Andy and Flo based upon
his
own downtrodden parents; and Smythe created Capp working for the GPO as a clerk, after finishing active duty.
However, a three pane comic strip does not guarantee a successful half-hour sitcom, as Thames found when it brought Andy to the small screen for one uncelebrated series in 1988, with James Bolam donning the iconic plaid cap and ever-present tab hanging from his lip.
...
Andy Capp on DVD
...
What's most surprising about Andy Capp is that this adaptation is from the pen of Keith Waterhouse.
...
Clearly, Waterhouse found more comic mileage in a real life character who shared the same qualities as Andy, when the year after this series aired, his play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell made its West End debut, another celebration of a daydreaming, alcoholic idler.
...
Andy Capp: The Complete Series is released by Network on June 11th 2012.
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Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in which city and former Republic? | Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
Introduction
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 to a middle-class family. Columbus� father was a weaver in the busy city of Genoa, Italy. Columbus would help his hardworking father weave cloths to be delivered to people in northern Italy. Since the roads in northern Italy were bad, Columbus and his father would usually go by boat. Columbus really loved this. By the time he was in his twenties, he had already made voyages by sea to North Africa, Greece and Portugal. He could sail by himself by then, but he could not become the master mariner he wanted to be. This was because he could not read or write, and therefore, he could not read a map and navigate a ship. Not being able to read or write was common in Columbus� day.
Columbus lived in a period known as the Renaissance. This was a period that followed the Dark Ages, and was marked by renewed interest in art, culture and exploration. Countries such as Spain and Portugal wanted to expand their empires and spread Christianity to new lands. This was the perfect period for Columbus to explore new lands.
In 1476, Columbus was sailing to northern Europe to trade. While on his way, he met up with an enemy warship along the coast of Portugal. A battle ensued, and Columbus� ship was destroyed. Although he was slightly wounded, Columbus drifted on a piece of floating timber to get to Portugal, which was six miles away. The kind people of Portugal led Columbus to Lisbon, where his brother, Bartholomew, worked as a chart maker.
This changed Columbus� life, because this gave him the chance to complete his education in Portugal. At this time, Portugal was a great seafaring country. Columbus learned Latin, Spanish, mathematics and navigation. Columbus was especially fascinated by Marco Polo�s journeys, and dreamed of someday becoming a great captain and leading voyages of discovery.
In the 1400�s, most people knew that the earth was round, but they thought only Europe, Asia and Africa existed. Asia was called the �Indies�. The idea of being able to reach Asia by boat got many people very excited. Nobody knew where Africa ended, but they thought that if they could sail around Africa and then head east, they could reach Asia. They were sure that amazing treasures could be found in Asia.
The First Voyage
Columbus' First Voyage
By 1478, Columbus was the "master mariner" he set out to be. He could now steer and navigate a ship. He was married by then, and had a young son named Diego. He and his family lived in the Madeira Islands. As time passed, Columbus became increasingly sure that the quickest way to Asia was east, not west, across the "Sea of Darkness" as it was called back then. Columbus thought that from the Canary Islands in Africa, Japan was only 2400 nautical miles. This was in fact a big error, for Japan was actually 10 000 nautical miles away from the Canary Islands, but Columbus was convinced that he was correct. He was not the only one who thought this, an Italian astronomer, Toscanelli agreed with him. Toscanelli helped Columbus calculate his course. This plan was called "Empresa de las Indias", which means Enterprise of the Indies. In 1484, Columbus asked King John of Portugal if he would supply ships, money and men for the voyage. King John refused to help Columbus.
Now, there was no reason for Columbus to stay in Portugal. His wife had died, and his brother had gone to seek help in England and France to get the supplies & crew they needed for the voyage. So, Columbus went to Spain with his son Diego, and put him in the La R�bida monastery, where the monks ran a boarding school. Columbus met with one of the important monks who had an influence in the Spanish court. The monk arranged for Columbus to meet with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. The Queen was impressed with Columbus' plans, but the king did not want to act quickly, as they were involved in an expensive war with the Moors. The king decided to leave the matter up to his advisors. The king's advisors, after many years, decided not to invest in the expedition.
Columbus had no choice but to join his brother in France. Just before he left, the Queen thought of the glory and wealth that would be brought to Spain if the voyage succeeded. She allowed him to get money for the voyage, but Columbus wanted more. He demanded that he get the title of admiral, that he got ships and men, and that he got to be the governor or ruler of any lands he discovered. He also wanted profit from any trades made with the new lands he discovered. The Queen called him a disgraceful fool and dismissed him from the court. Columbus then prepared to leave again. At the last minute, the Queen called him back and agreed to all of his demands. Columbus prepared for his voyage from Palos. He made friends with a boat making family named Pinz�n. Two Pinz�ns commanded two of the three ships in the fleet. The third ship (the flagship) was commanded by Columbus himself and was called the Santa Maria. The other two ships were provided by the Pinz�ns and were called Pinta and Nina. There were ninety men in the crew, and they were all good sailors and all were from Palos or nearby. On August 3, 1492, Columbus boarded the Santa Maria and the fleet proceeded to the Canary Islands in Africa. From there, they would proceed to the Indies.
After a short stay in the Canary Islands, the fleet headed west. After 8 weeks, most of the sailors knew they had gone more than the 2400 miles that Columbus had predicted. The sailors started to grumble and fight amongst themselves.
One day, they saw birds and clouds on the horizon, and branches floating beside the ships. These were signs that finally, land was near. On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew saw cliffs on a small island. They did not know if this was the Indies or just a small island in the middle of the Sea of Darkness. As soon as they got onto the island, Columbus named it San Salvador, and placed Spain's royal banner into the ground. Columbus thought he was on some island off the coast of China. He was actually in the Bahamas, southeast of Florida. Columbus and his crew stayed on San Salvador for a few days.
The people of the island soon appeared. They brought gifts for Columbus and his crew. Columbus noticed that some of the ornaments that these people wore were made of gold. Using sign language, these people told Columbus that there were many more islands to the north and south where they found gold.
Since Columbus thought he was in the Indies, he named the people Indians. He took a few Indian guides with him to find the islands they described, because he wanted to find gold for the King and Queen. The Indians directed Columbus south through a chain of islands - Cuba. Columbus found the Dominican Republic. He named it "Hispaniola", which means "Spanish island". He found gold on Hispaniola, and he traded for it and he was given it by the Indians.
The Second Voyage
Columbus' Second Voyage
Almost immediately after his return, Spain sent Columbus on a second voyage. After Columbus returned, Europe's attention was now on the west. Spanish people sailed to the Caribbean to get gold and silver. The Indians, who were kind and friendly to Columbus before, were nasty to the new conquistadors. This was because the Spanish only wanted to make slaves out of them, and were greedy and unkind to the Indians. The Indians then began to fight back.
Columbus' second voyage commenced in 1493. It consisted of over 1000 men and 17 ships. He brought sugarcane with him to the Indies for enslaved Indians to cultivate. He also brought livestock to America for the first time, such as horses, sheep and cattle. The second voyage was mainly a colonization effort.
Columbus and his crew left the Canary Islands on October 15, 1493. On the first voyage, Columbus left 40 men in a fort built from the Santa Maria's remains. Columbus named this place Navidad. Columbus and his crew returned to Navidad on November 28, only to find the fort burned and the men dead.
Guganagari, a local chief that Columbus befriended on his first voyage, told him that the men argued among themselves over gold. Some of them abandoned the fort, but some of the rest raided an inland tribe and kidnapped people. The Indians retaliated by burning the fort and killing the men that remained.
Columbus sailed eastward to the coast of Hispaniola to look for a place to build a new colony. He found a spot that he called "La Isabella" after the Queen of Spain. The next several months were spent establishing the colony and exploring La Isabella.
On April 24, 1494, Columbus and his crew sailed from La Isabella with three of the 17 ships to find the mainland of China. They reached Cuba on April 30, and left May 3. They anchored in Jamaica two days later. Because Columbus still could not find the mainland, and the Indians were mostly hostile to them, Columbus left for Cuba on May 13. Columbus quickly found that there were shoals and small islands dotting the coast of Cuba. This made exploration treacherous.
Columbus and his crew headed west for several weeks in search of the mainland. He finally gave up the quest on June 13, 1494. Columbus did not want to admit failure, so he ordered all of his crewmen to sign a document swearing that Cuba was the mainland, since it was so large. Columbus returned to Hispaniola on August 20, 1494. By the end of September, Columbus was ill. His crew had abandoned further explorations and settled down in La Isabella. Columbus left La Isabella on March 10, 1496, bound home for Spain. He sighted Portugal on June 8.
The Third Voyage
Columbus' Third Voyage
The third voyage lasted from 1498-1500 and had six ships in the fleet. Columbus and his crew arrived at the Canary Islands on June 19. The fleet split into two groups. The first three took supplies to the colonists on La Isabella, and Columbus commanded the remaining three ships. Columbus' ships were on a mission to find new lands south of the known islands in the "Indies". They sailed first to the Cape Verde Islands, and then sailed southwest on July 4. On the morning of July 31, Columbus realized that the fleet's water was running short. He decided to stop off at Dominica for some. (Dominica was discovered on the Second Voyage) On the way, Columbus discovered a new island - Trinidad. He named it Trinidad after the Holy Trinity. The fleet found water on the southern coast of Trinidad.
Columbus also sighted the coast of South America when he was sailing to Trinidad. He and his crew were the first Europeans to see South America. Columbus explored the Gulf of Paria (which is between Trinidad and South America) between August 4 and 12. On the morning of August 13, Columbus sailed out of the Gulf of Paria to the Island of Margarita. Columbus' health was poor, so he sailed to Hispaniola. He arrived on August 19, 1498.
The Fourth Voyage
Columbus' Fourth Voyage
On May 11, 1502, four old ships and 140 men under Columbus' command began the voyage. Columbus' brother Bartholomew was in the crew. By this time, Columbus was 51 years old, and sick. He was no longer welcomed in Hispaniola. The purpose of this voyage was to find a strait linking the Indies with the Indian Ocean. Marco Polo was known to have travelled on it on his way back from China. Columbus arrived in Santo Domingo on June 29, 1502. He requested to enter the harbor to get shelter from an upcoming storm. He also advised another fleet (which was already in the harbour) not to leave the port. The local governor advised against this and the fleet left the harbour. Ten of the twenty ships sank when the hurricane hit. Nine ships made it back to Santo Domingo, and only one made it to Spain. Columbus' ships only suffered moderate damage and they reached the Honduras at the end of July.
Columbus and his crew spent the next 2 months working along the coast and were beset by more winds and storms. When they arrived at what we know today as Panama they learned of another ocean a few days south from the Indies. Columbus thought that he was close enough to the strait and that this proved his point. The natives traded much gold with Columbus. Columbus named this land Veragua. Veragua was very valuable because it had a lot of gold. Columbus then sailed along the coast of Panama until the area that was rich in gold dwindled. When he tried to return to Veragua, a storm stopped him and Columbus returned to the West (to Panama) on January 9, 1503. He made Panama the headquarters of exploration and built a fort there.
When Columbus was preparing to return to Spain, he took three ships out of the river and left one by the fort. The next day (April 6, 1503) the river lowered so much that the remaining ships were trapped in the river by a sand bar at the river mouth. A large force of Indians then attached the fort. The Spanish managed to hold off the attack but lost many men. Columbus abandoned the ship that was left in the river, and rescued the remaining people who had stayed in the fort.
Columbus started for Spain on April 16. The remaining three ships were leaky and old. One of these ships was abandoned because it was no longer seaworthy. The remaining two ships never made it to Hispaniola, because they were hit by a storm off the coast of Cuba. Both ships were leaking badly now, and the water continued to rise. Columbus beached the ships in St. Anne's Bay, Jamaica on June 25, 1503. Since there was no Spanish colony on Jamaica, Columbus was stuck there until help was found.
Back at Jamaica, half of those who were stuck there staged a mutiny against Columbus, but he eventually put it down. The small boat arrived in Jamaica on June 19, 1504. Columbus had been marooned for more than one year. Columbus returned to Spain on November 7, 1504; his last voyage complete.
The Impact Of Columbus' Exploration
Although Columbus' discoveries were beneficial to Europe, it changed the lives of natives and some Africans forever. By 1515, Hispaniola had 17 Spanish towns. As the Spainsh prospered, the Indians died from disease, massacre and overwork. A Dominican friar named Bartholom� de las Casas found that the Spanish treatment of the Indians was shockingly brutal. In 1515, he petitioned King Ferdinand to offer them protection. This gave some relief to the Indians, but almost all of the Carribean Indians (almost 6 million) were dead in just a few years. The sugar and mining industry grew, but the supply of Indian labour shrank. The Spanish then began to import Africans to the Americas. Africans died as quickly as the Indians, but the Spanish just kept importing more African slaves.
Columbus not only brought Europeans to the West, he opened the way for a new religion (Christianity), new languages (Spanish and Portuguese), and new animals and plants.
Conclusion
Columbus was a brave and venturesome man. His ideas and plans were inspirational. He was the kind of person who never gave up or grew tired of his work. He did not succeed in doing what he set out to do (to reach the Indies by boat), but he did something even better. He was the first recorded European to see North and South America. He persevered, despite harsh conditions. Columbus was a hard worker and was intelligent. His discoveries started a wave of change that was good for some and bad for others. All four of his voyages were truly expeditions of discovery.
| Genoa |
What one word is the Latin for ‘for all’? | Christopher Columbus - Famous Explorers of the World - WorldAtlas.com
Christopher Columbus - Famous Explorers of the World
The late 15th & early 16th Century Genoese explorer's discoveries initiated Spanish Colonization of the New World.
A native son of Genoa, Colmbus found favor with the Spanish Crown, at least long enough to have them finance his multiple voyages to the New World.
5. Early Life
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Genoese Republic (now part of Italy) on or before October 31st, 1451. He was an Italian explorer and navigator who would also become a colonizer and re-discoverer of the Americas. Born to a middle-class family in his hometown of Genoa, his early years were spent learning astronomy, mathematics, navigation and cartography. After a few years of such education, in his early teens Columbus was hired to work on a merchant ship. Later, in his early twenties, Columbus worked as an apprentice to a business agent. After a time, he then became a full-fledged business agent for the Spinolas, the Centuriones, and the Di Negros, all prominent merchant families of Genoa.
4. Career
In May of 1476, Columbus had an opportunity to sail with an armed convoy of ships to Northern Europe. During this voyage, Columbus was able to visit Bristol, England and Galway, Ireland. He also sailed to Lisbon, Portugal where he saw his brother, Bartolomeo, in the fall of 1477. In Lisbon, Columbus wooed and married the daughter of the Governor of the Portuguese island possession of Porto Santo. Columbus also managed to update his Portuguese, Spanish, Latin, and geography knowledge during that time. However, he found little support for his plan to find a new sea route to Asia via the Atlantic Ocean, until the Spanish Monarchs later granted him an audience.
3. Discoveries
Columbus was granted funds by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to sail on four separate expeditions from Spain in the years of 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502, respectively. The Spanish Monarchs wanted him to find a new sea route to Asia. Along with that aim, the Spanish crown wanted Columbus to explore these foreign lands in search of gold and spices. Columbus encountered some problems with his navigation to the East Indies, and found the Americas instead. His first voyage landed him in the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola, and on the second voyage he returned to Hispaniola. On his third expedition, Columbus reached Trinidad and ventured into South America. On the fourth expedition, Columbus landed in Panama.
2. Challenges
Columbus faced many obstacles and problems during his voyages. On his second expedition, Columbus failed to find anything valuable, so he sent 500 slaves back to Spain. Queen Isabella didn't find this gesture amusing nor helpful, and sent back the slaves saying that they were Spanish subjects, and therefore not slaves. Returning to Hispaniola, he also found his first settlement there destroyed. on the third voyage, Christopher had to face the horrors of the Hispaniola settlement after a revolt against his two brothers, who had been left to manage the island. Columbus was arrested after a new governor was installed, and sent back to Spain.
1. Death and Legacy
In his lifetime, Christopher Columbus was subjected to many hardships and illnesses while onboard ship. As a result, he contracted intestinal bacterial infections and food poisoning, the effects of which lasted for many years to come. After his fourth voyage failed, Columbus returned to Spain without honors. Columbus then decided to reside in Valladolid, Spain, from where he wrote two books about his explorations and recounted the rewards he was entitled for his explorations. He eventually died from complications related to his illnesses on May 20th, 1506. Columbus is remembered as a maverick explorer who opened the Americas for centuries of further exploration, though he left a bloody trail that almost decimated the native population, and set a precedent of mistreatment and exploitation of Native Americans, which would last for centuries to come.
This page was last modified on February 18, 2016.
On WorldAtlas.com
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What Latin phrase refers to a vital condition, something absolutely necessary? | Latin Phrases in English | English Club
1000 Phrasal Verbs for download!
Latin Phrases in English
Many Latin phrases are still used in English, though generally more in written English than in spoken English. This page lists some of the more common phrases from Latin, with meanings, comments and contextual examples. Although you may not need to use Latin phrases yourself, it's useful to recognise them when you come across them.
Latin phrase
formed or done for a particular purpose only
An ad hoc committee was set up to oversee the matter.
ad nauseam
repeating or continuing to the point of boredom
The apparent risks of secondary smoking have been debated ad nauseam.
bona fide
Only bona fide members of the club may use the clubhouse.
caveat emptor
let the buyer beware
The principle that the buyer is responsible for checking the quality and suitability of goods before a purchase is made.
circa; c.
The house was built circa 1870.
coitus interruptus
interrupted congress; aborting sexual intercourse prior to ejaculation
Coitus interruptus is the only form of birth control that some religions allow.
compos mentis
in control of the mind (often used ironically)
Please call me back later when I'm compos mentis.
de facto
in fact; in reality
Although the Emperor was the head of state, the de facto ruler of Japan was the Shogun.
ergo
Lists of errors from a previous publication are often marked "errata" (the plural, meaning errors).
et cetera; etc
and the rest; and so on; and more
We urgently need to buy medical equipment, drugs et cetera.
ex gratia
from kindness or grace (without recognizing any liability or legal obligation)
They received an undisclosed ex gratia payment.
ex libris
from the books; fromthe library
In the front of a book: Ex Libris John Brown
habeas corpus
a court order instructing that a person under arrest be brought before a judge
The right of habeas corpus has long been regarded as an important safeguard of individual liberty.
in loco parentis
in the place of a parent
Teachers sometimes have to act in loco parentis.
in situ
in its original place
The paintings have been taken to the museum but the statues have been left in situ.
in vitro
(in biology) taking place outside a living organism (for example in a test tube)
in vitro fertilization
The report covers, inter alia, computers, telecommunications and air travel.
per
This petrol station charges $5.00 per gallon.
per annum; p.a.
The population is increasing by about 2% per annum.
per capita
The country's annual income is $5000 per capita.
per se
These facts per se are not important.
post-mortem
examination of a body after death; autopsy
The post-mortem revealed that she had been murdered.
pro rata
proportional; proportionally
The car rental charge is $50 per day and then pro rata for part of a day.
quid pro quo
favour or advantage given or expected in return for something
Similar to "tit for tat", "give and take" and "You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours."
re
I spoke to the manager re your salary increase.
sine qua non
essential condition; thing that is absolutely necessary; "without which not"
Words are a sine qua non of spoken language.
status quo
Monarchies naturally wish to maintain the status quo.
terra firma
dry land; the ground as opposed to the air or sea
Shackleton and his men set foot on terra firma after three weeks at sea.
verbatim
in exactly the same words
I had to memorize the text verbatim.
versus; vs.; v.
What are the benefits of organic versus inorganic foods?
In the case of Bush versus Gore, the judges decided...
vice versa
My telephone serves me, and not vice versa.
persona non grata
| Sine qua non (disambiguation) |
What is the more common name given to the illness parotitis? | Latin Phrases, Quotations, Proverbs, and Other Expressions – The Gold Scales
V
1
The interest in Latin is increasing. Latin (lingua latina) is the language of ancient Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and so on.
Half the English vocabulary comes from ancient Rome, and everyday communications are peppered with Latin phrases like et cetera and per capita. And Latin quotations abound in Western countries.
And "cui bono?" means "Who benefits", or more literally: "For whose benefit is it?" It is a very good question throughout life's encounters.
2
About 690 quotes have been collected from a variety of sources. The page is designed for genus irritabile vatum (the irritable race of poets) and all other interested ones.
Moreover, philosophers (thinkers) tend to use not a few latin tags and phrases. Below are some to back you up, apart from O! Plus! Perge! Aio! Hui! Hem! Oh! More! Go on! Yes! Ooh! Ummm!
A
A fonte puro pura defluit aqua. Pure water flows from a pure spring.
A fronte praecipitium a tergo lupi. A precipice in front, wolves behind. In other words, "Between a rock and a hard place."
A posteriori. Later, following and adv. "from the latter"; inductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts. from what comes after "From effect to cause." A thing is known a posteriori if it is known from evidence or empirical reasoning. Adj. and adv. "from the latter"; inductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts. from what comes after from effects to causes, reasoning based on past experience. From what comes after', reasoning based on experience.
A priori. Reasoning from causes to effects. Adj. and adv. "from the former"; deductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions; presupposed by experience; being without examination or analysis; presumptive; formed or conceived beforehand. From what comes before. A thing is known a priori if it is evident by logic alone from what is already known. From causes to effects, conclusions drawn from assumptions, deductive reasoning. 'From what is already known', reasoning based on deduction. From what was before.
A propositum aberrare, declinare, deflectare, digredi, egredi. To digress from the point at issue.
Ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia. The consequences of abuse do not apply to general use (rights abused by some are still rights).
Ab aeterno. From eternity.
Ab imo pectore. From the bottom of the chest (from the bottom of the heart).
Ab incunabulis. From infancy.
Ab initio. From the beginning.
Ab intra. From within.
Ab urbe condita; anno urbis conditae. "From the founding of the city" (of Rome); 753 B.C., according to Livy's count; used as a reference point by the Romans for establishing dates, as we use A.D. today.
Ab (ex) uno disce omnes. From one person, learn all people.
Absentem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat. To quarrel with a drunk is to wrong a man who is not even there.
Absit invidia. Let ill will be absent.
Absit omen. May the omen be; may the omen be absent (asks for protection against evil) or absent (may this not be an omen).
Absolvi meam animam. I have set my mind free. I got that off my chest.
Absolvo. I acquit.
Absum! I'm out of here!
Abundant dulcibus vitiis. Nobody's perfect.
Abusus non tollit usum. Misuse does not nullify proper use.
Accessit. He/she came close. Honorable mention.
Acta est fabula. The drama has been acted out; It is all over. (Usually in the context of a life or event coming to an unhappy end).
Actio personalis monitur cum persona. Dead men do not sue.
Ad alta. To the summit.
Ad arbitrium. At pleasure.
Ad finem. To the end; at or near the end.
Ad hoc. For this purpose (a temporary committee); toward this (matter) something created especially for a particular occasion; for this particular purpose (for this one reason) For the immediate purpose. An ad hoc committee is appointed for some specific purpose, after completing which it is dissolved. "For a particular purpose (improvised)".
Ad idem. Of the same mind.
Ad infinitum. Without limit, forever, or "to the infinite"; without end or limit. To infinity, without limit. Never ending. Without limit or end. To infinity. (It indicates that a process or operation is to be carried out indefinitely, without limit.
Ad Kalendas Graecas. At the Greek Kalends; hence, never. (It speaks of a date that does not or will not exist. Kalends were a part of the Roman month, but did not exist in the Greek calendar, so the Latin phrase is used when confronted with a false or unlikely promise).
Ad libitium (ad lib). Freely; at ease; at pleasure; at will.
Ad praesens ova cras pullis sunt meliora. Eggs today are better than chickens tomorrow (a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush).
Ad vitam. For life.
Ad vitam paramus. We are preparing for life.
Adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit. Add a little to a little and there will be a great heap (Ovid)
Adsum. I am present.
Adversus solem ne loquitor. Do not speak against the sun (do not waste your time arguing the obvious).
Aegrescit medendo. He becomes worse by the remedies used.
Aegroto dum anima est, spes esse dicitur. As long as there is life there is hope for the ill one, it is said (Cicero).
Aegroto dum anima est, spes est. As long as a sick person is conscious - or has a good character, reacts - there is still hope.
Age quod agis. Attend to what you are about.
Albae gallinae filius. Son of a white hen.
Alea iacta est. The die is cast. The die has been cast. i.e., The decision has been made. [Julius Caesar uttered this when making the decision to cross the Rubicon in 49 B.C. Used when a bold and irretrievable decision has been made.]
Alias (dictus). Otherwise called.
Aliquid ad ridiculum convertere. To make a joke of a thing.
Altissima quaeque flumina minimo sono labi. The deepest rivers flow with the least sound (still waters run deep).
Amare et sapere vix deo conceditur. Even a god finds it hard to love and be wise at the same time.
Amici probantur rebus adversis. Friends are tested in adversity.
Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. One's friends are known in the hour of need.
Amicus humani generis. A friend of the human race (philanthropist).
Amor nummi. Love of money.
Animis opibusque parati. Prepared in minds and resources (ready for anything).
Animo prompto esse ad jocandum. To be humorously inclined.
Annus Bisextus. Leap year.
Annus mirabilis. A remarkable year, a miraculous year; a year in which an unusual number of remarkable things occurred.
Ante languorem adhibe medicinam. Use medicine before you get too weak (Sirak).
Ante meridiem. Before noon. Usually abbreviated A.M.
Ante partum. Before childbirth.
Ante victoriam ne canas triumphum. Do not count your chickens before they're hatched.
Apparatus criticus. Critical matter.
Apudne te vel me? Your place or mine?
Aqua pura. Pure water.
Aqua vitae. Water of life (formerly applied to alcohol).
Aquila non capit murem. The eagle does not catch the mouse (do not sweat over small things.)
Aquila non capit muscas. An eagle does not catch [does not bother with] flies.
Arcanum arcanorum. Secret of secrets.
Argumentum ad baculum Argument to the stick (appeal to force)
Arma tuentur pacem. Arms maintain peace.
Ars amandi. The art of loving.
Ars artis gratia. Art for art's sake.
Ars artium. The art of arts (logic).
Ars dicendi. The art of speaking, oratory.
Ars longa, vita brevis. Art is long, but life is short. (Hippocrates said it in Greek).
Ars moriendi. The art of dying.
Ars poetica. The art of poetry.
Ars sine scienta nihil est. Art without science is nothing.
Arte perire sua. To perish by one's own creation.
Artes perditae. Lost arts.
Asinus asinum fricat. The ass rubs the ass (used to describe two people lavishing excessive praise on one another).
Aspergere sales orationi. To intersperse one's speech with humorous remarks.
Assiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit. Constant practice devoted to one subject often outdoes both intelligence and skill (Cicero).
Audi et alteram partem. Hear the other side too.
Audiatur et altera pars. Let us hear the opposite side. The other part should be heard, too.
Aurea mediocritas. "Golden Mean" (an ethical goal to achieve).
Aureo hamo piscari. To fish with a golden hook.
Aurora australis. The southern polar lights.
Aurora borealis. The northern polar lights.
Auspicium melioris aevi. Omen of a better time.
Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit. The fellow is either mad or he is composing verses.
Aut inveniam viam aut faciam. I will either find a way or make one (motto).
Ave atque vale. "Hail and farewell!".
Commune naufragium dulce. Common shipwreck is sweet. [Common traumas connect people.].
Commune periculum concordiam parit. Common danger begets concord.
Compos sui. Master of himself.
Compos voti. Having obtained one's wish.
Condemnant quod non intellegunt. "They condemn because they do not understand"; a phrase that can be used to defend much.
Conditio sine qua non. A necessary condition. A necessary or indispensable condition (without which [there is] nothing).
Confer (abbreviated Cf.). Compare.
Consilio et prudentia. By wisdom and prudence.
Cornucopia. Horn of plenty.
Corpus Delicti. "The body of the crime"; the substance or fundamental facts of crime; the material evidence that a crime has occurred.
Cui bono. Whom does it benefit? (including the profit?) (From Cicero).
Cui Fortuna favet multos amicos habet. He whom Fortune favors has many friends.
Cui prodest. Who profits? Who gains? "Whom does it benefit?" (Short form for cui prodest scelus, is fecit in Seneca's Medea - the murderer (could be) the one who gets advantage from the murder).
Culpa est mea. "The fault is mine".
Cum grano salis. With a grain of salt. (Take something not literally, but with due consideration.).
Cum laude. "With praise (honour)" Used on degree certificates to indicate exceptional academic standing.
Cura, ut valeas! Take care.
Curae leves loquuntur ingentes stupent. Slight griefs talk, great ones are speechless (minor losses can be talked away, profound ones strike us dumb).
Curia pauperibus clausa est. The Senate house is closed to the poor.
Curriculum vitae. The course of one's life (plural: curricula vitae).
De diem in die. From day to day.
De facto. "In reality"; according to fact; actually.
Deficiente pecunia deficit omnia. It's all over when money is gone.
De gustibus non est disputandum. There is no accounting for tastes.
De iure. By law; according to law.
De profundis. Out of the depths.
De re. Of things. About the thing.
Deo gratias. Thanks to God.
Deo volente. God willing.
Deus ex machina. A god out of a machine (device) i.e., a sudden, unexpected turnover; an artificially introduced solution. [Originating from Greek dramas, where Zeus was introduced on the stage by letting him descend from the sky, in the reality coming out of a machine].
Deus vobiscum. God be with you.
Di! Ecce hora! Uxor mea me necabit! God, look at the time! My wife will kill me!
Di pia facta vident. The gods see virtuous deeds (Ovid).
Die dulci fruere. Have a nice day.
Dic mihi solum facta, domina. Just the facts, ma'am.
Dicendi praecepta tradere. To teach rhetoric.
Dicta dicere in aliquem. To make jokes on a person.
Dictum. "A thing said"; a noteworthy statement.
Dictum ac factum. Said and done.
Dictum sapienti sat est. A word to a wise person is sufficient.
Die dulci fruere. Have a nice day.
Dies natalis. Birthday.
Disertum esse. To be fluent.
Dispositio rerum. The arrangement of the subject-matter.
Dixi. I have spoken.
Docendo discimus. We learn by teaching.
Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos. As long as you are fortunate, you will have many friends.
Dramatis personae. Characters of the play.
Dulcis domus. Sweet home.
Dum spiro, spero. "While (as long as) I breathe, I hope".
Dum vita est spes est. While there is life, there is hope.
Dum vivimus, vivamus. While we live, let us really live. (Epicurean philosophy).
Dura necessitas. Necessity is harsh.
Durum hoc est sed ita lex scripta est. This is harsh but the law is written.
Edamus, bibamus, gaudeamus. Let us eat, drink and be merry (Solomon).
Editio princeps. First edition.
Eiusdem generis. Of the same kind.
Eloquentia corporis. Eloquent body (impressive exterior).
Emeritus. Honorary; by merit: having served his time. For example, "She is now professor emerita."
Ergo. Therefore; used to show a logical conclusion.
Errare humanum est, in errore perservare stultum. (Seneca). It is human to make a mistake, it is stupid to persist on it.
Erratum (plur. errata). Error (The term refers to corrections of not very large errors in books and papers after publishing.
Estne volumen in toga, an solum tibi libet me videre? Is that a scroll in your toga, or are you just happy to see me?
Et al. Abbreviation of et alii, which means "and others". It is used to avoid writing a long list.
Et cetera. And the rest; and so on. Often abbreviated etc. or &c.
Et nunc et semper. Now and forever.
Et uxor (abbreviated Et ux.). And wife; with wife.
Ex aequo et bono. According to what is just and good.
Ex animo. From the heart (sincerely, heartily).
Ex Cathedra. "From the (bishop's) chair"; speaking with formal, official authority. Figuratively, any authoritative pronouncement. Usually an official pronouncement from the Pope. A Cathedra is the seat reserved for a Bishop in a cathedral.
Ex gratia. As a favour.
Ex imo corde. From the bottom of the heart.
Ex libris. From the library (book collection) of.
Ex malis moribus bonae leges natae sunt. From bad ways (customs) good laws were born.
Ex mea sententia. In my opinion.
Ex more. According to custom.
Ex officio. By virtue of the office held; out of (as a result of) one's duty or office.
Ex parte. From a part; by just one party to a dispute, the other party being absent. Often: one-sided point of view.
Ex post facto. Resulting after the fact (deed); "from what is done afterward". (Also "post facto").
Ex tempore. From the moment.
Ex uno disce omnes. From one person learn all persons. (From one we can judge the rest.)
Excelsior. "Ever upward".
Excitabat fluctus in simpulo. He was stirring up billows in a ladle (Cicero).
Exempli gratia. For example; for the sake of example; for instance. Usually abbreviated e.g.
Ex pede Herculem. From the foot (we recognize) a Hercules; we judge of a whole from the specimen.
Experientia docet. Experience teaches.
Experto crede. Believe (trust) the expert.
Explorant adversa viros. Misfortunes put men to the test.
Extra jocum, remotum joco. Joking apart.
Fama nihil est celerius. Nothing is swifter than rumor.
Fecit. He/she made it. (follows the artist's signature).
Felicitas multos habet amicos. Prosperity has many friends.
Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum. Happy is he who gets cautious by another's damages.
Fiat experimentum in corpore vili. Let the experiment (or trial) be done on a worthless subject.
Flagrante delicto. "While the crime is blazing"; caught red-handed, in the very act of a crime; a blazing offense.
Floruit. "He flourished"; a period of flourishing (of a person or movement).
Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo. Resolutely in action, gently in manner. (To do unhesitatingly what must be done but accomplishing it as inoffensively as possible.
Fortuna suffragante. With luck on our side.
Ibid. In the same place (in a book). Abbreviation for ibidem.
Id quod (mihi) propositum et. A theme, subject proposed for discussion.
Ignis aurum probat, miseria fortes viros. Fire tests gold; adversity tests strong men.
Ignorantia legis non excusat. Being ignorant of law cannot be assumed as a justification.
Ilium fuit. Troy no longer exists (It applied to anything that is past and gone).
Illiud Latine dici non potest. You cannot say that in Latin.
Imprimatur. Let it be printed.
In absentia. In one's absence; in absence.
In actu. In practice.
In caelo quies. There is rest in heaven.
In camera. "In a chamber"; in private, secretly; In secret or private session; not in public.
In dentibus anticis frustum magnum spiniciae habes. You have a big piece of spinach in your front teeth.
In dubio mitior sententia est praeferenda. In (cases of) doubt a milder sentence (judgement) is preferred.
In dubio pro reo. Let doubt favour the accused one [rendered].
In extenso. At full length.
In extremis. In the last agonies; near death.
In flagrante delicto. Caught in the act; in the very act of committing an offence.
In forma pauperis. In the form of a poor person; in a humble or abject manner; in the form or manner of a poor man.
In loco. In the place of.
In loco parentis. In the place of a parent.
In mari magno pisces capiuntur. Fish are caught in the big ocean.
In medias res. "Into the middle of things"; (straight) into the middle of a narrative or plot; in the middle of a narrative or plot.
In memoriam. To the memory of; in memory of.
In nubibus. In the clouds; not yet settled.
In nuce. In a nut (nutshell) i.e., in short.
In omnia paratus. Prepared for all things.
In omnibus caritas. In all things charity.
In pace, ut sapiens, aptarit idonea bello. In peace, like a wise man, he appropriately prepares for war.
In perpetuum. Into perpetuity.
In propria persona. In one's own person.
In re. "In regards to"; in the matter of.
In sermonem ingredi. To begin a conversation.
In situ. In its original place (position, situation).
In statu quo. In the same state (or situation it was before).
Inter nos. Between ourselves.
In toto. Entirely; "in total"; altogether.
Intra parietes. Within walls; in private.
In vinculis e tiam audax. In chains yet still bold (free).
In vino veritas. In wine is truth. (Truth is told under the influence of wine.)
In vivo. Within the living organism.
Incipit. It begins. (Used to show the beginning of a text or book).
Infra. Below, on a later page.
Iniuria solvit amorem. Injury destroys love.
Integra mens augustissima possessio. A sound mind is the most majestic possession.
Integritas, sinceritas orationis. Purity of style.
Inter alia. Among other things.
Inter alios. Among other persons.
Inter nos. Between us.
Intra parietes. Within four walls.
Ipse dixit. "He himself said it"; an assertion made but not proved.
Ipso facto. "by the fact itself"; by that very fact or act; as an inevitable result.
Ipso facto. By the fact itself; "by that very fact"; thereby.
Ita est. It is so.
Magnum opus. "A great work"; masterpiece; especially, the greatest achievement of an artist or writer.
Magnus frater spectat te. Big Brother is watching you.
Malesuada fames. Hunger is a bad counsellor.
Materia medica. Medical material.
Materia mihi crescit. My subject grows as I write.
Materia rerum et copia uberrima. Abundance of material.
Mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omium sermo. My conscience is more to me than what the world says.
Medicus curat, natura sanat. The doctor cares [for his patient], and nature heals [him or her]
Mellita, domi adsum. Honey, I'm home.
Membrum virile. The virile member; penis.
Memento mori. "Remember that you must die"; Remember death (comes). Remember your mortality. Also, ironically, Remember to die. Cf. memento skulls.
Memento vivere. "Remember to live". A reminder of life (literally remember that you have to live).
Mens rea. Guilty mind.
Mens sana in corpore sano. "A sound mind in a sound body".
Minime senuisti! You have not aged a bit!
Mirabile dictu. Wonderful to say. Wonderful to relate.
Mirabile visu. "Wonderful to see".
Missis ambagibus dicere. To speak without circumlocution.
Modus operandi. A method of working, of work, or operating. Manner or method of work characterizing a particular person's professional habits.
Modus vivendi. Way of living.
Monstra mihi pecuniam! Show me the money.
Morologus es! You're talking like a moron.
Mors omnibus instat. Death threatens everyone (Grave inscription).
Multa paucis. Say much in few words.
Muta est pictura poema. A picture is a silent poem.
Mutatis mutandis. With the necessary changes (modifications). The necessary changes being made.
Nobilitat stultum vestis honesta virum. Good clothes enoble a stupid man (Medieval saying).
Noli irritare leones. Do not irritate lions.
Noli me vocate, ego te vocabo. Do not call me, I'll call you.
Noli nothis permittere te terere. Do not let the bastards get you down.
Nomen est omen. A name is an omen. The name is the sign.
Non calor sed umor est qui nobis incommodat. It is not the heat, it is the humidity.
Non curo. Si metrum non habet, non est poema. I do not care. If it does not rhyme, it is not a poem.
Non est mea culpa. It is not my fault.
Non omne licitum honestum. Not every lawful thing is honorable.
Non omne quod nitet aurum est. Not everything that is shining is gold. (Hence: Not everything that looks beautiful is good.
Non plus ultra! Nothing above that!
Non scholae sed vitae discimus. We learn not for school, but for life.
Non semper ea sunt qua videntur. Not always are they (things) what they seem to be.
Non semper erit aestas. It will not always be summer (be prepared for hard times).
Non sequitur. It does not follow. (Concerning an inference that does not follow from the premises.) Used to indicate a statement or conclusion that does not follow from what has gone before; a conclusion which does not accord with the premises.)
Non sum pisces. I am not a fish.
Non vestimentum virum ornat, sed vir vestimentum. Not the raiment graces the man, but the man the raiment.
Nosce te ipsum. Know thyself.
Nota bene. "Note well". Mark well; used to call attention to something important, is a way of saying, "take note of this".
Novus homo. A new man [in politics].
Nulla dies sine linea. Not a day without a line [by Apeles, Greek painter). Not a day without something done.
Nunquam non paratus. Never unprepared; always ready. Do something every day!
Pacta sunt servanda. Agrements must be honoured.
Pari passu. Equally.
Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur. Like join the most easily like (Those who are like each other, join one another most easily).
Par pari refero. I return like for like; tit for tat.
Parva scintilla saepe magnam flamam excitat. The small sparkle often initiates a large flame.
Pauci sed boni. Few men but good ones.
Paucis te volo. I want a word with you.
Paucis verbis, quid est deconstructionismus? What, in a nutshell, is deconstructionism?
Pax. Peace; often found in combination with a latinized name, such as Pax Americana, Pax Brittanica, Pax Romana.
Pax in bello. Peace in [the middle of] war.
Per annum. By the year. Per year.
Per ardua ad astra. "Through hardship to the stars," motto of the Royal Air Force.
Per capita. "By heads"; equally to each individual; per unit of population: by or for each person per capita of any state in the union. By heads or individuals. Per head. By the head. "Per person".
Per consequens. By consequence.
Per contra. On the other side.
Per diem. Literally, "by the day"; by the day (a phrase used in business); for each day; based on use or service by the day: daily; paid by the day; Plural: per diems a daily allowance; a daily fee.
Per scientiam ad salutem aegroti. To heal the sick through knowledge.
Per se. By itself; in itself; essentially. "In and of itself." Taken alone.
Per stirpes. By stocks or families.
Perorare. (1) to make one's peroration; (2) to deliver the closing speech (in a case where several speeches have been made).
Perscriptio in manibus tabellariorum est. The check is in the mail.
Persona grata. "A pleasing person"; personally acceptable or welcome.
Persona non grata. Adj. "a not-pleasing person"; personally unacceptable or unwelcome; an unacceptable or unwelcome person.
Perspicue, diserte dicere. To speak in clear expressive language.
Philosophum non facit barba. The beard does not define a philosopher.
Pistrix! Pistrix! Shark! Shark!
Pituita me tenet. I have caught a cold. (From Pompeii).
Plane, aperte dicere. To speak openly, straightfowardly.
Poeta nascitur, non fit. The poet is born, not made.
Poeta nascitur, orator fit. A poet is born but an orator is manufactured.
Ponere. To propose, set a theme.
Ponere alicui, de quo disputet. To set someone a theme for discussion.
Pons asinorum. "The bridge of fools," anything that divides the capable from the incapable, e.g., a geometry problem.
Possunt quia posse videntur. They can because they think they can.
Post bellum, auxilium. Aid after the war.
Post coitem. After sexual intercourse.
Post hoc non est propter hoc. "After" is not "because".
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc. "After, therefore because of." A common fallacy in reasoning.
Post partum. After birth; after childbirth; of or occuring in the period shortly after childbirth.
Praemonitus pramunitus. Forewarned, [is] forearmed.
Prima facie. At first sight; on the face of it. "At first appearance"; at first view: "On its face." Indicates that a conclusion is indicated (but not necessarily proved) from the appearance of things.
Primum non nocere. First, do no harm. [From the Hippocratic Oath. The first principle is not to harm.
Primum viveri diende philosophari. Live before you philosophize.
Probitas laudatur, et alget. Honesty is praised, and is left to starve.
Pro forma. For form's sake. For the sake of form. "For form"; made or carried out in a perfunctory manner or as a formality. E.g., "It was a pro forma interview - the decision to hire her had already been made.".
Pro tanto. So far.
Pro tempore. Temporarily. "For the time being".
Pro, contra. For, against.
Propria laus sordet. Self-praise stinks.
Prudens futuri. Thoughtful of the future.
Pueri pueri, pueri puerilia tractant. Children are children, (therefore) children do childish things.
Purgamentum init, exit purgamentum. Garbage in, garbage out.
QED. See quod erat demonstrandum.
QEF. See quod erat faciendum.
Qua. In the capacity of. (Example, "He is really very personable, but qua chairman he can be seem overbossy.)
Quae nocent docent. That which hurts teaches.
Quae nocent, saepe docent. What hurts, often instructs. [One learns by bitter/adverse experience.].
Quaeso esto meus vicinus. Please will not you be my neighbour.
Qualis pater, talis filius. As is the father, so is the son; (like father, like son).
Qualis rex, talis grex. Of what sort is the king, of that sort is the flock/people.
Quam se ipse amans-sine rivale! Himself loving himself so much- without a rival! (Cicero).
Quanti est sapere. How desirable is wisdom or knowledge.
Quanti canicule ille in finestere? How much is that doggie in the window?
Quantum materiae materietur marmota monax si marmota monax materiam possit materiari? How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
Quasi. As if.
Qui dedit benificium taceat; narret qui accepit. Let him who has done a good deed be silent; let him who has received it tell it (Seneca).
Qui proficit in literis et deficit in moribus, plus deficit quam proficit. He who moves forward in science and moves back in moral, goes more back than forward.
Qui vult dare parva non debet magna rogare. He who wishes to give little should not ask for much.
Quid agis, medice? What is up, Doc?
Quid agis? How are you? Quid agis? is also used as an expression of surprise: "What are you thinking of?"
Quid agitur? Quid fit? What is going on? How are you getting on?
Quid est illa in auqua? What is that in the water?
Quid novi? What is new?
Quid pro quo. One thing for another; something for something; tit for tat. "What for what," a phrase that denotes an exchange. Something for something, or something in exchange for something - a fair exchange. Something in return.
Quidquid agis, prudenter agas. Whatever you do, may you do it prudently.
Quidvis recte factum quamvis humile praeclarum. Whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble.
Quis custodiet ipsos custodes. Who shall guard the guards?
Quo signo nata es? What is your sign?
Quo vadis. Where are you going?
Quoad hoc. To this extent.
Quod bonum, felix, faustumque sit! And may it be lucky, prosperous, and auspicious!
Quod erat demonstrandum. Which was to be demonstrated (which had to be (was to be) shown or proved). Text in the end of demonstration, usually abbreviated Q.E.D. More loosely: "We have proved the proposition." This abbreviation is often written at the bottom of a proof to indicate that the assignment is complete. The QED is now usually indicated by a small square.
Quod erat faciendum. Which was to be done. Abbreviated QEF, it was traditionally used to mark the end of a solution or calculation. It is rarely used now. (Impress your professor by putting it at the end of exam problems.)
Quod erat in veniendum. Which was to be found.
Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi. What is permitted (allowed) to Jupiter is not (necessarily) permitted to a cow.
Quod medicina aliis, aliis est acre venenum. One person's medicine is another's foul poison.
Quod vide. Which See; see that reference - usually abbreviated q.v. (This is a scholarly way of directing the reader to a reference.)
Quot capita, tot sententiae. As many opinions as people.
Quot homines, tot sententiae. As many men, so many opinions.
Simila similibus curantur. Like things are cured by likes.
Similis simili gaudet. Like is pleased with like.
Simul et dictum et factum. At the same time both said and done.
Sine die. Without a day being set (specified). With no time fixed. Without stipulating a day. Literally, without a day. Without any future date being designated (as for for reconvening, for resumption: indefinitely.) Unknown period of time .
Sine labore non erit panis in ore. Without work there will not be any bread in your mouth.
Sine qua non. Without which not (hence: a necessity). "That without which nothing." Indicates an essential or indispensable element or condition or precondition. That which is of necesssity. Pl. sine qua nons; also sine quibus non [literally, without which not] something absolutely indispensable or essential.
Sine sole sileo. (inscription on Roman sundials). Without the sun I am silent.
Sit vis nobiscum. May the force be with you.
Si vis pacem, para bellum. If you wish for peace, prepare for war.
Socius criminis. A partner in crime.
Sona si Latine loqueris. Honk if you speak Latin.
Spero nos familiares mansuros. I hope we will still be friends.
Status quo. The existing state of affairs (from "statu quo ante", prior or current situation). The present state of affairs. The existing condition. Things as they are - The situation or state in which [it was before].
Stet. Let it stand as it is (printing term used in editing to indicate that something crossed out is to remain).
Studium immane loquendi. An insatiable desire for talking.
Stultus est licut stultus facit. Stupid is as stupid does.
Sub judice. Before a court.
Sub omni lapide scorpio dormit. Under every stone sleeps a scorpion.
Sub rosa. Under the rose (hidden). Secretly, confidential, in confidence.
Sub specie aeternitatis. Under eternity's angle of view.
Sum, ergo edo. I am, therefore I eat.
Summa cum laude. With the highest honour [literally, with highest praise]. With greatest praise. With highest distinction.
Summa summarum. The sum total.
Summum bonum. The highest (or chief) good.
Sumus quod sumus. We are what we are [motto on the crest of the mythical town of Lake Woebegone in Minnesota - a creation by the author Garrison Keilor].
Sumptus censum ne superet. Let not your spending exceed your income.
Sunt pueri, pueri puerilia tractant. Children are children, (therefore) children do childish things.
Supra. Above, on an earlier page.
Sursum corda. [Lift] up [your] hearts.
Sutor, ne ultra crepidam. "Shoemaker, do not go farther than (your competence on) the shoes" - It is said that a Greek painter was one day painting a warrior but he was uncertain on how to render his shoe (crepida); he then asked a cobbler (sutor) and this one explained him what required. But next the cobbler started criticising other parts of the painting too, so the arts asked him to keep within the borders of his competence.
Suum cuique. To each his own.
Veris amicus rara avis. A true friend is a rare bird (rarity).
Vescere bracis meis. Eat my shorts.
Vestis virum facit. Clothes make the man.
Via. By way of.
Via dolorosa. The way of sorrow.
Via media. A middle way or course. "Middle path".
Vice versa. The other way round. "A reverse of order or meaning". In reverse, turn in place, the other way round. The positions being reversed.
Victis honor. Honour to the vanquished.
Victoria, non praeda. Victory, not loot.
Vide. See.
Videlicet (abbreviated Viz.). Namely. That is to say; To wit.
Vidistine nuper imagines moventes bonas? Seen any good movies lately?
Vigilantis pretium libertatis. Vigilance in the price of liberty.
Vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. Silver is less valuable than gold, and gold than virtue.
Vincit omnia veritas. Truth conquers all (motto).
Vincit qui se vincit. He conquers who conquers himself.
Vincit veritas. Truth conquers (motto).
Vires acquirit eundo. As it goes it acquires strength (originally said of rumours).
Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur. It is a wise man who speaks little. (quoted in Shakespeare's, Love's Labour's Lost) Cf. Proverbs 17: 28.
Virtus millia acuta. Virtue is a thousand shields.
Virtutis fortuna comes. Fortune is the companion of virtue.
Vis maior. Higher force.
Visne saltare? Do you want to dance?
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est. Life is more than merely staying alive.
Vitanda est improba siren desidia. One must steer clear of the wicked temptress, Laziness (Horace).
Vitio format perit, vino corrumpitur aetas. By wine beauty perishes, by wine youth is corrupted.
Viva voce. By word of mouth; orally.
Vive quasi cras moriturus. Live as if you were going to die tomorrow.
Vivere disce, cogita mori. (inscription on Roman sundials). Learn to live; Remember death.
Viz. Abbreviation of Videlicet.
Vox audita perit, littera scripta manet. The spoken word vanishes but the written letter remains.
Vox can�ra. A melodious, ringing voice.
Vox humana. The human voice.
Vox magna, clara. A strong clear voice.
Vulnerant omnes, ultima necat. (inscription on Roman sundials). Every (hour) wounds, the last kills.
Vulpem pilum mutat, non mores. A fox may change its hair, not its tricks. [People change behaviour but not their aims.]
Vulpes non capitur muneribus. A fox is not caught by gifts (Medieval saying).
Vulturum non capit muscam! The eagle does not catch flies.
Vultus est index animi. The face is the index of the soul/mind.
Waldorf Semper. Waldorf (tact) always.
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Including the positives and negatives, there are eight blood groups. Which is the rarest? | Blood Type Chart: Facts & Information on Blood Group Types - Disabled World
Blood Type Chart: Facts & Information on Blood Group Types
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Published: 2012-09-28 (Rev. 2016-05-30) - Contact: Ian Langtree at Disabled World
Synopsis: Information regarding blood types including charts outlining donor compatibility and childs blood group from parents blood type.
About Blood Type (Group)
A blood type (also called a blood group) is defined as the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). A series of related blood types constitutes a blood group system, such as the Rh or ABO system. The frequencies of the ABO and Rh blood types vary from population to population.
Main Document
"While blood types are 100% genetically inherited, the environment potentially can determine which blood types in a population will be passed on more frequently to the next generation."
When a person's blood is analyzed under a microscope distinct blood differences are visible. In the early 20th century, an Austrian scientist named Karl Landsteiner classified blood according to those differences. Landsteiner observed two distinct chemical molecules present on the surface of the red blood cells . He labeled one molecule "A" and the other molecule "B".
Blood Type A - If the red blood cell has only "A" molecules on it.
Blood Type B - If the red blood cell has only "B" molecules on it.
Blood Type AB - If the red blood cell has a mixture of both "A" & "B" molecules.
Blood Type O - If the red blood cell has neither "A" or "B" molecule.
Blood Type Facts:
There are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens, which are substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the human body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.
There are 4 major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells:
Blood Group
Has only B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
AB
Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)
O
Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( - ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.
The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type.
The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type.
Donating Blood by Compatible Type:
Blood types are very important when a blood transfusion is necessary. In a blood transfusion, a patient must receive a blood type compatible with his or her own blood type. If the blood types are not compatible, red blood cells will clump together, making clots that can block blood vessels and cause death.
If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation. Therefore, it is important that blood types be matched before blood transfusions take place. In an emergency, type O blood can be given because it is most likely to be accepted by all blood types. However, there is still a risk involved.
Blood Type
AB- A- B- O-
Finding Out Your Blood Type:
It is easy and inexpensive to determine a person's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood. Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample. Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type. It is a simple process of elimination of the possibilities. For instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A.
Blood type is inherited, just like eye color. This chart shows the possible blood type of a child according to their parents blood group:
Parent 1
B
AB
Note: In most cases, blood typing is not conclusive when attempting to determine, include or exclude an individual as the parent of a child or children.
While blood types are 100% genetically inherited, the environment potentially can determine which blood types in a population will be passed on more frequently to the next generation. It does this through natural selection. Specific ABO blood types are thought to be linked with increased or decreased susceptibility to particular diseases.
What Does Blood Group RH Factor Mean
RH factor in blood types stands for "Rhesus Factor". Blood tests were performed on Rhesus monkeys and the Rh+ and Rh- factors were isolated. An antigen found in the red blood cells of most people: those who have Rh factor are said to be Rh positive (Rh+), while those who do not are Rh negative (Rh-). What about the meaning of RHD- Rh blood group, D antigen . The rhesus complex is not just one antigen, but several, when someone is told to be Rh+, it usually refers to the D antigen (one of the components of the Rh complex), because it's the most common, and the easiest to identify, however it's not the only one.
What is the Rarest Blood Type
According to the American Red Cross the rarest is AB(-), present in 1% of the Caucasians, in African Americans it is even rarer. B(-) and O(-) are also very rare, each accounting for less than 5% of the world's population. Some people with rare blood types bank their own blood in advance of surgical procedures to ensure that blood is available to them.
Blood Type Diet:
The Eat Right for Your Type diet encourages people to eat certain foods and avoid others based on their blood type A, B, AB, or O.
The Diet is Based on:
Type A ("for agrarian") - Flourishes on vegetarian diets, "the inheritance of their more settled and less warlike farmer ancestors," says D'Adamo. The type A diet contains soy proteins, grains, and organic vegetables and encourages gentle exercise.
Type B - The nomadic blood type B has a tolerant digestive system and can enjoy low-fat dairy, meat, and produce but, among other things, should avoid wheat, corn, and lentils, D'Adamo says. If you're type B, it's recommended you exercise moderately.
Type O ("for old," as in humanity's oldest blood line) - Your digestive tract retains the memory of ancient times, says D'Adamo, so your metabolism will benefit from lean meats, poultry, and fish. You're advised to restrict grains, breads, and legumes, and to enjoy vigorous exercise.
Type AB - Has a sensitive digestive tract and should avoid chicken, beef, and pork but enjoy seafood, tofu, dairy, and most produce. The fitness regimen for ABs is calming exercises.
NOTE: Critics cite a lack of published evidence backing D'Adamo's blood type-based diet plan.
Blood Type and Your Personality:
Legend has it that blood type tells about personality.
In Japan, it's widely believed that blood groups predict personality traits - from temperament to compatibility, to what kind of lover you are to what type of foods you should be eating. For instance:
Type A is calm and trustworthy;
Type B is creative and excitable;
Type AB is thoughtful and emotional;
Type O is a confident leader.
Printable Blood Group/Type Charts:
Printable chart showing compatible blood types for receiving blood transfusions
Printable chart showing possible blood type of a child according to their parents blood group
Blood & Heart Awareness
The red ribbon raises awareness of blood and heart diseases including Cardiovascular Disease, Congenital Heart Defects, Hemophilia, Hypertension, Lymphoma, and other conditions relating to the heart and human blood.
Other awareness dates
Facts: Blood Type
A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).
With regard to transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients.
Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own, which is not a problem
A popular belief in Japan is that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others.
Rarest Blood Type:
A blood type is considered rare if fewer than 1 in 1,000 people have them. One of the rarest blood types in the world is Rh-null, which lack any antigens in the Rh system. There are only 9 active donors in the community of rare blood donors that have Rh-null blood. Rh-null is considered a universal blood for anyone with a rare blood type within the Rh system. However, anyone who has Rh-null blood can only receive Rh-null blood in a transfusion.
Statistics: Blood Group
Your body carries around four to six liters (7 to 10.5 pints) of blood.
About 5 million Americans need blood transfusions every year.
Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life threatening.
Almost half (48%) of the UK population has blood group O, making this the most common blood group.
| Blood type |
In the TV show ‘Mrs. Brown’s Boys’, what is Mrs. Brown’s first name? | Blood groups - NHS Choices
Blood groups
Blood groups
Introduction
There are four main blood groups (types of blood): A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents.
Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means your blood group can be one of the eight types shown below (see the Rh system ).
What is blood?
Your body carries around four to six litres (7 to 10.5 pints) of blood. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma.
Plasma is about 90% water, but also contains proteins, nutrients, hormones and waste products. Blood is made up of about 60% plasma and 40% blood cells.
Each type of blood cell has a specific role to play:
red blood cells carry oxygen around the body and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products; they give blood its red colour
white blood cells are part of the immune system (the body's natural defence mechanism) and help fight infection
platelets help the blood clot (thicken) to stop bleeding
Antigens and antibodies
Your blood group is identified by antigens and antibodies in the blood. Antibodies are part of your body's natural defences against invading substances such as germs.
Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red blood cells. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. Antibodies recognise anything foreign in your body and alert your immune system to destroy it.
The ABO system
There are four main blood groups defined by the ABO system:
blood group A has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
blood group B has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
blood group O has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
blood group AB has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
Almost half (48%) of the UK population has blood group O, making this the most common blood group.
Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life threatening. For example, the anti-A antibodies in a recipient with group B blood will attack the group A cells if transfused to them. This is why group A blood must never be given to a group B person.
As group O red blood cells don't have any A or B antigens, it can safely be given to any other group.
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Who is the first female in line of succession to the British throne? | Line of Succession | Britroyals
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Line of Succession
The Act of Settlement (1701) laid down that only Protestant heirs of Princess Sophia, granddaughter of James I, may succeed to the British throne. Neither Roman Catholics, nor those who marry a Roman Catholic, nor those born out of wedlock, may remain in the line of succession. Under common law the crown was passed on by male primogeniture under which younger sons succeed before their elder sisters. See Line of Succession FAQs
This changed on the 26 March 2015 with the introduction of the Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 which changed the succession laws so that the right of male primogeniture no longer applies. Males born after 20 October 2011 no longer precede their elder sisters in the line of succession. The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's first child born on 22 July 2013 was a boy Prince George. Their second child Princess Charlotte was born on 2 May 2015. She is 4th in line and will not lose her position even if she has a younger brother.
The Bill removed the disqualification of those who marry Roman Catholics so that George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews, who married a Catholic in 1988 was restored in 35th place after the Duke of Kent. It also repealed the Royal Marriages Act 1772 so that only the first 6 persons in line to the throne require the Sovereign's approval to marry. This means that Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie no longer require permission from the Queen to marry.
The British monarch is head of the Protestant Church of England so the requirement remains that only Protestants can be in the line of succession. The current line of succession to the British Throne is given below.
13. Peter Phillips (b. 1977)
14. Savannah Phillips (b. 2010)
15. Isla Phillips (b. 2012)
16. Zara Tindall (Phillips) (b. 1981)
17. Mia Grace Tindall (b. 2014)
18. David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (b. 1961)
19. Hon. Charles Armstrong Jones (b. 1999)
20. Margarita Armstrong-Jones (b. 2002)
21. Lady Sarah Chatto (b. 1964)
22. Samuel Chatto (b. 1996)
23. Arthur Chatto (b. 1999)
24. HRH Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944)
25. Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (b. 1974)
26. Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (b. 2007)
27. Lady Cosima Windsor (b. 2010)
28. Lady Davina Lewis (b. 1977)
29. Senna Lewis (b. 2010)
30. Tane Mahuta Lewis (b. 2012)
31. Lady Rose Gilman (b. 1980)
32. Lyla Gilman (b. 2010)
33. Rufus Gilman (b. 2012)
34. HRH Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935)
35. George Windsor, Earl of St. Andrews (b. 1962)
Edward Windsor, Baron Downpatrick (excluded by becoming a Roman Catholic)
Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor (excluded by becoming a Roman Catholic)
36. Lady Amelia Windsor (b. 1995)
Lord Nicholas Windsor (excluded by becoming a Roman Catholic)
Albert Windsor (excluded by being Roman Catholic)
Leopold Windsor (excluded by being Roman Catholic)
Louis Windsor (excluded by being Roman Catholic)
37. Lady Helen Taylor (b. 1964)
38. Columbus Taylor (b. 1994)
39. Cassius Taylor (b. 1996)
40. Eloise Taylor (b. 2003)
41. Estella Taylor (b 2004)
42. Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942)
43. Lord Frederick Windsor (b 1979)
44. Maud Windsor (b. 2013)
45. Isabella Windsor (b. 2016)
46. Lady Gabriella Windsor (b. 1981)
47. HRH Princess Alexandra the Hon. Lady Ogilvy (b. 1936)
48. James Ogilvy (b. 1964)
49. Alexander Ogilvy (b. 1996)
50. Flora Ogilvy (b. 1994)
51. Marina Ogilvy, Mrs Paul Mowatt (b. 1966)
52. Christian Mowatt (b. 1993)
53. Miss Zenouska Mowatt (b. 1990)
54. David Lascelles, 8th Earl of Harewood (b. 1950)
55. Alexander Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (b. 1980)
56. Hon. Edward Lascelles (b. 1982)
57. Hon. James Lascelles (b. 1953)
58. Rowan Lascelles (b. 1977)
59. Tewa Lascelles (b. 1985)
60. Sophie Lascelles (b. 1973)
61. Hon. Jeremy Lascelles (b. 1955)
62. Thomas Lascelles (b. 1982)
63. Ellen Lascelles (b. 1984)
64. Amy Lascelles (b. 1986)
65. Tallulah Lascelles (b. 2005)
66. Henry Lascelles (b. 1953)
67. Maximilian Lascelles (b. 1991)
68. David Carnegie, 4th Duke of Fife (b. 1961)
69. Charles Duff Carnegie, Earl of Southesk (b. 1989)
70. Lord George William Carnegie (b. 1991)
71. Lord Hugh Alexander Carnegie (b. 1993)
72. Lady Alexandra Etherington (b. 1959)
73. Amelia Mary Carnegie Etherington (b. 2001)
74. HM King Harald V of Norway (b. 1937)
75. HRH Crown Prince Haakon of Norway (b. 1973)
76. HH Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway (b. 2005)
77. HRH Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway (b. 2004)
78. Princess Martha Louise of Norway (b.. 1971)
79. Maud Angelica Behn (b. 2003)
80. Leah Isadora Behn (b. 2005)
81. Emma Talullah Behn (b. 2008)
82. Haakon Lorentzen (b. 1954))
83. Olav Lorentzen (b. 1985)
84. Christian Lorentzen (1988)
85. Sophia Lorentzen (b. 1994)
86. Ingeborg Ribeiro (b. 1957)
87. Victoria Ribeiro (b. 1988)
88. Ragnhild Lorentzen Long (b. 1968))
89. Alexandra Lorentzen Long (b. 2007)
90. Elizabeth Lorentzen Long (b. 2011)
91. HH Princess Astrid of Norway (b. 1932)
92. Alexander Ferner (b. 1965)
93. Stella Ferner (b. 1998)
94. Carl-Christian Ferner (b. 1972)
95. Cathrine Johansen (b. 1962)
96. Sebastian Johansen (b. 1990)
97. Madeleine Johansen (b. 1993)
98. Benedikte Ferner (b. 1963)
99. Elisabeth Ferner Beckman(b. 1969)
100. Benjamin Ferner Beckman (b. 1999)
| Princess Beatrice of York |
In which year did Maggie Thatcher become Prime Minister? | Top 10 Heirs To The Throne After The Royal Baby
TOP 10 HEIRS TO THE THRONE AFTER THE ROYAL BABY
Top 10 Heirs To The Throne After The Royal Baby
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The event that not just the Brits but the entire world has been waiting for has finally happened. The royal baby is born – and it is a boy! And this now affects the royal line of succession to the British throne quite a bit.
The British royalty is a fascination for most of the world, and partaking of the celebrations – we bring to you the new 10 heirs to the British crown after Prince William and Duchess Catherine’s new baby boy.
1. Prince Harry of Wales
After Prince Charles, Prince William and the royal baby, Prince Harry stands next in line for the British throne. This 28-year-old son of late Princess Diana is likely to be the godfather of the newborn royal baby.
2. Prince Andrew, Duke of York
53-year-old Prince Andrew is the second son of the Queen of England and is the fifth in line to the crown, and third after the royal baby. After 10 years of marriage, he divorced his wife and his two daughters are also heirs to the royal throne.
3. Princess Beatrice of York
24-year-old Princess Beatrice is the elder daughter of Prince Andrew and is next in line after him to the throne, and the first female in the line of succession. She has a bachelor’s degree in History and History of Ideas.
4. Princess Eugenie of York
23-year-old Princess Eugenie is next-in-line and the second female to be so. She was the first royal baby to have a public christening. She has a bachelor’s degree in English literature and history of art.
5. Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
The youngest son of the Queen, Prince Edward is 49 years old and is now eighth-in-line or fifth-in-line after the newborn royal baby. He has two children, both of who are next in line for the throne after him.
6. James, Viscount of Severn
The son of Prince Edward, five-year-old James, Viscount of Severn is his successor in the royal line. Although he is the second child, he is ahead of his sibling because she is a girl. His full name is James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor.
7. Lady Louise of Windsor
The third female in the royal line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms is the nine-year-old Lady Louise, James’ elder sister. There has been a lot of media speculation about her being cross-eyed, whereas she actually had an optical disease called esotropia.
8. Anne, the Princess Royal
The only daughter of the Queen, Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise is the 11th in line and fourth female in line to the royal crown. The 62-year-old has been famous for her love of equestrianism and has been a famous sporting personality in the 70s.
9. Peter Philips
Peter Philips is the only son of Anne, the Princess Royal and is next-in-line to her in the line of succession. He does not have any royal duties and usually keeps a low profile. His two daughters Savanna and Isla are also in the line of succession to the throne.
10. Savannah Philips
Savannah Philips is the first great grandchild of the Queen and is the 10th in line after the royal baby. Two-year-old Savannah has Canadian citizenship also because of her mother , and thus is the first Canadian citizen to be in the line of succession.
With the birth of the royal baby, the whole of Britain is busy celebrating an addition to the royal family and awaiting a glimpse of the little one – even as bets continue to be placed about the name he will be christened with.
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What is the real surname of Marty and Kim Wilde? | Kim Wilde - IMDb
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2016 Fresh Meat (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #4.4 (2016) ... (performer: "Kids in America" - uncredited)
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- Episode #12.60 (2015) ... (performer: "Last Christmas", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree")
2015 Sounds of the 80s (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- 2015 Christmas Special with Kim Wilde (2015) ... (performer: "Kids in America" (uncredited), "Chequered Love" (uncredited), "You Keep Me Hanging On" (uncredited), "You Came" (uncredited), "Keeping The Dream Alive" (uncredited), "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree (New Version)")
2014 The Connection (performer: "Cambodia")
2014 Guapas (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Charlas de hombres (2014) ... (performer: "Born To be Wild" - uncredited)
1995-2013 This Morning (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
2013 Every Time I See You I Go Wild (Short) (performer: "Every Time i See You I Go Wild")
2011 Britain's Favourite Christmas Songs (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree")
2011/I Paranoia (Video) (performer: "You Keep Me Hanging On")
2011 Nobody Else But You ("Kids in America")
2010 Glory Daze (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Pilot (2010) ... (performer: "Kids in America" - uncredited)
2010 Cold Prey III (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
2009 Die Lugners (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
2008 Ashes to Ashes (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #1.6 (2008) ... (performer: "Kids In America" - uncredited)
2007 SingStar '80s (Video Game) (performer: "Kids in America")
- Sesté finále (2006) ... (writer: "You Came")
2006 Nail Polish (performer: "KIDS IN AMERICA")
2006 Dans Paris (performer: "Cambodia")
2005 Daltry Calhoun (performer: "Kids in America")
2003 Verstehen Sie Spaß? (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
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2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (Video Game) (performer: "Kids In America")
2001 Bring It On (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode)
- Cruise (2001) ... (performer: "Kids in America" - uncredited)
1997 The Tony Ferrino Phenomenon (TV Movie) (performer: "Short-Term Affair")
1995 Showstoppers (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 19 November 1995 (1995) ... (performer: "They Can't Take That Away from Me")
1995 GMTV (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- Episode dated 30 August 1995 (1995) ... (performer: "Breakin' Away")
1995 Fully Booked (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
1995 Don't Forget Your Toothbrush (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 25 February 1995 (1995) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours")
1993 Kim Wilde: The Singles Collection 1981-1993 (Video) (performer: "Kids In America", "Chequered Love", "Cambodia", "View From A Bridge", "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "Another Step (Closer To You)", "You Came", "Never Trust A Stranger", "Four Letter Word", "Love Is Holy", "If I Can't Have You", "Say You Really Want Me (12 Inch Version)")
1992 Wilde Life (Video) (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "You Came", "Love In The Natural Way", "It's Here", "Time", "Love Is Holy", "Heart Over Mind", "Who Do You Think You Are?", "Million Miles Away")
1991 Amnesty International's Big 30 (TV Movie) (performer: "Harvest for the World")
Top of the Pops (TV Series) (performer - 16 episodes, 1981 - 1989) (writer - 2 episodes, 1987 - 1989)
- Episode dated 16 March 1989 (1989) ... (performer: "Love In the Natural Way") / (writer: "Love In the Natural Way")
- Episode dated 16 April 1987 (1987) ... (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
1986-1988 Des O'Connor Tonight (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- Episode #12.8 (1988) ... (performer: "Four Letter Word", "Something Stupid")
- Episode dated 4 November 1986 (1986) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
1988 Sacrée soirée (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- Episode dated 15 June 1988 (1988) ... (performer: "You Came")
1986-1988 Tineke (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- Episode dated 1 October 1986 (1986) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
Live from Her Majesty's (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 1987 - 1988) (writer - 1 episode, 1987)
- Episode dated 27 November 1988 (1988) ... (performer: "Four Letter Word")
- Episode dated 12 April 1987 (1987) ... (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
1988 Going Live! (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #2.7 (1988) ... (performer: "Four Letter Word")
1988 Télé Caroline (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
1987 Say You Really Want Me: The Banned Video (Video short) (performer: "Say You Really Want Me (12 Inch Extended Remix)")
Cocoricocoboy (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 1986 - 1987) (writer - 1 episode, 1987)
- Episode dated 30 May 1987 (1987) ... (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
- Episode dated 6 November 1986 (1986) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
1987 Montreux Rock Festival 1987 (TV Movie) (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "Say You Really Want Me")
Embarquement immédiat (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1987) (writer - 1 episode, 1987)
- Episode dated 13 May 1987 (1987) ... (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
1987 The Humanitarian Award (TV Movie) (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)", "We Are the World") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
Saturday Superstore (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1987) (writer - 1 episode, 1987)
- Episode #5.28 (1987) ... (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
1987 Stand by Me: AIDS Day Benefit (TV Movie) (performer: "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word")
Jim'll Fix It (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1987) (writer - 1 episode, 1987)
- Episode #13.13 (1987) ... (performer: "Another Step (Closer to You)") / (writer: "Another Step (Closer to You)")
1987 Ambitions (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 25 January 1987 (1987) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
1987 Tam-Tam (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 24 January 1987 (1987) ... (performer: "I've Got So Much Love", "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
1987 Champs-Elysées (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
1987 Love Me Tender: A Tribute to the Music of Elvis Presley (TV Movie) (performer: "One Night with You", "Treat Me Nice", "A Big Hunk o' Love")
1986 Whistle Test (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Kim Wilde Special (1986) ... (performer: "View from a Bridge", "The Thrill of It", "How Do You Want My Love", "The Second Time", "Cambodia", "Fever/Love Blonde", "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "I've Got So Much Love")
1981-1986 Countdown (TV Series) (performer - 3 episodes)
1986 C'est encore mieux l'après-midi (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 9 October 1986 (1986) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "Don't Say Nothing's Changed")
1986 Vitamine (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 8 October 1986 (1986) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "Don't Say Nothing's Changed", "My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean")
1986 Na sowas! (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 4 October 1986 (1986) ... (performer: "You Keep Me Hangin' On")
1986 Running Scared ("Say You Really Want Me")
1986 Another Step: The Video Singles (Video short) (performer: "Say You Really Want Me", "You Keep Me Hangin' On", "Another Step (Closer To You)", "Say You Really Want Me (Extended 12 Inch Version)")
1985 Knight Rider (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Knight Racer (1985) ... (performer: "The Second Time (Go For It)")
1985 Weird Science (performer: "TURN IT ON")
1985 Secret Admirer (performer: "The Touch")
1985 Fletch (performer: "Is It Over")
1984 Reckless (performer: "KIDS IN AMERICA")
1984 Kim Wilde: The Video Music Collection (Video short) (performer: "Kids In America", "Chequered Love", "Cambodia", "View From A Bridge", "Child Come Away", "Love Blonde")
1984 Love Blonde: The Best of Kim Wilde (Video short) (performer: "Kids in America", "Chequered Love", "Cambodia", "View from a Bridge", "Child Come Away", "Love Blonde")
1983 Crackerjack! (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #28.10 (1983) ... (performer: "Dancing in the Dark")
1983 Måndagsbörsen (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 14 November 1983 (1983) ... (performer: "Dancing in the Dark")
1983 Eldorado (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 7 November 1983 (1983) ... (performer: "Dancing in the Dark")
1983 Hold Tight! (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
1983 Vidéo Cracks Super Show (TV Movie) (performer: "Child Come Away")
1982 Tenebre (performer: "Take Me Tonight")
1981 Musikladen (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes)
| Smith |
What was the surname of the President of Egypt at the time? | Marty Wilde
Marty Wilde
Birth Date: April 15th 1939 (or 1936 depending on who you believe)
Birth Place: London
Marty Wilde had been discovered by rock and roll entrepreneur Larry Parnes who was keen to expand his management of young hopefuls beyond his first signing Tommy Steele. At that time Marty had already changed his name from 'Smith' to 'Patterson' but Parnes, in line with his thinking for all his stars, changed the name entirely creating 'Marty Wilde'.
Marty's big break came with the advent of the UK's first rock and roll TV show, Jack Good's 'Six-5 Special', where his good singing voice made him a great asset. Not only could Wilde 'rock and roll', but he could also sing ballads. This ability led to his version of Jody Reynolds US hit 'Endless Sleep', which was one of many cover versions that Marty Wilde was called upon to make. All of these covers were well done, some like 'Endless Sleep' were arguably superior to the original, but this lack of his own material would prove a big handicap. Marty transferred himself to Jack Good's new ITV show 'Oh Boy!' following the BBC's foolish dismissal of Jack Good. He was the star of that show when Cliff Richard suddenly appeared, riding high from the issue of his first record, 'Move It!'. The two stars allegedly got on well but Larry Parnes decided to pull Marty out of the show rather than risk him being seen as a subsidiary act to Cliff. In retrospect, Parnes would regret this move because it enabled Cliff to quickly assume Marty's former role as the UK's foremost rock and roll star.
Although Marty's covers of US songs continued to chart they were in direct competition with the originals and by the early 1960s Marty was struggling to make even the top 20. Despite the downward slide in his record sales most of his records were well made. However, the competition from the US and from Merseybeat was too great and even his wonderful, self penned, 'Come Running' failed to chart.
Marty Wilde married Vernons girl 'Joyce Baker' and later in the 1960s he created an unsuccessful trio with himself, Joyce, and Justin Hayward- the 'Wilde Three' . Fortunately, Marty had a loyal base of fans- particularly in the North of England which enabled him to ride out the 'group' obsession. He later re-established himself as a premier act at rock and roll nostalgia concerts. He took sufficient time off from this to help his daughter Kim Wilde become a major international star, before she retired to landscape gardening. Marty still tours regularly and retains that excellent singing voice that gave him such a good start in his long show business career.
The EP on the left "More Of Marty" on BBE12200 is like most of Marty's work on that format- hard to find in good condition, and generally expensive when you find it. It shows a very young looking Marty in what was then quite a fashionable pose- relaxing with a cigarette.
The EP contains both sides of his first two full 45 single releases (Honeycomb was only sold on 78 or for jukebox), one of which is very difficult to find.
1950s & 1960s 45rpm UK Discography
Upper list includes UK 45 singles releases only
Collector's Items are shown In Red
See lower list for EP releases.
Philips JK1028
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Degas had two favourite topics for his paintings, ballet and what else? | Edgar Degas (1834–1917): Painting and Drawing | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Edgar Degas (1834–1917): Painting and Drawing
See works of art
Works of Art (20)
Essay
Edgar Degas seems never to have reconciled himself to the label of “ Impressionist ,” preferring to call himself a “ Realist ” or “Independent.” Nevertheless, he was one of the group’s founders, an organizer of its exhibitions, and one of its most important core members. Like the Impressionists, he sought to capture fleeting moments in the flow of modern life, yet he showed little interest in painting plein air landscapes , favoring scenes in theaters and cafés illuminated by artificial light, which he used to clarify the contours of his figures, adhering to his Academic training .
Degas was born in 1834, the scion of a wealthy banking family, and was educated in the classics, including Latin, Greek, and ancient history, at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. His father recognized his son’s artistic gifts early, and encouraged his efforts at drawing by taking him frequently to Paris museums. Degas began by copying Italian Renaissance paintings at the Louvre, and trained in the studio of Louis Lamothe, who taught in the traditional Academic style, with its emphasis on line and its insistence on the crucial importance of draftsmanship. Degas was also strongly influenced by the paintings and frescoes he saw during several long trips to Italy in the late 1850s; he made many sketches and drawings of them in his notebooks.
Evidence of Degas’s classical education can be seen in his relatively static, frieze-like early painting, Young Spartans Exercising (ca. 1860; National Gallery, London), done while he was still in his twenties. Yet despite the title, and the suggestion of classical drapery on some of the figures in the background, there is little that places the subject of this painting in ancient Greece. Indeed, it has been noted that the young girls have the snub noses and immature bodies of “ Montmartre types,” the forerunners of the dancers Degas painted so often throughout his career. After 1865, when the Salon accepted his history painting The Misfortunes of the City of Orléans (Musée d’Orsay, Paris), Degas did not paint Academic subjects again, focusing his attention on scenes of modern life. He began to paint scenes of such urban leisure activities as horse racing and, after about 1870, of café-concert singers and ballet dancers .
Degas’s choice of subject matter reflects his modern approach. He favored scenes of ballet dancers, laundresses, milliners (At the Milliner’s, 1882; 29.100.38 ), and denizens of Parisian low life. His interest in ballet dancers intensified in the 1870s, and eventually he produced approximately 1,500 works on the subject. These are not traditional portraits, but studies that address the movement of the human body, exploring the physicality and discipline of the dancers through the use of contorted postures and unexpected vantage points. In Dancer Adjusting Her Slipper (1873; 29.100.941 ), the figure’s pose is difficult to decipher, viewed from a steep angle with both her feet and her head at the bottom of the picture, yet it conveys a sense of the dancer’s flexibility.
Degas absorbed artistic tradition and outside influences and reinterpreted them in innovative ways. Following the opening of trade with Japan in 1854, many French artists, including Degas, were increasingly influenced by Japanese prints . But whereas his contemporaries often infused their paintings with Eastern imagery , Degas abstracted from these prints their inventive compositions and points of view, particularly in his use of cropping and asymmetry. Degas had also observed how sixteenth-century Italian Mannerists similarly framed their subjects, sometimes cutting off part of a figure. For example, in A Woman Seated Beside a Vase of Flowers (1865; 29.100.128 ), the figure is cut off at the right edge of the painting, with part of her left hand just barely visible at the lower right corner. In her subdued attire she seems almost incidental to the riot of color that makes up the central floral arrangement. Unusual vantage points and asymmetrical framing are a consistent theme throughout Degas’s works, especially in his many paintings and pastels of ballet dancers, from the time of Dancers Practicing at the Bar (1877; 29.100.34 ), through the decades until Dancers, Pink and Green (ca. 1890; 29.100.42 ), and beyond. Even in a more traditional work of portraiture like the Duchessa di Montejasi with Her Daughters, Elena and Camilla (ca. 1876; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), he achieves a more modern effect by disrupting the compositional balance.
Degas had a lively, scientific interest in a wide range of media, including engraving , monotype , and photography . Before 1880, he generally used oils for his completed works ( 2008.277 ), which were based on preliminary studies and sketches made in pencil or pastel. But after 1875, he began using pastels more frequently, even in finished works, such as Portraits at the Stock Exchange (1876; 1991.277.1 ), which displays a subtle grasp of the characteristic postures and attire of the top-hatted gentlemen he portrays. By 1885, most of his more important works were done in pastel. He submitted a suite of nudes, all rendered in pastel, to the final Impressionist exhibition in 1886; among these was Woman Bathing in a Shallow Tub (1885; 29.100.41 ). The figures in these pastels were criticized for their ungainly poses, as in this work, in which the figure squats awkwardly in a tub, yet the steep perspective gives the work a solid, sculptural balance.
Degas experimented with an array of techniques, breaking up surface textures with hatching, contrasting dry pastel with wet, and using gouache and watercolors to soften the contours of his figures. In Race Horses (1885–88; 1999.288.3 ), which depicts another of Degas’s favorite themes, the use of hatching gives a sense of swaying grass. The immediacy of the moment is captured in the raised leg of the horse in the foreground and the foreshortened, angled approach of the vigorous horse in the background. The Singer in Green (ca. 1884; 61.101.7 ) demonstrates Degas’s use of pastel to achieve the effect of the glare of footlights illuminating his subject from below and his use of coarse hatching to suggest the curtained backdrop behind the singer.
By the late 1880s, Degas’s eyesight had begun to fail, perhaps as a result of an injury suffered during his service in defending Paris during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. After that time he focused almost exclusively on dancers and nudes, increasingly turning to sculpture as his eyesight weakened. In his later years, he was concerned chiefly with showing women bathing, entirely without self-consciousness and emphatically not posed. Despite the seemingly fleeting glimpses he portrayed, he achieved a solidity in his figures that is almost sculptural.
In later life, Degas became reclusive, morose, and given to bouts of depression, probably as a consequence of his increasing blindness. His monotype Landscape (1890–92; 1972.636 ), an unusual work from this period, is an unexpected instance of Degas presenting an outdoor scene with no figures, which shows an imaginative and expressive use of color and freedom of line that may have arisen, at least in part, as a result of his struggle to adapt to his deteriorating vision.
Degas continued working as late as 1912, when he was forced to leave the studio in Montmartre in which he had labored for more than twenty years. He died five years later in 1917, at the age of eighty-three.
Ruth Schenkel
Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
October 2004
Citation
Schenkel, Ruth. “Edgar Degas (1834–1917): Painting and Drawing.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dgsp/hd_dgsp.htm (October 2004)
Further Reading
Boggs, Jean Sutherland, et al. Degas. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988. See on MetPublications
De Vonyar, Jill, and Richard Kendall. Degas and the Dance. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Abrams, 2002.
Kendall, Richard. Degas and the Little Dancer. Exhibition catalogue. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
Related
| Horse racing |
Which US golfer was known as ‘Long John’ for his driving distance off the tee? | Edgar Degas | Lines and Colors :: a blog about drawing, painting, illustration, comics, concept art and other visual arts
Lines and Colors :: a blog about drawing, painting, illustration, comics, concept art and other visual arts
If you can't draw something,
just draw it.
when you don't know how,
but very difficult when you do.
-Edgar Degas
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
Edgar Degas
Though considered a member of the original core group of French Impressionists, Edgar Degas (Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas), always stood apart, both in his approach to painting, in which he considered himself a realist rather than an Impressionist, and in his emphasis on drawing.
Amid a group that downplayed the role of drawing in art in deference to the immediacy of painting the fleeting effects of light (Monet went so far as to hide the role drawing played in his art ), Degas was arguably one of the finest draftsmen of the 19th Century.
Degas was part of the Impressionist group socially, and hung out at the Café Guerbois with artists in and around their circle, including Manet, Cézanne, Renoir, Monet, Sisley , Bazille and Pissarro , though he often argued with them.
He helped organize the Impressionists’ out-of-the-mainstream independent exhibits, and exhibited in all but one of them. More financially stable then the others, he also collected works by painters in and around their circle, like Pissarro, Gauguin, Cézanne and Manet.
In his painting style, however, he never adopted the broken dots of color, painting of light effects or fondness for landscape championed by Monet and the other Impressionists, and was derisive of their practice of plein air painting.
He instead continued in the vein of the realists like Courbet and Corot (who, we forget today, were radical in their own time). Degas, too was radical in his own way, particularly in his dramatic compositions, which broke the laws of academic painting as surely as his contemporaries did with their deliberate rejection of academic traditions.
Like the Impressionists, Degas was very influenced by the work of Édouard Manet, who he met while both were copying the same painting in the Louvre (a practice common to serious art students at the time), but Degas also carried with him his admiration for artists like Ingres and Delacroix.
Degas, particularly in his later work, did share with the Impressionists the use of bold, painterly brushwork and vivid colors; and this, as well as his compositional innovations, carried over into his intensely expressive pastel drawings, which may be the most recognizable of his works today.
With their familiar subjects of ballet rehearsals, horse racing and women at the bath, Degas’ pastels are beautifully drawn, innovatively realized and striking in their graphic power.
Degas also drew beautifully in other media, and was accomplished at etching, lithography and sculpture.
There is currently an exhibition at the Morgan Library and Museum in New York of Degas Drawings and Sketchbooks that is on display until January 23, 2011. The Online Exhibition on the website lets you flip through a selection of drawings and a sketchbook from the exhibit. Use the “See thumbnails” choice at left and when using the Zoomable views, be sure to choose the “Full Screen” option below the image to the right of the zooming controls.
Degas has become one of the most popular and revered artists in the world, and there are more resources in print and on the web than I can begin to list here; so I will instead point you to a general search on Amazon for Degas , and the extensive lists of web resources for Degas on ArtCyclopedia , including museum listings and image archives (see the tabs at the top of the list for other categories).
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Nike was a Greek goddess who personified what? | Nike - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Nike
by Mark Cartwright
published on 30 September 2012
The ancient Greek goddess Nike was the personification of the ideal of victory. Such personifications of ideal terms were common in ancient Greek culture; other examples include Wisdom, Knowledge, and Justice. Unlike other gods in the Greek pantheon , such personifying deities were not usually given human personalities and histories. For this reason, little is said about Nike in Greek culture beyond that her mother was Styx (daughter of Ocean) and her father was Pallas, the Titan . She had three sisters, also personified deities: Zelus (Rivalry), Cratos (Supremacy), and Bia (Force) who, with Nike, were always seated by mighty Zeus on Mt. Olympus.
The goddess was a popular figure in ancient Greek art, appearing in sculpture, on pottery , and on coins. Usually fitting Hesiod ’s description as ‘beautiful-ankled Nike’, she is depicted with wings and often carries before her a wreath of victory, which she presents either to other gods or to victorious heroes and athletes. The oldest surviving winged Nike in sculpture is from Delos and dates to 550 BCE and was most probably sculpted by Archermos. The statue is in the Archaic style and strikes the typical pose of the period with bent knees and running. On Attic 5th to 4th century BCE pottery, Nike also often rides a chariot or sometimes stands next to an altar or a sacrificial bull.
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Usually fitting Hesiod’s description as ‘beautiful-ankled Nike’, she is depicted with wings and often carries before her a wreath of victory.
One of the goddess Athena ’s most common epithets was Athena Nike and a temple to Athena as Victory was built on the Acropolis of Athens in the late 420’s BCE. Bronze akroteria (added decoration) on the corners and central ridge of the temple roof represented Nike, and the temple itself was surrounded by a balustrade decorated with a frieze which depicted figures of Nike leading bulls to sacrifice and erecting various trophies such as weapons and armour.
Nike also appeared in decorative sculpture on other buildings, both in friezes and on many temple roofs as an akroteria and on many coins from Thrace to Macedonia, for example, she appears on a silver decadrachm of Syracuse ( Sicily ) where she is crowning a charioteer (c. 400 BCE). Statues of Nike were also set up to commemorate military victories, a famous example being the 1.4 m tall Nike (490-480 BCE) on the acropolis dedicated to the general Kallimachos who was killed at the battle of Marathon where the Greeks were victorious over the Persians.
In antiquity, the most celebrated representations of Nike were as part of the great 5th century BCE statues of the deities Athena and Zeus which stood, respectively, within the Parthenon of Athens and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia . These larger-than-life chryselephantine statues were made from an inner core of wood sumptuously covered in carved ivory and burnished gold . Face, torso, legs, and arms were in carved ivory and hair and clothes were made of sheet gold. In both cases, the god held in their right hand a statue of Nike, always closely associated with Athena, and in the case of Zeus and the pan - Hellenic games of Olympia, significant in her role as bestower of prizes. The statue of Zeus was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the father of the gods is shown seated on a massive, richly decorated throne with more figures of Nike on its legs. Neither statue survives but descriptions by Pausanias , smaller Roman copies, and coin designs help give us a glimpse of the magnificence that we have lost.
| Victory |
A young man and woman sitting back-to-back is the logo of which company? | 1000+ images about Nike on Pinterest | Strength, Goddesses and The goddess
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Nike was similar to Eris because she was the constant companion to Athena. Nike was the Goddess of Victory. She was the daughter of the Titan Pallas and the River/Nymph Styx. She does not possess a distinct personality in any myths I've seen.
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Which of the Muses was responsible for dance? | The Muses
The Greek Muses
The Greek Muses
The Muses, daughters of Zeus and the goddess of Memory, Mnemosyne, were charged with the responsibility of inspiring poets and musicians and promoting the arts and sciences.
No banquet on Mount Olympus was complete without them. Seated near the throne of their father, the nine sisters entertained the guests, singing not only of the greatness of Zeus, but about the marvelous feats of the Greek heroes and the creation of the heavens and the earth with all its wondrous creatures.
Their influence was profound. By their praising valiant behavior, thereby etching the names in history, the Muses encouraged further heroism.
Although they usually sang only for the immortals, they occasionally performed at events honoring heroic mortals, such as the funeral of the Achilles, the fallen hero of the Trojan War.
They were described as "having one mind, their hearts set upon song and their spirit free from care".
The Muses often acted in concert, all were friends and followers of the god Apollo. On many occasions their wise counsel, as well as their soothing diversions, kept him from making poor decisions.
Their gift, according to Hesiod, was that "though a man has sorrow and grief in his soul, when . . . the Muses sing, at once he forgets his dark thoughts and remembers not his troubles." A precious gift indeed.
This is not to say, however, that all was goodness and light around them. Like many of the other deities they were particularly sensitive about being acknowledged for their superiority.
When Pierus claimed his nine daughters were better singers the Muses were mightily offended and turned the upstarts into magpies, ducks, finches, and other birds.
When the minstral Thamyris challenged them to a contest of song, he paid dearly for the affront. He, of course, lost the contest but they also blinded him and took his memory away, rendering him unable to remember the words to his songs.
However, the Muses were also generous with their skills and willing to teach others. They taught the nymph Echo to play music, instructed the Egyptian Sphinx her riddle, and trained the great poet Musaeus.
Kalliope, the eldest, often attended the birth of royal nobles and gave (or withheld if she wished) the gift of the Muses as the immortals deemed fit. Mortals who were blessed by the Muses, could use the beauty of song or the spirit of dance to heal the sick and to comfort the heartbroken.
Each of the goddess had her own area in which she excelled.
Calliope, philosophy, epic poetry, and rhetoric
Clio, history and introduction of the alphabet into Greece
Euterpe, lyric poetry and music, especially the flute
Thalia, comedy and pastoral poetry
Melpomene, tragedy (theater) and chanting
Terpsichore, dance and choral song
Erato, love poems and mimicry
Polyhymnia, sacred music and eloquence in verse
Ourania, astronomy, astrology, and prophecy
Although none of the Muses has an extensive mythology of her own, many of them featured in the stories of the major deities. Calliope, for example, was called on by Zeus to arbitrate the dispute between Aphrodite, the goddess of romance and beauty, and Persephone, Queen of the Underworld, when both fell in love with the handsome Adonis. Her wise decision, to allow him to spend part of the year with each of them, seemed to satisfy all of them.
When Athena rescued Pegasus, the flying horse, shortly after his birth, the goddess entrusted the Muses with his care. The young colt, excited to meet the lovely Muses, kicked the side of the Mountain, causing springs to gush out of the side of the mountain. Springs and wells both became sacred symbols of the Muses, representing the fountains of inspiration that they provided.
Urania took the major responsibility for caring for Pegasus, and prophesied his future heroism as well as his eventual place amongst the stars in the heavens.
The Muses remain among us today as the patrons of the fine arts and the inspiration for creative thought, Mnemosyne's daughters of wit and charm.
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| Terpsichore |
Born in 1911, whose real name was Virginia McMath? | Muses - Neokoroi
Neokoroi
Aoide (song) one of the original Muses, no symbols associated with her
Caliope (fair-voiced), considered the noblest of the Muses, presides over epic song, and was pictured with a wax tablet and pen.
Clio (she that extols) is the Muse of history, and has a scroll.
Erato (the lovely one), is the Muse of erotic poetry, with a smaller lyre.
Euterpe (she that gladdens) is the Muse of lyric song, and has a double flute.
Hypate one of the original Muses, no symbols associated with her
Melete (meditation) one of the original Muses, no symbols associated with her
Melpomene (she that sings) is the Muse of tragedy, and has a tragic mask, ivy wreath, and attributes of hero she is inspiring a song about e.g. the club for Herakles or sword for Perseus.
Meses one of the original Muses, no symbols associated with her
Mneme (remembrance) one of the original Muses, no symbols associated with her
Nete one of the original Muses, no symbols associated with her
Polymnia (rich in hymns), is the Muse of serious sacred songs, usually represented as veiled and pensive.
Terpsichore (she that rejoices in the dance), is the Muse of dancing, with a lyre.
Thalia (she that flourishes) is the Muse of comedy and bucolic poetry, with the comic mask, the ivy wreath, and the shepherd’s staff.
Urania (the heavenly), the Muse of astronomy, with the celestial globe.
Jump to: Blessings – God Of – Primary Cult Centers – Epithets – Symbols – Animals – Sacrifices – Festivals – Honors – Articles – Sources – Links
Blessings
The Muses preside over the arts and sciences, giving inspiration to all artists, particularly poets, painters, dancers, musicians, philosophers, and astronomers.
God Of
Museia (Every 5 years) Celebrated in Thespiae
Ways to honor
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Which animal is the symbol of the Argentinian rugby union team? | Factacular : Rugby Union - National Team Nicknames
Rugby Union - National Team Nicknames
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Nicknames of teams which have represented their country at the Rugby World Cup
22 facts:
The Pumas
The Pumas nickname is generally believed to be the result of an error made by a journalist who followed the team during their first overseas tour ever — to Southern Africa in 1965. Reporters were trying to devise a catchy nickname for the team similar to existing international team nicknames such as All Blacks, Springboks, and Wallabies. One of them saw the picture of an animal on the UAR crest; however, he thought it was a puma instead of the actual jaguar. The mistake stuck, and was eventually adopted by the Argentines themselves (although the UAR crest still depicts a jaguar).
| Puma |
The book and the musical ‘Phantom of the Opera’ are set in which city? | Rugby Union: Power Ranking Rugby Heraldry | Bleacher Report
Rugby Union: Power Ranking Rugby Heraldry
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We break down the most fearsome team names in world rugby.
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Rugby Union team names do not lend themselves to easy rankings analysis for the simple reason that not every nation has one; not really.
Since rugby's inception in 1823, national teams have surrounded themselves with songs, symbols, logos and crests. Some—like the U.S.A. Eagles—have adopted the North American tradition of naming their national sides while others—like England—go into battle dressed in white, boasting only a single rose across their chests to signify their allegiances.
So, with that understanding, let us dive headlong into the world of rugby heraldry—pitting the weak against the strong in order to decide which nation boasts the most fearsome image of all.
Let get to it!
10. Japan: The "Brave" Blossoms
Japan's Cherry Blossom is among the least intimidating of logos.
When it comes to selecting a symbol to represent your country on the sporting field, plants seldom make inspiring choices.
The best that can be said here is that at least these countries didn't choose a vegetable.
Some plants are sturdy while others have thorns; some plants are poisonous or even carnivorous; none of these descriptions, however, are likely to apply to the Cherry Blossom.
The national team of Japan has occasionally sent chills up the spines of their opponents, but the same cannot be said of their logo.
Adding the word "brave" to their moniker hardly raises the standing of this powder pink portrayal of a nation's rugby passion.
In truth, most of Japan's major rugby adversaries come away smelling like...
9. England: A Rose By Any Other Name
England have been a thorn in the side of many rugby nations.
...Roses—each one has its thorns—which at least ranks them above blossoms in terms of truculence and combativeness.
England is a global powerhouse on the pitch, which in some corners may cut them some slack where the choice of their flowery crest is concerned, but not here.
England comes in at No. 8 in our power rankings of rugby heraldry. One would have thought that the world's oldest rugby-playing nation would have chosen a symbol that stood a little taller.
8. Romania: If A Tree Falls In World Rugby...
The Oaks have, just occasionally, been poison for top teams.
The Oak is a proud and powerful tree, one whose leaves are the heraldry of the equally proud Romanian Rugby Union.
Still a tree though...
While we are generous enough to rank the Romanian's symbol above the flowery examples that preceded them on this list, the preoccupation of rugby nations with vegetation still baffles the mind.
Romania is known as a rugby nation whose forwards are as tall and as thick as tree trunks, but whose backs move with all the quickness and agility as the rooted tree symbolized on their chest.
At least here, one could argue, there was some appropriateness to the selection.
7. France: Le Coq Sportif
The French have a fearsome team, but a feeble mascot.
Finally, we have left the world of plants behind and move firmly into the animal kingdom of mascots.
We begin with poultry.
They are the French—their mascot? Le Coq.
A witless, flightless, hapless bird that is most notable for its habits of strutting over-confidently, crowing over-confidently and then getting decapitated by the nearest swinging axe.
The French always did enjoy a good guillotine.
One would have thought that their nation's recent Six Nations performances might have French rugby fans questioning their faith in their chosen talisman; but Frenchmen everywhere continue to hold on to Le Coq as vigorously as ever.
Ladies and gentlemen I give you the French. Should we really expect anything less?
6. USA: The Eagle Is The Sleeping Giant
The USA Egales may soon have players as fierce as their logo.
America has long been known as the sleeping giant of world rugby, but their mascot is far more highly rated.
Soaring above the barnyard foul worshiped by their French counterparts, the Eagle has always been perched atop the community of bird-themed team names. If Americans ever begin to notice rugby en masse, they will find an Eagle logo wrapped in in the red, white and blue of their national colours.
A more patriotic symbol for America's rugby community would be hard to imagine, but in the head-to-head clash that is this Bleacher Report ranking, larger and more fearsome mammals await.
To South Africa we go!
5. South Africa: Springboks Forever
Love for the Springboks has spread across the rainbow nation.
A Springbok, in the dialect of Afrikaans, is the translation for antelope—an animal known for its ability to survive living amongst the myriad of predators that exist on the African savanna.
Admittedly, an antelope is a prey animal, but in South Africa, it is one with a compelling story.
As was explained by Morgan Freeman in the movie Invictus , many in the country's black community wanted to eliminate the green and gold along with the Springbok symbol when Nelson Mandela rose to power in 1994. Mandela, in one of his amazing acts of unification, defended keeping the Springbok as a method of outreach to the South African white community.
In recent days, the South African Sevens team has even adopted the name BlitzBok to lend a more fearsome tone the their country's mascot in the sevens-a-side game.
For surviving apartheid and becoming a beloved symbol for the whole of the rainbow nation, the Springbok comes in at No. 5 on this Bleacher Report list.
3. Argentina: Pumas On The Hunt
The Pumas are prowling their up the world rugby standings.
Finally, we have a predator!
As the embodiment for Argentina's passionate rugby culture, the puma is a strong choice.
Certainly the Springboks and Wallabies have found reason to respect them in the recent Rugby Championship tournament.
Silent and agile, powerful and fast, the puma would surely have its way with any of the mascots already discussed in this ranking.
Argentina has been stalking its way up the global rugby rankings for some time now, and they are closing in on world's best .
To find a more fearsome image, we must leap from the animal kingdom to mythical kingdoms.
1. New Zealand: In Brightest Day & Blackest Night
Is there anything more intimidating than the All Black Haka?
They are the All Blacks.
Their heraldry is the blackness. Their mascot is the dark.
No predator, either real or imagined, need represent these men on the field of battle.
The New Zealand Haka and their unparalleled reputation provide all of the game-day atmosphere a rugby fan could ask for.
They play for each other. They play for their country.
No team in world rugby carries with them a more intimidating aura.
New Zealand tops our ranking of rugby heraldry, as the unquestioned leaders in creating a winning presence both on and off the field.
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Which sign of the zodiac immediately follows Cancer? | Cancer - Zodiac Signs | Astrology.com.au
Cancer
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The Zodiac Sign Cancer
The Astrology of Personality
To be born under the sign of Cancer truly is a karmic blessing. As well as relating to your sensitive emotional nature, it represents a development spiritually as the water signs are strongly linked to the higher evolutionary processes within us.
Simply put, Cancer, you’re basically a selfless, caring and loving person who likes to demonstrate their love for others.
You’re also very intuitive and often exhibit an uncanny ability to go to the heart of things without any intellectual claptrap.
Another great quality of yours is adaptability. Like water you can move and change to fit the circumstances and to accommodate the people you deal with. Although you have a very strong mind when it comes to your own desires and needs, you’re still able to compromise when you feel it supports the group as a whole.
Being a water sign you have a cooling yet invigorating aspect to your personality. In tough times people have a tendency to be drawn to your selflessness and nurturing traits as they know your open ear and warm heart will help them through their difficult times.
The fourth sign of the zodiac, under which you were destined to be born, relates to the domestic sphere of life and therefore you love to be part of a family network. It is here that you really excel and do your best. The Cancer home is very comfortable and even strangers usually feel quite at ease when invited to dinner to spend time in your company.
Many Cancers extend this caring, nurturing vibe to their professional activities as well. It comes so easily to you that it’s no wonder you’re able to work in healing and consoling professions. Your key life phrase ‘I nurture’ demonstrates this fact. When you read the segment on the best professions suited to you, you’ll see what I mean.
Your star sign is very sensitive and you tune in to other people’s vibrations, moods and thinking processes effortlessly so you are able to understand others instinctively. Your perception about their character is usually spot on.
There is a down side to this, however, as you also tend to absorb the negative emotions of others in the process. If you feel this is overloading you, you need to get yourself out of the situation quickly, even for a short time to recover your clarity and peace of mind.
Cancer and its ruler the Moon reflect much of your own personality and, because the Moon regulates the emotions, you can find yourself challenged by incredibly extreme mood swings. Even though your family and friends are well aware of this it can be a little trying for all concerned at times.
As a woman you have maternal and nurturing qualities so you’ll be absolutely well suited to the roles of homemaker and mother. Men born under Cancer also fare well as caregivers and so sometimes they exchange their roles as they do such a good job of looking after the kids as well.
Be careful not to lock yourself away in your own private lifestyle because being reclusive, enjoying your own company, can sometimes overtake your desire to connect to the world at large. Don’t deny others the wonderful qualities you have to offer.
Many Cancers are nocturnal as the Moon shines most brightly in the evening hours. You’ll feel creative and enjoy that stillness and reflective quality of the night hours.
Many Cancers take their cooking skills to a new height by starting restaurants and showing their love of the world at large through this very unique skill. Music, writing and also gardening seem to be popular pastimes for Cancers. You’ll never forget a kind deed and always reciprocate tenfold. You appreciate that same caring attitude in others.
You also realise you’re more nostalgic than many other star signs and memories are important to you, keeping scrapbooks and old shoeboxes full of black and white photos as mementos of the good old times.
Cancer has a wonderfully expressive and inviting face. Because the eyes are the windows to the soul, and your eyes are large and expressive, people feel as though your heart is open enough for them and you are guileless in the way you share your thoughts and feelings.
Fourth sign of the zodiac; cardinal, fruitful, feminine, moist
Zodiac Element
Loving, susceptible, sympathetic, sensual, faithful, instinctive, charitable, over-reactive and moody
Compatible Star Signs
Taurus, Virgo, Scorpio, and Pisces
Mismatched Signs
Mars, Pluto, Jupiter and Neptune
Friendship Planet
Mars
Lucky Numbers and Significant Years
2, 3, 9,11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 45, 47,48, 54, 56, 57, 74, 75, 81, 83 and 84
Lucky Gems
Moonstone, pearl, yellow topaz, red coral, garnet and white jade
Lucky Fragrances
Geranium, sandalwood, white rose, ylang ylang and bergamot
Affirmation/Mantra
I am lovable as well as loving
Lucky Days
Cancer Profile
You were born under Cancer, the 4th sign of the zodiac, indicating sensitivity, motherhood and emotional warmth. Your sign is not an easy one to understand and this has much to do with the fact that the waxing and waning Moon is your ruling planet.
Having sway over the tides and also the animals that occupy the ocean, most notably the crab, your totem, reflects some of these complex mood swings that the Cancerian native experiences. Like the crab, your totem, people will notice that at times you exhibit a hard exterior but underneath that your sensitive and caring nature is by far your most prominent trait. You mustn't hide this behind this impenetrable mask.
Although at times you do try to hide your feelings, it's difficult for you to not show just how caring and compassionate you really are. The Moon also reflects your mothering and nurturing qualities and more often than not you're the first to respond when someone is in need, displaying your extremely compassionate nature.
Your intuitive powers are strong and you always use them in the service of others. You are ruled by the element of water, which makes you adaptable, at times outgoing, but mostly living life in the world of the heart and emotions.
You are adaptable and can easily fit into most circumstances but are certainly most comfortable in your home environment, which you put a great deal of energy into for yourself and the family members you love. You work best in a supportive role with others, and keeping the peace and equilibrium amongst family members and friends is vital to your wellbeing.
At times you are not altogether that trusting, which is why you tend to prefer a smaller group of friends and family members as your mainstay, socially speaking. Even though your personality is quite vibrant you have a preference for dealing with people one-on-one in a most intimate and compassionate way. You feel the plight of others so intensely that at times you absorb the qualities of those you associate with which is why it is so important for you to live and work with those who are positive and upbeat.
If you do end up living or pursuing a career with negative individuals, this could have an adverse reaction on your emotions and, in the long term, your overall wellbeing. It's imperative that you choose your friends and co-workers as wisely as possible.
The quickest way to a Cancerian's heart, and thereby friendship, is to touch their sentimentality. You love anything that will kindle your sense of the past, loving memories and warmth and closeness. Flowers, a candle-lit dinner or anything which elicits your sensitivity will attract you to others and create a feeling of love for them.
At times you feel vulnerable which is why I mentioned earlier that there are periods in your life where you don't necessarily trust others all that quickly. This will be highlighted if you've had some bad experiences in the past, and you must therefore learn to let go of these negative experiences of your life. Cancerians do have a tendency to hold onto the past and their memories like elephants, never forget.
You're probably a night owl due to the fact that the Moon shines most brightly in the dead of night. Your imagination which is rich and varied comes to life in the twilight hours.
Arts, craft and other home activities such as gardening, interior design and just generally an interest in making others feel good are all typical creative Cancerian traits, and I'm sure you possess them in full measure yourself.
You are indeed an individual who can withstand the blows of life and are extremely adaptable under duress and under circumstances which others might fail miserably in. This is possibly what has given you your tough exterior yet at the same time made you aware of the subtler spiritual influences in life. You are able to blend the pragmatic with the spiritual. This gives you the edge in life, making you capable of forbearing troubles and sufferings and coming out the other side enriched with a great deal of wisdom.
Cancer Cusps
Cancer - Gemini cusp
If your birth falls between the 22nd and 29th or 30th of June you will possess qualities and characteristics of both Gemini and Cancer. Cancer, you are undoubtedly a feeling and emotional individual and added to this are the intellectual traits of Gemini which would tend to balance you out.
Gemini has a curiosity and mental agility that is hard to match but this can counteract some of the more emotional traits possessed by you Cancer. This could mean your mind clashing with your heart as the Gemini influence rules your head and the softness of Cancer rules your heart. It is quite likely that this will cause you to procrastinate in matters of the heart especially.
You are able to mediate for others as you have both the intellectual traits of Gemini as a communicator and the feelings and ability to understand others that can be attributed to Cancer. You are a loyal and loving friend and will always try to understand where the other person is coming from
The influence of Gemini could make you rather more excitable than you are comfortable with and perhaps unsettle you in some ways. This will be evened out by the Moon's influence and as the tides ebb and flow so will your moods. Some people may find this hard to deal with, but it is just part of the nature of a cusp baby.
You will be the one who people contact when they are caught in a situation they cannot resolve and it will be your wisdom that you bring to the table. Added to this is your knowledge and warmth and these attributes will put you at the top of everyone's list. It may not necessarily be where you want to be given that you don't like upsetting people, but your desire to help will override your hesitation.
Cancer you are able to take a balanced view and Gemini's intelligence will certainly help you out here. Having the head and the heart both working to capacity should be able to help anyone anywhere solve their problems and you will be much sought after for this talent. This trait may even open doors for you professionally later in life.
Cancer - Leo cusp
If you are born between the 16th or 17th to the 23rd July makes you a Cancer - Leo cusp baby. In your case the water sign of Cancer certainly does not put out the Leo fire but rather cools it just a little, and temper the exuberance of Leo.
Leo's fire will heat up your nature considerably Cancer but you must be mindful of not letting this spill over into your emotional life. You could become extremely demanding or even prone to dramatic outbursts, which are not usually your style, if you don't get your own way. This goes against the grain somewhat for you as you are at heart a mediator but this is what the fire of Leo can bring to your calm gentle world.
Cancer and Leo are both very loyal signs and you would certainly be a good friend to have. You are extremely faithful with those you love and in relationships or friendships your nearest and dearest will get to see this endearing part of your personality. They will actually get to peep inside the hard exterior that typifies the sign of Cancer and be privy to the wonderful soft interior that you possess.
With the influence of Leo your ideals are not always in keeping with the reality of your life. You'll always be surrounded by friends and family and seem to be constantly giving to others, but don't forget to nurture yourself along the way as well. This will keep you more in balance and take care of your compassionate nature.
Don't let Leo's influence burn you out as their enthusiasm can be at times overwhelming, when all you really want to do is crawl back into your shell and relax. The influence of Leo can make you feel a bit insecure at times as you prefer to know where you're going and when you're likely to get there.
Cancer At Large
June 22 - July 3
If you were born between the 22nd of June and the 3rd of July, the power of the Moon is exceedingly strong in your case. Your moods will shift very powerfully in keeping with the phases of the moon, and to understand yourself more adequately, why not keep a calendar of the lunar phases so you can be a step ahead of what's happening. Your romance and love life perfectly reflects who you are, particularly because you are so capable of nurturing others.
July 4 - July 13
Being born between the 4th and the 13th of July means you're an individual who has developed a high degree of concentration and are focused on achieving more than the average sort of life. There are times when you are possessive and domineering of your loved ones, but by the same token you're exceedingly loyal and will sacrifice much for their happiness. Be careful to allow others independence and freedom, rather than trying to keep them under your thumb.
July 14 - July 22
If you are born between the 14th and the 22nd of July, you have the influence of Pisces as well as Cancer, and this means that you're able to love others unconditionally. Your selfless attitude endears others to you and you may be drawn to the helping or healing professions as a result. You may be compassionate but try to keep your feet planted firmly on the ground as well.
Cancer Child
There's no doubt your Cancerian born child will shower you with love, affection and exhibit nurturing and protective qualities from the outset, but you do need to be careful that they don't become too shy and homebound in the process.
These admirable qualities are certainly something you should develop but these should be balanced by adequate outdoor activities and sufficient social interaction to make them grow into self-confident human beings.
There's the tendency on the part of parents of Cancerian children to dote on them, to accentuate their shy and retiring nature, rather than encouraging them to take some initiative and to get out into the bigger, wider world. If they exhibit creative traits such as art, music and other more sedentary hobbies, you must stress that they need sufficient physical mobility to keep them active and healthy as well as encouraging their artistic and spiritual pursuits.
I mentioned above the protective qualities of a Cancerian child. Don't be surprised to find your young child stepping in front of you if they perceive even the least bit of danger to their parents. You'll be shocked at their bravery and desire to not let anything adverse happen to you. This trait will continue through life and you can always rely on the loyalty of your Cancerian child to stand by you.
Cancerian children have a tendency to sulk and to hang on to the past. You need to monitor these deep and brooding intervals and help them understand that there are alternative ways to deal with problems in life rather than retreating into themselves and not speaking. Here again we see the necessity of physical sport which can easily neutralise these negative emotions in your young Cancerian child.
Another cause of this type of emotional weakness which can become a habit, is lack of attention to the dietary needs of your child. These moods are often a result of poor food combinations and an inability to identify which foods your child may be allergic to. Keep in mind that even healthy foods may sometimes act as triggers which can destabilise your child's emotions.
As with most children, teaching your Cancerian child the value of a program in life, with self-discipline at the top of the list, will help steer them in the right direction and give them a sense of personal worth and achievement. It may appear that you are being hard on them sometimes but discipline with these children, as long as it is done in a loving way, is an excellent assurance of their positive all-round development.
Cancer Lover
You don't have to be a rocket scientist to understand that love and warmth are critical to secure a happy and enduring relationship. With Cancer-born individuals, this understanding goes to a whole new level. When a Crab opens up to reveal the sweetness within, you get a good idea of what they are going to be like as a lover. Strongly governed by emotions, they're natural lovers through and through, and they believe that love lasts forever.
Sexually, Cancer, you like your emotions to translate into intimate physical contact. In that respect, you don't respond well to sex without feeling and eventually lose interest if your sex life is mechanical and dry. However, such idealism also brings with it some dilemmas.
Penetrating your hard exterior is often difficult, especially for those who are too impatient to wait. You tend to safeguard your privacy, testing the waters before committing romantically, and this is the heart of your problem. You must be vocal instead of shy, and let your prospective partner know how you operate. Through open dialogue you can create an atmosphere in which the other person is happy to commit their time and patience to win your heart completely.
As I said, you're an instinctive lover, and once you choose a romantic partner, you go the extra mile to pamper, nourish and mother them in every conceivable way. In many ways you are the ideal lover. You also seek someone who completes you emotionally and physically, and who fulfils your practical and familial needs.
What I reveal now will have a crucial bearing on your future happiness in relationships, so read it carefully, Cancer. Before you rush into making a romantic commitment, build confidence within yourself first. If you lack a strong sense of identity, you may become more insecure and expect your partner to gratify all the needs that you are unable to meet yourself, and this will take a toll on your relationship.
Once you become the master of your emotions, Cancer, you will comfortably and happily enjoy the experience of romance and love. Unfortunately, some Cancerians attract partners who are cold, aloof and indifferent. Because physical closeness is important to you, hugs and kisses need to come your way, or frustration will build within. While it's always good to trust your gut, don't forget to employ some brain power as well.
You must avoid fanning your emotional insecurities, which can wreak havoc in your relationships. Your mood determines the landscape of your relationships, pushing you into reclusiveness and punishing your partner with your painful silence. Though they may put up with this initially, they may walk out in the end.
Release the hold on your innermost feelings and allow for open dialogue. Since your mind and relationships respond to the lunar cycle, find inven- tive ways to offset this. Be perceptive to the early signals of discontent you will be able to iron out complexities before spiraling into emotional desolation. This single piece of advice could have a long-lasting impact on your marriage or long-term relationship.
Cancer Friend
Loyalty happens to be your defining element as a Cancer friend. As the nurturer of the zodiac, you value friendship and prefer to have quality over quantity.
You take tremendous interest in the lives of others, including their highs and lows, and you have an intrinsic ability to make others feel good about themselves. Your inherent ability to nurture enables you to reach out to others, and you prove to be the reliable confidante they never had. That's one big reason why people love having you as their friend. This beautiful quality of encouraging others is how you're able to win friends and influence others without being overpowering or difficult.
For some, this sincerity and affection means that you are taken for granted. However, it can mean quite the opposite for an evolved Cancerian. You are insightful and observant when it comes to picking friends and long-term partners, and correctly employ your sixth sense to grasp people's true intentions.
Another noteworthy quality is your interest in general knowledge and how you use it in practical ways. You celebrate information and unhesi- tatingly share it with others. At the same time, you are humble enough to be receptive to other people's point of view, regardless of whether you take their advice! Cancerians have a natural tendency to make their nurturing, never-say-no spirit the guiding light of their life.
However, as much as you give yourself to others, you may not always enjoy an equivalent degree of reciprocation. The reason for this is fairly simple. You like to seal off the dark feelings you experience and are reticent about sharing them with others. Unwilling to burden them with your woes, you prevent people from fussing over you. But in the end they do just that, and it's exactly how you would like them to behave!
If you want to elicit concern and warmth from others, you need to be open in the way you express your emotions. While you strive to be a friend to others, allow them to be a friend to you. This means that you need to trust them as much as they trust you. Yes, you may need time to achieve this, but the more you do it, the more you'll be loved without being taken for granted.
Cancer Enemy
The water sign of the Crab is hypersensitive and you'll be amazed at your capacity to stretch things beyond measure. If rubbed the wrong way, you can misconstrue seemingly harmless trivia and hold it against someone. This can make you difficult to deal with.
If you notice a Cancer friend withdrawing and straining the chains of communication, rest assured that you have consciously or unconsciously offended them. Before you know it, they will have distanced themselves from you, and any attempt at placating them will fall flat. This passive-aggressive attitude can be quite disconcerting, but it is typical of the Crab, which moves obliquely when it anticipates threat. The more you chase after it, the quicker it gets away from you! The best advice is to let them go. Give your Cancer friend the time to heal and, hopefully, their caring nature will bring them back.
My Light and Shadow
The Light and Shadow
The light and the dark are part of human nature and each star sign exhibits this polarity. It is the yin and yang of life and once we confront these shadowy areas within ourselves the sooner we are able to break free of all self limiting behaviours and habits.
Cancer: The light side
Because you're so connected to your feelings and understand how feelings affect others, you're able to make this a part of your life, which impacts favourably on those with whom you come in touch. You're a deep ocean of sensitive knowledge and your open and generous nature puts you at the top of everyone's list of favourite people.
Your openness and warmth need to be monitored, however, as other unscrupulous people will take advantage of you. You can be shrewd and perceptive when it comes to choosing friends and this is more the case that your intuition has been developed and you're able to see into others' motivations.
Many Cancers have an incredible arsenal of general knowledge that surprises others. You probably like to read a lot and are curious about this, that and the other. Overall, your nurturing spirit is the highlight of your sign and that will always hold you in good stead, wherever you go.
Cancer: The shadow side
It's not often evident but you can be rather dark emotionally and once people see this it can adversely affect their perception of you. Along with the fact that you're sometimes stubborn, it seems you may be a complex individual to deal with.
Sometimes an innocent comment can set you off and underneath that calm exterior your emotions will be boiling over, sulking about what someone's said. You can blame this on the Moon, which tends to heighten your sensitivity to the world and people around you. Occasionally you don't take too kindly to constructive criticism, seeing it as an attack on your nature rather than an intention to do good things.
Although your sensitivity to your environment is an asset, you must be careful not to let these dramatic mood swings undermine your life and relationships.
Much of these problems relate to your early life and some Cancers need to get more in touch with this part of their nature to overcome these sometimes overwhelming feelings.
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What was Eva Peron’s maiden name? | 1000+ images about What's your SIGN? The masculine signs are Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Aquarius and the feminine signs are Taurus, Cancer, Vir…
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What's your SIGN? The masculine signs are Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Aquarius and the feminine signs are Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces.
the 12 signs of the Zodiac can be divided into both masculine and feminine, positive and negative, or, active and passive. The masculine signs are Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Aquarius, whereas the feminine signs are Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces.
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John Gilbert, Charles Buchel, Maurycy Gottlieb and others have all painted whom? | nandigramunited: Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Wellness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!
DAILY MULNIVASI NAYAK
Thursday, November 26, 2009
Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Wellness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!
Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Wellness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -Two Hundred Thirty Four
Palash Biswas
26 Nov 2009 ... He said price rise in potato and onion is temporary and situation will improve after the arrival of rabi crop. ...
www.hindustantimes.com/ Price-rise.../H1-Article1-480485.aspx - 2 hours ago -
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- 23 Nov
http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=148908 . just look for some on Nandigram Insurrection line: Most Tasty is Human Blood Palash Biswas ...
Anarya Dravid Vanga Indigenous: BORN in POVERTY to DIE in POVERTY
Palash Biswas Sydney Morning Herald 'Politics should be about people, ..... in the blood of partition, sectarian rabble-rousers can still score points. ..... 'Starvation Lake' a tasty mystery - Detroit Free Press - 3 related articles » ...... basic approach to poverty eradication has to be asset building and human ...
Arya-Brahmin Vengeance on Bengali-Tamil Dalits & Chakma Adivasi ...
- 2 visits - 15 Oct
7 Apr 2009 ... For the first time I was treated as a human being. ...... But the Dalits whose forefathers shed their blood for the ...... Palash Biswas, C/O Mrs Arati Roy, Gostokanan, Sodepur, Kolkata- 700110, Phone: 91-33-25659551 ...
Daily News Monitoring Service ISSN 1563-9304 | Kartik 5 1416 BS ...
29 Jan 2007 ... I wrote to Mr Biswas so that he knows about the persecution of my ... Are you not insulting yourself as a human being? ... into HOLI (red liquid) game using Muslim blood in the streets of Calcutta. ..... Dirty smell of the non-castrated pattha becomes a source of tasty meat for the filthy Hindus. ...
kolkatapost
Palash Biswas Tharoor says 'no comments' on twitter remark .... The blue-print was prepared by a blood-sucker industrialist, ...... Meanwhile, human development and the reduction of taxes ranked number three and four on the list of ...... 'Starvation Lake' a tasty mystery - Detroit Free Press - 3 related articles » ...
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Shylock is a fictional character in Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice .
Contents
8 Further reading
[ edit ] In the play
In The Merchant of Venice, Shylock is a Jewish moneylender who lends money to his Christian rival, Antonio , setting the bond at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh, as revenge for Antonio having previously insulted and spat on him. Meanwhile, his daughter, Jessica, elopes with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and becomes a Christian, further fuelling Shylock's rage.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2008)
During Shakespeare's day, money lending was one of the popular careers among Jews; Christians also followed Old Testament laws condemning usury charged to fellow Gentiles . Jews were also banned from owning farm land or prevented from entering guilds and therefore this was one of the few professions open to them in Christian society. In the 16th century, Christians regarded usury as a sin . However, Shylock's profession as a moneylender is still frequently used by critics to support claims of anti-Semitism in the play.
Shylock's "Hath not a Jew eyes..." speech, in which he asserts that he is no different than a Christian and deserves revenge as much as they would have it, is one of the most famous monologues in English literature . Some scholars also suggest that Shylock is repeatedly shown to have human qualities and that he becomes a sympathetic character, particularly when he is told about Jessica's betrayal and the loss of his deceased wife's ring.
In the play Shakespeare also makes repeated references to the cruelty Shylock suffers at the hands of Christians.
[ edit ] Portrayal
[ edit ] Shylock on stage
Jacob Adler and others report that the tradition of playing Shylock sympathetically began in the first half of the 19th century with Edmund Kean [1] , and that previously the role had been played "by a comedian as a repulsive clown or, alternatively, as a monster of unrelieved evil." Kean's Shylock established his reputation as an actor. [2]
From Kean's time forward, all of the actors who have played the role — with the exception of Edwin Booth , who played him as a simple villain — have chosen a sympathetic approach to the character; even Booth's father, Junius Brutus Booth , played the role sympathetically. Henry Irving 's portrayal of an aristocratic, proud Shylock (first seen at the Lyceum in 1879, with Portia played by Ellen Terry ) has been called "the summit of his career". [3] Jacob Adler was the most notable of the early 20th century, playing the role in Yiddish in an otherwise English-language production. [4]
Kean and Irving presented a Shylock justified in wanting his revenge ; Adler's Shylock evolved over the years he played the role, first as a stock Shakespearean villain, then as a man whose better nature was overcome by a desire for revenge, and finally as a man who operated not from revenge but from pride . In a 1902 interview with Theater magazine, Adler pointed out that Shylock is a wealthy man, "rich enough to forgo the interest on three thousand ducats" and that Antonio is "far from the chivalrous gentleman he is made to appear. He has insulted the Jew and spat on him, yet he comes with hypocritical politeness to borrow money of him." Shylock's fatal flaw is to depend on the law, but "would he not walk out of that courtroom head erect, the very apotheosis of defiant hatred and scorn?" [5]
Some modern productions take further pains to show how Shylock's thirst for vengeance has some justification. For instance, in the 2004 film adaptation directed by Michael Radford and starring Al Pacino as Shylock, the film begins with text and a montage of how the Jewish community is abused by the Christian population of the city. One of the last shots of the film also brings attention to the fact that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto, and would still not be accepted by the Christians, as they would feel that Shylock was yet the Jew he once was.
Arnold Wesker 's play The Merchant tells the same story from Shylock's point of view. In this retelling, Shylock and Antonio are friends bound by a mutual love of books and culture and a disdain for the anti-Semitism of the Christian community's laws. They make the bond in defiant mockery of the Christian establishment, never anticipating that the bond might become forfeit. When it does, the play argues, Shylock must carry through on the letter of the law or jeopardize the scant legal security of the entire Jewish community. He is, therefore, quite as grateful as Antonio when Portia, as in Shakespeare's play, shows the legal way out. The play received its American premiere on November 16, 1977 at New York's Plymouth Theatre with Joseph Leon as Shylock, Marian Seldes as Shylock's sister Rivka and Roberta Maxwell as Portia. This production had a challenging history in previews on the road, culminating (after the first night out of town in Philadelphia on September 8 1977) with the death of the Broadway star Zero Mostel , who was initially cast as Shylock. The play's author, Arnold Wesker , wrote a book chronicling the out-of-town tribulations that beset the play and Mostel's death called "The Birth of Shylock and the Death of Zero Mostel."
Notable actors who have portrayed Shylock include Richard Burbage in the 16th century, Charles Macklin in 1741, Edmund Kean in 1814, William Charles Macready in 1840, Edwin Booth in 1861, Henry Irving in 1880, George Arliss in 1928, John Gielgud in 1937, Laurence Olivier at the National Theatre in 1972 and on TV in 1973, Al Pacino in a 2004 feature film version, and F. Murray Abraham at the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2006.
Under Nazi rule in 1943, the Vienna Burgtheater presented a notoriously extreme production of The Merchant of Venice with Werner Krauss as Shylock.
[ edit ] Shylock and the antisemitism debate
Shylock and Jessica by Maurycy Gottlieb
The play is frequently staged today, but is potentially troubling to modern audiences due to its central themes, which can easily appear antisemitic . Critics today still continue to argue over the play's stance on antisemitism.
[ edit ] The antisemitic reading
English society in the Elizabethan era has been described as antisemitic. [6] English Jews had been expelled in the Middle Ages and were not permitted to return until the rule of Oliver Cromwell . Jews were often presented on the Elizabethan stage in hideous caricature, with hooked noses and bright red wigs, and were usually depicted as avaricious usurers ; an example is Christopher Marlowe 's play The Jew of Malta , which features a comically wicked Jewish villain called Barabas . They were usually characterized as evil, deceptive, and greedy.
During the 1600s in Venice and in some other places, Jews were required to wear a red hat at all times in public to make sure that they were easily identified. If they did not comply with this rule they could face the death penalty. Jews also had to live in a ghetto protected by Christians, supposedly for their own safety. The Jews were expected to pay their guards. [7]
Readers may see Shakespeare's play as a continuation of this antisemitic tradition. The title page of the Quarto indicates that the play was sometimes known as The Jew of Venice in its day, which suggests that it was seen as similar to Marlowe's The Jew of Malta. One interpretation of the play's structure is that Shakespeare meant to contrast the mercy of the main Christian characters with the vengefulness of a Jew, who lacks the religious grace to comprehend mercy. Similarly, it is possible that Shakespeare meant Shylock's forced conversion to Christianity to be a "happy ending" for the character, as it 'redeems' Shylock both from his unbelief and his specific sin of wanting to kill Antonio. This reading of the play would certainly fit with the antisemitic trends present in Elizabethan England.
Hyam Maccoby argues that the play is based on medieval morality plays in which the Virgin Mary (here represented by Portia) argues for the forgiveness of human souls, as against the implacable accusations of the Devil (Shylock).
[ edit ] The sympathetic reading
Shylock and Portia (1835) by Thomas Sully
Many modern readers and theatregoers have read the play as a plea for tolerance as Shylock is a sympathetic character. Shylock's 'trial' at the end of the play is a mockery of justice, with Portia acting as a judge when she has no real right to do so. Thus, Shakespeare is not calling into question Shylock's intentions, but the fact that the very people who berated Shylock for being dishonest have had to resort to trickery in order to win. Shakespeare puts one of his most eloquent speeches into the mouth of this "villain":
Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
—Act III, scene I
[ edit ] Influence on antisemitism
Regardless of what Shakespeare's own intentions may have been, the play has been made use of by antisemites throughout the play's history. One must note that the end of the title in the 1619 edition "With the Extreme Cruelty of Shylock the Jew…" must describe how Shylock was viewed by the English public. The Nazis used Shylock for their propaganda . Shortly after Kristallnacht in 1938, The Merchant of Venice was broadcast for propagandistic ends over the German airwaves. Productions of the play followed in Lübeck (1938), Berlin (1940), and elsewhere within the Nazi territory. [8]
The depiction of Jews in English literature throughout the centuries bears the close imprint of Shylock. With slight variations much of English literature up until the 20th century depicts the Jew as "a monied, cruel, lecherous, avaricious outsider tolerated only because of his golden hoard". [9]
The character's name is a synonym for loan shark , and as a verb to shylock means to lend money at exorbitant rates .
"Pound of flesh" has also entered the lexicon as slang for a particularly onerous or unpleasant obligation.
[ edit ] References
^ Adler erroneously dates this from 1847 (at which time Kean was already dead); the Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice dates Kean's performance to a more likely 1814.
^ Adler 1999, 341.
^ Wells and Dobson, p. 290.
^ Adler 1999, 342–44.
^ Adler 1999, 344–350
^ Philipe Burrin, Nazi Anti-Semitism: From Prejudice to Holocaust. The New Press, 2005, ISBN 1-56584-969-8 , p. 17.
It was not until the twelfth century that in northern Europe (England, Germany, and France), a region until then peripheral but at this point expanding fast, a form of Judeophobia developed that was considerably more violent because of a new dimension of imagined behaviors, including accusations that Jews engaged in ritual murder, profanation of the host, and the poisoning of wells. With the preduces of the day against Jews, atheists and non christians in general Jews found it hard to fit in with society. Some say that these attitudes provided the foundations of anti-semitism in the 20th century. "
^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Venice
^ Lecture by James Shapiro: "Shakespeare and the Jews"
^ The Fictive Jew in the Literature of England 1890-1920 David Mirsky in the Samuel K. Mirsky Memorial Volume.
[ edit ] Bibliography
Adler, Jacob , A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0 .
Smith, Rob: Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice. ISBN 0-521-00816-6 .
Pooja Rohra, Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy. Touchstone: 1994. ISBN 0-671-88386-0 .
Alisha Patel, Shylock Is Shakespeare. University of Chicago Press: 2006. ISBN 0-226-30977-0 .
Lara Baxter, Shakespeare and the Jews. Columbia University Press: 1997. ISBN 0-231-10345-X .
Joseph Shatzmiller, Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society. University of California Press: 1990. ISBN 0-520-06635-9 .
Martin Yaffe, Shylock and the Jewish Question. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1997. ISBN 0-8018-5648-5 .
M.G. Vassanji, The In-Between World of Vikram Lall. Doubleday Canada: 2003. ISBN 0-385-65990-3 .
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Disclaimers
Parliament Thursday debated the rising food prices, but very few MPs were present in the Lok Sabha to discuss the issue.India has said government officials will be banned from holding posts in religion-oriented institutions, as it tabled a report on the razing of a mosque 17 years ago that caused widespread riots.
Today, one of my friends in ONGC, a Exploration scientist called me at home and wanted to meet me. I called him in my Office in the Evening. He came with with a Bamcef Vodkar Activist, Sanjay das based in Lucknow and entrusted with the task of Mobilisation in Bengal. The Scienties informed me that the ONGC explorated the KG basin but RIL has got the maximum benefit.He was worried of Disinvestment Drive in PSUS, listing of Oil companies and we also discussed the Auction of Oil Fields. Mr Das invited me for their Seminar to be held on 29th. We discussed a little bit Ideology and I had to warn the young friends that there would not be any so called social Movement once Resrvation and Quota FINISHED. beause the Ambedkarites have nothing to do the Ambedkarite Ideology and Reluctant to involve themselves in Resistance at any level. They gather just to harvest the Benefit of the Constitutional safeguards and NEVER do understand the Economy and Hegemony. In Bengal, the SC and OBC Comminities have reduced themselves as Converted Brahamins and I see no scope for any Change whatsoever in Bengal in near Future! Rather I am interseted in Mobilising all Social and Producive forces including the Ambedkarites and nationality Movements altogther.
During my travel in Princep Ghat Down local this evening I had the normal interactions with daily commuters who were rather interested in Card Playing.We were talking of Price rising and market scenerio. Everytyhing is available in Open Market Provided you have the Purcahsing Power. Nothing is Prohibited. You amy get Rs Seven Hundred KILO Tortoise meat in Open Market. Drugs and Wine available and human Trafficking is quite Profitable as SONAGACHHI Extends day by day. Even HUMAN Meat might be available and the Marketing government would be pleased to cater it to the Consumers of shining Sensex India!
According to the PakTribune , cannibalism is still being practiced in India by members Hindu Aghora sect. Even more amazing is the implication that this sect may be responsible for the deaths of Western tourists who go missing - sacrifices for Indian religion. It is also indicated more than once that babies and children are prized sacrifices for cannibalistic consumption.
Ritual murder of babies? Cannibalism for spiritual power? The PakTribune is a Pakistani news outlet and it seems much more likely that the story is designed to inflame passions against India than to inform about a weird and possibly dangerous religious sect.
Prices to climb further because the global economy is growing again, RBA official says!Exxaro Resources said that coal prices were likely to rise to between $70 (R522) and $75 per tonne in 2010 from around $65 per tonne this year on the back of rising global demand.India's rupee fell for the first time in three days on speculation the nation's refiners stepped up purchases of dollars to guard against rising oil costs.Rice prices may return to last year's record levels and the world will see repeated food shortages without investment to boost production, the International Rice Research Institute said.China's stimulus spending has fueled massive overexpansion in industrial capacity that could drive a surge in low-priced exports amid weak global demand, possibly igniting a protectionist backlash abroad, a European business group warned Thursday.
As the horrors of the 26/11 strike came back to haunt India, people from all walks of life remember the day and speak out against terror.On the other hand,the government is "deeply concerned" about rising prices and will take all fiscal and monetary measures to contain prices, the finance minister said on Thursday.The dollar's sway over energy markets was on full display Wednesday, with oil and gasoline futures rising sharply as the U.S. currency tumbled to 15-month lows.Crude prices had been trading relatively flat, even after the government reported supplies grew by 1 million barrels last week.
"We are deeply concerned when prices go high," Pranab Mukherjee told parliament. "It will have to done by us - control of monetary policy, control of credit policy, control of fiscal policy."
Three Non Government Organisations (NGOs) will launch a campaign from November 28 to disprove the Madhya Pradesh Government's claim that the huge waste lying in the defunct Union Carbide Factory here was not toxic and hazardous.
"The campaign will start on November 28 -- five days before the 25th anniversary of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in which thousands of people were killed and maimed," Bhopal Group for Information and Action Convener Satinath Sarangi told reporters here on Thursday. Sarangi said that Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan and State Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Minister Babulal Gaur were favouring Dow Chemicals which has taken over Union Carbide, claiming that waste lying in the factory was not toxic.
Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Well Ness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!The first anniversary of the horrific 26/11 Mumbai terror carnage was also the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Indian constitution but sadly, this did not get the attention it deserved, a Rajya Sabha MP lamented Thursday.
Singur to Lalgarh, the Circle is COMPLETE to understand how our Democracy works. How the grass root level people have the opportunities to liberate themselves with their identities and nationalities, folk roots INTACT ! I also tried to trace the history of Genocide Culture, Americanisation of Indian Society, Politics and economics and the Global Resistance. I updated the Subaltern studies, literature, culture and History as much as possible! I tried to be interactive and my blogs have always been Open Forum where I posted correspondence and updates from both the Hemisphere!
Farmers, protesting the state government's sugarcane pricing policy, on Thursday stopped trains, pelted stones at cars and buses, blocked highways and clashed with police in Uttar Pradesh's Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat and Faizabad districts, officials said. No casualties were reported in the violence till evening.
Several groups of farmers vandalised public and private property in Muzaffarnagar's Ahlam town, about 350 km from Lucknow, and also damaged rail tracks there.
I tried to trace the Chronology in my Blogs as I could not get any space in mainstream media for these issues as a creative writer or professional journalist.
I tried to present a first version story and analysis with maximum information and updates with relevant material and links.
Humanitarian Catastrophe! ECONOMY and POLITICS Combined CRETES SO A MANY GAZAS at HOME Like NANDIGRAM, SINGUR, PASCO and MARICHJHANPI!
SATYAM ASATYAM EPISODE is NOTHING but an EXPOSURE of the PERSECUTION
of the Productive FORCES and the DECIET ffaced by Generation Next!
MARXIST IDEOLOGY Brahaminised BRUTALLY!
My father Pulin Kumar Biswas never believed communists after Telengana and Dhiri Block betrayal. During seventies, while I was engaged in students` movement and later in Uttarakhand sangharsha Vahini, he would never listen any reference to ideology. Rather he sounded like George Bernard Shaw who said, `"The Apple Cart exposes the unreality of both democracy and royalty as our idealists conceive them." In fact, The Apple Cart is a treatise on the impossibility of any kind of government. Democracy, autocracy, and monarchy are all making the best of a bad situation, and none of them is doing very well. Shaw is no anarchist; he simply wants us to recognize, as King Magnus does, the invisible shackles that trip government and turn it into a farce. Shaw wrote in the `Preface to Apple Cart', Besides, the conflict is not really between royalty and democracy. It is between both and plutocracy, which, having destroyed the royal power by frank force under democratic pretexts, has bought and swallowed democracy. Money talks: money prints: money broadcasts: money reigns; and kings and labor leaders alike have to register its decrees, and even, by a staggering paradox, to finance its enterprises and guarantee its profits. Democracy is no longer bought: it is bilked. Ministers who are Socialists to the backbone are as helpless in the grip of Breakages Limited as its acknowledged henchmen: from the moment when they attain to what is with unintentional irony called power (meaning the drudgery of carrying on for the plutocrats) they no longer dare even to talk of nationalizing any industry, however socially vital, that has a farthing of profit for plutocracy still left in it, or that can be made to yield a farthing for it by subsidies.'
Ideology sounds always good. It was good enough in Soviet Union and in the entire communist world. What happened , it is history.
I was just born and I have simply no memory of Dhimri Block uprising in Himalayan terai. but I had enough opportunity to witness the trail and victimisation. In late sixties the communists in terai played the role of landbrokers in the same way as buddha is doing it in West Bengal on full scale. In our Bengali Refugee areas the communist villages were Netaji Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Pipulia, Chandipur, etc. Most of the communist peasants in these villages lost their land and leaders had their hand.
When Bengali refugees settled in MP, Maharashtra, Andhra and Orrissa were planning to launch Marichjhapi agitaion, my father Pulin Kumar Biswas went to Mana Camp and tried to convince the refugees that it will be a folly to depend on the communist leaders in West Bengal. Jyoti Basu had visited Vilai and ram chatterjee went to mana to mobilise the agitation. Since my father has a very good relations with ND Tiwari and KC pant, the rfugee leaders did not believe him . He was the president of all India Bengali Refugee committe. He was mishandled and was saved by police. My father came back to Nainital and no refugee joined this Matrichjhapi movement under his influence ie UP, Bihar and Assam. What happened is Marichjhapi genocide by the Jyoti Basu government. I also protested the movement purely on ecological ground as I believed that sundar Van must be protected and Marichjhapi won`t solve the refugee problem. My father was very sad that no refugee movement could be mobilised in bengal and he held left responsible for this.
My father died in 2001. I still have faith in communist ideologybut I see the picture of ideological betrayal very clear. Sumit Sarkar and Tanika Sarkar always supported CPI-M and they are out to lodge their protest on indiscriminate land garbbing. Mahashweta Devi, arundhati Roy, Aparna Sen, Meeratul Naher, Ratan Basu Majumdar and the entire Bengal intellegentia is known for its left ideology. Even Medha Patekar launched so many movements with left countrywide. Now everyone is against left. Why? so everyone turns to be Naxalite!
Gold struck another historic peak of Rs 18,000 per ten gram in the national capital today on sustained buying by stockists for the current marriage season amid a weakening dollar and reports that more central banks might purchase gold from the IMF. The yellow metal spurted by Rs 220 to Rs 18,000 per ten gram, a level never seen before, on seasonal buying and as prices in international markets touched record levels with the dollar extending its losses. Traders said a weak dollar made the precious metal cheaper for buyers using stronger currencies.
Gold hit 1,180.20 dollars an ounce shortly after 1230 IST in trading on the London Bullion Market. The yellow metal is benefiting from its reputation as a hedge against inflation and anaemic economic growth in the West.
The gold has rallied 11 per cent after India bought 200 metric tons of gold from the International Monetary Fund in October. Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Russia have followed suit since then.
"Gold is moving on fast pace ever since the central banks started purchasing the metal," said Rakesh Anand of R K Jeweller, and added the market already passing through a bullish time on buying for the current marriage season. The precious metal in Asian region traded 0.8 per cent higher at 1,179.20 dollar an ounce while in futures trading in New York surged to record 1,181.60 dollar an ounce.
Since parliament opened last week, opposition parties had been demanding a "long debate" over the "burning issue" of rising prices of essential commodities. But when it finally happened, most MPs were absent.
At one point during the debate, only 80 of the 545 Lok Sabha members were in the house. And the presence never crossed 90 till 4 p.m. after the debate began at 1.30 p.m.
Even Leader of Opposition L.K. Advani was absent and so was his deputy Sushma Swaraj and most Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) members.
Among the treasury benches were a few ministers including Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar, who was the target of criticism from the MPs who spoke.
The issue has brought together adversaries like the Left parties, the BJP, the Samajwadi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party and the Rashtriya Lok Dal of Ajit Singh, who was also absent.
BJP's Murli Manohar Joshi in his long speech alleged that the government was "ignoring the farming community and deliberately not allowing the country to be self-sufficient" in food.
"Your pricing policy is anti-people," Joshi said. "You are serving your friends in the US at the cost of the poor."
Quoting an article by veteran journalist and former MP Kuldip Nayar, the BJP leader said the government had not realised that the growth rate doesn't reduce poverty and hunger. "It aggravates both."
He said the model of industrial agriculture and globalised trade on food are responsible for the hunger and farmers "inevitably depend on debt".
"You are putting at stake our sovereignty by continuously making the country dependent on food import," he said.
"Wake up, Mr Agriculture Minister. Be courageous and tell your government that your policies are wrong."
Samajwadi Party chief Mulayam Singh Yadav said the government was ignoring India's annual food inflation that has touched a new high.
"Please, Mr Minister, tell us why is this happening. Why is India weakening day by day? Why cannot you control prices? You are known as farmers' leader and still Indian farmers are suffering," he said, as the minister was seen dozing off during the debate.
Mulayam Singh said one-fourth of the nation's wealth belonged to only 100 families.
"How much will you help them in growing their wealth and ignoring a poor farmer?" he asked.
Taking a dig at the government's pricing policy, the Samajwadi Party leader said: "A farmer is made to sell his crop cheaply and when he goes to buy commodities, he finds them unaffordable. Why? Which policy are you following?"
The house debated as India's annual food inflation based on the official wholesale price index jumped to 15.58 percent for the week ended Nov 14, as prices of potatoes more than doubled, while onion became dearer by 27 percent over the past 52 weeks.
Cannibalism
The term cannibalism means the eating of human flesh by human beings, and/or eating of animals by members of their own species. Cannibalism was derived from the Carib Indians, discovered by Christopher Columbus, of the West Indies. The Caribs were man-eaters, and the Spanish name for the tribe was Canibales, meaning bloodthirsty and cruel.
The practice of cannibalism reaches back into antiquity and has been found in many areas of the world. Evidence indicates that it may have been practiced as early as the Neolithic Period. The Greek historian Herodotus and other ancient writers gave accounts of various ancient people as being cannibals. Marco Polo reported tribes ranging from Tibet to Sumatra who practiced cannibalism. North American Indian tribes of the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico practiced cannibalism. Until recently the practice prevailed throughout much of central and western Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Sumatra, New Guinea, Polynesia, and remote portions of South America.
Cannibalism at times has had religious significance. This stems from the belief that the person who eats of the deceased person acquires the desired qualities or characteristics of that person, which resemble the theory of sympathetic magic ; examples of this are seen in Attraction of Blood . Rituals were performed for many reasons including purification, pacification of gods, and ancestor worship. In a few instances cannibalism has been practiced for just revenge. In other cases it was believed that the ghost of the enemy would be utterly destroyed when his body was eaten, thus leaving nothing in which his spirit could exist.
Some examples of religious cannibalism are these: The Binderwurs of central India ate their sick and aged in the belief that the act was pleasing to their goddess Kali. In Mexico the Aztecs to their deities sacrificed thousands of human victims annually. Following the sacrifices, the Aztec priest and people ate the bodies of the victims believing the acts brought them closer to their gods.
Cannibalism is nearly considered a taboo among Western cultures and the instances of it occurring are extremely rare. In the case of starvation it has occurred. Two notable cases are the first in America, the Donner Party caught crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California during the winter of 1846-1847; and the second in Chile in 1972, sixteen members of a Uruguayan soccer team survived for 70 days after their airliner crashed in the Andres Mountains.
Some animals have been known to participate in cannibalism. Wolves are known to eat injured members of their packs. Rats and pigs have been observed eating the young of their species. Among insect it is well know that the female spider eats the male after mating. Larger mantes often eat smaller ones, and the female mantis devours the male. A.G.H.
By: Dr. Sam Vaknin
"I believe that when man evolves a civilization higher than the mechanized but still primitive one he has now, the eating of human flesh will be sanctioned. For then man will have thrown off all of his superstitions and irrational taboos."
(Diego Rivera)
"One calls 'barbarism' whatever he is not accustomed to."
(Montaigne, On Cannibalism)
"Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed."
(New Testament, John 6:53-55)
Cannibalism (more precisely, anthropophagy) is an age-old tradition that, judging by a constant stream of flabbergasted news reports, is far from extinct. Much-debated indications exist that our Neanderthal, Proto-Neolithic, and Neolithic (Stone Age) predecessors were cannibals. Similarly contested claims were made with regards to the 12th century advanced Anasazi culture in the southwestern United States and the Minoans in Crete (today's Greece).
The Britannica Encyclopedia (2005 edition) recounts how the "Binderwurs of central India ate their sick and aged in the belief that the act was pleasing to their goddess, Kali." Cannibalism may also have been common among followers of the Shaktism cults in India.
Other sources attribute cannibalism to the 16th century Imbangala in today's Angola and Congo, the Fang in Cameroon, the Mangbetu in Central Africa, the Ache in Paraguay, the Tonkawa in today's Texas, the Calusa in current day Florida, the Caddo and Iroquois confederacies of Indians in North America, the Cree in Canada, the Witoto, natives of Colombia and Peru, the Carib in the Lesser Antilles (whose distorted name - Canib - gave rise to the word "cannibalism"), to Maori tribes in today's New Zealand, and to various peoples in Sumatra (like the Batak).
The Wikipedia numbers among the practitioners of cannibalism the ancient Chinese, the Korowai tribe of southeastern Papua, the Fore tribe in New Guinea (and many other tribes in Melanesia), the Aztecs, the people of Yucatan, the Purchas from Popayan, Colombia, the denizens of the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia, and the natives of the captaincy of Sergipe in Brazil.
From Congo and Central Africa to Germany and from Mexico to New Zealand, cannibalism is enjoying a morbid revival of interest, if not of practice. A veritable torrent of sensational tomes and movies adds to our ambivalent fascination with man-eaters.
Cannibalism is not a monolithic affair. It can be divided thus:
I. Non-consensual consumption of human flesh post-mortem
For example, when the corpses of prisoners of war are devoured by their captors. This used to be a common exercise among island tribes (e.g., in Fiji, the Andaman and Cook islands) and is still the case in godforsaken battle zones such as Congo (formerly Zaire), or among the defeated Japanese soldiers in World War II.
Similarly, human organs and fetuses as well as mummies are still being gobbled up - mainly in Africa and Asia - for remedial and medicinal purposes and in order to enhance one's libido and vigor.
On numerous occasions the organs of dead companions, colleagues, family, or neighbors were reluctantly ingested by isolated survivors of horrid accidents (the Uruguay rugby team whose plane crashed in the Andes, the boat people fleeing Asia), denizens of besieged cities (e.g., during the siege of Leningrad), members of exploratory expeditions gone astray (the Donner Party in Sierra Nevada, California and John Franklin's Polar expedition), famine-stricken populations (Ukraine in the 1930s, China in the 1960s), and the like.
Finally, in various pre-nation-state and tribal societies, members of the family were encouraged to eat specific parts of their dead relatives as a sign of respect or in order to partake of the deceased's wisdom, courage, or other positive traits (endocannibalism).
II. Non-consensual consumption of human flesh from a live source
For example, when prisoners of war are butchered for the express purpose of being eaten by their victorious enemies.
A notorious and rare representative of this category of cannibalism is the punitive ritual of being eaten alive. The kings of the tribes of the Cook Islands were thought to embody the gods. They punished dissent by dissecting their screaming and conscious adversaries and consuming their flesh piecemeal, eyeballs first.
The Sawney Bean family in Scotland, during the reign of King James I, survived for decades on the remains (and personal belongings) of victims of their murderous sprees.
Real-life serial killers , like Jeffrey Dahmer, Albert Fish, Sascha Spesiwtsew, Fritz Haarmann, Issei Sagawa, and Ed Gein , lured, abducted, and massacred countless people and then consumed their flesh and preserved the inedible parts as trophies. These lurid deeds inspired a slew of books and films, most notably The Silence of the Lambs with Hannibal (Lecter) the Cannibal as its protagonist.
III. Consensual consumption of human flesh from live and dead human bodies
Armin Meiwes, the "Master Butcher (Der Metzgermeister)", arranged over the Internet to meet Bernd Jurgen Brandes on March 2001. Meiwes amputated the penis of his guest and they both ate it. He then proceeded to kill Brandes (with the latter's consent recorded on video), and snack on what remained of him. Sexual cannibalism is a paraphilia and an extreme - and thankfully, rare - form of fetishism.
The Aztecs willingly volunteered to serve as human sacrifices (and to be tucked into afterwards). They firmly believed that they were offerings, chosen by the gods themselves, thus being rendered immortal.
Dutiful sons and daughters in China made their amputated organs and sliced tissues (mainly the liver) available to their sick parents (practices known as Ko Ku and Ko Kan). Such donation were considered remedial. Princess Miao Chuang who surrendered her severed hands to her ailing father was henceforth deified.
Non-consensual cannibalism is murder, pure and simple. The attendant act of cannibalism, though aesthetically and ethically reprehensible, cannot aggravate this supreme assault on all that we hold sacred.
But consensual cannibalism is a lot trickier. Modern medicine, for instance, has blurred the already thin line between right and wrong.
What is the ethical difference between consensual, post-mortem, organ harvesting and consensual, post-mortem cannibalism?
Why is stem cell harvesting (from aborted fetuses) morally superior to consensual post-mortem cannibalism?
When members of a plane-wrecked rugby team, stranded on an inaccessible, snow-piled, mountain range resort to eating each other in order to survive, we turn a blind eye to their repeated acts of cannibalism - but we condemn the very same deed in the harshest terms if it takes place between two consenting, and even eager adults in Germany. Surely, we don't treat murder, pedophilia, and incest the same way!
As the Auxiliary Bishop of Montevideo said after the crash:
"... Eating someone who has died in order to survive is incorporating their substance, and it is quite possible to compare this with a graft. Flesh survives when assimilated by someone in extreme need, just as it does when an eye or heart of a dead man is grafted onto a living man..."
(Read, P.P. 1974. Alive. Avon, New York)
Complex ethical issues are involved in the apparently straightforward practice of consensual cannibalism.
Consensual, in vivo, cannibalism (a-la Messrs. Meiwes and Brandes) resembles suicide. The cannibal is merely the instrument of voluntary self-destruction. Why would we treat it different to the way we treat any other form of suicide pact?
Consensual cannibalism is not the equivalent of drug abuse because it has no social costs. Unlike junkies, the cannibal and his meal are unlikely to harm others. What gives society the right to intervene, therefore?
If we own our bodies and, thus, have the right to smoke, drink, have an abortion, commit suicide, and will our organs to science after we die - why don't we possess the inalienable right to will our delectable tissues to a discerning cannibal post-mortem (or to victims of famine in Africa)?
When does our right to dispose of our organs in any way we see fit crystallize? Is it when we die? Or after we are dead ? If so, what is the meaning and legal validity of a living will? And why can't we make a living will and bequeath our cadaverous selves to the nearest cannibal?
Do dead people have rights and can they claim and invoke them while they are still alive? Is the live person the same as his dead body, does he "own" it, does the state have any rights in it? Does the corpse still retain its previous occupant's "personhood"? Are cadavers still human , in any sense of the word?
We find all three culinary variants abhorrent. Yet, this instinctive repulsion is a curious matter. The onerous demands of survival should have encouraged cannibalism rather than make it a taboo. Human flesh is protein-rich. Most societies, past and present (with the exception of the industrialized West), need to make efficient use of rare protein-intensive resources.
If cannibalism enhances the chances of survival - why is it universally prohibited? For many a reason.
I. The Sanctity of Life
Historically, cannibalism preceded, followed, or precipitated an act of murder or extreme deprivation (such as torture ). It habitually clashed with the principle of the sanctity of life . Once allowed, even under the strictest guidelines, cannibalism tended to debase and devalue human life and foster homicide, propelling its practitioners down a slippery ethical slope towards bloodlust and orgiastic massacres.
II. The Afterlife
Moreover, in life, the human body and form are considered by most religions (and philosophers) to be the abode of the soul, the divine spark that animates us all. The post-mortem integrity of this shrine is widely thought to guarantee a faster, unhindered access to the afterlife, to immortality, and eventual reincarnation (or karmic cycle in eastern religions).
For this reason, to this very day, orthodox Jews refuse to subject their relatives to a post-mortem autopsy and organ harvesting. Fijians and Cook Islanders used to consume their enemies' carcasses in order to prevent their souls from joining hostile ancestors in heaven.
III. Chastening Reminders
Cannibalism is a chilling reminder of our humble origins in the animal kingdom . To the cannibal, we are no better and no more than cattle or sheep. Cannibalism confronts us with the irreversibility of our death and its finality. Surely, we cannot survive our demise with our cadaver mutilated and gutted and our skeletal bones scattered, gnawed, and chewed on?
IV. Medical Reasons
Infrequently, cannibalism results in prion diseases of the nervous system, such as kuru. The same paternalism that gave rise to the banning of drug abuse, the outlawing of suicide , and the Prohibition of alcoholic drinks in the 1920s - seeks to shelter us from the pernicious medical outcomes of cannibalism and to protect others who might become our victims.
V. The Fear of Being Objectified
Being treated as an object (being objectified) is the most torturous form of abuse . People go to great lengths to seek empathy and to be perceived by others as three dimensional entities with emotions, needs, priorities, wishes, and preferences.
The cannibal reduces others by treating them as so much meat. Many cannibal serial killers transformed the organs of their victims into trophies. The Cook Islanders sought to humiliate their enemies by eating, digesting, and then defecating them - having absorbed their mana (prowess, life force) in the process.
VI. The Argument from Nature
Cannibalism is often castigated as "unnatural". Animals, goes the myth, don't prey on their own kind.
Alas, like so many other romantic lores, this is untrue. Most species - including our closest relatives, the chimpanzees - do cannibalize. Cannibalism in nature is widespread and serves diverse purposes such as population control (chickens, salamanders, toads), food and protein security in conditions of scarcity (hippopotamuses, scorpions, certain types of dinosaurs), threat avoidance (rabbits, mice, rats, and hamsters), and the propagation of genetic material through exclusive mating (Red-back spider and many mantids).
Moreover, humans are a part of nature. Our deeds and misdeeds are natural by definition. Seeking to tame nature is a natural act. Seeking to establish hierarchies and subdue or relinquish our enemies are natural propensities. By avoiding cannibalism we seek to transcend nature. Refraining from cannibalism is the unnatural act.
VIII. The Argument from Progress
It is a circular syllogism involving a tautology and goes like this:
Cannibalism is barbaric. Cannibals are, therefore, barbarians. Progress entails the abolition of this practice.
The premises - both explicit and implicit - are axiomatic and, therefore, shaky. What makes cannibalism barbarian? And why is progress a desirable outcome? There is a prescriptive fallacy involved, as well:
Because we do not eat the bodies of dead people - we ought not to eat them.
VIII. Arguments from Religious Ethics
The major monotheistic religions are curiously mute when it comes to cannibalism. Human sacrifice is denounced numerous times in the Old Testament - but man-eating goes virtually unmentioned. The Eucharist in Christianity - when the believers consume the actual body and blood of Jesus - is an act of undisguised cannibalism:
"That the consequence of Transubstantiation, as a conversion of the total substance, is the transition of the entire substance of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ, is the express doctrine of the Church ...."
(Catholic Encyclopedia)
"CANON lI.-If any one saith, that, in the sacred and holy sacrament of the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine remains conjointly with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and denieth that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the Body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the Blood-the species Only of the bread and wine remaining-which conversion indeed the Catholic Church most aptly calls Transubstantiation; let him be anathema.
CANON VIII.-lf any one saith, that Christ, given in the Eucharist, is eaten spiritually only, and not also sacramentally and really; let him be anathema."
(The Council of Trent, The Thirteenth Session - The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent, Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth (London: Dolman, 1848), 75-91.)
Still, most systems of morality and ethics impute to Man a privileged position in the scheme of things (having been created in the "image of God"). Men and women are supposed to transcend their animal roots and inhibit their baser instincts (an idea incorporated into Freud's tripartite model of the human psyche). The anthropocentric chauvinistic view is that it is permissible to kill all other animals in order to consume their flesh. Man, in this respect, is sui generis.
Yet, it is impossible to rigorously derive a prohibition to eat human flesh from any known moral system. As Richard Routley-Silvan observes in his essay "In Defence of Cannibalism", that something is innately repugnant does not make it morally prohibited. Moreover, that we find cannibalism nauseating is probably the outcome of upbringing and conditioning rather than anything innate.
According to Greek mythology, Man was created from the ashes of the Titans, the children of Uranus and Gaea, whom Zeus struck with thunderbolts for murdering his son, Zagreus, and then devouring his body. Mankind, therefore, is directly descendant from the Titans, who may well have been the first cannibals.
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How rising prices affect you
April 14, 2008
The annual rate of inflation in India which was below 4 per cent in the first week of January soared to a staggering 7.41 per cent by the last week of march and is expected to move up even further.
With prices of essential commodities almost doubling in less than 3 months, the household budget has gone for a toss. Now with the Reserve Bank of India hinting at a rise in interest rates, the common man is in for tougher times ahead.
Rising prices have forced India's United Progressive Alliance government to take urgent measures -- like banning export of non-basmati rice, pulses, edible oil and cement -- to rein in runaway inflation. High inflation rate has taken a political colour in the country with the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party and Left allies accusing the government of its failure to address the aam aadmi's woes.
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Among the products primarily responsible for the current inflation are food products of different kinds, including cereals, intermediates like metals and the universal intermediate, oil.
So why are prices rising and how do these affect people like you and me? Read on. . .
Image: Activists from Trinamool Congress and its new ally Socialist Unity Centre of India shout slogans as they take part in a protest against inflation in Kolkata. | Photograph: Deshakalyan Chowdhury/AFP/Getty Images
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For other uses, see Cannibal (disambiguation) .
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . Please improve this article if you can. (September 2008)
Cannibalism in Brazil in 1557 as told by Hans Staden .
A woman cannibal, by Leonhard Kern , 1650
Cannibalism (from Caníbalis, the Spanish name for the Carib people [1] ), also called anthropophagy, is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh of other human beings.
The term "cannibalism" is also used in zoology to mean the act of any species consuming members of its own kind . The expression " cannibalization " is in addition used metaphorically outside of biological fields to refer to the reuse of parts or ideas or to situations such as when a company's assets eat into its other assets. This article is about human cannibalism.
Cannibalism has recently been both practiced and fiercely condemned in several wars, especially in Liberia [2] and Congo. [3] Today, the Korowai are one of very few tribes still believed to eat human flesh. [4] [5] It is also still known to be practiced as a ritual and in war in various Melanesian tribes. [6]
The closely related practice of headhunting continued in Europe until the early 20th century in the Balkan Peninsula and to the end of the Middle Ages in Ireland and the Scottish Marches . [21]
Contents
Note that cannibalism is not mentioned in the formal index of insanity, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , presumably due to its rarity. The medical literature on the topic is likewise sparse. Cecil Adams discussed this in a 2004 edition in his popular newspaper column The Straight Dope headed " Eat or be eaten: Is cannibalism a pathology as listed in the DSM-IV? ."
There are fundamentally two kinds of cannibalistic social behavior; endocannibalism (eating humans from the same community) and exocannibalism (eating humans from other communities).
A separate ethical distinction can be made to delineate between the practice of killing a human for food (homicidal cannibalism) versus eating the flesh of a person who was already dead (necro-cannibalism).
[ edit ] Overview
The social stigma against cannibalism has been used as an aspect of propaganda against an enemy by accusing them of acts of cannibalism to separate them from their humanity . The Carib tribe in the Lesser Antilles , from whom the word cannibalism derives, for example, acquired a longstanding reputation as cannibals following the recording of their legends by Fr. Breton in the 17th century. Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends and the prevalence of actual cannibalism in the culture.
During their period of expansion in the 15th through 17th centuries, Europeans equated cannibalism with evil and savagery. In the 16th century, Pope Innocent IV declared cannibalism a sin deserving to be punished by Christians through force of arms and Queen Isabella of Spain decreed that Spanish colonists could only legally enslave natives who were cannibals, giving the colonists an economic interest in making such allegations. This was used as a justification for employing violent means to subjugate native people. This theme dates back to Columbus' accounts of a supposedly ferocious group of man-eaters who lived in the Caribbean islands and parts of South America called the Caniba, which gave us the word cannibal. [22]
The Korowai tribe of southeastern Papua could be one of the last surviving tribes in the world engaging in cannibalism, although there have been media reports of soldiers/rebels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia eating body parts [23] to intimidate child soldiers or captives. [24] Marvin Harris has analyzed cannibalism and other food taboos . He argued that it was common when humans lived in small bands, but disappeared in the transition to states, the Aztecs being an exception.
A well known case of mortuary cannibalism is that of the Fore tribe in New Guinea which resulted in the spread of the prion disease Kuru . It is often believed to be well-documented, although no eyewitnesses have ever been at hand. Some scholars argue that although postmortem dismemberment was the practice during funeral rites, cannibalism was not. Marvin Harris theorizes that it happened during a famine period coincident with the arrival of Europeans and was rationalized as a religious rite.
In pre-modern medicine, an explanation for cannibalism stated that it came about within a black acrimonious humour , which, being lodged in the linings of the ventricle , produced the voracity for human flesh. [25]
Some now-challenged research received a large amount of press attention when scientists suggested that early humans may have practiced cannibalism. Later reanalysis of the data found serious problems with this hypothesis. According to the original research, genetic markers commonly found in modern humans all over the world suggest that today many people carry a gene that evolved as protection against brain diseases that can be spread by consuming human brains. [26] Later reanalysis of the data claims to have found a data collection bias, which led to an erroneous conclusion: [27] that in some cases blame for incidents claimed as evidence has been given to 'primitive' local cultures, where in fact the cannibalism was practiced by explorers, stranded seafarers or escaped convicts. [28]
[ edit ] As cultural libel
See also: Blood libel
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . Please improve this section if you can. (May 2009)
Unsubstantiated reports of cannibalism disproportionately relate cases of cannibalism among cultures that are already otherwise despised, feared, or are little known. In antiquity, Greek reports of cannibalism, (often called anthropophagy in this context) were related to distant non-Hellenic barbarians , or else relegated in Greek mythology to the 'primitive' chthonic world that preceded the coming of the Olympian gods: see the explicit rejection of human sacrifice in the cannibal feast prepared for the Olympians by Tantalus of his son Pelops . All South Sea Islanders were cannibals so far as their enemies were concerned. When the whaleship Essex was rammed and sunk by a whale in 1820, the captain opted to sail 3000 miles upwind to Chile rather than 1400 miles downwind to the Marquesas because he had heard the Marquesans were cannibals. Ironically many of the survivors of the shipwreck resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.
However, Herman Melville happily lived with the Marquesan Typees (Taipi), rumoured to have been the most vicious of the island group's cannibal tribes, but also may have witnessed evidence of cannibalism. In his autobiographical novel Typee , he reports seeing shrunken heads and having strong evidence that the tribal leaders ceremonially consumed the bodies of killed warriors of the neighboring tribe after a skirmish.
William Arens , author of The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy (New York : Oxford University Press, 1979; ISBN 0-19-502793-0 ), questions the credibility of reports of cannibalism and argues that the description by one group of people of another people as cannibals is a consistent and demonstrable ideological and rhetorical device to establish perceived cultural superiority. Arens bases his thesis on a detailed analysis of numerous "classic" cases of cultural cannibalism cited by explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists. His findings were that many were steeped in racism, unsubstantiated, or based on second-hand or hearsay evidence. In combing the literature he could not find a single credible eye-witness account. And, as he points out, the hallmark of ethnography is the observation of a practice prior to description. In the end he concluded that cannibalism was not the widespread prehistoric practice it was claimed to be; that anthropologists were too quick to pin the cannibal label on a group based not on responsible research but on our own culturally-determined pre-conceived notions, often motivated by a need to exoticize. He wrote:
Anthropologists have made no serious attempt to disabuse the public of the widespread notion of the ubiquity of anthropophagists. ... in the deft hands and fertile imaginations of anthropologists, former or contemporary anthropophagists have multiplied with the advance of civilization and fieldwork in formerly unstudied culture areas. ...The existence of man-eating peoples just beyond the pale of civilization is a common ethnographic suggestion. [29]
Arens' findings are controversial, and have been cited as an example of postcolonial revisionism . [30] His argument is often mischaracterized as "cannibals do not and never did exist",[ citation needed ] when in the end the book is actually a call for a more responsible and reflective approach to anthropological research. At any rate, the book ushered in an era of rigorous combing of the cannibalism literature. By Arens' later admission, some cannibalism claims came up short, others were reinforced.
Conversely, Michel de Montaigne 's essay "Of cannibals" introduced a new multicultural note in European civilization. Montaigne wrote that "one calls 'barbarism' whatever he is not accustomed to." By using a title like that and describing a fair indigean society, Montaigne may have wished to provoke a surprise in the reader of his Essays.
Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault , 1819
Cannibalism has been occasionally practiced as a last resort by people suffering from famine . In colonial Jamestown , colonists resorted to cannibalism during a period known as the Starving Time , from 1609-1610. After food supplies were diminished, some colonists began to dig up corpses for food. During this time period, one man confessed to killing his pregnant wife, salting, and eating her, before being burned alive as punishment. [31]
In the US, the group of settlers known as the Donner party resorted to cannibalism while snowbound in the mountains for the winter. The last survivors of Sir John Franklin 's Expedition were found to have resorted to cannibalism in their final push across King William Island towards the Back River. [32] There are many claims that cannibalism was widespread during the famine of Ukraine in the 1930s, during the Siege of Leningrad in World War II , [33] [34] and during the Chinese Civil War and the Great Leap Forward in the People's Republic of China. [35] There were also rumors of several cannibalism outbreaks during World War II in the Nazi concentration camps where the prisoners were malnourished. [36] Cannibalism was also practiced by Japanese troops as recently as World War II in the Pacific theater. [37] A more recent example is of leaked stories from North Korean refugees of cannibalism practiced during and after a famine that occurred sometime between 1995 and 1997. [38]
Lowell Thomas records the cannibalisation of some of the surviving crew members of the Dumaru after the ship exploded and sank during the First World War in his book, The Wreck of the Dumaru (1930). Another case of shipwrecked survivors forced to engage in cannibalism was that of the Medusa , a French vessel which in 1816 ran aground on the Banc d'Arguin (English: The Bank of Arguin) off the coast of Africa, about sixty miles distant from shore.
In 1972, the survivors of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 , consisting of the rugby team from Stella Maris College in Montevideo and some of their family members, were resorted to cannibalism during their entrapment at the crash site. They had been stranded since October 13 and rescue operations at the crash site did not commence until December 22. The story of the survivors was chronicled in Piers Paul Read 's 1974 book, Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors , in a 1993 film adaptation of the book, called simply Alive , and in a 2008 documentary: Stranded: I've Come From a Plane That Crashed on the Mountains .
It is believed[ who? ] that cannibalism took place on Easter Island after the construction of the Moai caused an ecosystem collapse starting with the inaccessibility of wood to build fishing boats.[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] Themes in mythology and religion
Saturn Devouring His Son , from the Black Paintings series by Francisco de Goya , 1819
Cannibalism features in many mythologies, and is most often attributed to evil characters or as extreme retribution for some wrong. Examples include The witch in Hansel and Gretel and Baba Yaga of Slavic folklore .
A number of stories in Greek mythology involve cannibalism, in particular cannibalism of close family members, for example the stories of Thyestes , Tereus and especially Cronus , who was Saturn in the Roman pantheon. The story of Tantalus also parallels this. These mythologies inspired Shakespeare's cannibalism scene in Titus Andronicus .
In the Christian tradition, cannibalism is symbolically represented in the form of communion and the Eucharist . Protestants , in general, consider communion as symbolic, while Catholics teach that the Eucharist is literal, through their belief of transubstantiation . [39]
Hindu mythology describes evil demons called " asura " or " rakshasa " that dwell in the forests and practice extreme violence including devouring their own kind, and possess many evil supernatural powers. These are however the Hindu equivalent of "demons" and do not relate to actual tribes of forest-dwelling people.
The Wendigo (also Windigo, Weendigo, Windago, Windiga, Witiko, Wihtikow, and numerous other variants) is a mythical creature appearing in the mythology of the Algonquian people. It is a malevolent cannibalistic spirit into which humans could transform, or which could possess humans. Those who indulged in cannibalism were at particular risk [40] , and the legend appears to have reinforced this practice as taboo . The name is Wiindigoo in the Ojibwe language (the source of the English word [41] ), Wìdjigò in the Algonquin language , and Wīhtikōw in the Cree language ; the Proto-Algonquian term was *wi·nteko·wa, which probably originally meant "owl". [42]
[ edit ] Pre-history
Some anthropologists, such as Tim White , suggest that cannibalism was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period. This theory is based on the large amount of "butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites. [43] Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages. [44]
[ edit ] Early history
Cannibalism is mentioned many times in early history and literature. It is reported in the Bible during the siege of Samaria (2 Kings 6:25–30). Two women made a pact to eat their children; after the first mother cooked her child the second mother ate it but refused to reciprocate by cooking her own child. A similar story is reported by Flavius Josephus during the siege of Jerusalem by Rome in 70 AD, and the population of Numantia during the Roman Siege of Numantia in the second century BC was reduced to cannibalism and suicide. Cannibalism was also well-documented in Egypt during a famine caused by the failure of the Nile to flood for eight years (1073-1064 BCE).
As in modern times, though, reports of cannibalism were often told as apocryphal second and third-hand stories, with widely varying levels of accuracy. St. Jerome , in his letter Against Jovinianus , discusses how people come to their present condition as a result of their heritage, and then lists several examples of peoples and their customs. In the list, he mentions that he has heard that Atticoti eat human flesh and that Massagetae and Derbices (a people on the borders of India) kill and eat old people.(---The Tibareni crucify those whom they have loved before when they have grown old---). ; this points to likelihood that St. Jerome's writing came from rumours and does not represent the situation accurately. [45]
Researchers have found physical evidence of cannibalism in ancient times. In 2001, archaeologists at the University of Bristol found evidence of Iron Age cannibalism in Gloucestershire. [46] In Germany, Emil Carthaus and Dr. Bruno Bernhard have observed 1,891 signs of cannibalism in the caves at the Hönne (1000 - 700 BCE). [47]
[ edit ] Middle Ages
Ugolino and his sons in their cell, as painted by William Blake circa 1826. Ugolino della Gherardesca was an Italian nobleman that, together with his sons Gaddo and Uguccione and his grand-sons Nino and Anselmuccio were detained in the Muda , in March 1289 . The keys were thrown into the Arno river and the prisoners left to starve. According to Dante , the prisoners were slowly starved to death and before dying Ugolino's children begged him to eat their bodies.
During the Muslim-Qurayš wars in the early 7th century, cases of cannibalism have been reported. Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib , his liver was consumed by Hind bint 'Utbah , the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb (one of the commanders of the Qurayš army). [48] Although she later converted to Islam, and was the mother of Muawiyah I , the founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate , Muawiyah was later slandered to be an unacceptable leader and the son of a cannibal.
Reports of cannibalism were also recorded during the First Crusade , as Crusaders fed on the bodies of their dead opponents following the Siege of Ma'arrat al-Numan . It is also possible that the Crusaders staged such incidents as part of psychological warfare . Amin Maalouf also discusses further cannibalism incidents on the march to Jerusalem , and to the efforts made to delete mention of these from western history. [49] During Europe's Great Famine of 1315–1317 there were many reports of cannibalism among the starving populations. In North Africa , as in Europe, there are references to cannibalism as a last resort in times of famine . [50]
The Muslim explorer Ibn Batutta reported that one African king advised him that nearby people were cannibals (this may have been a prank played on Ibn Batutta by the king in order to fluster his guest).
For a brief time in Europe, an unusual form of cannibalism occurred when thousands of Egyptian mummies preserved in bitumen were ground up and sold as medicine. [51] The practice developed into a wide-scale business which flourished until the late 16th century. This "fad" ended because the mummies were revealed to actually be recently killed slaves. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form (see human mummy confection ). [52]
References to cannibalizing the enemy has also been seen in poetry written when China was repressed in the Song Dynasty , though the cannibalizing is perhaps poetic symbolism, expressing hatred towards the enemy (see Man Jiang Hong ).
While there is universal agreement that some Mesoamerican people practiced human sacrifice , there is a lack of scholarly consensus as to whether cannibalism in pre-Columbian America was widespread. At one extreme, anthropologist Marvin Harris, author of Cannibals and Kings , has suggested that the flesh of the victims was a part of an aristocratic diet as a reward, since the Aztec diet was lacking in proteins . While most pre-Columbian historians believe that there was ritual cannibalism related to human sacrifices, they do not support Harris's thesis that human flesh was ever a significant portion of the Aztec diet. [53] [54] [55]
[ edit ] Early modern era
European explorers and colonizers brought home many stories of cannibalism practiced by the native peoples they encountered. The friar Diego de Landa reported about Yucatán instances, Yucatan before and after the Conquest, translated from Relación de las cosas de Yucatan, 1566 ( New York : Dover Publications, 1978: 4), and there have been similar reports by Purchas from Popayán, Colombia , and from the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia , where human flesh was called long-pig (Alanna King, ed., Robert Louis Stevenson in the South Seas, London: Luzac Paragon House, 1987: 45–50). It is recorded about the natives of the captaincy of Sergipe in Brazil , "They eat human flesh when they can get it, and if a woman miscarries devour the abortive immediately. If she goes her time out, she herself cuts the navel-string with a shell , which she boils along with the secondine, and eats them both.'" (See E. Bowen, 1747: 532.)
Reports of cannibalism among the Texas tribes were often applied to the Karankawa and the Tonkawa . [56] [57] Though cannibals, the fierce Tonkawas were great friends of the white Texas settlers, helping them against all their enemies. [58] Among the North American tribes which practiced cannibalism in some form may be mentioned the Montagnais , and some of the tribes of Maine ; the Algonkin , Armouchiquois , Iroquois , and Micmac ; in the South the Seminole people who built the mounds in Florida , and the Tonkawa , Attacapa , Karankawa , Kiowa , Caddo , and Comanche (?); in the Northwest and West, portions of the continent, the Thlingchadinneh and other Athapascan tribes, the Tlingit , Heiltsuk , Kwakiutl , Tsimshian , Nootka , Siksika , some of the Californian tribes, and the Ute . There is also a tradition of the practice among the Hopi , and mentions of the custom among other tribes of New Mexico and Arizona . The Mohawk , and the Attacapa , Tonkawa , and other Texas tribes were known to their neighbours as "man-eaters." [59]
As with most lurid tales of native cannibalism, these stories are treated with a great deal of scrutiny, as accusations of cannibalism were often used as justifications for the subjugation or destruction of "savages." However, there were several well-documented cultures that engaged in regular eating of the dead, such as New Zealand's Maori . In one infamous 1809 incident, 66 passengers and crew of the ship the Boyd were killed and eaten by Māori on the Whangaroa peninsula, Northland. (See also: Boyd massacre ) Cannibalism was already a regular practice in Māori wars. [60] In another instance, on 11 July 1821 warriors from the Ngapuhi tribe killed 2,000 enemies and remained on the battlefield "eating the vanquished until they were driven off by the smell of decaying bodies". [61] Māori warriors fighting the New Zealand Government in Titokowaru's War in New Zealand's North Island in 1868–69 revived ancient rites of cannibalism as part of the radical Hauhau movement of the Pai Marire religion. [62]
Other islands in the Pacific were home to cultures that allowed cannibalism to some degree. The dense population of Marquesas Islands , Polynesia , was concentrated in the narrow valleys, and consisted of warring tribes, who sometimes cannibalized their enemies. In parts of Melanesia , cannibalism was still practiced in the early 20th century, for a variety of reasons — including retaliation, to insult an enemy people, or to absorb the dead person's qualities. [63] One tribal chief in Fiji is said to have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his achievement. [64] The ferocity of the cannibal lifestyle deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters, giving Fiji the name Cannibal Isles.
This period of time was also rife with instances of explorers and seafarers resorting to cannibalism for survival. The survivors of the sinking of the French ship Medusa in 1816 resorted to cannibalism after four days adrift on a raft and their plight was made famous by Théodore Géricault 's painting Raft of the Medusa . The misfortunes of the Donner Party in the United States are also well-known. After the sinking of the Essex of Nantucket by a whale, on November 20, 1820, (an important source event for Herman Melville 's Moby-Dick ) the survivors, in three small boats, resorted, by common consent, to cannibalism in order for some to survive. [65] Sir John Franklin 's lost polar expedition is another example of cannibalism out of desperation. [66]
The case of R v. Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273 (QB) is an English case which dealt with four crew members of an English yacht, the Mignonette, which were cast away in a storm some 1,600 miles (2,600 km) from the Cape of Good Hope . After several days one of the crew, a seventeen year old cabin boy, fell unconscious due to a combination of the famine and drinking seawater. The others (one possibly objecting) decided then to kill him and eat him. They were picked up four days later. Two of the three survivors were found guilty of murder. A significant outcome of this case was that necessity was determined to be no defence against a charge of murder.
Roger Casement writing to a consular colleague in Lisbon on 3 August 1903 from Lake Mantumba in the Congo Free State said: "The people round here are all cannibals. You never saw such a weird looking lot in your life. There are also dwarfs (called Batwas) in the forest who are even worse cannibals than the taller human environment. They eat man flesh raw! It's a fact." Casement then added how assailants would "bring down a dwarf on the way home, for the marital cooking pot...The Dwarfs, as I say, dispense with cooking pots and eat and drink their human prey fresh cut on the battlefield while the blood is still warm and running. These are not fairy tales my dear Cowper but actual gruesome reality in the heart of this poor, benighted savage land." (National Library of Ireland, MS 36,201/3)
[ edit ] Modern era
[ edit ] World War II
Finnish soldiers displaying the skins of the Soviet soldiers who were allegedly eaten by their own troops at Maaselkä in 1942.
Many instances of cannibalism by necessity were recorded during World War II . For example, during the 872-day Siege of Leningrad , reports of cannibalism began to appear in the winter of 1941–1942, after all birds, rats and pets were eaten by survivors. Leningrad police even formed a special division to combat cannibalism. [67] [68] Following the Soviet victory at Stalingrad it was found that some German soldiers in the besieged city, cut off from supplies, resorted to cannibalism. [69]
Later, in February 1943, roughly 100,000 German soldiers were taken prisoner of war (POW). Almost all of them were sent to POW camps in Siberia or Central Asia where, due to being chronically underfed by their Soviet captors, many resorted to cannibalism. Fewer than 5,000 of the prisoners taken at Stalingrad survived captivity. The majority, however, died early in their imprisonment due to exposure or sickness brought on by conditions in the surrounded army before the surrender. [70]
Collected ribs ostensibly belonging to a Soviet infiltrator during the Continuation War in Finland
In parts of Eastern Europe during World War II, there are anecdotal accounts of people finding human fingernails in sausage suggesting the foodstuffs were composed of human flesh.
Many written reports and testimonies collected by the Australian War Crimes Section of the Tokyo tribunal , and investigated by prosecutor William Webb (the future Judge-in-Chief), indicate that Japanese soldiers, in many parts of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , committed acts of cannibalism against Allied prisoners of war. According to historian Yuki Tanaka: "cannibalism was often a systematic activity conducted by whole squads and under the command of officers". [71]
In some cases, flesh was cut from living people. An Indian POW, Lance Naik Hatam Ali (later a citizen of Pakistan ), testified that in New Guinea: "the Japanese started selecting prisoners and every day one prisoner was taken out and killed and eaten by the soldiers. I personally saw this happen and about 100 prisoners were eaten at this place by the Japanese. The remainder of us were taken to another spot 50 miles [80 km] away where 10 prisoners died of sickness. At this place, the Japanese again started selecting prisoners to eat. Those selected were taken to a hut where their flesh was cut from their bodies while they were alive and they were thrown into a ditch where they later died." [72]
Another well-documented case occurred in Chichijima in February 1945, when Japanese soldiers killed and consumed five American airmen. This case was investigated in 1947 in a war crimes trial, and of 30 Japanese soldiers prosecuted, five (Maj. Matoba, Gen. Tachibana, Adm. Mori, Capt. Yoshii, and Dr. Teraki) were found guilty and hanged. [73] In his book Flyboys: A True Story of Courage , James Bradley details several instances of cannibalism of World War II Allied prisoners by their Japanese captors. The author claims that this included not only ritual cannibalization of the livers of freshly-killed prisoners, but also the cannibalization-for-sustenance of living prisoners over the course of several days, amputating limbs only as needed to keep the meat fresh. [74]
[ edit ] Other cases
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The Leopard Society were a West African society active into mid-1900s that practiced cannibalism. They were centred in Sierra Leone , Nigeria , Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire . The Leopard men would dress in leopard skins, waylaying travelers with sharp claw-like weapons in the form of leopards' claws and teeth. [75] The victims' flesh would be cut from their bodies and distributed to members of the society. [76] In Tanganyika , the Lion men committed an estimated 200 murders in a single three-month period. [77]
During the 1930s, multiple acts of cannibalism were reported from Ukraine and Russia 's Volga, South Siberian and Kuban regions during the Holodomor . [78]
Cannibalism was proven to have occurred in China during the Great Leap Forward , when rural China was hit hard by drought and famine . [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] Reports of cannibalism during the Cultural Revolution in China have also emerged. These reports show that cannibalism was practiced for ideological purposes. [84] [85]
Prior to 1931, New York Times reporter William Buehler Seabrook , allegedly in the interests of research, obtained from a hospital intern at the Sorbonne a chunk of human meat from the body of a healthy human killed by accident, and cooked and ate it. He reported that, "It was like good, fully developed veal , not young, but not yet beef. It was very definitely like that, and it was not like any other meat I had ever tasted. It was so nearly like good, fully developed veal that I think no person with a palate of ordinary, normal sensitiveness could distinguish it from veal. It was mild, good meat with no other sharply defined or highly characteristic taste such as for instance, goat, high game, and pork have. The steak was slightly tougher than prime veal, a little stringy, but not too tough or stringy to be agreeably edible. The roast, from which I cut and ate a central slice, was tender, and in color, texture, smell as well as taste, strengthened my certainty that of all the meats we habitually know, veal is the one meat to which this meat is accurately comparable." [86] [87]
The Soviet writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , in his novel The Gulag Archipelago , describes cases of cannibalism in the twentieth-century USSR . Of the famine in Povolzhie (1921–1922) he writes: "That horrible famine was up to cannibalism, up to consuming children by their own parents — the famine, which Russia had never known even in Time of Troubles [in 1601–1603]...". [88] He says of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–1944): "Those who consumed human flesh, or dealt with the human liver trading from dissecting rooms... were accounted as the political criminals...". [89] And of the building of Northern Railway Prisoners Camp ("SevZhelDorLag") Solzhenitsyn writes: "An ordinary hard working political prisoner almost could not survive at that penal camp. In the camp SevZhelDorLag (chief: colonel Klyuchkin) in 1946–47 there were many cases of cannibalism: they cut human bodies, cooked and ate." [90]
The Soviet journalist Yevgenia Ginzburg , former long-term political prisoner, who spent time in the Soviet prisons, Gulag camps and settlements from 1938 to 1955, describes in her memoir book "Harsh Route" (or "Steep Route") the case, which she was directly involved in late 1940s, after she had been moved to the prisoners' hospital. [91] "...The chief warder shows me the black smoked pot, filled with some food: 'I need your medical expertize regarding this meat.' I look into the pot, and hardly hold vomiting. The fibers of that meat are very small, and don't resemble me anything I have seen before. The skin on some pieces bristles with black hair (...) A former smith from Poltava, Kulesh worked together with Centurashvili. At this time, Centurashvili was only one month away from being discharged from the camp (...) And suddenly he surprisingly disappeared. The wardens looked around the hills, stated Kulesh's evidence, that last time Kulesh had seen his workmate near the fireplace, Kulesh went out to work and Centurashvili left to warm himself more; but when Kulesh returned to the fireplace, Centurashvili had vanished; who knows, maybe he got frozen somewhere in snow, he was a weak guy (...) The wardens searched for two more days, and then assumed that it was an escape case, though they wondered why, since his imprisonment period was almost over (...) The crime was there. Approaching the fireplace, Kulesh killed Centurashvili with an axe, burned his clothes, then dismembered him and hid the pieces in snow, in different places, putting specific marks on each burial place. (...) Just yesterday, one body part was found under two crossed logs."
| Shylock |
Who linked ‘Only When I Laugh’ and ‘The Beiderbecke Affair’? | nandigramunited: Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Wellness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!
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Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Wellness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!
Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Wellness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -Two Hundred Thirty Four
Palash Biswas
26 Nov 2009 ... He said price rise in potato and onion is temporary and situation will improve after the arrival of rabi crop. ...
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http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=148908 . just look for some on Nandigram Insurrection line: Most Tasty is Human Blood Palash Biswas ...
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Shylock is a fictional character in Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice .
Contents
8 Further reading
[ edit ] In the play
In The Merchant of Venice, Shylock is a Jewish moneylender who lends money to his Christian rival, Antonio , setting the bond at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh, as revenge for Antonio having previously insulted and spat on him. Meanwhile, his daughter, Jessica, elopes with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and becomes a Christian, further fuelling Shylock's rage.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2008)
During Shakespeare's day, money lending was one of the popular careers among Jews; Christians also followed Old Testament laws condemning usury charged to fellow Gentiles . Jews were also banned from owning farm land or prevented from entering guilds and therefore this was one of the few professions open to them in Christian society. In the 16th century, Christians regarded usury as a sin . However, Shylock's profession as a moneylender is still frequently used by critics to support claims of anti-Semitism in the play.
Shylock's "Hath not a Jew eyes..." speech, in which he asserts that he is no different than a Christian and deserves revenge as much as they would have it, is one of the most famous monologues in English literature . Some scholars also suggest that Shylock is repeatedly shown to have human qualities and that he becomes a sympathetic character, particularly when he is told about Jessica's betrayal and the loss of his deceased wife's ring.
In the play Shakespeare also makes repeated references to the cruelty Shylock suffers at the hands of Christians.
[ edit ] Portrayal
[ edit ] Shylock on stage
Jacob Adler and others report that the tradition of playing Shylock sympathetically began in the first half of the 19th century with Edmund Kean [1] , and that previously the role had been played "by a comedian as a repulsive clown or, alternatively, as a monster of unrelieved evil." Kean's Shylock established his reputation as an actor. [2]
From Kean's time forward, all of the actors who have played the role — with the exception of Edwin Booth , who played him as a simple villain — have chosen a sympathetic approach to the character; even Booth's father, Junius Brutus Booth , played the role sympathetically. Henry Irving 's portrayal of an aristocratic, proud Shylock (first seen at the Lyceum in 1879, with Portia played by Ellen Terry ) has been called "the summit of his career". [3] Jacob Adler was the most notable of the early 20th century, playing the role in Yiddish in an otherwise English-language production. [4]
Kean and Irving presented a Shylock justified in wanting his revenge ; Adler's Shylock evolved over the years he played the role, first as a stock Shakespearean villain, then as a man whose better nature was overcome by a desire for revenge, and finally as a man who operated not from revenge but from pride . In a 1902 interview with Theater magazine, Adler pointed out that Shylock is a wealthy man, "rich enough to forgo the interest on three thousand ducats" and that Antonio is "far from the chivalrous gentleman he is made to appear. He has insulted the Jew and spat on him, yet he comes with hypocritical politeness to borrow money of him." Shylock's fatal flaw is to depend on the law, but "would he not walk out of that courtroom head erect, the very apotheosis of defiant hatred and scorn?" [5]
Some modern productions take further pains to show how Shylock's thirst for vengeance has some justification. For instance, in the 2004 film adaptation directed by Michael Radford and starring Al Pacino as Shylock, the film begins with text and a montage of how the Jewish community is abused by the Christian population of the city. One of the last shots of the film also brings attention to the fact that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto, and would still not be accepted by the Christians, as they would feel that Shylock was yet the Jew he once was.
Arnold Wesker 's play The Merchant tells the same story from Shylock's point of view. In this retelling, Shylock and Antonio are friends bound by a mutual love of books and culture and a disdain for the anti-Semitism of the Christian community's laws. They make the bond in defiant mockery of the Christian establishment, never anticipating that the bond might become forfeit. When it does, the play argues, Shylock must carry through on the letter of the law or jeopardize the scant legal security of the entire Jewish community. He is, therefore, quite as grateful as Antonio when Portia, as in Shakespeare's play, shows the legal way out. The play received its American premiere on November 16, 1977 at New York's Plymouth Theatre with Joseph Leon as Shylock, Marian Seldes as Shylock's sister Rivka and Roberta Maxwell as Portia. This production had a challenging history in previews on the road, culminating (after the first night out of town in Philadelphia on September 8 1977) with the death of the Broadway star Zero Mostel , who was initially cast as Shylock. The play's author, Arnold Wesker , wrote a book chronicling the out-of-town tribulations that beset the play and Mostel's death called "The Birth of Shylock and the Death of Zero Mostel."
Notable actors who have portrayed Shylock include Richard Burbage in the 16th century, Charles Macklin in 1741, Edmund Kean in 1814, William Charles Macready in 1840, Edwin Booth in 1861, Henry Irving in 1880, George Arliss in 1928, John Gielgud in 1937, Laurence Olivier at the National Theatre in 1972 and on TV in 1973, Al Pacino in a 2004 feature film version, and F. Murray Abraham at the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2006.
Under Nazi rule in 1943, the Vienna Burgtheater presented a notoriously extreme production of The Merchant of Venice with Werner Krauss as Shylock.
[ edit ] Shylock and the antisemitism debate
Shylock and Jessica by Maurycy Gottlieb
The play is frequently staged today, but is potentially troubling to modern audiences due to its central themes, which can easily appear antisemitic . Critics today still continue to argue over the play's stance on antisemitism.
[ edit ] The antisemitic reading
English society in the Elizabethan era has been described as antisemitic. [6] English Jews had been expelled in the Middle Ages and were not permitted to return until the rule of Oliver Cromwell . Jews were often presented on the Elizabethan stage in hideous caricature, with hooked noses and bright red wigs, and were usually depicted as avaricious usurers ; an example is Christopher Marlowe 's play The Jew of Malta , which features a comically wicked Jewish villain called Barabas . They were usually characterized as evil, deceptive, and greedy.
During the 1600s in Venice and in some other places, Jews were required to wear a red hat at all times in public to make sure that they were easily identified. If they did not comply with this rule they could face the death penalty. Jews also had to live in a ghetto protected by Christians, supposedly for their own safety. The Jews were expected to pay their guards. [7]
Readers may see Shakespeare's play as a continuation of this antisemitic tradition. The title page of the Quarto indicates that the play was sometimes known as The Jew of Venice in its day, which suggests that it was seen as similar to Marlowe's The Jew of Malta. One interpretation of the play's structure is that Shakespeare meant to contrast the mercy of the main Christian characters with the vengefulness of a Jew, who lacks the religious grace to comprehend mercy. Similarly, it is possible that Shakespeare meant Shylock's forced conversion to Christianity to be a "happy ending" for the character, as it 'redeems' Shylock both from his unbelief and his specific sin of wanting to kill Antonio. This reading of the play would certainly fit with the antisemitic trends present in Elizabethan England.
Hyam Maccoby argues that the play is based on medieval morality plays in which the Virgin Mary (here represented by Portia) argues for the forgiveness of human souls, as against the implacable accusations of the Devil (Shylock).
[ edit ] The sympathetic reading
Shylock and Portia (1835) by Thomas Sully
Many modern readers and theatregoers have read the play as a plea for tolerance as Shylock is a sympathetic character. Shylock's 'trial' at the end of the play is a mockery of justice, with Portia acting as a judge when she has no real right to do so. Thus, Shakespeare is not calling into question Shylock's intentions, but the fact that the very people who berated Shylock for being dishonest have had to resort to trickery in order to win. Shakespeare puts one of his most eloquent speeches into the mouth of this "villain":
Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
—Act III, scene I
[ edit ] Influence on antisemitism
Regardless of what Shakespeare's own intentions may have been, the play has been made use of by antisemites throughout the play's history. One must note that the end of the title in the 1619 edition "With the Extreme Cruelty of Shylock the Jew…" must describe how Shylock was viewed by the English public. The Nazis used Shylock for their propaganda . Shortly after Kristallnacht in 1938, The Merchant of Venice was broadcast for propagandistic ends over the German airwaves. Productions of the play followed in Lübeck (1938), Berlin (1940), and elsewhere within the Nazi territory. [8]
The depiction of Jews in English literature throughout the centuries bears the close imprint of Shylock. With slight variations much of English literature up until the 20th century depicts the Jew as "a monied, cruel, lecherous, avaricious outsider tolerated only because of his golden hoard". [9]
The character's name is a synonym for loan shark , and as a verb to shylock means to lend money at exorbitant rates .
"Pound of flesh" has also entered the lexicon as slang for a particularly onerous or unpleasant obligation.
[ edit ] References
^ Adler erroneously dates this from 1847 (at which time Kean was already dead); the Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice dates Kean's performance to a more likely 1814.
^ Adler 1999, 341.
^ Wells and Dobson, p. 290.
^ Adler 1999, 342–44.
^ Adler 1999, 344–350
^ Philipe Burrin, Nazi Anti-Semitism: From Prejudice to Holocaust. The New Press, 2005, ISBN 1-56584-969-8 , p. 17.
It was not until the twelfth century that in northern Europe (England, Germany, and France), a region until then peripheral but at this point expanding fast, a form of Judeophobia developed that was considerably more violent because of a new dimension of imagined behaviors, including accusations that Jews engaged in ritual murder, profanation of the host, and the poisoning of wells. With the preduces of the day against Jews, atheists and non christians in general Jews found it hard to fit in with society. Some say that these attitudes provided the foundations of anti-semitism in the 20th century. "
^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Venice
^ Lecture by James Shapiro: "Shakespeare and the Jews"
^ The Fictive Jew in the Literature of England 1890-1920 David Mirsky in the Samuel K. Mirsky Memorial Volume.
[ edit ] Bibliography
Adler, Jacob , A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0 .
Smith, Rob: Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice. ISBN 0-521-00816-6 .
Pooja Rohra, Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy. Touchstone: 1994. ISBN 0-671-88386-0 .
Alisha Patel, Shylock Is Shakespeare. University of Chicago Press: 2006. ISBN 0-226-30977-0 .
Lara Baxter, Shakespeare and the Jews. Columbia University Press: 1997. ISBN 0-231-10345-X .
Joseph Shatzmiller, Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society. University of California Press: 1990. ISBN 0-520-06635-9 .
Martin Yaffe, Shylock and the Jewish Question. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1997. ISBN 0-8018-5648-5 .
M.G. Vassanji, The In-Between World of Vikram Lall. Doubleday Canada: 2003. ISBN 0-385-65990-3 .
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Disclaimers
Parliament Thursday debated the rising food prices, but very few MPs were present in the Lok Sabha to discuss the issue.India has said government officials will be banned from holding posts in religion-oriented institutions, as it tabled a report on the razing of a mosque 17 years ago that caused widespread riots.
Today, one of my friends in ONGC, a Exploration scientist called me at home and wanted to meet me. I called him in my Office in the Evening. He came with with a Bamcef Vodkar Activist, Sanjay das based in Lucknow and entrusted with the task of Mobilisation in Bengal. The Scienties informed me that the ONGC explorated the KG basin but RIL has got the maximum benefit.He was worried of Disinvestment Drive in PSUS, listing of Oil companies and we also discussed the Auction of Oil Fields. Mr Das invited me for their Seminar to be held on 29th. We discussed a little bit Ideology and I had to warn the young friends that there would not be any so called social Movement once Resrvation and Quota FINISHED. beause the Ambedkarites have nothing to do the Ambedkarite Ideology and Reluctant to involve themselves in Resistance at any level. They gather just to harvest the Benefit of the Constitutional safeguards and NEVER do understand the Economy and Hegemony. In Bengal, the SC and OBC Comminities have reduced themselves as Converted Brahamins and I see no scope for any Change whatsoever in Bengal in near Future! Rather I am interseted in Mobilising all Social and Producive forces including the Ambedkarites and nationality Movements altogther.
During my travel in Princep Ghat Down local this evening I had the normal interactions with daily commuters who were rather interested in Card Playing.We were talking of Price rising and market scenerio. Everytyhing is available in Open Market Provided you have the Purcahsing Power. Nothing is Prohibited. You amy get Rs Seven Hundred KILO Tortoise meat in Open Market. Drugs and Wine available and human Trafficking is quite Profitable as SONAGACHHI Extends day by day. Even HUMAN Meat might be available and the Marketing government would be pleased to cater it to the Consumers of shining Sensex India!
According to the PakTribune , cannibalism is still being practiced in India by members Hindu Aghora sect. Even more amazing is the implication that this sect may be responsible for the deaths of Western tourists who go missing - sacrifices for Indian religion. It is also indicated more than once that babies and children are prized sacrifices for cannibalistic consumption.
Ritual murder of babies? Cannibalism for spiritual power? The PakTribune is a Pakistani news outlet and it seems much more likely that the story is designed to inflame passions against India than to inform about a weird and possibly dangerous religious sect.
Prices to climb further because the global economy is growing again, RBA official says!Exxaro Resources said that coal prices were likely to rise to between $70 (R522) and $75 per tonne in 2010 from around $65 per tonne this year on the back of rising global demand.India's rupee fell for the first time in three days on speculation the nation's refiners stepped up purchases of dollars to guard against rising oil costs.Rice prices may return to last year's record levels and the world will see repeated food shortages without investment to boost production, the International Rice Research Institute said.China's stimulus spending has fueled massive overexpansion in industrial capacity that could drive a surge in low-priced exports amid weak global demand, possibly igniting a protectionist backlash abroad, a European business group warned Thursday.
As the horrors of the 26/11 strike came back to haunt India, people from all walks of life remember the day and speak out against terror.On the other hand,the government is "deeply concerned" about rising prices and will take all fiscal and monetary measures to contain prices, the finance minister said on Thursday.The dollar's sway over energy markets was on full display Wednesday, with oil and gasoline futures rising sharply as the U.S. currency tumbled to 15-month lows.Crude prices had been trading relatively flat, even after the government reported supplies grew by 1 million barrels last week.
"We are deeply concerned when prices go high," Pranab Mukherjee told parliament. "It will have to done by us - control of monetary policy, control of credit policy, control of fiscal policy."
Three Non Government Organisations (NGOs) will launch a campaign from November 28 to disprove the Madhya Pradesh Government's claim that the huge waste lying in the defunct Union Carbide Factory here was not toxic and hazardous.
"The campaign will start on November 28 -- five days before the 25th anniversary of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in which thousands of people were killed and maimed," Bhopal Group for Information and Action Convener Satinath Sarangi told reporters here on Thursday. Sarangi said that Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan and State Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Minister Babulal Gaur were favouring Dow Chemicals which has taken over Union Carbide, claiming that waste lying in the factory was not toxic.
Most Saleable is Human Meat and Ruling Heegmonies Enact Cannibals Urban as Shylock Returns with Vengeance. Price Rise Index Remains Well Ness Indicator for the Market Dominating Communities!The first anniversary of the horrific 26/11 Mumbai terror carnage was also the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Indian constitution but sadly, this did not get the attention it deserved, a Rajya Sabha MP lamented Thursday.
Singur to Lalgarh, the Circle is COMPLETE to understand how our Democracy works. How the grass root level people have the opportunities to liberate themselves with their identities and nationalities, folk roots INTACT ! I also tried to trace the history of Genocide Culture, Americanisation of Indian Society, Politics and economics and the Global Resistance. I updated the Subaltern studies, literature, culture and History as much as possible! I tried to be interactive and my blogs have always been Open Forum where I posted correspondence and updates from both the Hemisphere!
Farmers, protesting the state government's sugarcane pricing policy, on Thursday stopped trains, pelted stones at cars and buses, blocked highways and clashed with police in Uttar Pradesh's Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat and Faizabad districts, officials said. No casualties were reported in the violence till evening.
Several groups of farmers vandalised public and private property in Muzaffarnagar's Ahlam town, about 350 km from Lucknow, and also damaged rail tracks there.
I tried to trace the Chronology in my Blogs as I could not get any space in mainstream media for these issues as a creative writer or professional journalist.
I tried to present a first version story and analysis with maximum information and updates with relevant material and links.
Humanitarian Catastrophe! ECONOMY and POLITICS Combined CRETES SO A MANY GAZAS at HOME Like NANDIGRAM, SINGUR, PASCO and MARICHJHANPI!
SATYAM ASATYAM EPISODE is NOTHING but an EXPOSURE of the PERSECUTION
of the Productive FORCES and the DECIET ffaced by Generation Next!
MARXIST IDEOLOGY Brahaminised BRUTALLY!
My father Pulin Kumar Biswas never believed communists after Telengana and Dhiri Block betrayal. During seventies, while I was engaged in students` movement and later in Uttarakhand sangharsha Vahini, he would never listen any reference to ideology. Rather he sounded like George Bernard Shaw who said, `"The Apple Cart exposes the unreality of both democracy and royalty as our idealists conceive them." In fact, The Apple Cart is a treatise on the impossibility of any kind of government. Democracy, autocracy, and monarchy are all making the best of a bad situation, and none of them is doing very well. Shaw is no anarchist; he simply wants us to recognize, as King Magnus does, the invisible shackles that trip government and turn it into a farce. Shaw wrote in the `Preface to Apple Cart', Besides, the conflict is not really between royalty and democracy. It is between both and plutocracy, which, having destroyed the royal power by frank force under democratic pretexts, has bought and swallowed democracy. Money talks: money prints: money broadcasts: money reigns; and kings and labor leaders alike have to register its decrees, and even, by a staggering paradox, to finance its enterprises and guarantee its profits. Democracy is no longer bought: it is bilked. Ministers who are Socialists to the backbone are as helpless in the grip of Breakages Limited as its acknowledged henchmen: from the moment when they attain to what is with unintentional irony called power (meaning the drudgery of carrying on for the plutocrats) they no longer dare even to talk of nationalizing any industry, however socially vital, that has a farthing of profit for plutocracy still left in it, or that can be made to yield a farthing for it by subsidies.'
Ideology sounds always good. It was good enough in Soviet Union and in the entire communist world. What happened , it is history.
I was just born and I have simply no memory of Dhimri Block uprising in Himalayan terai. but I had enough opportunity to witness the trail and victimisation. In late sixties the communists in terai played the role of landbrokers in the same way as buddha is doing it in West Bengal on full scale. In our Bengali Refugee areas the communist villages were Netaji Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Pipulia, Chandipur, etc. Most of the communist peasants in these villages lost their land and leaders had their hand.
When Bengali refugees settled in MP, Maharashtra, Andhra and Orrissa were planning to launch Marichjhapi agitaion, my father Pulin Kumar Biswas went to Mana Camp and tried to convince the refugees that it will be a folly to depend on the communist leaders in West Bengal. Jyoti Basu had visited Vilai and ram chatterjee went to mana to mobilise the agitation. Since my father has a very good relations with ND Tiwari and KC pant, the rfugee leaders did not believe him . He was the president of all India Bengali Refugee committe. He was mishandled and was saved by police. My father came back to Nainital and no refugee joined this Matrichjhapi movement under his influence ie UP, Bihar and Assam. What happened is Marichjhapi genocide by the Jyoti Basu government. I also protested the movement purely on ecological ground as I believed that sundar Van must be protected and Marichjhapi won`t solve the refugee problem. My father was very sad that no refugee movement could be mobilised in bengal and he held left responsible for this.
My father died in 2001. I still have faith in communist ideologybut I see the picture of ideological betrayal very clear. Sumit Sarkar and Tanika Sarkar always supported CPI-M and they are out to lodge their protest on indiscriminate land garbbing. Mahashweta Devi, arundhati Roy, Aparna Sen, Meeratul Naher, Ratan Basu Majumdar and the entire Bengal intellegentia is known for its left ideology. Even Medha Patekar launched so many movements with left countrywide. Now everyone is against left. Why? so everyone turns to be Naxalite!
Gold struck another historic peak of Rs 18,000 per ten gram in the national capital today on sustained buying by stockists for the current marriage season amid a weakening dollar and reports that more central banks might purchase gold from the IMF. The yellow metal spurted by Rs 220 to Rs 18,000 per ten gram, a level never seen before, on seasonal buying and as prices in international markets touched record levels with the dollar extending its losses. Traders said a weak dollar made the precious metal cheaper for buyers using stronger currencies.
Gold hit 1,180.20 dollars an ounce shortly after 1230 IST in trading on the London Bullion Market. The yellow metal is benefiting from its reputation as a hedge against inflation and anaemic economic growth in the West.
The gold has rallied 11 per cent after India bought 200 metric tons of gold from the International Monetary Fund in October. Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Russia have followed suit since then.
"Gold is moving on fast pace ever since the central banks started purchasing the metal," said Rakesh Anand of R K Jeweller, and added the market already passing through a bullish time on buying for the current marriage season. The precious metal in Asian region traded 0.8 per cent higher at 1,179.20 dollar an ounce while in futures trading in New York surged to record 1,181.60 dollar an ounce.
Since parliament opened last week, opposition parties had been demanding a "long debate" over the "burning issue" of rising prices of essential commodities. But when it finally happened, most MPs were absent.
At one point during the debate, only 80 of the 545 Lok Sabha members were in the house. And the presence never crossed 90 till 4 p.m. after the debate began at 1.30 p.m.
Even Leader of Opposition L.K. Advani was absent and so was his deputy Sushma Swaraj and most Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) members.
Among the treasury benches were a few ministers including Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar, who was the target of criticism from the MPs who spoke.
The issue has brought together adversaries like the Left parties, the BJP, the Samajwadi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party and the Rashtriya Lok Dal of Ajit Singh, who was also absent.
BJP's Murli Manohar Joshi in his long speech alleged that the government was "ignoring the farming community and deliberately not allowing the country to be self-sufficient" in food.
"Your pricing policy is anti-people," Joshi said. "You are serving your friends in the US at the cost of the poor."
Quoting an article by veteran journalist and former MP Kuldip Nayar, the BJP leader said the government had not realised that the growth rate doesn't reduce poverty and hunger. "It aggravates both."
He said the model of industrial agriculture and globalised trade on food are responsible for the hunger and farmers "inevitably depend on debt".
"You are putting at stake our sovereignty by continuously making the country dependent on food import," he said.
"Wake up, Mr Agriculture Minister. Be courageous and tell your government that your policies are wrong."
Samajwadi Party chief Mulayam Singh Yadav said the government was ignoring India's annual food inflation that has touched a new high.
"Please, Mr Minister, tell us why is this happening. Why is India weakening day by day? Why cannot you control prices? You are known as farmers' leader and still Indian farmers are suffering," he said, as the minister was seen dozing off during the debate.
Mulayam Singh said one-fourth of the nation's wealth belonged to only 100 families.
"How much will you help them in growing their wealth and ignoring a poor farmer?" he asked.
Taking a dig at the government's pricing policy, the Samajwadi Party leader said: "A farmer is made to sell his crop cheaply and when he goes to buy commodities, he finds them unaffordable. Why? Which policy are you following?"
The house debated as India's annual food inflation based on the official wholesale price index jumped to 15.58 percent for the week ended Nov 14, as prices of potatoes more than doubled, while onion became dearer by 27 percent over the past 52 weeks.
Cannibalism
The term cannibalism means the eating of human flesh by human beings, and/or eating of animals by members of their own species. Cannibalism was derived from the Carib Indians, discovered by Christopher Columbus, of the West Indies. The Caribs were man-eaters, and the Spanish name for the tribe was Canibales, meaning bloodthirsty and cruel.
The practice of cannibalism reaches back into antiquity and has been found in many areas of the world. Evidence indicates that it may have been practiced as early as the Neolithic Period. The Greek historian Herodotus and other ancient writers gave accounts of various ancient people as being cannibals. Marco Polo reported tribes ranging from Tibet to Sumatra who practiced cannibalism. North American Indian tribes of the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico practiced cannibalism. Until recently the practice prevailed throughout much of central and western Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Sumatra, New Guinea, Polynesia, and remote portions of South America.
Cannibalism at times has had religious significance. This stems from the belief that the person who eats of the deceased person acquires the desired qualities or characteristics of that person, which resemble the theory of sympathetic magic ; examples of this are seen in Attraction of Blood . Rituals were performed for many reasons including purification, pacification of gods, and ancestor worship. In a few instances cannibalism has been practiced for just revenge. In other cases it was believed that the ghost of the enemy would be utterly destroyed when his body was eaten, thus leaving nothing in which his spirit could exist.
Some examples of religious cannibalism are these: The Binderwurs of central India ate their sick and aged in the belief that the act was pleasing to their goddess Kali. In Mexico the Aztecs to their deities sacrificed thousands of human victims annually. Following the sacrifices, the Aztec priest and people ate the bodies of the victims believing the acts brought them closer to their gods.
Cannibalism is nearly considered a taboo among Western cultures and the instances of it occurring are extremely rare. In the case of starvation it has occurred. Two notable cases are the first in America, the Donner Party caught crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California during the winter of 1846-1847; and the second in Chile in 1972, sixteen members of a Uruguayan soccer team survived for 70 days after their airliner crashed in the Andres Mountains.
Some animals have been known to participate in cannibalism. Wolves are known to eat injured members of their packs. Rats and pigs have been observed eating the young of their species. Among insect it is well know that the female spider eats the male after mating. Larger mantes often eat smaller ones, and the female mantis devours the male. A.G.H.
By: Dr. Sam Vaknin
"I believe that when man evolves a civilization higher than the mechanized but still primitive one he has now, the eating of human flesh will be sanctioned. For then man will have thrown off all of his superstitions and irrational taboos."
(Diego Rivera)
"One calls 'barbarism' whatever he is not accustomed to."
(Montaigne, On Cannibalism)
"Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed."
(New Testament, John 6:53-55)
Cannibalism (more precisely, anthropophagy) is an age-old tradition that, judging by a constant stream of flabbergasted news reports, is far from extinct. Much-debated indications exist that our Neanderthal, Proto-Neolithic, and Neolithic (Stone Age) predecessors were cannibals. Similarly contested claims were made with regards to the 12th century advanced Anasazi culture in the southwestern United States and the Minoans in Crete (today's Greece).
The Britannica Encyclopedia (2005 edition) recounts how the "Binderwurs of central India ate their sick and aged in the belief that the act was pleasing to their goddess, Kali." Cannibalism may also have been common among followers of the Shaktism cults in India.
Other sources attribute cannibalism to the 16th century Imbangala in today's Angola and Congo, the Fang in Cameroon, the Mangbetu in Central Africa, the Ache in Paraguay, the Tonkawa in today's Texas, the Calusa in current day Florida, the Caddo and Iroquois confederacies of Indians in North America, the Cree in Canada, the Witoto, natives of Colombia and Peru, the Carib in the Lesser Antilles (whose distorted name - Canib - gave rise to the word "cannibalism"), to Maori tribes in today's New Zealand, and to various peoples in Sumatra (like the Batak).
The Wikipedia numbers among the practitioners of cannibalism the ancient Chinese, the Korowai tribe of southeastern Papua, the Fore tribe in New Guinea (and many other tribes in Melanesia), the Aztecs, the people of Yucatan, the Purchas from Popayan, Colombia, the denizens of the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia, and the natives of the captaincy of Sergipe in Brazil.
From Congo and Central Africa to Germany and from Mexico to New Zealand, cannibalism is enjoying a morbid revival of interest, if not of practice. A veritable torrent of sensational tomes and movies adds to our ambivalent fascination with man-eaters.
Cannibalism is not a monolithic affair. It can be divided thus:
I. Non-consensual consumption of human flesh post-mortem
For example, when the corpses of prisoners of war are devoured by their captors. This used to be a common exercise among island tribes (e.g., in Fiji, the Andaman and Cook islands) and is still the case in godforsaken battle zones such as Congo (formerly Zaire), or among the defeated Japanese soldiers in World War II.
Similarly, human organs and fetuses as well as mummies are still being gobbled up - mainly in Africa and Asia - for remedial and medicinal purposes and in order to enhance one's libido and vigor.
On numerous occasions the organs of dead companions, colleagues, family, or neighbors were reluctantly ingested by isolated survivors of horrid accidents (the Uruguay rugby team whose plane crashed in the Andes, the boat people fleeing Asia), denizens of besieged cities (e.g., during the siege of Leningrad), members of exploratory expeditions gone astray (the Donner Party in Sierra Nevada, California and John Franklin's Polar expedition), famine-stricken populations (Ukraine in the 1930s, China in the 1960s), and the like.
Finally, in various pre-nation-state and tribal societies, members of the family were encouraged to eat specific parts of their dead relatives as a sign of respect or in order to partake of the deceased's wisdom, courage, or other positive traits (endocannibalism).
II. Non-consensual consumption of human flesh from a live source
For example, when prisoners of war are butchered for the express purpose of being eaten by their victorious enemies.
A notorious and rare representative of this category of cannibalism is the punitive ritual of being eaten alive. The kings of the tribes of the Cook Islands were thought to embody the gods. They punished dissent by dissecting their screaming and conscious adversaries and consuming their flesh piecemeal, eyeballs first.
The Sawney Bean family in Scotland, during the reign of King James I, survived for decades on the remains (and personal belongings) of victims of their murderous sprees.
Real-life serial killers , like Jeffrey Dahmer, Albert Fish, Sascha Spesiwtsew, Fritz Haarmann, Issei Sagawa, and Ed Gein , lured, abducted, and massacred countless people and then consumed their flesh and preserved the inedible parts as trophies. These lurid deeds inspired a slew of books and films, most notably The Silence of the Lambs with Hannibal (Lecter) the Cannibal as its protagonist.
III. Consensual consumption of human flesh from live and dead human bodies
Armin Meiwes, the "Master Butcher (Der Metzgermeister)", arranged over the Internet to meet Bernd Jurgen Brandes on March 2001. Meiwes amputated the penis of his guest and they both ate it. He then proceeded to kill Brandes (with the latter's consent recorded on video), and snack on what remained of him. Sexual cannibalism is a paraphilia and an extreme - and thankfully, rare - form of fetishism.
The Aztecs willingly volunteered to serve as human sacrifices (and to be tucked into afterwards). They firmly believed that they were offerings, chosen by the gods themselves, thus being rendered immortal.
Dutiful sons and daughters in China made their amputated organs and sliced tissues (mainly the liver) available to their sick parents (practices known as Ko Ku and Ko Kan). Such donation were considered remedial. Princess Miao Chuang who surrendered her severed hands to her ailing father was henceforth deified.
Non-consensual cannibalism is murder, pure and simple. The attendant act of cannibalism, though aesthetically and ethically reprehensible, cannot aggravate this supreme assault on all that we hold sacred.
But consensual cannibalism is a lot trickier. Modern medicine, for instance, has blurred the already thin line between right and wrong.
What is the ethical difference between consensual, post-mortem, organ harvesting and consensual, post-mortem cannibalism?
Why is stem cell harvesting (from aborted fetuses) morally superior to consensual post-mortem cannibalism?
When members of a plane-wrecked rugby team, stranded on an inaccessible, snow-piled, mountain range resort to eating each other in order to survive, we turn a blind eye to their repeated acts of cannibalism - but we condemn the very same deed in the harshest terms if it takes place between two consenting, and even eager adults in Germany. Surely, we don't treat murder, pedophilia, and incest the same way!
As the Auxiliary Bishop of Montevideo said after the crash:
"... Eating someone who has died in order to survive is incorporating their substance, and it is quite possible to compare this with a graft. Flesh survives when assimilated by someone in extreme need, just as it does when an eye or heart of a dead man is grafted onto a living man..."
(Read, P.P. 1974. Alive. Avon, New York)
Complex ethical issues are involved in the apparently straightforward practice of consensual cannibalism.
Consensual, in vivo, cannibalism (a-la Messrs. Meiwes and Brandes) resembles suicide. The cannibal is merely the instrument of voluntary self-destruction. Why would we treat it different to the way we treat any other form of suicide pact?
Consensual cannibalism is not the equivalent of drug abuse because it has no social costs. Unlike junkies, the cannibal and his meal are unlikely to harm others. What gives society the right to intervene, therefore?
If we own our bodies and, thus, have the right to smoke, drink, have an abortion, commit suicide, and will our organs to science after we die - why don't we possess the inalienable right to will our delectable tissues to a discerning cannibal post-mortem (or to victims of famine in Africa)?
When does our right to dispose of our organs in any way we see fit crystallize? Is it when we die? Or after we are dead ? If so, what is the meaning and legal validity of a living will? And why can't we make a living will and bequeath our cadaverous selves to the nearest cannibal?
Do dead people have rights and can they claim and invoke them while they are still alive? Is the live person the same as his dead body, does he "own" it, does the state have any rights in it? Does the corpse still retain its previous occupant's "personhood"? Are cadavers still human , in any sense of the word?
We find all three culinary variants abhorrent. Yet, this instinctive repulsion is a curious matter. The onerous demands of survival should have encouraged cannibalism rather than make it a taboo. Human flesh is protein-rich. Most societies, past and present (with the exception of the industrialized West), need to make efficient use of rare protein-intensive resources.
If cannibalism enhances the chances of survival - why is it universally prohibited? For many a reason.
I. The Sanctity of Life
Historically, cannibalism preceded, followed, or precipitated an act of murder or extreme deprivation (such as torture ). It habitually clashed with the principle of the sanctity of life . Once allowed, even under the strictest guidelines, cannibalism tended to debase and devalue human life and foster homicide, propelling its practitioners down a slippery ethical slope towards bloodlust and orgiastic massacres.
II. The Afterlife
Moreover, in life, the human body and form are considered by most religions (and philosophers) to be the abode of the soul, the divine spark that animates us all. The post-mortem integrity of this shrine is widely thought to guarantee a faster, unhindered access to the afterlife, to immortality, and eventual reincarnation (or karmic cycle in eastern religions).
For this reason, to this very day, orthodox Jews refuse to subject their relatives to a post-mortem autopsy and organ harvesting. Fijians and Cook Islanders used to consume their enemies' carcasses in order to prevent their souls from joining hostile ancestors in heaven.
III. Chastening Reminders
Cannibalism is a chilling reminder of our humble origins in the animal kingdom . To the cannibal, we are no better and no more than cattle or sheep. Cannibalism confronts us with the irreversibility of our death and its finality. Surely, we cannot survive our demise with our cadaver mutilated and gutted and our skeletal bones scattered, gnawed, and chewed on?
IV. Medical Reasons
Infrequently, cannibalism results in prion diseases of the nervous system, such as kuru. The same paternalism that gave rise to the banning of drug abuse, the outlawing of suicide , and the Prohibition of alcoholic drinks in the 1920s - seeks to shelter us from the pernicious medical outcomes of cannibalism and to protect others who might become our victims.
V. The Fear of Being Objectified
Being treated as an object (being objectified) is the most torturous form of abuse . People go to great lengths to seek empathy and to be perceived by others as three dimensional entities with emotions, needs, priorities, wishes, and preferences.
The cannibal reduces others by treating them as so much meat. Many cannibal serial killers transformed the organs of their victims into trophies. The Cook Islanders sought to humiliate their enemies by eating, digesting, and then defecating them - having absorbed their mana (prowess, life force) in the process.
VI. The Argument from Nature
Cannibalism is often castigated as "unnatural". Animals, goes the myth, don't prey on their own kind.
Alas, like so many other romantic lores, this is untrue. Most species - including our closest relatives, the chimpanzees - do cannibalize. Cannibalism in nature is widespread and serves diverse purposes such as population control (chickens, salamanders, toads), food and protein security in conditions of scarcity (hippopotamuses, scorpions, certain types of dinosaurs), threat avoidance (rabbits, mice, rats, and hamsters), and the propagation of genetic material through exclusive mating (Red-back spider and many mantids).
Moreover, humans are a part of nature. Our deeds and misdeeds are natural by definition. Seeking to tame nature is a natural act. Seeking to establish hierarchies and subdue or relinquish our enemies are natural propensities. By avoiding cannibalism we seek to transcend nature. Refraining from cannibalism is the unnatural act.
VIII. The Argument from Progress
It is a circular syllogism involving a tautology and goes like this:
Cannibalism is barbaric. Cannibals are, therefore, barbarians. Progress entails the abolition of this practice.
The premises - both explicit and implicit - are axiomatic and, therefore, shaky. What makes cannibalism barbarian? And why is progress a desirable outcome? There is a prescriptive fallacy involved, as well:
Because we do not eat the bodies of dead people - we ought not to eat them.
VIII. Arguments from Religious Ethics
The major monotheistic religions are curiously mute when it comes to cannibalism. Human sacrifice is denounced numerous times in the Old Testament - but man-eating goes virtually unmentioned. The Eucharist in Christianity - when the believers consume the actual body and blood of Jesus - is an act of undisguised cannibalism:
"That the consequence of Transubstantiation, as a conversion of the total substance, is the transition of the entire substance of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ, is the express doctrine of the Church ...."
(Catholic Encyclopedia)
"CANON lI.-If any one saith, that, in the sacred and holy sacrament of the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine remains conjointly with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and denieth that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the Body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the Blood-the species Only of the bread and wine remaining-which conversion indeed the Catholic Church most aptly calls Transubstantiation; let him be anathema.
CANON VIII.-lf any one saith, that Christ, given in the Eucharist, is eaten spiritually only, and not also sacramentally and really; let him be anathema."
(The Council of Trent, The Thirteenth Session - The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent, Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth (London: Dolman, 1848), 75-91.)
Still, most systems of morality and ethics impute to Man a privileged position in the scheme of things (having been created in the "image of God"). Men and women are supposed to transcend their animal roots and inhibit their baser instincts (an idea incorporated into Freud's tripartite model of the human psyche). The anthropocentric chauvinistic view is that it is permissible to kill all other animals in order to consume their flesh. Man, in this respect, is sui generis.
Yet, it is impossible to rigorously derive a prohibition to eat human flesh from any known moral system. As Richard Routley-Silvan observes in his essay "In Defence of Cannibalism", that something is innately repugnant does not make it morally prohibited. Moreover, that we find cannibalism nauseating is probably the outcome of upbringing and conditioning rather than anything innate.
According to Greek mythology, Man was created from the ashes of the Titans, the children of Uranus and Gaea, whom Zeus struck with thunderbolts for murdering his son, Zagreus, and then devouring his body. Mankind, therefore, is directly descendant from the Titans, who may well have been the first cannibals.
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How rising prices affect you
April 14, 2008
The annual rate of inflation in India which was below 4 per cent in the first week of January soared to a staggering 7.41 per cent by the last week of march and is expected to move up even further.
With prices of essential commodities almost doubling in less than 3 months, the household budget has gone for a toss. Now with the Reserve Bank of India hinting at a rise in interest rates, the common man is in for tougher times ahead.
Rising prices have forced India's United Progressive Alliance government to take urgent measures -- like banning export of non-basmati rice, pulses, edible oil and cement -- to rein in runaway inflation. High inflation rate has taken a political colour in the country with the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party and Left allies accusing the government of its failure to address the aam aadmi's woes.
According to India Inc, however, the highest point in inflation is yet to hit India. A new survey says that nearly two-thirds of the executives in India expect prices to flare up in the next six months. The report -- Economic and Hiring Outlook, First Quarter 2008: A McKinsey Global Survey -- states that as many as 64 per cent of Indian executives expect the rate of inflation to rise in the next six month, while only 20 per cent expect a decline in the rate of price rise.
Among the products primarily responsible for the current inflation are food products of different kinds, including cereals, intermediates like metals and the universal intermediate, oil.
So why are prices rising and how do these affect people like you and me? Read on. . .
Image: Activists from Trinamool Congress and its new ally Socialist Unity Centre of India shout slogans as they take part in a protest against inflation in Kolkata. | Photograph: Deshakalyan Chowdhury/AFP/Getty Images
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For other uses, see Cannibal (disambiguation) .
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . Please improve this article if you can. (September 2008)
Cannibalism in Brazil in 1557 as told by Hans Staden .
A woman cannibal, by Leonhard Kern , 1650
Cannibalism (from Caníbalis, the Spanish name for the Carib people [1] ), also called anthropophagy, is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh of other human beings.
The term "cannibalism" is also used in zoology to mean the act of any species consuming members of its own kind . The expression " cannibalization " is in addition used metaphorically outside of biological fields to refer to the reuse of parts or ideas or to situations such as when a company's assets eat into its other assets. This article is about human cannibalism.
Cannibalism has recently been both practiced and fiercely condemned in several wars, especially in Liberia [2] and Congo. [3] Today, the Korowai are one of very few tribes still believed to eat human flesh. [4] [5] It is also still known to be practiced as a ritual and in war in various Melanesian tribes. [6]
The closely related practice of headhunting continued in Europe until the early 20th century in the Balkan Peninsula and to the end of the Middle Ages in Ireland and the Scottish Marches . [21]
Contents
Note that cannibalism is not mentioned in the formal index of insanity, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , presumably due to its rarity. The medical literature on the topic is likewise sparse. Cecil Adams discussed this in a 2004 edition in his popular newspaper column The Straight Dope headed " Eat or be eaten: Is cannibalism a pathology as listed in the DSM-IV? ."
There are fundamentally two kinds of cannibalistic social behavior; endocannibalism (eating humans from the same community) and exocannibalism (eating humans from other communities).
A separate ethical distinction can be made to delineate between the practice of killing a human for food (homicidal cannibalism) versus eating the flesh of a person who was already dead (necro-cannibalism).
[ edit ] Overview
The social stigma against cannibalism has been used as an aspect of propaganda against an enemy by accusing them of acts of cannibalism to separate them from their humanity . The Carib tribe in the Lesser Antilles , from whom the word cannibalism derives, for example, acquired a longstanding reputation as cannibals following the recording of their legends by Fr. Breton in the 17th century. Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends and the prevalence of actual cannibalism in the culture.
During their period of expansion in the 15th through 17th centuries, Europeans equated cannibalism with evil and savagery. In the 16th century, Pope Innocent IV declared cannibalism a sin deserving to be punished by Christians through force of arms and Queen Isabella of Spain decreed that Spanish colonists could only legally enslave natives who were cannibals, giving the colonists an economic interest in making such allegations. This was used as a justification for employing violent means to subjugate native people. This theme dates back to Columbus' accounts of a supposedly ferocious group of man-eaters who lived in the Caribbean islands and parts of South America called the Caniba, which gave us the word cannibal. [22]
The Korowai tribe of southeastern Papua could be one of the last surviving tribes in the world engaging in cannibalism, although there have been media reports of soldiers/rebels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia eating body parts [23] to intimidate child soldiers or captives. [24] Marvin Harris has analyzed cannibalism and other food taboos . He argued that it was common when humans lived in small bands, but disappeared in the transition to states, the Aztecs being an exception.
A well known case of mortuary cannibalism is that of the Fore tribe in New Guinea which resulted in the spread of the prion disease Kuru . It is often believed to be well-documented, although no eyewitnesses have ever been at hand. Some scholars argue that although postmortem dismemberment was the practice during funeral rites, cannibalism was not. Marvin Harris theorizes that it happened during a famine period coincident with the arrival of Europeans and was rationalized as a religious rite.
In pre-modern medicine, an explanation for cannibalism stated that it came about within a black acrimonious humour , which, being lodged in the linings of the ventricle , produced the voracity for human flesh. [25]
Some now-challenged research received a large amount of press attention when scientists suggested that early humans may have practiced cannibalism. Later reanalysis of the data found serious problems with this hypothesis. According to the original research, genetic markers commonly found in modern humans all over the world suggest that today many people carry a gene that evolved as protection against brain diseases that can be spread by consuming human brains. [26] Later reanalysis of the data claims to have found a data collection bias, which led to an erroneous conclusion: [27] that in some cases blame for incidents claimed as evidence has been given to 'primitive' local cultures, where in fact the cannibalism was practiced by explorers, stranded seafarers or escaped convicts. [28]
[ edit ] As cultural libel
See also: Blood libel
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . Please improve this section if you can. (May 2009)
Unsubstantiated reports of cannibalism disproportionately relate cases of cannibalism among cultures that are already otherwise despised, feared, or are little known. In antiquity, Greek reports of cannibalism, (often called anthropophagy in this context) were related to distant non-Hellenic barbarians , or else relegated in Greek mythology to the 'primitive' chthonic world that preceded the coming of the Olympian gods: see the explicit rejection of human sacrifice in the cannibal feast prepared for the Olympians by Tantalus of his son Pelops . All South Sea Islanders were cannibals so far as their enemies were concerned. When the whaleship Essex was rammed and sunk by a whale in 1820, the captain opted to sail 3000 miles upwind to Chile rather than 1400 miles downwind to the Marquesas because he had heard the Marquesans were cannibals. Ironically many of the survivors of the shipwreck resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.
However, Herman Melville happily lived with the Marquesan Typees (Taipi), rumoured to have been the most vicious of the island group's cannibal tribes, but also may have witnessed evidence of cannibalism. In his autobiographical novel Typee , he reports seeing shrunken heads and having strong evidence that the tribal leaders ceremonially consumed the bodies of killed warriors of the neighboring tribe after a skirmish.
William Arens , author of The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy (New York : Oxford University Press, 1979; ISBN 0-19-502793-0 ), questions the credibility of reports of cannibalism and argues that the description by one group of people of another people as cannibals is a consistent and demonstrable ideological and rhetorical device to establish perceived cultural superiority. Arens bases his thesis on a detailed analysis of numerous "classic" cases of cultural cannibalism cited by explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists. His findings were that many were steeped in racism, unsubstantiated, or based on second-hand or hearsay evidence. In combing the literature he could not find a single credible eye-witness account. And, as he points out, the hallmark of ethnography is the observation of a practice prior to description. In the end he concluded that cannibalism was not the widespread prehistoric practice it was claimed to be; that anthropologists were too quick to pin the cannibal label on a group based not on responsible research but on our own culturally-determined pre-conceived notions, often motivated by a need to exoticize. He wrote:
Anthropologists have made no serious attempt to disabuse the public of the widespread notion of the ubiquity of anthropophagists. ... in the deft hands and fertile imaginations of anthropologists, former or contemporary anthropophagists have multiplied with the advance of civilization and fieldwork in formerly unstudied culture areas. ...The existence of man-eating peoples just beyond the pale of civilization is a common ethnographic suggestion. [29]
Arens' findings are controversial, and have been cited as an example of postcolonial revisionism . [30] His argument is often mischaracterized as "cannibals do not and never did exist",[ citation needed ] when in the end the book is actually a call for a more responsible and reflective approach to anthropological research. At any rate, the book ushered in an era of rigorous combing of the cannibalism literature. By Arens' later admission, some cannibalism claims came up short, others were reinforced.
Conversely, Michel de Montaigne 's essay "Of cannibals" introduced a new multicultural note in European civilization. Montaigne wrote that "one calls 'barbarism' whatever he is not accustomed to." By using a title like that and describing a fair indigean society, Montaigne may have wished to provoke a surprise in the reader of his Essays.
Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault , 1819
Cannibalism has been occasionally practiced as a last resort by people suffering from famine . In colonial Jamestown , colonists resorted to cannibalism during a period known as the Starving Time , from 1609-1610. After food supplies were diminished, some colonists began to dig up corpses for food. During this time period, one man confessed to killing his pregnant wife, salting, and eating her, before being burned alive as punishment. [31]
In the US, the group of settlers known as the Donner party resorted to cannibalism while snowbound in the mountains for the winter. The last survivors of Sir John Franklin 's Expedition were found to have resorted to cannibalism in their final push across King William Island towards the Back River. [32] There are many claims that cannibalism was widespread during the famine of Ukraine in the 1930s, during the Siege of Leningrad in World War II , [33] [34] and during the Chinese Civil War and the Great Leap Forward in the People's Republic of China. [35] There were also rumors of several cannibalism outbreaks during World War II in the Nazi concentration camps where the prisoners were malnourished. [36] Cannibalism was also practiced by Japanese troops as recently as World War II in the Pacific theater. [37] A more recent example is of leaked stories from North Korean refugees of cannibalism practiced during and after a famine that occurred sometime between 1995 and 1997. [38]
Lowell Thomas records the cannibalisation of some of the surviving crew members of the Dumaru after the ship exploded and sank during the First World War in his book, The Wreck of the Dumaru (1930). Another case of shipwrecked survivors forced to engage in cannibalism was that of the Medusa , a French vessel which in 1816 ran aground on the Banc d'Arguin (English: The Bank of Arguin) off the coast of Africa, about sixty miles distant from shore.
In 1972, the survivors of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 , consisting of the rugby team from Stella Maris College in Montevideo and some of their family members, were resorted to cannibalism during their entrapment at the crash site. They had been stranded since October 13 and rescue operations at the crash site did not commence until December 22. The story of the survivors was chronicled in Piers Paul Read 's 1974 book, Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors , in a 1993 film adaptation of the book, called simply Alive , and in a 2008 documentary: Stranded: I've Come From a Plane That Crashed on the Mountains .
It is believed[ who? ] that cannibalism took place on Easter Island after the construction of the Moai caused an ecosystem collapse starting with the inaccessibility of wood to build fishing boats.[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] Themes in mythology and religion
Saturn Devouring His Son , from the Black Paintings series by Francisco de Goya , 1819
Cannibalism features in many mythologies, and is most often attributed to evil characters or as extreme retribution for some wrong. Examples include The witch in Hansel and Gretel and Baba Yaga of Slavic folklore .
A number of stories in Greek mythology involve cannibalism, in particular cannibalism of close family members, for example the stories of Thyestes , Tereus and especially Cronus , who was Saturn in the Roman pantheon. The story of Tantalus also parallels this. These mythologies inspired Shakespeare's cannibalism scene in Titus Andronicus .
In the Christian tradition, cannibalism is symbolically represented in the form of communion and the Eucharist . Protestants , in general, consider communion as symbolic, while Catholics teach that the Eucharist is literal, through their belief of transubstantiation . [39]
Hindu mythology describes evil demons called " asura " or " rakshasa " that dwell in the forests and practice extreme violence including devouring their own kind, and possess many evil supernatural powers. These are however the Hindu equivalent of "demons" and do not relate to actual tribes of forest-dwelling people.
The Wendigo (also Windigo, Weendigo, Windago, Windiga, Witiko, Wihtikow, and numerous other variants) is a mythical creature appearing in the mythology of the Algonquian people. It is a malevolent cannibalistic spirit into which humans could transform, or which could possess humans. Those who indulged in cannibalism were at particular risk [40] , and the legend appears to have reinforced this practice as taboo . The name is Wiindigoo in the Ojibwe language (the source of the English word [41] ), Wìdjigò in the Algonquin language , and Wīhtikōw in the Cree language ; the Proto-Algonquian term was *wi·nteko·wa, which probably originally meant "owl". [42]
[ edit ] Pre-history
Some anthropologists, such as Tim White , suggest that cannibalism was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period. This theory is based on the large amount of "butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites. [43] Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages. [44]
[ edit ] Early history
Cannibalism is mentioned many times in early history and literature. It is reported in the Bible during the siege of Samaria (2 Kings 6:25–30). Two women made a pact to eat their children; after the first mother cooked her child the second mother ate it but refused to reciprocate by cooking her own child. A similar story is reported by Flavius Josephus during the siege of Jerusalem by Rome in 70 AD, and the population of Numantia during the Roman Siege of Numantia in the second century BC was reduced to cannibalism and suicide. Cannibalism was also well-documented in Egypt during a famine caused by the failure of the Nile to flood for eight years (1073-1064 BCE).
As in modern times, though, reports of cannibalism were often told as apocryphal second and third-hand stories, with widely varying levels of accuracy. St. Jerome , in his letter Against Jovinianus , discusses how people come to their present condition as a result of their heritage, and then lists several examples of peoples and their customs. In the list, he mentions that he has heard that Atticoti eat human flesh and that Massagetae and Derbices (a people on the borders of India) kill and eat old people.(---The Tibareni crucify those whom they have loved before when they have grown old---). ; this points to likelihood that St. Jerome's writing came from rumours and does not represent the situation accurately. [45]
Researchers have found physical evidence of cannibalism in ancient times. In 2001, archaeologists at the University of Bristol found evidence of Iron Age cannibalism in Gloucestershire. [46] In Germany, Emil Carthaus and Dr. Bruno Bernhard have observed 1,891 signs of cannibalism in the caves at the Hönne (1000 - 700 BCE). [47]
[ edit ] Middle Ages
Ugolino and his sons in their cell, as painted by William Blake circa 1826. Ugolino della Gherardesca was an Italian nobleman that, together with his sons Gaddo and Uguccione and his grand-sons Nino and Anselmuccio were detained in the Muda , in March 1289 . The keys were thrown into the Arno river and the prisoners left to starve. According to Dante , the prisoners were slowly starved to death and before dying Ugolino's children begged him to eat their bodies.
During the Muslim-Qurayš wars in the early 7th century, cases of cannibalism have been reported. Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib , his liver was consumed by Hind bint 'Utbah , the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb (one of the commanders of the Qurayš army). [48] Although she later converted to Islam, and was the mother of Muawiyah I , the founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate , Muawiyah was later slandered to be an unacceptable leader and the son of a cannibal.
Reports of cannibalism were also recorded during the First Crusade , as Crusaders fed on the bodies of their dead opponents following the Siege of Ma'arrat al-Numan . It is also possible that the Crusaders staged such incidents as part of psychological warfare . Amin Maalouf also discusses further cannibalism incidents on the march to Jerusalem , and to the efforts made to delete mention of these from western history. [49] During Europe's Great Famine of 1315–1317 there were many reports of cannibalism among the starving populations. In North Africa , as in Europe, there are references to cannibalism as a last resort in times of famine . [50]
The Muslim explorer Ibn Batutta reported that one African king advised him that nearby people were cannibals (this may have been a prank played on Ibn Batutta by the king in order to fluster his guest).
For a brief time in Europe, an unusual form of cannibalism occurred when thousands of Egyptian mummies preserved in bitumen were ground up and sold as medicine. [51] The practice developed into a wide-scale business which flourished until the late 16th century. This "fad" ended because the mummies were revealed to actually be recently killed slaves. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form (see human mummy confection ). [52]
References to cannibalizing the enemy has also been seen in poetry written when China was repressed in the Song Dynasty , though the cannibalizing is perhaps poetic symbolism, expressing hatred towards the enemy (see Man Jiang Hong ).
While there is universal agreement that some Mesoamerican people practiced human sacrifice , there is a lack of scholarly consensus as to whether cannibalism in pre-Columbian America was widespread. At one extreme, anthropologist Marvin Harris, author of Cannibals and Kings , has suggested that the flesh of the victims was a part of an aristocratic diet as a reward, since the Aztec diet was lacking in proteins . While most pre-Columbian historians believe that there was ritual cannibalism related to human sacrifices, they do not support Harris's thesis that human flesh was ever a significant portion of the Aztec diet. [53] [54] [55]
[ edit ] Early modern era
European explorers and colonizers brought home many stories of cannibalism practiced by the native peoples they encountered. The friar Diego de Landa reported about Yucatán instances, Yucatan before and after the Conquest, translated from Relación de las cosas de Yucatan, 1566 ( New York : Dover Publications, 1978: 4), and there have been similar reports by Purchas from Popayán, Colombia , and from the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia , where human flesh was called long-pig (Alanna King, ed., Robert Louis Stevenson in the South Seas, London: Luzac Paragon House, 1987: 45–50). It is recorded about the natives of the captaincy of Sergipe in Brazil , "They eat human flesh when they can get it, and if a woman miscarries devour the abortive immediately. If she goes her time out, she herself cuts the navel-string with a shell , which she boils along with the secondine, and eats them both.'" (See E. Bowen, 1747: 532.)
Reports of cannibalism among the Texas tribes were often applied to the Karankawa and the Tonkawa . [56] [57] Though cannibals, the fierce Tonkawas were great friends of the white Texas settlers, helping them against all their enemies. [58] Among the North American tribes which practiced cannibalism in some form may be mentioned the Montagnais , and some of the tribes of Maine ; the Algonkin , Armouchiquois , Iroquois , and Micmac ; in the South the Seminole people who built the mounds in Florida , and the Tonkawa , Attacapa , Karankawa , Kiowa , Caddo , and Comanche (?); in the Northwest and West, portions of the continent, the Thlingchadinneh and other Athapascan tribes, the Tlingit , Heiltsuk , Kwakiutl , Tsimshian , Nootka , Siksika , some of the Californian tribes, and the Ute . There is also a tradition of the practice among the Hopi , and mentions of the custom among other tribes of New Mexico and Arizona . The Mohawk , and the Attacapa , Tonkawa , and other Texas tribes were known to their neighbours as "man-eaters." [59]
As with most lurid tales of native cannibalism, these stories are treated with a great deal of scrutiny, as accusations of cannibalism were often used as justifications for the subjugation or destruction of "savages." However, there were several well-documented cultures that engaged in regular eating of the dead, such as New Zealand's Maori . In one infamous 1809 incident, 66 passengers and crew of the ship the Boyd were killed and eaten by Māori on the Whangaroa peninsula, Northland. (See also: Boyd massacre ) Cannibalism was already a regular practice in Māori wars. [60] In another instance, on 11 July 1821 warriors from the Ngapuhi tribe killed 2,000 enemies and remained on the battlefield "eating the vanquished until they were driven off by the smell of decaying bodies". [61] Māori warriors fighting the New Zealand Government in Titokowaru's War in New Zealand's North Island in 1868–69 revived ancient rites of cannibalism as part of the radical Hauhau movement of the Pai Marire religion. [62]
Other islands in the Pacific were home to cultures that allowed cannibalism to some degree. The dense population of Marquesas Islands , Polynesia , was concentrated in the narrow valleys, and consisted of warring tribes, who sometimes cannibalized their enemies. In parts of Melanesia , cannibalism was still practiced in the early 20th century, for a variety of reasons — including retaliation, to insult an enemy people, or to absorb the dead person's qualities. [63] One tribal chief in Fiji is said to have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his achievement. [64] The ferocity of the cannibal lifestyle deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters, giving Fiji the name Cannibal Isles.
This period of time was also rife with instances of explorers and seafarers resorting to cannibalism for survival. The survivors of the sinking of the French ship Medusa in 1816 resorted to cannibalism after four days adrift on a raft and their plight was made famous by Théodore Géricault 's painting Raft of the Medusa . The misfortunes of the Donner Party in the United States are also well-known. After the sinking of the Essex of Nantucket by a whale, on November 20, 1820, (an important source event for Herman Melville 's Moby-Dick ) the survivors, in three small boats, resorted, by common consent, to cannibalism in order for some to survive. [65] Sir John Franklin 's lost polar expedition is another example of cannibalism out of desperation. [66]
The case of R v. Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273 (QB) is an English case which dealt with four crew members of an English yacht, the Mignonette, which were cast away in a storm some 1,600 miles (2,600 km) from the Cape of Good Hope . After several days one of the crew, a seventeen year old cabin boy, fell unconscious due to a combination of the famine and drinking seawater. The others (one possibly objecting) decided then to kill him and eat him. They were picked up four days later. Two of the three survivors were found guilty of murder. A significant outcome of this case was that necessity was determined to be no defence against a charge of murder.
Roger Casement writing to a consular colleague in Lisbon on 3 August 1903 from Lake Mantumba in the Congo Free State said: "The people round here are all cannibals. You never saw such a weird looking lot in your life. There are also dwarfs (called Batwas) in the forest who are even worse cannibals than the taller human environment. They eat man flesh raw! It's a fact." Casement then added how assailants would "bring down a dwarf on the way home, for the marital cooking pot...The Dwarfs, as I say, dispense with cooking pots and eat and drink their human prey fresh cut on the battlefield while the blood is still warm and running. These are not fairy tales my dear Cowper but actual gruesome reality in the heart of this poor, benighted savage land." (National Library of Ireland, MS 36,201/3)
[ edit ] Modern era
[ edit ] World War II
Finnish soldiers displaying the skins of the Soviet soldiers who were allegedly eaten by their own troops at Maaselkä in 1942.
Many instances of cannibalism by necessity were recorded during World War II . For example, during the 872-day Siege of Leningrad , reports of cannibalism began to appear in the winter of 1941–1942, after all birds, rats and pets were eaten by survivors. Leningrad police even formed a special division to combat cannibalism. [67] [68] Following the Soviet victory at Stalingrad it was found that some German soldiers in the besieged city, cut off from supplies, resorted to cannibalism. [69]
Later, in February 1943, roughly 100,000 German soldiers were taken prisoner of war (POW). Almost all of them were sent to POW camps in Siberia or Central Asia where, due to being chronically underfed by their Soviet captors, many resorted to cannibalism. Fewer than 5,000 of the prisoners taken at Stalingrad survived captivity. The majority, however, died early in their imprisonment due to exposure or sickness brought on by conditions in the surrounded army before the surrender. [70]
Collected ribs ostensibly belonging to a Soviet infiltrator during the Continuation War in Finland
In parts of Eastern Europe during World War II, there are anecdotal accounts of people finding human fingernails in sausage suggesting the foodstuffs were composed of human flesh.
Many written reports and testimonies collected by the Australian War Crimes Section of the Tokyo tribunal , and investigated by prosecutor William Webb (the future Judge-in-Chief), indicate that Japanese soldiers, in many parts of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , committed acts of cannibalism against Allied prisoners of war. According to historian Yuki Tanaka: "cannibalism was often a systematic activity conducted by whole squads and under the command of officers". [71]
In some cases, flesh was cut from living people. An Indian POW, Lance Naik Hatam Ali (later a citizen of Pakistan ), testified that in New Guinea: "the Japanese started selecting prisoners and every day one prisoner was taken out and killed and eaten by the soldiers. I personally saw this happen and about 100 prisoners were eaten at this place by the Japanese. The remainder of us were taken to another spot 50 miles [80 km] away where 10 prisoners died of sickness. At this place, the Japanese again started selecting prisoners to eat. Those selected were taken to a hut where their flesh was cut from their bodies while they were alive and they were thrown into a ditch where they later died." [72]
Another well-documented case occurred in Chichijima in February 1945, when Japanese soldiers killed and consumed five American airmen. This case was investigated in 1947 in a war crimes trial, and of 30 Japanese soldiers prosecuted, five (Maj. Matoba, Gen. Tachibana, Adm. Mori, Capt. Yoshii, and Dr. Teraki) were found guilty and hanged. [73] In his book Flyboys: A True Story of Courage , James Bradley details several instances of cannibalism of World War II Allied prisoners by their Japanese captors. The author claims that this included not only ritual cannibalization of the livers of freshly-killed prisoners, but also the cannibalization-for-sustenance of living prisoners over the course of several days, amputating limbs only as needed to keep the meat fresh. [74]
[ edit ] Other cases
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate . Editing help is available. (June 2009)
The Leopard Society were a West African society active into mid-1900s that practiced cannibalism. They were centred in Sierra Leone , Nigeria , Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire . The Leopard men would dress in leopard skins, waylaying travelers with sharp claw-like weapons in the form of leopards' claws and teeth. [75] The victims' flesh would be cut from their bodies and distributed to members of the society. [76] In Tanganyika , the Lion men committed an estimated 200 murders in a single three-month period. [77]
During the 1930s, multiple acts of cannibalism were reported from Ukraine and Russia 's Volga, South Siberian and Kuban regions during the Holodomor . [78]
Cannibalism was proven to have occurred in China during the Great Leap Forward , when rural China was hit hard by drought and famine . [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] Reports of cannibalism during the Cultural Revolution in China have also emerged. These reports show that cannibalism was practiced for ideological purposes. [84] [85]
Prior to 1931, New York Times reporter William Buehler Seabrook , allegedly in the interests of research, obtained from a hospital intern at the Sorbonne a chunk of human meat from the body of a healthy human killed by accident, and cooked and ate it. He reported that, "It was like good, fully developed veal , not young, but not yet beef. It was very definitely like that, and it was not like any other meat I had ever tasted. It was so nearly like good, fully developed veal that I think no person with a palate of ordinary, normal sensitiveness could distinguish it from veal. It was mild, good meat with no other sharply defined or highly characteristic taste such as for instance, goat, high game, and pork have. The steak was slightly tougher than prime veal, a little stringy, but not too tough or stringy to be agreeably edible. The roast, from which I cut and ate a central slice, was tender, and in color, texture, smell as well as taste, strengthened my certainty that of all the meats we habitually know, veal is the one meat to which this meat is accurately comparable." [86] [87]
The Soviet writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , in his novel The Gulag Archipelago , describes cases of cannibalism in the twentieth-century USSR . Of the famine in Povolzhie (1921–1922) he writes: "That horrible famine was up to cannibalism, up to consuming children by their own parents — the famine, which Russia had never known even in Time of Troubles [in 1601–1603]...". [88] He says of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–1944): "Those who consumed human flesh, or dealt with the human liver trading from dissecting rooms... were accounted as the political criminals...". [89] And of the building of Northern Railway Prisoners Camp ("SevZhelDorLag") Solzhenitsyn writes: "An ordinary hard working political prisoner almost could not survive at that penal camp. In the camp SevZhelDorLag (chief: colonel Klyuchkin) in 1946–47 there were many cases of cannibalism: they cut human bodies, cooked and ate." [90]
The Soviet journalist Yevgenia Ginzburg , former long-term political prisoner, who spent time in the Soviet prisons, Gulag camps and settlements from 1938 to 1955, describes in her memoir book "Harsh Route" (or "Steep Route") the case, which she was directly involved in late 1940s, after she had been moved to the prisoners' hospital. [91] "...The chief warder shows me the black smoked pot, filled with some food: 'I need your medical expertize regarding this meat.' I look into the pot, and hardly hold vomiting. The fibers of that meat are very small, and don't resemble me anything I have seen before. The skin on some pieces bristles with black hair (...) A former smith from Poltava, Kulesh worked together with Centurashvili. At this time, Centurashvili was only one month away from being discharged from the camp (...) And suddenly he surprisingly disappeared. The wardens looked around the hills, stated Kulesh's evidence, that last time Kulesh had seen his workmate near the fireplace, Kulesh went out to work and Centurashvili left to warm himself more; but when Kulesh returned to the fireplace, Centurashvili had vanished; who knows, maybe he got frozen somewhere in snow, he was a weak guy (...) The wardens searched for two more days, and then assumed that it was an escape case, though they wondered why, since his imprisonment period was almost over (...) The crime was there. Approaching the fireplace, Kulesh killed Centurashvili with an axe, burned his clothes, then dismembered him and hid the pieces in snow, in different places, putting specific marks on each burial place. (...) Just yesterday, one body part was found under two crossed logs."
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Who won the Best Actor Oscar in 1997 for his part in ‘Shine’? | Academy Awards Best Actor
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) ); two were consecutive nominations (from 1930/31-1931/32)
Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins (Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1993-1994)
Sean Penn (5) - with two wins (Mystic River (2003) and Milk (2008)); nominations were from 1995-2008
The Most Best Actor Nominations:
Actors with the highest number of Best Actor acting nominations (in parentheses) include:
Spencer Tracy (9) - with two wins
Laurence Olivier (9) - with one win (Hamlet (1948)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1939-1940)
Jack Nicholson (8) - with two wins
Paul Newman (8) - with one win (The Color of Money (1986)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1981-1982)
Peter O'Toole (8) - with no wins; two were consecutive nominations (from 1968-1969); nominations from 1962-2006
Marlon Brando (7) - with two wins
Dustin Hoffman (7) - with two wins
Jack Lemmon (7) - with one win (Save the Tiger (1973)); two were consecutive nominations (from 1959-1960, and from 1979-1980)
Paul Muni (6) - with one win (The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1935-1937)
Richard Burton (6) - with no wins; three were consecutive nominations (from 1964-1966)
Gary Cooper (5) - with two wins
Tom Hanks (5) - with two wins
Fredric March (5) - with two wins
Sean Penn (5) - with two wins
Daniel Day-Lewis (5) - with three wins
James Stewart (5) - with one win (
Anthony Hopkins (3) - with one win ( The Silence of the Lambs (1991) ); nominations from 1991-1995
Russell Crowe (3) - with one win (Gladiator (2000)); three were consecutive nominations (from 1999-2001)
Jeff Bridges (3) - with one win (Crazy Heart (2009)); nominations from 1984-2010
George Clooney (3) - with no wins; nominations from 2007-2011
Consecutive Best Actor-Winning Performers:
There are only two actresses (Luise Rainer and Katharine Hepburn) who have received two consecutive Best Actress awards, as there are only two actors who have received two consecutive Best Actor statuette wins:
Spencer Tracy (Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938))
Tom Hanks (Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994))
[Note: Jason Robards won two consecutive Best Supporting Actor Oscars in 1976 and 1977.]
Winners of Both a Lead and Supporting Actor Oscar:
In 1997, Jack Nicholson tied Walter Brennan for the most wins (3) for a male performer (Brennan has three Best Supporting Actor trophies, Nicholson has two for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor). The only stars to win both a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor (BSA) Oscar are the following:
Jack Nicholson (BA for
Gene Hackman (BA for The French Connection (1971) , BSA for Unforgiven (1992) )
Kevin Spacey (BA for American Beauty (1999), BSA for The Usual Suspects (1995))
Denzel Washington (BA for Training Day (2001), BSA for Glory (1989))
The Only Best Actor Tie:
In the Best Actor category, an unusual tie (the only occurrence among male acting performances) occurred in 1931/32 between Wallace Beery and Fredric March, for their respective performances in The Champ (1931/32) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32).
The Most Best Actor Oscar Nominations - Without Winning:
Peter O'Toole is the only star with eight Best Actor Oscar nominations without a single win. His record extends 44 years, from 1962 to 2006.
Richard Burton was nominated seven times (and never won), although his first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for My Cousin Rachel (1952) -- his last six nominations were as Best Actor.
Oscar-Winning Actor Roles and Trends:
Biographies of remarkable, real-life individuals (military figures or soldiers, law-and-order enforcers, historical figures) and portrayals of the mentally ill are heavily represented among male Oscar winners, particularly in the acting awards. It helps an actor's chances of winning an Oscar if the character dies a tragic death during the movie, or is slightly eccentric (or genius).
Physical and Mental Disabilities or Diseases
An overwhelming number of actors have won (or been nominated for) the top acting (and supporting) awards for portraying characters with physical or mental disabilities (personality disorders, amnesia) or diseases (with handicaps, such as blindness or muteness, tics, etc.):
Fredric March won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual, split personality role as a respected doctor and as a fiendish mad-man in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32)
Ronald Colman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as shell-shocked amnesiac Charles Rainier in Random Harvest (1942)
Harold Russell (real-life amputee) won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as courageous and resourceful returning sailor Homer Parrish in
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) [Note: Russell is the only performer to win two Oscars for the same performance. In 1946, he won Best Supporting Actor and was voted an Honorary Oscar that same year for his performance.]
Arthur Kennedy was nominated as Best Actor for his role as veteran Larry Nevins made blind in WWII combat in Bright Victory (1951)
Cliff Robertson won the Best Actor Oscar for his title role as Charly Gordon - a mentally-retarded, thirty year-old bakery worker temporarily made a genius through surgery in Charly (1968)
Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for his role as deaf-mute Singer in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968)
Sir John Mills won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as mute, gentle, mis-shaped village idiot Michael in Ryan's Daughter (1970) - he became the sole male actor to win an Oscar for a non-speaking role
Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as life-affirming, ill-fated, free-spirited, anarchic misfit patient Randle Patrick McMurphy in
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Jon Voight won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as handicapped Luke Martin - a bitter but sensitive paraplegic veteran paralyzed during the Vietnam War in Coming Home (1978)
Timothy Hutton won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as guilt-ridden, depressed teenaged Conrad Jarrett in Ordinary People (1980)
John Malkovich was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for his role as blind boarder Mr. Will in Places in the Heart (1984)
Dustin Hoffman won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as institutionalized, ultimately loveable, autistic idiot savant Raymond ('Ray(n)' 'Man(d)') Babbitt in Rain Man (1988)
Daniel Day-Lewis won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as Irish-born artist and author Christy Brown - a self-reliant, spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy victim who could only write and draw with his foot in My Left Foot (1989)
Anthony Hopkins won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as cannibalistic, menacing, psychopathic serial psychiatrist/killer Dr. Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Al Pacino won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as foul-mouthed, suicidal, blind (as a result of a boozing-related accident), retired Lt. Col. Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (1992)
Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as AIDS-infected corporate attorney and victim Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993) - Hanks' 1994 acceptance speech for his Best Actor Oscar win for Philadelphia (1993) directly inspired the homosexuality-themed film In & Out (1997), about an outed English literature teacher (Kevin Kline) in an Indiana town when one of his former students (Matt Dillon) thanked him at the Academy Awards and mentioned he was gay
Tom Hanks won the Best Actor Oscar again for his title role as Forrest Gump, a good-hearted, naive, eccentric, dim-witted protagonist (an idiot-savant) in Forrest Gump (1994)
Geoffrey Rush won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as talented but agonizingly-troubled, mentally-disabled Australian concert pianist David Helfgott who suffered a crippling nervous breakdown in Shine (1996)
Jack Nicholson won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as rich, bigoted, obsessive-compulsive romance novelist Melvin Udall living in New York in As Good As It Gets (1997)
Geoffrey Rush was also nominated as Best Actor for his role as sexually-crazed French novelist Marquis de Sade in Quills (2000)
Jamie Foxx won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as legendary blues singer and blind pianist Ray Charles in Ray (2004)
Forest Whitaker won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as brutal, infamous, genocidal Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland (2006)
Colin Firth won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as stuttering monarch George VI in The King's Speech (2010)
Eddie Redmayne won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as ALS-diagnosed physicist Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything (2014)
Alcoholics
And a number of other actors have won Oscar awards (or been nominated) for portraying alcoholic characters:
Lionel Barrymore won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as dissolute and drunken lawyer Stephen Ashe (co-star Norma Shearer's father) in A Free Soul (1930/31)
Van Heflin won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Shakespeare-quoting, alcoholic confidant Jeff Hartnett who befriended gangster co-star Robert Taylor in Johnny Eager (1942)
Ray Milland won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as whiskey-soaked, boozing, writer's blocked Don Birnam in The Lost Weekend (1945)
Fredric March won Best Actor for his role as anguished, middle-aged, alcoholic banking executive - and returning war veteran and ex-sergeant Al Stephenson in
A Star Is Born (1954)
Jack Lemmon was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic advertising man Joe Clay in Days of Wine and Roses (1962)
Lee Marvin won the Best Actor Oscar for his dual role as cold-eyed, ruthlessly evil desperado Tim Strawn (with an artificial silver nose) and Strawn's aging, once-famous, drunken and whiskey-soaked twin gunman Kid Shelleen in Cat Ballou (1965)
Dudley Moore was nominated as Best Actor for his role as drunk, spoiled, amiable and millionaire-rich playboy - title character Arthur Bach in Arthur (1981)
Paul Newman was nominated as Best Actor for his role as alcoholic, ambulance-chasing, Boston trial lawyer Frank P. Galvin in The Verdict (1982)
Robert Duvall won Best Actor for his role as ex-drinking, ex-country/western music star Mac Sledge in Tender Mercies (1983)
Note: in 1983, all five Best Actor nominees played drunks of one sort or another (two were nominated for the film The Dresser (1983), Albert Finney and Tom Courtenay)
Albert Finney was nominated as Best Actor for his role as self-destructive alcoholic Geoffrey Firmin drinking himself to death in the shadow of a Mexican volcano in Under the Volcano (1984)
Nicolas Cage won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as failed, Hollywood scriptwriter and fatally-destructive, genial, but suicidal alcoholic Ben Sanderson in Leaving Las Vegas (1995)
Robert Duvall was nominated as Best Actor for his role as Texas Pentecostal preacher Eulis ("Sonny") Dewey who became 'The Apostle' of God in Louisiana to escape his past in The Apostle (1997)
James Coburn won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Nick Nolte's tyrannical, abusive and alcoholic father Glen "Pop" Whitehouse in Affliction (1998)
Jeff Bridges won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as broken-down, aging, boozy country-music singer Bad Blake in Crazy Heart (2009)
Denzel Washington was nominated as Best Actor for his role as tragic, heroic, and addicted boozy airline pilot Whip Whitaker in Flight (2012)
Homosexual Roles
Some straight actors have been nominated (and often won) for homosexual roles:
Peter Finch received his first Best Actor nomination (without winning) for his role as middle-aged, homosexual Jewish Dr. Daniel Hirsh involved in a three-sided love story in Sunday, Bloody Sunday (1971)
William Hurt won Best Actor for his role as imprisoned, flamboyant gay South American Luis Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)
Tom Hanks won Best Actor for his role as dying AIDS patient Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993)
Sean Penn won the Best Actor Oscar for his role as openly pioneering San Francisco gay camera store owner Harvey Milk who successfully was serving in public office as mayoral aide when he was assassinated, in Milk (2008)
Mediocre or Compensatory Oscar Wins:
Oscar victories for Best Actor haven't always been for the stars' best work either, but have often been an effort to right past injustices, or retroactively for an entire body of work:
56 year-old Ronald Colman's late win as Best Actor for A Double Life (1947) - a tribute to his entire silent and sound film career
62 year-old John Wayne's belated win as Best Actor for True Grit (1969), when he should have been honored years earlier for
The Grapes of Wrath (1940) or The Ox-Bow Incident (1943)
Also, elderly nominees seem to fare better, such as 54 year-old Art Carney winning the Best Actor Oscar for Harry and Tonto (1974), 60 year-old Peter Finch's posthumous Best Actor award for Network (1976) , 80 year-old George Burns winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Sunshine Boys (1975), Melvyn Douglas winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Being There (1979), Don Ameche winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Cocoon (1985), and 72 year-old Alan Arkin winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Little Miss Sunshine (2006).
Many other elderly actors have been nominated for supporting roles, including Eric von Stroheim for
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) , John Mills for Ryan's Daughter (1970), Lee Strasberg for
The Godfather, Part II (1974) , Burgess Meredith for Rocky (1976) , Robert Preston for Victor/Victoria (1982), Denholm Elliott for A Room With a View (1986), and Armin Mueller-Stahl for Shine (1996).
Post-Humous Acting Nominations and Award(s):
There are only been seven post-humous performance nominees in Academy history. Only two posthumous nominees have won the Oscar: the first by Peter Finch and and the second by Heath Ledger - see below:
Jeanne Eagels - unofficially nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for The Letter (1928/29) posthumously (Academy records indicated that she was "under consideration" for an award)
James Dean - the only actor who was twice nominated (in two consecutive years) for a Best Actor Oscar after his death and lost, for East of Eden (1955) , and Giant (1956)
Spencer Tracy - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) posthumously
Peter Finch - nominated and winning the Best Actor Oscar for Network (1976) posthumously - Finch was the first performer to have won the Oscar after his death
Ralph Richardson - nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984) posthumously
Italian actor Massimo Troisi - nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995) posthumously
Heath Ledger - nominated and winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for The Dark Knight (2008) posthumously - the second performer to win posthumously
The Most Best Actor Nominations for a Single Film:
The film with the most Best Actor nominations (3) was Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) , for Clark Gable, Franchot Tone, and Charles Laughton. It was the first film to have three acting nominations, and the first film to have three co-performers competing against each other in the same category - as Best Actor.
African-American (or Black) Notables:
There have only been twenty African-American (or black) nominations for Best Actor, divided amongst thirteen different performers. Four actors (Poitier, Freeman, Washington and Smith) have been nominated twice (or more) for the top award. Some regard Denzel Washington as the first African-American performer to win Best Actor -- because previous Oscar-winner Sidney Poitier was of Bahamas descent:
#
Chiwetel Ejiofor
12 Years a Slave (2013)
In total, there have only been 23 different African-American (or black) performers nominated for the top award (either Best Actor or Best Actress). Only fourteen awards have been won by African-Americans (or blacks) in both lead and supporting categories (four Best Actor, one Best Actress, four Best Supporting Actor, and five Best Supporting Actress). Only five black performers have won the Oscar in the lead category (four Best Actor, one Best Actress).
Only four African-American actors have won the Best Actor Oscar:
Sidney Poitier for Lilies of the Field (1963)
Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001)
Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004)
Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland (2006)
Five of the 20 acting nominations in 2004 and 2006 were African-American nominees. This bested the record of three nominated blacks that occurred in three different years (2001, 1985, and 1972):
2006
2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day, and Will Smith for Ali
1985: Whoopi Goldberg, Margaret Avery and Oprah Winfrey for The Color Purple
1972: Diana Ross for Lady Sings the Blues, and Cicely Tyson and Paul Winfield for Sounder
Jamie Foxx also set a record for being the first black to debut as a nominee in two categories in the same year, lead and supporting, for Ray (2004) and Collateral (2004).
Denzel Washington is the only black actor nominated six times for Best Actor or Best Supporting Actor. With his nomination for Flight (2012), he became the most nominated African-American actor in Academy history. He is the only black actor to have won two competitive Oscars (as Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and as Best Actor for Training Day (2001)).
Two African-American actors have been nominated for Best Actor in the same year, numerous times:
Year
Don Cheadle for Hotel Rwanda (2004), Jamie Foxx for Ray (2004)
2001
Will Smith for Ali (2001), Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001)
Morgan Freeman's Best Supporting Actor win for Million Dollar Baby (2004), paired with Jamie Foxx's Best Actor win for Ray (2004), was the first time that African-American actors won in their respective categories in the same year.
In three instances, African-Americans have won two of the four acting prizes:
2006: Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland, Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls
2004: Morgan Freeman for Million Dollar Baby, Jamie Foxx for Ray
2001: Halle Berry for Monster's Ball, Denzel Washington for Training Day
Latino, Asian and Other Ethnic-Minority (Non-English) Performers:
There have been only a few Best Actor Oscar wins by ethnic/other minority (or non-English) performers:
French actor Jean Dujardin won Best Actor for The Artist (2011) - he was the first French actor to win the Best Actor Oscar
Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the Best Actor Oscar for Life is Beautiful (1998) - he was the first male actor to win an Oscar for a foreign-language film (his Best Actor Oscar win was only the second time a nominee won an acting Oscar for a foreign language film role - the earlier winner was Sophia Loren)
Ben Kingsley, with half-Indian (birth name Krishna Bhanji) and half-English descent, won the Best Actor Oscar for Gandhi (1982) - he became the first South Asian performer to achieve such a feat
Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer won the Best Actor Oscar for his role in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950)
Notable ethnic/minority performance nominations for Best Actor include:
Australian actor Hugh Jackman was nominated as Best Actor for Les Miserables (2012)
Mexican-born actor Demián Bichir was nominated as Best Actor for A Better Life (2011)
Ben Kingsley was nominated as Best Actor for House of Sand and Fog (2003)
Spanish/Latino actor Javier Bardem was nominated as Best Actor for Before Night Falls (2000) and for Biutiful (2010) - he was the first Best Actor nominee for a fully Spanish-language role
Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was nominated as Best Actor for Shine (1996) (win) and Quills (2000) - Geoffrey Rush became the first Australian actor to win Best Actor (for the role of the mad pianist in Shine (1996)) since Peter Finch won posthumously for Network (1976)
Italian actor Massimo Troisi was nominated as Best Actor for The Postman (Il Postino) (1995)
French actor Gerard Depardieu was nominated as Best Actor for Cyrano de Bergerac (1990)
Swedish actor Max Von Sydow was nominated as Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988)
Mexican-American Edward James Olmos was nominated as Best Actor for Stand and Deliver (1988)
Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Dark Eyes (1987)
Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for A Special Day (1977)
Italian actor Giancarlo Giannini was nominated as Best Actor for Seven Beauties (1976)
Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni was nominated as Best Actor for Divorce - Italian Style (1962)
Mexican-born Anthony Quinn was nominated twice as Best Actor for Wild Is the Wind (1957) and Zorba the Greek (1964)
Puerto Rican-born Jose Ferrer was nominated as Best Actor for Moulin Rouge (1952)
Note: In 1985, all ten of the Best Actor/Actress nominees were American-born - the first time in Oscar history. Also, in 1964 and in 2007, all four winners of the performance/acting Oscars were non-Americans.
Multiple Nominations for the Same Character -- The Most Oscar-Friendly Role:
The character of Henry VIII has the most acting nominations (three) and is the most Oscar-friendly role:
Charles Laughton as Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) - the only winner of the three - a Best Actor Oscar
Robert Shaw as Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966) - nominated as Best Supporting Actor
Richard Burton as Henry VIII in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) - nominated as Best Actor
Other historical or fictional characters with two acting nominations include: Norman Maine, Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips"), Abraham Lincoln, Father Chuck O'Malley, King Henry V, Professor Henry Higgins, Cyrano de Bergerac, Joe Pendleton, President Richard Nixon, Vito Corleone. (See below).
Only two nominees in Oscar history have been nominated for playing the role of a real-life Oscar nominee: Cate Blanchett as Best Supporting Actress (win) for playing the role of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), and Robert Downey, Jr. nominated as Best Actor for the title role of Oscar nominee Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin (1992).
Multiple Nominations for the Same Character:
Five actors have been nominated twice for playing the same character in two different films (wins are marked with an *):
Bing Crosby as Father Charles "Chuck" O'Malley in Going My Way (1944)* and The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
Paul Newman as 'Fast' Eddie Felson in The Hustler (1961) and The Color of Money (1986)*
Peter O'Toole as King Henry II in Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968)
Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in
Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa in Rocky (1976) and Creed (2015)
(*Crosby won Best Actor for his first role, and Newman won Best Actor for his second role.)
Only one actress has ever received two nominations for playing the same character in two different films:
Cate Blanchett became the fifth performer to draw mentions for the same role (Queen Elizabeth I) in two different films: Best Actress for Elizabeth (1998) and Best Actress for Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)
Performers who were nominated as Best Actor for the same character in different films in different years include:
Fredric March and James Mason as Norman Maine in A Star is Born (1937) and
A Star is Born (1954)
Robert Donat and Peter O'Toole as Mr. Arthur Chipping ("Mr. Chips") in Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) and Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969)
Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh as King Henry V in Henry V (1944) and Henry V (1989) - both were directed by their stars
Charles Laughton and Richard Burton as King Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) and Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Leslie Howard and Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion (1938) and My Fair Lady (1964)
Jose Ferrer and Gerard Depardieu as Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) and Cyrano de Bergerac (1990)
Robert Montgomery and Warren Beatty as Joe Pendleton in Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) and Heaven Can Wait (1978)
Anthony Hopkins and Frank Langella as President Richard Nixon in Nixon (1995) and Frost/Nixon (2008)
John Wayne and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit (1969) and True Grit (2010)
Raymond Massey and Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln in Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) and Lincoln (2012)
Robert De Niro won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role as Vito Corleone in
The Godfather, Part II (1974) , the role for which Marlon Brando had previously won Best Actor in
The Godfather (1972).
Multiple Nominations:
After 1929/30, an actor could not receive more than one nomination per category. In 1944, the rules permitted Barry Fitzgerald to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor (which he won) for the same performance - Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way (1944). Subsequently, new rules have prevented this from re-occurring, although an actor may still be nominated in both categories for two different roles. (See the Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress pages for further information on double nominees.)
Barry Fitzgerald is the only actor to be nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same character (or performance) in the same year. Since then, two other male performers have been double-nominated in a single year (wins are marked with *) - Pacino was the first actor to be nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor in two different roles; the second actor in Oscar history to do so was Jamie Foxx in 2004:
Barry Fitzgerald (Best Actor for Going My Way (1944)* and Best Supporting Actor for Going My Way (1944))
Al Pacino (Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992)* and Best Supporting Actor for Glengarry Glen Ross (1992))
Jamie Foxx (Best Actor for Ray (2004)* and Best Supporting Actor for Collateral (2004))
One Nomination for Multiple Roles:
Peter Sellers is the only actor to be nominated (as Best Actor) for playing three entirely-different roles in the same film,
Three films have had the entire speaking casts nominated for awards:
Sleuth (1972), with Best Actor nominations for Michael Caine and Laurence Olivier
Give 'Em Hell, Harry! (1975), with a Best Actor nomination for James Whitmore
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) , with various nominations for all four cast members, Elizabeth Taylor (Best Actress win), Richard Burton (Best Actor loss), George Segal (Best Supporting Actor loss), and Sandy Dennis (Best Supporting Actress win)
Actors Who Won An Oscar for a Dual Role:
Fredric March, Best Actor winner for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931/32): Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Laurence Olivier, Best Actor winner for Hamlet (1948, UK): Hamlet and the Voice of the Ghost (uncredited)
Lee Marvin, Best Actor winner for Cat Ballou (1965): Tim Strawn and Kid Shelleen
The Best Actor Award for Two Films in the Same Year:
Emil Jannings was the only performer to win the Best Actor award for his performances in two films in the same year: The Last Command (1927/28) and The Way of All Flesh (1927/28) - he was the very first actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor; the Switzerland-born actor was the first non-American to win the award, which was presented to him a month before the ceremony.
Winning Co-Stars: Best Actor and Best Actress in the Same Film:
Seven films have won in both the leading actor and leading actress categories:
Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in
Gene Hackman, Best Actor ( The French Connection (1971) ), Best Supporting Actor ( Unforgiven (1992) )
Kevin Spacey, Best Supporting Actor (The Usual Suspects (1995)), Best Actor (American Beauty (1999))
Denzel Washington, Best Supporting Actor (Glory (1989)), Best Actor (Training Day (2001))
Films With the Most Oscars for Acting: (see also here )
The Only Films in Which Three Stars Won Performance Oscars
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - 12 nominations total, 4 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Vivien Leigh (Best Actress), Karl Malden (Best Supporting Actor), Kim Hunter (Best Supporting Actress)
Network (1976) - 10 nominations total, 5 acting nominations, 3 acting wins: Peter Finch (Best Actor), Faye Dunaway (Best Actress), Beatrice Straight (Best Supporting Actress)
Film Debut Nominees/Winners for Best Actor Oscars:
Not a single actor has ever won the Best Actor Oscar for a feature film debut. A few of those below had very small debuting roles before a substantial film appearance. Others have received nominations for Best Actor for their debut role (a sampling):
Paul Muni in The Valiant (1928/29) (nomination)
Lawrence Tibbett in The Rogue Song (1929-30) (nomination)
Orson Welles in
The Graduate (1967) (nomination)
Ben Kingsley in Gandhi (1982) (win) (he had a bit role in his feature film debut, Fear is the Key (1972))
Geoffrey Rush in Shine (1997) (win) (he had a bit role in a few earlier films, including Hoodwink (1981))
Reprising an Acclaimed Stage Role:
Six Best Actor winners won the Oscar for an acclaimed stage role that they reprised on the screen. Those with an asterisk (*) won both a Best Actor Oscar and a Tony Award for musical roles they had created on stage:
George Arliss for Disraeli (1929/30)
Paul Lukas for Watch on the Rhine (1943)
Jose Ferrer for Cyrano de Bergerac (1950)
Paul Scofield in A Man For All Seasons (1966)
Oscar-Winning Roles First on TV:
The only two Best Actor winners who first played their Oscar-winning roles on TV were:
Maximilian Schell for Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) [Note: Schell is the lowest-billed performer to win a Best Actor Academy Award. He received fifth billing - behind Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, and Marlene Dietrich.]
Cliff Robertson for Charly (1968)
Best Actors Refusing Their Oscar Trophy:
George C. Scott refused his Best Actor Oscar for Patton (1970)
Marlon Brando refused his Best Actor Oscar for
Note: Much earlier in 1935, Dudley Nichols (the Best Writing Oscar winner for The Informer (1935)) also boycotted the Oscars, thereby refusing his Academy Award
Actors/Actresses With the Most Consecutive Acting Nominations (in both Leading and Supporting categories)
(wins marked with *):
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Chicago (2002), Cold Mountain (2003)*
Longest Time Period Between First and Last Nomination/Win:
48 years - Katharine Hepburn was first nominated and won Best Actress for Morning Glory (1932/33) and then 48 years later was nominated and won Best Actress for On Golden Pond (1981) - her fourth (and last) Oscar win!
46 years - Alan Arkin was nominated as Best Actor for The Russians are Coming, The Russians are Coming! (1966) and then two years later as Best Actor for The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968). Then, there was a long gap - 38 years later, after which he won Best Supporting Actor for Little Miss Sunshine (2006). He topped that with another six year wait for another Best Supporting Actor nomination for Argo (2012).
41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for
The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and wasn't nominated again until 41 years later - when he won his sole Oscar (Best Actor) for On Golden Pond (1981)
40 years - Mickey Rooney was first nominated as Best Actor for Babes in Arms (1939), then as Best Actor for The Human Comedy (1943), then as Best Supporting Actor for The Bold and the Brave (1956), and then as Best Supporting Actor for The Black Stallion (1979), 40 years later, but he didn't ever win!
39 years - Sylvester Stallone was first nominated as Best Actor for Rocky (1976) , then again as Best Supporting Actor for Creed (2015)
39 years - Jack Palance was nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Sudden Fear (1952) and then as Best Supporting Actor for
Shane (1953) - it was a time span of 39 years from his first nomination to his eventual victory as Best Supporting Actor for City Slickers (1991)!
38 years - Helen Hayes had to wait 38 years between her only Oscar nominations (both wins), Best Actress for The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931/32), and Best Supporting Actress for Airport (1970)
37 years - Albert Finney was first nominated as Best Actor for Tom Jones (1963) and then received three more nominations for Best Actor: for Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Dresser (1983), and Under the Volcano (1984) -- 37 years after his first nomination, he received his fifth and final Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Erin Brockovich (2000) - he never won!
Longest Gap Between First Nomination and First Winning Film:
41 years - Henry Fonda was first nominated in 1940 as Best Actor for
The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) , and didn't win an acting award (Best Actor) until 41 years later for On Golden Pond (1981), and these were his only two career acting nominations (Note: Fonda did receive a producing Best Picture nomination for 12 Angry Men (1957) )
32 years - Geraldine Page was first nominated in 1953 as Best Supporting Actress for Hondo (1953), and won Best Actress for A Trip to Bountiful (1985), 32 years later; she was the only actress with seven unsuccessful nominations (in both categories) before finally winning Best Actress with nomination # 8
28 years - Paul Newman was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actor for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) , and won Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), 28 years later; he was the only actor with six unsuccessful Best Actor nominations before finally winning Best Actor with nomination # 7 - and he later added another nomination as Best Actor for Nobody's Fool (1994), and his first Best Supporting Actor nomination also came later for Road to Perdition (2002)
25 years - Shirley MacLaine was first nominated in 1958 as Best Actress for Some Came Running (1958), and won Best Actress for Terms of Endearment (1983) , 25 years later
20 years - Al Pacino was first nominated in 1972 as Best Supporting Actor for
The Godfather (1972) , and won Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992), 20 years later
20 years - John Wayne was first nominated in 1949 as Best Actor for Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), and won Best Actor for True Grit (1969), 20 years later
18 years - Ronald Colman was first nominated in 1929/30 as Best Actor for Bulldog Drummond (1929/30), and won Best Actor for A Double Life (1947), 18 years later
17 years - Gregory Peck was first nominated in 1945 as Best Actor for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), and won Best Actor for
12 years - Leonardo DiCaprio was first nominated in 1993 as Best Supporting Actor for What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), and won Best Actor for The Revenant (2015), 12 years later
Shortest Best Actor Performance:
Anthony Hopkins had the shortest screen time for his Best Actor Oscar win - as Hannibal "Cannibal" Lecter in Silence of the Lambs (1991) - supposedly 16 minutes of screen time
Only Non-Human Best Actor-Nominated Performance:
Jeff Bridges as the alien 'Starman' in Starman (1984)
Directors Directing Themselves to a Best Actor Oscar or Nomination:
There are only two actors/performers that have directed themselves to an Oscar-winning Best Actor Oscar:
British actor Laurence Olivier as the title character in Hamlet (1948, UK) - Olivier became the first individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar (as producer) - this time for the same film
Italian actor Roberto Benigni as Guido in Life is Beautiful (1998, It.)
Many actors have directed themselves to Best Actor Oscar nominations, most prominently:
Charles Chaplin for The Great Dictator (1940)
Woody Allen for Annie Hall (1977)
Warren Beatty for Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Reds (1981)
Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989)
Billy Bob Thornton for Sling Blade (1996)
Roberto Benigni for Life is Beautiful (1998)
Ed Harris for Pollock (2000)
Clint Eastwood for Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Michael Douglas became the second individual to win both an acting Oscar and Best Picture Oscar, this time for different films: Best Picture (
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) ) and Best Actor (Wall Street (1987)).
Winning Performances Portraying Royalty:
Yul Brynner, Best Actor as King Mongkut of Siam in The King and I (1956)
Ingrid Bergman, Best Actress as Anastasia (possibly daughter of murdered Russian czar Nicholas II) in Anastasia (1956)
Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter (1968)
Helen Mirren, Best Actress as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006)
Colin Firth, Best Actor as King George VI in The King's Speech (2010)
Married (or Attached) Oscar-Winners:
Only three times have married couples (husband-wife) won acting Oscars:
Laurence Olivier, Best Actor for Hamlet (1948), and Vivien Leigh, Best Actress for
Gone With the Wind (1939) and
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) [Note: They were not yet married when Leigh won her first Oscar in 1939.]
Paul Newman, Best Actor for The Color of Money (1986), and Joanne Woodward, Best Actress for The Three Faces of Eve (1957). [Note: They were married in 1958, prior to Woodward receiving 1957's Best Actress Award.] Newman also directed Woodward to her second Best Actress nomination for his Best Picture-nominated film Rachel, Rachel (1968).
Catherine Zeta-Jones, Best Supporting Actress for Chicago (2002), and husband Michael Douglas, Best Actor for Wall Street (1987) [Note: The couple were not married until the year 2000.]
There are others (girlfriend/boyfriend, or unmarried companions) who are close to (or have achieved) the same milestone:
Spencer Tracy, Best Actor and Katharine Hepburn, Best Actress for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
Diane Keaton, Best Actress winner for Best Director-winning Woody Allen's
Annie Hall (1977) - although they were romantically linked, they never married
Amy Madigan, Best Supporting Actress for Twice in a Lifetime (1985), and Ed Harris, nominated four times (1995, 1998, 2000, 2002) [Note: Harris directed himself to a Best Actor nomination for Pollock (2000).]
Susan Sarandon, Best Actress for Dead Man Walking (1995) (directed by her Best Director-nominated husband (unofficial live-in) Tim Robbins); Robbins won Best Supporting Actor for Mystic River (2003); earlier, Sarandon was married to Chris Sarandon, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Dog Day Afternoon (1975)
Others: Jack Nicholson-Anjelica Huston, Al Pacino-Diane Keaton, and William Hurt-Marlee Matlin
Married (or Attached) Oscar-Nominees:
Five married couples have earned acting nominations in the same year (three times, a husband-and-wife team have been nominated for the same picture):
Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for The Guardsman (1932) - both lost
Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress nominations for Witness for the Prosecution (1957) - both lost
Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor (win), Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
Frank Sinatra, Best Supporting Actor nomination (and win) for From Here to Eternity (1953) , and Ava Gardner, Best Actress nomination for Mogambo (1953)
Rex Harrison, Best Actor nomination for Cleopatra (1963), and Rachel Roberts, Best Actress nomination for This Sporting Life (1963)
The only divorced couple to co-star in a film with each receiving an Oscar nomination:
William Powell and Carole Lombard, Best Actor and Best Actress nominations for My Man Godfrey (1936)
Brother-Sister Oscar Winners/Nominees:
The only brother and sister to win acting Oscars are:
Lionel Barrymore, Best Actor for A Free Soul (1930/31)
Ethel Barrymore, Best Supporting Actress for None But the Lonely Heart (1944)
The only sisters to win acting Oscars are:
Joan Fontaine, Best Actress for Suspicion (1941)
Olivia de Havilland, Best Actress for To Each His Own (1946), and The Heiress (1949)
The only brothers nominated for acting Oscars are:
River Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Running on Empty (1988)
Joaquin Phoenix, nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Gladiator (2000), Best Actor for Walk the Line (2005), and Best Actor for The Master (2012)
Youngest and Oldest Best Actors: Nominees and Winners
Note: The calculated time is from date of birth to the date of either (1) the nominations announcement, or (2) the date of the awards ceremony.
Youngest Best Actor Nominee
| Geoffrey Rush |
What is the name of the dog in the Secret Seven series of books? | Geoffrey Rush – MovieActors.com
Geoffrey Rush: Best Actor 1996: MovieActors.com
SHINE (Drama – R)
Geoffrey Rush stars as a messed up but brilliant musician, coping with personal and professional trials and triumphs.
About Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Rush was born on July 6th, 1951, in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. When his parents divorced, he moved to Brisbane, Austrialia and grew up there. He graduated from University of Queensland with a degree in the Arts.
This Australian actor, Geoffrey Rush spent many years on the theatrical stage in Australia, as an actor and director. His durable presence in the both the Queensland Company and the State Theatre Company of South Australia showed his talent and versatality as a thespian in a variety of stage plays that ranged from classical to modern.
Geoffrey Rush married the love of his life, actress Jane Menelaus in 1988. They have two children, Angelica (1992), and James (1995).
Geoffrey Rush's first major film role was playing the character, Andrew Aguecheek, in the 1987 film, TWELFTH NIGHT. However, it wasn't until his performance in the 1996 film, CHILDREN OF THE REVOLUTION that Rush was noticed by film producers and Rush's film career began to take off finally. Doors began to open for him.
Finally, he was cast in the 1996 movie, SHINE, where he brilliantly portrays a struggling Australian concert pianist, dealing with abuse in his childhood, as well as the legacy of the loss of many family members in Hitler's persecution of Jews in World War II. The character, based on a real pianist, suffers a nervous breakdown, is institutionalized and many years later, makes a comeback, first in clubs and then as a concert pianist. Rush received an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance.
Interestingly, Geoffrey Rush did almost all of his own piano playing in SHINE, as he is an accomplished pianist in his own right.
Two years later, in 1998, he played a ruthless, diabolical diplomat in ELIZABETH, with Cate Blanchette. Also in 1998, he played a comic role, as the director of the King's Men, the acting company Shakespeare belonged to in SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE. His performance was nominated for an Oscar.
In 2000, he was cast as the Marquis de Sade in QUILLS, with Kate Winslet, in a role for which he was again nominated for an Oscar.
In 2002, he played Leon Trotsky in FRIDA, with Salma Hayek.
In 2003, he played in THE PIRATES OF THE CARRIBEAN: THE CURSE OF THE BLACK PEARL, with Johnny Depp.
In 2009, he became one of nineteen actors who has won a Tony, an Oscar and an Emmy. He won his Tony for his performance in the play, EXIT THE KING, to go with his 1997 Oscar for SHINE, and his 2004 EMMY for THE LIFE AND DEATH OF PETER SELLERS.
In 2011, Geoffrey Rush was again honored with a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for his performance in the 2010 film, THE KING'S SPEECH. In this true story, Geoffrey portrayed speech therapist, Lionel Logue, who helped King George VI (played by Colin Firth) get around his stammer, and rise to the occasions where the King had to address his people in speeches during World War 11.
Geoffrey also was nominated for a Golden Globe, and won a BAFTA Award and a British Independent Film Award for this same wonderful performance.
Geoffrey Rush's notable movie credits include...
DAD AND DAVE: ON OUR SELECTION (1995)
CALL ME SAL (1996)
A LITTLE BIT OF SOUL (1998)
LES MISERABLES (1998)
| i don't know |
Which element is third in the periodic table of the elements? | Periodic Table of the Elements by Ron Kurtus - Understanding Chemistry: School for Champions
Periodic Table of the Elements
by Ron Kurtus (16 April 2007)
The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements that is a powerful tool for studying those elements and how they combine.
The elements are arranged in rows according to their atomic number and in columns according to their valence electrons or number of electrons in the outer shell. Elements in a given column have similar chemical characteristics.
A detailed periodic table typically gives information on the name, symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, shell configuration and other material.
Questions you may have include:
How are the elements arranged?
What do the rows and columns indicate?
How do you use the table?
This lesson will answer those questions.
Arrangement of elements
The elements in the periodic table are arranged in rows according to atomic number and in columns according to the configuration of the outer orbit or shell.
Partial periodic table
The chart below just shows the first 18 elements, so you can get an idea of how the periodic table arranges them. Since there are over 100 elements, the table is more complex than this.
The elements are listed by their abbreviations. H = Hydrogen, He = Helium, and so on.
Outer
First three rows of Periodic Table
Rows and columns
By examining the rows and columns of the periodic table, you can see how useful it can be.
Rows
If you go along the rows from left to right, the elements are numbered 1 - H, 2 - He, 3 - Li, 4 - Be, 5 - B, and so on. The atomic number is also the number of protons in the element's nucleus.
The first row lists just H and He, since they only have one electron shell or orbit. The second row lists elements that have electrons in two shells. Lithium (Li) has one electron in shell 2, while Neon (Ne) has a full shell of 8 electrons. Elements in the third row not only have two electrons in the first shell and eight in the second shell, but they also have electrons in a third shell. Silicon (Si) has four electrons in its outer orbit or shell.
Columns
If you go down a column, each element has the same number of electrons in its outer orbit or shell. For example, H, Li, and Na each has one electron in the outer shell. On the other hand, O, S, and those elements below each has 6 electrons in the outer shell or 2 short of filling the outer shell with 8 electrons. The number of electrons in the outer shell determines the element's chemical properties.
There is a maximum number of electrons allowed in each shell. Only 2 can be in the first shell, 8 in the second, 18 in the third, 32 in the fourth, and so on.
(See The Atom in the Physical Science section for a detailed explanation of the orbits or shells.)
After the half-way point, the columns indicate how many less than full are in the outer orbit or shell. The maximum electrons in the second orbit is 8. Thus Oxygen (O) has 2 electrons less than the maximum of 8 in its outer orbit.
Interactive periodic table
A complete periodic table of the elements is illustrated below. This version of the table is interactive, allowing you to get more information on the various elements. Information on using it is listed below the table.
(Note: To find the name of the element for a given symbol, see the lesson on Chemical Elements .)
Periodic Table of the Elements
Boiling:
Using the table
When you click on any underlined abbreviation for an element, detailed information is displayed in the lower table.
Name gives the full name of the element
Number is the atomic number (also the number of protons in the nucleus)
Weight is the average atomic weight or mass, including isotopes
Shells are the electron shells or orbits in order (i.e. 2, 8, 8, 3)
Orbital is an indication of the orbital occupancy of the electrons (this is complex and not really covered or used in our material)
Melting is the melting point of the material in degrees Celsius
Boiling is the boiling point of the material in degrees Celsius
So, you can get quite a bit of information from this table.
State at room temperature
The table also color-coded each element as to whether it is solid, liquid or gas at room temperature.
Man-made elements are usually made in such small quantities and are so short-lived that it is difficult to tell what form they exist in. By their placement in the table, they are probably solids.
Summary
You can use this Periodic Table to obtain considerable information about the elements and their relationship to each other, as well as possible chemical combinations.
You have the potential to be great
Resources and references
| Lithium |
Who wanted a lever that was long enough, in order to move the world? | PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODIC TABLE
FIND OUT MORE
At first glance, the periodic table looks very complex. In fact it is a large grid of every element that exists. The elements are arranged in order of their atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons each atom has in its nucleus. By arranging the elements in this way, those with similar properties (characteristics) are grouped together. As with any grid, the periodic table has rows running left to right, and columns running up and down. The rows are called PERIODS and the columns are called GROUPS .
Hydrogen (H) is the first element in the periodic table because it has just one proton in its nucleus. Helium (He) is second, because it has two protons, and so on. The periodic table can be coloured-coded. Often, each group is given a particular colour so that it is easy to pick out all the elements that belong to a particular group.
As well as a name, each element has a symbol, a shorthand way of writing the element in chemical equations. Often this is the first letter or two of the element’s name, but it can come from a Latin name. Each also has an atomic number and a mass number.
GALLIUM
One element that Mendeleyev left a gap for in his periodic table was gallium (element 31). Mendeleyev called it eka-aluminium because he predicted it would have similar properties to aluminium. In 1875, French scientist Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered gallium. It has the exact properties that Mendeleyev predicted. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal with a melting point of 29.8ºC (85.6ºF).
BIOGRAPHY: DIMITRI MENDELEYEV Russian, 1834-1907
This chemist was convinced there was an order to the elements. He collected information on each one and, in 1869, he published a table of elements on which the modern periodic table is based. He left gaps for elements he predicted would be found, such as gallium, germanium, and scandium.
GROUPS
There are 18 groups (columns) in the periodic table. Group 1 (also known as the alkali metals) is the column on the far left of the table. Elements in the same group have similar, but not identical characteristics. This is because they all have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell. You can tell a lot about an element just by knowing which group it is in.
INCREASING SIZE
As you move down one element in a group, there is a large jump in the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and a new shell of electrons is added. The extra particles make the atom heavier and the extra shell of electrons makes the atom take up more space.
METAL IN SPACE
An astronaut’s visor is gold-plated to reflect sunlight. This shiny, hard-wearing metal does not corrode (rust), making it ideal for use in space, where materials cannot be replaced easily. Gold, copper, and silver belong to group 11. Group 11 metals are also called coinage metals, because they are used to make coins.
PERIODS
The properties of the elements across a period (row) change gradually. The first and last elements are very different. The first is a reactive solid – it catches fire when it mixes with oxygen – and the last is an unreactive gas. However, they have the same number of electron shells. All the elements in the third period, for example, have three shells for their electrons.
Magnesium is a highly reactive metal. This means that it reacts with water and burns violently in air. Because of this, magnesium always combines with other elements, and is not found on its own in nature.
DECREASING SIZE
As you go across a period, the atoms get slightly heavier, but they also get smaller. This is because the number of electron shells stays the same across the period, but the number of protons in the nucleus increases. The stronger, attractive force from the positively charged protons sucks the negatively charged electrons tighter into the centre.
PHOSPHORUS MATCH
Phosphorus is a non-metal element. It is a yellowish, waxy, slightly see-through solid. Like magnesium, it is very reactive. Because of this, phosphorus compounds are used on the tips of matches. Phosphorus glows in the dark, an effect called phosphorescence.
UNREACTIVE ARGON
Argon is very unreactive and does not combine with other elements. In arc welding, metals are melted surrounded by argon gas. The argon keeps oxygen out, so that oxygen cannot react with the melted metals.
FIND OUT MORE
| i don't know |
Where can you find the stapedius, the smallest muscle in the human body? | What Are the Human Body's Smallest Parts? - Kids Discover
by KIDS DISCOVER
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The human body is a marvel of engineering, with thousands of interrelated parts. Some are tiny but still very important. Let’s look at four of the smallest parts of the human body: the smallest muscle, the smallest bone, the smallest organ, and the smallest blood vessel.
What’s the smallest muscle in the human body?
The stapedius, in your middle ear, measures about 1mm in size (or 1/26 of an inch). Connected to the stapes bone, it contracts to pull back the stapes and help protect your inner ear from loud noises. The stapedius also contracts to keep your own voice from sounding too loud in your head.
What’s the smallest bone in the human body?
Conveniently, that would be the stapes. It is one of three tiny bones in the middle ear that convey sound from the outer ear to the inner ear. Collectively called the ossicles, these bones are individually known as the malleus, incus, and stapes. Those are Latin words for the shapes the bones resemble: a hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
What’s the smallest organ in the human body?
You’ll find the pineal gland near the center of the brain, in a groove between the hemispheres. It’s not an organ like those in the abdominal cavity. It’s the human body’s smallest endocrine gland, and it produces melatonin, a hormone (derived from serotonin) that affects how we sleep, wake up, and react to seasonal changes. It’s called pineal because it’s shaped like a little pinecone.
What’s the smallest blood vessel in the human body?
Capillaries, the smallest, thinnest-walled blood vessels in the body, connect veins and arteries. They can be as small as 5-10 micrometers wide — or 50 times thinner than a baby’s hair. Each of us contains about 10 billion of them, with the average adult body containing about 25,000 miles of capillaries.
About the author
KIDS DISCOVER For over 25 years, we’ve been creating beautifully crafted nonfiction products for kids. With a specialty in science and social studies, our team of talented writers, award-winning designers and illustrators, and subject-experts from leading institutions is committed to a single mission: to get children excited about reading and learning.
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| Ucho |
What sort of creature is a ‘taipan’? | Muscles Facts
Muscles Facts
Muscles Facts
There are more than 600 muscles in the body, doing everything from pumping blood to moving food through the intestines, to helping lift heavy objects (like backpacks). Some of these muscles can be controlled, and others like the heart and intestines do their jobs without having to think about it. All muscles are made of basically the same material, very elastic (like rubber bands), and made up of thousands of tiny fibers. There are three different kinds of muscle - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Read below for more fun and interesting facts about muscles!
Interesting Muscles Facts:
Muscles make up about 40% of total body weight.
The smallest muscles, like the smallest bones, are found in the middle ear, some of these are the tensor tympani (connected to the ear drum) and the Stapedius.
Muscles cannot push, they can only pull. The reason the arm can push is muscles in the back of the arm pulling on the elbow!
The strongest muscles in the body? Pound for pound, it's the muscles that you chew with - called the masseters!
Humans are born with all of the muscle fibers they will ever have. They don't grow new fibers, they just grow thicker.
If all of the muscles in the body could all pull in one direction, it would create a force of 25 tons!
Smiling takes 17 muscles in the face, while frowning takes 43!
The heart is made up of muscle, called cardiac muscle. This muscle works all by itself with no thought. The heart beats anywhere from 60 to 100 times a minute, every minute, of every day in a human life!
The skeletal muscles, which are the ones that can be controlled by conscious thought, work with the skeleton, or the bones, to move the body. They attach to the skeleton with tendons, which are cords of tough tissue.
Some of the biggest muscles are in the back, near the spine. They are responsible for keeping the body upright and gives the body the power it needs to lift and push things.
Skeletal muscles are also sometimes called striated muscle - this name comes from the light and dark parts of the muscle fibers making them look striped (striated means striped).
Smooth muscles, which can't be voluntarily controlled, usually occur in sheets or layers, one layer of muscle behind another. These are at work all over your body.
In the digestive system, the smooth muscles tighten up and relax, moving food through the body.
Smooth muscles are also found in the bladder. When they are relaxed, the opening in the bladder is closed, which allows urine to stay in the bladder. When someone goes to the bathroom, they contract, which pushes urine out of the bladder.
Smooth muscles in a woman's uterus, which is where a baby develops and grows, push the baby out when it's time to be born.
Smooth muscles are even found in the eyes, where they help keep the eyes focused, and help control the amount of light that enters the eye.
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| i don't know |
In geometry, what word is used for a line that touches a circle but does not cut it? | Circle
Circle
A circle is easy to make:
Draw a curve that is "radius" away
from a central point.
All points are the same distance from the center.
You Can Draw It Yourself
Put a pin in a board, put a loop of string around it, and insert a pencil into the loop. Keep the string stretched and draw the circle!
Play With It
Try dragging the point to see how the radius and cirfcumference change.
Radius, Diameter and Circumference
The Radius is the distance from the center outwards.
The Diameter goes straight across the circle, through the center.
The Circumference is the distance once around the circle.
And here is the really cool thing:
When we divide the circumference by the diameter we get 3.141592654...
which is the number π ( Pi )
So when the diameter is 1, the circumference is 3.141592654...
We can say:
Circumference = π × Diameter
Example: You walk around a circle which has a diameter of 100m, how far have you walked?
Distance walked = Circumference = π × 100m
= 314m (to the nearest m)
Also note that the Diameter is twice the Radius:
Diameter = 2 × Radius
And so this is also true:
Circumference = 2 × π × Radius
The length of the words may help you remember:
Radius is the shortest word
Diameter is longer (and is 2 × Radius)
Circumference is the longest (and is π × Diameter)
Definition
A = 3.14159... × 1.44 = 4.52 (to 2 decimals)
Area Compared to a Square
A circle has about 80% of the area of a similar-width square.
The actual value is (π/4) = 0.785398... = 78.5398...%
Names
Because people have studied circles for thousands of years special names have come about.
Nobody wants to say "that line that starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on the other side" when a word like "Diameter" will do.
So here are the most common special names:
Lines
A line that goes from one point to another on the circle's circumference is called a Chord.
If that line passes through the center it is called a Diameter.
A line that "just touches" the circle as it passes by is called a Tangent.
And a part of the circumference is called an Arc.
Slices
There are two main "slices" of a circle.
The "pizza" slice is called a Sector .
And the slice made by a chord is called a Segment .
Common Sectors
The Quadrant and Semicircle are two special types of Sector:
Quarter of a circle is called a Quadrant.
Half a circle is called a Semicircle.
Inside and Outside
A circle has an inside and an outside (of course!). But it also has an "on", because we could be right on the circle.
Example: "A" is outside the circle, "B" is inside the circle and "C" is on the circle.
| The Tangent |
‘On Stranger Tides’ is the fourth film in which series? | Geometry - Example Problems
Geometry
See Geometry (encyc) in the encyclopedia.
Contents
6. solution Find the value of a if the distance between the points
is 2.
7. solution Find the relation between x and y,if the point (x,y)is equidistant from
8. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by
9. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by
10. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by
11. solution Find the value of x if the area of the triangle formed by
is 5 square units
12. solution Find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are formed by
13. solution Find the point which divides the line segment joining (-1,2) and (4,-5) in the ratio 3:2
14. solution Find the point which divides the line segment joining (4,5) and (-3,4) in the ratio -6:5
15. solution Find the ratio in which the point P(2,1)divides the line segment joining the points A(1,-2) and B(4,7).
16. solution Find the ratio in which the X-axis divides the line joining the points (2,4) and (-4,3).
17. solution Show that the triangle formed by the points(4,4),(3,5) and (-1,-1) is a right-angled triangle.
18. solution Show that the points (-1,7),(3,-5),(4,-8) are collinear.
19. solution Find the value of k,if the points (k,2-2k),(-k+1,2k),(-4-k,6-2k) are collinear
20. solution Find the equation of the locus of points which are 5 units away from A(4,-3).
21. solution Find the equation of the locus of points which are equidistant from
22. solution Find the equation of locus of points P such that distance of P from origin is twice the distance of P from
23. solution Given that the points
are points on a triangle, find the locus of P such that the area of the triangle PAB is 8.5 square units.
24. solution Find the locus of a point P, the square of whose distance from origin is 4 times its y coordinate.
25. solution Find the locus of P if the ratio of the distances from P to
is 2:3.
1. solution Find the equation of the straight line making an angle of
with the X-axis in positive direction and passing through the point
2. solution Find the equation of the straight line which makes intercepts 5 and 6 on the X and Y-axis respectively.
3. solution Find the equation of the straight line which makes intercepts whose sum is 5 and product is 6.
4. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point
and making intercepts whose sum is zero.
5. solution Find the slope of the straight line joining
6. solution Find the value of x,if the slope of the line joining
is 2.
7. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points
8. solution Find the equation of a straight line joining the points
9. solution Find the value of y, if the line joining
i sparallel to the line joining
10. solution Find the equation of the straight line which makes
with X-axis and passing through
11. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and cutting off equal intercepts on the coordinate axes.
12. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and making intercepts in the ratio 2:3.
13. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and perpendicular to the line joining
.
14. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and parallel tothe line joining
.
15. solution Show that the points
are collinear.
16. solution Show that the points
are collinear.
17. solution
are the vertices of a triangle.Find the equations of i)AB. ii)Median through A. iii)Altitude through B. iv)Perpendicular bisector of side AB.
18. solution Find the equation of the straight line whose distance from origin is 4units and the normal from the orgin to the straight line makes an angle of
with the X-axis in positive direction.
19. solution Show that the equation of the straight line passing through
and making an angle of
with the X-axis in positive direction is
.
20. solution Find the equation of the straight line in symmetric form having slope
and passing through
21. solution Find the equation of the straight line in symmetric form having slope
and passing through
.
22. solution Distance of a straight line from the origin is p.The normal on the straight line from the origin makes an angle
with the X-axis in positive direction.Find the equations of straight lines whose values are
23. solution Write the various forms of equation of a straight line.
24. Theorm If the equations
represent the same straight line then prove that
25. Theorm Change the equation
into normal form.
26. Solution Transform the equation
into i)Slope-intercept form ii).Intercept form iii).Normal form.
27. Solution Transform the equation
into normal form.
28. Theorm The ratio in which the straight line
divides the line joining the points
is
29. Solution Find the ratio in which the straight line
divides the line joining the points
30. Solution Find the ratio in which the straight line
divides the line joining the points
are mid points of sides of a triangle,find the equations of the sides of a triangle.
32. Solution Find the point on the straight line
which is equidistant from the points
33. Solution If the perpendicular distance of the straight line
is p, prove that
.
34. Solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
and passing through the point
35. Solution Find the equation of the altitude from A to side BC of triangle ABC formed by
36. Solution Find the equations of the medians of the triangle formed by
37. Solution Show that the feet of the perpendicular from
to the lines
38. Solution The three straight lines
are concurrent if
39. Solution Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
40. Solution Find the point of intersection of diagonals of the quadrilateral with vertices
41. Solution Find the value of k if the lines
are concurrent.
42. Solution A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the straight lines
and
meets the coordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is
43. Solution Show that the four lines
form a rhombus whose area is
.
44. Solution Find the circumcenter of the triangle formed by the points
45. Solution Two vertices of a triangle are
. If the orthocenter of the triangle is the origin,find the third vertex.
Straight Lines-II
1. solution Find the equation to the pair of lines passing through the origin and perpendicular to the pair
is
2. solution Find the equation to the pair of lines through the origin and forming an equilateral triangle with the line
.Find also the area of the triangle.
3. solution Find the condition that the lines represented by
are such that the slope of one line is
times that of the other.
4. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines
5. solution Find the equation to the two lines represented by the equation
6. solution Find the centroid of the triangle formed by the lines
and
7. solution Show that if one of the lines given by
coincides with one of the lines of
then
8. solution Show that the lines
form an equilateral triangle with the line
and find its area.
9. solution The distance of a point
from a pair of lines passing thro'the origin is d units.Show that the equation of the pair of lines is
be two sides of a parallelogram and
is one diagonal,prove that the other diagonal is
11. solution Find the equation to the pair of angle bisectors of the pair of lines
12. solution If the pair of line
are such that each pair bisects the angle between the other pair,then show that
13. solution Prove that one of the lines
will bisect the angle between the coordinate axes if
14. solution Prove that the pair of lines
is equally inclined with the pair
15. solution Find the bisecting line of the acute angle between the lines
16. solution Find the value of k for which the equation
represents two straight lines. Find their point of intersection.
17. solution Find the value of k for which the equation
represents two straight lines. Find their point of intersection.
18. solution Find the equation to the pair of bisectors of angles between
19. solution Find the equation of the lines which pass through the point of intersection of the pair of lines
and are at right angles to them.
21. solution If
represents a pair of lines then show that the square of the distance from the origin to their point of intersection is
22. solution Find k if the equation
represent a pair of parallel lines.Also find the distance between them.
23. solution The equation
represents a pair of parallel lines. Prove that the equation of the line midway between the two parallel lines is
24. solution Show that the pair of lines
form a parallelogram with the pair of lines
.Find its area.
25. solution Show that the two pairs of lines
form a square.
26. solution Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of two curves
will be at right angles to one another if
27. solution If the chord
of the curve
subtends a right angle at the origin ,prove that
Circles
1. i). The equation of a circle whose centre is (a,b) and radius r is
ii). The equation of a circle is
radius is
centre is (-g,-f)
iii). Equation of the circle described on the line segment AB where A=(x1,y1),B=(x2,y2) is
2. solution Find the equation to the circle of radius 3 and centre (3,-2).
3. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through (-7,1) and has centre (-4,-3).
4. solution Find the centre and radius of the circle
5. solution Find the centre and radius of the circle
6. solution If the radius of the circle
is 7,find the value of k.
7. solution If the equation
represents a circle,find the values of a and b.
8. solution Find the position of the point (3,1) with respect to
9. solution Find the power of the point (2,-1) with respect to
10. solution Find the power of the point (a+b,a-b) with respect to
11. solution Find the equation to the point circle with centre (-2,3).
12. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through (0,0) and concentric with
13. solution One end of the diameter of the circle
is (3,5).Find the other end of the diameter.
14. solution Find the equation to the circle on the line segment joining the following points as diameter i).
ii).
15. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points
16. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points
17. solution Show that the points
are concyclic.
18. solution Find the circle which passes through (-1,2),(3,-2) and has its centre on the line
19. solution Find the circle which passes through (4,-3),(-1,2) and has its centre on the line
20. solution Find the length of the chord
of the circle
21. i).The equation of the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the line
with the coordinate axes is
ii).If the two lines
meet the coordinate axes in four distinct points ,then those points are concyclic if
iii). If the two lines
meet the coordinate axes in four distinct points ,then the equation to the circle passing through those points is
iv).If L=0 is a straight line intersecting the circle S=0,then the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection is
where L is a parameter.
21. solution Find the equation to the circumcircle of the traingle formed by the line 7x-3y-2=0 with the coordinate axes.
22. solution Show that the lines
intersect the coordinate axes in concyclic points. Also find the equation of the circle passing through those points.
23. solution Show that the pair of straight lines
meet the coordinate axes in concyclic points.Also find the equation of the circle through those cyclic points.
24. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and
and also through the point (1,1).
25. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and
and also through the point (2,3).
26. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circle
and the line
and which has its centre on y-axis.
27. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points (1,-2),(4,-3) and having the centre on the line
28. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1,1),(2,2) and whose radius is unity.
29. solution Find the equation to the circle on AB as diameter and hence find the circle passing through
30. solution Find the equation to the circle on AB as diameter and hence find the circle passing through
31. solution Find the equations of the tangents from the point(0,1) to the circle
32. solution Find the locus of the point from which the lengths of the tangents to the circles
and
are in the ratio 2:3.
33. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the circle
and parallel to
34. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the circle
and parallel to
.
35. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1,-2),(3,-4) and touches the X-axis.
36. solution Prove that the locus of a point tangents from which to the circle
are inclined at an angle alpha is
.
37. solution Find the equations of circles which touch the axis of x at the origin and the line
38. solution Find the locus of point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to the circle
39. solution Show that the line x+y+1=0 touches the circle
and find the point of contact.
40. solution Show that the line 3x=y+13 touches the circle
and find the point of contact.
41. solution Prove that the tangent to the circle
at (1,-2) also touches the circle
and find the point of contact.
42. solution Find the equation of the tangent at(1,2) to the circle
. Find also the equation of the tangent parallel to the above tangent.
43. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points of intersection of the lines x+2y-4=0 and the circle
and touching the line x+2y=5.
44. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points of intersection of the lines x+2y-1=0 and the circle
and touching the line 2x-y+3=0.
45. solution Find the equation of the circle with centre on the line 2x+y=0 and which touches the lines 4x-3y+10=0 and 4x-3y-30=0.
46. solution Find the equation of the chord of contact of (4,-1) with respect to the circle
.
47. solution Find the pole of the line 3x+4y-45=0 with respect to the circle
48. solution Show that the lines 2x+3y-12=0 and 3x+2y-2=0 are conjugate lines with respect to the circle
49. solution What is the value of k if (4,k) and (2,3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
50. solution Find the value of k if the points (4,2) and (8,k) are conjugate with respect to
51. solution Find the value of k if the lines 2x+3y-4=0 and kx+4y-2=0 are conjugate with respect to
52. solution Show that the poles of tangents of the circle
with respect to the circle
lie on the curve
53. solution Find the locus of the point whose polars with respect to the circles
and
54. solution Show that the locus of the poles of the tangents to the circle
with respect to the circle
is
55. solution Write down the equation of the chord of the circle
bisected at the point (2,0).
56. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circles i).
having
57. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circle
having
58. solution Find the midpoint of the chord
with respect to the circle
59. solution Find the middle point of the chord of the circle
intercepted by the line
60. solution Find the mid point of the chord of the circle
intercepted by the line
61. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circle
having mid point (3,-2). Also find the pole of that chord with respect to the circle.
62. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circle
having mid point (1,2). Also find the pole of that chord with respect to the circle.
63. solution Find the locus of the midpoints of chords of the circle
,subtending a right angle at the point (a,b).
64. solution Find the equation of the tangents drawn from the origin to the circle
65. solution Find the equation to the pair of tangents drawn from
to the circles
66. solution Show that the pair of tangents drawn from
to the circles
are at right angles if
67. solution Find the angle between the pair of tangents drawn from (1,3) to the circles
68. solution Tangents are drawn to the circle
from a point which always lies on the line
. Prove that the locus of the mid-point of the chords of contact is
.
69. solution Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from the point
to the circle
and hence find the angle between them.
70. solution Find the condition that the pair of tangents from the origin to the circle
may be at right angles.
71. solution State whether the following pair of circles intersect or do not intersect or touch each other.
and
72. solution If the polar of the point
w.r.t the circle
, show that the point lies on the curve
73. solution The polar of P w.r.t the circle
touches the circle
.Prove that its locus is given by the equation
.
74. solution Find the condition that the two circles
and
75. solution Find the equation of the common chord of the circles
and
. Find the points of intersection of the circles.Also find the length of the common chord.
76. solution Find the locus of the poles of the line
w.r.t the circles which touch the coordinate axes and whose centre lies in the first quadrant.
77. solution Show that the circle
touch each other and find the point of contact.
78. solution If the two circles
touch each other,prove that
79. solution Find the equations of the direct common tangents to the circles
80. solution Find the equation of the pair of direct common tangents to the following circles.
81. solution Find the equations to the transverse common tangents of the circles
.
82. solution Find the equations to the transverse common tangents of the circles
.
83. solution Find the equations of common tangents to the circles
.
84. solution Write down the equation of the common tangent if the two circles
touch each other.
85. solution Show that the circles
touch each other if
86. solution Find the length of the common chord of the two circles
.
87. solution Find the length of the common chord of the two circles
88. solution Prove that the length of the common chord of the circles
is
. Hence find the condition that the circles may touch.
89. solution Find the equation to the circle whose diameter is the common chord of two circles
. Hence find the length of the common chord.
90. solution Find the equation of the circle described on the common chord of the circles
as diameter.
91. solution Find the equation of the circle having the common chord of the circles
as diameter.
92. solution Show that the length of the common of the two circles
and
is
93. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and touch the line
94. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and touch the line
95. solution Find the equation of the circle whose radius is 5units and which touches the circle
at the point (5,5).
96. solution Find the equation of the circle of radius
and passing through the points of intersection of the circles
.
97. solution Find the equation of the circle which touches the line
at the origin and passes through the point
.
98. solution Find the angle between the circles
and
99. solution Find the acute angle of intersection of the following circles.
100. solution If the circles
and
cut each other orthogonally, find the value of c.
101. solution If the circles
and
cut each other orthogonally, find the value of k.
102. solution Find the equation passing through the origin and cutting the circles
orthogonally.
103. solution Find the equation passing through the origin and cutting the circles
orthogonally.
104. solution Find the equation passing through the origin and which has its centre on the line
and cuts circle
105. solution Find the equation of the circle which cut orthogonally the circles
and touch the line
106. solution Prove that the two circles which pass through the points
and touch the line
107. solution Find the equation of the circle which cuts orthogonally three circles
and
108. solution Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of the circles
109. solution Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of
110. solution Find the circle which passes through the points of intersection of the circles
and cuts the circle
111. solution Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to
and which touches the line
112. solution Find the equation to the radical axis of the two circles
113. solution Find the equation of the radical axis of the circles
114. solution Find the radical centre of the circles
115. solution Find the radical centre of the circles
116. solution Find the radical centre of the circles
117. solution Find the equation to the circle which is orthogonal to each of
118. solution Find the equation to the circle which is orthogonal to each of
119. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through (1,-1) and belonging to the coaxal system determined by the circles
120. solution Find the equation of the circle belonging to the coaxal system determined by the circles
and cuts the circle
121. solution Find the equation to the circle touching the line
and belonging to the coaxal system determined by
and the radical axis
is the radical axis and the circle
is a member of a coaxal system.Find the circle touching the line
and belonging to the system.
123. solution Find the limiting points of the coaxal system determined by the circles
124. solution Find the limiting points of the coaxal system determined by the circles
125. solution Find the limiting points of the coaxal system determined by the circles
126. solution If (1,2) and(3,1) are the limiting points of a coaxal system of circles find the radical axis.
127. solution (2,1) is one limiting point of a coaxal system of which the radical axis is
.Find the other limiting point.
128. solution Find the other limiting point of the coaxal system of which one limiting point is (3,1) and radical axis is
129. solution Find the equation of the circle which belongs to the coaxal system determined by (0,-3) and (-2,-1) and which is orthogonal to the circle
130. solution Find the equation of a circle which passes through the origin and belongs to the coaxal system of which (1,2) (4,3)are the limiting points.
131. solution Find the equation of the circle belonging to the coaxal system of which the limiting points are
and which passes through (2,-1)
132. solution Tangents are drawn parallel to the line
to touch the circles of the coaxal system
. Show that the locus of their points of contact is the curve
133. solution Find the equation to the system of circles orthogonal to the coaxal system
134. solution Find the coaxal system which is orthogonal to the coaxal sytem
135. solution Show that as k varies the circles
form coaxal system.Find the radical axis.
136. solution The origin is a limiting point of a system of coaxal circles of which
is a member.Show that the equations of the circles of the orthogonal system are
for different values of k.
Plane
1. solution Write the equation of the parabola whose focus is (1,2) and directrix is
2. solution Write the equation of the parabola whose focus is (-1,1) and directrix is
3. solution Determine the equation of the parabola with vertex at (6,2), its axis parallel to Y-axis and passes through (2,4).
4. solution Find the focus of the parabola i).
. ii).
iii).
5. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the Y-axis and which passes through the points
6. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis and which passes through
7. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis and passing through the points
8. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to Y-axis and passing through
9. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is (3,-4) and directrix is
10. solution Obtain the equation of the parabola whose focus is (4,5) and vertex is (3,6)
11. solution Find the vertex,latusrectum,axis,tangent at the vertex,focus and directrix of the parabola
12. solution Find the vertex,latusrectum,axis,tangent at the vertex,focus and directrix of the parabola
13. solution Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola i)
inclined at 60 degrees to X-axis. ii).
at
14. solution Find the equation of the normal to the parabola i).
at
.Find p and also the point of contact.
16. solution Find the value of p if the line
touches the parabola
17. solution Find the condition if
is a tangent to
18. solution If the line
is a tangent to the parabola
prove that the condition is
19. solution Show that the line
is a tangent to
.Find the point of contact.
20. solution Show that the equation of common tangents to the circle
and the parabola
21. solution Find the equations of common tangents to the circle
and to the parabola
22. solution Show that the locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the parabola
is the directrix
23. solution Show that the equation of the chord joining the points
on the parabola
is
24. solution Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus to the tangent of the parabola
is
,the tangent to the vertex.
25. solution Find the equation to the pair of tangents to the parabola
which pass through
26. solution If a chord of the parabola
touches the parabola
. Show that the tangents at its extremities meet on the parabola
27. solution Find the locus of the midpoints of chords of the parabola
which subtend a right angle at the vertex of the parabola.
28. solution Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of
which subtend a constant angle alpha at the vertex is
.
29. solution Prove that the locus of the midpoints of the focal chords of the parabola
is another parabola whose vertex is the focus of
.
30. solution Show that the locus of the poles of chords which are normal to the parabola
is
31. solution Show that the locus of the poles of the chords of the parabola
which subtend a constant angle alpha at the vertex is the curve
32. solution Show that the locus of the poles of chords of the parabola
which subtend a right angle at the vertex is
33. solution Show that the locus of poles of chords of the parabola
which are at a constant distance 'a' from the focus is
33. solution The chord of contact of tangents from a point P to the parabola
touches the circle
.Prove that the locus of P is
34. solution Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of the prabola
which touch the circle
35. solution Show that the locus of poles of chords of the parabola
at a constant distance b from the vertex is
36. solution The polar of P w.r.t the parabola
touches the circle
. Find the locus of P.
37. solution Show that the locus of the poles of chords of the parabola
which are at constant distance 'd' from the focus is
.
38. solution Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of the parabola
and which touch the circle
is
39. solution A tangent to the parabola
meets
at P and Q. Prove that the locus of the midpoint of PQ is
40. solution Prove that the locus of midpoints of chords of constant length 2l of the parabola
is
41. solution If the normals at the points
on the parabola
meet on the parabola, prove that
42. solution Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular normals to the parabola
is the parabola
43. solution A chord which is normal at "t" to the parabola
subtends a right angle at the vertex. Then prove that
44. solution Prove that the circle on a focal radius of a prabola,as diameter touches the tangent at the vertex.
45. solution The line
meets the parabola
at P,Q. The lines joining P and Q to the focus meet the parabola in M,N.Show that the equation to MN is
46. solution Show that the locus of the point,two of the normals from which to the parabola
are coincident is
47. solution From the points of
tangents are drawn to
. Show that the chords of contact pass through a fixed point.
48. solution P is a point on the line
.The polar of P w.r.t the parabola
meets the curve in Q and R.Show that the locus of the midpoint of QR is
49. solution Show that the tangent at one extremity of a focal chord of a parabola is parallel to the normal at the other extremity.
50. solution Prove that the length of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from
to the parabola
.
The Ellipse
1. solution Find the eccentricity,coordinates of focus,length of latus rectum and equations of directrices of the ellipse
2. solution Find the lengths of major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, centre, foci, equations of directrices of the ellipse
3. solution Find the eccentricity,coordinates of focus,length of latus rectum and equations of directrices of the ellipse
4. solution Find the lengths of major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, centre, foci, equations of directrices of the ellipse
5. solution Find the lengths of major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, centre, foci, equations of directrices of the ellipse
6. solution If the two ends of major axis of an ellipse are (5,0),(-5,0). Find the equation of ellipse if its focus lies on the line
7. solution Find the equation of the ellipse in the usual form,if it passes through the points (-2,2) and (3,1).(axis are along the coordinate axes and centre at the origin).
8. solution Find the equation of the ellipse with a focus at(1,-1),e=2/3 and directrix is
9. solution Find the eccentricity of the ellipse ,if its length of the latus rectum is equal to half of its major axis.
10. solution Find the equation of the ellipse referred to its major axis and minor axis as the axes of coordinates a and y axes respectively with latus rectum of length 4 and distance between foci
11. solution Find the equation of ellipse with length of latus rectum 15/2 and distance between foci 2.
12. solution Show that the condition for a straight line
be a tangent to the ellipse
is
13. solution If the length of the latus rectum is equal to half of its minor axis of an ellipse in the standard form,then find the eccentricity of the ellipse.
14. solution Find the equations of tangent and normal to the ellipse
at the point whose ordinate is 1.
15. solution Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the ellipse
at (2,-1).
16. solution Find the equation of tangents to the ellipse
which is parallel to
17. solution Find the equations to the tangents to the ellipse
drawn from the point (1,2).
18. solution Show that the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre on any tangent to the ellipse lies on the curve
19. solution If the normal at one end of a latus rectum of the ellipse
passes through one end of the minor axis,then show that
20. solution Show that the points of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to an ellipse lies on a circle.
21. solution Find the equation of the tangents to the ellipse
is perpendicular to
22. solution Find the coordiantes of the points on the ellipse
at which the normal is parallel to the line
23. solution Prove that the sum of the squares of the perpendiculars on any tangent of the ellipse
(a > b) from two points on the minor axis,each at a distance of
from the centre is
24. solution Find the locus of the point of intersection of the two tangents to the ellipse
,which include an angle theta.
25. solution Find the pole of the line
with w.r.t the ellipse
26. solution Find the pole of the line
w.r.t the ellipse
27. solution Find the pole of the line
w.r.t the ellipse
28. solution Find the equation of a straight line through the point (2,1) and conjugate to the straight line
w.r.t the ellipse
29. solution Show that the two lines
are conjugate w.r.t the ellipse
30. solution Find the value of k,if the lines
are conjugate w.r.t the ellipse
31. solution Find the value of k if
are conjugate w.r.t the ellipse
32. solution Show that the poles of the tangents of
w.r.t the ellipse
33. solution Show that the poles of normal chords of the ellipse
lie on the curve
34. solution Show that the poles of the tangents to the circle
w.r.t the ellipse
lies on
35. solution Show that the poles of the tangents to the auxiliary circle w.r.t the ellipse
is the curve
36. solution Prove that the product of the perpendicular from the foci on any tangent to the ellipse
is equal to
37. solution Find the equation of the pair of tangents to the ellipse
from the point
.
38. solution A chord PQ of an ellipse subtends a right angle at the centre of the ellipse
.Show that the point of intersection of tangents at P and Q lies on the ellipse
39. solution Prove that the pair of tangents drawn to
are perpendicular to eachother.
40. solution Show that the equation of the auxiliary circle of the ellipse
is
41. solution Tangents at right angles are drawn to the ellipse
.Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of contact is the curve
42. solution Find the locus of the midpoints of chords of an ellipse,whose poles lie on the auxiliary circle.
43. solution P is a point on the ellipse
and Q is its corresponding point on the auxiliary circle. Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of the normals at P and Q is the circle given by
44. solution Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are
and whose focus lies on the line
45. solution Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are
and whose eccentricity is 5/6.
46. solution Find the point of contact of the tangent line
to the ellipse
47. solution Find the value of k if the line
is a tangent to the ellipse
48. solution Find the value of k and hence the point of contact of the tangent line
with the ellipse
49. solution Find the equations to the tangents to the ellipse
which are parallel to
50. solution Show that the locus of poles of chords of ellipse
which touch the parabola
1. solution Write down the equation to the hyperbola whose focus is
,directrix is the line
2. solution Find the equation to the hyperbola whose focus is
eccentricity
and directrix is
3. solution What is the equation to the hyperbola if the latusrectum is 9/2 and eccentricity is 5/4.
4. solution Obtain the equation of the hyperbola in standard form whose latusrectum is 4 and eccentricity is 3.
5. solution Determine the equation to the hyperbola whose centre is (0,0),distance between the foci is 18 and that between the directrices is 8.
6. solution A hyperbola has one focus at the origin and its eccentricity is
.One of its directrices is
.Find the equation of the hyperbola.
7. solution Find the centre,eccentricity,length of latusrectum,foci,vertices and equations to the directrices of the hyperbola
8. solution Find the centre,eccentricity,length of latusrectum,foci,vertices and equations to the directrices of the hyperbola
9. solution What are the coordinates of the foci of the hyperbola
10. solution Write down the equations of the directrices of the hyperbola
11. solution Show that the ellipse
and the hyperbola
12. solution Find the equations to the tangents to the hyperbola
which are perpendicular to
13. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola
which make equal intercepts on the axes.
14. solution Find the value of k if the line
is a tangent to
15. solution Find the equations of tangents to the hyperbola
which make an angle of 60 degrees with X-axis.
16. solution Prove that the line
touches the hyperbola
and find the point of contact.
17. solution Show that the line
touches the hyperbola
18. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola
drawn parallel to to the line
19. solution Find the equation of the normal at (1,0)on the hyperbola
20. solution Show that the locus of poles w.r.t hyperbola
of tangents to the parabola
is
21. solution Show that the locus of the pole of any tangent to the circle
w.r.t the hyperbola
22. solution The polar of any point on the ellipse
w.r.t the hyperbola
23. solution If the polar of a point w.r.t ellipse
touch the hyperbola
,then show that the locus of point is is the hyperbola.
24. solution Prove that the locus of points the polars of which w.r.t the hyperbola
touch the circle
25. solution Show that the locus of the poles w.r.t the parabola
of tangents to the hyperbola
is
26. solution Find the line passing through the point (-2,1) and conjugate to the line
w.r.t
27. solution Find the equation to the line passing through (1,2) and conjugate to the line
w.r.t hyperbola
28. solution Show that the locus of poles w.r.t parabola
of the tangents to the hyperbola
is the ellipse
29. solution Show that the locus of the foot of perpendicular from the centre of the hyperbola
on a variable tangent is
30. solution Tangents to the hyperbola
make angles
with the transverse axis. Find the locus of their point of intersection if
31. solution Tangents drawn from
to the hyperbola
32. solution Find the equation of the chord of the hyperbola
which is bisected at the point
33. solution Find the equation to the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
and vertices are
34. solution The asymptotes of the hyperbola are parallel to the lines
. Its centre is at
and passes thro' the point
.Find its equation.
35. solution Find the equation of the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
and passing thro'
36. solution Find the equation of the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
and passing thro'
37. solution Find the locus of midpoints of the chords of the parabola
which are parallel to
38. solution Show that the locus of midpoints of the chord of the hyperbola
,which touch the parabola
39. solution Show that the locus of midpoints of the chord of the hyperbola
,which pass through the focus
is
40. solution P is any point on the hyperbola
whose vertex is A(a,0).Show that the locus of the middle point of AP is
41. solution A tangent of the auxiliary circle of the hyperbola
intersects it in P and Q.Find the locus of midpoint of PQ.
42. solution Find the locus of midpoints of the chords of hyperbola
drawn parallel to the line
43. solution Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola
44. solution Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola
45. solution If e1,e2 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate,prove that
46. solution If a tangent at a point P to a hyperbola meets the asymptotes in Q and R show that P is the midpoint of QR.
47. solution Show that the points of intersection of the asymptotes of hyperbola with its directrices lie on the auxiliary circle.
48. solution Show that the midpoints of normal chords of
is
49. solution Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre of the hyperbola
on any normal to it is
50. solution Prove that the product of the perpendiculars from any point on the hyperbola
to its asymptotes is constant.
51. solution Show that the portion of any tangent to the hyperbola,intercepted between the asymptotes is bisected at the point of contact.
Polar Coordinates
1. solution What are the polar coordinates of
2. solution What are the cartesian coordinates of the points
i).
3. solution Determine the lengths of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are
4. solution Find the distance between the points below
i).
5. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
6. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
7. solution Prove that the points
are collinear.
8. solution Find the equation of the line joining the points
9. solution Find the equation of the line joining the points
10. solution Find the equation of the line passing thro'the point
parallel and perpendicular to the line
11. solution Find the equation of the line passing thro'
and parallel to
12. solution Find the equation of the line passing thro'
and parallel to
13. solution Find the length of the perpendicular from the origin on the line
.Also determine the angle made by the perpendicular with the intial line.
14. solution Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to
| i don't know |
Dr Evil is the arch-enemy of which spoof film title character hero? | Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) - IMDb
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Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery ( 1997 )
PG-13 |
A 1960s hipster secret agent is brought out of cryofreeze to oppose his greatest enemy in the 1990s, where his social attitudes are glaringly out of place.
Director:
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3 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Dr. Evil is back...and has invented a new time machine that allows him to go back to the 60's and steal Austin Powers's mojo, inadvertently leaving him "shagless".
Director: Jay Roach
Upon learning that his father has been kidnapped, Austin Powers must travel to 1975 and defeat the aptly named villain Goldmember - who is working with Dr. Evil.
Director: Jay Roach
Two slacker friends try to promote their public-access cable show.
Director: Penelope Spheeris
The inseparable duo try to organize a rock concert while Wayne must fend off a record producer who has an eye for his girlfriend.
Director: Stephen Surjik
Popular Broadway actor Gary Johnston is recruited by the elite counter-terrorism organization Team America: World Police. As the world begins to crumble around him, he must battle with terrorists, celebrities and falling in love.
Director: Trey Parker
After Homer accidentally pollutes the town's water supply, Springfield is encased in a gigantic dome by the EPA and the Simpson family are declared fugitives.
Director: David Silverman
A rejected hockey player puts his skills to the golf course to save his grandmother's house.
Director: Dennis Dugan
When the four boys see an R-rated movie featuring Canadians Terrance & Phillip, they are pronounced "corrupted", and their parents pressure the United States to wage war against Canada.
Director: Trey Parker
A goofy detective specializing in animals goes in search of a missing dolphin mascot of a football team.
Director: Tom Shadyac
Ron Burgundy is San Diego's top-rated newsman in the male-dominated broadcasting of the 1970s, but that's all about to change for Ron and his cronies when an ambitious woman is hired as a new anchor.
Director: Adam McKay
A group of misfits enter a Las Vegas dodgeball tournament in order to save their cherished local gym from the onslaught of a corporate health fitness chain.
Director: Rawson Marshall Thurber
Planet Spaceballs' President Skroob sends Lord Dark Helmet to steal planet Druidia's abundant supply of air to replenish their own, and only Lone Starr can stop them.
Director: Mel Brooks
Edit
Storyline
Austin Powers is a 60's spy who is cryonically frozen and released in the 1990's. The world is a very different place for Powers. Unfortunately for Austin, everyone is no longer sex-mad. Although he may be in a different decade, his mission is still the same. He has teamed up with Vanessa Kensington to stop the evil Dr. Evil, who was also frozen in the past. Dr. Evil stole a nuclear weapon and is demanding a payment of (when he realises its the 90's) 100 billion dollars. Can Austin Powers stop this madman? or will he caught up with Evil's henchman, with names like Alotta Fagina and Random Task? Only time will tell! Written by simon
Frozen in the 60's... thawing spring '97, baby! See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for nudity, sex-related dialogue and humor | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
2 May 1997 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
$9,548,111 (USA) (2 May 1997)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The exterior location shot of Austin and Vanesa's honeymoon scene is of The Broadmoor, a world famous 5-star resort hotel in Colorado Springs located less than four miles from Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station. The famous Cheyenne Mountain entrance was shown as the location shot for the scene where a U.S. Air Force Master Sergeant reports the detection of Dr. Evil's Big Boy rocket. See more »
Goofs
When Dr. Evil is threatening the UN, the flag next to the UN secretary changes to an Israeli flag. It changes back in the next shot. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Dr. Evil : Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to my underground lair. I have gathered here before me the world's deadliest assassins, and yet each of you has failed to kill Austin Powers. That makes me angry. And when Dr. Evil gets angry, Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset. And when Mr. Bigglesworth gets upset... people DIE!
See more »
Crazy Credits
The very last thing that appears on screen at the end of the credit is the words: Groovy, Baby! See more »
Connections
Referenced in Wendigo (2001) See more »
Soundtracks
| Austin Powers |
To which land did Cain go after killing Abel? | Austin Powers Biography (Fictional Secret Agent)
Birthplace:
Best known as: Goofy hero of the Austin Powers film series
The creation of comedian Mike Myers , Austin Powers is the goofy hero of the 1997 film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. The Austin Powers character is a silly satire of superspy James Bond and an affectionate spoof of the denizens of swinging 1960s London: he wears foppish "mod" clothing, uses outlandish Bond-style secret weapons, and (despite his comically bad teeth) relishes his role as a ladykiller. His arch-enemy is the nefarious Dr. Evil (also played by Myers). Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (which co-starred Mimi Rogers and Elizabeth Hurley ) was a surprise hit and introduced pop culture catch-phrases like "Groovy, baby!" and "Behave!" It was followed by the sequels The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999, with Heather Graham) and Goldmember (2002, with Beyoncé Knowles as Foxxy Cleopatra).
Extra credit:
The Austin Powers films also featured Robert Wagner as the eyepatch-wearing Number Two, and Cindy Margolis as a deadly “fembot”… Dr. Evil is loosely based on Bond nemesis Ernst Stavro Blofeld ; his identical miniature sidekick is Mini Me, and his strange hairless cat is Mr. Bigglesworth.
Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Sir John Oldcastle is said to be the model for which Shakespeare character? | Shakespeare and the Falstaff Controversy: Sir John Oldcastle's Origins
Shakespeare and the Falstaff Controversy
August 6, 2014
by Paris Franz Leave a Comment
Falstaff is one of William Shakespeare’s most popular characters; this painting by Adolf Schroedter depicts Falstaff and his page. Image by AndreasPraefcke.
The figure of Falstaff – fat, jolly, dissolute – has a secure place in the pantheon of great Shakespearean characters. Queen Elizabeth herself was a fan, according to the historian Nicholas Rowe in 1707:
“She was so well pleas’d with the admirable Character of Falstaff, in the two Parts of Henry the fourth, that she commanded him to continue it for one Play more and to shew him in love. This is said to be the occasion of his writing The Merry Wives of Windsor.”
Yet, were it not for the sensitivities of William Brooke, the tenth Baron Cobham, and his son Henry, we would probably know the character by the name of Oldcastle.
A Rogue By Any Other Name
The character first appeared in Henry IV, Part 1. When the play was first performed in 1596, the character bore the name of Sir John Oldcastle. Yet when the first printed quarto of the play appeared in February 1598, the character’s name had changed to Falstaff. Also, the name Brooke changed to Broome in The Merry Wives of Windsor.
The plays had clearly ruffled someone’s feathers.
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Who Was Sir John Oldcastle?
William Brooke, the tenth Baron Cobham, was Lord Chamberlain from August 1596 to March 1597. He claimed a tenuous descent from Sir John Oldcastle, as he was descended from Joan Braybroke and her first husband Sir Thomas Brooke, the fifth Baron Cobham. Sir John Oldcastle was Joan’s third husband. In any case, William and his son Henry evidently did not appreciate their illustrious ancestor being portrayed as a fat, boastful knight, intent on leading young Prince Hal into trouble.
But was Oldcastle so illustrious?
The historic Oldcastle was a courtier of Henry V who had served the crown during the Owain Glyndwr rebellion and on campaign in France. He was also a member of a group known as the Lollards who denied certain Catholic doctrines on similar grounds to those professed by Protestants a century later. The word Lollard became synonymous with ‘heretic.’
The King did his best to protect his old friend from charges of heresy, but it would appear Oldcastle was less than grateful. He even plotted to kidnap the King while he was on a visit to Eltham Palace. When the plot came to light, Oldcastle went into open rebellion, plotting to kill the King on the eve of the expedition to France so famously dramatised by Shakespeare in Henry V.
Oldcastle was eventually captured and hanged for treason and heresy in 1417.
Sir John Oldcastle and the Rewriting of History
Oldcastle’s story is a classic example of the re-writing of history as, over the years, time transformed him from a traitor to a proto-Protestant hero. His treason against the King was wiped from the record, and polemicists such as William Tyndale and John Bale represented him as a victim of Catholic tyranny in their works.
Catholic chronicles mocked Oldcastle for his lack of Latin, so Bale saluted the fact that he wrote in that good, patriotic, Protestant language – English.
Oldcastle was, in other words, a prime candidate for satire by Shakespeare’s day. He also, and perhaps more crucially, offered a means to express a certain unease with the extremes of late Elizabethan puritanism.
Intrigues at Court
Shakespeare had inherited the name of Oldcastle from his main source, the anonymous play The Famous Victories of Henry V, in which Oldcastle is one of a band of hell-raising companions of the young Prince Hal. That use of the name had passed without comment, so the chances were that the name would pass unnoticed in Shakespeare’s version too, were it not for the fact that the character proved to be such a success. The timing was also unfortunate.
Shakespeare’s company had operated under the protection of the Lord Chamberlain, Henry Carey, the Baron Hunsdon, since 1594. The son of Mary Boleyn, and cousin to Queen Elizabeth I, Hunsdon was a powerful and experienced figure. With such a protector, a comic take on this so-called ‘Protestant hero’ would not have seemed such a risk in the early part of 1596.
Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham and his father William were targets of satire on the Elizabethan stage. This painting came from the circle of Paul van Somer. Image by Christie’s.
Unfortunately, Hunsdon died in July that year, to be replaced by William Brooke, Lord Cobham – the descendant of Sir John Oldcastle.
William and his son Henry, who succeeded to the Cobham title the following year, enjoyed an alliance with the hugely influential Robert Cecil through marriage. They were often at odds with the other main faction at court which centred on the charismatic figure of the Earl of Essex. The Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare’s former patron, was part of Essex’s circle, linking the Chamberlain’s Men, however tenuously, to the intrigues at court.
Discretion as the Better Part of Valour
Upsetting the powerful could have serious repercussions, as playwrights such as Thomas Kyd and Ben Jonson could attest. Kyd, the author of The Spanish Tragedy, underwent torture when heretical pamphlets were found among his papers in 1593, while Jonson spent time in Marshalsea Prison for co-writing the scandalous play The Isle of Dogs with Thomas Nashe in 1597. The play was thoroughly suppressed, and no copy survives, but speculation abounded in the years to follow suggesting that it contained criticism of the Cobhams.
A judicious name change must have seemed a small price to pay to avoid potential unpleasantness.
Yet, something of the original name survives in the second act of Henry IV, Part I, when Prince Hal refers to the rotund knight as “My old lad of the castle.”
A sly wink at the audience, or a genuine oversight? We’ll probably never know.
The Enduring Appeal of Falstaff
As a riposte to Shakespeare’s portrayal of Henry V’s boon companion, rival company The Admiral’s Men launched their own play Sir John Oldcastle at the Rose Theatre in 1599. This play offered a character in keeping with Protestant propaganda, declaring in the Prologue:
“It is no pampered glutton we present
Nor aged counsellor to youthful sin.”
And yet it isn’t the politically correct Oldcastle we remember, but the tavern-dwelling Falstaff. In sailing rather closer to the wind than he normally did, Shakespeare created one of the most enduring characters in theatre.
© Copyright 2014 Paris Franz, All rights Reserved. Written For: Decoded Past
| Falstaff |
The tarboosh is another name for which hat? | Sir John Oldcastle: London Pubology
Sir John Oldcastle
Note: The location on these maps is approximate.
Former address:
Other link
Notes:
Located opposite the "Cobham's Head" (1 Cobham Row, see separate entry), and now the site of the Post Office. The name is taken by a later Wetherspoons pub to the south on Farringdon Road (see separate entry). It is said to be the site of Oldcastle's mansion (he is also known as Lord Cobham), who lived in the early-15th century and was the basis for Shakespeare's Falstaff character.
Sources:
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Which children’s books character is known as ‘Oui Oui’ in France? | BBC NEWS | Entertainment | French parents approve of Noddy
French parents approve of Noddy
Noddy began his adventures in 1949
Enid Blyton's famous children's character Noddy has been voted parents' favourite in a poll in France.
Noddy - or "Oui-Oui" as he is known in France - beat Babar the Elephant and Asterix in the poll of parents of toddlers by marketing firm Logistix.
He came top of the poll with 23% of the vote, compared to Babar's 19%.
Chorion, owners of the Noddy copyright said: "We see Noddy as quintessentially British, but he is a favourite all over the world."
Noddy was created in 1949 by children's author Blyton, who also came up with The Famous Five.
The diminutive hero's first adventure was Noddy Goes to Toyland.
The stories were only translated into French 13 years later.
But the character is now regularly seen on French TV in cartoon adventures.
| Noddy |
Which famous World War II British invention had the codename ‘Upkeep’? | DreamWorks Animation’s ‘Noddy Toyland Detective’ Headed to Sprout | Animation World Network
DreamWorks Animation’s ‘Noddy Toyland Detective’ Headed to Sprout
DreamWorks Animation’s first original preschool series premiere in the U.S. on Sprout this fall.
By AWN Staff Editor | Monday, June 20, 2016 at 3:07pm
In 3D , Books , Cartoons , CG , Television | ANIMATIONWorld , Headline News | Geographic Region: North America
GLENDALE, CA -- DreamWorks Animation has announced the premiere of its first original preschool series, Noddy Toyland Detective. The series will premiere on Sprout, NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment’s 24-hour preschool network, this fall. Co-produced by DreamWorks Animation and Gaumont Animation, the CG-animated series follows a young boy named Noddy and his friends as they embark on interactive adventures to solve mysteries in the colorful world of Toyland.
Toyland is a fabulous world, filled with an imaginative cast of characters ranging from dinosaurs and trains to unicorns, robots and pirates. In Noddy Toyland Detective, Toyland’s most famous resident, Noddy, is stepping into the new role of detective. If there’s something lost, missing or unusual happening in Toyland, Noddy and his best friends, Bumpy Dog and Revs the car, are the investigating dream team who find out what’s going on and how to make things right. With the help of his Who-What-Where tablet, Noddy takes preschoolers on interactive adventures as he asks questions and uncovers clues to solve the mysteries of Toyland and save the day. Each episode is filled with music, mystery, friendship and fun to keep kids entertained all while learning how to investigate their own world.
“We couldn’t be happier that Sprout will be bringing DreamWorks’ Noddy Toyland Detective to US audiences this fall,” said Eric Ellenbogen, Co-Head of International TV for DreamWorks Animation. “Sprout is a premiere destination for preschool programming, making it the ideal U.S. home for this exciting new series. The world of Noddy and Toyland, with its great literary legacy, offers so much to the imagination of kids."
"Sprout couldn't be prouder to be the exclusive US home for Noddy Toyland Detective," added Amy Friedman, SVP, Programming & Development at Sprout. “DreamWorks has delivered not only a fresh, modern world, but also a role model for our viewers. Noddy himself is curious, resilient, and kind - three values we care deeply about at Sprout.”
Based on the classic character created by renowned children’s author Enid Blyton in 1949, Noddy is one of the most beloved children’s characters around the world, having entertained families for generations with stories set in the colourful world of Toyland. Noddy was first published in Noddy Goes to Toyland in 1949, and remains one of the most beloved characters worldwide. His television debut came in 1954 with The Adventures of Noddy and, in the same year, Noddy in Toyland appeared on the London stage. Noddy’s popularity took him to France in 1963 where he is known as Oui-Oui and remains a perennial favorite.
In addition to the new series, Noddy television programming encompasses a vast library consisting of more than 250 episodes. On TV, Noddy has been seen in more than 100 countries, and more than 250 million Noddy books have been sold worldwide.
Source: DreamWorks Animation
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What term is used for the appliance of gold or silver to a surface in a fine pattern? | Silver Glossary Terms Definitions at Abe Silverman's Antique Silver Shop
Silver Glossary, Terms & Definitions
We've compiled this comprehensive list of silver terms and definitions to assist you in deciphering the 'technical jargon' used by silversmiths and sellers of silver.
Acanthus and Acanthus Leaf / Leaves - A spiny, broad-leaf plant native to the Mediterranean region.
Alloy - A combination of two or more metals usually formulated to provide or increase desired properties, such as ductility, conductivity, durability, etc.
Alpaca or Alpaca Silver - German silver and nickel silver - both synonymous trade names of an alloy of copper, nickel and zinc.
Applied - Made separately, then added to the body of an object.
Art Nouveau - A style also known as "Victorian" or "Edwardian" consisting of fluid lines, floral and nature themes and natural colors. Also known for its flowing style with sinuous curves and naturalistic motifs that was popular from about 1895 to 1905.
Assay - Analysis of a metal to determine its purity.
Base Metal, Pot Metal or White Metal - Any combination of alloys of non-precious metals of comparatively low value to which a coating or plating of silver is usually applied.
Beaded - Decorated with a narrow band of adjacent bead-like balls.
Bobehe or Bobeche - Flat or saucer-like rings or cups placed around candle bases to stop and collect wax drippings.
Brass - An alloy of copper and zinc which has a nice yellow color.
Brazil / Brazilian Silver - The in late 19th and early 20th Centuries, nickel silver flatware items were sold under a variety of euphemism,s including Brazil(ian) Silver. These all tend to be silvery-looking alloys. They were advertised as being a superior alternative to silver plated wares because they never never lost or wore through the silver plating. Brazilian Silver, though, is not silverplated.
Bright-Cut - A type of engraving produced by short, repetitive strokes of a cutting tool.
Bright Finish - Highly polished, mirror like finish produced by use of a jeweler's rouge on a polishing wheel.
Bronze - An alloy chiefly of copper and tin.
Britannia or Britannia Metal - A composition of tin, copper and antimony.
Butler's Finish - A satin finish produced by a revolving wheel of wire which makes many tiny scratches, giving the article a mellow surface luster, originally the result of years of hand rubbing by English butlers. Patented by James H. Reilly of Brooklyn Silver Co.
Cann - A mug. Ther term is more comon in the United States.
Cast or Casting - The method of duplicating an object by pouring metal into a hollow mold formed by the original object. Almost any jewelry object which can be made by hand can be reproduced by the lost wax or centrifugal casting process.
Cartouche - An area surrounded by ornamentation and reserved for engraving, usually an area left 'empty' or 'blank' in order to engrave a monogram.
Chafing Dish - One dish or vessel within another, the outer vessel being filled with hot water and in direct contact with a heat source, and the inner container to hold the food.
Chalice - A large standing cup for wine. Used in religious ceremonies and by Wiccans.
Chamber Candlestick - A tray candlestick in the form of a circular dish stand with a handle.
Chase Work or Chasing - Decoration created by hammering the surfaces of an object with small punches.
Chocolate Pot - Similar to a coffee pot, but with a little lid in the cover through which a swizzle stick can be inserted for stirring the chocolate. Also relates to a coffee pot with the spout located and design lower and thinner than a traditional teapot or coffee pot.
Coin Silver - An alloy of 90% fine silver and 10% copper.
Commercial Silver - Silver that is 999/1000 fine or higher.
Condiment - A small pot, often with a glass or ceramic liner. For storage and useage of salt, pepper, mustard, etc.
Cruet - Originally, the vessels used for wine and water in the Christian ritual; later, the collective term for a set of salt, pepper, oil & vinegar dispensers in a silver or silverplated stand. Almost always made of crystal or glass.
D.W.T. - Pennyweight is abbreviated as DWT, grams x .643=DWT, 20DWT = once once.
Danish Silver - Silverware made in Denmark is 830/1000 fine silver if made to minimum Danish standards. 925/1000 fine silver is made for export.
Deepsilver / Deep Silver - The terms Deepsilver or Deep Silver indicates that a thin bar of sterling silver was set into the wear points of a piece of silverplate flatware, where it would rest on a table, as a method of making the wear less visible. The term and practice has confused people ever since.
Domed - A spheroid cover first used in 1715 on tankards, teapots and coffee pots. Used extensively on covered butter dishes.
Ductility - Capability of being drawn out or hammered thin. Gold is the most ductile of all metals.
E.P.C. and EPC - Electroplated silver on copper.
E.P.B.M and EPBM - Electroplated silver on Britannia metal.
E.P.N.S. and EPNS - Electroplated silver on nickel silver.
E.P.W.M. and EPWM - Electroplated silver on white metal.
Electroplate, Electroplated & Electroplating - In the silver industry, the use of electricity to deposit a thin layer of precious metal on the base metal of a holloware item.
Emboss, Embossed and Embossing - Making raised designs on the surface of metal from the reverse side, strictly applicable to hammered work. See also Repousse.
Engrave, Engraved or Engraving - To decorate metal by gouging a design with graver's tools; embellishing metal or other material with patterns using a stamping tool or drill. This was a popular technique in mid-Victorian times.
Ewer - A jug or pitcher having a wide pout and a handle.
Filigree - Ornamental work in which fine wire, usually of gold or silver, is twisted and soldered into intricate patterns.
Final Finish - A hand polishing step which is precise and affords a smooth, satin finish or a bright mirror finish. All fine polishing is stroked in the direction of the metal's grain.
Fine Silver - Better than 999/1000 pure. It is too soft for practical fabrication and is mainly used in the form of anodes or sheets for plating.
Finial - The top-most portion of an object, often on the lid, and usually quite decorative.
Flat Chasing - Decoration on the flat surfaces created by small punches and a hammer.
Flatware - Eating utensils, commonly the spoon, fork and knife, together with serving pieces and other items.
Fluted - Decorated with parallel vertical groves.
Foot or Feet - The supporting member or base of an object. Most footed items have 3-4 feet.
Gadroon or Gadrooning - Ornamentation consisting of narrow, parallel, vertical panels, usually tapering in width. The panels may be convex, concave, or alternating convex and concave.
German Silver - Another name for nickel silver. A composition of 10% nickel, 50% copper and 49% zinc. It was first made in Germany during the early 19th century in imitation of the much older Chinese alloy known as paktong. German Silver contains NO silver.
Gild, Gilded, Gilding and Gilt -: The coating of a surface with a thin layer of gold. Electroplating is the modern form of gilding.
Gold Wash or Gold Washed - Describes products that have an extremely thin electroplating of gold (less than .175 microns thick). This will wear away more quickly than gold plate, gold-filled, or gold electroplate. The gold is applied by either dipping or burnishing the metal, but it is not plated.
Greek Key - An angular line of ornamentation in the shape of alternating and interlocking "L"s.
Hallmark - An official mark stamped on gold and silver articles to attest to their purity. Marks placed on English and European objects made of silver or gold. Hallmarks were required by law, and indicate the maker, date and place of manufacture. There is usually a fourth mark that certifies that the object meets a minimum standard of purity.
Hammered Finish - A hammered finish is done with small, flat-headed or pointed hammers, giving an uneven surface or a faceted surface to the silver.
Holloware, Hollow Ware and Hollowware - Hollow bodied vessels usually associated with food and drink serving items.
Limoges - Enamel painted on metal, covering the surface.
Maker's Mark - The distinguishing mark of the individual silversmith.
Monteith - A cooler for wine glasses resembling a punchbowl, but with a notched, often detachable rims to suspend the glasses over iced water.
Nickel Silver - A composition of 10% nickel, 50% copper and 40% zinc. It contains no silver. Also known as German Silver.
Non-Tarnish Silver - Produced by alloying silver with cadmium or by the application of a thin plating of thodium or palladium on the surface.
Old Sheffield Plate - Crafted by fusing silver to both sides of a base metal to create a silver 'sandwich'. A widely used method from 1765 - 1840.
Ogee - A molding with an "S" shaped profile.
Oxidized or Oxidizing - Accented beauty of ornamentation by the application of an oxide which darkens metal wherever applied. Shadows and highlights are created which give depth and character.
Paktong - An alloy containing approximately 50% copper, 40% zinc and 10% nickel. Invented in China and brought to Europe during the 18th century.
Patina - As a general term, patina refers to the change in an object's surface resulting from natural aging. It does NOT mean tarnish or dirt. It's a soft luster caused by tiny scratches that come with daily use.
Pedestal - A circular, square or rectangular support between the body of an object and the base. Usually flared and molded.
Pennyweight - abbreviated as DWT, grams x .643=DWT, 20DWT = once once.
Pewter - A somewhat dull silver-colored alloy of tin, antimony, and copper. Pewter items are described and marked as such if they contain at least 90% tin.
Precious Metals - Gold, silver and the platinum group metals are known as the precious metals. They are also called the noble metals by some craftsmen.
Quadruple Silverplate, Quadruple Silver Plate and Quadruple Plate - Silver items of some of the highest quality made during the later part of the 19th century. Within the silversmith and silver manufacturing industry, items marked "Standard" silver plate indicated that 2 troy ounces of pure silver were used to silver electroplate 144 teaspoons, but "Quadruple" silverplate used 8 troy ounces of silver to plate the same 144 spoons.
Repousse - Ornamentation with decorative elements that have been pushed up above the surface of an object.
Ribbed - An ornamentation with a series of parallel or radiating lines.
Satin Finish - A means of producing a matte or frosted finish on silver and other metals. Also called a 'frosted' finish or butler's finish.
Scroll - An ornamental line resembling a loosely rolled piece of paper. A line that curves in on itself.
Sheffield Plate - Originally made by bonding sheet silver to copper, rolling and manufacturing the bonded metals into hollowware. Imitations are made by electroplating silver on copper and are sometimes erroneously advertised as Sheffield plate.
Silver Gilt - Made of silver that has been completely covered with a very thin coating of gold.
Silver Plated Ware or Silverplate - Made by electroplating fine silver on a base metal alloy ‑usually nickel silver or Britannia metal, sometimes brass or copper.
Spur - A short, curved and pointed projection on a handle, used to aid in holding an object or keeping an object (a knob or finial) from damaging the handle.
Sterling Inlay / Sterling Inlaid - The terms Sterling Inlay and Sterling Inlaid were used by the Holmes and Edwards Company from late Victorian times until the brand was abandoned by International Silver in the 1960's. The successor brand, Deepsilver, also was made this way. Flatware would have a small block of sterling set into the piece at the wear points where the piece would rest on the table. This was a method of making the wear less visible. The term and practice has confused people ever since.
Sterling Silver - Must be 925/1000 (92.5%) fine silver and 75/1000 (7.5%) copper. This proportion is fixed by law.
Taxco Silver - The small town in Mexico where William Spratling, an American set up his workshop in 1929. Many other silversmiths eventually set up shop here making Taxco the center of silversmithing in Mexico. Much silver is made in Taxco to this day, but the earlier silver , up to about 1970 is considered collectible. In 1979 the government began to require silversmiths to stamp a registration mark consisting of two letters and several numbers, and this mark should be found on nearly on newer pieces.
Tazza - A wide shallow bowl on a centrally located foot.
Touchmark - The name, initials or symbol stamped on an object by its maker.
Triple Silverplate - Items used three times as much purse silver as "Standard" and 1/4 less than "Quadruple" silverplate items. Silverplate holloware items which have been re-silvered over the years may have more or less silver than originally plated.
Troy Ounce - From the troy system of weight used for measuring precious metals, based on a pound of 12 ounces and an ounce of 20 pennyweights or 480 grains. Precious metals are measured in troy ounces worldwide.
Victorian Plate - Plated silver items made during the period c. 1840-1900 by the process of electroplating silver to objects.
Victorian Silver - The designation given to the period from approximately 1837 when Victoria became Queen of England until 1901 when she died. This long period is divided into early (approx. 1840-1860), mid (approx. 1860 - 1880) and late (approx. 1880-1900) since it covers a wide span of time, and a number of distinctive design trends. This period was preceded by the Georgian period, and succeeded by the Edwardian period after Victoria died in 1901, and her son Edward became king.
White Metal and White Metal Alloy - an alloy, usually containing two or more of the following elements: tin, copper, antimony, lead and bismuth. The resulting end color depends on whether the tin or the lead predominates. The more tin the whiter the color.
Wrought - Hammered into shape on one or more anvils.
| Filigree |
What was the predominant decorative style of the 1920s and 30s? | Glossary of Jewelry Terms
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Baguette
A gemstone, often a diamond, cut in a narrow rectangular shape. Small diamonds cut this way are often used as accents. A tapered baguette has one short end narrower than the opposite end, forming a trapezoid.
Bakelite
A synthetic patented in 1909, bakelite, also called catalin, was used in jewelry extensively during the U.S. Great Depression of the 1930's. Bakelite can be molded, lathe-carved, and one color can be inlaid into another, as in polka dots. The inlaid and carved pieces are especially popular with collectors today. It has a distinct scent when rubbed to warm, somewhat like formaldehyde. Watch for both outright repros, and later plastics from the last 20-30 years that might be mistaken for bakelite by the inexperienced.
Baroque
An irregular, rounded stone, glass or bead; also, an imitation pearl with an uneven or craggy shape and/or surface.
Base metal, pot metal, white metal
Any combination of alloys of non-precious metals.
Belle Epoque
Another name for the Edwardian period.
Bezel Setting
A method of setting gemstones in which the stone is held in the mounting by a narrow band of metal surrounding the girdle (outside perimeter) of the stone.
Birthstone
Birthstones have their roots in ancient astrology, and there have been many birthstone lists used over the years. The most common one today is based on a list first publicized by the U.S. jewelry industry in the 1950s. This list assign birthstones as follows:
January - Garnet
December - Turquoise or Zircon
Bookchain
A Victorian style of chain in which the links are rectangular, folded pieces of metal. Each link resembles a book. These book chains often had large lockets attached, and the whole piece was often elaborately engraved. They were made in gold, gold-filled and sterling silver.
Brass
An alloy of copper and zinc which has a nice yellow color.
Britannia or pewter
A somewhat dull silver-colored alloy of tin, antimony, and copper.
Bronze
A brownish alloy of copper and tin that is not used much in costume jewelry because it is very dense and therefore heavy.
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Cabochon
A stone with a rounded surface, rather than with facets. This style is commonly used with opaque to translucent stones such as opal, moonstone, jade and turquoise. Less expensive transparent stones such as amethyst and garnet, are also sometimes fashioned as cabochons. A garnet cabochon is also referred to as a carbuncle.
Carat
Abbreviated "ct." and spelled with a "c" is a measure of weight used for gemstones. One carat is equal to 1/5 of a gram (200 milligrams). Stones are measured to the nearest hundredth of a carat. A hundredth of a carat is also called a point. Thus a .10 carat stone can be called either 10 points, or 1/10 of a carat. Small stones like .05, and .10ct are most often referred to by point designations. Note that karat with a "K" is a measure of the purity of a gold alloy.
A one carat round diamond of average proportions is approximately 6.5mm in diameter. Note that this relationship of weight and size is different for each family of stones. For example ruby and sapphire are both heavier than diamond (technically, they have a higher specific gravity, so a 1 carat ruby or sapphire is smaller in size than a on carat diamond.
Cameo
A style of carving in which the design motif is left and the surrounding surface is cut away leaving the design in relief. Cameos in jewelry are often made of shell, although hard stone cameos such as sardonyx are more valuable. Cameos have been carved from ancient times, and ancient motifs such as the goddess Athena or a Baccante or follower of Bacchus were popular cameo subjects in Victorian times, through the 1930's. Cameos are still being made today in Italy. A cameo habille is one in which "jewelry" such as a miniature diamond pendant is actually attached to the carving.
Cast
Made by a centrifugal method of casting metal which becomes thick and hard.
Celluloid
One of the earliest plastics, celluloid is derived from cellulose, a natural plant fiber, and was first synthesized around 1870. Items commonly found today include hair combs, dresser articles. Celluloid items for wear were often set with pave rhinestones. Celluloid is flammable and deteriorates easily if exposed to moisture, so care should be taken in its use and storage.
Channel set
A gem setting technique in which a number of square or rectangular stones are set side by side in a grooved channel. Unlike most setting methods, the stones are not secured individually, so there is no metal visible between the stones.
Chatelaine
Said to be from the French for "Lady of the House", a chatelaine is a set of implements worn at the waist. A chatelaine clip clip is fastened to the waist, and various items such as needle cases, pencil, scissors, dangle from chains attached to it. Chatelaines may be utilitarian or beautifully decorated and made from precious materials like silver.
Choker
A short, close fitting necklace; like a collar.
Citrine
A variety of quartz, citrine occurs in a color range ranging from light yellow to a brilliant orange that may be confused with fine imperial topaz.
Coin silver
A silver-colored metal that is a mixture of 80% silver and 20% copper. A lot of European silver pieces are coin silver and are marked 800, the number of parts out of 1000 that are silver.
Coral
Formed when small sea animals create living quarters, coral comes in colors ranging from vivid orange to palest pink. During the mid-Victorian large brooches of coral finely carved in high-relief floral sprays, or faces were popular. At the turn of the century, small natural pieces of branch coral or small cameos of coral were more popular.
Crimp Bead
Small, soft metal beads that are squeezed shut to secure loops of threading material fasteners onto clasps.
Crystal
Etched: Very faintly carved surface decoration
Lightly Carved: Faint carving
Medium Carved: Average depth carving
Deeply Carved: Deeper than average carving
Heavily Carved: Extremely deeply carved
Faceted: Carved with a regular pattern of facets
Grooved: Routed out in a line
Pierced: The material has been cut completely through
Inlaid: A space is routed out of the material, and a contrasting material is fitted into that space. Bakelite polka dot bracelets are an excellent example of inlay technique.
Diamond
Diamonds, a form of crystalline carbon, are prized because they are exceptionally hard and durable, have high refractivity and brilliance, and because really fine diamonds are rare. Today diamonds are valued based on the "4 C's" of color, cut, clarity and carat size. Many diamond imitations have appeared over the years, with the most common today being the ubiquitous cubic zirconia which appears similar to a diamond to the uninitiated, but can be readily distinguished by a diamond tester which measures thermal inertia. Trained individuals, despite claims of cubic zirconia manufacturers, also have little trouble distinguishing a genuine diamond when it is examined under at least 10 power magnification.
DiamanteA
Faceted, glittery glass bead; rhinestone.
Dog Collar
A wide "choker" style necklace worn tight around the neck above the collarbone just like a dog's collar, this look was popular in Edwardian times, around the turn of the twentieth century. This look was popularized by Queen Alexandra, who had a long graceful neck.
Doublet
A form of gemstone trickery that was devised to allow inexpensive materials to imitate the more valuable gemstones before modern synthetics were available. A doublet can take several forms but always involves a fake gemstone produced by gluing together two different materials to form an illusion.
A very common one in Victorian times was the garnet and glass doublet. This involved a red garnet top, glued to a colored glass bottom. The refractive properties of a faceted stone are such that the red of the garnet only shows at odd angles, or if the stone is immersed in a special liquid with a high refractive index. Thus, for example, a green glass bottom with a garnet top will give the appearance of a fine emerald because the top is a natural gemstone with cut facets, and a few natural imperfections, and the bottom is bright green which reflects throughout the stone. The effect is hard to appreciate unless you've seen one.
Duette
A combination of two clips on a pin back. Duette was a registered design by Coro, but is now used generically for this design.
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Edwardian
Refers to the period during the reign of Edward VII of England (1901-1910), but the style has it's beginnings during the final years of Victoria's reign, and continued until shortly before World War I when the more geometric influences later to be called Art Deco began to make headway.
In jewelry, this period was characterized by delicate filigree in white gold and platinum, with diamonds and pearls predominating, and colored stones used less frequently, producing a light, monochromatic look. Delicate bows, swags, and garland effects were used in necklaces and brooches. Both dog collars, and long fringed necklaces were also "in", being popularized by the graceful, long-necked Queen Alexandra.
Electroplated
Jewelry can be mechanically plated with gold in a variety of ways, including electroplated. Eventually, the gold plating wears away, but it depends on how often the item is worn and how thick the plating is.
Emerald
A gemstone of the beryl family, fine emeralds are among the most valuable gemstones. Unlike most gemstones, flaws (called inclusions by gemologists )are quite common in emeralds, so they lower the value much less than with other precious stones such a diamonds. The most highly prized emeralds are mined in Columbia. A valuable emerald will be a bright, vividly colored green. Those with a slight blue cast to the bright green are actually the most valuable color.
Many emeralds seen in jewelry are of relatively low quality. They are often dyed or oiled to improve the color and minimize flaws. If an emerald appears to be very fine, it may actually be a synthetic. There are several types of synthetic emeralds on the market, and some of them are challenging to identify, even for a trained gemologist.
Engrave
To decorate metal by gouging a design with graver's tools; embellishing metal or other material with patterns using a stamping tool or drill. This was a popular technique in mid-Victorian jewelry. The resulting depressions were often filled with colored enamel. Also refers to inscribing a dedication or monogram to identify a piece. Stamped pieces can be designed to imitate hand engraving. Under magnification, the design is much more sharp in a hand engraved piece, with subtle irregularities.
Enamel
In its simplest terms, all enamel is produced by fusing colored powdered glass to metal to produce a vitreous or glass-like, decorative surface. The enamel may be translucent with fancy engraving on the metal underneath, which produces guilloche (ghee-YOSH) enamel. Popular during during the mid-Victorian period was a solid black blue or white enamel used to fill engraved designs.
Enamel is a decorative technique in which a glass "paste" is applied to the surface of a metal--normally bronze, copper or gold. This glass composition adheres to the metal through fusion under very high temperatures. The color of the enamel and its degree of transparency depend on the metal oxides that exist in the glass and the temperature at which the glass melts and coheres to the surface:
"Harder"=fused at higher temperatures=more durable, more translucent
"Softer"=fused at lower temperatures=more fragile, more opaque
European Cut
The style of diamond cutting popular from approximately 1890 to the 1930s. Unlike the old mine cut preceding it, the European cut has a round girdle (perimeter) made possible by the introduction of the power bruiting machine (Bruiting is the term for shaping the girdle of a diamond, the first step in the cutting process). The European cut can be distinguished by the size of the table (the top, flat facet) in relation to the diameter of the stone. In a European cut, the table is smaller in relation to the diameter of the stone. Also, the culet (the bottom facet, is often large, often appearing to create a hole at the bottom of the diamond, when viewed from the top, since the large culet lets light escape instead of reflecting back to the viewer.
Eyepin
A wire finding with a loop at one end. used for linking beads or beaded links together
Cut with many facets or planes.
Faux
Pronounced: fo (like go) Faux is a French word used to describe something made to resemble something else. The original French word means false, fake, imitation or artificial. Faux marble looks like marble. Faux bois looks like wood. Faux porphyry looks like stone.
Fetish
An amulet, pendant or charm often representing an animal or person.
Filigree
A technique used to produce fine intricate patterns in metal. Often used for metal beads, clasps, and bead caps.
Findings
All types of fasteners, and construction components used in jewelry making.
Florentine Finish
Finish has a brushed or striated appearance.
Fob
A short chain with a decorative seal or other device attached to the end. The fob and chain hung outside watch pocket, and could be used to pull the watch out of the pocket.
Foilback
A method of coating the back of a stone with silver, gold, or colored foil. This enhances the brilliancy of the stone, by reflecting back as much light as possible. It is commonly seen in costume jewelry. A foilbacked rhinestone whose foil has been damaged (often from water creeping in) does not sparkle anymore and is said to be a "dead" stone, lowering the value of the piece. Before, modern, highly reflective cuts were developed, even diamonds were foilbacked.
French Jet
Black glass fashioned to imitate real jet. Glass is heavier than real jet, and can feel cold to the touch compared to real jet.
Freshwater Pearl
A pearl produced by a mollusk that inhabits freshwater, usually these pearls are shaped like an uneven grain of rice. There is also a variety called Tennessee fresh water pearls that taper like a long tooth, as in the illustrated 1940's brooch.
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Garnet
A group stones that share a similar chemical structure, the garnet family includes pyrope, almandine, and demantoid, among others. Almandine garnet are red varieties, with pyrope being the common Bohemian garnet found in much Victorian and turn of the century jewelry. Demantoid garnet is a much rarer bright green variety, first mined in the mid-nineteenth century. Demantoid has the highest dispersion of colored stones usually found on the market, which means it is very sparkly. Demantoid is generally found only relatively small stones.
Gemstones
Include diamond, brilliant, beryl, emerald chalcedony, agate, heliotrope; onyx, plasma; tourmaline, chrysolite; sapphire, ruby, synthetic ruby; spinel, spinelle; oriental topaz; turquoise, zircon, cubic zirconia; jacinth, hyacinth, carbuncle, amethyst; alexandrite, cat's eye, bloodstone, hematite, jasper, moonstone, sunstone.
Genuine
It is common to see the following words when describing costume jewelry: amethyst, diamond, garnet, emerald, ruby, sapphire. These words should not be interpreted to mean the precious stones with these names. The terms are used only to describe the color of the non-precious stones. If the genuine stone is meant, it is usually indicated with the word genuine in the description. This general rule also applies to words for metals, such as gold, silver, copper, and pewter. When used to describe costume jewelry, they mean gold-tone, pewter colored, etc.
Gilt
Gold plating.
Gold
Since ancient times, gold has been prized for its beauty, and purity since it does not oxidize or tarnish like most other metals. It has also been used as a store of value to build wealth and shield against hard times. Gold used in jewelry is almost always alloyed with other metals since gold in its pure form is very soft and malleable, and would not wear well by itself. Much gold jewelry from the 19th century and before is not marked. Tests must be done to determine if it is solid gold and to determine purity.
The familiar Karat marking system used in the United States did not become popular until around 1890 or so. (Note that Karat with a "K" refers to gold purity, while Carat with a "C" refers to the weight of a gemstone, e.g. a one carat diamond set in a 14 karat gold ring.) The karat number refers to the parts of pure gold per 24 in the alloy. So a 14K alloy is 14/24 parts pure gold, or about 58% gold.
Other countries used a marking system well before the United States. For example, Britain has had a system of hallmarking in place for hundreds of years.
It is also common in many European and other countries to mark gold with a three digit number indicating the parts per thousand of gold. Thus gold jewelry is often marked "750" for 750/1000 gold. (Equivalent to US 18K).
In addition to many purities, alloyed gold also comes in many colors. Variations in the metals alloyed with the gold account for the ability to produce white, pink and even green gold, in addition to the familiar yellow gold. Pink gold was popular in late Victorian times, and again in the 1940s. White gold was very popular from 1900 through the 30's.
Gold Filled
Goldfilled, or gold-filled, abbreviated g.f. = lower in gold content than 10 KT, usually 1/20 or 1/12 KT.In this technique a sheet of gold is mechanically applied to the surface. Victorian pieces are likely to be unmarked, but later pieces are marked with the fineness of the gold layer, and the part by weight of the gold. For example a piece marked "1/10 12K G.F." is composed of at least 1/10 12K gold based on the weight of the finished piece. In the U.S., gold filled pieces must be at least 1/20 by weight to be classified as gold-filled. An older unmarked gold piece may often be identified by wear through to base metal, especially when viewing corners or edges under magnification. Look for a change to a darker, brassy colored material at these spots.
Goldplate
A layer of gold applied to base metal, usually by electroplating. This is usually a very thin layer, only a few microns, which is likely to wear much more quickly than gold-filled.
Gold Tone
Gold colored or electro-plated, not gold as in measurable in karats.
Gold Washed
"Gold washed" describes products that have an extremely thin electroplating of gold (less than .175 microns thick). This will wear away more quickly than gold plate, gold-filled, or gold electroplate. The gold is applied by either dipping or burnishing the metal, but it is not plated.
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Hair Jewelry
In the mid-19th century lockets of hair of loved ones were often preserved under glass in brooches. The hair was sometimes intricately curled or woven, and these pieces are often inscribed on the back to identify the donors. Later in the century, hair was woven into watch chains, bracelets, even earrings and given as tokens of affection. All forms of hair jewelry are very collectible today.
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Intaglio
A design carved down into a gemstone, unlike a cameo in which the design is raised from it's background, in relief. This technique was often used for seals, which made an impression in wax used to seal a letter or authenticate a document. It is also common on watch fobs, since the watch fob was originally a good place to carry a seal. Once seals fell out of use, the intaglio tended to face out to the viewer rather than down as on a seal. Some of the most commonly found Victorian intaglios are carved in Carnelian, an orange-brown variety of quartz.
Iridium
A metal and member of the platinum family, it is often alloyed with platinum to improve workability, thus you will find pieces marked something like "90% Plat. 10% Irrid" to indicate that the alloy is 90 % platinum and 10% iridium.
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Jet
A form of fossilized coal that became popular for mourning jewelry after Queen Victoria's husband, Albert died in 1861. Produced mainly in Whitby, England, it is a very lightweight substance. Black glass was often used to imitate jet which became a fashion item, not just for mourning.
Jewelry
Ornaments worn by people on the body [Fr]; trinket; fine jewelry; costume jewelry, junk jewelry; gem, gemstone, precious stone. Forms of jewelry: necklace, bracelet, anklet; earring; locket, pendant, charm bracelet; ring, pinky ring; carcanet, chain, chatelaine; broach, pin, lapel pin, torque.
Jump Ring
Cutting, shaping, polishing and creating jewelry from precious and semi-precious stones.
Living Jewelry
Jewelry materials derived from living organisms: pearl, cultured pearl, fresh-water pearl; mother of pearl; coral.
Lost Wax Casting
A model is made of wax and coated with clay. The wax is melted and poured out from the shape that can then be used to cast metal.
Lucite
Popular in the 1940's for ladies purses and jewelry, lucite is a clear, strong plastic that can be molded and carved.
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Marquise
An oval stone which is pointed at both ends, also called navette. Also, a stone cut in a boat shape, pointed at both ends, with rounded sides. Note that the correct pronunciation is "Mar-KEYS", not "Mar-KEY" which is commonly heard.
Millefiori
Means "thousand flowers" in Italian. A method of creating glass or clay beads with intricate patterns using canes.
Mine Cut
A style of diamond cutting popular before 1890 or so, it features a cushion shaped outline, rather than the round outline of the modern cut and old European cuts, and has a different facet arrangement.
Mabe' or Mobe'
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Parure
A suite of matching jewelry consisting of several pieces. Commonly, a set of three or more matching pieces; three of either earrings, bracelet, and necklace, or pin/brooch. In Victorian times, a complete parure consisted of two matching bracelets, necklace, earrings and a brooch. Note that before wristwatches became widely worn, it was quite common to wear two matching bracelets.
Paste
A term for imitation gemstones. Fine jewelry was often imitated in finely made copies to protect the wearer from theft, and these were referred to as "paste".
Patina
As a general term, patina refers to the change in an object's surface resulting from natural aging. (Patina preservation is the reason to avoid all but very superficial cleaning of old objects.) In bronze sculpture, patina specifically refers to the surface of the bronze itself often altered by the sculptor with acid or the application of other chemicals.
Pave'
(pah-VAY) very tightly set stones, as in a pavement; a gem setting technique in which the stones are set low and very closely spaced, so that the surface appears to be paved with gemstones. Most commonly seen with diamonds, but may be used with any stone.
Pearl
A natural gemstone formed when a oyster is irritated by a substance that gets into its shell. If the irritation is a naturally occurring grain of sand, it is an Oriental pearl. If it is produced by purposefully inserting a mother-of-pearl bead, a cultured pearl is formed. A pearl that forms attached to the shell is a blister pearl, while a pearl that forms a half dome is a mabe (pronounced mah-bay) pearl. Pearls that are irregularly shaped rather than round are referred to as baroque.
Perfumed Beads
Recipes are available to make beads that release a scent when warmed by the body.
Pewter
Pewter items are described and marked as such if they contain at least 90% tin. Also, a somewhat dull silver-colored alloy of tin, antimony, and copper.
Pierced-Work
Same as open work.
Plique-a-jour
A form of cloisonn� in which the enamel in the cells has no backing, producing a translucent effect. This technique was used to good effect by Rene' Lalique and others during the Art Nouveau period to depict dragonfly wings and other translucent objects.
Pot metal
Pot metal is a term used to cover many, many different mixtures which do
not have gold, silver, or platinum as a major component.
pronged
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REGARD
The Victorians loved romantic symbols, and rings or brooches set with a Ruby, Emerald, Garnet, Amethyst, Ruby, and a Diamond so that the first letter of each gemstone spelled out "Regard" were given as a token of affection in early Victorian times.
rhinestone
A glass stone, facetted to imitate a diamond. In German, it is called Strass, after the man who popularized it.
Rhodium
A metal that is part of the platinum family. Silver, gold, and even base metals were often Rhodium plated during the 30's and 40's to give them the white, shiny look associated with platinum. Genuine rhodium in raw state is liquid. Although in the platinum family of metals, it is not the same as platinum which is a solid precious metal.
Rhodium-plating
A thin plating of rhodium, which is one of the members of the platinum family, applied over either sterling or other alloy to give a bright, shiny, longlasting silver-colored finish to a piece.
Retro
A recent designation for the period in the forties when when large scale, stylized geometric forms were the rage. Pink gold, set with colored stones, sometimes in floral forms was common.
Ruby
A precious gemstone, and a member of the corundum family, rubies are always, by definition, red, but be aware that many other red gemstones and imitations might be assumed to be a ruby. Fine rubies of good color can be more valuable than diamonds, but the first synthetic ruby was created in the 1890's and became quite popular in jewelry. Synthetic rubies must be distinguished from natural by sophisticated testing by trained gemologists.
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Safety Catch
Prior to 1900 or so, brooches had a simple "C" catch with no locking mechanism, and the pin often extended out beyond the "C" far enough to weave back into clothing for security. At the turn of the century several "safety catches" were invented and came into common used for better jewelry, so a piece that exhibits a safety catch was made in the twentieth century. (Consider the possibility, however, that an old catch was replaced at some point, and look for evidence of this.)
Sapphire
A gemstone of the corundum family, although blue is the color most commonly associated with sapphires, they come in a range of colors from white to orange to green to pink. In fact, if a corundum gemstone is red, it is referred to as a ruby, but any other color, including the light pinkish "rubies" in inexpensive jewelry are properly referred to as sapphires. Sapphires were first synthesized in the 1920's, so it takes an expert to determine if a sapphire is natural. Natural sapphires are sometimes found that exhibit a star effect. These can be quite valuable if the star is centered and well-defined, but in 1967 the synthetic Linde Star Sapphire hit the market, and many star sapphires found today are these synthetics.
Sautoir
(Soh-TWAH) a long rope style necklace, often with a tassel or pendant at the end, these were popularized in the Edwardian era because Edward's Queen Alexandra often wore them.
Seed Pearl
Refers to a very small round pearl or a very small imitation pearl, or f.pearl. These were strung on horsehair and used in intricately woven jewelry during the early-mid Victorian period. In the late Victorian period accents set into gold jewelry. During the Edwardian period, they were sometimes woven into long fringed necklaces called sautoirs.
SilverTone
Silver plated or coated, not sterling silver.
Split Ring
Small base metal finding resembling a key-ring.
Sterling Silver
925 parts silver, legal standard. 800 or less amount of silver is known as silver parts, as marked on the jewelry, not sterling silver.
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Taxco
(TAHKS' coh) The small town in Mexico where William Spratling, an American set up his workshop in 1929. Many other silversmiths eventually set up shop here making Taxco the center of silversmithing in Mexico. Much silver is made in Taxco to this day, but the earlier silver , up to about 1970 is considered collectible. In 1979 the government began to require silversmiths to stamp a registration mark consisting of two letters and several numbers, and this mark should be found on nearly on newer pieces.
Tiffany Setting
The high pronged setting most common today for large stones such as a diamond solitaire, this setting was introduced by Tiffany & Co. in 1886.
Tortoise shell
A popular material for 19th century jewelry and haircombs, tortoiseshell was banned and is no longer used for these items. There are very close plastic imitations of tortoiseshell. One technique to differentiate tortoise from its imitators is to touch the surface with a hot pinpoint. Tortoise will give off a smell like burning hair, while plastic will emit and acrid, chemical odor.
Troy Weight
Gold and silver are measured in Troy weight, a system that includes pennyweights, ounces and pounds. The ounces and pounds do not equal the Avordupois or customary U.S. system that other common goods are measured in. Gold is also commonly measured in metric grams. A pennyweight (abbreviated dwt.) is equal to 1.5552 grams.
24 grains = 1 pennyweight = 1.5552 grams
20 pennyweight = 1 troy ounce = 31.1035 grams
12 ounces = 1 pound troy = 373.24 grams.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a semi-precious gemstone found in desert regions throughout the world. All the cultures use it--Mongolian, Chinese, Native Australian, Persian & Southwestern Native American. It is considered a source of good fortune and beauty. If you see brown or grey streaks in turquoise, they are caused bythe matrix, or mother stone, from which the turquoise is mined. Interesting matrix patterns are considered to add beauty to the stone.
Only Persian turquoise is usually without apparent matrix. Modern turquoise "stones" that appear very shiny and absolutely flawless are actually manufactured: Pulverized turquoise is reconstituted with a plastic binding medium then cut & shaped as though it were natural stone. This material is generally avoided by collectors. Different colors of turquoise--varying from sky blue to nearly green occur in untreated turquoise, since it is quite porous. Touching the stone leaves oils on it which alters the color of the turquoise over many years. Collectors tend to value these color nuances as the patina of time.
(Vehr-MAY) Silver with gold plating.
Vulcanite
A hard, moldable dark brown or black early plastic sometimes erroneously called "gutta percha". This material was used for memorial pieces in the mid-Victorian period.
Victorian
The designation given to the period from approximately 1837 when Victoria became Queen of England until 1901 when she died. This long period is divided into early (approx. 1840-1860), mid (approx. 1860 - 1880) and late (approx. 1880-1900) since it covers a wide span of time, and a number of distinctive design trends. This period was preceded by the Georgian period, and succeeded by the Edwardian period after Victoria died in 1901, and her son Edward became king
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