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Isobel Archer is the title character in which classic novel? | SparkNotes: The Portrait of a Lady: Character List
The Portrait of a Lady
Henry James
Plot Overview
Chapters 1–3
Isabel Archer - The novel's protagonist, the Lady of the title. Isabel is a young woman from Albany, New York, who travels to Europe with her aunt, Mrs. Touchett. Isabel's experiences in Europe—she is wooed by an English lord, inherits a fortune, and falls prey to a villainous scheme to marry her to the sinister Gilbert Osmond—force her to confront the conflict between her desire for personal independence and her commitment to social propriety. Isabel is the main focus of Portrait of a Lady, and most of the thematic exploration of the novel occurs through her actions, thoughts, and experiences. Ultimately, Isabel chooses to remain in her miserable marriage to Osmond rather than to violate custom by leaving him and searching for a happier life.
Gilbert Osmond - A cruel, narcissistic gentleman of no particular social standing or wealth, who seduces Isabel and marries her for her money. An art collector, Osmond poses as a disinterested aesthete, but in reality he is desperate for the recognition and admiration of those around him. He treats everyone who loves him as simply an object to be used to fulfill his desires; he bases his daughter Pansy's upbringing on the idea that she should be unswervingly subservient to him, and he even treats his longtime lover Madame Merle as a mere tool. Isabel's marriage to Osmond forces her to confront the conflict between her desire for independence and the painful social proprieties that force her to remain in her marriage.
Madame Merle - An accomplished, graceful, and manipulative woman, Madame Merle is a popular lady who does not have a husband or a fortune. Motivated by her love for Gilbert Osmond, Merle manipulates Isabel into marrying Osmond, delivering Isabel's fortune into his hands and ruining Isabel's life in the process. Unbeknownst to either Isabel or Pansy, Merle is not only Osmond's lover, but she is also Pansy's mother, a fact that was covered up after Pansy's birth. Pansy was raised to believe that her mother died in childbirth.
Ralph Touchett - Isabel's wise, funny cousin, who is ill with lung disease throughout the entire novel, which ends shortly after his death. Ralph loves life, but he is kept from participating in it vigorously by his ailment; as a result, he acts as a dedicated spectator, resolving to live vicariously through his beloved cousin Isabel. It is Ralph who convinces Mr. Touchett to leave Isabel her fortune, and it is Ralph who is the staunchest advocate of Isabel remaining independent. Ralph serves as the moral center of Portrait of a Lady: his opinions about other characters are always accurate, and he serves as a kind of moral barometer for the reader, who can tell immediately whether a character is good or evil by Ralph's response to that character.
Lord Warburton - An aristocratic neighbor of the Touchetts who falls in love with Isabel during her first visit to Gardencourt. Warburton remains in love with Isabel even after she rejects his proposal and later tries to marry Pansy simply to bring himself closer to Isabel's life.
Caspar Goodwood - The son of a prominent Boston mill owner, Isabel's most dedicated suitor in America. Goodwood's charisma, simplicity, capability, and lack of sophistication make him the book's purest symbol of James's conception of America.
Henrietta Stackpole - Isabel's fiercely independent friend, a feminist journalist who does not believe that women need men in order to be happy. Like Caspar, Henrietta is a symbol of America's democratic values throughout he book. After Isabel leaves for Europe, Henrietta fights a losing battle to keep her true to her American outlook, constantly encouraging her to marry Caspar Goodwood. At the end of the book, Henrietta disappoints Isabel by giving up her independence in order to marry Mr. Bantling.
Mrs. Touchett - Isabel's aunt. Mrs. Touchett is an indomitable, independent old woman who first brings Isabel to Europe. The wife of Mr. Touchett and the mother of Ralph, Mrs. Touchett is separated from her husband, residing in Florence while he stays at Gardencourt. After Isabel inherits her fortune and falls under the sway of Merle and Osmond, Mrs. Touchett's importance in her life gradually declines.
Pansy Osmond - Gilbert Osmond's placid, submissive daughter, raised in a convent to guarantee her obedience and docility. Pansy believes that her mother died in childbirth; in reality, her mother is Osmond's longtime lover, Madame Merle. When Isabel becomes Pansy's stepmother, she learns to love the girl; Pansy is a large part of the reason why Isabel chooses to return to Rome at the end of the novel, when she could escape her miserable marriage by remaining in England.
Edward Rosier - A hapless American art collector who lives in Paris, Rosier falls in love with Pansy Osmond and does his best to win Osmond's permission to marry her. But though he sells his art collection and appeals to Madame Merle, Isabel, and the Countess Gemini, Rosier is unable to change Gilbert's mind that Pansy should marry a high-born, wealthy nobleman, not an obscure American with little money and no social standing to speak of.
Mr. Touchett - An elderly American banker who has made his life and his vast fortune in England who is Ralph's father and the proprietor of Gardencourt. Before Mr. Touchett dies, Ralph convinces him to leave half his fortune to his niece Isabel, which will enable her to preserve her independence and avoid having to marry for money.
Mr. Bantling - The game Englishman who acts as Henrietta's escort across Europe, eventually persuading her to marry him at the end of the novel.
Countess Gemini - Osmond's vapid sister, who covers up her own marital infidelities by gossipping constantly about the affairs of other married women. The Countess seems to have a good heart, however, opposing Merle's scheme to marry Osmond and Isabel and eventually revealing to Isabel the truth of Merle's relationship to Osmond and Pansy's parentage.
| The Portrait of a Lady |
Which anti-hero features in the Mervyn Peake novels Titus Groan and Gormenghast? | Isabel - Name Meaning, What does Isabel mean?
What does Isabel mean?
Isabel
[is-a bel ] as a girls' name is pronounced iz-a-bel. It is of Hebrew origin, and the meaning of Isabel is "God is my oath". Spanish variant of Elizabeth . Literary: Henry James named the heroine of his " Portrait of a Lady" Isabel Archer. Isabella is the name of several Spanish queens. See also Chavela . Actresses Isabella Rosellini, Isabelle Adjani; fashion designer Isabel Toledo.
Associated with: oath , heroine , lady (noble), queens .
Variations
1 more alternative form via Chavela, Elizabeth: Esabeau .
Creative forms:
Isabel Persephone (I.P.), ..
How popular is Isabel?
Isabel is a very prominent first name for females (#313 out of 4276, Top 7%) and also a very prominent surname for both adults and children (#23454 out of 150436, Top 16%). (2000 U.S. Demographics)
Isabel reached its peak rank of #83 in the U.S. in the year 2003, and is currently at #149. (Top 2000 Names, 2015)
Which version is better?
with its variant forms and related girl names. Prominent alternative forms of Isabel (#149 the previous year) are Belia , Bell , Bella (#74 the previous year), Belle (#1053), Elizabeth (#13), Ibbie , Isa , Isabela (#769), Isabell (#1295), Isabella (#5), Isabelle (#94), Isobel , Izabel (#1674), Izabella (#234), Izabelle (#1153), Ysabel and Ysabella . Adoption of these relations of Isabel was well-received 135 years ago (average #1127) and has become significantly lower since (#1139, down 50.9%), with versions like Elizabeth becoming less in vogue. Isabella and Isabelle are two of the more fashionable birth names in this list.
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What is the most common type of rock formed from lava flows? | What are the different types of basaltic lava flows and how do they form? | Volcano World | Oregon State University
What are the different types of basaltic lava flows and how do they form?
Pillow lavas are volumetrically the most abundant type because they are erupted at mid-ocean ridges and because they make up the submarine portion of seamounts and large intraplate volcanoes, like the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain. Image Credit: Gordon Tribble/USGS
Eruptions under water or ice make pillow lava.
Pillow lavas have elongate, interconnected flow lobes that are elliptical or circular in cross-section.
Pillow lavas are often considered important when trying to decipher old rock sequences because they indicate the presence of water. However, you have to be very careful to make sure that you are not looking at regular old pahoehoe toes, which of course, indicate dry land. Many of the features that supposedly can be used to tell the difference between the two don't always work. The only absolute way to know that you are looking at true pillow lavas is to find water-lain sediments between the individual pillows. You might think "wait a minute, sediments are lain down really slowly, how are they going to get between the pillows while they're active?" Actually, when lava is flowing under water, there is a lot of sediment generated as pieces of the lava fall off during the rapid collapsing of the pillows as the quickly chill. Pillow lavas are essentially the underwater equivalent of pahoehoe. They form from low effusion-rate eruptions of fluid basalt lava. They have a rounder form than pahoehoe toes, mainly because of the ability of water to help buoy them up (gravity doesn't flatten them out so much). Also in contrast to pahoehoe toes, pillow lavas tend to have thicker skins of glass (because they are quenched more quickly), less vesicular skins (because even shallow water pressure is able to prevent bubbles from expanding very much), and generally radial fractures (in contrast to the generally concentric flow banding seen in pahoehoe toes). Nevertheless, it is often difficult to tell the two types of lava apart in exposures. The only way to absolutely know that the flows you're looking at are pillow lavas rather than pahoehoe toes, is to find submarine sediments (such as
hyaloclastite
debris formed from the violent reaction of lava and water) between the pillows.
Pillow lavas are also found near the summit of Mauna Kea These pillow lavas were produced by a subglacial eruption that occurred 10,000 years ago. The pillow is about 3 feet (1 m) in diameter and has a glassy rim. Figure 21.11 from Porter, 1987.
.
Pahoehoe lava is characterized by a smooth, billowy, or ropy surface.
Pahoehoe flows tend to be relatively thin, from a few inches to a few feet thick. In map-view the flows tend to be narrow and elongate.
Image Credit: Steve Mattox, 1989. (Kilauea)
A'a
A'a is characterized by a rough, jagged, spinose, and generally clinkery surface. Aa lava flows tend to be relatively thick compared to pahoehoe flows. During the early episodes of the current eruption of Kilauea volcano, aa flows up to 36 feet (11 m) thick surged through the Royal Gardens subdivision at rates as great as 108 ft/min (33 m/min).
Image Credit: R. W. Decker/USGS July 02, 1983.
The A'a / Pahoehoe difference:
If lava cools slowly and does not move too fast it forms smooth ropy lava called pahoehoe.
However, if it cools quickly and moves fast it can tear into clinkery pieces called a'a.
Temperature and gases certainly influence whether the lava becomes aa or pahoehoe. Probably the two biggest factors are
and rate of shear strain. Viscosity is just how sticky something is (how much it resists flowing). An example of rate of shear strain is how quickly or slowly force is applied across a deck of cards.
Some factors influencing viscosity or rate of shear strain are listed below:
temperature
crystallinity
channel configuration
Peterson and Tilling (1980, p. 273) suggested two general conditions that determine whether pahoehoe or aa forms:
If lava slows, cools, and stops in direct response to the corresponding increase in viscosity only, it retains its pahoehoe form.
If lava is forced to continue flowing after a certain critical relationship> between viscosity and rate of shear strain is achieved, the lava changes to aa.
Peterson and Tilling called this critical relationship the "transition threshold." They found that if the rate of shear strain is high, the transition threshold is reached at a lower viscosity than if the shear strain rate is low. The converse is also true. If the viscosity of the lava is high, a relatively low rate of shear strain may achieve the transition threshold, and the lava changes to a'a.
People often ask if there is a compositional difference between aa and pahoehoe lava. There is no systematic chemical difference between aa and pahoehoe lava. Lavas with the identical compositions can form both aa and pahoehoe. Lavas that have slight chemical differences tend to have different temperatures and viscosity's but the critical factor influencing the transition from pahoehoe to aa is the viscosity of the lava.
Other lavas:
| Basalt |
Which flat-topped upland has a name which is Spanish for table? | USGS: Volcano Hazards Program
Volcano Hazards Program
Lava flows destroy everything in their path.
La
va flows typically move slowly enough to outrun them, but they will destroy everything in their path.
Lava type dictates flow shape and travel distance.
Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent . Lava is erupted during either nonexplosive activity or explosive lava fountains . The speed at which lava moves across the ground depends on several factors, including (1) type of lava erupted and its viscosity; (2) steepness of the ground over which it travels; (3) whether the lava flows as a broad sheet, through a confined channel, or down a lava tube ; and (4) rate of lava production at the vent.
Fluid basalt flows can extend tens of kilometers from an erupting vent . The leading edges of basalt flows can travel as fast as 10 km/h (6 mph) on steep slopes but they typically advance less than 1 km/h (0.27 m/s or about 1 ft/s) on gentle slopes. But when basalt lava flows are confined within a channel or lava tube on a steep slope, the main body of the flow can reach velocities >30 km/h (19 mph).
Viscous andesite flows move only a few kilometers per hour (couple feet per second) and rarely extend more than 8 km (5 mi) from their vents . Viscous dacite and rhyolite flows often form steep-sided mounds called lava domes over an erupting vent . Lava domes often grow by the extrusion of many individual flows >30 m (100 ft) thick over a period of several months or years. Such flows will overlap one another and typically move less than a few meters per hour.
Lava flows may instigate other types of hazards.
Everything in the path of an advancing lava flow will be knocked over, surrounded, buried, or ignited by the extremely hot temperature of lava . When lava erupts beneath a glacier or flows over snow and ice, meltwater from the ice and snow can result in far-reaching lahars . If it enters a body of water or water enters a lava tube , the water may boil violently and cause an explosive shower of molten spatter over a wide area. Methane gas, produced as lava buries vegetation, can migrate in subsurface voids and explode when heated. Thick viscous lava flows, especially those that build a dome , can collapse to form fast-moving pyroclastic flows .
Deaths caused directly by lava flows are uncommon because most move slowly enough that people can move out the way easily. Death and injury can result when onlookers approach an advancing lava flow too closely or their retreat is cut off by other flows. Deaths attributed to lava flows are often due to related causes, such as explosions when lava interacts with water, the collapse of an active lava delta that forms where lava enters a body of water, asphyxiation due to accompanying toxic gases, pyroclastic flows from a collapsing dome , and lahars from meltwater.
Other natural phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunami , fires, and earthquakes often destroy buildings, agricultural crops, and homes, but the owner(s) can usually rebuild or repair structures and their businesses in the same location. Lava flows, however, can bury homes and agricultural land under tens of meters of hardened black rock; landmarks and property lines become obscured by a vast, new hummocky landscape. People are rarely able to use land buried by lava flows or sell it for more than a small fraction of its previous worth.
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Who did Frank Bruno beat to win the WBC World Title in 1995? | On This Day: Frank Bruno beats Oliver McCall to win the WBC heavyweight title in 1995 - Boxing News
Boxing News
September 2, 2014 Matt Christie
On This Day: Frank Bruno beats Oliver McCall to win the WBC heavyweight title in 1995
The fight was far from spectacular but for British fans, the night Bruno beat McCall was unforgettable, writes Matt Christie
On This Day: Frank Bruno beats Oliver McCall to win the WBC heavyweight title in 1995
The fight was far from spectacular but for British fans, the night Bruno beat McCall was unforgettable, writes Matt Christie
Read more articles by
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1. EIGHT years before Frank Bruno challenged Oliver McCall for the WBC heavyweight title on September 2 1995, the pair sparred at the Royal Oak Gym in Canning Town. Bruno was rebuilding following a 1986 loss to Tim Witherspoon while the American was largely unknown. “We sparred for about 12 rounds,” Bruno remembered. “He caught me in the eye with his thumb. It was competitive, nice, but I don’t think he liked belly shots. I know he doesn’t, but he’s got a good jab and a lot of people underestimate that. No one got the better of it, but he was complaining when I hit him to the body, or on the border, and he kept saying ‘keep them up’.”
2. AS well as the defeat to Witherspoon, Bruno had also failed in world title bids against Mike Tyson and Lennox Lewis. It was Lewis who McCall shocked to win his belt the year before. Since then, McCall had notched one successful defence – a tight points win over the ancient Larry Holmes.
3. MANY felt this was Bruno’s best chance to lift the world crown he desired so much. Including head trainer George Francis, who had worked with Bruno since 1986. “Frank has improved immensely. He watches what he does every night and if he makes a mistake he puts it right the next day… He’s had time to mature. When we started he was very stiff and muscular. He’s still muscular, but he’s more flexible, he bends his knees and is a much better fighter. But I wish I had him when he was 16 or 17, because some habits are hard to break.”
4. NIGEL BENN, preparing for a fight against Daniel Perez on the Wembley undercard, invited Bruno to join him at his Tenerife training base. But the heavyweight declined, explaining: “I can’t run 15 miles a day in high altitude and go and spar the way I do. Benn can’t spar the way I spar. All men are made differently. I couldn’t do it then go to the gym in the afternoon and spar eight rounds. I’m not Superman. Benn can’t train harder than me. I could bet my life on it. I love him. He’s come back from the brink.”
5. BRUNO, alongside promoter Frank Warren, attracted 30,000 fans – many of whom booed Edwin Starr’s rendition of the American anthem – to Wembley Stadium on a chilly evening. Benn despatched Perez in the seventh round and accompanied Bruno on the long walk to the ring, through the fireworks and screaming fans. It was there that McCall made him wait for 15 minutes. The champion emerged with that pained, almost tearful, expression designed to perplex his opponents. There had been rumours that the Amercan had not taken his training seriously, that the fame of being king had interfered with his lifestyle, but he was in fine shape.
6. PREDICTABLY, the hard-punching Briton started fast. He had no trouble connecting with McCall but the first few blasts were met with a smile, until a sweeping right hand wiped the false joy from his face, and the steadiness from his legs, at the end of the session.
7. McCALL had some success, bruising Bruno’s eye as early as the second round, and started to work his way into the contest before the halfway mark of the 12-rounder. By the seventh and eighth rounds it looked like McCall was on the brink of taking definitive control. But the challenger regained momentum in the ninth, his left-right working hard to keep McCall at bay. By the close of the 11th round, though, Bruno – ahead on points – was holding on tight to survive and the crowd prepared for a nervy final three minutes.
8. THE final round was one-sided, as McCall, fighting with urgency absent for most of what came before, fired in menacing shots at his muscle-bound opponent. Some expected Bruno to collapse, like he had done before, but showing all his experience, he held on to the last bell. He was rightly awarded the unanimous decision, two scores of 117-111 and one of 115-113 to send the crowd into euphoric celebration.
9. BRUNO was, of course, absolutely delighted. “If I never walk again, get run over or get shot, it’s down in history that I’m heavyweight champion. I don’t want to get cocky, but believe me this belt is a nice thing. I want to show people that with hard work and perseverance you can get what you want out of life… From the first round to the last I knew he wanted to knock me out. That last round was very tough. He came at me like a madman. All I could do was try to survive and I did survive. I look like ET but I’m a winner, a champion.”
10. THE new champion did not enjoy his newfound status for long and he lost the title in March 1996 to the comebacking, rampaging, Mike Tyson. He announced his retirement shortly afterwards. McCall admitted he was struggling with drink and drug dependency, but in 2014, almost 20 years after his loss to Bruno, he remains a useful, albeit no longer world class, professional fighter at the age of 49.
| Oliver McCall |
Who did England beat by two runs in a 2005 Edgbaston Test Match? | Frank Bruno (Heavyweight) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Frank Bruno
Male
Born Nov 16, 1961
Franklin Roy "Frank" Bruno MBE is a British former boxer whose career highlight was winning the WBC heavyweight championship in 1995 (which he lost six months later in his first defence). Altogether, he won 40 of his 45 contests. Like Henry Cooper before him, Bruno has remained a popular celebrity with the British public since his ring career ended.… Read More
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' Former world heavyweight champion <mark>Frank Bruno</mark>\'s unexpected bid for a return to boxing was dashed on Monday after he was told his application for a licence would be declined. Bruno, who has not fought since being knocked out by Mike Tyson in 1996, had made the surprise announcement that he wanted to mount an unlikely comeback to help cope with the effects of the medication he takes for bipolar disorder. \"They made me suicidal - mess up your head, mess up your clock - you can\'...
Win Tickets To An Evening With Frank Bruno
The Citizen - Sep 01, 2013
'Former Heavyweight champion boxer <mark>Frank Bruno</mark> is coming to the Village On The Green in Wigan on Friday 18th October, 2013. He will be talking about his life in and out of his boxing career and we have a pair of tickets for the event to give away. The prize includes a photo with <mark>Frank Bruno</mark> and a delicious three course meal followed by a talk from the former champion. Also on the night there will be a sports auction and entertainment. \n\nFranklyn Roy Bruno was born ...
Frank Bruno Hospital Knife Attack Sectioned Twice
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'On 22 September 2003, former boxing champion <mark>Frank Bruno</mark> was forcibly sectioned under the Mental Health Act.'
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' A new Tampa Bay Times/Miami Herald/Bay News 9 poll finds Barack Obama and Mitt Romney essentially tied in America\'s biggest battleground state, with 46 percent of likely Florida voters supporting the president, 45 percent backing the former Massachusetts governor, and 2 percent behind Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson. Only 7 percent are undecided. \r\n \"A coin toss,\" Mason-Dixon pollster Brad Coker said. \"Typical Florida.\" \r\n Adding Marco Rubio to the Romney ticket would only...
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Frank Bruno.
CHILDHOOD
1961 Birth Born on November 16, 1961.
TWENTIES
1982 - 1986 3 More Events
1982 20 Years Old Bruno became a professional boxer in 1982, quickly achieving 21 consecutive wins by knockout. … Read More
This streak caught the attention of international boxing magazines, such as The Ring, KO Magazine, Boxing Illustrated and Ring En Español. During this period Bruno defeated former world title contender Scott LeDoux, the fringe contender Floyd Cummings, Belgian champion Rudy Gauwe, British contenders Tony Moore and Eddie Nielson, and opponents such as Bill Sharkey, Walter Santemore and Ken Lakusta. Read Less
1984 22 Years Old However, in May 1984 the up-and-coming future world heavyweight champion, American James "Bonecrusher" Smith, halted that streak when he defeated Bruno by knockout in the tenth and final round of their bout, with Bruno leading clearly on all three judges' cards. … Read More
As a general view, Bruno was carefully managed, whereby he developed well to later give a strong account of himself in the big matches.<br /><br /> Bruno won his next six bouts against respected opposition. He won the European heavyweight title with a KO over Sweden's Anders Eklund, KO'd former European champion and world title contender Lucien Rodriguez in one round, was taken the distance for the first time by the useful world rated Phil Brown, and beat fringe fighters Larry Frazier and Jeff Jordan. Read Less
1986 24 Years Old Bruno got back into title contention with an impressive one round KO win over former WBA champion Gerrie Coetzee of South Africa, and, in July 1986, he challenged Tim Witherspoon for the WBA heavyweight title. … Read More
After once again leading on the cards for most of the fight, he ran out of steam and was defeated by knockout in round eleven. Read Less
1987 25 Years Old Bruno once again got himself back into title contention with wins over former contender James Tillis and journeymen Reggie Gross and Chuck Gardner. In October 1987 Bruno faced the veteran Joe Bugner in an all British match up. … Read More
Bugner although long past his peak, was coming off impressive wins over Greg Page, James Tillis and David Bey. Bruno won by TKO in the 8th round, the referee stopping the bout, although it appeared the protesting Bugner could have continued. Read Less
1988 26 Years Old In 1988, Bruno challenged Mike Tyson for the undisputed world heavyweight title. … Read More
In the opening moments, the fighters came together with huge punches. Bruno's legs buckled, and he took a big step back, inadvertently stepping off the ring apron. Most agree that he would have gone down, at least to a knee in any event, and this was called a knockdown. Bruno did not complain, and instead gathered himself to continue, ultimately rocking Tyson (for the first time in Tyson's career) with a left hook toward the end of the round. However, Tyson recovered and eventually beat Bruno when the referee stopped the contest in round five with Bruno taking heavy punishment, lying helpless on the ropes.<br /><br /> Bruno kept winning fights, helping him to retain his spot as one of the world's leading heavyweights. He defeated contender Carl Williams, and then journeymen such as Jose Ribalta, Pierre Coetzer, and Dutchman Jan Emmen. Read Less
1990 28 Years Old Bruno grew up with five siblings in Hammersmith, West London. His mother was Jamaican and his father was Dominican. In 1990, Bruno married his partner Laura at a small church in Hornchurch, an area of Greater London near the border with Essex. They had two daughters: Nicola and Rachel, and a son, Franklyn. However, their relationship deteriorated, and they divorced in 2001.
THIRTIES
1993 31 Years Old In 1993 he had a third world title chance against young Lennox Lewis, who was making the second defence of the belt (his first of three championship reigns). … Read More
The Lennox Lewis vs. Frank Bruno fight was the first time that two British boxers had fought for the world heavyweight title. Lewis beat Bruno on a stoppage in round seven, Bruno again failing to take his title chance after leading the contest on points up until what proved the final round.<br /><br /> Bruno again regrouped, dispatching trialhorse Jesse Ferguson in one round, and the fringe contenders Rodolfo Marin and Mike Evans equally easily. Read Less
1994 32 Years Old On 24 September 1994, Oliver McCall beat Lewis with a surprising and somewhat controversial second round knockout victory at Wembley Arena, and, after outpointing Larry Holmes, he came to England to defend the WBC title against Bruno.
Show Less
On 2 September 1995, Bruno finally became world champion by outpointing McCall over twelve rounds. … Read More
Bruno did not last long as champion â the contract he signed to get McCall meant he had to face Mike Tyson in his first defence. Tyson beat Bruno on a stoppage in round three, Bruno performing unusually poorly in what turned out to be his last bout as a professional, due to a severe eye injury caused by Tyson. Bruno was advised not to fight again to avoid running the risk of causing any more damage to it, which could result in permanent blindness. Bruno retired soon after the fight.<br /><br /> Bruno's publicist throughout most of his career was sports historian Norman Giller, who wrote three books in harness with Frank: Know What I Mean, Eye of the Tiger and From Zero to Hero. His manager for all but his last five fights was Terry Lawless, who signed him as a professional shortly after he had become ABA heavyweight champion at the age of eighteen. Read Less
In 1995, the year of his world championship, he released a cover version of "Eye of the Tiger", the theme song of the movie Rocky III. … Read More
It reached No. 28 in the UK charts. In 1999, he featured on the celebrity special in the second season of Fort Boyard.<br /><br /> In January 2001, Bruno announced that he wanted to stand as the Conservative candidate in the traditionally safe Tory seat of Brentwood and Ongar against the independent Member of Parliament, Martin Bell. His proposed slogan was "Don't be a plank, vote for Frank!" However, this idea was quickly dismissed by Conservative Central Office. But in an interview with BBC Sport at the time Bruno laughed at the story and denied he had any intention of standing. Read Less
FORTIES
2003 41 Years Old On 22 September 2003, Bruno was taken from his home near Brentwood in Essex by medical staff assisted by police officers, under the provisions of the Mental Health Act 1983. … Read More
He was taken to Goodmayes Hospital in Ilford, where he underwent psychological and psychiatric tests. He had been suffering from depression for several months beforehand. He was later diagnosed as having bipolar disorder. Read Less
Show Less
Bruno made a brief guest appearances in episodes of the ITV comedy show, Harry Hill's TV Burp in February and October 2011.
On 21 April 2011, Bruno appeared on the ITV1 chatshow The Alan Titchmarsh Show, where he was candid about his previous health issues.
In 2011, he made a guest appearance in Sooty. … Read More
On 20 April 2012, Bruno was featured in the ITV series Piers Morgan's Life Stories.<br /><br /> He supports West Ham whilst also having an affinity for Aberdeen. Read Less
Bruno completed the 2011 London Marathon which is the third marathon he has run successfully. … Read More
He has also run numerous half marathons. He is also a patron for The Shannon Bradshaw Trust, a children's charity. Bruno regularly makes personal appearances and also sells autographed items of memorabilia. Read Less
FIFTIES
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Which spice should be included in a bread sauce recipe? | Traditional Bread Sauce Recipe
Traditional Bread Sauce Recipe
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Bread Sauce Recipe. Photo © RFB Photography
Updated July 12, 2016.
Bread sauce is one of the oldest British sauces and dates back to medieval times. For a recipe to have survived so long is nothing short of a miracle but what is it that makes this such a British institution.
The bread sauce was once only one of a whole repertoire of British bread-based dishes, dishes designed to use up the staple of the kitchen, bread. Explore most European cuisines and you will find similar their inventive for a stale loaf ( Panzanella is a great example).
Bread was (and still is) an excellent way to thicken a sauce or soup, and if you have ever dropped a piece of bread into the soup and watched it turn to mush, you will understand the thinking on this.
The lovely bread sauce is now considered and essential of the Christmas table, and the perfect accompaniment to the turkey yet no threat to a strident Cranberry Sauce. Bread sauce is delicious with all components of the traditional Christmas lunch , dip a crisp, hot roast potato into the sauce and tell me it is not delicious.
However, the sauce does not need to be kept merely for one day of the year. Try it with all poultry throughout the year and watch with delight at the discovery of the nutmeggy and clove scented sauce with your Sunday roast. It really does work, which no doubt is why it has survived for centuries.
300m (10 fl oz) semi-skimmed milk
150 ml (5 fl oz) double (heavy) cream
1 onion, peeled and studded with 6 cloves
1 bay leaf
75g (1 ¼) cups) fresh bread crumbs
25g (1 oz) butter
| Clove |
Which flag consists of a blue rectangle with a white rectangle in the centre? | Recipes for leftover bread
Recipes for leftover bread
Chai spiced bread and butter pudding
Serves 4
This slight twist on the timeless classic is inspired by the ridiculously sweet Indian version of tea.
B&BP can be dressed up with chocolate, marmalade, jam, apples, nuts and who knows what or left plain. Pretty much every cook in the land (and many beyond) has a version in his or her repertoire, so if this one doesn’t do it for you, you won’t have far to look for an alternative.
Ingredients
320g stale Real Bread, sliced 1 or 2cm thick and cut into triangles
600ml milk (or a mixture of milk and cream)
50g caster sugar (or vanilla sugar)
40g butter** (or enough to spread on one side of each of the bread slices)
2 eggs
50g seedless raisins or sultanas
1 green cardamom pod
1 slice (about 3mm thick) of fresh ginger or ¼ teaspoon of ground
2cm piece of cinnamon quill or cassia bark
A vanilla pod (if not using vanilla sugar)
A twist or two of black pepper, very finely ground
Zest of half a lemon
*the Real Bread can be white or brown, brioche or bagels – basically, whatever sort of bread you have lying about. As they are already spiced, pannetone and Finnish pulla work very well.
** not margarine (sorry, vegans) or low-fat, supposedly butteresque, horrors of the yellow fats market
The weight of the bread is based on 8 thick (40g each) slices of an 800g tin loaf but as with all of the other measurements, this is approximate. You can tweak the amounts of bread, butter, sugar, milk etc. depending on your taste and how much of each you have to hand.
Method
Preheat the oven to 180?C (350?F or gas mk 4)
Add the spices (except the pepper) to the milk and heat but do not boil. Cover and set aside to cool.
Grease an ovenproof dish. Butter the bread on one side and arrange half of the slices a layer in the dish. Scatter over the lemon zest and raisins or sultanas and layer the rest of the bread on top. If you are using a smaller, deeper dish, you might get two fruit layers and three of bread.
Strain the spices out of the milk. If you have used a vanilla pod, give it a rinse and dry it out so that you can use it again.
Whisk the milk together with the eggs and sugar and pepper. Pour it over the bread and butter – the liquid should reach about half way up the top layer of bread. Leave to soak for twenty minutes or so.
Put in the oven to bake for 30-40 minutes until brown on top an just set in the middle – wobbly, not watery.
Serve hot with cream, custard or brandy butter. Tastes great cold, too.
If you are counting calories or trying to eat less of anything in this recipe, just eat a smaller portion.
Bread sauce
Not the packet stuff you waste your time rehydrating at Christmas to go with dry, stringy turkey and then throw in the bin because it has the consistency (and taste) of wallpaper paste – this is the real deal.
Aromatic and with a discernible, yet silky, texture, this is a bread sauce that deserves to be let loose on any roast meat.
Now, this is leftover cookery, not a science lesson, so no need to get the ruler out to measure your bread chunks (you can even blitz them in a food blender, if you prefer) or lose sleep over the exact weight of the onion. If you don’t have any star anise or any of the other spices, leave them out; not all of them, mind or it will be blander than that packet sauce. I’ve put the cream as optional, as there’s no point in running out to buy a pot of the stuff unless you know you’re going to use the rest of it.
Ingredients
600ml Milk
1 medium onion (something between 150g and 200g but don’t lose sleep over exact weight)
2 cloves
1 point of star anise
1 bay leaf
1 blade of mace
6 black peppercorns, cracked in half
120 – 150g white bread (crusts cut off – see sippets below for what to do with these), torn or cut into 1cm cubes
25ml single or double cream (optional)
20g butter
Salt to taste
Method
Roughly chop the onion and put in a saucepan with the milk and spices. Bring almost to the boil and then turn off the heat. Cover the pan and leave the spices to infuse until cool. You can do this bit the day before and keep in the fridge, if you prefer.
Strain the milk. Pick out the spices and discard but hang on to the onion. Although its flavour will be milder, you can still use this for any other dish that needs chopped onion.
Again heat the milk until nearly boiling and then turn right down to a low simmer. Stir in the bread crumbs and leave to soak up the milk. Just before serving, stir in the butter and cream (if using) and taste. If you think it needs a bit of salt, add a pinch at a time until it tastes right.
If you have any leftovers of this leftover dish, it’s good spread on toast. Mmm, carbs on carbs.
Pineapple spice
Serves 4-6
Based on a recipe I found scribbled by an unknown former owner in the back of my 1958 edition of The Constance Spry Cookery Book, this is a dish from the days when pineapple was often only available in tins and cinnamon as a powder.
I’ll leave you to mull over the various arguments (environmental and otherwise) for and against using fresh pineapple instead. It also tastes pretty good with any locally grown, sweetish apples that will stay firm when cooked but you’ll need to change the name of the dish.
Ingredients
240-250g pineapple rings or chunks (400g can undrained weight)
200g white breadcrumbs, crusts left on (or mix of bread and plain sponge cake crumbs)
1tsp powdered cinnamon
1 orange
40-50g melted butter
This is a very forgiving dish that allows you to jig the amounts of any of the ingredients up or down a bit.
Method
Preheat the oven to 190?C (375?F or gas mk 5)
Drain the pineapple, reserving juice. If using rings, cut into small chunks. Zest and then juice the orange.
Mix together breadcrumbs, cinnamon, sugar, orange zest, the pineapple and orange juice and melted butter. Stir until even mixed through. The crumbs should be quite wet (the juice will get soaked up or evaporated during baking) but not to the point that there’s a lot of liquid at the bottom of the bowl. If it’s too dry, add some extra orange, apple or pineapple juice.
Grease an ovenproof dish and layer the breadcrumbs with the pineapple chunks, starting and finishing with a layer of breadcrumbs.
Bake for about 40 minutes until golden brown on top and serve hot or cold with cream, custard or - if you fancy keeping with the post-war theme – evaporated milk.
Bread soup
Serves 2
Now, this is a really quick and cheap soup. Chicken stock is a fine way of getting every last bit of value out of the bird and respecting the fact that it died for your dinner. If you don’t have any stock kicking about in the fridge or freezer, a stock cube will do, though it’s not as nutritious.
Ingredients
600ml homemade chicken/vegetable stock (or water and a stock cube) or mixture of stock and milk
125g white breadcrumbs
½ - 1 tbs extra virgin olive oil
2 eggs (optional)
Salt and pepper to taste
Method
Bring the stock to the boil in a saucepan, crush the garlic to a fine pulp, add to the liquid and simmer for five minutes or so. Stir in the breadcrumbs, season with salt and freshly ground black pepper and simmer for four minutes. If using eggs, break carefully into the soup just after adding the crumbs, cover the pan and let them poach for the four minutes.
Pour or ladle into two bowls (take care not to break the eggs, if using) and drizzle a swirl olive oil into each bowl.
If this all sounds a bit fancy or extravagant for you, a late 19th century edition of Mrs Beeton’s Book of Household Management gives a version using just 1lb of bread crusts, 1oz butter, 1qt stock and salt.
Toast
Not really a recipe but the very simplest way of turning bread that’s a day or three past its prime into a tasty snack in its own right or accompaniment to a feast.
‘…our offering to world gastronomy,’ as self-confessed toast addict Nigel Slater would have it.
Take slices of Real Bread and expose the cut to radiant heat (e.g. drop it in a toaster, pop it under a grill, place over an Aga hotplate in the toasting gizmo or impale on some sort of tasting fork or stick in front of a camp or other open fire) until golden brown on both sides.
Dunk into, drizzle or slather with whatever you choose.
Eat and enjoy.
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Bernard Hinault was the last Frenchman to do what? | Bernard Hinault: The greatest of them all? | Cyclingnews.com
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Bernard Hinault: The greatest of them all?
On his 57th birthday, CN looks back at the career of the brilliant and controversial Frenchman
1 / 21
Laurent Fignon leads former teammate Bernard Hinault in the 1984 Tour de France.
(AFP)
Hinault is considered one of the sport's most iconic riders
(Sirotti)
Lemond and Hinault were teammates but also rivals
(Sirotti)
The Frenchman was a hit in Italy as well
(Sirotti)
At the Worlds in 1984
(Sirotti)
Pushing through the pain barrier in the Tour de France mountains
(Sirotti)
Hinault cheered through the mountains
(Sirotti)
The 1984 world championships in Barcelona: Jonathan Boyer (USA) leads Hinault.
(Sirotti)
The 'badger' makes his way up L'Alpe d'Huez.
(Sirotti)
Bernard Hinault warms up ahead of the 1985 Giro's prologue time trial in Verona.
(Sirotti)
Hinault takes a swig of some San Pellegrino in the '82 Giro.
(Sirotti)
Gianbattista Baronchelli, Hinault and Mario Becca ride in the final stage of the 1982 Giro.
(Sirotti)
15 / 21
"Tappa" 17 to Boario Terme, Hinault grimaces on the climb, on a day that would be crucial to his Giro victory in 1982.
(Sirotti)
16 / 21
Hinault leads Greg Le Mond in the 1986 Tour. The Frenchman had promised to support Le Mond after winning his final Tour in 1985.
(Sirotti)
Bernard Hinault in yellow in the '86 Tour on the climb to Serre Chevalier.
(Sirotti)
Teammates Bernard Hinault and Laurent Fignon at the 1983 Tour de France.
(AFP)
Bernard Thevenet (l) and Bernard Hinault at the 1978 Tour.
(AFP)
Greg LeMond and Bernard Hinault topped the mountain
(AFP)
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There are two figures who transcend the sport of cycling - giants of the road whose names are known all over the world and whose fame isn’t limited to dedicated followers of the sport. Household names, if you will. But some will argue that the greatest cyclist of all time isn’t Eddy Merckx or Lance Armstrong. Instead they’ll tell you that it’s a man who celebrates his 57th birthday today; a man who dominated cycling in the late 1970s and early 1980s; a man who remains the last Frenchman to win the Tour de France - Bernard ‘The Badger’ Hinault.
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Comparing the relative merits of sporting figures from differing eras is the most inexact of sciences. The big picture becomes blurred by personal sentiment, partisanship and, in most cases, a lack of objectivity. We all have our own heroes and we all have images indelibly burned into our psyche that have come about through following professional sport. Facts and statistics can never tell the full story. Numbers and figures are unable to stir emotions and quicken the pulse in the same way that a dramatic victory or an unlikely, glorious comeback can.
Hinault’s career had all of the ingredients required to make his case of being the greatest rider of all time a strong one. He was a history maker. His towering personality and brusque charisma bestrode the sport for almost a decade. And some of his victories are etched into the annals of sporting legend, stories that will be passed down through generations of cycling fans not simply confined to his native France. Richard Moore, author of Slaying The Badger - his account of Hinault’s epic battle with Greg LeMond at the 1986 Tour de France - found that endorsement of Hinault’s greatness was easy to find when he was researching his book.
Photo - Sirotti
"One of the things that [legendary directeur sportif] Cyrille Guimard told me when I was doing my research was that Hinault was the most talented rider ever," says Moore. "Even more so, he said, than Merckx. I think there’s some truth to that. He didn’t want to win everything like Merckx did. But when he did want to win something he usually did. And he usually did so in emphatic style."
Hinault turned professional aged 19 in 1974, which was, symbolically, the final year of domination by the man whose Hinault’s achievements are most often compared to. As Hinault’s career was just getting started, Merckx enjoyed one of the best years of his own career in that season - winning his fifth Tour de France, fifth Giro d’Italia and his third world championship. But he would never reach such heights again and cycling would soon be looking for a new superstar.
It didn’t have to wait long to find one. Four years later, in 1978, Hinault won the French national championships before clinching a Tour/Vuelta double later in the season, all before his 24th birthday. He would go on to win the Tour four more times (1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985), one more Vuelta (1983) and three Giri (1980, 1982 and 1985). His ten Grand Tour victories are second only to Merckx’s total of eleven, and his second-placed finishes in 1984 and 1986 mean that he is the only rider in history to finish in the top two at every Tour de France that he completed. There is every chance that Hinault could have surpassed Mercx’s achievements in the Grand Tours if large parts of his career hadn’t been disrupted by persistent knee trouble. His all round ability in the saddle was reflected by the fact that he won all classifications at the Tour. He could do everything - sprint, time trial and climb.
"It was a blend of things that made Hinault stand out," says Moore. "The thing that most people think of first when they think of him is his character and personality. He was a real leader of men and was so even very early on in his career. Back then, he was completely undaunted by the big names of the time. But because we think of his character it’s easy to overlook his talent. He wouldn’t have been able to be such a leader without it."
Hinault was as famed for his aggression and his single-mindedness as much as he was for his glittering palmares. While he was busy sweeping up titles and medals, his drive and his outspokenness often put him at odds with the authorities, the media and his rivals. As the last Frenchman to win the Tour de France, one might assume that his reputation in his homeland stands somewhere between that of Joan of Arc and Napoleon. But it’s not the case.
"One journalist I spoke to in France said that Hinault’s reputation is mixed over there," says Moore. "He was very popular at the beginning of his career and towards the end, but his public image suffered in the middle years. He had a difficult relationship with the press, and that relationship reached its nadir when he pulled out of the 1980 Tour while leading the race and didn’t tell them. This made them look foolish, and as a result their reporting on him became less sympathetic.
"His reputation has improved as the French Famine, in terms of Tour winners, has gone on, but his accessibility in recent years has possibly stripped back some of the aura and mystique surrounding him. You can’t imagine Merckx or Armstrong greeting stage winners and handing out medals on the podium at the Tour. It’s a role that some people say is beneath him and his achievements, and I am inclined to agree."
But it’s better to remember Hinault on the road, back in the prime of his career. There were so many highlights, but three really stand out: his imperious win in the snow at the 1980 Liege-Bastogne-Liege; his commanding wire-to-wire victory on one of the toughest courses ever devised at the 1980 World Championships in Sallanches, where hardly any riders finished; and his final Tour win in 1985, where victory was achieved despite a bad crash.
"For me that final Tour win in 1985 sums Hinault up, really," says Moore. "He got a lot of help from Greg LeMond but seeing him battling and fighting during that final week with two black eyes and a broken nose was heroic stuff. It was Hinault through and through - courage, talent and stubbornness."
A year later Hinault kept his promise by helping LeMond to win the Tour, though his exact role in delivering LeMond to the finish line, and his perceived reticence in fulfilling that promise, has been the subject of much scrutiny and controversy. Bernard Hinault retired shortly afterwards, at the very top of his profession and at the relatively young age of 32. Secure in his position as one of the best ever. Or maybe the best.
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Who did Zeus have chained to a rock for giving fire to the human race? | Bernard Hinault and the Fall and Rise of French Cycling Audiobook | William Fotheringham | Audible.com
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Publisher's Summary
Bernard Hinault is one of the greatest cyclists of all time. He is a five-time winner of the Tour de France and the only man to have won each of the Grand Tours on more than one occasion.
Three decades on from his retirement, he remains the last Frenchman to win the Tour de France. His victory in 1985 marks the turning point when the nation who had dominated the first eight decades of the race they had invented suddenly found they were no longer able to win it.
Hinault is the last ‘old-school’ champion: a larger-than-life character from a working-class background, capable of winning on all terrains, in major Tours and one-day Classics. Nicknamed the 'Badger' for his combative style, he led a cyclists’ strike in his first Tour and instigated a legendary punch-up with demonstrators in 1982 while in the middle of a race. Hinault's battles with team-mates Laurent Fignon and Greg LeMond provide some of the greatest moments in Tour history.
In Bernard Hinault and the Fall and Rise of French Cycling, number-one best-selling author William Fotheringham finally gets to the bottom of this fascinating character and explores the reasons why the nation that considers itself cycling’s home has found it so hard to produce another champion.
©2015 William Fotheringham (P)2015 Random House Audiobooks
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Which 1932 novel is the most famous work of writer Stella Gibbons? | Cold Comfort Farm | novel by Gibbons | Britannica.com
Cold Comfort Farm
Moby Dick
Cold Comfort Farm, comic novel by Stella Gibbons , published in 1932, a successful parody of regional and rural fiction by such early 20th-century English writers as Mary Webb and D.H. Lawrence . A popular and clever work, Cold Comfort Farm was awarded the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize in 1933.
When Flora Poste visits her relatives in Sussex, she encounters a collection of rustic eccentrics enmeshed in a web of violent emotions, despair, and scheming. She manages to set things right.
Learn More in these related articles:
Mary Webb
March 25, 1881 Leighton-under-the-Wrekin, Shropshire, Eng. Oct. 8, 1927 St. Leonards, Sussex English novelist best known for her book Precious Bane (1924). Her lyrical style conveys a rich and intense impression of the Shropshire countryside and its people. Her love of nature and a sense of...
D.H. Lawrence
September 11, 1885 Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, England March 2, 1930 Vence, France English author of novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, and letters. His novels Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), and Women in Love (1920) made him one of the most influential English...
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pastoral novel (in novel: Pastoral )
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Article Title: Cold Comfort Farm
Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica
Date Published: February 12, 2016
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cold-Comfort-Farm-novel-by-Gibbons
Access Date: January 20, 2017
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| Cold Comfort Farm |
What is a valetudinarian constantly worried about? | Project MUSE - Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars
Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars
In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:
MFS Modern Fiction Studies 47.4 (2001) 831-854
Faye Hammill
Stella Gibbons's Cold Comfort Farm (1932) has been an incredibly popular novel. Its most famous line, "I saw something nasty in the woodshed," has become a catchphrase, and the book has sold in large numbers since its first publication in 1932. It has been adapted as a stage play, a musical, a radio drama, and two films, thereby reaching a still larger audience. 1 However, its status within the academically-defined literary canon is comparatively low. One full article on Cold Comfort Farm was published in 1978, and since then, only a few paragraphs of criticism have been devoted to the novel. Critics apparently do not consider Cold Comfort Farm to be properly "literary," and it is rarely mentioned in studies of the literature of the interwar years. This is curious because Cold Comfort Farm is an extremely sophisticated and intricate parody whose meaning is produced through its relationship with the literary culture of its day and with the work of such canonical authors as D. H. Lawrence, Thomas Hardy, and Emily Brönte. The novel's engagement with the gender issues of the 1930s also repays detailed examination. My reading of Cold Comfort Farm will focus on its relation to its literary and cultural [End Page 831] context and will work toward an understanding of the reasons for its marginal position in the canon of English fiction.
Stella Gibbons (1902-1989) worked as a journalist during the 1920s and became instantly famous on the publication of her first novel, Cold Comfort Farm. She went on to publish twenty-three more novels and several collections of short stories and poetry. Most of these were reasonably successful, but they are now all out of print. Briefly summarized, Cold Comfort Farm concerns a London woman, Flora Poste, who loses her parents at the age of nineteen and decides to live with some of her relatives until she marries. She chooses a family of Sussex farming cousins, the Starkadders, and resolves to tidy up their lives for them. She eventually persuades them all to abandon their eccentric behaviour and adopt what she considers to be civilized, rational lifestyles.
Flora is clearly marked as belonging to the fictional world of Jane Austen. We are alerted to this early in the narrative when she mentions her ambition to write a novel as good as Persuasion and adds:"I think I have much in common with Miss Austen" (20). Flora often reads Mansfield Park to sustain her amid the chaos of Cold Comfort, and it is the progress from disorder to order in Austen's books that appeals to her. On her arrival at the farm, Flora enters into an alien fictional world, a fact she is evidently conscious of because she remarks that she hopes to collect material for a novel while she is there. Her entirely accurate preconceptions about her Starkadder relatives are derived from her reading of novels very different from those of Jane Austen. She is excited at the prospect of meeting a doomed family and discovering a "gloomy mystery" (58), and she expects her second cousins to be named Seth and Reuben, because "highly sexed young men living on farms are always called Seth or Reuben, [. . .] and my cousin's name, remember, is Judith. That in itself is most ominous. Her husband is almost certain to be called Amos, and if he is, it will be a typical farm" (23). She makes explicit her literary source for these ideas when she remarks on discovering the tyranny of her great aunt Ada Doom, otherwise Mrs. Starkadder: "So that was what it was. Mrs. Starkadder was the curse of Cold Comfort. Mrs. Starkadder was the Dominant Grandmother Theme, which was found in all typical novels of agricultural life. It was, of course, right and proper that Mrs. Starkadder should be in possession at Cold Comfort; Flora should have suspected her existence from the beginning...
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What is the divine nickname for the elusive Higgs boson? | What is the Higgs boson and why is it important? - CNN.com
What is the Higgs boson and why is it important?
By Nick Thompson, CNN
Updated 8:13 AM ET, Tue October 8, 2013
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – Three years ago, scientists in Geneva, Switzerland, announced they had proved the existence of the so-called "God particle" known as Higgs boson -- a never-before-seen subatomic particle long thought to be a fundamental building block of the universe. This year, researchers from two different teams combined their measurements of the particle, providing an unprecedented picture of Higgs boson's production, decay and interaction with other particles. Click through the gallery for more.
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
This graphic shows traces of the collision of particles from an experiment at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) -- a large particle detector in Geneva. The Standard Model of particle physics lays out the basics of how elementary particles and forces interact in the universe. But the theory crucially fails to explain how particles actually get their mass. Particles, or bits of matter, range in size and can be larger or smaller than atoms. Electrons, protons and neutrons, for instance, are the subatomic particles that make up an atom. Scientists believe that the Higgs boson is the particle that gives all matter its mass.
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
An image of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. "The Higgs boson is the last missing piece of our current understanding of the most fundamental nature of the universe," Martin Archer, a physicist at Imperial College in London, told CNN. "Only now with the LHC [Large Hadron Collider] are we able to really tick that box off and say 'This is how the universe works, or at least we think it does'."
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – Higgs boson research takes place at the Large Hadron Collider -- a circular tunnel located 100 meters (328 feet) underground. It uses a particle accelerator to collide protons at extreme speeds. By combining their data, researchers found that there are different ways to produce a Higgs boson, and different ways for a Higgs boson to decay to other particles.
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – British physicist Peter Higgs, right, speaks with Belgian physicist Francois Englert at a press conference at Geneva's CERN facility in 2012. Higgs and Englert shared the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for describing an explanation for why particles have mass. They independently published papers on this topic in 1964.
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – CERN's Globe of Science and Innovation exhibition center and surface buildings, which provide access to the Large Hadron Collider, can be seen near Geneva, Switzerland. CERN Director General Rolf Heuer said, "There is much benefit in combining the results of large experiments to reach the high precision needed for the next breakthrough in our field. By doing so, we achieve what for a single experiment would have meant running for at least 2 more years."
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – Teams from ATLAS and CMS Collaborations combined their research to obtain their results. "Combining results from two large experiments was a real challenge as such analysis involves over 4,200 parameters that represent systematic uncertainties," said CMS Spokesperson Tiziano Camporesi. "With such a result and the flow of new data at the new energy level at the LHC, we are in a good position to look at the Higgs boson from every possible angle."
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – The particle accelerator magnets of the LHC are shown at the underground test facility at CERN near Geneva. Many scientists dislike the term "God particle," even though it's become popular in the media. The nickname came from the title of a book by Leon Lederman, who reportedly wanted to call it the "Goddamn Particle" since it was so hard to find.
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Photos: Secrets of the 'God particle'
Studying the 'God particle' – In the preface to a 2014 book, astrophysicist Stephen Hawking wrote he was worried that Higgs boson might turn unstable and lead to the end of everything. The "universe could undergo catastrophic vacuum decay, with a bubble of the true vacuum expanding at the speed of light," Hawking wrote. "This could happen at any time and we wouldn't see it coming." Not to worry too much. Hawking added that such a scenario would require a "particle accelerator that ... would be larger than Earth, and is unlikely to be funded in the present economic climate."
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What was the sequel to the sitcom Are You Being Served? | Higgs competition: Renaming the God particle | Science | The Guardian
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It started as a bit of Friday fun and ended a week later with 15 pages of entries and a dash to a nearby university to drop off a crate of ale. Judging can be thirsty work.
The week before last, Peter Higgs celebrated his 80th birthday and to mark the event, we thought we'd try to oust the media's nickname for his most famous contribution to physics. Officially, it is known as the Higgs boson , but to journalists and headline writers it is the God particle.
I wrote briefly about the history of the discovery and its implications for the nature of mass when I announced the competition on 29 May .
But back to that name. Physicists hate it when people call the Higgs boson the God particle. Even though the nickname was dreamed up by a Nobel prizewinning physicist with a tremendous track record in the field, Leon Lederman , I can't think of anything that galvanises physicists so completely.
We had stacks of entries. I like to think that's because we tapped into the pent-up fury of legions who were equally despairing of the nickname. People who wanted to see such nonsense banished from the journalists' lexicon but just hadn't been given the proper outlet. People who would fight to replace it with a name that is worthy and just. I'm sure that's what happened. What else could it be?
After the entries had been dispatched for judging, I leafed through the list to pick out my own favourites. It dawned on me that the judging job was worth far more than one crate of beer.
Lots of you followed a long tradition in physics and made sure the particle's new nickname ended with "on". It would be in good company, with the electron, proton, neutron, photon and gluon.
Nattydread69 suggested the "Non-Existon", which might turn out to be prescient. Emptyjames wanted to call it "The Mysteron", and I can see why: even if the Higgs is found, physicists still need to work out why it couples more strongly to some particles than others. Tbombadil liked "Mastodon". Doogsby rustled up the "The Lardon". Any one of these would have made undergraduate physics lectures easier to show up at.
Lalulilo said the new name should have an international flavour, and suggested "Esperon", meaning "hope" in Esperanto. Platonik gets a spot in my personal top five with "Rockon". It's a shame that Rockon raises a few unpleasant childhood memories, though .
Arimbaud nodded to Chris Morris's Brasseye with "Shatner's Bosoon", while Endnote didn't worry about wordplay and stuck with the original "Shatner's Bassoon".
Some of you clearly wanted a more approachable name and offered up Steven, Colin, Dave, Pete, Nigel, Boz and Bosie. One poster suggested "Mr Bum Bum" as a suitable name for our theoretical subatomic particle. You know who you are.
Slobloch liked "Lardycake". MERidley, "The God Killer". ArmitageS opted for "The Pavarotti Particle" and Jennyanydots went all Prince on us with "The particle formerly known as the God particle".
I liked Yrddraiggoch's (The Welsh Dragon's) "The Bajingo", but only because the entry was justified on the grounds of being "a very awesomely silly word." Ditto Trhenc's "H3-Bengka Boson" was sold as being "techno-fabulous with a hint of the exotic".
DNAtheist got another place in my personal top five with the "Disconcertingly Unfalsifiable Hyperbeing Particle", or "Duh Particle". It's close to genius in my view.
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‘I must get a little hand put on this watch’ – heard regularly in which sitcom? | Nearest and Dearest Classic TV Show
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Nearest and Dearest Classic TV Show
The comic talents of Jimmy Jewel and Hylda Baker join forces in the roles of Eli and Nellie, a brother and sister who inherit their father's pickle factory - and a pile of problems.
Nearest and Dearest Fan Tributes
8 elaine anne williams from manchester: I used watch it when I was little I loved it xx
7 Kit from Lancashire: I saw this programme as a little child and I had forgotton all about it until someone said, 'I must get a little hand put on this watch' which I think was one of Hylda's catchphrases.
6 Caroline from Coventry: I was talking to my husband about good old comedy shows you could laugh at as we watched last of the summer wine and only fools and horsees on GOLD, we were naming some of our favourites, In Loving memory with Thora Hird, and then we both said nearest and dearest, I love the guy who always said I'll av half, walter. I feel sorry for the younger generation either the shows now are not funny, or they swear too much. Shame. My kids av watched many old comedies I have bought on DVD, love THy Neighbour, On the Buses, Father Dear Father, Bless this House to name but a few.
5 marian slight from south tyneside england: there was only one every great female commedian and that was hylda baker followed by peggy mount true comic geniuses of british tv .
4 Garry Herring from HARTLEPOOL: Oh, there will never be another one like Hylda Baker, with her mis-pronounced lines ("don't you contracept me") and ("I can safely say without fear of Incineration") and insults towards Jimmy Jewel. Our Hylda was the tops and made me laugh every week when I first watched this classic series. Sadly, she died a lonely forgotten person and deserved much more tribute for her contribution to Comedy. my favourite episode is the one where they spend the weekend in Blackpool and Jimmy Jewel has to fight off the amourous attentions of the landlady while Lily and Walter turn up! trying to recapture their youth. Jewel takes one look at Walter and says "By the looks of him, it looks like he never had it in the first place!" Classic stuff! R.I.P.Hylda and Jimmy, to me you are both in the Comedy Hall Of Fame where you rightfully belong.
3 Shaun Moore from Darlington: Me and my Friend were watching the episode of nearest and dearest on Sunday! we were watching "Cindernellie" episode we had to pause it because we were nearly sick due to Laughton so much! HYLDA BAKER come the number 1 comedienne ever to grace screens.
shaun 31
2 jacqui c-w from bournemouth: I remember watching the show as a child but dont remember any show in particular. What I do remember is Nelly frequently ask in Walter if he had been! I loved Hilda Baker she was a natural commedienne.
1 Richard Snape from Manchester: An episode of Nearest and Dearest where Arthur Mullard played a mayor who had been presented with a watch as a boy soprano. Jimmy Jewel had aquired the watch and was going to give it as a present. Will you be showing this episode again?
Post Your Tribute Here: If you have a favourite moment or memory from Nearest and Dearest then please tell us about it. (note: All comments are moderated before being added to site. No ads, no spam, no questions please! Want to plug your site - see the webmaster info on home page):
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Who composed The Resurrection Symphony and The Symphony of a Thousand? | Nearest and Dearest Classic TV Show
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Nearest and Dearest Classic TV Show
The comic talents of Jimmy Jewel and Hylda Baker join forces in the roles of Eli and Nellie, a brother and sister who inherit their father's pickle factory - and a pile of problems.
Nearest and Dearest Fan Tributes
8 elaine anne williams from manchester: I used watch it when I was little I loved it xx
7 Kit from Lancashire: I saw this programme as a little child and I had forgotton all about it until someone said, 'I must get a little hand put on this watch' which I think was one of Hylda's catchphrases.
6 Caroline from Coventry: I was talking to my husband about good old comedy shows you could laugh at as we watched last of the summer wine and only fools and horsees on GOLD, we were naming some of our favourites, In Loving memory with Thora Hird, and then we both said nearest and dearest, I love the guy who always said I'll av half, walter. I feel sorry for the younger generation either the shows now are not funny, or they swear too much. Shame. My kids av watched many old comedies I have bought on DVD, love THy Neighbour, On the Buses, Father Dear Father, Bless this House to name but a few.
5 marian slight from south tyneside england: there was only one every great female commedian and that was hylda baker followed by peggy mount true comic geniuses of british tv .
4 Garry Herring from HARTLEPOOL: Oh, there will never be another one like Hylda Baker, with her mis-pronounced lines ("don't you contracept me") and ("I can safely say without fear of Incineration") and insults towards Jimmy Jewel. Our Hylda was the tops and made me laugh every week when I first watched this classic series. Sadly, she died a lonely forgotten person and deserved much more tribute for her contribution to Comedy. my favourite episode is the one where they spend the weekend in Blackpool and Jimmy Jewel has to fight off the amourous attentions of the landlady while Lily and Walter turn up! trying to recapture their youth. Jewel takes one look at Walter and says "By the looks of him, it looks like he never had it in the first place!" Classic stuff! R.I.P.Hylda and Jimmy, to me you are both in the Comedy Hall Of Fame where you rightfully belong.
3 Shaun Moore from Darlington: Me and my Friend were watching the episode of nearest and dearest on Sunday! we were watching "Cindernellie" episode we had to pause it because we were nearly sick due to Laughton so much! HYLDA BAKER come the number 1 comedienne ever to grace screens.
shaun 31
2 jacqui c-w from bournemouth: I remember watching the show as a child but dont remember any show in particular. What I do remember is Nelly frequently ask in Walter if he had been! I loved Hilda Baker she was a natural commedienne.
1 Richard Snape from Manchester: An episode of Nearest and Dearest where Arthur Mullard played a mayor who had been presented with a watch as a boy soprano. Jimmy Jewel had aquired the watch and was going to give it as a present. Will you be showing this episode again?
Post Your Tribute Here: If you have a favourite moment or memory from Nearest and Dearest then please tell us about it. (note: All comments are moderated before being added to site. No ads, no spam, no questions please! Want to plug your site - see the webmaster info on home page):
Your Name:
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Which opera is set aboard HMS Indomitable? | "Billy Budd" - Opera Canada, Vol. 53, Issue 1, Spring 2012 | Online Research Library: Questia
Britten
Opus Arte: OA1051 D
This highly lauded production of Benjamin Britten's emotionally charged opera was made at the 2010 Glyndcbournc Festival. The new production, which garnered universal praise from British and foreign press, was the festival's first of Britten's masterpiece. The multilayered study of good and evil, based upon Herman Melville's novella, Billy Budd, Foretopman, takes place in 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars and is set aboard the HMS Indomitable, a British man-of-war. English theatre director Michael Crandage, here making his opera debut, stages this dark, claustrophobic production tautly Christopher Oram's versatile set, which he describes as part "belly of a whale," and Paule Constable's atmospheric lighting add appreciably to the production's success.
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
The all-male ensemble, under the assured leadership of conductor Sir Mark Elder, features a uniform it not brilliant cast. The young South African baritone. Jacques Imbrailo, making both his role and house debuts, scores a resounding success in the title role. His open and easy manner, his naivete and innocence, his boyish, winning smile and his goodness of spirit all make him an ideal protagonist. …
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What kind of flower is a Lady’s Slipper? | Billy Budd, at English National Opera, Seven magazine review - Telegraph
Billy Budd, at English National Opera, Seven magazine review
David Alden’s production for ENO of Britten’s great opera is a thoroughly enjoyable sail
4
Billy Budd performed by English National Opera at The London Coliseum. Benedict Nelson as Billy Budd, Matthew Rose as Claggart. Photo: Alastair Muir
By John Allison
2:13PM BST 27 Jun 2012
Regarded, justifiably, as Benjamin Britten’s greatest opera, Billy Budd seems hardly ever to flop on stage, but that does not mean the piece is easy to perform. Nor does it diminish English National Opera’s outstanding record with the work, and David Alden’s eagerly awaited production, the third at the Coliseum in a quarter of a century, again showcases the company’s special strengths.
It also takes up from where Alden left off in his 2009 ENO Peter Grimes, once more universalising a work that traditionally has been seen as narrowly English. This setting of Herman Melville’s tale of claustrophobic evil aboard the HMS Indomitable is no longer the Royal Navy, still less 1797.
It is just about nautical in Paul Steinberg’s set, which abstractly suggests the inside of a ship’s hull, and Constance Hoffman’s costumes evoke the early Soviet period – hinting at Battleship Potemkin, perhaps in a nod towards the co-producing Bolshoi Theatre.
Where some productions uncover the cold heart of Britten and others find mawkish sentimentality, Alden’s staging is strong and sober. His dark, concentrated staging almost seems to happen in slow motion, the starkness varying only as pieces of scenery slide – Vere’s eerily white cabin, for instance, or a huge cannon – on and off. And where many productions of this homoerotic Othello relish the opportunity for well-oiled torsos, Alden’s remains firmly buttoned up.
Underpinning the Soviet tone, Edward Gardner conducts a blistering account of the score that reminds one of Britten’s affinity for Shostakovich. Yet it is not all brittle and brassy, and Gardner also finds room for haunting lyricism. The all-male chorus is on excellent form, especially in the sea battle, which puts the drummers in the stage boxes to high-decibel effect.
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What is the alternative name for the larkspur? | Delphinium, larkspur - THE POISON GARDEN website
THE POISON GARDEN website
Delphinium spp.
Summary
Much admired for its beauty when in flower, delphiniums have caused a number of fatal poisonings in cattle.
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Meaning of the Name
Delphinium
Generally, said to be from the Greek for dolphin either because the flower spikes were thought to resemble the creature or just the nectary.
There are around 300 species within the genus. Some of the more common being;
elatum
How Poisonous, How Harmful?
Quite closely related to the Aconitum genus, its principle alkaloid, delphinine, is similar to aconitine.
Ingestion leads to nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscular spasms. If fatal, death is usually due to respiratory collapse or cardiac arrest.
Incidents
Largely because there is nothing about the plant to encourage ingestion, it is rated Category 'C' by the Horticultural Trades Association as having the lowest potential for harm to humans.
I have never seen a fully documented case of delphinium poisoning in humans but 'Poisonous Plants in Britain and their effects on Animals and Man' quotes an unpublished account of a case where a man suffered a serious stomach upset with blurred vision and muscle spasms five hours after ingesting an unknown quantity of leaves and seeds. He was fully recovered after twelve hours.
Most of the poisonings reported in the literature are related to cattle and other farm animals in the USA where some species are found growing in pastureland. There are not many reports in total and it appears to have become less of a problem in more recent years, perhaps because the danger is better understood.
The only reports, so far, in the 21st century come from Switzerland where two cases have been written up making me wonder if, perhaps, the Delphinium elatum concerned was a garden escapee that has spread to farmland.
Folklore and Facts
There is surprisingly little folklore associated with delphiniums. Surprising because it is quite common and its height makes it imposing.
John Gerard , who gives 'delphinium' as an alternative name for Consolida, a related but different genus, says that there is little written about any medicinal uses other than as an antidote to scorpion stings. He quotes the notion that laying delphiniums in the path of a scorpion will render it totally incapable of movement until the plant is removed but says this is just one of many 'trifling toyes' that are not worth reading.
As a American plant, it might be expected to feature in native American medicine but it does not. Indeed Charles E. Millspaugh, in 'American Medicinal Plants' only mentions it once and that as being a member of the buttercup family.
The question of whether the whole plant was thought to resemble a dolphin or just the nectary may lead to one fanciful story that, in ancient Rome, men were pursuing a dolphin for commercial exploitation so Neptune turned it into the Delphinium.
It's common name 'larkspur' is, again said to be a reference to its look. The town of Larkspur in Colorado was given its name by Elizabeth Hunt, wife of the governor, in 1871 because of the abundance of delphiniums growing in the area.
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What name is given to the dried bummalo fish when crumbled over Indian cuisine? | Delphinium, Larkspur | HowStuffWorks
HowStuffWorks
Delphinium, or larkspur, is a more pictures of perennial flowers .
Delphinium, or larkspur, derives its genus' name from the Greek word for "dolphin" and is suggested by the shape of a gland in the blossoms that secretes nectar. Many delphiniums are poisonous to cattle.Description of delphinium, larkspur: The alternate leaves are cut and divided. Plants produce tall spikes of showy flowers, usually in shades of blue, each having a long spur behind the petals. Ease of care: Moderately difficult.
: Delphiniums are worth almost any effort to grow because they are so beautiful. They need full sun and a good, deep, well-drained, evenly moist soil that has a high humus content. If the soil is too acid, agricultural lime should be added. They are hardy feeders that must be supplied with compost or well-rotted manure, benefiting from feedings of a 5-10-5 fertilizer every year.
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What types of perennial plants thrive well in the northeast?
The area where they grow should have some protection from high winds because the hollow flower stalks, though strong, are often so covered with flowers that they can easily break in the breeze. Many gardens use delphiniums in front of stone walls for this reason. Without such protection, the gardener will have to resort to staking.
After flowering, flower heads should be removed unless seeds are wanted. Surprisingly, these plants are very cold-hardy and resent hot climates and long, blistering summers, Delphiniums are short-lived perennials that lose their vitality after two to three years. Since they grow easily from seeds and cuttings, propagation is never a problem.
Propagating delphinium, larkspur: By cuttings, by seed, or by careful division.
: Short delphiniums can be used in the front of a garden, the Belladonna hybrids in the middle, and the tall Pacific Coast hybrids in the rear. They are excellent cut flowers, too.
Delphinium, larkspur related species: Only hardy to USDA 8, Delphinium cardinale, or scarlet larkspurs, are lovely flowers for the summer garden. Delphinium elatum, or the candle larkspur, is one of the sources for many of the most beautiful delphinium hybrids today. Reaching to 6 feet, the flowers are now available in white, lavender, blue, and purple.
The Belladonna hybrids are light blue with 5-foot stalks and, if spent flowers are removed, they will usually produce blooms all summer long. Casa Blanca is pure white. The Blackmore and Langdon hybrids were first developed in 1905. Today's plants bear pastel blue, lavender, white, violet, and indigo flowers on 4- to 5-foot stems. The Pacific Coast hybrids produce 7-foot stalks that must be staked even when given protection; the flowers in various shades of blue and pink are spectacular. Magic Fountain is a dwarf version growing to 30 inches with double blooms.
Connecticut Yankee is a bush delphinium with single flowers of mixed colors on 30-inch stalks. Delphinium grandiflorum (sometimes called D. chinensis), or the Siberian larkspur, has finely cut foliage and blue flowers on 2- to 3-foot stalks, blooming the first year from seed if started early. Blue Mirror has gentian-blue flowers, and Alba is white.
Scientific name of delphinium, larkspur: Delphinium species
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Which county was absorbed into Cambridgeshire in 1974? | Visitor UK Huntingdon - Tourist info for Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire
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Welcome to Huntingdon
Huntingdon is located on the River Great Ouse, in the county of Cambridgeshire, approximately 66 miles north of London and 16 miles north-west of Cambridge.
The town has a population of around 17,500. Administratively it is the seat of the local government district of Huntingdonshire which covers an area of approximately 912 sq kms and which has a population of around 159,000.
It is an attractive and ancient market town which was once an important crossing point for the River Ouse on the Roman Ermine Street, and in more recent history was the county town of Huntingdonshire until being absorbed into Cambridgeshire in 1974. Primarily renowned as the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell there is much fine architecture, predominantly Georgian, and many notable historic features.
The town's history dates from Roman times although there is evidence of much earlier settlement in the area. It was first recorded as a Saxon town in a charter of 650AD, and in the Anglo Saxon Chronicles of 656AD. The Danes built earthwork fortifications here during the 9th century and, during the 10th century, Huntingdon had its own mint. A thriving market town during the Middle Ages, the black death devastated the town in the 14th century. The town was granted another charter by King John in 1205, confirming its status as a borough and allowing a weekly market. Oliver Cromwell was born here in 1599, becoming MP for Huntingdon in 1626. During the civil war, the town was at first held by the Parliamentarians. It was attacked by the Royalists, led by Charles I, falling to them in August 1645. Because of its position on the turnpike road north from London, the town prospered as a coaching stop during the 18th century. Huntingdon has a well preserved medieval bridge that used to serve as the main route of Ermine Street over the Great Ouse.
Historically the town's economy was based upon agriculture, and whilst this is still important, today the service industry is the largest sector employing 64% of all workers.
The name Huntingdon comes from the Old English name 'Hunta' plus 'inga' and 'feld' meaning 'hill of the huntsman, or of a man called Hunta'. In 973 the town was recorded as Huntandun, and in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Huntedun.
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Which title was held by Queen Victoria’s father? | Huntingdon-and-peterborough dictionary definition | huntingdon-and-peterborough defined
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huntingdon-and-peterborough
Proper noun
A short-lived former county of East Anglia, England . Created from the merger of the Soke of Peterborough and the county of Huntingdonshire . Created in 1965 and absorbed into Cambridgeshire in 1974.
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Which German word means low-brow, cheesy, mass-produced art in poor taste? | What is The Difference Between Gaudy and Tacky
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Tacky
Kitsch (; loanword from German) is a low-brow style of mass-produced art or design using popular or cultural icons.
tacky adj 1: (of a glutinous liquid such as paint) not completely dried and slightly sticky to the touch; "tacky varnish" 2: tastelessly showy; "a flash car"; "a flashy ring"; "garish colors"; "a gaudy costume"; "loud sport shirts"; "a meretricious yet stylish book"; "tawdry ornaments" [syn: {brassy}, {cheap}, {flash}, {flashy}, {garish}, {gaudy}, {gimcrack}, {loud}, {meretricious}, {tatty}, {tawdry}, {trashy}] [also: {tackiest}, {tackier}]
203 Moby Thesaurus words for "tacky": Mickey Mouse, adherent, adhesive, amylaceous, base, beat-up, bedraggled, blowsy, blowzy, boggy, breakable, brittle, broken-down, brummagem, bulldogged, bulldoggish, bulldoggy, bullheaded, careless, cheap, cheap-jack, cheesy, chintzy, clabbered, clammy, clingy, clotted, coagulated, coarse, cobwebby, common, crude, crumbly, curdled, dainty, damp, dampish, dank, delicate, delicately weak, dewy, dilapidated, dingy, doughy, dowdy, down-at-heel, down-at-the-heels, drabbletailed, draggled, draggletailed, effeminate, faded, fenny, flimsy, fourth-class, fragile, frail, frangible, frayed, frazzled, frowzy, frumpish, frumpy, full of holes, gaudy, gaumy, gelatinous, gimcrack, gimcracky, glairy, gluelike, gluey, glutenous, glutinose, glutinous, gone to seed, gooey, gossamery, grubby, grumous, gumbo, gumbolike, gumlike, gummous, gummy, heavy, holey, humid, in rags, in shreds, in tatters, incorrect, inelegant, inferior, informal, inspissated, irregular, jelled, jellied, jellylike, jerry, jerry-built, light, lightweight, loose, low-class, low-grade, low-quality, low-test, lumpen, marshy, mean, messy, moist, mucilaginous, muggy, mussy, namby-pamby, negligent, obstinate, out-of-date, outmoded, paltry, papery, pasteboardy, pasty, patchy, persistent, poky, poor, punk, puny, ragged, raggedy, rainy, ratty, ropy, roric, roriferous, ruinous, run-down, scraggly, scruffy, second-best, second-class, seedy, self-adhesive, shabby, shattery, shoddy, sissified, slabby, slack, slatternly, sleazy, slight, slimy, slipshod, slithery, sloppy, slovenly, sluttish, sordid, squalid, starchy, stickable, sticky, stodgy, stringy, stubborn, swampy, syrupy, tasteless, tattered, tatty, tawdry, tenacious, thick, thickened, third-class, third-rate, threadbare, tinny, torn, tough, tremelloid, tremellose, unbecoming, undried, unkempt, unneat, unsightly, unsubstantial, unsuitable, untidy, viscid, viscose, viscous, vulgar, wet, wettish, wispy, womanish
Tacky \Tack"y\, n. [Written also {tackey}.] An ill-conditioned, ill-fed, or neglected horse; also, a person in a like condition. [Southern U. S.] [Webster 1913 Suppl.]
Tacky \Tack"y\, a. [Etymol. uncert.] 1. Dowdy, shabby, or neglected in appearance; unkempt. [Local, U. S.] [Webster 1913 Suppl.] 2. In poor taste; appearing cheap; gaudy; unstylish. Broadly used to describe objects whose style is disapproved of by the speaker. [PJC] 3. Tactless; in poor taste; -- used to describe behavior. [PJC]
Tacky \Tack"y\, a. [Cf. {Techy}, {Tack} a spot.] Sticky; adhesive; raw; -- said of paint, varnish, etc., when not well dried. [U. S.] [1913 Webster]
Data Sources:
gaudy: Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0
gaudy: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44
gaudy: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44
gaudy: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44
tacky: WordNet (r) 2.0
tacky: Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0
tacky: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44
tacky: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44
tacky: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44
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Which French phrase translates as ‘blow of mercy’? | Cheese | Milk Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
File:Kaasmarkt2 close.jpg
Cheese is a food consisting of proteins and fat from milk , usually the milk of cows , buffalo , goats , or sheep . It is produced by coagulation of the milk protein casein . Typically, the milk is acidified and addition of the enzyme rennet causes coagulation. The solids are then separated and pressed into final form. [1] Some cheeses also contain molds , either on the outer rind or throughout.
Hundreds of types of cheese are produced. Their different styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether it has been pasteurized , butterfat content, the species of bacteria and mold, and the processing including the length of aging. Herbs , spices , or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents. The yellow to red color of many cheeses is a result of adding annatto . Cheeses are eaten both on their own and cooked in various dishes; most cheeses melt when heated.
For a few cheeses, the milk is curdled by adding acids such as vinegar or lemon juice. Most cheeses are acidified to a lesser degree by bacteria, which turn milk sugars into lactic acid , then the addition of rennet completes the curdling. Vegetarian alternatives to rennet are available; most are produced by fermentation of the fungus Mucor miehei, but others have been extracted from various species of the Cynara thistle family.
Cheese has served as a hedge against famine Template:Fact and is a good travel food. It is valuable for its portability, long life, and high content of fat , protein , calcium , and phosphorus . Cheese is more compact and has a longer shelf life than the milk from which it is made. Cheesemakers near a dairy region may benefit from fresher, lower-priced milk, and lower shipping costs. The long storage life of cheese allows selling it when markets are more favorable.
Contents
File:Cheese market Basel.jpg
The origin of the word cheese appears to be the Latin caseus, [2] from which the modern word casein is closely derived. The earliest source is probably from the proto-Indo-European root *kwat-, which means "to ferment, become sour".
In the English language , the modern word cheese comes from chese (in Middle English ) and cīese or cēse (in Old English ). Similar words are shared by other West Germanic languages — West Frisian tsiis, Dutch kaas, German Käse, Old High German chāsi — all of which probably come from the reconstructed West-Germanic root *kasjus, which in turn is an early borrowing from Latin.
The Latin word caseus is also the source from which are derived the Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Malay/Indonesian Language keju (a borrowing from the Portuguese word queijo), Romanian caş and Italian cacio.
The Celtic root which gives the Irish cáis and the Welsh caws are also related.
When the Romans began to make hard cheeses for their legionaries' supplies, a new word started to be used: formaticum, from caseus formatus, or "molded cheese" (as in "formed", not "molded"). It is from this word that we get the French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, Breton fourmaj and Provençal furmo. Cheese itself is occasionally employed in a sense that means "molded" or "formed". Head cheese uses the word in this sense.
History
File:Ricotta al forno pezzo.jpg
Cheese is an ancient food whose origins predate recorded history . There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheesemaking originated, either in Europe , Central Asia or the Middle East , but the practice had spread within Europe prior to Roman times and, according to Pliny the Elder , had become a sophisticated enterprise by the time the Roman Empire came into being.
Proposed dates for the origin of cheesemaking range from around 8000 BCE (when sheep were first domesticated ) to around 3000 BCE. The first cheese may have been made by people in the Middle East or by nomadic Turkic tribes in Central Asia . Since animal skins and inflated internal organs have, since ancient times, provided storage vessels for a range of foodstuffs, it is probable that the process of cheese making was discovered accidentally by storing milk in a container made from the stomach of an animal, resulting in the milk being turned to curd and whey by the rennet from the stomach. There is a widely told legend about the discovery of cheese by an Arab trader who used this method of storing milk. The legend has many individual variations. [3] [4]
Cheesemaking may also have begun independent of this by the pressing and salting of curdled milk in order to preserve it. Observation that the effect of making milk in an animal stomach gave more solid and better-textured curds, may have led to the deliberate addition of rennet.
The earliest archeological evidence of cheesemaking has been found in Egyptian tomb murals, dating to about 2000 BCE. [5] The earliest cheeses were likely to have been quite sour and salty, similar in texture to rustic cottage cheese or feta , a crumbly, flavorful Greek cheese.
Cheese produced in Europe , where climates are cooler than the Middle East, required less salt for preservation. With less salt and acidity, the cheese became a suitable environment for beneficial microbes and molds, giving aged cheeses their pronounced and interesting flavors.
Ancient Greece and Rome
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Ancient Greek mythology credited Aristaeus with the discovery of cheese. Homer 's Odyssey (8th century BCE) describes the Cyclops making and storing sheep's and goats' milk cheese. From Samuel Butler's translation: Template:Cquote
By Roman times , cheese was an everyday food and cheesemaking a mature art, not very different from what it is today. Columella 's De Re Rustica (circa 65 CE) details a cheesemaking process involving rennet coagulation, pressing of the curd, salting, and aging. Pliny's Natural History (77 CE) devotes a chapter (XI, 97) to describing the diversity of cheeses enjoyed by Romans of the early Empire . He stated that the best cheeses came from the villages near Nîmes , but did not keep long and had to be eaten fresh. Cheeses of the Alps and Apennines were as remarkable for their variety then as now. A Ligurian cheese was noted for being made mostly from sheep's milk, and some cheeses produced nearby were stated to weigh as much as a thousand pounds each. Goats' milk cheese was a recent taste in Rome, improved over the "medicinal taste" of Gaul 's similar cheeses by smoking . Of cheeses from overseas, Pliny preferred those of Bithynia in Asia Minor.
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Post-classical Europe
Rome spread a uniform set of cheesemaking techniques throughout much of Europe, and introduced cheesemaking to areas without a previous history of it. As Rome declined and long-distance trade collapsed, cheese in Europe diversified further, with various locales developing their own distinctive cheesemaking traditions and products. The British Cheese Board claims that Britain has approximately 700 distinct local cheeses; [6] France and Italy have perhaps 400 each. (A French proverb holds there is a different French cheese for every day of the year, and Charles de Gaulle once asked "how can you govern a country in which there are 246 kinds of cheese?" [7] ) Still, the advancement of the cheese art in Europe was slow during the centuries after Rome's fall. Many of the cheeses we know best today were first recorded in the late Middle Ages or after— cheeses like Cheddar around 1500 CE, Parmesan in 1597, Gouda in 1697, and Camembert in 1791. [8]
In 1546, John Heywood wrote in The Proverbs of John Heywood that "the moon is made of a greene cheese." (Greene may refer here not to the color, as many now think, but to being new or unaged.) [9] Variations on this sentiment were long repeated. Although some people assumed that this was a serious belief in the era before space exploration , it is more likely that Heywood was indulging in whimsy.
Modern era
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Until its modern spread along with European culture, cheese was nearly unheard of in oriental cultures, in the pre-Columbian Americas, and of only limited use in sub-Mediterranean Africa, mainly being widespread and popular only in Europe and areas influenced strongly by its cultures. But with the spread, first of European imperialism, and later of Euro-American culture and food, cheese has gradually become known and increasingly popular worldwide, though still rarely considered a part of local ethnic cuisines outside Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas .
The first factory for the industrial production of cheese opened in Switzerland in 1815, but it was in the United States where large-scale production first found real success. Credit usually goes to Jesse Williams, a dairy farmer from Rome , New York , who in 1851 started making cheese in an assembly-line fashion using the milk from neighboring farms. Within decades hundreds of such dairy associations existed.
The 1860s saw the beginnings of mass-produced rennet, and by the turn of the century scientists were producing pure microbial cultures. Before then, bacteria in cheesemaking had come from the environment or from recycling an earlier batch's whey; the pure cultures meant a more standardized cheese could be produced.
Factory-made cheese overtook traditional cheesemaking in the World War II era, and factories have been the source of most cheese in America and Europe ever since. Today, Americans buy more processed cheese than "real", factory-made or not. [10]
Making cheese
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The only strictly required step in making any sort of cheese is separating the milk into solid curds and liquid whey . Usually this is done by acidifying ( souring ) the milk and adding rennet . The acidification can be accomplished directly by the addition of an acid like vinegar in a few cases ( paneer , queso fresco ), but usually starter bacteria are employed instead. These starter bacteria convert milk sugars into lactic acid . The same bacteria (and the enzymes they produce) also play a large role in the eventual flavor of aged cheeses. Most cheeses are made with starter bacteria from the Lactococci , Lactobacilli , or Streptococci families. Swiss starter cultures also include Propionibacter shermani , which produces carbon dioxide gas bubbles during aging, giving Swiss cheese or Emmental its holes.
Some fresh cheeses are curdled only by acidity, but most cheeses also use rennet . Rennet sets the cheese into a strong and rubbery gel compared to the fragile curds produced by acidic coagulation alone. It also allows curdling at a lower acidity—important because flavor-making bacteria are inhibited in high-acidity environments. In general, softer, smaller, fresher cheeses are curdled with a greater proportion of acid to rennet than harder, larger, longer-aged varieties.
Curd processing
At this point, the cheese has set into a very moist gel. Some soft cheeses are now essentially complete: they are drained, salted, and packaged. For most of the rest, the curd is cut into small cubes. This allows water to drain from the individual pieces of curd.
Some hard cheeses are then heated to temperatures in the range of 35 °C–55 °C (100 °F–130 °F). This forces more whey from the cut curd. It also changes the taste of the finished cheese, affecting both the bacterial culture and the milk chemistry. Cheeses that are heated to the higher temperatures are usually made with thermophilic starter bacteria which survive this step—either lactobacilli or streptococci .
Salt has a number of roles in cheese besides adding a salty flavor. It preserves cheese from spoiling, draws moisture from the curd, and firms up a cheese’s texture in an interaction with its proteins . Some cheeses are salted from the outside with dry salt or brine washes. Most cheeses have the salt mixed directly into the curds.
A number of other techniques can be employed to influence the cheese's final texture and flavor. Some examples:
Stretching: ( Mozzarella , Provolone ) The curd is stretched and kneaded in hot water, developing a stringy, fibrous body.
Cheddaring : ( Cheddar , other English cheeses) The cut curd is repeatedly piled up, pushing more moisture away. The curd is also mixed (or milled) for a long period of time, taking the sharp edges off the cut curd pieces and influencing the final product's texture.
Washing: ( Edam , Gouda , Colby ) The curd is washed in warm water, lowering its acidity and making for a milder-tasting cheese.
Most cheeses achieve their final shape when the curds are pressed into a mold or form. The harder the cheese, the more pressure is applied. The pressure drives out moisture—the molds are designed to allow water to escape—and unifies the curds into a single solid body.
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Aging
A newborn cheese is usually salty yet bland in flavor and, for harder varieties, rubbery in texture. These qualities are sometimes enjoyed— cheese curds are eaten on their own—but normally cheeses are left to rest under carefully controlled conditions. This aging period (also called ripening, or, from the French , affinage) can last from a few days to several years. As a cheese ages, microbes and enzymes transform its texture and intensify its flavor. This transformation is largely a result of the breakdown of casein proteins and milkfat into a complex mix of amino acids , amines , and fatty acids .
Some cheeses have additional bacteria or molds intentionally introduced to them before or during aging. In traditional cheesemaking, these microbes might be already present in the air of the aging room; they are simply allowed to settle and grow on the stored cheeses. More often today, prepared cultures are used, giving more consistent results and putting fewer constraints on the environment where the cheese ages. These cheeses include soft ripened cheeses such as Brie and Camembert , blue cheeses such as Roquefort , Stilton , Gorgonzola , and rind-washed cheeses such as Limburger .
Types
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The main factor in the categorization of these cheese is their age. Fresh cheeses without additional preservatives can spoil in a matter of days.
For these simplest cheeses, milk is curdled and drained, with little other processing. Examples include cottage cheese , Romanian Caş , Neufchâtel (the model for American-style cream cheese ), and fresh goat's milk chèvre . Such cheeses are soft and spreadable, with a mild taste.
Whey cheeses are fresh cheeses made from the whey discarded while producing other cheeses. Provencal Brousse , Corsican Brocciu , Italian Ricotta , Romanian Urda , Greek Mizithra , and Norwegian Geitost are examples. Brocciu is mostly eaten fresh, and is as such a major ingredient in Corsican cuisine, but it can be aged too.
Traditional pasta filata cheeses such as Mozzarella also fall into the fresh cheese category. Fresh curds are stretched and kneaded in hot water to form a ball of Mozzarella, which in southern Italy is usually eaten within a few hours of being made. Stored in brine, it can be shipped, and is known worldwide for its use on pizzas. Other firm fresh cheeses include paneer and queso fresco .
Classed by texture
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Categorizing cheeses by firmness is a common but inexact practice. The lines between "soft", "semi-soft", "semi-hard", and "hard" are arbitrary, and many types of cheese are made in softer or firmer variations. The factor controlling the hardness of a cheese is its moisture content which is dependent on the pressure with which it is packed into molds and the length of time it is aged.
Semi-soft cheeses and the sub-group, Monastery cheeses have a high moisture content and tend to be bland in flavor. Some well-known varieties include Havarti , Munster and Port Salut .
Cheeses that range in texture from semi-soft to firm include Swiss-style cheeses like Emmental and Gruyère . The same bacteria that give such cheeses their holes also contribute to their aromatic and sharp flavors. Other semi-soft to firm cheeses include Gouda, Edam, Jarlsberg and Cantal. Cheeses of this type are ideal for melting and are used on toast for quick snacks.
Harder cheeses have a lower moisture content than softer cheeses. They are generally packed into molds under more pressure and aged for a longer time. Cheeses that are semi-hard to hard include the familiar Cheddar , originating in the village of Cheddar in England but now used as a generic term for this style of cheese, of which varieties are imitated worldwide and are marketed by strength or the length of time they have been aged. Cheddar is one of a family of semi-hard or hard cheeses (including Cheshire and Gloucester ) whose curd is cut, gently heated, piled, and stirred before being pressed into forms. Colby and Monterey Jack are similar but milder cheeses; their curd is rinsed before it is pressed, washing away some acidity and calcium . A similar curd-washing takes place when making the Dutch cheeses Edam and Gouda .
Hard cheeses — "grating cheeses" such as Parmesan and Pecorino Romano —are quite firmly packed into large forms and aged for months or years.
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Classed by content
Some cheeses are categorized by the source of the milk used to produce them or by the added fat content of the milk from which they are produced. While most of the world's commercially available cheese is made from cows' milk, many parts of the world also produce cheese from goats and sheep, well-known examples being Roquefort , produced in France, and Pecorino Romano, produced in Italy, from ewe's milk. One farm in Sweden also produces cheese from moose's milk . [12] Sometimes cheeses of a similar style may be available made from milk of different sources, Feta style cheeses, for example, being made from goats' milk in Greece and of sheep and cows milk elsewhere.
Double cream cheeses are soft cheeses of cows' milk which are enriched with cream so that their fat content is 60% or, in the case of triple creams, 75%.
Soft-ripened and Blue-vein
There are three main categories of cheese in which the presence of mold is a significant feature: soft ripened cheeses, washed rind cheeses and blue cheeses.
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Template:Anchor Soft-ripened cheeses are those which begin firm and rather chalky in texture but are aged from the exterior inwards by exposing them to mold. The mold may be a velvety bloom of Penicillium candida or P. camemberti that forms a flexible white crust and contributes to the smooth, runny, or gooey textures and more intense flavors of these aged cheeses. Brie and Camembert , the most famous of these cheeses, are made by allowing white mold to grow on the outside of a soft cheese for a few days or weeks. Goats' milk cheeses are often treated in a similar manner, sometimes with white molds (Chèvre-Boîte) and sometimes with blue.
Washed-rind cheeses are soft in character and ripen inwards like those with white molds; however, they are treated differently. Washed rind cheeses are periodically cured in a solution of saltwater brine and other mold-bearing agents which may include beer, wine, brandy and spices, making their surfaces amenable to a class of bacteria Brevibacterium linens (the reddish-orange "smear bacteria") which impart pungent odors and distinctive flavors. Washed-rind cheeses can be soft ( Limburger ), semi-hard ( Munster ), or hard ( Appenzeller ). The same bacteria can also have some impact on cheeses that are simply ripened in humid conditions, like Camembert .
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So-called blue cheese is created by inoculating a cheese with Penicillium roqueforti or Penicillium glaucum . This is done while the cheese is still in the form of loosely pressed curds, and may be further enhanced by piercing a ripening block of cheese with skewers in an atmosphere in which the mold is prevalent. The mold grows within the cheese as it ages. These cheeses have distinct blue veins which gives them their name, and, often, assertive flavors. The molds may range from pale green to dark blue, and may be accompanied by white and crusty brown molds.Their texture can be soft or firm. Some of the most renowned cheeses are of this type, each with its own distinctive color, flavor, texture and smell. They include Roquefort , Gorgonzola , and Stilton .
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Processed cheeses
Processed cheese is made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the addition of milk, more salt, preservatives , and food coloring . It is inexpensive, consistent, and melts smoothly. It is sold packaged and either pre-sliced or unsliced, in a number of varieties. It is also available in spraycans.
Eating and cooking
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At refrigerator temperatures, the fat in a piece of cheese is as hard as unsoftened butter , and its protein structure is stiff as well. Flavor and odor compounds are less easily liberated when cold. For improvements in flavor and texture, it is widely advised that cheeses be allowed to warm up to room temperature before eating. If the cheese is further warmed, to 26–32 °C (80–90 °F), the fats will begin to "sweat out" as they go beyond soft to fully liquid. [13]
At higher temperatures, most cheeses melt. Rennet-curdled cheeses have a gel -like protein matrix that is broken down by heat. When enough protein bonds are broken, the cheese itself turns from a solid to a viscous liquid. Soft, high-moisture cheeses will melt at around Template:Convert , while hard, low-moisture cheeses such as Parmesan remain solid until they reach about Template:Convert . [14] Acid-set cheeses, including halloumi , paneer , some whey cheeses and many varieties of fresh goat cheese , have a protein structure that remains intact at high temperatures. When cooked, these cheeses just get firmer as water evaporates.
Some cheeses, like raclette , melt smoothly; many tend to become stringy or suffer from a separation of their fats. Many of these can be coaxed into melting smoothly in the presence of acids or starch . Fondue , with wine providing the acidity, is a good example of a smoothly melted cheese dish. [15] Elastic stringiness is a quality that is sometimes enjoyed, in dishes including pizza and Welsh rarebit . Even a melted cheese eventually turns solid again, after enough moisture is cooked off. The saying "you can't melt cheese twice" (meaning "some things can only be done once") refers to the fact that oils leach out during the first melting and are gone, leaving the non-meltable solids behind.
As its temperature continues to rise, cheese will brown and eventually burn. Browned, partially burned cheese has a particular distinct flavor of its own and is frequently used in cooking (e.g., sprinkling atop items before baking them).
Health and nutrition
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In general, cheese supplies a great deal of calcium , protein , phosphorus and fat . A Template:Convert serving of Cheddar cheese contains about Template:Convert of protein and 200 milligrams of calcium. Nutritionally, cheese is essentially concentrated milk: it takes about Template:Convert of milk to provide that much protein, and Template:Convert to equal the calcium. [17]
Cheese potentially shares other of milk's nutritional content as well. The Center for Science in the Public Interest describes cheese as America's number one source of saturated fat , adding that the average American ate Template:Convert of cheese in the year 2000, up from Template:Convert in 1970. [18] Their recommendation is to limit full-fat cheese consumption to Template:Convert a week. Whether cheese's highly saturated fat actually leads to an increased risk of heart disease is called into question when considering France and Greece , which lead the world in cheese eating (more than Template:Convert a week per person, or over Template:Convert a year) yet have relatively low rates of heart disease. [19] This seeming discrepancy is called the French Paradox ; the higher rates of consumption of red wine in these countries is often invoked as at least a partial explanation.
Some studies claim to show that Cheddar, Mozzarella, Swiss and American cheeses can help to prevent tooth decay . [20] [21] Several mechanisms for this protection have been proposed:
The calcium, protein, and phosphorus in cheese may act to protect tooth enamel .
Cheese increases saliva flow, washing away acids and sugars.
Cheese may have an antibacterial effect in the mouth. Template:Fact
Controversy
Effect on sleep
A study by the British Cheese Board in 2005 to determine the effect of cheese upon sleep and dreaming discovered that, contrary to the idea that cheese commonly causes nightmares , the effect of cheese upon sleep was positive. The majority of the two hundred people tested over a fortnight claimed beneficial results from consuming cheeses before going to bed, the cheese promoting good sleep. Six cheeses were tested and the findings were that the dreams produced were specific to the type of cheese. Although the apparent effects were in some cases described as colorful and vivid, or cryptic, none of the cheeses tested were found to induce nightmares. However, the six cheeses were all British. The results might be entirely different if a wider range of cheeses were tested. [22] Cheese contains tryptophan , an amino acid that has been found to relieve stress and induce sleep. [23]
Casein
Like other dairy products, cheese contains casein , a substance that when digested by humans breaks down into several chemicals, including casomorphine , an opioid peptide . In the early 1990s it was hypothesized that autism can be caused or aggravated by opioid peptides. [24] Based on this hypothesis, diets that eliminate cheese and other dairy products are widely promoted. Template:Fact Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, so the data are inadequate to guide autism treatment recommendations. [25]
Lactose
Cheese is often avoided by those who are lactose intolerant , but ripened cheeses like Cheddar contain only about 5% of the lactose found in whole milk , and aged cheeses contain almost none. [26] Nevertheless, people with severe lactose intolerance should avoid eating dairy cheese. As a natural product, the same kind of cheese may contain different amounts of lactose on different occasions, causing unexpected painful reactions. As an alternative, also for vegans , there is already a wide range of different soy cheese kinds available. Some people suffer reactions to amines found in cheese, particularly histamine and tyramine . Some aged cheeses contain significant concentrations of these amines, which can trigger symptoms mimicking an allergic reaction : headaches , rashes , and blood pressure elevations.
Pasteurization
A number of food safety agencies around the world have warned of the risks of raw-milk cheeses. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration states that soft raw-milk cheeses can cause "serious infectious diseases including listeriosis , brucellosis , salmonellosis and tuberculosis ". [27] It is U.S. law since 1944 that all raw-milk cheeses (including imports since 1951) must be aged at least 60 days. Australia has a wide ban on raw-milk cheeses as well, though in recent years exceptions have been made for Swiss Gruyère , Emmental and Sbrinz , and for French Roquefort . [28] There is a trend for cheeses to be pasteurized even when not required by law.
Compulsory pasteurization is controversial. Pasteurization does change the flavor of cheeses, and unpasteurized cheeses are often considered to have better flavor, so there are reasons not to routinely pasteurize all cheeses. Some say that health concerns are overstated, pointing out that pasteurization of the milk used to make cheese does not ensure its safety in any case. [29] This is supported by statistics showing that in some European countries where young raw-milk cheeses may legally be sold, most cheese-related food poisoning incidents were traced to pasteurized cheeses. Template:Fact
Pregnant women may face an additional risk from cheese; the U.S. Centers for Disease Control has warned pregnant women against eating soft-ripened cheeses and blue-veined cheeses, due to the listeria risk, which can cause miscarriage or harm to the fetus during birth. [30]
World production and consumption
Template:Update Worldwide, cheese is a major agricultural product. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , over 18 million metric tons of cheese were produced worldwide in 2004. This is more than the yearly production of coffee beans, tea leaves, cocoa beans and tobacco combined. The largest producer of cheese is the United States, accounting for 30% of world production, followed by Germany and France.
Top cheese producers
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395 (2006)
The biggest exporter of cheese, by monetary value, is France; the second, Germany (although it is first by quantity). Among the top ten exporters, only Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Australia have a cheese production that is mainly export oriented: respectively 95%, 90%, 72%, and 65% of their cheese production is exported. [32] Only 30% of French production, the world's largest exporter, is exported. The United States, the biggest world producer of cheese, is a marginal exporter, as most of its production is for the domestic market.
Top cheese exporters (Whole Cow Milk only) - 2004
(value in '000 US $) [33]
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17.9
Greece is the world's largest ( per capita ) consumer of cheese, with 27.3 kg eaten by the average Greek. ( Feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.) France is the second biggest consumer of cheese, with 24 kg by inhabitant. Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France [36] Italy is the third biggest consumer by person with 22.9 kg. In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003. The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, 14.1 kg (31 pounds). Mozzarella is America's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption, mainly because it is one of the main ingredients of pizza. [37]
Cultural attitudes
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Although cheese is a vital source of nutrition in many regions of the world, and is extensively consumed in others, its use as a nutritional product is not universal. Cheese is rarely found in East Asian dishes, as lactose intolerance is relatively common in that part of the world and hence dairy products are rare. However, East Asian sentiment against cheese is not universal; cheese made from yaks ' (chhurpi) or mares' milk is common on the Asian steppes ; the national dish of Bhutan , ema datsi, is made from homemade cheese and hot peppers and cheese such as Rushan and Rubing in Yunnan , China is produced by several ethnic minority groups by either using goat's milk in the case of rubing or cow's milk in the case of rushan. Cheese consumption is increasing in China, with annual sales more than doubling from 1996 to 2003 (to a still small 30 million U.S. dollars a year). [38] Certain kinds of Chinese preserved bean curd are sometimes misleadingly referred to in English as "Chinese cheese", because of their texture and strong flavor.
Strict followers of the dietary laws of Islam and Judaism must avoid cheeses made with rennet from animals not slaughtered in a manner adhering to halal or kosher laws. [39] Both faiths allow cheese made with vegetable-based rennet or with rennet made from animals that were processed in a halal or kosher manner. Many less-orthodox Jews also believe that rennet undergoes enough processing to change its nature entirely, and do not consider it to ever violate kosher law. (See Cheese and kashrut .) As cheese is a dairy food under kosher rules it cannot be eaten in the same meal with any meat.
Some vegetarians avoid any cheese made from animal-based rennet. Most widely available vegetarian cheeses are made using rennet produced by fermentation of the fungus Mucor miehei. Vegans and other dairy-avoiding vegetarians do not eat real cheese at all, but some vegetable-based cheese substitutes (usually soy -and almond -based) are available.
Even in cultures with long cheese traditions, it is not unusual to find people who perceive cheese - especially pungent-smelling or mold-bearing varieties such as Limburger or Roquefort - as unappetizing, unpalatable, or disgusting. The most extreme examples are Casu marzu , Milbenkäse and Mimolette . . Food-science writer Harold McGee proposes that cheese is such an acquired taste because it is produced through a process of controlled spoilage and many of the odor and flavor molecules in an aged cheese are the same found in rotten foods. He notes, "An aversion to the odor of decay has the obvious biological value of steering us away from possible food poisoning, so it is no wonder that an animal food that gives off whiffs of shoes and soil and the stable takes some getting used to." [40]
Collecting cheese labels is called " tyrosemiophilia ". [41]
In language
In modern English slang , something "cheesy" is kitsch , cheap, inauthentic, or of poor quality. The use of the word probably derived not from the word cheese, but from the Persian or Hindi word chiz, meaning a thing. [42] The word was picked up by British soldiers in Asia minor and came to mean "showy" in English slang from which it came to its modern usage. [43]
A more whimsical bit of American and Canadian slang refers to school buses as "cheese wagons", a reference to school bus yellow . Subjects of photographs are often encouraged to " say cheese !", as the word "cheese" contains the phoneme /i/ , a long vowel which requires the lips to be stretched in the appearance of a smile . [44] People from Wisconsin and the Netherlands , both centers of cheese production, have been called cheeseheads . This nickname has been embraced by Wisconsin sports fans – especially fans of the Green Bay Packers or Wisconsin Badgers – who are often seen in the stands sporting plastic or foam hats in the shape of giant cheese wedges.
One can also be "cheesed off" – unhappy or annoyed. A leading authority figure may sometimes be referred to as "the head cheese." Also "Cheese it" is a 1950s slang term that means "get away fast". In Australia, children often refer to their mother as 'the Old Cheese'.
Less commonly, one could obtain the nickname "cheese". This is a very popular nickname in the United States with many forms of such being "cheese-ball", "cheese-head", or "cheese-brain". These names come directly from the saying "cheesed off" pertaining to one who is always annoyed, distraught, or unhappy.
See also
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Which dynastic honour group is restricted to 24 members at any given time? | ACHS Member Directory
The Honor Society in American Colleges
The idea that underlies the honor societies in American colleges and universities is threefold. They exist primarily to recognize the attainment of scholarship of a superior quality. In the second place, a few societies recognize the development of leadership qualities, character, and good campus citizenship in addition to a strong scholarship record. Thirdly, and to the degree that they make this recognition a thing to be coveted, they encourage the production of superior scholarship and leadership.
To accomplish these objectives, it is clear that an honor society must define and maintain a truly high standard of eligibility for membership and achieve sufficient status by so doing that membership becomes something to be highly valued. The second point is greatly advanced if the significance of membership is appreciated over a wide area; thus, the society with a number of chapters at accredited institutions is stronger than one that is purely local, and societies known and admired outside the college may be regarded as having achieved maturity and success.
The honor society has followed the expansion and specialization of higher education in America. When Phi Beta Kappa was organized in 1776, there was no thought given to its field, since all colleges then in existence were for the training of men for the service of the church and the state. With the expansion of education into new fields a choice had to be made, and Phi Beta Kappa elected to operate in the field of liberal arts and sciences. Although this was not finally voted in until 1898, the trend was evident earlier, as the 1880s saw the establishment of Tau Beta Pi in the field of engineering and Sigma Xi in scientific research.
Early in the 20th century, other honor societies came into being. One of these, Phi Kappa Phi, was started by the presidents of three state universities, with the thought that these institutions should have their honor society; later, its field was wisely extended to include any institution of university scope, accepting into membership superior students of all schools of which they are a part. More recently another scholarship honor society covering all academic fields, Alpha Chi, was organized. With these exceptions, and the exception of Alpha Kappa Mu, Delta Epsilon Sigma, and Alpha Sigma Nu that had origins in Black, Catholic, or Jesuit colleges and universities, scholarship honor societies have followed the earlier tradition of selecting a specific field of coverage. Thus, for example: Delta Mu Delta elects in the field of business administration, Pi Kappa Lambda in music, and Rho Chi in pharmacy.
Three interesting and important variations have developed since 1900. One of these recognizes the values of extracurricular activities and the development of general campus citizenship. Prime requisite for election is meritorious attainments in all-around leadership in college life. In this field, Omicron Delta Kappa and Mortar Board have achieved excellent reputations. It is to be noted that both have a strong requirement of scholarship.
A second variation is represented by the numerous societies that draw their membership from the various departments of study, recognizing good work in the field of the student’s special field of study. These societies are generally known as departmental, or specialized honor societies and are represented by such societies as Sigma Pi Sigma in physics; Alpha Epsilon Delta in pre-medicine; Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha in forensics; Phi Alpha Theta in history; Eta Kappa Nu in electrical engineering; Pi Tau Sigma in mechanical engineering; Tau Sigma Delta in architecture and allied arts; Pi Sigma Alpha in political science; Phi Sigma in the biological sciences; Phi Sigma Iota in foreign languages; Alpha Pi Mu in industrial engineering; Pi Gamma Mu in social science; Chi Epsilon in civil engineering; Kappa Tau Alpha in journalism; Phi Sigma Tau in philosophy; and Sigma Theta Tau in nursing.
The third variation recognizes scholastic achievement during the freshman year and encourages its members toward higher goals. This field of freshman scholarship honor societies is represented by Phi Eta Sigma and Alpha Lambda Delta.
The fourth variation, approved in 1993, recognizes achievement in associate degree programs. This field is represented by Alpha Beta Gamma and Psi Beta.
College Fraternities and Societies Defined
The following statements defining college professional and social fraternities and honor and recognition societies with their basic purposes, standards, and membership requirements have been issued by the respective groups for distribution to faculty and administration members and advisors, students leaders, and fraternal officers in general.
HONOR SOCIETIES
An honor society is an association of primarily collegiate members and chapters whose purposes are to encourage and recognize superior scholarship and/or leadership achievement either in broad fields of education or in departmental fields at either undergraduate or graduate levels. Basic standards and requirements for membership include the following:
General honor societies that base membership eligibility primarily upon the attainment of high scholarship in a broad field of study shall elect members from the highest 20 percent of the class in scholarship.
General honor societies that base membership eligibility primarily upon all-around leadership attainment in student affairs shall elect from the entire institution honor students from the highest 35 percent of the class in scholarship.
Specialized honor societies that elect persons actively interested in a specific field shall elect from the upper 35 percent of the class in scholarship.
Election to membership shall be irrespective of membership in or affiliation with other organizations and associations.
Membership shall be conferred solely on the basis of character and specified eligibility. See pp. 18 and 19 for more detail.
No solicitation or propaganda, such as rushing and social pressure, shall be used to ensure acceptance of invitation to membership.
Collegiate chapters of member ACHS societies shall be established only in colleges and universities that grant the associate, baccalaureate, or higher degrees and are accredited by the appropriate regional accrediting agency.
—Association of
College Honor Societies
RECOGNITION SOCIETIES
A recognition society is an organization that confers membership in recognition of a student’s interest and participation in some field of collegiate study or activity with more liberal membership requirements than are prescribed for general and specialized honor societies.
—Association of
Bylaws: Association of College Honor Societies
Adopted February 22, 1992, Amended February 20, 1999, Amended February 18, 2000, Amended February 16, 2001, Amended February 15, 2002, Amended February 24. 2006, Amended February 17, 2012, Amended February 15, 2013, Amended February 13, 2015, Amended February 12, 2016
Mission
The mission of the Association of College Honor Societies is to build a visibly cohesive community of national and international honor societies, individually and collaboratively exhibiting excellence in scholarship, service, programs, and governance.
Article IName
The name of this organization shall be the Association of College Honor Societies, hereinafter referred to as the Association.
Article IIPurposes
The Association is a community of honor societies banded together to provide leadership and a unified voice to forge a strong shared image by:
1. Acting as the coordinating agency for college and university honor societies.
2. Providing for the consideration of matters of mutual interest, such as administrative concerns, establishment and maintenance of scholastic and other standards, membership costs, and functions of honor societies, and encouraging and facilitating collaboration and cooperation among honor societies with similar goals, so that they may better meet the needs of the honors community.
3. Defining honor societies of the several types and to classify existing societies into their proper categories under these definitions.
4. Cooperating with college and university faculties and administrative officers in developing and maintaining high standards and useful functions within honor societies which are organized or seek to be organized.
5. Collecting, publishing, and distributing information and data of value to honor societies, colleges, universities, and publishers of directories and journals.
6. Encouraging in its member societies the promotion of excellence in scholarly achievement and such core values as honor, integrity, character, and leadership.
Article IIIMembers
Member societies of the Association shall be national or international and general or specialized honor societies which are primarily associations of collegiate chapters whose purposes are to recognize and encourage superior scholarship and/or leadership achievement in some broad or specialized field of study at either undergraduate or graduate levels and which meet the following minimal standards:
Section 1. Member societies of the Association must be non-profit organizations under Section 501(c)3 of the United States Internal Revenue Code.
Section 2. General Honor Societies. A general honor society is one which receives into membership persons from a broad field of study in one or all schools and colleges of an institution who have achieved high scholarship and who fulfill such additional requirements of leadership as the society has established. A general or broad field of study may cross all disciplines or be within one area with related but distinct units. A broad field of study is one in which a systematic development of the mind and of cultural values are acquired through instruction, training, example, and experience.
A. Grade Eligibility. General Honor Societies which base eligibility (1) primarily upon scholarship shall elect undergraduates who rank not lower than the highest twenty percent of their class in overall scholarship. General Honor Societies which base eligibility (2) primarily upon all-around leadership shall elect from the entire institution undergraduates who rank not lower than the highest thirty-five percent of their class in overall scholarship. The cumulative scholastic record of the student as interpreted by the institution where membership is to be conferred shall be the basis for computing scholastic eligibility for the purpose of classification in ranks.
B. Categories of Honor Societies. General Honor Societies are classified by class standing; (1) General Upper Division, (2) General Lower Division, and (3) General Graduate.
C. Election. Election to membership in General Upper Division Honor Societies shall be held not earlier than the completion of 50 percent of the total hours/credits required for the degree [e.g.; if a degree requires the completion of 120 credits/hours, the student must have completed 60 semester hours of credits/hours]. Persons elected to membership in general Lower Division Honor Societies (1) shall have accumulated the number of credit hours used by the institution to designate full-time status with at least 12 hours in courses leading to the associate degree or (2) shall have accumulated at the close of any curricular period during the freshman year the number of credit hours used by the institution to designate full-time status. Persons elected to membership in General Graduate Honor Societies shall have accumulated the number of graduate credit hours used by the institution to designate one full-term equivalency for one academic term.
Section 3. Specialized Honor Societies. A specialized honor society is one which receives into membership persons who have demonstrated high scholarship within a specialized or given field of study of a school, college, or larger unit of a university or within a field of study of a two-year college.
A. Grade Eligibility. Specialized honor societies which elect persons actively interested in a specific field shall elect only those who have demonstrated superior scholarship in this field. Undergraduates who are elected shall rank not lower than the highest thirty-five percent of their class in general scholarship. The cumulative scholastic record of the student as interpreted by the institution where membership is to be conferred shall be the basis for computing scholastic eligibility for the purpose of classification in ranks.
B. Categories of Honor Societies. Specialized Honor Societies are classified by class standing: (1) Specialized Upper Division, (2) Specialized Lower Division, and (3) Specialized Graduate.
C. Election. Persons elected to membership in Specialized Upper Division Honor Societies shall have completed at least 37.5 percent of the total hours/credits required for the degree [e.g.; if a degree requires the completion of 120 semester hours of hours/credits, the student must have completed 45 hours/credits]. Persons elected to membership in Specialized Lower Division Honor Societies shall have accumulated the number of credit hours used by the institution to designate full-time status with at least 12 hours in courses leading to the associate degree. Persons elected to membership in Specialized Graduate Honor Societies shall have accumulated the number of graduate credit hours used by the institution to designate one full-term equivalency for one academic term.
Section 4. Research Honor Societies. A Research Honor Society is one that receives into membership persons who have demonstrated achievement in a field of pure or applied science. Standards for membership shall be set to include initial research success and noteworthy achievement as an original investigator.
Section 5. Classes of Member Societies. There shall be two classes of member societies:
A. Active voting member societies shall meet all requirements for membership in the Association.
B. Associate nonvoting member societies shall meet all requirements for membership except those regarding age or size as specified in Article III, Section 6.
Section 6. Election of a Society to Membership. Election to membership shall be by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Section 7. Dues, Fees, and Assessments. The amount of any dues, fees, or assessments for any class of membership in the Association shall be established by the Council. The dues year shall be the same as the fiscal year.
Section 8. Standards and Requirements for Society Membership. For membership in the Association, a society shall conform to the following minimal standards:
A. To ensure that all Association members have developed a proven record of exhibiting excellence in scholarship, service, programs, and governance, a society shall have existed as a national organization for at least ten years before becoming an active voting member of the Association and for at least five years before becoming an associate nonvoting member of the Association. Further, a society shall have met all the standards for affiliation continuously for at least one full year.
B. Election of persons to membership in a member society shall be conferred solely on the basis of character and specified eligibility, and shall be irrespective of membership in or affiliation with other organizations and associations. No solicitation or propaganda, such as rushing or social pressure, shall be used to ensure invitation to or acceptance of membership. Invitation to membership must be from an official chapter. Chapters shall not discriminate on any basis prohibited by law.
C. A society shall have ten or more active collegiate chapters located in two or more geographic areas of the United States. An active collegiate chapter shall be defined as one which holds elections to membership at least annually, except in national emergencies, and includes active student members. An inactive chapter shall be one in which no elections have been held for two or more consecutive years.
D. Collegiate chapters of societies shall be established, maintained, or reactivated only in U.S. colleges and universities that grant the associate, baccalaureate, or higher degrees and that are accredited by one of the following accrediting agencies: the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Northwest Association of Schools, Colleges, and Universities; and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Two-year vocational, technical, and career institutions offering general or specialized programs which lead to career opportunities shall not be eligible, except those institutions accredited by the aforementioned regional accrediting agencies. No society shall grant a charter to a chapter in any institution which fails to meet fully the standards and requirements of the Association. Formal chartering of campus chapters shall require approval by a petition from the institution and, if appropriate, the college/department. Official action of the governing body of the honor society is also required.
E. Societies that allow for the establishment of collegiate chapters at non-U.S. institutions of higher learning shall be responsible for determining that such institutions meet and maintain the Association's standards and requirements with regard to the mission and quality of eligible institutions.
F. To further the purposes of this organization, the organizing instrument for each society must specifically state that the society is organized on a membership basis. This structure is necessary to ensure that the interests of individual members are advanced. Further, the organizing instrument and bylaws of a society must assure democratic participation in the society's governance. At a minimum, individual members of each society shall have the right to elect all members of its governing board, either in an individual or representative capacity, and shall have the power to adopt, amend, or repeal policies of the society. At least once every four years, a member society shall take the following actions, either at a national convention or through an equivalent democratic process; conduct elections of members of its governing board; establish authority for control of the affairs of the society; and present a report of national finances covering the period since the immediately preceding financial report. Each requirement set forth in this subsection (F) shall be addressed in the organizing instrument and/or bylaws of a society.
G. Admission fees and dues charged by a society shall not be more than is deemed reasonable by the Council of the Association.
H. By December 1, each society shall submit to the Association an annual report, which shall include society contact information, the most recent financial statement that includes the society's annual operating expenses, and such other information as may be requested by the Board of Directors.
I. Each society shall furnish the Association with a current copy of its constitution and/or bylaws, and shall report annually any amendments to that document by December 1 to accompany the annual report.
Section 9. Resignation. A member society desiring to resign from the Association shall submit such resignation in writing to the Association office.
Section 10. Suspension/Expulsion for Nonpayment. If a member society fails to pay dues, fees, or assessments, membership in the Association shall automatically terminate under uniform rules, procedures, and conditions established by the Board of Directors.
Section 11. Suspension/Expulsion for Cause. Membership of a society in the Association may be suspended or terminated by the Council for cause. Sufficient cause for such suspension or termination of membership may be violation of these Bylaws or any lawful rule or practice adopted by the Association, or other conduct deemed by the Council to be prejudicial to the best interest of the Association. Charges or complaints regarding a member society may be submitted in writing to the Executive Director or President by any member of the Council and, when submitted, shall be investigated by the Board of Directors. A statement of the charges shall be sent by a means that includes obtaining a signed receipt [e.g.; USPS Certified Mail, FedEx, UPS, etc.] to the last recorded address of the member society, accompanied by notice of the time and place of the meeting at which the charges are to be considered. At least thirty days' notice shall be given, and the member society shall have the opportunity to be represented in person or to be represented by counsel and to present any defense to such charges before action is taken by the Council. The member society must notify the Executive Director at least 21 days in advance of the meeting if the member society decides to be represented by counsel. The Council may adopt such rules as may be necessary to assure due process to the member society. The decision for suspension or termination shall be by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Section 12. Reinstatement. Any member society having resigned from membership or having forfeited membership for failure to pay dues, fees, or assessments, may be reinstated upon application to the Board of Directors through the Executive Director, upon meeting such uniform terms and conditions as may be established by the Council, and by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Article IVCouncil
Section 1. Council. The Council shall be the policy-making body of the Association, subject to these Bylaws and the laws of the state or commonwealth in which the Association is incorporated.
Section 2. The voting members of the Council shall consist of one representative, preferably the executive, from each active voting member society, selected by that society to serve a term of one year or until a successor is selected.
Section 3. Annual Meeting. The annual convention of the Association shall be known as the Annual Meeting, and shall be held at a time and place the Board of Directors shall determine, and at which time the Council shall meet.
Section 4. Official Call. The official call to the Annual Meeting giving the time and place of the meeting(s) of the Council shall be mailed or sent electronically to the address of record of each member society at least 30 days in advance of the Annual Meeting.
Section 5. Quorum. A quorum for the transaction of business at meetings of the Council shall be the official representatives of a majority of the active voting member societies of the Association.
Section 6. Representatives of the associate nonvoting member societies shall have the privilege of the floor, but without vote. The Council may, at its discretion, invite to its meetings representatives of other organizations, to have the privilege of the floor, but without vote.
Section 7. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Council shall be called by the President upon written request of three-fourths of the members of the Board of Directors or two-thirds of the active voting member societies. Such special meetings shall be held within fifty days of such request. The time and place of a special meeting shall be mailed or sent electronically to the address of record for each member society. Not less than five days' notice of a special meeting shall be given, and only that business specified in the call may be transacted.
Section 8. Board Report. The Board shall provide to the Council an annual report showing the following information for the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of the report: summary of actions; assets and liabilities as of the end of the fiscal year; the principal changes in assets and liabilities; the expenses or disbursements of the Association, for both general and restricted purposes; the number of members of the Association as of the date of the report, together with a statement of increase or decrease in such number, and a statement of the place where the names and addresses of current members may be found.
Article VBoard of Directors
Section 1. Composition. The Board of Directors shall consist of seven directors elected from among the voting members of the Council at the Annual Meeting to serve staggered three-year terms or until their successors are elected and the Executive Director as ex-officio without vote. An elected director may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The Board shall consist of two General society representative, two Specialized society representatives, and three At-Large representatives.
Section 2. Powers and Duties. The Board of Directors shall have general supervision of the Association between meetings of the Council, shall administer the policies, programs, and activities of the Association as formulated by the Council; shall employ an Executive Director to be responsible for the operation of a national office; shall develop governing policies that concern goals, executive limitations, board process, and board/executive relations; and is vested with full power to conduct all business of the Association between meetings of the Council. The Board of Directors shall be subject to the orders of the Council, and none of its actions shall conflict with action taken by the Council. The Board of Directors shall arrange the order of business for the Annual Meeting, shall cause to be bonded all officers and employees entrusted with property, real and personal, belonging to the Association, cause the accounts of the Association to be audited annually, submit to the Council for adoption a budget for the next fiscal year, approve such amendments to the budget as may be necessary or appropriate, review the reports of officers and committees of the Association and any recommendations and resolutions to come before the Council and to make recommendations thereto, adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the Association, and perform such other duties as are prescribed or permitted by the laws of the state or commonwealth in which the Association is incorporated for a board of directors or by these Bylaws and the policies adopted by the Council.
Section 3. Regular Meetings. There shall be at least one regular meeting of the Board of Directors which shall be called by the President at the time and place of the Annual Meeting of the Council.
Section 4. Special Meetings. Special meetings may be called by the President with the approval of a majority of the members of the Board of Directors, and shall be called upon the written request of a majority of the members of the Board of Directors. Not less than five days' notice shall be given except for meetings which may be called during the Annual Meeting. Business shall be limited to that which is mentioned in the call. The expense of attendance of members of the Board of Directors at special meetings other than those held during the Annual Meeting may be budgeted by the Association.
Section 5. Quorum. A majority of the members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum.
Section 6. Voting by Mail or Conference Call.
A. Mail Ballot. Any question may be submitted in writing to the Board of Directors for determination in lieu of a meeting of the Board of Directors. If one-third of the members challenge the mail ballot on the grounds that insufficient information is available for proper consideration of the question, the question will be postponed to the next meeting of the Board of Directors. A report of any action taken by mail ballot shall be verified and made a part of the minutes of the next meeting of the Board of Directors.
B. Conference Call. Members of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors through conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time, and such participation shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.
Article VIOfficers
Section 1. Officers. The officers of this Association shall be a President, a Vice President, and a Secretary. The officers shall perform the duties prescribed by these Bylaws and by the parliamentary authority adopted by the Association.
The President shall preside at all meetings of the Council and the Board of Directors, serve as an ex-officio member of Board committees except the Nominating Committee, and provide leadership to the Board of Directors. Upon completion of term of office, the President shall automatically receive the honorific title of President Emeritus.
The Vice President shall have the powers of and perform the duties of the President during any absence or disability of the President, and shall fill the vacancy until the President can resume the duties of that office or until the annual election of officers.
The Secretary shall act as recording secretary of the Council and the Board of Directors and shall perform other such duties as prescribed in these Bylaws or as directed by the Board of Directors.
Section 2. Elections. The officers shall be elected by the Board of Directors from among their own number to serve terms of one year or until their successors are elected. No officer shall be eligible to serve more than two consecutive terms in the same office.
Section 3. Vacancies. Should the office of Vice President or Secretary or other director become vacant, these shall be filled by appointment by the Board of Directors to serve until the next Council.
Section 4. Resignation. Any elected officer or director may resign by submitting that resignation in writing to the Board of Directors.
Section 5. Removal for Cause. Any member of the Board of Directors may be removed for cause. Sufficient cause for such removal may be violation of these Bylaws, or any lawful rule, practice, or procedure adopted by the Association or other conduct deemed by the Council to be prejudicial to the best interests of the Association. For removal of a director for cause, it shall be necessary for the Council to hold a formal hearing. A statement of the charges shall be sent by a means that includes obtaining a signed receipt [e.g.; USPS Certified Mail, FedEx, UPS, etc.] to the recorded address of the director, accompanied by notice of the time and place of the meeting at which the charges are to be considered. At least thirty days' notice shall be given, and the director shall have the opportunity to appear in person or to be represented by counsel and to present any defense to such charges before action is taken. The director must notify the Executive Director at least 21 days in advance of the meeting if the member society decides to be represented by counsel. The Council shall adopt such rules as may be necessary to assure due process to the director. The decision for removal shall be made by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Article VIIExecutive Director
The Executive Director shall be employed by and serve under the direction of the Board of Directors as the chief executive officer of the Association. The Executive Director shall implement policies and programs of the Council and Board of Directors; be responsible for relations with members and external groups; supervise and manage the offices of the Association and engage all employees; serve as custodian of properties, deeds, records, and archives belonging to the Society and hold, invest, and disburse monies according to policies established by the Board of Directors; and coordinate and expedite work of the Council, Board of Directors, and committees.
Article VIIICommittees
Section 1. Board Standing Committees shall be established by the Council. Special Committees shall be established by the Council or the Board of Directors. The Chairs and members shall be appointed by the President with the approval of the Board of Directors, unless stipulated otherwise elsewhere in these Bylaws. The Board Standing Committees of the Association shall be:
A. The Bylaws Committee shall study issues referred to it by the Council or the Board of Directors and amendments submitted by individual members or committees and prepare appropriate amendments for consideration by the Board of Directors and the Council.
B. The Nominating Committee of five members shall be elected by the Council, two in even years and three in odd years. Candidates for the Nominating Committee shall reflect the diversity of the membership. It shall be the responsibility of this Committee to nominate candidates for directors and for the Nominating Committee to be filled at the Council Meeting. The Committee chair shall be elected annual by the Committee from among the five members. A member of the Nominating Committee may not be nominated for any vacancy without resigning as a member of the Nominating Committee. Before the election, additional nominations from the floor shall be permitted.
C. The Committee on Standards and Definitions shall study issues related to standards and definitions of honor societies and recommend principles to guide the Council in its work, and shall examine compliance of constitutions and/or bylaws of member societies with respect to Association standards and make recommendations to the Board of Directors and the Council.
D. The Long Range Planning and Strategic Issues Committee shall evaluate the goals and objectives of the Association and make recommendations for changes as deemed necessary.
E. The Program Committee shall prepare the Annual Meeting agenda and program in consultation with and with the approval of the Board of Directors.
F. The Committee on Eligibility and Admissions shall correspond with organizations in order to determine their interest in affiliation with the Association and shall assist in the development of petitions for membership. It shall review objectives, governance, and activities of student organizations to determine eligibility of such societies for admission into the Association and shall make recommendations to the Board of Directors and the Council.
G. The Committee on Public Information shall publicize the Association and its Annual Meeting by distributing news releases to representatives of member societies and appropriate associations and agencies, and shall promote the objectives and interests of the Association to other organizations and to the public through exhibits, exchanges, printed materials, and other appropriate means.
H. The Association Management Committee shall study tax developments and new regulations, keep abreast of association management trends in non-profits, and inform the Board of Directors and the Council of changes pertinent to member societies.
Article IXIndemnification
The Association shall have the power to indemnify any person who is or was a Council representative, officer, Board of Directors member, employee, or agent of the Association or who is or was serving at the request of the Association as a delegate, director, officer, employee, or agent of another association, society, corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise, to the full extent permitted by law. The Association may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of such persons against any liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the Association would have the power to indemnify him or her against any such liability. Such persons shall not be personally liable for monetary damages for any action taken unless the person has breached or failed to perform the duties of the office and the breach or failure to perform constitutes self-dealing, willful misconduct, or recklessness. Exception: The above shall not apply to the responsibility or liability of a person pursuant to any criminal statute or the liability for the payment of taxes pursuant to federal, state, or local law.
The Board of Directors shall determine the fiscal year.
Article XINet Earnings/Activities/Dissolution
Section 1. The Association is a nonprofit organization that will be financed under a general plan which may include, without limitation, member dues and assessments, contributions from the general public, fund raising activities, loans and grants from third parties, and income from investments, as shall be deemed necessary and appropriate to further the purposes of the Association.
Section 2. The Association is organized exclusively for charitable educational purposes, including receiving and administering funds and making distributions to organizations that qualify as exempt organizations under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or the corresponding section of any future federal tax code.
Section 3. Upon the dissolution of the Association, the Council shall, after paying or making provision for the payment of all of the liabilities of the Association, dispose of all of the assets of the Association exclusively for the purposes of the Association in such manner, or to such organization or organizations organized and operating exclusively for charitable, education, religious, or scientific purposes as shall at the time qualify as an exempt organization or organizations under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or the corresponding section of any future federal tax code, as the Council shall determine. Any such assets not so disposed of shall be disposed of by the Court of Common Pleas of the county in which the principal office of the Association is then located, exclusively for such purposes or to such organization or organizations, as said Court shall determine, which are organized and operated exclusively for such purposes.
Article XIIParliamentary Authority
The rules contained in Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised shall govern the Association in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they are not inconsistent with these Bylaws and any special rules of order the Association may adopt.
Article XIIAmendment of Bylaws
These Bylaws may be amended at any meeting of the Council by a two-thirds affirmative vote provided that a copy of the proposed amendment has been sent to each member society and each member of the Board of Directors at least thirty days prior to the meeting, or without notice at any meeting of the Council by a three-fourths affirmative vote.
Functions of an Honor Society
The functions of an honor society are not social as in the case of general college fraternities and sororities. Social activities of honor societies are incidental and occasional, usually in connection with major activities. The following functions are properly served by an honor society:
To confer distinction for high achievement in undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies, in student leadership, and in various fields of research.
To foster the spirit of liberal culture.
To stimulate and encourage mental development.
To stand for freedom of mind and spirit and for democracy of learning.
To provide spiritual and intellectual leadership.
To preserve valuable traditions and customs.
To associate outstanding leaders in mutual understanding for the advancement of society in the art of democratic living.
To stimulate worthy attitudes for the improvement of the general welfare of the institution.
To impose upon members high citizenship responsibilities and to emphasize deeper study and discussion of the American tradition-its characteristics, ideals, and possibilities.
Member Societies
Founded in 1970 at Manchester, Connecticut.
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 181
Total Membership: 81000
Publications: Honors Journal, Scholarship Directory, Chapter Operating Manual
PURPOSE: To confer distinction for high academic achievement in business studies; to encourage scholarship, intellectual development, and the pursuit of excellence in business careers; to teach leadership; to provide for an exchange of intellectual ideas; to provide networking opportunities for business students. Exceptional business professionals and academicians are recognized through honorary membership. All members are lifetime members.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to students enrolled in business degree programs who have achieved a minimum of 3.0/4.0 cumulative grade point average and who have earned 30 credits towards a business degree and rank in the top 35% of their class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. John D. Christesen, CEO, 1160 Midland Avenue, Suite 4C, Bronxville, NY 10708
Tel: (914) 771-9987 Fax: (843) 314-0948
Last updated: 1/29/2016
Alpha Chi — All Academic Fields
Founded at a conference of Texas colleges held on the campus of Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas, February 22, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1955
No of Active Chapters: 337
Total Membership: 409402
Publications: Alpha Chi Recorder, Alpha Chi Newsletter
PURPOSE: To encourage sound scholarship and devotion to truth, not only among members but among all students on chapter campuses. Opposed to bigotry, narrowness, and discrimination on any basis other than that of academic achievement or character.
ELIGIBILITY: Active membership is restricted to the top ten percent of juniors, seniors, and graduate students. The faculty may set higher standards. High scholarship is the primary requisite for membership, but good character and reputation are considerations.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Trisha Yarbrough, Executive Director, Alpha Chi Natl. Office, 1210 E Race Ave, Searcy, AR 72143-4656
Tel: (800) 477-4225
Alpha Epsilon — Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering
Founded at the University of Missouri, May 14, 1959
Admitted to ACHS: 1968
Associate: 1968: Full membership: 1970
No of Active Chapters: 17
Total Membership: 8144
Publications:
PURPOSE: To promote the high ideals of the engineering profession, to give recognition to those agricultural and biological engineers who manifest worthy qualities of character, scholarship, and professional attainment, and to encourage and support such improvements in the agricultural and biological engineering profession that make it an instrument of greater service to mankind.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership shall be based on scholarship, leadership, and character. Active members shall be undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in agricultural and biological engineering. A senior must be in the upper third of the college class in which enrolled. A junior must be in the upper quarter of the college class in which enrolled. Graduate students must have completed seven semester hours of graduate course work with a minimum grade average of 3.25 on a 4.0 point scale, or have been eligible as an undergraduate.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Alicia Modenbach, Interim Secretary/Treasurer, 128 CE Barnhart Building, Lexington, KY 40546
Tel: (859) 257-1265 Fax: (859) 257-5671
Founded at the University of Alabama, April 28, 1926
Admitted to ACHS: 1945
No of Active Chapters: 179
Total Membership: 168178
Publications: The Scalpel, AED Newsletter
PURPOSE: Alpha Epsilon Delta is the national health preprofessional honor society dedicated to the encouragement and recognition of excellence in preprofessional health scholarship, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary, and others. The Society welcomes ALL students engaged in the pursuit of a professional healthcare career. AED offers opportunities for intellectual and professional development, provides a forum for students with common interest, and extends a program of service to benefit the college/university community.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership in AED is an honor bestowed upon a student in recognition of superior scholastic achievement, and affords an opportunity to develop initiative, leadership, and self-education through participation in the activities of the chapter and Society.
A Student Member is a person preparing for a career in a health profession, has completed at least three semesters (five quarters) of preprofessional health work (with the minimum scholastic requirements as described in the Constitution), has been initiated into the Society, paid the national membership fee, and has been registered with the National Office. A Student Member becomes an AED alumnus upon graduation.
The student shall be engaged in courses leading to the study of their chosen health profession. The student shall have completed at least three semesters or five quarters of health preprofessional studies work with a overall cumulative grade average of at least 3.20 on a 4.0 scale (A = 4.00) and also with a cumulative average of 3.20 in the sciences - biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Members shall be selected with no discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, creed or national origin.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Laura Dixon, National Office, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Texas Christian University, TCU BOX 298810, Winton-Scott 213, Fort Worth, TX 76129
Tel: (817) 257-4550 Fax: (817) 257- 0201
Alpha Epsilon Rho — Electronic Media
Founded in 1943 at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri
Admitted to ACHS: 2009
No of Active Chapters: 59
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 83
Total Membership: 41346
Number of Regions: 1
PURPOSE: Members emphasize superior scholarship as well as creative participation in electronic media production and activity. Membership in AERho exemplifies excellence of work, demonstrated leadership qualities and service to the organization, the community, and the industry.
Individuals show a demonstrated interest in the field of electronic media (including web/internet technologies, broadcasting, mass communication, radio, television, cable, and/or film). Student members are affiliated with chapters found on university campuses or are members of the national chapter when there is no existing collegiate chapter.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to students who have completed three semesters or five quarters of full-time college work, in a college or university which is accredited by the appropriate regional accrediting associations, grants baccalaureate or higher degrees and which provides or maintains some form of electronic media curriculum.
Undergraduate students shall not rank lower than the upper one third of their college class in overall scholarship as indicated by a cumulative grade point average of 3.25 or higher on all courses as well as a GPA of 3.25 in all electronic media studies courses (on a 4.0 scale).
Graduate students must meet the requirements for undergraduate candidates, based upon his/her undergraduate records or who have completed at least one year of graduate work, meeting departmental standards for satisfactory progress toward an advanced degree.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jim Wilson, Executive Director, NBS-AERho National Office, PO Box 4206, Chesterfield, MO 63006
Tel: (636) 536-1943 Fax: (636) 898-6920
Publications: AEMB Newsletter
PURPOSE: Alpha Eta Mu Beta is the National Biomedical Engineering Honor Society. Established in 1979, Alpha Eta Mu Beta was formed to recognize and encourage excellence in the field of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. Membership into Alpha Eta Mu Beta consists of those individuals in the field of Biomedical Engineering or Bioengineering who through their attainments in college or in practice have manifested a deep interest and marked ability in their chosen life work. The purpose of Alpha Eta Mu Beta is to bring these individuals into closer union so as to promote an understanding of the profession. Membership to Alpha Eta Mu Beta is a privilege and an honor. Members of Alpha Eta Mu Beta are recognized in an outstanding manner for having conferred honor on their Alma Mater by distinguished scholarship, exemplary character, honorable activities, and leadership.
Through various development, training, networking and service opportunities, members of Alpha Eta Mu Beta are able to learn and grow. In this process, they develop critical lifelong skills that prepare them to excel for the post college environment or to transform individuals at their present jobs into leaders and innovators.
The fields of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering are constantly evolving; therefore, over the years, AEMB has transformed itself into a dynamic organization to meet the needs of its growing membership and alumni, the institutions that they serve and our society.
ELIGIBILITY: To be eligible for membership in Alpha Eta Mu Beta, an individual must:
(1)Be a full-time junior or senior undergraduate student registered in an Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) accredited Bioengineering or Biomedical Engineering program. Biomedical Engineering Technology or Biotechnology programs are not considered comparable curricula.
(2)Maintain an average scholastic grade a. In the upper one-fifth of the class for juniors b. In the upper one-third of the class for seniors
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Marcia Pool, 1304 W. Springfield Avenue, M/C 278, Urbana, IL 61801
Alpha Iota Delta — Decision Sciences and Information Systems
Founded at Decision Sciences Institute, Atlanta, GA, 1971
Admitted to ACHS: 2009
No of Active Chapters: 53
Total Membership: 6598
PURPOSE: The purposes of the honor society are threefold:
to confer distinction to students in the decision sciences and information systems disciplines for academic excellence
to promote the infusion of the functional and behavioral areas of business with the tools, concepts, and methodologies of the decision sciences and information systems
to promote interest in the disciplines of decision sciences and information systems
ELIGIBILITY: Open to both undergraduate and graduate students. All students who meet the required grade point average and have taken enough decision science courses are eligible for membership in Alpha Iota Delta.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Gregory Ulferts, Executive Director, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W. McNichols Road, Detroit, MI 48221
Tel: (313) 993-1219
Founded at the University of Southern California, 1920
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 508
Total Membership: 113000
Publications: Sociological Inquiry AKD Newsletter
PURPOSE: The name implies social research for the purpose of service. It is a non-secret, democratic, international, sociology honor society.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate: Must be an officially declared sociology major or demonstrate a serious interest in sociology within an official program of the host institution. Must be at least a junior (third year) by standards of the host institution. Shall rank in the top 35% of their class in general scholarship. If class rank is not readily available to a chapter representative, in lieu of class rank, students shall have accumulated the equivalent of an overall grade point average of at least 3.3 by a four point scale where: A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, F=0. Must have maintained the equivalent of a 3.0 grade point average in sociology courses taken at the host institution prior to initiation. Must have completed at least four regular courses in sociology at the host institution prior to initiation (exclusive of extension or courses graded pass/fail).
Graduates: For students classified as graduate students (those officially admitted to graduate study in sociology at the host institution), the following specific requirements must have been met prior to the time of initiation: completion of one half year of graduate study in sociology (i.e., one semester or two quarters or the equivalent academic unit) with a graduate GPA of B or better, and continued matriculation in a program of study leading toward a graduate degree in sociology at the host institution.
Staff Members: For staff members of the host institution, formal conferral of the Ph.D. in sociology or employment as a sociologist are required prior to initiation, provided they meet the other requirements set forth above.
Barring unusual circumstances, graduate students are eligible for membership in Alpha Kappa Delta. Election to Alpha Kappa Delta shall be without regard to race, creed, or national origin.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Bethany Titus, Executive Director, 2507 James Street, Suite 210, Syracuse, NY 13206
Tel: (315) 883-0528 Fax: (315) 410-5408
Alpha Kappa Mu — All Academic Fields
Founded at Tennessee A & I State College, November 26, 1937�
Admitted to ACHS: 1952
No of Active Chapters: 46
Total Membership: 96951
Publications: Alpha Kappa Mu Newsletter (published biannually)
PURPOSE: To promote high scholarship; to encourage sincere and zealous endeavor in all fields of knowledge and service; to cultivate a high order of personal living; and to develop an appreciation for scholarship and scholarly endeavor in others.�
ELIGIBILITY: Election to membership in a chapter of Alpha Kappa Mu is limited to students of junior or senior classification, who have earned a minimum of thirty hours at the institution a year prior to induction, with a cumulative grade point ratio of 3.3 or better (A=4) and ranks in the upper 10% of the class. Fifty percent or more of the hours needed for graduation must have been completed. In addition to academic requirements, good character and one's reputation are considered for membership. First-year graduate students are eligible if they meet the requirements for undergraduates. A continuing graduate student must have been admitted as a matriculated student and must have earned fifteen hours with a GPA of 3.7 or better.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Mollie B. Brown, Executive Secretary-Treasurer, 324 Enterprise Drive, Albany, GA 31705
Tel: (229) 432-5476 Fax: (229) 883-3097
Alpha Lambda Delta — Freshman Scholarship
Founded at the University of Illinois on May 31, 1924
Admitted to ACHS: 1939
No of Active Chapters: 275
Total Membership: 1001000
Publications: The Flame
PURPOSE: The purpose of the society is to encourage superior scholastic attainment among students in their first year in institutions of higher education, to promote intelligent living and a continued high standard of learning, and to assist women and men in recognizing and developing meaningful goals for their roles in society.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is based on superior academic achievement by students during their first year of college. The student must be registered for a full load of courses leading to a bachelor's degree. Students must have a cumulative GPA of 3.5 or better (based on A=4.0) at the end of any curricular period during their first year of college and rank in the top 20% of the freshman class. Students are active during the year following induction, but enjoy life membership in the society.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Eileen N. Merberg, Executive Director, P.O. Box 444, Fairport, NY 14450
Tel: (585) 364-0840
Alpha Phi Sigma — Criminal Justice
Founded at Washington State University 1942
Admitted to ACHS: 1981
No of Active Chapters: 365
Total Membership: 107701
Publications: The Docket
PURPOSE: The purpose of Alpha Phi Sigma is to recognize and promote high scholarship among students actively engaged in collegiate preparation for professional services; to keep abreast of the advances in scientific research; to elevate the ethical standards of the Criminal Justice professions; and to establish in the public mind the benefit and necessity of education.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students must have declared a major, minor, or equivalent in criminal justice or related fields, must rank in the upper 35% of their class, have completed three full-time semesters or equivalent, have a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale with a minimum grade point average of 3.2 in courses in the criminal justice or related fields. A minimum of four courses shall be in the criminal justice, law* or related fields. Graduate students shall be enrolled in a graduate program in the criminal justice field, have completed 12 semester hours of graduate work or equivalent, have a minimum grade point average of 3.4 on a 4.0 scale, with a minimum grade point average of 3.4 in the courses in the criminal justice field. *Law students enrolled in law school must have completed one academic year, with a minimum grade point average of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Regina Shearn, Ph.D, National Executive Director, Alpha Phi Sigma, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
Tel: (954) 262-7004 Fax: (954) 262-3646
Alpha Pi Mu — Industrial Engineering
Founded at Georgia Institute of Technology, January 5, 1949
Admitted to ACHS: 1952
No of Active Chapters: 68
Total Membership: 47095
Publications:
PURPOSE: Confer recognition upon students of Industrial and Systems Engineering who have shown exceptional academic interest and abilities in their field, encourage the advancement and quality of Industrial and Systems Engineering education, unify the student body of the Industrial Engineering department in presenting its needs and ideals to the faculty.
ELIGIBILITY: Students of Industrial and Systems Engineering who rank scholastically in the upper one-third of the senior Industrial and Systems Engineering class and the upper one-fifth of the junior Industrial and Systems Engineering class are considered for membership on the basis of leadership, ethics, sociability, character, and breadth of interest. Graduate students and alumni may be elected to membership if they meet the requirements. Faculty members and professional industrial and systems engineers may be elected to faculty and honorary membership respectively have proven themselves outstanding professionals in the field.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. C. Patrick Koelling, Executive Director, APM National Office, 3005 Lancaster Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060
Tel: (540) 553-2043 Fax: (540) 231-3322
Alpha Sigma Lambda — Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning
Founded in 1942 at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
Admitted to ACHS: 2011
No of Active Chapters: 325
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 325
Publications: Midnight Oil Newsletter
PURPOSE: Alpha Sigma Lambda's aim is to recognize the special achievements of adults who accomplish academic excellence while facing competing interests of home and work. Alpha Sigma Lambda is dedicated to the advancement of scholarship and recognizes high scholastic achievement in an adult student's career. By so doing, this Society encourages many students to continue toward and to earn associate and baccalaureate degrees.
Through leadership born of effort, both scholastically and fraternally, Alpha Sigma Lambda inspires its candidates to give of their strengths to their fellow students and communities through their academic achievements.
To the newcomer in higher education, Alpha Sigma Lambda stands as an inspiration to scholastic growth and an invitation to associate with similarly motivated students.
ELIGIBILITY: Students interested in attaining membership in the Alpha Sigma Lambda National Honor Society must attend a regionally accredited college or university that offers two- or four-year degrees to non-traditional/adult students. This institution must be a member of the Society in order to offer membership to its students. Membership is strictly by invitation to the chapter at the matriculating institution. Currently, membership is limited to undergraduate students seeking their first degree.
Student members must have completed a minimum of twenty-four (24) graded semester hour credits or the equivalent** and shall be matriculated students in an undergraduate degree program in an institution that is regionally accredited in the U.S or recognized by the Ministry of Education of the country in which the program operates. These college credits may not include transfer credits. All twenty-four credits must be taken through and graded at the matriculating institution and must be included in the student�s cumulative GPA.
At least twelve credits of student's total credits should be earned in courses in Liberal Arts/Sciences, not including applied Arts/Sciences courses. Accepted transfer courses may be added to the 24 credits earned at this institution until the Liberal Arts/Sciences requirements are fully satisfied.
Student members shall be selected from the highest twenty percent of the students who have twenty-four graded credits and are matriculated in an undergraduate degree program. Student members selected must have a minimum grade point average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale or its equivalent. The cumulative scholastic record of the student as interpreted by the institution where membership is to be conferred shall be the basis for computing scholastic eligibility.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Ms. Pam Collins, Executive Director, Alpha Sigma Lambda, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave., Charleston, IL 61920
Tel: (217) 581-7106 Fax: (217) 581-6697
Alpha Sigma Mu — Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
Founded at the Michigan Technological University, January, 1932
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 34
Total Membership: 8000
PURPOSE: To honor those students of metallurgy, metallurgical engineering and materials engineering who attain high rank in scholarship and who possess to a high degree the qualities of exemplary integrity, leadership and initiative.
ELIGIBILITY: There are three classes of membership: Distinguished Life Members, Regular, and Honorary. Distinguished Life Members shall have achieved and maintained, throughout a long career, a distinguished international standing in metallurgy, metallurgical engineering, materials science, or materials engineering professions, through academic, research, or industrial activity. An Honorary Member shall have achieved exceptionally high standing in the metallurgy, metallurgical engineering, materials science, or materials engineering professions through academic, research, or industrial activity. A Regular Member shall be either an outstanding undergraduate or graduate student possessing the qualities of integrity, leadership, and initiative, at a recognized college or university in a pertinent curriculum, or a practicing scientist or engineer who has attained high stature in the field of metallurgical or materials engineering, through outstanding scholarly activity, research, or service to the profession. An undergraduate student shall be of junior or senior status, shall have completed at least nine credit hours or the equivalent, and shall have attended the approved college or university for at least two full quarters or one semester. An undergraduate student shall be in the cumulative upper one-third scholastically of all students working toward a degree in the curriculum. A graduate student shall have completed at least nine semester hours or equivalent at the graduate level and meet the above qualities. A practicing scientist shall be well-known and respected for contributions to metallurgy and/or materials.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Prof. Walter Milligan, Dept. Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
Tel: (906) 487-2015 Fax: (906) 487-2934
Alpha Sigma Nu — General Scholarship - Jesuit Institutions of Higher Education
Founded at Marquette University, 1915
Merged with Gamma Pi Epsilon, March 30, 1973
Admitted to ACHS: 1975
No of Active Chapters: 31
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 14
Total Membership: 72000
Publications: ASN Newsletters, Faculty Advisers Bulletin
PURPOSE: To honor students of Jesuit institutions of higher education who distinguish themselves in scholarship, loyalty, and service; to encourage those so honored to understand, to appreciate, and to promote the ideals of Jesuit education.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership is conferred on not more than four percent of the junior and senior class. Candidates must rank in the top fifteen percent of their class . Graduate students shall have completed one-half of the requirements for their degree at the time of nomination. All must meet qualifications of service and loyalty to the Jesuit ideals of higher education. Chapters may confer a limited number of honor memberships.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Kate Gaertner, Executive Director, Alpha Signa Nu, Inc., 707 N. 11th St., Room 330, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881
Tel: (414) 288-7542 Fax: (414) 288-3259
Beta Gamma Sigma — Business and Management
Founded at University of Wisconsin-Madison, February 19, 1913
Admitted to ACHS: 1937
No of Active Chapters: 543
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 30
Total Membership: 750000
Publications: BGS News, BGS Directory, BGS Chapter Notes (Chapter Advisors)
PURPOSE: The Mission of the International Honor Society Beta Gamma Sigma is to encourage and honor academic achievement in the study of business, to cultivate and celebrate leadership and professional excellence, to advance the values of the Society and to service its lifelong members.
ELIGIBILITY: Limited to those majoring in business and management at institutions accredited by AACSB International. The upper 10 percent of undergraduate students, the upper 20 percent of master's students and doctoral students who have completed all requirements for that degree may be inducted. Undergraduates may be inducted as early as the last term of their second year of business study.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Christina Carosella, CEO, 125 Weldon Parkway, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3101
Tel: (314) 432-5650 Fax: (314) 432-7083
Last updated: 1/15/2015
Beta Kappa Chi — Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Founded in 1923 by the science faculty and science students of Lincoln University, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania.
Admitted to ACHS: 1961
No of Active Chapters: 66
Total Membership: 35552
Publications: Beta Kappa Chi Bulletin
PURPOSE: The purpose of this Society shall be to encourage and advance scientific education through original investigation, the dissemination of scientific knowledge; and the stimulation of high scholarship in pure and applied science.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students are eligible for membership if they rank in the upper fifth of their class and have completed at least sixty-four semester hours of college work, seventeen semester hours of which shall be in one of the sciences recognized by Beta Kappa Chi with a grade average of at least B in the science area and a general college average of at least B; graduate students are eligible if they have completed at least fifteen semester hours in one of the sciences recognized by the Society with a grade average of A in at least one-third of the hours and at least B in the remaining two-thirds semester hours.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Mrs. Deadra James Mackie, Executive Secretary, Asst. Professor of Biology, Southern University and A&M College, Biology Dept., 244 William James Hall, PO Box 10046, Baton Rouge, LA 70813
Tel: (225) 771-4845 Fax: (225) 771-4848
Beta Phi Mu — Library & Information Studies
Founded at the University of Illinois, August 1948
Admitted to ACHS: 1969
No of Active Chapters: 48
Total Membership: 40000
Publications: The Pipeline Online Newsletter, Scholars Series
PURPOSE: Recognition of superior academic achievement in library and information science; sponsorship of professional and scholarly projects.
ELIGIBILITY: Active membership is open to graduates of schools of library and information science with masters programs accredited by the American Library Association who have earned an academic average in their professional studies of at least 3.75 (where A=4.0). No more than 25% of a given graduating class may be nominated. Each eligible candidate must also be recommended for election by the faculty of the candidate's school.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Alison M. Lewis, Ph.D., PO Box 42139, Philadelphia, PA 19101
Tel: (267) 361-5108
Founded at the University of Illinois, May 20, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1953
No of Active Chapters: 131
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 2
Total Membership: 117000
Publications: The Transit, Chi Epsilon Newsletter
PURPOSE: To place a mark of distinction upon the student of civil engineering who exemplifies the four traits of the successful engineer, the cornerstones upon which Chi Epsilon is founded: scholarship, character, practicality, and sociability.
ELIGIBILITY: Only those students shall be eligible for active membership who have maintained an average grade in scholarship in the highest one-third of the class of those who are eligible for Chi Epsilon honors (namely those students duly registered in the civil engineering courses, or directly associated courses whose curricula have been approved, and who have completed at least one-half of the required work for their bachelor�s degree--in essence, juniors and seniors).
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Glenn C. Goss, Executive Secretary, University of Texas at Arlington, Nedderman Hall, RM 218, Arlington, TX 76019-0316
Tel: (866) 554-0553 Fax: (817) 272-3245
Chi Sigma Iota — Professional Counseling
Founded at Ohio University, March 1985
Admitted to ACHS: 2001
No of Active Chapters: 280
Total Membership: 100000
Number of Regions: 5
Publications: The Exemplar (3 regular issues plus special issue biennially), The Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy (2 issues annually)
PURPOSE: Our mission is to promote scholarship, research, professionalism, leadership, advocacy, and excellence in counseling, and to recognize high attainment in the pursuit of academic and clinical excellence in the profession of counseling and counselor education.
ELIGIBILITY: Graduate students invited to membership must have a minimum 3.5 GPA on a 4.0 scale after completing at least one full academic term (or its equivalent in hours) of graduate preparation in counselor education and be recommended by the chapter as suited for such recognition. Professionals invited to membership must meet all the same requirements as student members including a 3.5 GPA or better on all graduate work and have their primary career identity as a professional counselor as evident, for example, by their highest degree being in counselor education and their professional license or certification as a counselor.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Holly J. Hartwig Moorhead, Chief Executive Officer, P.O. Box 1829, Thomasville, NC 27360
Tel: (336) 841-8180 Fax: (336) 841-8180
Delta Epsilon Sigma — General Scholarship in Colleges and Universities with a Catholic Tradition
Founded at Loras College, April 13, 1939
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 53
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 90347
Publications: Delta Epsilon Sigma Journal
PURPOSE: The purposes of this Society shall be to recognize academic accomplishments, to foster scholarly activities, and to encourage a sense of intellectual community among its members.
ELIGIBILITY: To be eligible for membership in the Society, candidates must be persons who have a record of outstanding academic accomplishment, who have shown dedication to intellectual activity, and who have accepted their responsibility of service to others. Undergraduate students shall have completed at least fifty percent of the credit requirements for their baccalaureate degrees and rank not lower than the highest twenty percent of their class in scholarship. Graduate students shall have completed one-half of the credit requirements for their degree and shall have a minimum grade point average of 3.5 on a 4.0 scale or its equivalent. Faculty, administrators, and staff members are eligible for election to membership upon recommendation of the local chapter. Alumni of an institution are eligible for election to membership if they have graduated cum laude or have fulfilled the general requirements of membership in some other manner.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Claudia Kovach, Executive Director, Neumann University, Arts & Sciences BACH 305, 1 Neumann Drive, Aston, PA 19014
Tel: (651) 962-5265
Delta Mu Delta — Business Administration
Founded at New York University, November 18, 1913
Admitted to ACHS: 1963
No of Active Chapters: 256
Total Membership: 166479
Publications: DMD Vision, Booklet of Information, Info Card, Benefits Flyer
PURPOSE: To promote higher education in business; to recognize and reward superior scholastic accomplishment.
ELIGIBILITY: All Levels: Must be registered in the business program at a school with a Delta Mu Delta Chapter; must have completed one-half of the required degree course-work; must be in the top 20 percent of their class; must have 24 hours residency at the school.
Baccalaureate: Have a cumulative GPA of .25 above a "B" or better to comply with the above.
Graduate/Doctoral: Have a cumulative GPA of .60 above a "B" or better to comply with the above.
(Some chapters may require higher standards.)
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jeff Arnold, Executive Director, 9217 Broadway Ave, Brookfield, IL 60523-1251
Tel: (708) 485-8494 Fax: (708) 221-6183
Founded at Southwest Missouri State College, now Missouri State University, March 19, 1960.
Admitted to ACHS: 1992
No of Active Chapters: 31
Total Membership: 15974
Publications: The Achiever
PURPOSE: To promote and recognize scholarship and leadership accomplishments of agricultural students while emphasizing character development, to enhance undergraduate preparation for professional positions, to join with other agricultural student organizations in the promotion of agriculture.
ELIGIBILITY: Active members must have completed at least nine semester hours, or its equivalent, in agricultural courses; must have completed at least forty five semester hours, or its equivalent, of college courses, rank not lower than the highest thirty-five percent of their class in general scholarship.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Elizabeth L. Walker, National Advisor, Missouri State University, School of Agriculture, 2401 S. Kansas Expressway, Springfield, MO 65807
Tel: (417) 836-5000 Fax: (417) 836-6979
Epsilon Pi Tau — Professions in Technology
Founded at The Ohio State University, March 13, 1929
Admitted to ACHS: 2005
No of Active Chapters: 44
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 5
Total Membership: 24000
Publications: The Journal of Technology Studies, The Epsilon Pi Tau Preceptor
PURPOSE: In service to the general education and career preparation academic fields and the professional practice areas of technology, Epsilon Pi Tau: (a) promotes and recognizes the achievement of academic excellence, (b) promotes the values and contributions of professionals in technology, (c) provides a medium for the professional development and recognition of individual members for leadership and achievement, (d) enhances the status of the practitioners and the professions in technology, (e) fosters and encourages the acceptance of the ideals of technological capability and skill, social and professional proficiency, and research and its applications and products; and (f) advances understanding, appreciation and awareness of technology as both an enduring and influential human endeavor and an integral element of culture.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership is limited to those enrolled in approved technology programs and course sequences offered at accredited institutions that award associate, bachelors and graduate degrees. Students of good moral character will be eligible upon achieving the following academic rankings and grade point standards. Chapters may prescribe additional criteria such as evidence of leadership experiences that relate to the six Epsilon Pi Tau purposes in the preceding paragraph. (Grades used in the following statements are based on a 4 point system in which a grade of 4 or A is the highest and 1 or D is the lowest passing grade.)
Associate degree students must have completed 30 semester hours or 45 quarter hours of credit in prescribed courses and have a cumulative grade point average (GPA) of no less than 3.25 in major courses and rank not lower than the highest 35% of class in overall scholarship.
Students in programs leading to a bachelors degree must be at least second semester or third quarter sophomores or juniors, or seniors who have completed or earned at least 30 semesters or 45 quarter credit hours in the major or relevant course sequence, achieved a GPA of no less than 3.25 in the major or a relevant course sequence and a 3.00 overall GPA and rank not lower than the highest 35% of undergraduates of the same class level/year/term in the program or sequence. At least 16 semesters or 24 quarter credit hours in the major must have been earned. The preceding standards are appropriately adapted for students who transfer from other programs within the institution or whose transfer is based on an associate degree.
Graduate students may be considered after completing at least 9 semester hours or 12 quarter hours with at least a 3. 3 cumulative GPA with no incompletes in courses prescribed for their program.
Faculty, academic support staff members and alumni of programs served by Epsilon Pi Tau are eligible for membership. Additionally, benefactors of these programs and persons exhibiting a general interest and knowledge of technology in the context of Epsilon Pi Tau ideals and purposes are eligible for membership upon recommendation and appropriate documentation of their accomplishments by recommending chapters.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Kevin Howell, Executive Director, Epsilon Pi Tau, Technology Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0296
Tel: (419) 372-2425 Fax: (419) 372- 9502
Last updated: 11/18/2015
Gamma Theta Upsilon — Geography
Founded at Illinois State Normal University, 1931 (founded as a local in 1928; became national in 1931)
Admitted to ACHS: 1976
No of Active Chapters: 157
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 65535
Publications: Geographical Bulletin
PURPOSE: To further professional interest, to strengthen student and professional training, to advance the status of geography as a cultural and practical discipline, to encourage student research, and to create and administer funds for furthering graduate study and/or research.
ELIGIBILITY: In keeping with the Society's Specialized Scholarship classification, initiates must have a GPA of at least 3.3 (on a 4.0 scale) in geography courses, rank in the top 35% of their class, have completed a minimum of 3 geography courses, and have completed at least 3 semesters or 5 quarters of full-time college course work.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. James Lowry, Executive Secretary, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043
Founded at Northeastern State College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, April 18, 1931
Admitted to ACHS: 1968
No of Active Chapters: 150
Total Membership: 82814
Publications: The Pentagon
PURPOSE: To further the interests of mathematics in those schools which place their primary emphasis on the undergraduate program; to recognize and honor outstanding scholastic achievement of undergraduate students in mathematics.
ELIGIBILITY: Active members must be or have been a faculty member or a regularly enrolled student at an institution which has a Kappa Mu Epsilon Chapter; must have completed at least three semesters (or five quarters) of college courses and rank in the upper thirty-five percent of his/her class; must have completed at least three college courses in mathematics including at least one semester (or two quarters) of calculus and attained an average of B or better in all mathematics courses.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Rhonda McKee, Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO 64093
Tel: (660) 543-8929 Fax: (660) 543-8013
Last updated: 8/6/2014
Kappa Omicron Nu — Human Sciences
Founded in 1990 through consolidation of Omicron Nu (founded at Michigan Agricultural College, April 1912) and Kappa Omicron Phi (founded at Northwest Missouri State College, December 11, 1922)
Admitted to ACHS: 1951
Omicron Nu admitted 1951, readmitted 1968
Kappa Omicron Phi admitted 1972
No of Active Chapters: 96
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 3
Total Membership: 142000
Publications: Kappa Omicron Nu FORUM, Dialogue, Collegiate Member Newsletter, Chapter Newsletter, URC Undergraduate Research Journal
PURPOSE: The mission of Kappa Omicron Nu Honor Society is empowered leaders in scholarship, research, and leadership development. This mission will enhance the ability of the organization and chapters to prepare scholars and researchers as leaders for the 21st century. To accomplish this mission, the Society shall promote scholarship and encourage intellectual development, promote research and foster the spirit of inquiry, confer distinction for high achievement, promote leadership development, stimulate student and faculty dialogue, enrich the intellectual environment of higher education institutions, encourage high standards of practice and ethical behavior, and promote attitudes of professional responsibility for the public good.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students shall have completed 45 semester hours or equivalent, have a minimum grade point average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale, and rank in the top 25 percent of their class. Graduate students shall have completed 12 semester hours of graduate work or equivalent and have a minimum grade point average of 3.5 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Sarah Shoffner, ACHS Representative, 6078 Old 421 Rd., Liberty, NC 27298
Tel: (517) 351-8335 Fax: (517) 351-8336
Kappa Tau Alpha — Journalism and Mass Communication
Founded at the University of Missouri, March 10, 1910
Admitted to ACHS: 1951
No of Active Chapters: 96
Total Membership: 69681
Publications: KTA Newsletter
PURPOSE: The recognition and encouragement of excellence in scholarship and professionalism in journalism and mass communication.
ELIGIBILITY: Juniors and seniors majoring in journalism or mass communication who rank in the upper 10 percent of their class based on overall grade point average, have at least a 3.0 GPA in upper-level journalism/mass communication courses, and have completed at least nine semester hours of professional courses in the major. Graduate students who rank in the top 10 percent of their class also may be selected. Membership is by invitation only through one of the Society's 96 chapters.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Keith P. Sanders, Executive Director, 76 Gannett Hall, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-1200
Tel: (573) 882-7685 Fax: (573) 884-1720
Founded at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; 1985
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 521
Total Membership: 26215
Publications: Simply Speaking - Electronic Quarterly Newsletter, Undergraduate Journal beginning 2013
PURPOSE: The purpose of Lambda Pi Eta is to recognize, foster, and reward outstanding scholastic achievement; to stimulate interest in the field of communication; to promote and encourage professional development among communication majors; to provide an opportunity to discuss and exchange ideas in the field of communication; and to establish and maintain close relationships and understanding between faculty and students.
ELIGIBILITY: Members must have a 3.0 cumulative GPA; have a 3.25 GPA in Communication courses; have 60 credit hours completed overall; have 12 credit hours completed in Communication courses; rank in the upper 35% of their class; be full-time students in good standing; display commitment to the field of Communication.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jacqueline Reilly, Academic and Professional Affairs Associate, National Communication Association, 1765 N Street, NW, Washington, DC� 20036
Tel: (202) 534-1117 Fax: (202) 464-4600
Last updated: 11/30/2015
Lambda Sigma — Student Leadership, Scholarship and Service
Founded at the University of Pittsburgh, November 1922 as the National Society of Cwens, became Lambda Sigma Society March 6, 1976, in compliance with Title IX
Admitted to ACHS: 1981
No of Active Chapters: 39
Total Membership: 57347
Publications: The Diamond
PURPOSE: To promote leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and service among second-year students. Lambda Sigma recognizes its ideals among members of the first year class and fosters development of these ideals. As members and active participants, Lambda Sigmas serve and promote the interests of their institutions and communities.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates are first-year students who rank in the highest thirty-five percent of the freshman class of their college or university. Chapters set appropriate grade point requirements. Candidates shall have shown potential for leadership and service at their respective campuses.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Ron G. Wolfe, Executive Secretary, 108 Westside Drive, Richmond, KY 40475
Tel: (859) 623-5088
Last updated: 2/14/2014
Mortar Board — Scholarship, Leadership and Service
Founded by Cornell University, The University of Michigan, The Ohio State University and Swarthmore College on the campus of Syracuse University on February 15, 1918.
Admitted to ACHS: 1937
No of Active Chapters: 231
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 16
Total Membership: 431400
Publications: The Mortar Board Forum and a variety of electronic newsletters
PURPOSE: To facilitate cooperation among senior honor societies, to contribute to the self-awareness of our members, to promote equal opportunities among all peoples, to emphasize the advancement of the status of women, to support the ideals of the university, to advance a spirit of scholarship, to recognize and encourage leadership, to provide service and to establish the opportunity for a meaningful exchange of ideas as individuals and as a group.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is based on scholarship, leadership and service with an emphasis on participation and giving back to the campus and community. Members must have junior status at their college or university and meet their chapter's grade requirement. Chapters are advised to select members ranked in the top 35 percent of the junior class or who have a 3.0 GPA (whichever is higher on the specified campus). Because of this, the GPA requirement varies slightly between schools. Each student selected to Mortar Board must agree to serve as an active member for at least one school term (semester or quarter, summers not included).
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jane A. Hamblin, J.D., CAE, Executive Director, 1200 Chambers Road, Suite 201, Columbus, OH 43212
Tel: (614) 488-4094 Fax: (614) 488-4095
Founded at Arizona State University in 1966.
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 54
Total Membership: 15000
Publications:
PURPOSE: Founded in 1966 by members of Pi Sigma Epsilon, the National Sales and Marketing Fraternity, Mu Kappa Tau membership is extended to marketing juniors and seniors as well as educators and professionals who have shown dedication and contribution to the marketing profession. Mu Kappa Tau exists to recognize academic excellence and to encourage individuals seeking a life-long commitment to an exceptional standard of ethics and achievement within the marketing milieu.
ELIGIBILITY: Mu Kappa Tau believes scholastic excellence should be a high priority for every marketing student and thus, works toward this end. Membership is open to the following students majoring in marketing who must have an overall cumulative grade point average of at least 3.25 on a 4.00 scale:
��Juniors ranking in the top 10% of their class
. Seniors ranking in the top 20% of their class
. Graduate students who have completed 50% of their MS/MBA requirements
. Doctoral candidates completing their course work
. Faculty and professionals who have greatly contributed to enhancing the marketing profession
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Gabrielle Williams, Mu Kappa Tau Manager, 5217 S. 51st Street, Greenfield, WI 53220
Tel: (414) 328-1952 Fax: (414) 235-3425
National Society of Scabbard and Blade — Reserve Officer Training Corps
Founded in 1905 at University of Wisconsin - Madison
Admitted to ACHS: 2010
No of Active Chapters: 59
Total Membership: 99017
Publications: Scabbard & Blade Today, A Manual for Leaders, A Brief History & Pedge Manual
PURPOSE: To confer distinction for high academic achievement and leadership potential in military, aerospace and naval science studies; to encourage scholarship, intellectual development, and the pursuit of excellence in military service; to teach leadership; to provide for an exchange of intellectual/professional ideas; to provide networking opportunities for ROTC students. Exceptional military professionals and academicians are recognized through honorary membership. All members are lifetime members.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to students contracted in the ROTC programs of all military services who rank in the top 20% of their ROTC command order of merit listing and have entered their fifth semester of study. All membership is national membership with local chapter/company affiliation.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Major General (Retired) Douglas O. Dollar, National Executive Director,
Tel: (405) 372-6158 Fax: (405) 377-2237
NSCS (The National Society of Collegiate Scholars) — Scholarship, Leadership & Service
Founded at The George Washington University on April 30, 1994
Admitted to ACHS: 2004
No of Active Chapters: 330
Total Membership: 1000000
Publications: The Collegiate Scholar, Society Magazine, Case for PACE
PURPOSE: The National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS) is an honors organization that recognizes and elevates high achievers. NSCS provides career and graduate school connections, leadership and service opportunities and gives out a million dollars in scholarships annually. NSCS members are deeply committed to scholarship, leadership and service and as a result, are impacting their campus and local communities every day.
ELIGIBILITY: Less than 10% of students at schools with NSCS chapters are invited to join. Nominations are sent to first and second year students with at least a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.4.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Stephen E. Loflin, CEO & Founder, 2000 M Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 265-9000 Fax: (202) 265-9200
Omega Chi Epsilon — Chemical Engineering
Founded at the University of Illinois, 1931
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 72
Total Membership: 27256
Publications: Newsletter
PURPOSE: To give recognition and to promote high scholarship, original investigation, and professional service in chemical engineering.
ELIGIBILITY: Active membership is limited to chemical engineering juniors, seniors, and graduate students. Juniors must have completed three hours of chemical engineering course work and be in the upper one-fourth of their class. Seniors must be in the upper one-third of their class. Graduate students must have completed nine hours of chemical engineering courses. All those elected must have traits and characteristics of leadership that make them likely to succeed as professional engineers. Associate membership consists of professors or other members of the staff of the institution who have shown noteworthy achievement in chemical engineering.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Richard Davis, Executive Secretary, Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Duluth, 176 Engr., 1303 Ordean Ct., Duluth, MN 55812
Tel: (218) 726-6162 Fax: (218) 726-6907
No of Active Chapters: 39
Total Membership: 8069
Publications:
PURPOSE: To encourage the study of operations research and management science related disciplines, to recognize and honor excellence in such studies, and to further professional interests.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduates must rank in the top twenty-five percent of the class and have completed at least five semesters or seven quarters of the curricular requirements. Graduate students must have at least a 3.5 average on a 4.0 scale in all graduate courses; shall have no failures- and shall have completed at least one-third of the residency requirements for the master�s degree. Men and women in industry, academia, and the profession may be made Honorary Members upon approval of the Executive Committee of the Society. Faculty teaching in the field may be elected faculty members.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Mary T. Magrogan, Director of Subdivisions Services, INFORMS, 7240 Parkway Drive, Suite 300, Hanover, MD� 21076
Tel: (443) 757-3500 Fax: (443) 757-3515
Last updated: 1/30/2012
Omicron Delta Epsilon — Economics
Founded in 1963 as a result of a merger between Omicron Delta Gamma (founded at the University of Wisconsin in 1915) and Omicron Chi Epsilon (founded at City College of NY in 1955)
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 678
Total Membership: 89500
Publications: The American Economist
PURPOSE: The objectives of Omicron Delta Epsilon are recognition of scholastic attainment and the honoring of outstanding achievements in economics; the establishment of closer ties between students and faculty in economics within colleges and universities and among colleges and universities; the publication of the official journal, The American Economist; the sponsoring of panels at professional meetings and the Irving Fisher and Frank W. Taussig competitions.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduates must have completed at least 12 hours of economics, have an overall scholastic average of B in economics and an overall average of B, and rank in the upper third of the class.�
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Farhang Niroomand, Executive Secretary/Treasurer, P.O. Box 2096, Fairhope, AL 36533
Tel: (601) 928-0001 Fax: (601) 928-0015
Phi Beta Delta — International Scholars
Admitted to ACHS: 2013
No of Active Chapters: 78
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 6025
Number of Regions: 5
Publications: International Research and Review: Journal of Phi Beta Delta Honor Society for International Scholars, Medallion Newsletter, Medallion E-Newsletter
PURPOSE: Phi Beta Delta is the first honor society dedicated to recognizing scholarly achievement in international education.
Goals:
to recognize the scholarly achievement of international students and scholars, U.S. students who have studies abroad, and faculty and staff who are involved in international activities;
to advance the development of academic based international programming;
and to cultivate a network on each campus for faculty, staff, and international students involved in international endeavors.
ELIGIBILITY: Criteria for eligibility of election to membership by an institutional chapter shall be determined by that chapter and with the provision that undergraduate student members must have achieved a minimum 3.2 grade point average (GPA) and rank in the top 20% of their class; graduate students must have achieved a GPA of 3.5. For schools that use a different grade point average system, the school must verify that their candidates for Phi Beta Delta meet a GPA standard equivalent to that specified in this Section.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Rueyling Chuang, Executive Director & CEO, California State University, San Bernadino, AD 148 & 150, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernadino, CA 92407
Tel: (909) 537-3250 Fax: (909) 537-7458
Phi Sigma — Biological Sciences, All Pure and Applied Fields
Founded at Ohio State University, March 17, 1915
Admitted to ACHS: 1950
No of Active Chapters: 21
Total Membership: 80063
PURPOSE: Devoted to the promotion of research and academic excellence in the biological sciences.
ELIGIBILITY: Students who are enrolled in an accredited college or university, who have shown research interest, and who have received an equivalent of at least two years of college credit of which at least one-fourth is in biological science, with a scholarship rating in the upper thirty-five percent of their class, shall be eligible for active membership. This minimum ACHS requirement is modified by chapter bylaws; at least a B average is expected together with other qualifications suitable to the local chapters, particularly for graduate students.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Gene K. Wong, Dean, School of Arts and Sciences, Endicott College, 376 Hale Street, Beverly, MA 01915
Tel: (978) 232-2311 Fax: (978) 232-3100
Phi Sigma Iota — Foreign Languages, Linguistics, Literatures, ESL., & Cultures
Founded at Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, October, 1922 by Dr. Henry Ward Church
Admitted to ACHS: 1950
No of Active Chapters: 176
Total Membership: 39056
Publications: The Forum of Phi Sigma lota
PURPOSE: The recognition of outstanding scholarship and attainment in foreign languages, linguistics, literatures, cultures, including the classics, philology, and comparative literatures; the stimulation of advanced work and individual research in any of these fields; promotion of international amity. We support efforts to define and apply the principles of academic ethics.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is based on high scholastic attainment. At the time of election to membership, the undergraduate initiate must have attained to a B+ average or better across all language courses and be enrolled in a third- or fourth-year language course. Moreover, one must attain a minimum GPA of B over all attempted college work, and rank in the upper 35% of one's class in general scholarship at induction. As a rule, undergraduates are not elected to PSI prior to junior standing; however, sophomores of exceptional abilities who meet all stated minimal requirements, having completed at least three semesters (or five quarters) of college courses may be elected to membership. Graduate students studying one or more languages may also be elected to membership after one semester (or quarter) of graduate residence, provided that they shall have attained to a minimum B+ average in graduate studies.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Roz Macken, Administrative Director, Phi Sigma Iota, Allegheny college, 520 North Main St., Box 30, Meadville, PA 16335-3902
Tel: (814) 332-4886 Fax: (814) 337-4445
Last updated: 1/29/2016
Phi Sigma Tau — Philosophy
Founded at Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 1930 as Alpha Kappa Alpha. Incorporated October 21, 1955 as Phi Sigma Tau
Admitted to ACHS: 1958
No of Active Chapters: 186
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 38173
Publications: Dialogue, PST Newsletter
PURPOSE: To serve as a means of awarding distinction to students having high scholarship and personal interest in philosophy; to promote student interest in research and advanced study in this field; to provide opportunities for the publication of student research papers of merit; to encourage a professional spirit and friendship among those who have displayed marked ability in this field; to popularize interest in philosophy among the general collegiate public.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students are eligible for active membership if they have completed three semesters or five quarters of the college course, rank in the upper thirty-five percent of their class, and have completed at least two semester courses or three quarter courses in philosophy with an average grade of over the second highest grade of the working scale. Graduate students are eligible if they meet the requirements established for undergraduates, or if they have completed at least one-third of the residence requirements of the master�s degree with a grade average of at least half on the highest grade of the working scale and half in the second highest grade.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. David E. Gibson, Executive Secretary, Humanities Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263-4225
Tel: (805) 482-0138 Fax: (310) 506-7307
Phi Upsilon Omicron — Family and Consumer Sciences
Founded at University of Minnesota, February 10, 1909
Admitted to ACHS: 1979
No of Active Chapters: 61
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 28
Total Membership: 96635
Number of Regions: 4
Publications: The Candle, Journal of Phi Upsilon Omicron (semiannually) and the Communique, newsletter for National Council and Educational Foundation members (monthly).
PURPOSE: The purposes of Phi Upsilon Omicron are to: 1. Recognize and promote academic excellence; 2. Enhance qualities of leadership by providing opportunities for service; and 3. Encourage lifelong learning and commitment to advance family and consumer sciences and related areas.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership in Phi Upsilon Omicron is open to undergraduate students who have
completed a minimum of 36 semester hours, 50 quarter hours, or the equivalent. The hours must include 6 hours of course work in areas including, but not limited to, those recognized by the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.
a major in family and consumer sciences or one of its specialized areas in an institution where a chapter is established.
Students must rank not lower than the highest 35% of their class in general scholarship within their unit.
exhibits the potential for professional and community leadership;
demonstrates a spirit of service; and,
exemplifies character through personal integrity and professional attitude.
A graduate student in family and consumer sciences is eligible on completion of 12 semester hours, or its equivalent, in family and consumer sciences with a GPA of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Melissa K. Martin, Executive Director, P.O. Box 50970, Bowling Green, KY 42102
Tel: (270) 904-1340
No of Active Chapters: 162
Total Membership: 43363
Publications: PAA Roster, PAA Brochure
PURPOSE: The purposes of this Society shall be to encourage and recognize outstanding scholarship and accomplishment in public service education, to promote the advancement of education and practice in the art and science of public affairs and administration, and to foster integrity, professionalism and creative performance in the conduct of governmental and related public service activities.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to persons who demonstrate academic achievement in public service programs at NASPAA member schools who fall within the following classes: student, alumni, or faculty. All membership is national membership with local chapter affiliation. Candidates for undergraduate degrees who rank in the upper 10% of their graduating class may be inducted if they have completed 15 hours of public service coursework, maintaining a 3.5/4.0 GPA, and are in at least the last quarter of their junior year. Candidate for master's degree who have maintained a GPA of at least 3.7 and have completed at least 50% of the required course work are eligible to be inducted into Pi Alpha Alpha.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Emily Reineke, PAA Coordinator, 1029 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005
Tel: (202) 628-8965 x112 Fax: (202) 626-4978
Founded at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1906
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 364
Total Membership: 60000
Publications: NEWSLETTER
PURPOSE: To recognize outstanding scholarship in the French language and its literatures; to increase knowledge and appreciation of Americans for the cultural contributions of the French-speaking world; to stimulate and to encourage French and francophone cultural activities.
ELIGIBILITY: There are two classes of membership: Regular and Honorary. Regular members include undergraduate and graduate students at the sponsoring institution who are nominated in recognition of their academic achievement in French. Undergraduate or graduate candidates do not need to be French or French Studies majors or minors to be nominated for membership. Requirements for undergraduate regular membership are: minimum sophomore standing, completion of at least one course of upper-division French (i.e. beyond the intermediate-level series of courses), minimum French and overall GPAs of 3.0, and rank in the top 35% of their class. Graduate students who are not already members of Pi Delta Phi are eligible for regular membership; those individuals who were inducted into Pi Delta Phi at other institutions as undergraduates are already lifetime members of the Society. Requirements for graduate regular membership are: completion of 2 graduate courses in French and a minimum 3.5 GPA in graduate coursework.
Students from neighboring institutions who take French courses at the sponsoring institution are not eligible for regular membership, but may be nominated for honorary membership.
Honorary members include: the French faculty and faculty at large of the sponsoring institution who are not already members of Pi Delta Phi; undergraduate and graduate students who do not meet the requirements for regular membership; college or university alumni who did not become members while attending the sponsoring institution; and diplomats, community and business leaders, and others who have demonstrated support of French language, and/or of the cultures and literatures of the French-speaking world.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Beverly J. Evans, Executive Director, Department of Languages and Literatures, SUNY-Geneseo, Welles 211, 1 College Circle, Geneseo, NY 14454-1401
Tel: (585) 245-5247 Fax: (585) 245-5399
Pi Gamma Mu — Social Sciences
Founded in 1924 at Southwestern and William & Mary colleges
Admitted to ACHS: 1953
No of Active Chapters: 144
Total Membership: 262352
Publications: Pi Gamma Mu Newsletter, International Social Science Review
PURPOSE: The purpose of Pi Gamma Mu is to encourage the study of the social sciences among graduate and undergraduate students and faculty members in colleges and universities throughout the world, and to recognize outstanding achievement through election to membership and the presentation of various awards for distinguished achievement.
ELIGIBILITY: Any person of good moral character may be invited or may petition to join an active chapter of Pi Gamma Mu when he/she is a junior, senior, or graduate student; is in the upper 35 percent of the class; has at least 20 semester hours of social science; and has a grade average of B or better. Faculty and administrators may also accept the privileges and responsibilities of membership in a collegiate chapter.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Suzanne Rupp, Psy.D., Executive Director, 1001 Millington, Suite B, Winfield, KS 67156
Tel: (620) 221-3128 Fax: (620) 221-3276
Founded at Northwestern University, May 17, 1918
Admitted to ACHS: 1940
No of Active Chapters: 207
Total Membership: 71000
Publications: Electronic version of Handbook
PURPOSE: To provide an organization dedicated to the furtherance of music in education and education in music in colleges, universities, and other institutions of higher learning which offer programs in music instruction in one or more fields; and to recognize and encourage scholarship and musicianship.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership in the Society is open to music majors who are juniors, seniors, or graduate students; and to faculty in accordance with established restrictions. A graduating senior must be considered by the faculty committee of the chapter to be outstanding in scholarly achievement and musicianship, must have been in residence the equivalent of at least four semesters prior to graduation, and must rank not lower than the highest twenty percent of the graduating class (including students elected in the junior year) as determined by GPA or by class rank when no grades are assigned. A junior must rank not lower than the highest ten percent of the junior class. A graduate student must have no less than two thirds of his graduate credit hours as A or the equivalent when letter grades are nonexistent.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Mark Lochstampfor, Executive Director PKL, Capital University, Conservatory of Music, 1 College and Main, Columbus, OH 43209
Tel: (614) 236-7211 Fax: (614) 236-6935
Pi Omega Pi — Business Education
Founded at Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, Kirksville, June 13, 1923
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 22
Total Membership: 56382
Publications: Here and There, This is Your Society
PURPOSE: To create and encourage interest and promote scholarship in business education. To foster high ethical standards in business and professional life among teachers. To encourage civic responsibility. To create a fellowship among teachers of business subjects. To teach the ideal of service as the basis of all worthy enterprise.
ELIGIBILITY: Each candidate must be enrolled in a business teacher education curriculum and must have expressed an intention of becoming a teacher of business subjects. Candidates must possess the following qualifications: Completion of at least three semesters or five quarters of college courses including at least fifteen semester hours or twenty-two quarter hours in business and/or education subjects; Attainment of general scholarship sufficient to place them within the upper thirty-five percent of their college class (sophomore, junior, senior, graduate) and the achievement of an average grade of B or higher, or its equivalent in other grading systems, in all courses in business and/or education.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Ivan Wallace, Professor, Interdisciplinary Professions, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
Tel: (252) 328-6770
Pi Sigma Alpha — Political Science
Founded at the University of Texas, October, 1920
Admitted to ACHS: 1949
No of Active Chapters: 775
Total Membership: 262000
Publications: Newsletter, Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics
PURPOSE: To stimulate productive scholarship and intelligent interest in the subject of government among students at institutions of higher learning in which chapters are maintained.
ELIGIBILITY: Juniors, seniors, and graduate students are eligible for membership if they meet the following qualifications. For undergraduates: completion of 15 quarter hours or 10 semester hours of work in government, political science, international relations, or public administration, including at least 1 course designated as upper-division; maintenance of an average of B or higher in all government, political science, international relations, and public administration courses, and the maintenance of general scholarship sufficient to place them within the upper third of their class. For graduate students: completion of at least 6 graduate credit hours of work in those fields with an average grade of B or higher; and fulfillment of such additional academic requirements as may have been prescribed by the local chapter. Any member of the faculty of the department of political science or government at any institution at which a local chapter is located may be elected as a member by any local chapter or by the national convention. Membership in the Society may be secured through election as an honorary member. Only distinguished persons who have made valuable contributions to political science or government are eligible for election into honorary membership. Each chapter may elect no more than 2 persons in a year for this class of membership.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Sean Twombly, Executive Director, Pi Sigma Alpha National Office, 1527 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 349-9285 Fax: (202) 483-2657
Pi Tau Sigma — Mechanical Engineering
Founded at University of Illinois, March 16, 1915
Admitted to ACHS: 1947
No of Active Chapters: 170
Total Membership: 118404
Publications: The Condenser, The Story of Pi Tau Sigma
PURPOSE: To encourage and recognize outstanding achievement of undergraduate students in mechanical engineering also to honor practicing engineers for distinguished technical attainments.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to senior mechanical engineering students who rank among the highest thirty-five percent in scholarship for all courses to date of election and to juniors who rank in the highest twenty-five percent of their class. Many chapters elect less than these percentages. Faculty and graduates may be chosen on the basis of distinguished engineering endeavor.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Alex Moutsoglou, Secretary-Treasurer of Pi Tau Sigma, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Box 2219, SCEH 218, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
Tel: (605) 688-6323 Fax: (605) 688-5878
Pi Theta Epsilon — Occupational Therapy
Founded at the University of New Hampshire, 1959
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 89
Total Membership: 959
Publications: Quarterly Newsletter: The Scroll and Pen
PURPOSE: To recognize and encourage scholastic excellence of occupational therapy students. To contribute to the advancement of the field of occupational therapy through the scholarly activities of students and alumni, and provide a vehicle for students to exchange information and to collaborate regarding scholarly activities.
ELIGIBILITY:
A student shall be invited to apply for membership in PTE if she or he meets the following eligibility requirements:
The student is enrolled in an accredited and/or professional occupational therapy program and has attained second semester junior standing in the OT program or completed 9 semester hours in a Master's program.
The student is among the top 35% of the class
The student has at least one entire semester remaining before she or he leaves for a fieldwork placement.
*Part time students are eligible if they have completed the minimum number of credit hours giving them second semester junior status or completed 9 hours in a Master's program. GPA's for part-time students shall be figured separately for each student.
A candidate must also present 2 of the following items:
Membership in a professional organization
Prior scholastic recognition and awards
Evidence that papers have been submitted and/or accepted to local or national meetings and publications
Documented leadership, e.g., service organizations or community activities during the college years.
Candidates will be nominated and reviewed by a Review Board comprised of the current PTE Chapter President, the faculty advisor and 2 alumni members. Election shall be by a majority vote of the chapter.
Pi Theta Epsilon does not discriminate against any prospective member on the basis of race, gender, religion, ethnicity, disability, or age.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Michele Fernandez, PTE Coordinator, 4720 Montgomery Lane, Suite 202, Bethesda, MD 20814-3449
Tel: (240) 292-1077 Fax: (240) 396-6188
Psi Beta — Psychology at Two-Year Colleges
Incorporated in Chattanooga, Tennessee, November 5, 1981
Admitted to ACHS: 1994
No of Active Chapters: 129
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 3
Total Membership: 38469
Publications: Psi Beta Online Newsletters - fall and spring editions
PURPOSE: To encourage, stimulate, promote and recognize interest and excellence in psychology, to advance the science of psychology, and to nurture scholarship in all fields of study. The mission of Psi Beta honor society is professional development of psychology students at two-year colleges through promotion and recognition of excellence in scholarship, leadership, research, and community service.
ELIGIBILITY: Students who are enrolled at an accredited two-year college with a Psi Beta Chapter, rank in the top 35% of students enrolled in a degree or transfer program or have an overall 3.25 GPA (whichever is higher), have at least a B average in at least one semester of psychology, and have completed 12 semester hours of degree applicable college coursework are eligible. Candidates for membership must have demonstrated a genuine interest in psychology and high standards of personal behavior and integrity. Final election must be approved by three-fourths affirmative vote of members present at a regular chapter meeting or the faculty advisor. The local chapter may establish higher academic requirements.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jerry Rudmann, PhD, Psi Beta Executive Director, 6025 East Camino Correr, Anaheim, CA 92807
Tel: 714-318-7493
Founded at Yale University, September 4, 1929
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 1125
Total Membership: 595962
Publications: Eye on Psi Chi, Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research
PURPOSE: To encourage, stimulate, and maintain scholarship of the individual members in all fields, particularly in psychology, and to advance the science of psychology.
ELIGIBILITY:
Student members shall be students who are majoring or minoring in psychology or a closely related field and who are enrolled in undergraduate or graduate programs in the institution of higher education represented by the chapter at the time of induction.
Undergraduate criteria. Undergraduate students shall have completed at least three semesters (or five quarters) of full-time coursework at an institution of higher education and have a cumulative grade point average (GPA) that ranks in the top 35% of their class. Psi Chi defines class as all sophomores, all juniors, and all seniors across an institution. The top 35% cutoffs for each class shall be determined using the largest group for which comparison grades are available-the entire institution when available or, if necessary, the unit that houses the psychology department. If the top 35% cutoff for a chapter falls below 3.0, chapters must use a minimum overall cumulative GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. The intent of an honor society is to represent excellence among peers. Consequently, the use of a GPA can be used as a proxy for class rank if rank data are not readily available. However, the GPA should reflect distinction among students within the major and across the institution and therefore be at least 3.3 or higher on a 4.0 scale where: A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, F = 0. Furthermore, chapters should endeavor to calibrate their scholastic standards regularly to ensure that the criteria of excellence among peers are maintained. Any chapter, at its discretion, may establish higher scholastic criteria for induction than the Society's standards.
In addition, undergraduate students must also have completed nine semester hours (or fourteen quarter hours) of psychology courses for which they have earned a minimum GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. These standards are in accordance with the minimum standards of the Association of College Honor Societies.
Graduate Criteria. Graduate students must be accepted and enrolled in a psychology graduate program (or a psychology-related graduate program) that includes required course work offered by faculty with doctorates in psychology. Graduate students must also have completed nine semester hours (or fourteen quarter hours) of graduate courses and shall have a minimum overall cumulative graduate grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in their program. In addition, none of a student's individual course grades may be below the minimum acceptable standard of the program in which the student is enrolled.
Alumni Members
Definition. Any individual who was inducted into Psi Chi and is no longer a current student is considered an alumni member.
Alumni Inductees. Persons graduated from an institution prior to the establishment of the Psi Chi chapter may be elected to membership by that local chapter if they meet the current criteria for student membership based their final transcript at that institution.
Faculty Members. Members of the faculty may be elected by the local chapter for an alumni member status in Psi Chi if they have a master's or doctorate in psychology or closely related field.
Distinguished Members
Distinguished members are prominent professionals associated with the field of psychology and/or who are individuals who have shown outstanding service to the mission of Psi Chi. Distinguished members are nominated, reviewed, and approved at the sole discretion of the Psi Chi Board of Directors. They are considered alumni members but they pay no dues or fees of any kind.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Martha S. Zlokovich, Executive Director, Psi Chi Central Office, 825 Vine Street, PO Box 709, Chattanooga, TN 37401-0709
Tel: (423) 756-2044 Fax: (423) 265-1529
Founded at the University of Michigan, May 19, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1947
No of Active Chapters: 117
Total Membership: 107123
Publications: Report of Rho Chi, The Rho Chi Society, Rho Chi Society Newsletter
PURPOSE: The Rho Chi Society seeks to advance pharmacy through intellectual leadership. As the academic honor society in pharmacy, the Rho Chi Society:
- encourages and recognizes intellectual achievement
- stimulates critical inquiry to advance pharmacy
- contributes to the development of intellectual leaders
- promotes highest ethical standards
- fosters collaboration
ELIGIBILITY: The student who is elected to active membership is one who has displayed academic excellence, a capacity for achievement in the science and art of pharmacy and the allied sciences, and strength of character. Students ranking in the highest twenty percent of their class, having attained a minimum professional grade point average equivalent of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale, are eligible for election after having completed one-half of the required professional didactic course work as defined for the degree granted by their school or college of pharmacy. Deans, or their designees, must certify that candidates are eligible and have no known disciplinary action for academic reasons or for unprofessional conduct. The Society also provides active membership opportunities for nontraditional professional students, graduate students, and faculty. Associate and honorary memberships are also available.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Michael Z. Wincor, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121
Tel: (323) 442-1455 Fax: (323) 442-1681
Last updated: 12/1/2015
Sigma Beta Delta — Business, Management, and Administration
Founded January 16, 1994 at La Jolla, California, by Beta Gamma Sigma with initial three founding chapters established at Belmont University, North Carolina State University, and Morehouse College.
Admitted to ACHS: 1994
No of Active Chapters: 244
Total Membership: 85788
Publications: Aspirations
PURPOSE: The purpose of Sigma Beta Delta is to promote higher scholarship in business and to recognize and reward scholastic achievement in business and economic subjects.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates for bachelor's and master's degrees who rank in the upper 20% of their class at the time of invitation to membership may be inducted into membership following completion of at least one half of the degree program in which they enrolled. Undergraduates may be inducted as early as their junior year. Doctoral students who have completed all requirements for that degree may be inducted without restriction as to number. Sigma Beta Delta chapters are established in U.S. colleges and universities that grant the associate, baccalaureate, or higher degrees and that are accredited by one of the regional accrediting agencies. The society allows for the establishment of chapters at non-U.S. institutions provided they meet and maintain standards and requirements with regard to mission and quality.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Peter Banholzer, Executive Director, 1 University Blvd, Provincial House P11, St. Louis, MO� 63121
Tel: (888) 723-7181 Fax: (314) 516-4455
Founded at the University of California, Berkeley, November 14, 1919
Admitted to ACHS: 1966
No of Active Chapters: 385
Total Membership: 170389
Publications: Entre Nosotros
PURPOSE: To honor those who attain excellence in the study of the Spanish language and in the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish-speaking peoples; to honor those who have made Hispanic contributions to modern culture better known in the English-speaking world; to encourage college and university students to acquire a greater interest in, and a deeper understanding of, Hispanic culture; and to foster friendly relations and mutual respect between the nations of Hispanic speech and those of English speech.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership, undergraduate and graduate, is based on scholastic attainment, character, and a genuine interest in things Hispanic. Honorary membership is granted non-students under conditions specified in the By-Laws, and membership in the Orders of Don Quixote and Los Descubridores recognizes exceptional and meritorious service in the fields of Hispanic scholarship, the teaching of Spanish, and the promotion of friendly relations between English-speaking countries and those of Hispanic speech. Undergraduate candidates must have completed eighteen semester credit hours of college-level Spanish or the equivalent thereof, have at least three semester hours of a course in Hispanic literature or Hispanic culture and civilization, have completed at least three semesters or five quarters of college work, have a minimal grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in all Spanish courses, and rank in the upper 35% of the class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Mark P. Del Mastro, Hispanic Studies, College of Charleston, 66 George St., Charleston, SC 29424-0001
Tel: (843) 953-6748 Fax: (866) 920-7011
No of Active Chapters: 54
Total Membership: 8000
Publications: Newsletter
PURPOSE: To encourage, recognize, and reward academic excellence in preparation for the profession of landscape architecture. The society elects, in addition, those who have achieved professionally. Honorary and Distinguished Memberships; students, faculty/staff, and professionals are recognized. Leadership and sound character are emphasized. Preserving the valuable traditions and customs consonant with the wise husbandry of the land are sought, and a spirit of amiability is fostered among those of marked ability in this discipline.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduates, preferably juniors, and seniors of sound character, with a 3.2 GPA on a four-point scale are eligible. Graduate students who have completed at least one-third of the degree credit requirements with a 3.5 GPA on the same point-scale and rank in the upper 35% of their class are eligible, both MLA and doctoral candidates.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: John C. Billing, Texas Tech University, Department of Landscape Architecture, Box 42121, Lubbock, TX 79409-2121
Tel: (806) 742-2858 Fax: (806) 742-0770
Sigma Lambda Chi — Construction Management
Founded at Michigan State University, 1949
Admitted to ACHS: 1991
No of Active Chapters: 61
Total Membership: 22494
Publications: Sigma Lambda Chi Newsletter
PURPOSE: The purpose of Sigma Lambda Chi is to recognize outstanding students in construction. Objectives include the rendering of service to the field of construction, the development of good relations among academia, industry, and the public, and the recognition of outstanding professionals in construction and allied fields.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students shall have completed the equivalent of two academic years of study toward their degree, shall have done resident study at the present institution for the preceding six months, and shall have an overall scholastic average in the upper 20% of qualified students in their program. Graduate and post-baccalaureate students shall have completed the equivalent of one half of fulltime study toward their graduate degree, shall have done resident study at the present institution for the preceding six months, and shall have an overall scholastic average in the upper 30% of qualified graduate students within their program.
Doctoral students who have finished 50 percent of qualifying coursework shall be eligible for SLC membership at the discretion of the SLC chapter advisor.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Wesley G. Crawford, SLC Intl. Executive Director, Sigma Lambda Chi Intl., Purdue University, BCM, 401 N Grant St., Knoy 453, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2021
Tel: (765) 494-2468 Fax: (765) 496-2246
Founded at Davidson College, December 11, 1921
Admitted to ACHS: 1945
No of Active Chapters: 557
Total Membership: 95000
Publications: SPS Observer, Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics, Radiations
PURPOSE: Sigma Pi Sigma exists to honor outstanding scholarship in physics; to encourage interest in physics among students at all levels; to promote an attitude of service of its members towards their fellow students, colleagues, and the public; to provide a fellowship of persons who have excelled in physics.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership, both undergraduate and graduate, is restricted to those who have attained standards of high scholarship in at least three semester courses (or five quarter courses) of at least three hours each that count toward the physics major, professional interest and merit, and scholastic proficiency or distinction. Faculty members and professional scientists in physics and closely related sciences may also be elected. Undergraduate membership is restricted to those in the upper thirty-three percent of their class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Director, Society of Physics Students and Sigma Pi Sigma, American Institute of Physics, 1 Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD� 20740
Tel: (301) 209-3013 Fax: (301) 209-0839
Founded at Dakota Wesleyan University, 1924
Admitted to ACHS: 1972
No of Active Chapters: 893
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Number of Regions: 6
Publications: The Rectangle, The Sigma Tau Delta Review
PURPOSE: To confer distinction for high achievement in undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies in English language, literature, and writing; to provide cultural stimulation on college campuses; and to serve society by fostering literacy.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates for undergraduate membership must have completed at least three semesters or five quarters of college work and a minimum of two college courses in English language or literature beyond the usual requirements in freshman English. They must also have a minimum of a B or equivalent grade point average in English, and rank at least in the highest 35 percent of their class in general scholarship. Candidates for graduate membership must be enrolled in a graduate program in English, or one of its specializations, have completed six semester hours of graduate work or the equivalent, and have a minimum grade point average of 3.3 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. William C. Johnson, Executive Director, Department of English, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2863
Tel: (815) 981-9974 Fax: (815) 517-0154
Founded at Indiana University, October 4, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1959
No of Active Chapters: 482
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 3
Total Membership: 500000
Publications: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Reflections on Nursing Leadership, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
Electronic Library: Knowledge, research, and information databases
PURPOSE: To recognize superior achievement; to recognize the development of leadership qualities; to foster high professional standards; to encourage creative work; to strengthen commitment on the part of individuals to the ideals and purposes of the profession.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates for membership shall have demonstrated superior scholastic achievement and evidence of professional leadership potential. Undergraduate members are selected from junior and senior students in basic professional programs in nursing. Undergraduate membership is restricted to the upper 35% of a class. Nurses matriculated for graduate study and faculty members of the educational unit may also be selected. In addition, nurses who have received a baccalaureate or higher degree and have shown marked achievement in the field of nursing are eligible for election.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Pat Thompson, RN, EdD, FAAN, Chief Executive Officer, 550 W. North St., Indianapolis, IN 46202
Tel: (317) 634-8171 Fax: (317) 634-8188
Tau Alpha Pi — Engineering Technology
Founded at Southern Polytechnic State University, 1953
Admitted to ACHS: 2000
No of Active Chapters: 85
Total Membership: 7000
Publications:
PURPOSE: To provide recognition for a high standard of scholarship among students in engineering technology programs: to promote and encourage scholastic achievement by offering membership to outstanding students; and to engender certain desirable qualities of personality, intellect, and character among its members.
ELIGIBILITY: The scholastic requirements and standards for membership in Tau Alpha Pi are set by each Affiliate Chapter such that prospective members are academically in the upper twenty-five percent of their class. Each prospective member must have maintained the required academic standards for a period equivalent to two consecutive school terms (quarters or semesters) for two-year programs, and at least three semesters or five quarters for four-year programs. Candidate members shall be elected by the Affiliate Chapters with due consideration given to the purpose of Tau Alpha Pi: namely, to provide recognition for the highest standard of scholastic achievement and the most outstanding scholastic accomplishments. Each candidate must have acceptable character and demonstrate marked ability.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Norman L. Fortenberry, Executive Director, Tau Alpha Pi, c/o American Society for Engineering Education, 1818 N Street, NW, Ste.600, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 350-5762 Fax: (202) 265-8504
Founded at Lehigh University, June 15, 1885
ONE OF THE FOUNDING MEMBERS OF ACHS
No of Active Chapters: 242
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 60
Total Membership: 559951
Publications: The Bent, The Bulletin
PURPOSE: To mark in a fitting manner those who have conferred honor upon their alma mater by distinguished scholarship and exemplary character as undergraduates in engineering, or by their attainments as alumni in the field of engineering, and to foster a spirit of liberal culture in engineering colleges
ELIGIBILITY: The students of engineering whose scholarship places them in the highest one-eighth of the junior class or in the highest one-fifth of the senior class are further considered for membership on the basis of character, integrity, breadth of interest, and unselfish activities.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Curtis D. Gomulinski, Executive Director, 508 Dougherty Engineering Building, P.O. Box 2697, Knoxville, TN 37901-2697
Tel: (865) 546-4578 Fax: (865) 546-4579
Tau Sigma Delta — Architecture and Allied Arts
Founded at the University of Michigan in May, 1913
Admitted to ACHS: 1948
No of Active Chapters: 81
Total Membership: 19823
Publications: Newsletter
PURPOSE: To stimulate mental achievement, effort, and initiative; to emphasize leadership and character; and to reward students who attain high scholastic standing in architecture, landscape architecture, and the allied arts of design with the reward of membership.
ELIGIBILITY: To be eligible for undergraduate membership, a candidate must be a bona fide student enrolled in a course of study leading to a degree in Architecture, Landscape Architecture, or the Allied Arts of Design. Candidate must have completed a minimum of two and one-half academic years (five semesters or eight quarters) of the initial degree program and have completed major prerequisites of the degree program established by the faculty of the college, school, or department. An eligible transfer student shall have been enrolled in residence a minimum of the academic year in the institution where selection for membership is considered. Candidates must have maintained a B average or a 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale and be in the upper 20% of their class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Maria L. Jeffery, IT Manager, TTU College of Agriculture, 3016 18th St, Room 901, Lubbock, TX 79409
Tel: (806) 834-7051
Related Scholarly Organization, American Academy of Religion, 1994
No of Active Chapters: 284
Total Membership: 19448
Publications: Journal of Theta Alpha Kappa
PURPOSE: TAK exists to encourage, recognize, and maintain excellence in Religious and/or Theological Studies within baccalaureate and post-baccalaureate degree programs, and also within the academic profession of these studies more broadly understood.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students matriculated in institutions with a TAK chapter must have completed at least three semesters (five quarters) at that institution and at least twelve semester credits (eighteen quarter credits) in courses representing these disciplines; have attained a GPA of at least 3.5 (or B+) in such courses and a 3.0 (B) in their total program; and been ranked (if appropriate) in the upper 35% of their class. Graduate students must have completed at least one half of the residency requirements for their current degree program at a qualified, chaptered institution, and attained at least a GPA of 3.5 (B+) in that work. Honorary members (faculty and others) must meet other requirements specified in the constitution of 1998.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Prof. Kelley Coblentz Bautch, President of Theta Alpha Kappa and Professor, CPO 774; 3001 South Congress Ave., St. Edward's University, Austin, TX 78704
Tel: (512) 428-1395 Fax: (512) 233-1695
Upsilon Pi Epsilon — Computing and Information Disciplines
Founded January, 1967 at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Admitted to ACHS: 1997
No of Active Chapters: 247
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 235
Total Membership: 229800
Publications: Four newsletters per year, plus monthly updates to chapters.
PURPOSE: To recognize academic excellence in the computing and information disciplines.
ELIGIBILITY: Students must be majoring in an area that is related to the computing and information disciplines. Undergraduates must possess a 3.25 GPA overall and in the major and must have completed at least 48 units of credit and rank in the upper third of their class. A graduate student must be in the upper third of his/her class and must have 15 or more units of graduate credit in computing. Faculty must have taught in the field of computing for at least one year in order to be considered for membership by the local chapter.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Orlando S. Madrigal, Executive Director of UPE, 158 Wetlands Edge Road, American Canyon, CA 94503
Tel: (530) 518-8488 Fax: (707) 647-3560
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The Honor Society in American Colleges
The idea that underlies the honor societies in American colleges and universities is threefold. They exist primarily to recognize the attainment of scholarship of a superior quality. In the second place, a few societies recognize the development of leadership qualities, character, and good campus citizenship in addition to a strong scholarship record. Thirdly, and to the degree that they make this recognition a thing to be coveted, they encourage the production of superior scholarship and leadership.
To accomplish these objectives, it is clear that an honor society must define and maintain a truly high standard of eligibility for membership and achieve sufficient status by so doing that membership becomes something to be highly valued. The second point is greatly advanced if the significance of membership is appreciated over a wide area; thus, the society with a number of chapters at accredited institutions is stronger than one that is purely local, and societies known and admired outside the college may be regarded as having achieved maturity and success.
The honor society has followed the expansion and specialization of higher education in America. When Phi Beta Kappa was organized in 1776, there was no thought given to its field, since all colleges then in existence were for the training of men for the service of the church and the state. With the expansion of education into new fields a choice had to be made, and Phi Beta Kappa elected to operate in the field of liberal arts and sciences. Although this was not finally voted in until 1898, the trend was evident earlier, as the 1880s saw the establishment of Tau Beta Pi in the field of engineering and Sigma Xi in scientific research.
Early in the 20th century, other honor societies came into being. One of these, Phi Kappa Phi, was started by the presidents of three state universities, with the thought that these institutions should have their honor society; later, its field was wisely extended to include any institution of university scope, accepting into membership superior students of all schools of which they are a part. More recently another scholarship honor society covering all academic fields, Alpha Chi, was organized. With these exceptions, and the exception of Alpha Kappa Mu, Delta Epsilon Sigma, and Alpha Sigma Nu that had origins in Black, Catholic, or Jesuit colleges and universities, scholarship honor societies have followed the earlier tradition of selecting a specific field of coverage. Thus, for example: Delta Mu Delta elects in the field of business administration, Pi Kappa Lambda in music, and Rho Chi in pharmacy.
Three interesting and important variations have developed since 1900. One of these recognizes the values of extracurricular activities and the development of general campus citizenship. Prime requisite for election is meritorious attainments in all-around leadership in college life. In this field, Omicron Delta Kappa and Mortar Board have achieved excellent reputations. It is to be noted that both have a strong requirement of scholarship.
A second variation is represented by the numerous societies that draw their membership from the various departments of study, recognizing good work in the field of the student’s special field of study. These societies are generally known as departmental, or specialized honor societies and are represented by such societies as Sigma Pi Sigma in physics; Alpha Epsilon Delta in pre-medicine; Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha in forensics; Phi Alpha Theta in history; Eta Kappa Nu in electrical engineering; Pi Tau Sigma in mechanical engineering; Tau Sigma Delta in architecture and allied arts; Pi Sigma Alpha in political science; Phi Sigma in the biological sciences; Phi Sigma Iota in foreign languages; Alpha Pi Mu in industrial engineering; Pi Gamma Mu in social science; Chi Epsilon in civil engineering; Kappa Tau Alpha in journalism; Phi Sigma Tau in philosophy; and Sigma Theta Tau in nursing.
The third variation recognizes scholastic achievement during the freshman year and encourages its members toward higher goals. This field of freshman scholarship honor societies is represented by Phi Eta Sigma and Alpha Lambda Delta.
The fourth variation, approved in 1993, recognizes achievement in associate degree programs. This field is represented by Alpha Beta Gamma and Psi Beta.
College Fraternities and Societies Defined
The following statements defining college professional and social fraternities and honor and recognition societies with their basic purposes, standards, and membership requirements have been issued by the respective groups for distribution to faculty and administration members and advisors, students leaders, and fraternal officers in general.
HONOR SOCIETIES
An honor society is an association of primarily collegiate members and chapters whose purposes are to encourage and recognize superior scholarship and/or leadership achievement either in broad fields of education or in departmental fields at either undergraduate or graduate levels. Basic standards and requirements for membership include the following:
General honor societies that base membership eligibility primarily upon the attainment of high scholarship in a broad field of study shall elect members from the highest 20 percent of the class in scholarship.
General honor societies that base membership eligibility primarily upon all-around leadership attainment in student affairs shall elect from the entire institution honor students from the highest 35 percent of the class in scholarship.
Specialized honor societies that elect persons actively interested in a specific field shall elect from the upper 35 percent of the class in scholarship.
Election to membership shall be irrespective of membership in or affiliation with other organizations and associations.
Membership shall be conferred solely on the basis of character and specified eligibility. See pp. 18 and 19 for more detail.
No solicitation or propaganda, such as rushing and social pressure, shall be used to ensure acceptance of invitation to membership.
Collegiate chapters of member ACHS societies shall be established only in colleges and universities that grant the associate, baccalaureate, or higher degrees and are accredited by the appropriate regional accrediting agency.
—Association of
College Honor Societies
RECOGNITION SOCIETIES
A recognition society is an organization that confers membership in recognition of a student’s interest and participation in some field of collegiate study or activity with more liberal membership requirements than are prescribed for general and specialized honor societies.
—Association of
Bylaws: Association of College Honor Societies
Adopted February 22, 1992, Amended February 20, 1999, Amended February 18, 2000, Amended February 16, 2001, Amended February 15, 2002, Amended February 24. 2006, Amended February 17, 2012, Amended February 15, 2013, Amended February 13, 2015, Amended February 12, 2016
Mission
The mission of the Association of College Honor Societies is to build a visibly cohesive community of national and international honor societies, individually and collaboratively exhibiting excellence in scholarship, service, programs, and governance.
Article IName
The name of this organization shall be the Association of College Honor Societies, hereinafter referred to as the Association.
Article IIPurposes
The Association is a community of honor societies banded together to provide leadership and a unified voice to forge a strong shared image by:
1. Acting as the coordinating agency for college and university honor societies.
2. Providing for the consideration of matters of mutual interest, such as administrative concerns, establishment and maintenance of scholastic and other standards, membership costs, and functions of honor societies, and encouraging and facilitating collaboration and cooperation among honor societies with similar goals, so that they may better meet the needs of the honors community.
3. Defining honor societies of the several types and to classify existing societies into their proper categories under these definitions.
4. Cooperating with college and university faculties and administrative officers in developing and maintaining high standards and useful functions within honor societies which are organized or seek to be organized.
5. Collecting, publishing, and distributing information and data of value to honor societies, colleges, universities, and publishers of directories and journals.
6. Encouraging in its member societies the promotion of excellence in scholarly achievement and such core values as honor, integrity, character, and leadership.
Article IIIMembers
Member societies of the Association shall be national or international and general or specialized honor societies which are primarily associations of collegiate chapters whose purposes are to recognize and encourage superior scholarship and/or leadership achievement in some broad or specialized field of study at either undergraduate or graduate levels and which meet the following minimal standards:
Section 1. Member societies of the Association must be non-profit organizations under Section 501(c)3 of the United States Internal Revenue Code.
Section 2. General Honor Societies. A general honor society is one which receives into membership persons from a broad field of study in one or all schools and colleges of an institution who have achieved high scholarship and who fulfill such additional requirements of leadership as the society has established. A general or broad field of study may cross all disciplines or be within one area with related but distinct units. A broad field of study is one in which a systematic development of the mind and of cultural values are acquired through instruction, training, example, and experience.
A. Grade Eligibility. General Honor Societies which base eligibility (1) primarily upon scholarship shall elect undergraduates who rank not lower than the highest twenty percent of their class in overall scholarship. General Honor Societies which base eligibility (2) primarily upon all-around leadership shall elect from the entire institution undergraduates who rank not lower than the highest thirty-five percent of their class in overall scholarship. The cumulative scholastic record of the student as interpreted by the institution where membership is to be conferred shall be the basis for computing scholastic eligibility for the purpose of classification in ranks.
B. Categories of Honor Societies. General Honor Societies are classified by class standing; (1) General Upper Division, (2) General Lower Division, and (3) General Graduate.
C. Election. Election to membership in General Upper Division Honor Societies shall be held not earlier than the completion of 50 percent of the total hours/credits required for the degree [e.g.; if a degree requires the completion of 120 credits/hours, the student must have completed 60 semester hours of credits/hours]. Persons elected to membership in general Lower Division Honor Societies (1) shall have accumulated the number of credit hours used by the institution to designate full-time status with at least 12 hours in courses leading to the associate degree or (2) shall have accumulated at the close of any curricular period during the freshman year the number of credit hours used by the institution to designate full-time status. Persons elected to membership in General Graduate Honor Societies shall have accumulated the number of graduate credit hours used by the institution to designate one full-term equivalency for one academic term.
Section 3. Specialized Honor Societies. A specialized honor society is one which receives into membership persons who have demonstrated high scholarship within a specialized or given field of study of a school, college, or larger unit of a university or within a field of study of a two-year college.
A. Grade Eligibility. Specialized honor societies which elect persons actively interested in a specific field shall elect only those who have demonstrated superior scholarship in this field. Undergraduates who are elected shall rank not lower than the highest thirty-five percent of their class in general scholarship. The cumulative scholastic record of the student as interpreted by the institution where membership is to be conferred shall be the basis for computing scholastic eligibility for the purpose of classification in ranks.
B. Categories of Honor Societies. Specialized Honor Societies are classified by class standing: (1) Specialized Upper Division, (2) Specialized Lower Division, and (3) Specialized Graduate.
C. Election. Persons elected to membership in Specialized Upper Division Honor Societies shall have completed at least 37.5 percent of the total hours/credits required for the degree [e.g.; if a degree requires the completion of 120 semester hours of hours/credits, the student must have completed 45 hours/credits]. Persons elected to membership in Specialized Lower Division Honor Societies shall have accumulated the number of credit hours used by the institution to designate full-time status with at least 12 hours in courses leading to the associate degree. Persons elected to membership in Specialized Graduate Honor Societies shall have accumulated the number of graduate credit hours used by the institution to designate one full-term equivalency for one academic term.
Section 4. Research Honor Societies. A Research Honor Society is one that receives into membership persons who have demonstrated achievement in a field of pure or applied science. Standards for membership shall be set to include initial research success and noteworthy achievement as an original investigator.
Section 5. Classes of Member Societies. There shall be two classes of member societies:
A. Active voting member societies shall meet all requirements for membership in the Association.
B. Associate nonvoting member societies shall meet all requirements for membership except those regarding age or size as specified in Article III, Section 6.
Section 6. Election of a Society to Membership. Election to membership shall be by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Section 7. Dues, Fees, and Assessments. The amount of any dues, fees, or assessments for any class of membership in the Association shall be established by the Council. The dues year shall be the same as the fiscal year.
Section 8. Standards and Requirements for Society Membership. For membership in the Association, a society shall conform to the following minimal standards:
A. To ensure that all Association members have developed a proven record of exhibiting excellence in scholarship, service, programs, and governance, a society shall have existed as a national organization for at least ten years before becoming an active voting member of the Association and for at least five years before becoming an associate nonvoting member of the Association. Further, a society shall have met all the standards for affiliation continuously for at least one full year.
B. Election of persons to membership in a member society shall be conferred solely on the basis of character and specified eligibility, and shall be irrespective of membership in or affiliation with other organizations and associations. No solicitation or propaganda, such as rushing or social pressure, shall be used to ensure invitation to or acceptance of membership. Invitation to membership must be from an official chapter. Chapters shall not discriminate on any basis prohibited by law.
C. A society shall have ten or more active collegiate chapters located in two or more geographic areas of the United States. An active collegiate chapter shall be defined as one which holds elections to membership at least annually, except in national emergencies, and includes active student members. An inactive chapter shall be one in which no elections have been held for two or more consecutive years.
D. Collegiate chapters of societies shall be established, maintained, or reactivated only in U.S. colleges and universities that grant the associate, baccalaureate, or higher degrees and that are accredited by one of the following accrediting agencies: the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Northwest Association of Schools, Colleges, and Universities; and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Two-year vocational, technical, and career institutions offering general or specialized programs which lead to career opportunities shall not be eligible, except those institutions accredited by the aforementioned regional accrediting agencies. No society shall grant a charter to a chapter in any institution which fails to meet fully the standards and requirements of the Association. Formal chartering of campus chapters shall require approval by a petition from the institution and, if appropriate, the college/department. Official action of the governing body of the honor society is also required.
E. Societies that allow for the establishment of collegiate chapters at non-U.S. institutions of higher learning shall be responsible for determining that such institutions meet and maintain the Association's standards and requirements with regard to the mission and quality of eligible institutions.
F. To further the purposes of this organization, the organizing instrument for each society must specifically state that the society is organized on a membership basis. This structure is necessary to ensure that the interests of individual members are advanced. Further, the organizing instrument and bylaws of a society must assure democratic participation in the society's governance. At a minimum, individual members of each society shall have the right to elect all members of its governing board, either in an individual or representative capacity, and shall have the power to adopt, amend, or repeal policies of the society. At least once every four years, a member society shall take the following actions, either at a national convention or through an equivalent democratic process; conduct elections of members of its governing board; establish authority for control of the affairs of the society; and present a report of national finances covering the period since the immediately preceding financial report. Each requirement set forth in this subsection (F) shall be addressed in the organizing instrument and/or bylaws of a society.
G. Admission fees and dues charged by a society shall not be more than is deemed reasonable by the Council of the Association.
H. By December 1, each society shall submit to the Association an annual report, which shall include society contact information, the most recent financial statement that includes the society's annual operating expenses, and such other information as may be requested by the Board of Directors.
I. Each society shall furnish the Association with a current copy of its constitution and/or bylaws, and shall report annually any amendments to that document by December 1 to accompany the annual report.
Section 9. Resignation. A member society desiring to resign from the Association shall submit such resignation in writing to the Association office.
Section 10. Suspension/Expulsion for Nonpayment. If a member society fails to pay dues, fees, or assessments, membership in the Association shall automatically terminate under uniform rules, procedures, and conditions established by the Board of Directors.
Section 11. Suspension/Expulsion for Cause. Membership of a society in the Association may be suspended or terminated by the Council for cause. Sufficient cause for such suspension or termination of membership may be violation of these Bylaws or any lawful rule or practice adopted by the Association, or other conduct deemed by the Council to be prejudicial to the best interest of the Association. Charges or complaints regarding a member society may be submitted in writing to the Executive Director or President by any member of the Council and, when submitted, shall be investigated by the Board of Directors. A statement of the charges shall be sent by a means that includes obtaining a signed receipt [e.g.; USPS Certified Mail, FedEx, UPS, etc.] to the last recorded address of the member society, accompanied by notice of the time and place of the meeting at which the charges are to be considered. At least thirty days' notice shall be given, and the member society shall have the opportunity to be represented in person or to be represented by counsel and to present any defense to such charges before action is taken by the Council. The member society must notify the Executive Director at least 21 days in advance of the meeting if the member society decides to be represented by counsel. The Council may adopt such rules as may be necessary to assure due process to the member society. The decision for suspension or termination shall be by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Section 12. Reinstatement. Any member society having resigned from membership or having forfeited membership for failure to pay dues, fees, or assessments, may be reinstated upon application to the Board of Directors through the Executive Director, upon meeting such uniform terms and conditions as may be established by the Council, and by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Article IVCouncil
Section 1. Council. The Council shall be the policy-making body of the Association, subject to these Bylaws and the laws of the state or commonwealth in which the Association is incorporated.
Section 2. The voting members of the Council shall consist of one representative, preferably the executive, from each active voting member society, selected by that society to serve a term of one year or until a successor is selected.
Section 3. Annual Meeting. The annual convention of the Association shall be known as the Annual Meeting, and shall be held at a time and place the Board of Directors shall determine, and at which time the Council shall meet.
Section 4. Official Call. The official call to the Annual Meeting giving the time and place of the meeting(s) of the Council shall be mailed or sent electronically to the address of record of each member society at least 30 days in advance of the Annual Meeting.
Section 5. Quorum. A quorum for the transaction of business at meetings of the Council shall be the official representatives of a majority of the active voting member societies of the Association.
Section 6. Representatives of the associate nonvoting member societies shall have the privilege of the floor, but without vote. The Council may, at its discretion, invite to its meetings representatives of other organizations, to have the privilege of the floor, but without vote.
Section 7. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Council shall be called by the President upon written request of three-fourths of the members of the Board of Directors or two-thirds of the active voting member societies. Such special meetings shall be held within fifty days of such request. The time and place of a special meeting shall be mailed or sent electronically to the address of record for each member society. Not less than five days' notice of a special meeting shall be given, and only that business specified in the call may be transacted.
Section 8. Board Report. The Board shall provide to the Council an annual report showing the following information for the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of the report: summary of actions; assets and liabilities as of the end of the fiscal year; the principal changes in assets and liabilities; the expenses or disbursements of the Association, for both general and restricted purposes; the number of members of the Association as of the date of the report, together with a statement of increase or decrease in such number, and a statement of the place where the names and addresses of current members may be found.
Article VBoard of Directors
Section 1. Composition. The Board of Directors shall consist of seven directors elected from among the voting members of the Council at the Annual Meeting to serve staggered three-year terms or until their successors are elected and the Executive Director as ex-officio without vote. An elected director may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The Board shall consist of two General society representative, two Specialized society representatives, and three At-Large representatives.
Section 2. Powers and Duties. The Board of Directors shall have general supervision of the Association between meetings of the Council, shall administer the policies, programs, and activities of the Association as formulated by the Council; shall employ an Executive Director to be responsible for the operation of a national office; shall develop governing policies that concern goals, executive limitations, board process, and board/executive relations; and is vested with full power to conduct all business of the Association between meetings of the Council. The Board of Directors shall be subject to the orders of the Council, and none of its actions shall conflict with action taken by the Council. The Board of Directors shall arrange the order of business for the Annual Meeting, shall cause to be bonded all officers and employees entrusted with property, real and personal, belonging to the Association, cause the accounts of the Association to be audited annually, submit to the Council for adoption a budget for the next fiscal year, approve such amendments to the budget as may be necessary or appropriate, review the reports of officers and committees of the Association and any recommendations and resolutions to come before the Council and to make recommendations thereto, adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the Association, and perform such other duties as are prescribed or permitted by the laws of the state or commonwealth in which the Association is incorporated for a board of directors or by these Bylaws and the policies adopted by the Council.
Section 3. Regular Meetings. There shall be at least one regular meeting of the Board of Directors which shall be called by the President at the time and place of the Annual Meeting of the Council.
Section 4. Special Meetings. Special meetings may be called by the President with the approval of a majority of the members of the Board of Directors, and shall be called upon the written request of a majority of the members of the Board of Directors. Not less than five days' notice shall be given except for meetings which may be called during the Annual Meeting. Business shall be limited to that which is mentioned in the call. The expense of attendance of members of the Board of Directors at special meetings other than those held during the Annual Meeting may be budgeted by the Association.
Section 5. Quorum. A majority of the members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum.
Section 6. Voting by Mail or Conference Call.
A. Mail Ballot. Any question may be submitted in writing to the Board of Directors for determination in lieu of a meeting of the Board of Directors. If one-third of the members challenge the mail ballot on the grounds that insufficient information is available for proper consideration of the question, the question will be postponed to the next meeting of the Board of Directors. A report of any action taken by mail ballot shall be verified and made a part of the minutes of the next meeting of the Board of Directors.
B. Conference Call. Members of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors through conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time, and such participation shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.
Article VIOfficers
Section 1. Officers. The officers of this Association shall be a President, a Vice President, and a Secretary. The officers shall perform the duties prescribed by these Bylaws and by the parliamentary authority adopted by the Association.
The President shall preside at all meetings of the Council and the Board of Directors, serve as an ex-officio member of Board committees except the Nominating Committee, and provide leadership to the Board of Directors. Upon completion of term of office, the President shall automatically receive the honorific title of President Emeritus.
The Vice President shall have the powers of and perform the duties of the President during any absence or disability of the President, and shall fill the vacancy until the President can resume the duties of that office or until the annual election of officers.
The Secretary shall act as recording secretary of the Council and the Board of Directors and shall perform other such duties as prescribed in these Bylaws or as directed by the Board of Directors.
Section 2. Elections. The officers shall be elected by the Board of Directors from among their own number to serve terms of one year or until their successors are elected. No officer shall be eligible to serve more than two consecutive terms in the same office.
Section 3. Vacancies. Should the office of Vice President or Secretary or other director become vacant, these shall be filled by appointment by the Board of Directors to serve until the next Council.
Section 4. Resignation. Any elected officer or director may resign by submitting that resignation in writing to the Board of Directors.
Section 5. Removal for Cause. Any member of the Board of Directors may be removed for cause. Sufficient cause for such removal may be violation of these Bylaws, or any lawful rule, practice, or procedure adopted by the Association or other conduct deemed by the Council to be prejudicial to the best interests of the Association. For removal of a director for cause, it shall be necessary for the Council to hold a formal hearing. A statement of the charges shall be sent by a means that includes obtaining a signed receipt [e.g.; USPS Certified Mail, FedEx, UPS, etc.] to the recorded address of the director, accompanied by notice of the time and place of the meeting at which the charges are to be considered. At least thirty days' notice shall be given, and the director shall have the opportunity to appear in person or to be represented by counsel and to present any defense to such charges before action is taken. The director must notify the Executive Director at least 21 days in advance of the meeting if the member society decides to be represented by counsel. The Council shall adopt such rules as may be necessary to assure due process to the director. The decision for removal shall be made by a four-fifths affirmative vote of the Council at the Annual Meeting.
Article VIIExecutive Director
The Executive Director shall be employed by and serve under the direction of the Board of Directors as the chief executive officer of the Association. The Executive Director shall implement policies and programs of the Council and Board of Directors; be responsible for relations with members and external groups; supervise and manage the offices of the Association and engage all employees; serve as custodian of properties, deeds, records, and archives belonging to the Society and hold, invest, and disburse monies according to policies established by the Board of Directors; and coordinate and expedite work of the Council, Board of Directors, and committees.
Article VIIICommittees
Section 1. Board Standing Committees shall be established by the Council. Special Committees shall be established by the Council or the Board of Directors. The Chairs and members shall be appointed by the President with the approval of the Board of Directors, unless stipulated otherwise elsewhere in these Bylaws. The Board Standing Committees of the Association shall be:
A. The Bylaws Committee shall study issues referred to it by the Council or the Board of Directors and amendments submitted by individual members or committees and prepare appropriate amendments for consideration by the Board of Directors and the Council.
B. The Nominating Committee of five members shall be elected by the Council, two in even years and three in odd years. Candidates for the Nominating Committee shall reflect the diversity of the membership. It shall be the responsibility of this Committee to nominate candidates for directors and for the Nominating Committee to be filled at the Council Meeting. The Committee chair shall be elected annual by the Committee from among the five members. A member of the Nominating Committee may not be nominated for any vacancy without resigning as a member of the Nominating Committee. Before the election, additional nominations from the floor shall be permitted.
C. The Committee on Standards and Definitions shall study issues related to standards and definitions of honor societies and recommend principles to guide the Council in its work, and shall examine compliance of constitutions and/or bylaws of member societies with respect to Association standards and make recommendations to the Board of Directors and the Council.
D. The Long Range Planning and Strategic Issues Committee shall evaluate the goals and objectives of the Association and make recommendations for changes as deemed necessary.
E. The Program Committee shall prepare the Annual Meeting agenda and program in consultation with and with the approval of the Board of Directors.
F. The Committee on Eligibility and Admissions shall correspond with organizations in order to determine their interest in affiliation with the Association and shall assist in the development of petitions for membership. It shall review objectives, governance, and activities of student organizations to determine eligibility of such societies for admission into the Association and shall make recommendations to the Board of Directors and the Council.
G. The Committee on Public Information shall publicize the Association and its Annual Meeting by distributing news releases to representatives of member societies and appropriate associations and agencies, and shall promote the objectives and interests of the Association to other organizations and to the public through exhibits, exchanges, printed materials, and other appropriate means.
H. The Association Management Committee shall study tax developments and new regulations, keep abreast of association management trends in non-profits, and inform the Board of Directors and the Council of changes pertinent to member societies.
Article IXIndemnification
The Association shall have the power to indemnify any person who is or was a Council representative, officer, Board of Directors member, employee, or agent of the Association or who is or was serving at the request of the Association as a delegate, director, officer, employee, or agent of another association, society, corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise, to the full extent permitted by law. The Association may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of such persons against any liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the Association would have the power to indemnify him or her against any such liability. Such persons shall not be personally liable for monetary damages for any action taken unless the person has breached or failed to perform the duties of the office and the breach or failure to perform constitutes self-dealing, willful misconduct, or recklessness. Exception: The above shall not apply to the responsibility or liability of a person pursuant to any criminal statute or the liability for the payment of taxes pursuant to federal, state, or local law.
The Board of Directors shall determine the fiscal year.
Article XINet Earnings/Activities/Dissolution
Section 1. The Association is a nonprofit organization that will be financed under a general plan which may include, without limitation, member dues and assessments, contributions from the general public, fund raising activities, loans and grants from third parties, and income from investments, as shall be deemed necessary and appropriate to further the purposes of the Association.
Section 2. The Association is organized exclusively for charitable educational purposes, including receiving and administering funds and making distributions to organizations that qualify as exempt organizations under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or the corresponding section of any future federal tax code.
Section 3. Upon the dissolution of the Association, the Council shall, after paying or making provision for the payment of all of the liabilities of the Association, dispose of all of the assets of the Association exclusively for the purposes of the Association in such manner, or to such organization or organizations organized and operating exclusively for charitable, education, religious, or scientific purposes as shall at the time qualify as an exempt organization or organizations under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, or the corresponding section of any future federal tax code, as the Council shall determine. Any such assets not so disposed of shall be disposed of by the Court of Common Pleas of the county in which the principal office of the Association is then located, exclusively for such purposes or to such organization or organizations, as said Court shall determine, which are organized and operated exclusively for such purposes.
Article XIIParliamentary Authority
The rules contained in Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised shall govern the Association in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they are not inconsistent with these Bylaws and any special rules of order the Association may adopt.
Article XIIAmendment of Bylaws
These Bylaws may be amended at any meeting of the Council by a two-thirds affirmative vote provided that a copy of the proposed amendment has been sent to each member society and each member of the Board of Directors at least thirty days prior to the meeting, or without notice at any meeting of the Council by a three-fourths affirmative vote.
Functions of an Honor Society
The functions of an honor society are not social as in the case of general college fraternities and sororities. Social activities of honor societies are incidental and occasional, usually in connection with major activities. The following functions are properly served by an honor society:
To confer distinction for high achievement in undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies, in student leadership, and in various fields of research.
To foster the spirit of liberal culture.
To stimulate and encourage mental development.
To stand for freedom of mind and spirit and for democracy of learning.
To provide spiritual and intellectual leadership.
To preserve valuable traditions and customs.
To associate outstanding leaders in mutual understanding for the advancement of society in the art of democratic living.
To stimulate worthy attitudes for the improvement of the general welfare of the institution.
To impose upon members high citizenship responsibilities and to emphasize deeper study and discussion of the American tradition-its characteristics, ideals, and possibilities.
Member Societies
Founded in 1970 at Manchester, Connecticut.
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 181
Total Membership: 81000
Publications: Honors Journal, Scholarship Directory, Chapter Operating Manual
PURPOSE: To confer distinction for high academic achievement in business studies; to encourage scholarship, intellectual development, and the pursuit of excellence in business careers; to teach leadership; to provide for an exchange of intellectual ideas; to provide networking opportunities for business students. Exceptional business professionals and academicians are recognized through honorary membership. All members are lifetime members.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to students enrolled in business degree programs who have achieved a minimum of 3.0/4.0 cumulative grade point average and who have earned 30 credits towards a business degree and rank in the top 35% of their class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. John D. Christesen, CEO, 1160 Midland Avenue, Suite 4C, Bronxville, NY 10708
Tel: (914) 771-9987 Fax: (843) 314-0948
Last updated: 1/29/2016
Alpha Chi — All Academic Fields
Founded at a conference of Texas colleges held on the campus of Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas, February 22, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1955
No of Active Chapters: 337
Total Membership: 409402
Publications: Alpha Chi Recorder, Alpha Chi Newsletter
PURPOSE: To encourage sound scholarship and devotion to truth, not only among members but among all students on chapter campuses. Opposed to bigotry, narrowness, and discrimination on any basis other than that of academic achievement or character.
ELIGIBILITY: Active membership is restricted to the top ten percent of juniors, seniors, and graduate students. The faculty may set higher standards. High scholarship is the primary requisite for membership, but good character and reputation are considerations.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Trisha Yarbrough, Executive Director, Alpha Chi Natl. Office, 1210 E Race Ave, Searcy, AR 72143-4656
Tel: (800) 477-4225
Alpha Epsilon — Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering
Founded at the University of Missouri, May 14, 1959
Admitted to ACHS: 1968
Associate: 1968: Full membership: 1970
No of Active Chapters: 17
Total Membership: 8144
Publications:
PURPOSE: To promote the high ideals of the engineering profession, to give recognition to those agricultural and biological engineers who manifest worthy qualities of character, scholarship, and professional attainment, and to encourage and support such improvements in the agricultural and biological engineering profession that make it an instrument of greater service to mankind.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership shall be based on scholarship, leadership, and character. Active members shall be undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in agricultural and biological engineering. A senior must be in the upper third of the college class in which enrolled. A junior must be in the upper quarter of the college class in which enrolled. Graduate students must have completed seven semester hours of graduate course work with a minimum grade average of 3.25 on a 4.0 point scale, or have been eligible as an undergraduate.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Alicia Modenbach, Interim Secretary/Treasurer, 128 CE Barnhart Building, Lexington, KY 40546
Tel: (859) 257-1265 Fax: (859) 257-5671
Founded at the University of Alabama, April 28, 1926
Admitted to ACHS: 1945
No of Active Chapters: 179
Total Membership: 168178
Publications: The Scalpel, AED Newsletter
PURPOSE: Alpha Epsilon Delta is the national health preprofessional honor society dedicated to the encouragement and recognition of excellence in preprofessional health scholarship, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary, and others. The Society welcomes ALL students engaged in the pursuit of a professional healthcare career. AED offers opportunities for intellectual and professional development, provides a forum for students with common interest, and extends a program of service to benefit the college/university community.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership in AED is an honor bestowed upon a student in recognition of superior scholastic achievement, and affords an opportunity to develop initiative, leadership, and self-education through participation in the activities of the chapter and Society.
A Student Member is a person preparing for a career in a health profession, has completed at least three semesters (five quarters) of preprofessional health work (with the minimum scholastic requirements as described in the Constitution), has been initiated into the Society, paid the national membership fee, and has been registered with the National Office. A Student Member becomes an AED alumnus upon graduation.
The student shall be engaged in courses leading to the study of their chosen health profession. The student shall have completed at least three semesters or five quarters of health preprofessional studies work with a overall cumulative grade average of at least 3.20 on a 4.0 scale (A = 4.00) and also with a cumulative average of 3.20 in the sciences - biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Members shall be selected with no discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, creed or national origin.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Laura Dixon, National Office, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Texas Christian University, TCU BOX 298810, Winton-Scott 213, Fort Worth, TX 76129
Tel: (817) 257-4550 Fax: (817) 257- 0201
Alpha Epsilon Rho — Electronic Media
Founded in 1943 at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri
Admitted to ACHS: 2009
No of Active Chapters: 59
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 83
Total Membership: 41346
Number of Regions: 1
PURPOSE: Members emphasize superior scholarship as well as creative participation in electronic media production and activity. Membership in AERho exemplifies excellence of work, demonstrated leadership qualities and service to the organization, the community, and the industry.
Individuals show a demonstrated interest in the field of electronic media (including web/internet technologies, broadcasting, mass communication, radio, television, cable, and/or film). Student members are affiliated with chapters found on university campuses or are members of the national chapter when there is no existing collegiate chapter.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to students who have completed three semesters or five quarters of full-time college work, in a college or university which is accredited by the appropriate regional accrediting associations, grants baccalaureate or higher degrees and which provides or maintains some form of electronic media curriculum.
Undergraduate students shall not rank lower than the upper one third of their college class in overall scholarship as indicated by a cumulative grade point average of 3.25 or higher on all courses as well as a GPA of 3.25 in all electronic media studies courses (on a 4.0 scale).
Graduate students must meet the requirements for undergraduate candidates, based upon his/her undergraduate records or who have completed at least one year of graduate work, meeting departmental standards for satisfactory progress toward an advanced degree.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jim Wilson, Executive Director, NBS-AERho National Office, PO Box 4206, Chesterfield, MO 63006
Tel: (636) 536-1943 Fax: (636) 898-6920
Publications: AEMB Newsletter
PURPOSE: Alpha Eta Mu Beta is the National Biomedical Engineering Honor Society. Established in 1979, Alpha Eta Mu Beta was formed to recognize and encourage excellence in the field of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. Membership into Alpha Eta Mu Beta consists of those individuals in the field of Biomedical Engineering or Bioengineering who through their attainments in college or in practice have manifested a deep interest and marked ability in their chosen life work. The purpose of Alpha Eta Mu Beta is to bring these individuals into closer union so as to promote an understanding of the profession. Membership to Alpha Eta Mu Beta is a privilege and an honor. Members of Alpha Eta Mu Beta are recognized in an outstanding manner for having conferred honor on their Alma Mater by distinguished scholarship, exemplary character, honorable activities, and leadership.
Through various development, training, networking and service opportunities, members of Alpha Eta Mu Beta are able to learn and grow. In this process, they develop critical lifelong skills that prepare them to excel for the post college environment or to transform individuals at their present jobs into leaders and innovators.
The fields of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering are constantly evolving; therefore, over the years, AEMB has transformed itself into a dynamic organization to meet the needs of its growing membership and alumni, the institutions that they serve and our society.
ELIGIBILITY: To be eligible for membership in Alpha Eta Mu Beta, an individual must:
(1)Be a full-time junior or senior undergraduate student registered in an Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) accredited Bioengineering or Biomedical Engineering program. Biomedical Engineering Technology or Biotechnology programs are not considered comparable curricula.
(2)Maintain an average scholastic grade a. In the upper one-fifth of the class for juniors b. In the upper one-third of the class for seniors
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Marcia Pool, 1304 W. Springfield Avenue, M/C 278, Urbana, IL 61801
Alpha Iota Delta — Decision Sciences and Information Systems
Founded at Decision Sciences Institute, Atlanta, GA, 1971
Admitted to ACHS: 2009
No of Active Chapters: 53
Total Membership: 6598
PURPOSE: The purposes of the honor society are threefold:
to confer distinction to students in the decision sciences and information systems disciplines for academic excellence
to promote the infusion of the functional and behavioral areas of business with the tools, concepts, and methodologies of the decision sciences and information systems
to promote interest in the disciplines of decision sciences and information systems
ELIGIBILITY: Open to both undergraduate and graduate students. All students who meet the required grade point average and have taken enough decision science courses are eligible for membership in Alpha Iota Delta.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Gregory Ulferts, Executive Director, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W. McNichols Road, Detroit, MI 48221
Tel: (313) 993-1219
Founded at the University of Southern California, 1920
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 508
Total Membership: 113000
Publications: Sociological Inquiry AKD Newsletter
PURPOSE: The name implies social research for the purpose of service. It is a non-secret, democratic, international, sociology honor society.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate: Must be an officially declared sociology major or demonstrate a serious interest in sociology within an official program of the host institution. Must be at least a junior (third year) by standards of the host institution. Shall rank in the top 35% of their class in general scholarship. If class rank is not readily available to a chapter representative, in lieu of class rank, students shall have accumulated the equivalent of an overall grade point average of at least 3.3 by a four point scale where: A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, F=0. Must have maintained the equivalent of a 3.0 grade point average in sociology courses taken at the host institution prior to initiation. Must have completed at least four regular courses in sociology at the host institution prior to initiation (exclusive of extension or courses graded pass/fail).
Graduates: For students classified as graduate students (those officially admitted to graduate study in sociology at the host institution), the following specific requirements must have been met prior to the time of initiation: completion of one half year of graduate study in sociology (i.e., one semester or two quarters or the equivalent academic unit) with a graduate GPA of B or better, and continued matriculation in a program of study leading toward a graduate degree in sociology at the host institution.
Staff Members: For staff members of the host institution, formal conferral of the Ph.D. in sociology or employment as a sociologist are required prior to initiation, provided they meet the other requirements set forth above.
Barring unusual circumstances, graduate students are eligible for membership in Alpha Kappa Delta. Election to Alpha Kappa Delta shall be without regard to race, creed, or national origin.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Bethany Titus, Executive Director, 2507 James Street, Suite 210, Syracuse, NY 13206
Tel: (315) 883-0528 Fax: (315) 410-5408
Alpha Kappa Mu — All Academic Fields
Founded at Tennessee A & I State College, November 26, 1937�
Admitted to ACHS: 1952
No of Active Chapters: 46
Total Membership: 96951
Publications: Alpha Kappa Mu Newsletter (published biannually)
PURPOSE: To promote high scholarship; to encourage sincere and zealous endeavor in all fields of knowledge and service; to cultivate a high order of personal living; and to develop an appreciation for scholarship and scholarly endeavor in others.�
ELIGIBILITY: Election to membership in a chapter of Alpha Kappa Mu is limited to students of junior or senior classification, who have earned a minimum of thirty hours at the institution a year prior to induction, with a cumulative grade point ratio of 3.3 or better (A=4) and ranks in the upper 10% of the class. Fifty percent or more of the hours needed for graduation must have been completed. In addition to academic requirements, good character and one's reputation are considered for membership. First-year graduate students are eligible if they meet the requirements for undergraduates. A continuing graduate student must have been admitted as a matriculated student and must have earned fifteen hours with a GPA of 3.7 or better.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Mollie B. Brown, Executive Secretary-Treasurer, 324 Enterprise Drive, Albany, GA 31705
Tel: (229) 432-5476 Fax: (229) 883-3097
Alpha Lambda Delta — Freshman Scholarship
Founded at the University of Illinois on May 31, 1924
Admitted to ACHS: 1939
No of Active Chapters: 275
Total Membership: 1001000
Publications: The Flame
PURPOSE: The purpose of the society is to encourage superior scholastic attainment among students in their first year in institutions of higher education, to promote intelligent living and a continued high standard of learning, and to assist women and men in recognizing and developing meaningful goals for their roles in society.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is based on superior academic achievement by students during their first year of college. The student must be registered for a full load of courses leading to a bachelor's degree. Students must have a cumulative GPA of 3.5 or better (based on A=4.0) at the end of any curricular period during their first year of college and rank in the top 20% of the freshman class. Students are active during the year following induction, but enjoy life membership in the society.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Eileen N. Merberg, Executive Director, P.O. Box 444, Fairport, NY 14450
Tel: (585) 364-0840
Alpha Phi Sigma — Criminal Justice
Founded at Washington State University 1942
Admitted to ACHS: 1981
No of Active Chapters: 365
Total Membership: 107701
Publications: The Docket
PURPOSE: The purpose of Alpha Phi Sigma is to recognize and promote high scholarship among students actively engaged in collegiate preparation for professional services; to keep abreast of the advances in scientific research; to elevate the ethical standards of the Criminal Justice professions; and to establish in the public mind the benefit and necessity of education.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students must have declared a major, minor, or equivalent in criminal justice or related fields, must rank in the upper 35% of their class, have completed three full-time semesters or equivalent, have a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale with a minimum grade point average of 3.2 in courses in the criminal justice or related fields. A minimum of four courses shall be in the criminal justice, law* or related fields. Graduate students shall be enrolled in a graduate program in the criminal justice field, have completed 12 semester hours of graduate work or equivalent, have a minimum grade point average of 3.4 on a 4.0 scale, with a minimum grade point average of 3.4 in the courses in the criminal justice field. *Law students enrolled in law school must have completed one academic year, with a minimum grade point average of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Regina Shearn, Ph.D, National Executive Director, Alpha Phi Sigma, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
Tel: (954) 262-7004 Fax: (954) 262-3646
Alpha Pi Mu — Industrial Engineering
Founded at Georgia Institute of Technology, January 5, 1949
Admitted to ACHS: 1952
No of Active Chapters: 68
Total Membership: 47095
Publications:
PURPOSE: Confer recognition upon students of Industrial and Systems Engineering who have shown exceptional academic interest and abilities in their field, encourage the advancement and quality of Industrial and Systems Engineering education, unify the student body of the Industrial Engineering department in presenting its needs and ideals to the faculty.
ELIGIBILITY: Students of Industrial and Systems Engineering who rank scholastically in the upper one-third of the senior Industrial and Systems Engineering class and the upper one-fifth of the junior Industrial and Systems Engineering class are considered for membership on the basis of leadership, ethics, sociability, character, and breadth of interest. Graduate students and alumni may be elected to membership if they meet the requirements. Faculty members and professional industrial and systems engineers may be elected to faculty and honorary membership respectively have proven themselves outstanding professionals in the field.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. C. Patrick Koelling, Executive Director, APM National Office, 3005 Lancaster Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060
Tel: (540) 553-2043 Fax: (540) 231-3322
Alpha Sigma Lambda — Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning
Founded in 1942 at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
Admitted to ACHS: 2011
No of Active Chapters: 325
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 325
Publications: Midnight Oil Newsletter
PURPOSE: Alpha Sigma Lambda's aim is to recognize the special achievements of adults who accomplish academic excellence while facing competing interests of home and work. Alpha Sigma Lambda is dedicated to the advancement of scholarship and recognizes high scholastic achievement in an adult student's career. By so doing, this Society encourages many students to continue toward and to earn associate and baccalaureate degrees.
Through leadership born of effort, both scholastically and fraternally, Alpha Sigma Lambda inspires its candidates to give of their strengths to their fellow students and communities through their academic achievements.
To the newcomer in higher education, Alpha Sigma Lambda stands as an inspiration to scholastic growth and an invitation to associate with similarly motivated students.
ELIGIBILITY: Students interested in attaining membership in the Alpha Sigma Lambda National Honor Society must attend a regionally accredited college or university that offers two- or four-year degrees to non-traditional/adult students. This institution must be a member of the Society in order to offer membership to its students. Membership is strictly by invitation to the chapter at the matriculating institution. Currently, membership is limited to undergraduate students seeking their first degree.
Student members must have completed a minimum of twenty-four (24) graded semester hour credits or the equivalent** and shall be matriculated students in an undergraduate degree program in an institution that is regionally accredited in the U.S or recognized by the Ministry of Education of the country in which the program operates. These college credits may not include transfer credits. All twenty-four credits must be taken through and graded at the matriculating institution and must be included in the student�s cumulative GPA.
At least twelve credits of student's total credits should be earned in courses in Liberal Arts/Sciences, not including applied Arts/Sciences courses. Accepted transfer courses may be added to the 24 credits earned at this institution until the Liberal Arts/Sciences requirements are fully satisfied.
Student members shall be selected from the highest twenty percent of the students who have twenty-four graded credits and are matriculated in an undergraduate degree program. Student members selected must have a minimum grade point average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale or its equivalent. The cumulative scholastic record of the student as interpreted by the institution where membership is to be conferred shall be the basis for computing scholastic eligibility.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Ms. Pam Collins, Executive Director, Alpha Sigma Lambda, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave., Charleston, IL 61920
Tel: (217) 581-7106 Fax: (217) 581-6697
Alpha Sigma Mu — Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
Founded at the Michigan Technological University, January, 1932
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 34
Total Membership: 8000
PURPOSE: To honor those students of metallurgy, metallurgical engineering and materials engineering who attain high rank in scholarship and who possess to a high degree the qualities of exemplary integrity, leadership and initiative.
ELIGIBILITY: There are three classes of membership: Distinguished Life Members, Regular, and Honorary. Distinguished Life Members shall have achieved and maintained, throughout a long career, a distinguished international standing in metallurgy, metallurgical engineering, materials science, or materials engineering professions, through academic, research, or industrial activity. An Honorary Member shall have achieved exceptionally high standing in the metallurgy, metallurgical engineering, materials science, or materials engineering professions through academic, research, or industrial activity. A Regular Member shall be either an outstanding undergraduate or graduate student possessing the qualities of integrity, leadership, and initiative, at a recognized college or university in a pertinent curriculum, or a practicing scientist or engineer who has attained high stature in the field of metallurgical or materials engineering, through outstanding scholarly activity, research, or service to the profession. An undergraduate student shall be of junior or senior status, shall have completed at least nine credit hours or the equivalent, and shall have attended the approved college or university for at least two full quarters or one semester. An undergraduate student shall be in the cumulative upper one-third scholastically of all students working toward a degree in the curriculum. A graduate student shall have completed at least nine semester hours or equivalent at the graduate level and meet the above qualities. A practicing scientist shall be well-known and respected for contributions to metallurgy and/or materials.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Prof. Walter Milligan, Dept. Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
Tel: (906) 487-2015 Fax: (906) 487-2934
Alpha Sigma Nu — General Scholarship - Jesuit Institutions of Higher Education
Founded at Marquette University, 1915
Merged with Gamma Pi Epsilon, March 30, 1973
Admitted to ACHS: 1975
No of Active Chapters: 31
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 14
Total Membership: 72000
Publications: ASN Newsletters, Faculty Advisers Bulletin
PURPOSE: To honor students of Jesuit institutions of higher education who distinguish themselves in scholarship, loyalty, and service; to encourage those so honored to understand, to appreciate, and to promote the ideals of Jesuit education.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership is conferred on not more than four percent of the junior and senior class. Candidates must rank in the top fifteen percent of their class . Graduate students shall have completed one-half of the requirements for their degree at the time of nomination. All must meet qualifications of service and loyalty to the Jesuit ideals of higher education. Chapters may confer a limited number of honor memberships.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Kate Gaertner, Executive Director, Alpha Signa Nu, Inc., 707 N. 11th St., Room 330, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881
Tel: (414) 288-7542 Fax: (414) 288-3259
Beta Gamma Sigma — Business and Management
Founded at University of Wisconsin-Madison, February 19, 1913
Admitted to ACHS: 1937
No of Active Chapters: 543
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 30
Total Membership: 750000
Publications: BGS News, BGS Directory, BGS Chapter Notes (Chapter Advisors)
PURPOSE: The Mission of the International Honor Society Beta Gamma Sigma is to encourage and honor academic achievement in the study of business, to cultivate and celebrate leadership and professional excellence, to advance the values of the Society and to service its lifelong members.
ELIGIBILITY: Limited to those majoring in business and management at institutions accredited by AACSB International. The upper 10 percent of undergraduate students, the upper 20 percent of master's students and doctoral students who have completed all requirements for that degree may be inducted. Undergraduates may be inducted as early as the last term of their second year of business study.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Christina Carosella, CEO, 125 Weldon Parkway, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3101
Tel: (314) 432-5650 Fax: (314) 432-7083
Last updated: 1/15/2015
Beta Kappa Chi — Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Founded in 1923 by the science faculty and science students of Lincoln University, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania.
Admitted to ACHS: 1961
No of Active Chapters: 66
Total Membership: 35552
Publications: Beta Kappa Chi Bulletin
PURPOSE: The purpose of this Society shall be to encourage and advance scientific education through original investigation, the dissemination of scientific knowledge; and the stimulation of high scholarship in pure and applied science.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students are eligible for membership if they rank in the upper fifth of their class and have completed at least sixty-four semester hours of college work, seventeen semester hours of which shall be in one of the sciences recognized by Beta Kappa Chi with a grade average of at least B in the science area and a general college average of at least B; graduate students are eligible if they have completed at least fifteen semester hours in one of the sciences recognized by the Society with a grade average of A in at least one-third of the hours and at least B in the remaining two-thirds semester hours.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Mrs. Deadra James Mackie, Executive Secretary, Asst. Professor of Biology, Southern University and A&M College, Biology Dept., 244 William James Hall, PO Box 10046, Baton Rouge, LA 70813
Tel: (225) 771-4845 Fax: (225) 771-4848
Beta Phi Mu — Library & Information Studies
Founded at the University of Illinois, August 1948
Admitted to ACHS: 1969
No of Active Chapters: 48
Total Membership: 40000
Publications: The Pipeline Online Newsletter, Scholars Series
PURPOSE: Recognition of superior academic achievement in library and information science; sponsorship of professional and scholarly projects.
ELIGIBILITY: Active membership is open to graduates of schools of library and information science with masters programs accredited by the American Library Association who have earned an academic average in their professional studies of at least 3.75 (where A=4.0). No more than 25% of a given graduating class may be nominated. Each eligible candidate must also be recommended for election by the faculty of the candidate's school.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Alison M. Lewis, Ph.D., PO Box 42139, Philadelphia, PA 19101
Tel: (267) 361-5108
Founded at the University of Illinois, May 20, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1953
No of Active Chapters: 131
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 2
Total Membership: 117000
Publications: The Transit, Chi Epsilon Newsletter
PURPOSE: To place a mark of distinction upon the student of civil engineering who exemplifies the four traits of the successful engineer, the cornerstones upon which Chi Epsilon is founded: scholarship, character, practicality, and sociability.
ELIGIBILITY: Only those students shall be eligible for active membership who have maintained an average grade in scholarship in the highest one-third of the class of those who are eligible for Chi Epsilon honors (namely those students duly registered in the civil engineering courses, or directly associated courses whose curricula have been approved, and who have completed at least one-half of the required work for their bachelor�s degree--in essence, juniors and seniors).
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Glenn C. Goss, Executive Secretary, University of Texas at Arlington, Nedderman Hall, RM 218, Arlington, TX 76019-0316
Tel: (866) 554-0553 Fax: (817) 272-3245
Chi Sigma Iota — Professional Counseling
Founded at Ohio University, March 1985
Admitted to ACHS: 2001
No of Active Chapters: 280
Total Membership: 100000
Number of Regions: 5
Publications: The Exemplar (3 regular issues plus special issue biennially), The Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy (2 issues annually)
PURPOSE: Our mission is to promote scholarship, research, professionalism, leadership, advocacy, and excellence in counseling, and to recognize high attainment in the pursuit of academic and clinical excellence in the profession of counseling and counselor education.
ELIGIBILITY: Graduate students invited to membership must have a minimum 3.5 GPA on a 4.0 scale after completing at least one full academic term (or its equivalent in hours) of graduate preparation in counselor education and be recommended by the chapter as suited for such recognition. Professionals invited to membership must meet all the same requirements as student members including a 3.5 GPA or better on all graduate work and have their primary career identity as a professional counselor as evident, for example, by their highest degree being in counselor education and their professional license or certification as a counselor.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Holly J. Hartwig Moorhead, Chief Executive Officer, P.O. Box 1829, Thomasville, NC 27360
Tel: (336) 841-8180 Fax: (336) 841-8180
Delta Epsilon Sigma — General Scholarship in Colleges and Universities with a Catholic Tradition
Founded at Loras College, April 13, 1939
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 53
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 90347
Publications: Delta Epsilon Sigma Journal
PURPOSE: The purposes of this Society shall be to recognize academic accomplishments, to foster scholarly activities, and to encourage a sense of intellectual community among its members.
ELIGIBILITY: To be eligible for membership in the Society, candidates must be persons who have a record of outstanding academic accomplishment, who have shown dedication to intellectual activity, and who have accepted their responsibility of service to others. Undergraduate students shall have completed at least fifty percent of the credit requirements for their baccalaureate degrees and rank not lower than the highest twenty percent of their class in scholarship. Graduate students shall have completed one-half of the credit requirements for their degree and shall have a minimum grade point average of 3.5 on a 4.0 scale or its equivalent. Faculty, administrators, and staff members are eligible for election to membership upon recommendation of the local chapter. Alumni of an institution are eligible for election to membership if they have graduated cum laude or have fulfilled the general requirements of membership in some other manner.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Claudia Kovach, Executive Director, Neumann University, Arts & Sciences BACH 305, 1 Neumann Drive, Aston, PA 19014
Tel: (651) 962-5265
Delta Mu Delta — Business Administration
Founded at New York University, November 18, 1913
Admitted to ACHS: 1963
No of Active Chapters: 256
Total Membership: 166479
Publications: DMD Vision, Booklet of Information, Info Card, Benefits Flyer
PURPOSE: To promote higher education in business; to recognize and reward superior scholastic accomplishment.
ELIGIBILITY: All Levels: Must be registered in the business program at a school with a Delta Mu Delta Chapter; must have completed one-half of the required degree course-work; must be in the top 20 percent of their class; must have 24 hours residency at the school.
Baccalaureate: Have a cumulative GPA of .25 above a "B" or better to comply with the above.
Graduate/Doctoral: Have a cumulative GPA of .60 above a "B" or better to comply with the above.
(Some chapters may require higher standards.)
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jeff Arnold, Executive Director, 9217 Broadway Ave, Brookfield, IL 60523-1251
Tel: (708) 485-8494 Fax: (708) 221-6183
Founded at Southwest Missouri State College, now Missouri State University, March 19, 1960.
Admitted to ACHS: 1992
No of Active Chapters: 31
Total Membership: 15974
Publications: The Achiever
PURPOSE: To promote and recognize scholarship and leadership accomplishments of agricultural students while emphasizing character development, to enhance undergraduate preparation for professional positions, to join with other agricultural student organizations in the promotion of agriculture.
ELIGIBILITY: Active members must have completed at least nine semester hours, or its equivalent, in agricultural courses; must have completed at least forty five semester hours, or its equivalent, of college courses, rank not lower than the highest thirty-five percent of their class in general scholarship.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Elizabeth L. Walker, National Advisor, Missouri State University, School of Agriculture, 2401 S. Kansas Expressway, Springfield, MO 65807
Tel: (417) 836-5000 Fax: (417) 836-6979
Epsilon Pi Tau — Professions in Technology
Founded at The Ohio State University, March 13, 1929
Admitted to ACHS: 2005
No of Active Chapters: 44
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 5
Total Membership: 24000
Publications: The Journal of Technology Studies, The Epsilon Pi Tau Preceptor
PURPOSE: In service to the general education and career preparation academic fields and the professional practice areas of technology, Epsilon Pi Tau: (a) promotes and recognizes the achievement of academic excellence, (b) promotes the values and contributions of professionals in technology, (c) provides a medium for the professional development and recognition of individual members for leadership and achievement, (d) enhances the status of the practitioners and the professions in technology, (e) fosters and encourages the acceptance of the ideals of technological capability and skill, social and professional proficiency, and research and its applications and products; and (f) advances understanding, appreciation and awareness of technology as both an enduring and influential human endeavor and an integral element of culture.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership is limited to those enrolled in approved technology programs and course sequences offered at accredited institutions that award associate, bachelors and graduate degrees. Students of good moral character will be eligible upon achieving the following academic rankings and grade point standards. Chapters may prescribe additional criteria such as evidence of leadership experiences that relate to the six Epsilon Pi Tau purposes in the preceding paragraph. (Grades used in the following statements are based on a 4 point system in which a grade of 4 or A is the highest and 1 or D is the lowest passing grade.)
Associate degree students must have completed 30 semester hours or 45 quarter hours of credit in prescribed courses and have a cumulative grade point average (GPA) of no less than 3.25 in major courses and rank not lower than the highest 35% of class in overall scholarship.
Students in programs leading to a bachelors degree must be at least second semester or third quarter sophomores or juniors, or seniors who have completed or earned at least 30 semesters or 45 quarter credit hours in the major or relevant course sequence, achieved a GPA of no less than 3.25 in the major or a relevant course sequence and a 3.00 overall GPA and rank not lower than the highest 35% of undergraduates of the same class level/year/term in the program or sequence. At least 16 semesters or 24 quarter credit hours in the major must have been earned. The preceding standards are appropriately adapted for students who transfer from other programs within the institution or whose transfer is based on an associate degree.
Graduate students may be considered after completing at least 9 semester hours or 12 quarter hours with at least a 3. 3 cumulative GPA with no incompletes in courses prescribed for their program.
Faculty, academic support staff members and alumni of programs served by Epsilon Pi Tau are eligible for membership. Additionally, benefactors of these programs and persons exhibiting a general interest and knowledge of technology in the context of Epsilon Pi Tau ideals and purposes are eligible for membership upon recommendation and appropriate documentation of their accomplishments by recommending chapters.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Kevin Howell, Executive Director, Epsilon Pi Tau, Technology Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0296
Tel: (419) 372-2425 Fax: (419) 372- 9502
Last updated: 11/18/2015
Gamma Theta Upsilon — Geography
Founded at Illinois State Normal University, 1931 (founded as a local in 1928; became national in 1931)
Admitted to ACHS: 1976
No of Active Chapters: 157
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 65535
Publications: Geographical Bulletin
PURPOSE: To further professional interest, to strengthen student and professional training, to advance the status of geography as a cultural and practical discipline, to encourage student research, and to create and administer funds for furthering graduate study and/or research.
ELIGIBILITY: In keeping with the Society's Specialized Scholarship classification, initiates must have a GPA of at least 3.3 (on a 4.0 scale) in geography courses, rank in the top 35% of their class, have completed a minimum of 3 geography courses, and have completed at least 3 semesters or 5 quarters of full-time college course work.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. James Lowry, Executive Secretary, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043
Founded at Northeastern State College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, April 18, 1931
Admitted to ACHS: 1968
No of Active Chapters: 150
Total Membership: 82814
Publications: The Pentagon
PURPOSE: To further the interests of mathematics in those schools which place their primary emphasis on the undergraduate program; to recognize and honor outstanding scholastic achievement of undergraduate students in mathematics.
ELIGIBILITY: Active members must be or have been a faculty member or a regularly enrolled student at an institution which has a Kappa Mu Epsilon Chapter; must have completed at least three semesters (or five quarters) of college courses and rank in the upper thirty-five percent of his/her class; must have completed at least three college courses in mathematics including at least one semester (or two quarters) of calculus and attained an average of B or better in all mathematics courses.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Rhonda McKee, Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO 64093
Tel: (660) 543-8929 Fax: (660) 543-8013
Last updated: 8/6/2014
Kappa Omicron Nu — Human Sciences
Founded in 1990 through consolidation of Omicron Nu (founded at Michigan Agricultural College, April 1912) and Kappa Omicron Phi (founded at Northwest Missouri State College, December 11, 1922)
Admitted to ACHS: 1951
Omicron Nu admitted 1951, readmitted 1968
Kappa Omicron Phi admitted 1972
No of Active Chapters: 96
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 3
Total Membership: 142000
Publications: Kappa Omicron Nu FORUM, Dialogue, Collegiate Member Newsletter, Chapter Newsletter, URC Undergraduate Research Journal
PURPOSE: The mission of Kappa Omicron Nu Honor Society is empowered leaders in scholarship, research, and leadership development. This mission will enhance the ability of the organization and chapters to prepare scholars and researchers as leaders for the 21st century. To accomplish this mission, the Society shall promote scholarship and encourage intellectual development, promote research and foster the spirit of inquiry, confer distinction for high achievement, promote leadership development, stimulate student and faculty dialogue, enrich the intellectual environment of higher education institutions, encourage high standards of practice and ethical behavior, and promote attitudes of professional responsibility for the public good.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students shall have completed 45 semester hours or equivalent, have a minimum grade point average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale, and rank in the top 25 percent of their class. Graduate students shall have completed 12 semester hours of graduate work or equivalent and have a minimum grade point average of 3.5 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Sarah Shoffner, ACHS Representative, 6078 Old 421 Rd., Liberty, NC 27298
Tel: (517) 351-8335 Fax: (517) 351-8336
Kappa Tau Alpha — Journalism and Mass Communication
Founded at the University of Missouri, March 10, 1910
Admitted to ACHS: 1951
No of Active Chapters: 96
Total Membership: 69681
Publications: KTA Newsletter
PURPOSE: The recognition and encouragement of excellence in scholarship and professionalism in journalism and mass communication.
ELIGIBILITY: Juniors and seniors majoring in journalism or mass communication who rank in the upper 10 percent of their class based on overall grade point average, have at least a 3.0 GPA in upper-level journalism/mass communication courses, and have completed at least nine semester hours of professional courses in the major. Graduate students who rank in the top 10 percent of their class also may be selected. Membership is by invitation only through one of the Society's 96 chapters.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Keith P. Sanders, Executive Director, 76 Gannett Hall, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-1200
Tel: (573) 882-7685 Fax: (573) 884-1720
Founded at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; 1985
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 521
Total Membership: 26215
Publications: Simply Speaking - Electronic Quarterly Newsletter, Undergraduate Journal beginning 2013
PURPOSE: The purpose of Lambda Pi Eta is to recognize, foster, and reward outstanding scholastic achievement; to stimulate interest in the field of communication; to promote and encourage professional development among communication majors; to provide an opportunity to discuss and exchange ideas in the field of communication; and to establish and maintain close relationships and understanding between faculty and students.
ELIGIBILITY: Members must have a 3.0 cumulative GPA; have a 3.25 GPA in Communication courses; have 60 credit hours completed overall; have 12 credit hours completed in Communication courses; rank in the upper 35% of their class; be full-time students in good standing; display commitment to the field of Communication.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jacqueline Reilly, Academic and Professional Affairs Associate, National Communication Association, 1765 N Street, NW, Washington, DC� 20036
Tel: (202) 534-1117 Fax: (202) 464-4600
Last updated: 11/30/2015
Lambda Sigma — Student Leadership, Scholarship and Service
Founded at the University of Pittsburgh, November 1922 as the National Society of Cwens, became Lambda Sigma Society March 6, 1976, in compliance with Title IX
Admitted to ACHS: 1981
No of Active Chapters: 39
Total Membership: 57347
Publications: The Diamond
PURPOSE: To promote leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and service among second-year students. Lambda Sigma recognizes its ideals among members of the first year class and fosters development of these ideals. As members and active participants, Lambda Sigmas serve and promote the interests of their institutions and communities.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates are first-year students who rank in the highest thirty-five percent of the freshman class of their college or university. Chapters set appropriate grade point requirements. Candidates shall have shown potential for leadership and service at their respective campuses.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Ron G. Wolfe, Executive Secretary, 108 Westside Drive, Richmond, KY 40475
Tel: (859) 623-5088
Last updated: 2/14/2014
Mortar Board — Scholarship, Leadership and Service
Founded by Cornell University, The University of Michigan, The Ohio State University and Swarthmore College on the campus of Syracuse University on February 15, 1918.
Admitted to ACHS: 1937
No of Active Chapters: 231
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 16
Total Membership: 431400
Publications: The Mortar Board Forum and a variety of electronic newsletters
PURPOSE: To facilitate cooperation among senior honor societies, to contribute to the self-awareness of our members, to promote equal opportunities among all peoples, to emphasize the advancement of the status of women, to support the ideals of the university, to advance a spirit of scholarship, to recognize and encourage leadership, to provide service and to establish the opportunity for a meaningful exchange of ideas as individuals and as a group.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is based on scholarship, leadership and service with an emphasis on participation and giving back to the campus and community. Members must have junior status at their college or university and meet their chapter's grade requirement. Chapters are advised to select members ranked in the top 35 percent of the junior class or who have a 3.0 GPA (whichever is higher on the specified campus). Because of this, the GPA requirement varies slightly between schools. Each student selected to Mortar Board must agree to serve as an active member for at least one school term (semester or quarter, summers not included).
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jane A. Hamblin, J.D., CAE, Executive Director, 1200 Chambers Road, Suite 201, Columbus, OH 43212
Tel: (614) 488-4094 Fax: (614) 488-4095
Founded at Arizona State University in 1966.
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 54
Total Membership: 15000
Publications:
PURPOSE: Founded in 1966 by members of Pi Sigma Epsilon, the National Sales and Marketing Fraternity, Mu Kappa Tau membership is extended to marketing juniors and seniors as well as educators and professionals who have shown dedication and contribution to the marketing profession. Mu Kappa Tau exists to recognize academic excellence and to encourage individuals seeking a life-long commitment to an exceptional standard of ethics and achievement within the marketing milieu.
ELIGIBILITY: Mu Kappa Tau believes scholastic excellence should be a high priority for every marketing student and thus, works toward this end. Membership is open to the following students majoring in marketing who must have an overall cumulative grade point average of at least 3.25 on a 4.00 scale:
��Juniors ranking in the top 10% of their class
. Seniors ranking in the top 20% of their class
. Graduate students who have completed 50% of their MS/MBA requirements
. Doctoral candidates completing their course work
. Faculty and professionals who have greatly contributed to enhancing the marketing profession
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Gabrielle Williams, Mu Kappa Tau Manager, 5217 S. 51st Street, Greenfield, WI 53220
Tel: (414) 328-1952 Fax: (414) 235-3425
National Society of Scabbard and Blade — Reserve Officer Training Corps
Founded in 1905 at University of Wisconsin - Madison
Admitted to ACHS: 2010
No of Active Chapters: 59
Total Membership: 99017
Publications: Scabbard & Blade Today, A Manual for Leaders, A Brief History & Pedge Manual
PURPOSE: To confer distinction for high academic achievement and leadership potential in military, aerospace and naval science studies; to encourage scholarship, intellectual development, and the pursuit of excellence in military service; to teach leadership; to provide for an exchange of intellectual/professional ideas; to provide networking opportunities for ROTC students. Exceptional military professionals and academicians are recognized through honorary membership. All members are lifetime members.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to students contracted in the ROTC programs of all military services who rank in the top 20% of their ROTC command order of merit listing and have entered their fifth semester of study. All membership is national membership with local chapter/company affiliation.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Major General (Retired) Douglas O. Dollar, National Executive Director,
Tel: (405) 372-6158 Fax: (405) 377-2237
NSCS (The National Society of Collegiate Scholars) — Scholarship, Leadership & Service
Founded at The George Washington University on April 30, 1994
Admitted to ACHS: 2004
No of Active Chapters: 330
Total Membership: 1000000
Publications: The Collegiate Scholar, Society Magazine, Case for PACE
PURPOSE: The National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS) is an honors organization that recognizes and elevates high achievers. NSCS provides career and graduate school connections, leadership and service opportunities and gives out a million dollars in scholarships annually. NSCS members are deeply committed to scholarship, leadership and service and as a result, are impacting their campus and local communities every day.
ELIGIBILITY: Less than 10% of students at schools with NSCS chapters are invited to join. Nominations are sent to first and second year students with at least a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.4.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Stephen E. Loflin, CEO & Founder, 2000 M Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 265-9000 Fax: (202) 265-9200
Omega Chi Epsilon — Chemical Engineering
Founded at the University of Illinois, 1931
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 72
Total Membership: 27256
Publications: Newsletter
PURPOSE: To give recognition and to promote high scholarship, original investigation, and professional service in chemical engineering.
ELIGIBILITY: Active membership is limited to chemical engineering juniors, seniors, and graduate students. Juniors must have completed three hours of chemical engineering course work and be in the upper one-fourth of their class. Seniors must be in the upper one-third of their class. Graduate students must have completed nine hours of chemical engineering courses. All those elected must have traits and characteristics of leadership that make them likely to succeed as professional engineers. Associate membership consists of professors or other members of the staff of the institution who have shown noteworthy achievement in chemical engineering.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Richard Davis, Executive Secretary, Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Duluth, 176 Engr., 1303 Ordean Ct., Duluth, MN 55812
Tel: (218) 726-6162 Fax: (218) 726-6907
No of Active Chapters: 39
Total Membership: 8069
Publications:
PURPOSE: To encourage the study of operations research and management science related disciplines, to recognize and honor excellence in such studies, and to further professional interests.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduates must rank in the top twenty-five percent of the class and have completed at least five semesters or seven quarters of the curricular requirements. Graduate students must have at least a 3.5 average on a 4.0 scale in all graduate courses; shall have no failures- and shall have completed at least one-third of the residency requirements for the master�s degree. Men and women in industry, academia, and the profession may be made Honorary Members upon approval of the Executive Committee of the Society. Faculty teaching in the field may be elected faculty members.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Mary T. Magrogan, Director of Subdivisions Services, INFORMS, 7240 Parkway Drive, Suite 300, Hanover, MD� 21076
Tel: (443) 757-3500 Fax: (443) 757-3515
Last updated: 1/30/2012
Omicron Delta Epsilon — Economics
Founded in 1963 as a result of a merger between Omicron Delta Gamma (founded at the University of Wisconsin in 1915) and Omicron Chi Epsilon (founded at City College of NY in 1955)
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 678
Total Membership: 89500
Publications: The American Economist
PURPOSE: The objectives of Omicron Delta Epsilon are recognition of scholastic attainment and the honoring of outstanding achievements in economics; the establishment of closer ties between students and faculty in economics within colleges and universities and among colleges and universities; the publication of the official journal, The American Economist; the sponsoring of panels at professional meetings and the Irving Fisher and Frank W. Taussig competitions.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduates must have completed at least 12 hours of economics, have an overall scholastic average of B in economics and an overall average of B, and rank in the upper third of the class.�
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Farhang Niroomand, Executive Secretary/Treasurer, P.O. Box 2096, Fairhope, AL 36533
Tel: (601) 928-0001 Fax: (601) 928-0015
Phi Beta Delta — International Scholars
Admitted to ACHS: 2013
No of Active Chapters: 78
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 6025
Number of Regions: 5
Publications: International Research and Review: Journal of Phi Beta Delta Honor Society for International Scholars, Medallion Newsletter, Medallion E-Newsletter
PURPOSE: Phi Beta Delta is the first honor society dedicated to recognizing scholarly achievement in international education.
Goals:
to recognize the scholarly achievement of international students and scholars, U.S. students who have studies abroad, and faculty and staff who are involved in international activities;
to advance the development of academic based international programming;
and to cultivate a network on each campus for faculty, staff, and international students involved in international endeavors.
ELIGIBILITY: Criteria for eligibility of election to membership by an institutional chapter shall be determined by that chapter and with the provision that undergraduate student members must have achieved a minimum 3.2 grade point average (GPA) and rank in the top 20% of their class; graduate students must have achieved a GPA of 3.5. For schools that use a different grade point average system, the school must verify that their candidates for Phi Beta Delta meet a GPA standard equivalent to that specified in this Section.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Rueyling Chuang, Executive Director & CEO, California State University, San Bernadino, AD 148 & 150, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernadino, CA 92407
Tel: (909) 537-3250 Fax: (909) 537-7458
Phi Sigma — Biological Sciences, All Pure and Applied Fields
Founded at Ohio State University, March 17, 1915
Admitted to ACHS: 1950
No of Active Chapters: 21
Total Membership: 80063
PURPOSE: Devoted to the promotion of research and academic excellence in the biological sciences.
ELIGIBILITY: Students who are enrolled in an accredited college or university, who have shown research interest, and who have received an equivalent of at least two years of college credit of which at least one-fourth is in biological science, with a scholarship rating in the upper thirty-five percent of their class, shall be eligible for active membership. This minimum ACHS requirement is modified by chapter bylaws; at least a B average is expected together with other qualifications suitable to the local chapters, particularly for graduate students.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Gene K. Wong, Dean, School of Arts and Sciences, Endicott College, 376 Hale Street, Beverly, MA 01915
Tel: (978) 232-2311 Fax: (978) 232-3100
Phi Sigma Iota — Foreign Languages, Linguistics, Literatures, ESL., & Cultures
Founded at Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, October, 1922 by Dr. Henry Ward Church
Admitted to ACHS: 1950
No of Active Chapters: 176
Total Membership: 39056
Publications: The Forum of Phi Sigma lota
PURPOSE: The recognition of outstanding scholarship and attainment in foreign languages, linguistics, literatures, cultures, including the classics, philology, and comparative literatures; the stimulation of advanced work and individual research in any of these fields; promotion of international amity. We support efforts to define and apply the principles of academic ethics.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is based on high scholastic attainment. At the time of election to membership, the undergraduate initiate must have attained to a B+ average or better across all language courses and be enrolled in a third- or fourth-year language course. Moreover, one must attain a minimum GPA of B over all attempted college work, and rank in the upper 35% of one's class in general scholarship at induction. As a rule, undergraduates are not elected to PSI prior to junior standing; however, sophomores of exceptional abilities who meet all stated minimal requirements, having completed at least three semesters (or five quarters) of college courses may be elected to membership. Graduate students studying one or more languages may also be elected to membership after one semester (or quarter) of graduate residence, provided that they shall have attained to a minimum B+ average in graduate studies.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Roz Macken, Administrative Director, Phi Sigma Iota, Allegheny college, 520 North Main St., Box 30, Meadville, PA 16335-3902
Tel: (814) 332-4886 Fax: (814) 337-4445
Last updated: 1/29/2016
Phi Sigma Tau — Philosophy
Founded at Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 1930 as Alpha Kappa Alpha. Incorporated October 21, 1955 as Phi Sigma Tau
Admitted to ACHS: 1958
No of Active Chapters: 186
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Total Membership: 38173
Publications: Dialogue, PST Newsletter
PURPOSE: To serve as a means of awarding distinction to students having high scholarship and personal interest in philosophy; to promote student interest in research and advanced study in this field; to provide opportunities for the publication of student research papers of merit; to encourage a professional spirit and friendship among those who have displayed marked ability in this field; to popularize interest in philosophy among the general collegiate public.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students are eligible for active membership if they have completed three semesters or five quarters of the college course, rank in the upper thirty-five percent of their class, and have completed at least two semester courses or three quarter courses in philosophy with an average grade of over the second highest grade of the working scale. Graduate students are eligible if they meet the requirements established for undergraduates, or if they have completed at least one-third of the residence requirements of the master�s degree with a grade average of at least half on the highest grade of the working scale and half in the second highest grade.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. David E. Gibson, Executive Secretary, Humanities Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263-4225
Tel: (805) 482-0138 Fax: (310) 506-7307
Phi Upsilon Omicron — Family and Consumer Sciences
Founded at University of Minnesota, February 10, 1909
Admitted to ACHS: 1979
No of Active Chapters: 61
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 28
Total Membership: 96635
Number of Regions: 4
Publications: The Candle, Journal of Phi Upsilon Omicron (semiannually) and the Communique, newsletter for National Council and Educational Foundation members (monthly).
PURPOSE: The purposes of Phi Upsilon Omicron are to: 1. Recognize and promote academic excellence; 2. Enhance qualities of leadership by providing opportunities for service; and 3. Encourage lifelong learning and commitment to advance family and consumer sciences and related areas.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership in Phi Upsilon Omicron is open to undergraduate students who have
completed a minimum of 36 semester hours, 50 quarter hours, or the equivalent. The hours must include 6 hours of course work in areas including, but not limited to, those recognized by the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.
a major in family and consumer sciences or one of its specialized areas in an institution where a chapter is established.
Students must rank not lower than the highest 35% of their class in general scholarship within their unit.
exhibits the potential for professional and community leadership;
demonstrates a spirit of service; and,
exemplifies character through personal integrity and professional attitude.
A graduate student in family and consumer sciences is eligible on completion of 12 semester hours, or its equivalent, in family and consumer sciences with a GPA of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Melissa K. Martin, Executive Director, P.O. Box 50970, Bowling Green, KY 42102
Tel: (270) 904-1340
No of Active Chapters: 162
Total Membership: 43363
Publications: PAA Roster, PAA Brochure
PURPOSE: The purposes of this Society shall be to encourage and recognize outstanding scholarship and accomplishment in public service education, to promote the advancement of education and practice in the art and science of public affairs and administration, and to foster integrity, professionalism and creative performance in the conduct of governmental and related public service activities.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to persons who demonstrate academic achievement in public service programs at NASPAA member schools who fall within the following classes: student, alumni, or faculty. All membership is national membership with local chapter affiliation. Candidates for undergraduate degrees who rank in the upper 10% of their graduating class may be inducted if they have completed 15 hours of public service coursework, maintaining a 3.5/4.0 GPA, and are in at least the last quarter of their junior year. Candidate for master's degree who have maintained a GPA of at least 3.7 and have completed at least 50% of the required course work are eligible to be inducted into Pi Alpha Alpha.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Emily Reineke, PAA Coordinator, 1029 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005
Tel: (202) 628-8965 x112 Fax: (202) 626-4978
Founded at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1906
Admitted to ACHS: 1967
No of Active Chapters: 364
Total Membership: 60000
Publications: NEWSLETTER
PURPOSE: To recognize outstanding scholarship in the French language and its literatures; to increase knowledge and appreciation of Americans for the cultural contributions of the French-speaking world; to stimulate and to encourage French and francophone cultural activities.
ELIGIBILITY: There are two classes of membership: Regular and Honorary. Regular members include undergraduate and graduate students at the sponsoring institution who are nominated in recognition of their academic achievement in French. Undergraduate or graduate candidates do not need to be French or French Studies majors or minors to be nominated for membership. Requirements for undergraduate regular membership are: minimum sophomore standing, completion of at least one course of upper-division French (i.e. beyond the intermediate-level series of courses), minimum French and overall GPAs of 3.0, and rank in the top 35% of their class. Graduate students who are not already members of Pi Delta Phi are eligible for regular membership; those individuals who were inducted into Pi Delta Phi at other institutions as undergraduates are already lifetime members of the Society. Requirements for graduate regular membership are: completion of 2 graduate courses in French and a minimum 3.5 GPA in graduate coursework.
Students from neighboring institutions who take French courses at the sponsoring institution are not eligible for regular membership, but may be nominated for honorary membership.
Honorary members include: the French faculty and faculty at large of the sponsoring institution who are not already members of Pi Delta Phi; undergraduate and graduate students who do not meet the requirements for regular membership; college or university alumni who did not become members while attending the sponsoring institution; and diplomats, community and business leaders, and others who have demonstrated support of French language, and/or of the cultures and literatures of the French-speaking world.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Beverly J. Evans, Executive Director, Department of Languages and Literatures, SUNY-Geneseo, Welles 211, 1 College Circle, Geneseo, NY 14454-1401
Tel: (585) 245-5247 Fax: (585) 245-5399
Pi Gamma Mu — Social Sciences
Founded in 1924 at Southwestern and William & Mary colleges
Admitted to ACHS: 1953
No of Active Chapters: 144
Total Membership: 262352
Publications: Pi Gamma Mu Newsletter, International Social Science Review
PURPOSE: The purpose of Pi Gamma Mu is to encourage the study of the social sciences among graduate and undergraduate students and faculty members in colleges and universities throughout the world, and to recognize outstanding achievement through election to membership and the presentation of various awards for distinguished achievement.
ELIGIBILITY: Any person of good moral character may be invited or may petition to join an active chapter of Pi Gamma Mu when he/she is a junior, senior, or graduate student; is in the upper 35 percent of the class; has at least 20 semester hours of social science; and has a grade average of B or better. Faculty and administrators may also accept the privileges and responsibilities of membership in a collegiate chapter.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Suzanne Rupp, Psy.D., Executive Director, 1001 Millington, Suite B, Winfield, KS 67156
Tel: (620) 221-3128 Fax: (620) 221-3276
Founded at Northwestern University, May 17, 1918
Admitted to ACHS: 1940
No of Active Chapters: 207
Total Membership: 71000
Publications: Electronic version of Handbook
PURPOSE: To provide an organization dedicated to the furtherance of music in education and education in music in colleges, universities, and other institutions of higher learning which offer programs in music instruction in one or more fields; and to recognize and encourage scholarship and musicianship.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership in the Society is open to music majors who are juniors, seniors, or graduate students; and to faculty in accordance with established restrictions. A graduating senior must be considered by the faculty committee of the chapter to be outstanding in scholarly achievement and musicianship, must have been in residence the equivalent of at least four semesters prior to graduation, and must rank not lower than the highest twenty percent of the graduating class (including students elected in the junior year) as determined by GPA or by class rank when no grades are assigned. A junior must rank not lower than the highest ten percent of the junior class. A graduate student must have no less than two thirds of his graduate credit hours as A or the equivalent when letter grades are nonexistent.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Mark Lochstampfor, Executive Director PKL, Capital University, Conservatory of Music, 1 College and Main, Columbus, OH 43209
Tel: (614) 236-7211 Fax: (614) 236-6935
Pi Omega Pi — Business Education
Founded at Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, Kirksville, June 13, 1923
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 22
Total Membership: 56382
Publications: Here and There, This is Your Society
PURPOSE: To create and encourage interest and promote scholarship in business education. To foster high ethical standards in business and professional life among teachers. To encourage civic responsibility. To create a fellowship among teachers of business subjects. To teach the ideal of service as the basis of all worthy enterprise.
ELIGIBILITY: Each candidate must be enrolled in a business teacher education curriculum and must have expressed an intention of becoming a teacher of business subjects. Candidates must possess the following qualifications: Completion of at least three semesters or five quarters of college courses including at least fifteen semester hours or twenty-two quarter hours in business and/or education subjects; Attainment of general scholarship sufficient to place them within the upper thirty-five percent of their college class (sophomore, junior, senior, graduate) and the achievement of an average grade of B or higher, or its equivalent in other grading systems, in all courses in business and/or education.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Ivan Wallace, Professor, Interdisciplinary Professions, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
Tel: (252) 328-6770
Pi Sigma Alpha — Political Science
Founded at the University of Texas, October, 1920
Admitted to ACHS: 1949
No of Active Chapters: 775
Total Membership: 262000
Publications: Newsletter, Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics
PURPOSE: To stimulate productive scholarship and intelligent interest in the subject of government among students at institutions of higher learning in which chapters are maintained.
ELIGIBILITY: Juniors, seniors, and graduate students are eligible for membership if they meet the following qualifications. For undergraduates: completion of 15 quarter hours or 10 semester hours of work in government, political science, international relations, or public administration, including at least 1 course designated as upper-division; maintenance of an average of B or higher in all government, political science, international relations, and public administration courses, and the maintenance of general scholarship sufficient to place them within the upper third of their class. For graduate students: completion of at least 6 graduate credit hours of work in those fields with an average grade of B or higher; and fulfillment of such additional academic requirements as may have been prescribed by the local chapter. Any member of the faculty of the department of political science or government at any institution at which a local chapter is located may be elected as a member by any local chapter or by the national convention. Membership in the Society may be secured through election as an honorary member. Only distinguished persons who have made valuable contributions to political science or government are eligible for election into honorary membership. Each chapter may elect no more than 2 persons in a year for this class of membership.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Sean Twombly, Executive Director, Pi Sigma Alpha National Office, 1527 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 349-9285 Fax: (202) 483-2657
Pi Tau Sigma — Mechanical Engineering
Founded at University of Illinois, March 16, 1915
Admitted to ACHS: 1947
No of Active Chapters: 170
Total Membership: 118404
Publications: The Condenser, The Story of Pi Tau Sigma
PURPOSE: To encourage and recognize outstanding achievement of undergraduate students in mechanical engineering also to honor practicing engineers for distinguished technical attainments.
ELIGIBILITY: Membership is limited to senior mechanical engineering students who rank among the highest thirty-five percent in scholarship for all courses to date of election and to juniors who rank in the highest twenty-five percent of their class. Many chapters elect less than these percentages. Faculty and graduates may be chosen on the basis of distinguished engineering endeavor.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Alex Moutsoglou, Secretary-Treasurer of Pi Tau Sigma, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Box 2219, SCEH 218, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
Tel: (605) 688-6323 Fax: (605) 688-5878
Pi Theta Epsilon — Occupational Therapy
Founded at the University of New Hampshire, 1959
Admitted to ACHS: 1996
No of Active Chapters: 89
Total Membership: 959
Publications: Quarterly Newsletter: The Scroll and Pen
PURPOSE: To recognize and encourage scholastic excellence of occupational therapy students. To contribute to the advancement of the field of occupational therapy through the scholarly activities of students and alumni, and provide a vehicle for students to exchange information and to collaborate regarding scholarly activities.
ELIGIBILITY:
A student shall be invited to apply for membership in PTE if she or he meets the following eligibility requirements:
The student is enrolled in an accredited and/or professional occupational therapy program and has attained second semester junior standing in the OT program or completed 9 semester hours in a Master's program.
The student is among the top 35% of the class
The student has at least one entire semester remaining before she or he leaves for a fieldwork placement.
*Part time students are eligible if they have completed the minimum number of credit hours giving them second semester junior status or completed 9 hours in a Master's program. GPA's for part-time students shall be figured separately for each student.
A candidate must also present 2 of the following items:
Membership in a professional organization
Prior scholastic recognition and awards
Evidence that papers have been submitted and/or accepted to local or national meetings and publications
Documented leadership, e.g., service organizations or community activities during the college years.
Candidates will be nominated and reviewed by a Review Board comprised of the current PTE Chapter President, the faculty advisor and 2 alumni members. Election shall be by a majority vote of the chapter.
Pi Theta Epsilon does not discriminate against any prospective member on the basis of race, gender, religion, ethnicity, disability, or age.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Michele Fernandez, PTE Coordinator, 4720 Montgomery Lane, Suite 202, Bethesda, MD 20814-3449
Tel: (240) 292-1077 Fax: (240) 396-6188
Psi Beta — Psychology at Two-Year Colleges
Incorporated in Chattanooga, Tennessee, November 5, 1981
Admitted to ACHS: 1994
No of Active Chapters: 129
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 3
Total Membership: 38469
Publications: Psi Beta Online Newsletters - fall and spring editions
PURPOSE: To encourage, stimulate, promote and recognize interest and excellence in psychology, to advance the science of psychology, and to nurture scholarship in all fields of study. The mission of Psi Beta honor society is professional development of psychology students at two-year colleges through promotion and recognition of excellence in scholarship, leadership, research, and community service.
ELIGIBILITY: Students who are enrolled at an accredited two-year college with a Psi Beta Chapter, rank in the top 35% of students enrolled in a degree or transfer program or have an overall 3.25 GPA (whichever is higher), have at least a B average in at least one semester of psychology, and have completed 12 semester hours of degree applicable college coursework are eligible. Candidates for membership must have demonstrated a genuine interest in psychology and high standards of personal behavior and integrity. Final election must be approved by three-fourths affirmative vote of members present at a regular chapter meeting or the faculty advisor. The local chapter may establish higher academic requirements.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Jerry Rudmann, PhD, Psi Beta Executive Director, 6025 East Camino Correr, Anaheim, CA 92807
Tel: 714-318-7493
Founded at Yale University, September 4, 1929
Admitted to ACHS: 1965
No of Active Chapters: 1125
Total Membership: 595962
Publications: Eye on Psi Chi, Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research
PURPOSE: To encourage, stimulate, and maintain scholarship of the individual members in all fields, particularly in psychology, and to advance the science of psychology.
ELIGIBILITY:
Student members shall be students who are majoring or minoring in psychology or a closely related field and who are enrolled in undergraduate or graduate programs in the institution of higher education represented by the chapter at the time of induction.
Undergraduate criteria. Undergraduate students shall have completed at least three semesters (or five quarters) of full-time coursework at an institution of higher education and have a cumulative grade point average (GPA) that ranks in the top 35% of their class. Psi Chi defines class as all sophomores, all juniors, and all seniors across an institution. The top 35% cutoffs for each class shall be determined using the largest group for which comparison grades are available-the entire institution when available or, if necessary, the unit that houses the psychology department. If the top 35% cutoff for a chapter falls below 3.0, chapters must use a minimum overall cumulative GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. The intent of an honor society is to represent excellence among peers. Consequently, the use of a GPA can be used as a proxy for class rank if rank data are not readily available. However, the GPA should reflect distinction among students within the major and across the institution and therefore be at least 3.3 or higher on a 4.0 scale where: A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, F = 0. Furthermore, chapters should endeavor to calibrate their scholastic standards regularly to ensure that the criteria of excellence among peers are maintained. Any chapter, at its discretion, may establish higher scholastic criteria for induction than the Society's standards.
In addition, undergraduate students must also have completed nine semester hours (or fourteen quarter hours) of psychology courses for which they have earned a minimum GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. These standards are in accordance with the minimum standards of the Association of College Honor Societies.
Graduate Criteria. Graduate students must be accepted and enrolled in a psychology graduate program (or a psychology-related graduate program) that includes required course work offered by faculty with doctorates in psychology. Graduate students must also have completed nine semester hours (or fourteen quarter hours) of graduate courses and shall have a minimum overall cumulative graduate grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in their program. In addition, none of a student's individual course grades may be below the minimum acceptable standard of the program in which the student is enrolled.
Alumni Members
Definition. Any individual who was inducted into Psi Chi and is no longer a current student is considered an alumni member.
Alumni Inductees. Persons graduated from an institution prior to the establishment of the Psi Chi chapter may be elected to membership by that local chapter if they meet the current criteria for student membership based their final transcript at that institution.
Faculty Members. Members of the faculty may be elected by the local chapter for an alumni member status in Psi Chi if they have a master's or doctorate in psychology or closely related field.
Distinguished Members
Distinguished members are prominent professionals associated with the field of psychology and/or who are individuals who have shown outstanding service to the mission of Psi Chi. Distinguished members are nominated, reviewed, and approved at the sole discretion of the Psi Chi Board of Directors. They are considered alumni members but they pay no dues or fees of any kind.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Martha S. Zlokovich, Executive Director, Psi Chi Central Office, 825 Vine Street, PO Box 709, Chattanooga, TN 37401-0709
Tel: (423) 756-2044 Fax: (423) 265-1529
Founded at the University of Michigan, May 19, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1947
No of Active Chapters: 117
Total Membership: 107123
Publications: Report of Rho Chi, The Rho Chi Society, Rho Chi Society Newsletter
PURPOSE: The Rho Chi Society seeks to advance pharmacy through intellectual leadership. As the academic honor society in pharmacy, the Rho Chi Society:
- encourages and recognizes intellectual achievement
- stimulates critical inquiry to advance pharmacy
- contributes to the development of intellectual leaders
- promotes highest ethical standards
- fosters collaboration
ELIGIBILITY: The student who is elected to active membership is one who has displayed academic excellence, a capacity for achievement in the science and art of pharmacy and the allied sciences, and strength of character. Students ranking in the highest twenty percent of their class, having attained a minimum professional grade point average equivalent of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale, are eligible for election after having completed one-half of the required professional didactic course work as defined for the degree granted by their school or college of pharmacy. Deans, or their designees, must certify that candidates are eligible and have no known disciplinary action for academic reasons or for unprofessional conduct. The Society also provides active membership opportunities for nontraditional professional students, graduate students, and faculty. Associate and honorary memberships are also available.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Michael Z. Wincor, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121
Tel: (323) 442-1455 Fax: (323) 442-1681
Last updated: 12/1/2015
Sigma Beta Delta — Business, Management, and Administration
Founded January 16, 1994 at La Jolla, California, by Beta Gamma Sigma with initial three founding chapters established at Belmont University, North Carolina State University, and Morehouse College.
Admitted to ACHS: 1994
No of Active Chapters: 244
Total Membership: 85788
Publications: Aspirations
PURPOSE: The purpose of Sigma Beta Delta is to promote higher scholarship in business and to recognize and reward scholastic achievement in business and economic subjects.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates for bachelor's and master's degrees who rank in the upper 20% of their class at the time of invitation to membership may be inducted into membership following completion of at least one half of the degree program in which they enrolled. Undergraduates may be inducted as early as their junior year. Doctoral students who have completed all requirements for that degree may be inducted without restriction as to number. Sigma Beta Delta chapters are established in U.S. colleges and universities that grant the associate, baccalaureate, or higher degrees and that are accredited by one of the regional accrediting agencies. The society allows for the establishment of chapters at non-U.S. institutions provided they meet and maintain standards and requirements with regard to mission and quality.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Peter Banholzer, Executive Director, 1 University Blvd, Provincial House P11, St. Louis, MO� 63121
Tel: (888) 723-7181 Fax: (314) 516-4455
Founded at the University of California, Berkeley, November 14, 1919
Admitted to ACHS: 1966
No of Active Chapters: 385
Total Membership: 170389
Publications: Entre Nosotros
PURPOSE: To honor those who attain excellence in the study of the Spanish language and in the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish-speaking peoples; to honor those who have made Hispanic contributions to modern culture better known in the English-speaking world; to encourage college and university students to acquire a greater interest in, and a deeper understanding of, Hispanic culture; and to foster friendly relations and mutual respect between the nations of Hispanic speech and those of English speech.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership, undergraduate and graduate, is based on scholastic attainment, character, and a genuine interest in things Hispanic. Honorary membership is granted non-students under conditions specified in the By-Laws, and membership in the Orders of Don Quixote and Los Descubridores recognizes exceptional and meritorious service in the fields of Hispanic scholarship, the teaching of Spanish, and the promotion of friendly relations between English-speaking countries and those of Hispanic speech. Undergraduate candidates must have completed eighteen semester credit hours of college-level Spanish or the equivalent thereof, have at least three semester hours of a course in Hispanic literature or Hispanic culture and civilization, have completed at least three semesters or five quarters of college work, have a minimal grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in all Spanish courses, and rank in the upper 35% of the class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Mark P. Del Mastro, Hispanic Studies, College of Charleston, 66 George St., Charleston, SC 29424-0001
Tel: (843) 953-6748 Fax: (866) 920-7011
No of Active Chapters: 54
Total Membership: 8000
Publications: Newsletter
PURPOSE: To encourage, recognize, and reward academic excellence in preparation for the profession of landscape architecture. The society elects, in addition, those who have achieved professionally. Honorary and Distinguished Memberships; students, faculty/staff, and professionals are recognized. Leadership and sound character are emphasized. Preserving the valuable traditions and customs consonant with the wise husbandry of the land are sought, and a spirit of amiability is fostered among those of marked ability in this discipline.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduates, preferably juniors, and seniors of sound character, with a 3.2 GPA on a four-point scale are eligible. Graduate students who have completed at least one-third of the degree credit requirements with a 3.5 GPA on the same point-scale and rank in the upper 35% of their class are eligible, both MLA and doctoral candidates.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: John C. Billing, Texas Tech University, Department of Landscape Architecture, Box 42121, Lubbock, TX 79409-2121
Tel: (806) 742-2858 Fax: (806) 742-0770
Sigma Lambda Chi — Construction Management
Founded at Michigan State University, 1949
Admitted to ACHS: 1991
No of Active Chapters: 61
Total Membership: 22494
Publications: Sigma Lambda Chi Newsletter
PURPOSE: The purpose of Sigma Lambda Chi is to recognize outstanding students in construction. Objectives include the rendering of service to the field of construction, the development of good relations among academia, industry, and the public, and the recognition of outstanding professionals in construction and allied fields.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students shall have completed the equivalent of two academic years of study toward their degree, shall have done resident study at the present institution for the preceding six months, and shall have an overall scholastic average in the upper 20% of qualified students in their program. Graduate and post-baccalaureate students shall have completed the equivalent of one half of fulltime study toward their graduate degree, shall have done resident study at the present institution for the preceding six months, and shall have an overall scholastic average in the upper 30% of qualified graduate students within their program.
Doctoral students who have finished 50 percent of qualifying coursework shall be eligible for SLC membership at the discretion of the SLC chapter advisor.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Wesley G. Crawford, SLC Intl. Executive Director, Sigma Lambda Chi Intl., Purdue University, BCM, 401 N Grant St., Knoy 453, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2021
Tel: (765) 494-2468 Fax: (765) 496-2246
Founded at Davidson College, December 11, 1921
Admitted to ACHS: 1945
No of Active Chapters: 557
Total Membership: 95000
Publications: SPS Observer, Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics, Radiations
PURPOSE: Sigma Pi Sigma exists to honor outstanding scholarship in physics; to encourage interest in physics among students at all levels; to promote an attitude of service of its members towards their fellow students, colleagues, and the public; to provide a fellowship of persons who have excelled in physics.
ELIGIBILITY: Student membership, both undergraduate and graduate, is restricted to those who have attained standards of high scholarship in at least three semester courses (or five quarter courses) of at least three hours each that count toward the physics major, professional interest and merit, and scholastic proficiency or distinction. Faculty members and professional scientists in physics and closely related sciences may also be elected. Undergraduate membership is restricted to those in the upper thirty-three percent of their class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Director, Society of Physics Students and Sigma Pi Sigma, American Institute of Physics, 1 Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD� 20740
Tel: (301) 209-3013 Fax: (301) 209-0839
Founded at Dakota Wesleyan University, 1924
Admitted to ACHS: 1972
No of Active Chapters: 893
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 1
Number of Regions: 6
Publications: The Rectangle, The Sigma Tau Delta Review
PURPOSE: To confer distinction for high achievement in undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies in English language, literature, and writing; to provide cultural stimulation on college campuses; and to serve society by fostering literacy.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates for undergraduate membership must have completed at least three semesters or five quarters of college work and a minimum of two college courses in English language or literature beyond the usual requirements in freshman English. They must also have a minimum of a B or equivalent grade point average in English, and rank at least in the highest 35 percent of their class in general scholarship. Candidates for graduate membership must be enrolled in a graduate program in English, or one of its specializations, have completed six semester hours of graduate work or the equivalent, and have a minimum grade point average of 3.3 on a 4.0 scale.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. William C. Johnson, Executive Director, Department of English, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2863
Tel: (815) 981-9974 Fax: (815) 517-0154
Founded at Indiana University, October 4, 1922
Admitted to ACHS: 1959
No of Active Chapters: 482
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 3
Total Membership: 500000
Publications: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Reflections on Nursing Leadership, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
Electronic Library: Knowledge, research, and information databases
PURPOSE: To recognize superior achievement; to recognize the development of leadership qualities; to foster high professional standards; to encourage creative work; to strengthen commitment on the part of individuals to the ideals and purposes of the profession.
ELIGIBILITY: Candidates for membership shall have demonstrated superior scholastic achievement and evidence of professional leadership potential. Undergraduate members are selected from junior and senior students in basic professional programs in nursing. Undergraduate membership is restricted to the upper 35% of a class. Nurses matriculated for graduate study and faculty members of the educational unit may also be selected. In addition, nurses who have received a baccalaureate or higher degree and have shown marked achievement in the field of nursing are eligible for election.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Pat Thompson, RN, EdD, FAAN, Chief Executive Officer, 550 W. North St., Indianapolis, IN 46202
Tel: (317) 634-8171 Fax: (317) 634-8188
Tau Alpha Pi — Engineering Technology
Founded at Southern Polytechnic State University, 1953
Admitted to ACHS: 2000
No of Active Chapters: 85
Total Membership: 7000
Publications:
PURPOSE: To provide recognition for a high standard of scholarship among students in engineering technology programs: to promote and encourage scholastic achievement by offering membership to outstanding students; and to engender certain desirable qualities of personality, intellect, and character among its members.
ELIGIBILITY: The scholastic requirements and standards for membership in Tau Alpha Pi are set by each Affiliate Chapter such that prospective members are academically in the upper twenty-five percent of their class. Each prospective member must have maintained the required academic standards for a period equivalent to two consecutive school terms (quarters or semesters) for two-year programs, and at least three semesters or five quarters for four-year programs. Candidate members shall be elected by the Affiliate Chapters with due consideration given to the purpose of Tau Alpha Pi: namely, to provide recognition for the highest standard of scholastic achievement and the most outstanding scholastic accomplishments. Each candidate must have acceptable character and demonstrate marked ability.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Norman L. Fortenberry, Executive Director, Tau Alpha Pi, c/o American Society for Engineering Education, 1818 N Street, NW, Ste.600, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 350-5762 Fax: (202) 265-8504
Founded at Lehigh University, June 15, 1885
ONE OF THE FOUNDING MEMBERS OF ACHS
No of Active Chapters: 242
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 60
Total Membership: 559951
Publications: The Bent, The Bulletin
PURPOSE: To mark in a fitting manner those who have conferred honor upon their alma mater by distinguished scholarship and exemplary character as undergraduates in engineering, or by their attainments as alumni in the field of engineering, and to foster a spirit of liberal culture in engineering colleges
ELIGIBILITY: The students of engineering whose scholarship places them in the highest one-eighth of the junior class or in the highest one-fifth of the senior class are further considered for membership on the basis of character, integrity, breadth of interest, and unselfish activities.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Curtis D. Gomulinski, Executive Director, 508 Dougherty Engineering Building, P.O. Box 2697, Knoxville, TN 37901-2697
Tel: (865) 546-4578 Fax: (865) 546-4579
Tau Sigma Delta — Architecture and Allied Arts
Founded at the University of Michigan in May, 1913
Admitted to ACHS: 1948
No of Active Chapters: 81
Total Membership: 19823
Publications: Newsletter
PURPOSE: To stimulate mental achievement, effort, and initiative; to emphasize leadership and character; and to reward students who attain high scholastic standing in architecture, landscape architecture, and the allied arts of design with the reward of membership.
ELIGIBILITY: To be eligible for undergraduate membership, a candidate must be a bona fide student enrolled in a course of study leading to a degree in Architecture, Landscape Architecture, or the Allied Arts of Design. Candidate must have completed a minimum of two and one-half academic years (five semesters or eight quarters) of the initial degree program and have completed major prerequisites of the degree program established by the faculty of the college, school, or department. An eligible transfer student shall have been enrolled in residence a minimum of the academic year in the institution where selection for membership is considered. Candidates must have maintained a B average or a 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale and be in the upper 20% of their class.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Maria L. Jeffery, IT Manager, TTU College of Agriculture, 3016 18th St, Room 901, Lubbock, TX 79409
Tel: (806) 834-7051
Related Scholarly Organization, American Academy of Religion, 1994
No of Active Chapters: 284
Total Membership: 19448
Publications: Journal of Theta Alpha Kappa
PURPOSE: TAK exists to encourage, recognize, and maintain excellence in Religious and/or Theological Studies within baccalaureate and post-baccalaureate degree programs, and also within the academic profession of these studies more broadly understood.
ELIGIBILITY: Undergraduate students matriculated in institutions with a TAK chapter must have completed at least three semesters (five quarters) at that institution and at least twelve semester credits (eighteen quarter credits) in courses representing these disciplines; have attained a GPA of at least 3.5 (or B+) in such courses and a 3.0 (B) in their total program; and been ranked (if appropriate) in the upper 35% of their class. Graduate students must have completed at least one half of the residency requirements for their current degree program at a qualified, chaptered institution, and attained at least a GPA of 3.5 (B+) in that work. Honorary members (faculty and others) must meet other requirements specified in the constitution of 1998.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Prof. Kelley Coblentz Bautch, President of Theta Alpha Kappa and Professor, CPO 774; 3001 South Congress Ave., St. Edward's University, Austin, TX 78704
Tel: (512) 428-1395 Fax: (512) 233-1695
Upsilon Pi Epsilon — Computing and Information Disciplines
Founded January, 1967 at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Admitted to ACHS: 1997
No of Active Chapters: 247
No of Alumni Chapters/Clubs: 235
Total Membership: 229800
Publications: Four newsletters per year, plus monthly updates to chapters.
PURPOSE: To recognize academic excellence in the computing and information disciplines.
ELIGIBILITY: Students must be majoring in an area that is related to the computing and information disciplines. Undergraduates must possess a 3.25 GPA overall and in the major and must have completed at least 48 units of credit and rank in the upper third of their class. A graduate student must be in the upper third of his/her class and must have 15 or more units of graduate credit in computing. Faculty must have taught in the field of computing for at least one year in order to be considered for membership by the local chapter.
OFFICIAL CONTACT: Dr. Orlando S. Madrigal, Executive Director of UPE, 158 Wetlands Edge Road, American Canyon, CA 94503
Tel: (530) 518-8488 Fax: (707) 647-3560
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Which is the highest order of chivalry in England? | Orders of Chivalry - Ede & Ravenscroft
Orders of Chivalry
The Six British Orders of Chivalry
About Orders of Chivalry
The orders of chivalry conjure up tales of courage and devotion. In medieval times monarchs rewarded loyal supporters for gallantry in battle with gifts of land, money or titles as a mark of distinction. As the centuries passed selected loyal and brave subjects were awarded knighthoods. Knights would receive a chain of honour, or collar.
These awards form the basis of today’s orders of chivalry. Ede and Ravenscroft has made mantles for the nation’s orders of chivalry since 1689.
In order of seniority, the six British orders of chivalry are:
The Most Noble Order of the Garter
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
The Most Honourable Order of The Bath
The Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George
The Royal Victorian Order
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
His Royal Highness Prince Charles wearing the regalia of a Knight of The Most Noble Order of the Garter
The Most Noble Order of the Garter
THE MOST ANCIENT AND MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE THISTLE
Established in 1687 by His Majesty King James II of England and VII of Scotland. This is the highest honour awarded by the Sovereign in Scotland. The mantle is of dark green silk velvet lined with white silk taffeta and a silver and gold hand embroidered badge on the left breast.
In the badge’s centre sits the Order’s emblem: the thistle, circled by the motto, “Nemo me impune lacessit”. ‘No one provokes me with impunity’. A blue velvet hood is attached to the right shoulder, and the mantle is fastened with green and gold embroidered cordons. The Order’s gold enamelled collar is attached to the mantle with white silk satin bows.
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath
THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST MICHAEL AND ST GEORGE
In 1814 Great Britain enjoyed an important victory over Napoleon’s forces, gaining control of Malta and the Ionian islands. Much credit for the victory was down to brave and loyal Maltese and Ionian islanders. In 1818 the Prince Regent instituted the new order- The Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George.
By 1864 the Order was bestowed on a wider range of British subjects. Today diplomats and other members of the Foreign Office or loyal subjects who have offered valuable service connected to Commonwealth or foreign affairs may be privileged enough to receive the Order.
The emblem depicts the Archangel St. Michael clasping a sword and trampling on Satan. The motto reads: “ Auspicum Melioris Aevi” ‘Token of a better Age’.The mantle is in Saxon-blue satin, lined with scarlet silk taffeta. On the left breast sits a gold and silver hand embroidered badge. A centrepiece features an enamelled plate with the Order’s emblem and motto. The mantle is fastened at the front with embroidered cordons of blue, red and gold. The collar is attached with silk satin shoulder bows.
The Royal Victorian Order
THE MOST EXCELLENT ORDER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE
In 1917 His Majesty King George V instituted The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. It has been called ‘the people’s order of chivalry’.
Since the Order’s foundation, Ede & Ravenscroft has made its mantle of rose-pink satin lined with pearl-grey silk taffeta. The star of the Order is hand embroidered in silver and gold on the left breast. In its centre sits the crowned effigies of His Majesty King George V and Her Majesty Queen Mary. Its gold inscribed motto reads, “For God and Empire”.
The mantle closes at the front with cordons of pearl-grey silk, with rose and silver tassels. A gold collar is fastened with white and silk satin shoulder bows.
The Six British Orders of Chivalry
The Most Noble Order of the Garter
The robes of the Order are magnificent. They feature the Blue Garter and Garter Mantle. Fashioned from deep blue silk velvet lined with white silk taffeta, a hand embroidered gold badge on the left breast displays the cross of St. George, encircled by the motto: “Honi soit qui mal y pense” ‘Dishonoured be he who thinks evil of it’.
A crimson silk velvet hood drapes over the right shoulder. Gold and blue embroidered cordons seal the Mantle at the front.
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
The Most Honourable order of the Bath
Becoming a knight during medieval time was rite of passage. In preparation for his investiture a would-be knight would take a bath and hold a solitary vigil in silent prayer: cleansing both body and soul. From this comes the title for the Order of the Bath.
During the 18th century it became the highest military honour, prized by all who received it, including Lord Nelson and the Duke of Wellington.
The Order has three classes: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander, and Companions. Each class has a military and civil division.
The Order’s emblem is three gold crowns within a circle surrounded by the motto, “Tria Juncta in Uno” ‘Three joined in one’.
The mantles are crimson silk satin lined with white silk taffeta. A silver and gold hand embroidered badge on the left breast bears the Order's emblem and motto. The mantles are hoodless and closed at the neck using cloth cordons with crimson and gold tassels. The collars are attached to the mantle with white silk bows on the shoulder.
The Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George
The Royal Victorian Order
Instituted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in 1896, the Sovereign awards this Order for personal service.
Since its foundation, Ede & Ravenscroft has made mantles of dark blue silk satin edged with red silk satin and lined with white taffeta.
On the left breast sits a hand-embroidered gold and silver badge with the emblem of a white eight-pointed Maltese Cross and Queen Victoria’s royal monograph at the centre. Its motto reads, “Victoria”. A hood is attached to the right shoulder. The mantle closes at the front with blue and gold embroidered cordons. The gold collar is attached with white silk satin shoulder bows.
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
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| Order of the Garter |
Which element Atomic Number 19 was originally called Kalium? | The Most Noble Order of the Garter, its History, Ceremony, Coats of Arms and Crests.
The Most Noble Order of the Garter
The Oldest and Highest British Order of Chivalry, founded in 1348 by Edward III.
The Order consists of Her Majesty The Queen who is Sovereign of the
Order, His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales and 24 Knights Companions.
The origin of the symbol of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, a blue 'garter' with the motto Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense will probably never be known for certain as the earliest records of the order were destroyed by fire, however the story goes that at a Ball possibly held at Calais, Joan Countess of Salisbury dropped her garter and King Edward seeing her embarrassment picked it up and bound it about his own leg saying in French, Evil, (or shamed) be he that that thinks evil of it' this is almost certainly a later fiction. This fable appears to have originated in France and was, perhaps, invented to try and bring discredit on the Order. There is a natural unwillingness to believe that the World's foremost Order of Chivalry had so frivolous a beginning.
It is thought more likely that as the garter was a small strap used as a device to attach pieces of armour, it might have been thought appropriate to use the garter as a symbol of binding together in common brotherhood. Whilst the motto probably refers to the leading political topic of the 1340's, Edward's claim to the throne of France. The patron saint of the Order of the Garter is St George and as he is the patron saint of soldiers and also of England, the spiritual home of the order has therefore always been St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle.
Windsor castle - The procession at the Garter service - St George�s Chapel Windsor
The patron saint of the Order is St George who is the patron saint of soldiers and also of England; the spiritual home of the Order is St George's Chapel, Windsor. Every knight is required to display a banner of his arms in the Chapel, together with a helmet, crest, sword and an enamelled stallplate. These 'achievements' are taken down on the knight's death and the insignia are returned to the Sovereign. The stallplates remain as a memorial and these now form one of the finest collections of heraldry in the world.
HM the Queen during the Order of the Garter Procession outside St George's Chapel Windsor Castle
The holders of this Order as a Knights Companion, entitles the recipient the right to use the title 'Sir' before their Christian names as well as being entitled to add the letters 'K.G' ( Knight of the Garter ) or in the case of a Lady Companion 'L.G.' Lady of the Garter, after their surnames or title.
The Order of the Garter Star
King George III's diamond Star made in around 1800, is worn on the left breast, it had a 13-stone ruby cross centre
set amongst diamonds in gold, encircled by the Garter in blue enamel.
The Order of the Garter , its History and Ceremony : -
Knights of the Garter :-
The Procession and Service at St George's Chapel :-
Ladies of the Order :-
The Garter Knights Crowns, Crests, Coronets and Banners :-
The procession of the Order of the Garter at Windsor Castle.
The Order of the Garter, Its History and Ceremony
The Most Noble Order of the Garter is one of the oldest and most important of all such Orders throughout the world, with the concept of like minded brotherhood dedicated to service and chivalry, these core principals having survived intact and are as relevant today as at its conception over 650 years ago. With a thousand appointments of royalty, soldiers, statesmen, favourites, magnates, and a few traitors having been made since 1348.
It was during the 11th and 12th centuries within the warrior-classes the idea of the medieval notion of chivalry and knighthood first developed. The Crusades in the Middle East had released these men from the previous constraints of feudalism. They could now express their new-found identity by the creation of religious and military orders of chivalry. The earliest orders of knighthood were amongst groups of like-minded men who being drawn from a particular social class were therefore bound together in a common purpose.
It requires all members to assemble at Windsor on the eve of the feast day. The Knights and Ladies put on the mantle of the Order and the Greater George and go to St George's Chapel for a service of thanksgiving. They then sup at the Dean's House. On St George's Day, the members attend a lunch in the Waterloo Chamber
Then all go in procession to the Chapel for service wearing the full robes of the Order, including black velvet hats with white plumes, and any new members are installed. On the day after, the mantle only is worn. The Garter itself is worn throughout. The Greater George must be worn on all official holidays, on Ascension Day, at the funeral of a member of the Order, and when a member of the Order is created a Peer.
Although the original medieval membership of the order consisted of the British sovereign and the Prince Wales, each with 12 companions, as if at a tournament. Membership was expanded in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to include supernumeraries such as members of the royal family (known as "royal knights companions"), lineal descendants of George I and George II, and foreigners (known as "extra knights"). The British sovereign and Prince of Wales are always members of the order. Originally, existing knights elected new knights, but now appointment to the order is solely at the discretion of the British monarch. Women have been made ladies of the order, but they are not ranked among the 25 knights companions.
The foundation of the Order of the Garter by King Edward III in the early fourteenth century, brought together in close companionship the Sovereign and twenty-five of the most outstanding military leaders of the country at that time as a means of marking and securing alliances; it also established a new fellowship in religious worship ' to the honour of Almighty God, the glorious Virgin Saint Mary and Saint George the Martyr'.
Since foreign monarchs have been appointed to the Order from the fifteen century, one of the earliest such appointments was the Duke of Urbino by Edward IV in 1474. Such appointments were and are occasionally made to non-Christian rulers ( for example, the Shah of Persia in 1902 ), which prompted some debate over the possibility of removing Christian imagery ( the cross of St George ) from the Order when it is given to non-Christian recipients; in the end however the design remained unchanged.
The Garter
Prince Albert's Garter was made in 1840 and was worn by the Knights beneath the left knee and by the Ladies above the Elbow. The Garter�s motto 'Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense' is set in diamonds on dark-blue velvet, and the buckle is set with one small and seven large brilliants.
Knights of the Garter
It was thought that in 1344 King Edward III inspired by the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, made a spectacular demonstration of his interest in Arthurian legend during a massive joust at Windsor Castle. He also promised to renew King Arthur's fraternity of knights with all the paragons of knightly virtues with a complement of 300 men. Work also even began on a gigantic circular building two-hundred feet across within the upper ward of the castle to house this so-called Order of the Round Table. The renewal of war with France intervened with this project but in 1348 it was revived in a different guise.
Originally it was intended that the Order of the Garter was to consist of twenty four knights, however during 1349/50 it consisted of himself as Sovereign together with twenty five Knights Companion, one of whom was the Prince of Wales, the black Prince. These 'founder knights' were military men, skilled in battle and tournaments, few of these knights were much over the age of 30 and four were under the age of 20. The other founder-knights had all served in the French campaigns of the time, including the battle of Cr�cy and three were foreigners who had previously sworn allegiance to the English king, making twenty six knights in all. it was intended by Edward III to be reserved as the highest reward for loyalty and for military merit.
These Knights included some who owed allegiance to King Edward not as King of England, but as Lord of Gascony . These Companions were known as Stranger Knights a distinction from subjects of the English Crown. Such was the prestige of the Order that during the next hundred year�s foreign monarchs in the Order are admitted and known as 'Stranger Knights' and are in addition to the number allowed by statute.
The Regalia
The Collar is of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces and consists of twenty six red enameled roses each interspersed with twenty six gold knots with a pendant representing St George and the Dragon. The roses and knots are placed alternately and joined to each other by gold links.
The insignia of the Order has gradually developed over the centuries, starting with a garter and badge depicting St George and the Dragon. A collar was added in the sixteenth century with the star and broad ribbon being added in the seventeenth century. Although the collar could not be decorated with precious stones (the statutes forbid it), the other insignia could be decorated according to taste and affordability.
As part of the original College of St George, Edward III established a community of twenty-six impoverished military veterans known as 'Poor Knights' who were required to pray daily for the Sovereign and the Knights of the Garter during life and also for their souls after death. In return they received maintenance and lodgings in Windsor Castle. This number of twenty-six was reduced to thirteen by Elizabeth I at the request of her father Henry VIII.
The Military Knights
During the early years of the nineteenth century these Poor Knights who were all retired army officers, objected to being termed 'poor' and petitioned the Sovereign William IV to be allowed to wear the uniform of Unattached Officers a uniform and to change their name. In 1834 the name was subsequently changed to Military Knights and the members no longer had to wear their red cloaks but instead were allowed to wear their new uniforms with its plumed and cocked hat which is still worn today.
Each newly appointed Knight, or more recently Lady of the Order is assigned a stall in St George's Chapel Windsor from which their banner displaying their coat of arms is hung. Beneath the banner is a Knights helm (helmet) on which is placed the carved and painted representation of the Knights Crown or Crest. In the case of Stranger Knights who are Sovereign, Princes or Princesses, instead of a carved Crest their carved and gilded representation of the State Crown is placed upon the Knights helm. For Ladies Companion, who, as women by the rules of English Heraldry has no right to a Crest, a Coronet of rank, if they are a peeress, is placed upon the helm.
Heraldry are often seen as an exciting picture language using stunning images, vibrant design and visual colour, incorporating a glorious m�l�e of signs and symbols which are frequently chosen not only to reflect the life but also the career of the person concerned. Although Heraldry is viewed by many today as an ancient art form, its images are as strong today as they were in the Middle Ages. All over the world Heraldic Arts traditional striking designs of realistic and fanciful creatures are frequently borrowed and turned into successful corporate trademarks and modern logos.
A small selection of the over eighty Crowns, Coronets and Crests that have been carved and painted by Ian G Brennan before they were placed in St George's Chapel Windsor and Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey for the Knights of the Most Noble Order of the Garter and Most Honourable Order of the Bath.
top row - Lavinia, Duchess of Norfolk - HM King Juan Carlos I of Spain - Baroness Margaret Thatches - Lady's and Knights of the Order of the Garter
bottom row - Lord Beetham - Sir Frank Cooper - Sir Henry Leach - Knights of the Order of the Bath.
Crowns, Coronets and Crests for the Royal Knights, Extra Knights and Ladies, Knights and more recently, Lady Companions of the Most Noble Order of the Garter have been placed above the Knights stalls (seats) in St Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle for almost six Centuries. The latest Ladies and Knights of the Garter are officially announced on 23 April; St George's Day from Buckingham Palace. For over years all the carved, painted and gilded Crowns, Coronets and Crests for the Order of the Garter and Knights of the Bath have been produced by sculptor Ian G Brennan. They are mostly carved from lime wood which Ian then paints and gilds and are between 12 - 28 inches high.
The Knights Crests were originally worn on top of the Knights helm (helmet) during pageants and tournaments in the fourteenth century and used as a form of identification. Fighting at tournaments was also a good way of training for battle. Each Crest Ian produces which is placed upon a wreath he also carves from lime wood to represent a circle of two twisted ropes of silk, each of a different colour. The original purpose of the wreath was to disguise the join between the helm and the Crest. Up until the seventieth century all the wreaths in St George's Chapel were still made from actual twisted cloth, however since that time they have all been mostly carved from lime wood.
One of the carvings by Ian G Brennan commissioned to be placed in Westminster Abbey is of a Medieval Knight in full battle armour having scored a point whilst riding in tournament, depicted by the Knights broken lance. When a Knight was jousting he would try and score the best of three points from three lances to win the match. The Knights lances were tipped with Cornell's which blunts them so as to reduce the chance of serious injury to the opponent.
One point is made by breaking the lance between the waist and neck of the opposing Knight. Two points we made by breaking the lance on the helm of the opponent, this was more difficult to do as the head sweeps back with the force of the blow which would often leave the lance unbroken. Three points would be made by breaking the lance and also bringing the rider to the ground. The victor on this occasion would also win the defeated knights horse. Only Knights of Noble birth over at least three generations would be allowed to ride at tournament.
Ian's wood sculpture of a Knight celebrating winning a point at tournament commissioned for Westminster Abbey
For almost two centuries each year, usually at St George's - tide in April the Sovereign and Knights of the Garter met at Windsor Castle for a Festival which lasted for three days. They gathered in Chapter, feasted in St George's Hall and occupied their stalls in St George's Chapel for Matins, the Eucharist, Evensong and Requiem for departed Knights. From 1674 onwards until 1805 services were held less frequently and during the remainder of the 19th century the life of the Order was restricted to Chapter meetings for investitures and elections normally held in London.
In 1948 His late Majesty King George VI commanded the Knights of the Garter to once again assemble at Windsor Castle for a Chapter meeting, to Process through the Castle and to have a Service at St George's Chapel. Since that time a Garter Day of this type has been regularly held each June. The procession taken by the Garter Knights from the Upper ward to the Royal Chapel is a public witness to the long tradition of the Sovereign and the leaders of the nation giving their allegiance and thanksgiving to God for creating, renewing and sustaining the World.
The number of Knights Companion remained at twenty six until the reign of George III when additional or Supernumerary appointments were made. Firstly from 1786 all the sons of the Sovereign were declared to be eligible to be appointed in addition to the twenty six (George had nine sons) from1805 the Prince of Wales upon his creation immediately become a member of the Order of the Garter. In 1813 all Stranger Knights were appointed as Supernumerary.
HRH Prince Charles The Prince of Wales, along with HRH The Duke of Gloucester and HRH The Duke of Kent wearing the blue velvet robes and black velvet hats with white plumes, as worn by the Knights of the Garter during the Garter procession at Windsor Castle
From the Eighteenth century to 1946, appointments to the Order of the Garter were made on advice from the government. Today the Order has returned to its original function as a mark of royal favour; Knights of the Garter are chosen personally by the Sovereign to honour those who have held public office, who have served the Sovereign personally or who have contributed in a particular way to national life. Although for much of its history, the Garter was limited to the aristocracy, today the Garter knights are from a variety of backgrounds.
Since the first Knight of the Garter Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince) was installed by King Edward III in around 1348, there have been 1000 Knights of the Garter, Prince William of Walesbeing the 1000 knight who was installed into the Order by HM The Queen in 2008. most recent sovereign being HM King Harold V of Norway who was installed during the Queens Golden Jubilee in 2002 There have been many famous Knights of the Garter installed during the HM the Queen's present 50 year reign. Since 5th December 1953 the Queen who is the Thirtieth Sovereign has installed over eighty Knights into the Order which have included many of the most prominent figures in recent years from British public life, including former war time leader Sir Winston Spencer Churchill, as well as many foreign Royals.
These also include other former British Prime Ministers, Major, Heath, Wilson and Callaghan who all became Knights of the Garter, Baroness Thatcher was installed as a Lady Companion and HRH the Prince of Wales and HRH Prince Philip are Royal Knights. Juan Carlos, King of Spain, Carl Gustaf, King of Sweden and more recently King Harald V of Norway became extra Knights Companions, as is His Imperial Majesty Emperor Akihito of Japan, who was made a Garter Knight in 1998.
On the 18th of June 2001 the two Garter Knights installed by Her Majesty the Queen in St George's Chapel were Sir Anthony Acland, KG and Field Marshal Lord Inge, KG. On the 16th of June 2002 the only Knight to be installed during HM The Queens Golden Jubilee Year was HM King Harald V of Norway KG.
Ian's carved and gilded Crown prepared for King Harald V was placed upon a Knights helmet above the Kings stall in St George's Chapel, shortly before he was installed as a Garter Knight at Windsor Castle in 2002
A selection of Royal Crowns and Coronets produced by Ian G Brennan for HM King Harald V of Norway � HM Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands - HRH Prince Anne; The Princess Royal and former Britsh Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher
As per tradition on the 23 April, St George's Day the latest Knights of the Garter were officially announced from Buckingham Palace. On the 16th of June 2003 in glorious sunshine the pomp and splendour of the Garter procession could once again be seen as the latest Lady Companion and Knights of the Garter, along with the other previously installed Knights and Lady Companions of the Garter began the procession at Castle Hill walking down from the State Apartments at Windsor Castle to the lower wards before entering St George's Chapel.
These included the Queens first cousin, Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, GCVO who was then installed in St George's Chapel as a Lady Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. This high honour was a personal gift of the Queen in recognition of her charity work and seniority within the Royal Family.
Princess Alexandra's appointment as a Member of the Royal Family, is in addition to the established number of 24 Companions. HRH The Duke of Edinburgh was created a Knight in 1947, HRH The Prince of Wales in 1958, HRH The Duke of Kent in 1985, HRH The Princess Royal in 1994, and more recently in 1997, HRH The Duke of Gloucester.
The appointment of Knights and Ladies of the Order of the Garter, Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order is in The Queen's Personal Gift and is made without Prime Ministerial advice. The three Knights of the Garter who were also installed in 2003 at Windsor Castle were The Duke of Westminster, OBE, TD, DL, The Right Honourable Lord Butler of Brockwell, GCB, CVO the former Cabinet Secretary and The Right Honourable Lord Morris of Aberavon, QC. These three Crests and the Coronet for HRH Princess Alexandra were completed early in 2004 and placed in position above their stalls in St George's Chapel.
The appointment of Knights and Ladies of the Order of the Garter, Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order is in The Queen's Personal Gift and is made without Prime Ministerial advice. The three Knights of the Garter who were also installed in 2003 at Windsor Castle were The Duke of Westminster, OBE, TD, DL, The Right Honourable Lord Butler of Brockwell, GCB, CVO the former Cabinet Secretary and The Right Honourable Lord Morris of Aberavon, QC. These three Crests and the Coronet for HRH Princess Alexandra were completed early in 2004 and placed in position above their stalls in St George's Chapel.
The completed carved, painted and gilded coronets and crests for the latest Ladies and Knights of the Garter photographed during 2006, 2007 and 2008 in sculptor Ian G Brennan's studio
Please click images to enlarge
The crests and coronets pictured above were commissioned for : -
Lady Soames LG - (Coronet): Lord Bingham of Corhill KG (Griffin): Sir John Major KG (Stag) --- the Royal Crests for HRH Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex and HRH Prince Andrew The Duke of York --- Sir Thomas Dunne(snakes) : HRH Prince William: Lord Luce.(swan)
Various Crests and coronet placed in position in St George�s Chapel Windsor
In 2005 the Knights of the Garter appointed to this the most senior and oldest order chivalry was John Major who was the former Conservative Prime Minister and now becomes Sir John Major. KG, one of the 24 Knights. The Queen also appointed Lady Soames, the daughter of Sir Winston Churchill. Her appointment as a Lady of the Garter is the first non-royal, father daughter appointment in the orders 650-year history. Lord Bingham of Cornhill who was the former lord chief justice was the third of that years appointments.
Crest for HRH Prince Edward the Earl of Wessex - Crest for HRH Prince Andrew the Duke of York
The Duke of York�s Crest placed in position in St George�s Chapel.
On 23 April in 2006, St George's day; The Duke of York and the Earl of Wessex were both made Royal Knights of the Garter by Her Majesty the Queen. Prince Andrew and Prince Edward are both appointed to this the most senior British order of chivalry amid a weekend of celebrations to mark Her Majesties 80th birthday. This high honour recognises their seniority with the Royal Family and joins their father HRH Prince Philip, their brother HRH The Prince of Wales and sister The Princess Royal in the Order and more recently HRH Prince William of Wales.
HRH Prince William�s Royal Crest and Sword made by Ian G Brennan now placed upon the Prince�s helmet in St George�s Chapel Windsor Castle. As the second in line to the British throne; Prince William of Wales like his father the Prince of Wales, also uses a white label of three points but in addition on the lion is a small carved red �escallop� to honour the memory of his mother Diana, Princess of Wales. The decision for Prince William to recognise his mother this way is a break with tradition as it is highly unusual for members of the Royal Family to include maternal symbols in their heraldic emblems.
HRH Prince William�s Royal Crest � The Prince�s Crest and Sword in St Georges Chapel Windsor � the small red escallop.
Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle, is the largest inhabited stronghold in the world and is furnished with works of art from the Royal Collection. This historic fortress is situated alongside the River Thames in Berkshire in Southern England and stands proudly on its wooded chalk ridges which has been the home to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and earlier sovereigns of England since the days of the Norman Conquest over 900 years ago. It first existed as a Norman stronghold built of earth and timber by the forces of William the Conqueror to control the country after his invasion in 1066.
King William who reigned from 1066 to 1087, was the first Norman King of England after he defeated Harold Godwinson (King Harold II ) at the famous Battle of Hastings in 1066, where Harold was killed after being hit in the eye by an arrow. William was subsequently crowned King of England on Christmas Day. Windsor Castle formed one of a ring of garrisons built to command the area around London, this particular site being of strategic importance not only because it dominated the Thames, then the main freight route into the interior but also because the castle was only one day�s march from the Tower of London.
King Henry II rebuilt the castle in stone and began the curtain wall and the subsequent construction of the Round Tower. Henry III is credited with then adding the five circular towers to this curtain wall and Edward III then undertook extensive construction which included building an inner gatehouse with cylindrical towers, the College of St George, new Royal apartments for the King and Queen, the Great Hall and the Royal Chapel. Over the centuries successive monarchs continued to add to these alterations and improvements including George III and George IV who were responsible for further extensive improvements to the castle and are now buried along with William IV, in the Albert Memorial Chapel.
The Royal Standard flying above the Round Tower at Windsor Castle, flown wherever the Sovereign is present
The only disruption to royal ownership for 900 years was in 1642 when the English Civil war broke out and King Charles I who was not popular in Windsor fled to York after there was rioting in the town.. Consequently having made no attempt to defend his stronghold at Windsor the castle fell into the hands of Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentary forces in the charge of Colonel Venn. Thousands of troops were billeted in the town and Fairfax and Cromwell were frequent visitors. These forces then proceeded to steal treasures and plate from St George's Chapel. The dean and cannons not only had to then endure the indignity of being evicted from their houses, but also of knowing the nave of the chapel was to be used as a stable for the horses of the parliamentary forces.
Parliament later commanded "to take care that there be no disorders and disturbance made in the Chapel at Windsor" However despite this decree many monuments and windows were smashed and furnishings looted. The castle itself was then used as a prison for Royalist prisoners, including the now captured Charles I who was held at the castle before his trial for High Treason and subsequent execution outside London's Banqueting Hall at Whitehall. King Charles I body was bought back to the castle on the 8 February 1649 and was buried inside St George's Chapel in silence, as the Parliamentary authorities would not allow the use of the funeral services as prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer. The location of the king's tomb which remaining unknown for over 150 years was subsequently found underneath the floor of the Quire, this vault also contained the remains of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.
During the next 11 years England was governed by Oliver Cromwell, the ' Lord Protector', after the death of Cromwell, the castle eventually returned as a royal residence when King Charles II ascended to the throne. The castle and much of the interior survived however, later to be restored and added to during the reigns of Charles II, George IV and Queen Victoria. It was however a close call as shortly after the Civil War, the bill in parliament to pull the castle down was only defeated by one vote
Following the English Civil War, the Castle's primary role became that of a royal palace. During the Second World War, Windsor Castle was home to the young Princess Elizabeth later to become HM Queen Elizabeth II.. Today The Queen regularly uses the Castle spending most of her weekends there. The Castle has remained largely unchanged since the early nineteenth century, apart from the restoration work following the fire which took place on 20 November 1992.
The fire broke out in the north-east part of the Castle in the Private Chapel, when a spotlight came into contact with a curtain and ignited the material. The fire spread at roof level to surrounding areas of the castle despite frantic efforts of castle staff and the fire brigade to control the flames. Fortunately most treasures and works of art had been removed temporarily and so few items were lost, although over 100 rooms in the Castle were badly damaged or destroyed.
The fire consumed the ceilings of George IV's and Grand Reception Room and gutted the Private Chapel, the State Dining Room, the Crimson Drawing room, Brunswick Tower and St George's Hall which for many centuries was the place were State banquets were held for Royalty and Heads of State. Just prior to the fire such dignitaries being entertained by HM The Queen in St George's Hall included the former Polish president Leck Walesa and former United States president Ronald Reagan.
It took 250 fire-fighters one-and-a-half million gallons of water and some 15 hours to extinguish the fire. Nine principal rooms and over 100 other rooms over an area of 9,000 square metres were damaged or destroyed by the fire, approximately one-fifth of the Castle area. It then took five years to restore Windsor Castle at a cost of � 37 million to its former glory.
St George's Chapel Windsor
The Queen's Free Chapel, or more commonly known as St George's Chapel is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. St George and St Edward the Confessor of St George was founded in 1475 by King Edward IV as the chapel for the Order of the Garter and was eventually completed by King Henry VIII 50 years later. 'Free' in this sense means that the Chapel is a "Royal Peculiar" therefore it falls under the direct authority of the Queen, rather than any of the normal Church of England structures. St George's Chapel is also the final resting place of Ten Royal Sovereigns including Charles I, Henry VIII and King George VI.
St George's Chapel shares the distinction along with Westminster Abbey of being not only one of the most revered hallowed Royal shrines of the British Monarchy, but also one of the most beautiful buildings of its kind in the world, rich in history, and a place of prayer. The Chapel belongs to the College of St George which is a self governing community of priests and laymen.
St George's Chapel Windsor Castle
Dominating the lower ward of Windsor Castle for over 500 hundred years St George's Chapel one of the most beautiful ecclesiastical buildings in England, is the home of the College of St George and the Order of the Garter. It is the last in a succession of chapels in the castle , of which the earliest was built in the late 11th century for the needs of the garrison, king and court. In 1240 King Henry III ordered a chapel to be built in the lower ward, close to his new apartments. It was dedicated to St Edward the Confessor and stood on the present Albert Memorial Chapel.
The Windsor beasts and gargoyles on the outside pinnacles and buttresses
Unlike most other great churches, the show front of St Georges Chapel is on the south side facing the visitor entering Windsor Castle by means of the main King Henry VIII Gate. The outside of the magnificent building is compact and almost symmetrical with octagonal chapels protruding from three of its four corners. The chapel roof which is supported externally by flying buttresses,. is decorated with fourteen different types of 'Windsor Beasts' repeating along the roof making seventy-six beasts in total, of which six of these are unique to the Windsor series.
There has always been a strong connection between the Royal Family and St George's Chapel. Over the centuries members of the Royal Family have been baptised, married and buried there. HM The Queen is closely involved with the life of the College and attends matins at the chapel on Easter Day, there are also many other times when The Queen and the Royal Family attend the Chapel, especially every June when they can all be seen attending the annual ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
The Chapel was also the venue where the service of blessing took place after the royal wedding took place between HRH Prince Edward and Sophie Rhys-Jones, the Earl and Countess of Wessex, the funeral of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and more recently on the 9 April 2005 the Royal wedding of HRH The Prince of Wales and HRH Camilla Duchess of Cornwall.
More than 800 guests were at the Chapel which including all the members of the British Royal Family, European royalty, politicians and show business stars, to witness Prince Charles and Camilla pledge their love for one another at the most elaborate Service of Prayer and Dedication, presided over by the Archbishop of Canterbury and watched by over 500 million TV viewers worldwide.
Choir and Chancel looking West and East
Many of these Royal Crowns, Coronets and Crests carved by Ian G Brennan on the South and North Stalls within the Choir and Chancel of St George's Chapel; photographs taken in 2004.
For a panoramic view of many of the 39 Royal Crowns, Coronets and Crests created by Ian G Brennan between 1989 and 2009 commissioned for the Royal Knights, Knights and Ladies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter in St Georges�s Chapel Windsor Castle. Please click here.
Ian G Brennan was invited to Windsor Castle to give a talk about the various aspects of his work as a sculptor. This talk to the invited audience held in St George's Chapel was not only about the wide variety of sculptures he has produced for the past twenty three years for the Royal Household, but also how he starter his career as a sculptor.
A selection of the unique bronze wildlife sculptures and heraldic woodcarvings created by Ian G Brennan which were also on display during Ian�s talk within the wonderful setting of the Nave of St George's Chapel
Each Knight of the Garter is allotted a stall (seat) in St George's Chapel Windsor Castle and above it is placed the medieval symbols of chivalry, his banner which was often carried in battle bearing his coat of arms, these arms were also often worn as a tabard over his armour which helped to identify him. On top of the stall is the knights helm (or helmet) on this is placed his crest or in the case of foreign sovereigns the crest is replaced with a crown, which again is used as a form of recognition.
Various stall-plates - Wreath for a Deceased Garter Knight
The Garter Knights brightly coloured brass enamel stall-plate showing the knights full coat of arms, title and the date of appointment to the Order which is affixed to the back of the stall soon after the instillation service and remains there in perpetuity. At present there are almost 800 Garter Knights stall plates in St George's Chapel the earliest surviving plate is that of Ralph, Lord Basset of Drayton who was elected to the Order in 1368. He was one of the leaders of the English army which, led by the Black Prince defeated the French at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. The stall-plates in St Georges Chapel provide one of the best examples of the fine history of heraldic designs during the past six centuries.
Such is the prestige of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, when Sir Winston Churchill died in 1965 his Garter Crest depicting a 'Lion holding a staff' was taken down from above his stall in St George's Chapel Windsor Castle, the crest was then mounted on a stave and carried with great ceremony throughout Sir Winston's State Funeral procession. His coffin placed upon a gun carriage and draped with the Union Flag, Sir Winston�s insignia as a Knight of the Garter, his collar, garter and star gleamed in lone splendour upon a black velvet cushion placed upon the coffin of the gun carriage which was pulled by a Gun's crew of naval ratings, for the State Funeral service which was held at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
Sir Winston Churchill's Garter Crest and Stall plate along with the carved and gilded Coronet carved by Ian G Brennan for Lady Soames; Sir Winston Churchill's daughter.
Although a number of Garter knights have been 'degraded' over the years for the crimes of heresy or cowardice, one of the main reasons that a Knight is removed from the Order during his lifetime is for Treason against the Sovereign. In ancient times this would often mean being beheaded, with Henry VIII alone accounting for six. Between 1387 and 1716 twenty Knights were removed, six of whom were subsequently reinstated.
Most degradation occurred because a Knight fought on the wrong side and then lost! Two of the most famous of these disgraced Knights during this period was " Warwick the Kingmaker" Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick who was appointed in 1460 but was later killed at the battle of Barnet in 1471 and later in the 16th century Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Suffolk incurred the displeasure of Henry VIII and was executed on Tower Hill at the Tower of London.
During World War II, the crests and swords of the "extra knights" Emperor Hirohito of Japan and King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy were removed from the order's St George's Chapel. The conferment of this high honour has also been refused however, in 1945 when Winston Churchill's Conservative party was voted out of office Mr Churchill refused the Order of the Garter when it was first offered to him. In private he explained, "I can hardly accept the Order of the Garter from the King after the people have given me the Order of the Boot." However, Mr Churchill relented and in 1953 he was inducted into the order.
Ladies of the Order
During the middle ages ladies were associated with the Order although they did not enjoy full membership. One of the last medieval ladies to be honoured was the mother of Henry VII and grandmother of Henry VIII, Lady Margaret Beaufort. After her death in 1509 the Order remained exclusively male, except for reigning queens as Sovereign of the Order. This situation remained until 1901 when Queen Alexandra was made a Lady of the Order by Edward VII.
In 1987 Her Majesty the Queen decided that ladies should be eligible for admission as Companions of the Order, with the same rank and privileges as Knights Companions. The first Lady Companion to be appointed was Lavinia Duchess of Norfolk in 1990, followed in 1995 by the former British Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher. .
Lady companions are now included in the establishment and have the same rights, duties and privileges as Knights Companions. Their style and titles is shown as 'LG' after their names, as opposed to the 'KG' used by Knights Companions. Ladies do not display helmets, mantles and swords but only their carved Crowns and Coronets are placed in position above their stalls, The exception is HM the Queen who as Sovereign of the Order, displays the helmet, mantle, crest and sword.
Her Majesty Queen Beatrice of the Netherlands joins HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, her own mother Princess Juliana and Queen Margarethe of Denmark as the contemporary Ladies of the Order and HM The Queen's daughter HRH Princess Ann, The Princess Royal who was the first Princess since the Middle Ages to be awarded such a high honour. In 2003 the Queen's first cousin, Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra was also installed Lady Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. Lady Soames who is the daughter of Sir Winston Churchill was installed as a Lady of the Garter on the 13 June 2005 and is the first non-royal, father daughter appointment in the orders 650-year history.
The Procession and Service at St George's Chapel Windsor
Every June, the Knights of the Garter gather at Windsor Castle, where the new Knights take the oath and are invested with the insignia of the Order, which consists of the Garter, Star, Riband, Collar and Mantle.
The Knights and Ladies of the Garter and their spouses receive a royal salute by the Guards on duty as they enter Windsor Castle via the King George IV Gate entrance.
The investiture of the new knights takes place in one of the oldest parts of the castle, the 12th century Garter Throne Room. After lunch in the Waterloo Chamber the latest Lady Companion and Knights of the Garter, along with the other previously installed Knights and Lady Companions of the Garter began the procession at Castle Hill walking down from the State Apartments at Windsor Castle to the lower wards before entering St George's Chapel
HM The Queen as Sovereign of the Order of The Garter, attends the Garter service along with other members of the Royal family who are in the Order, including HRH the Duke of Edinburgh, HRH the Prince of Wales, HRH the Princess Royal, HRH The Duke of Kent and HRH the Duke of Gloucester.
(Click on image below to enlarge)
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Who wrote The Tracks of My Tears and My Guy? | The Tracks Of My Tears by The Miracles Songfacts
The Tracks Of My Tears by The Miracles Songfacts
Songfacts
One of the most gut-wrenching songs on record, this one is about a man who tries to hide his pain, but cannot conceal the tracks made by his tears. He has come out of a relationship with the love of his life, and the song is his confession to her that his high spirits are just an act and she's the only one for him, or perhaps what he wants to tell her but can't.
Miracles leader Smokey Robinson came up with the concept when he was looking in the mirror one day, and thinking, What if a person would cry so much that you could see tracks of their tears in their face?
Miracles members Smokey Robinson, Warren Moore, and Marv Tarplin wrote this song. Robinson penned the lyrics; Tarplin, The Miracles' guitarist, came up with the riff. Robinson recalled: "'Tracks of My Tears' was actually started by Marv Tarplin, who is a young cat who plays guitar for our act. So he had this musical thing [sings melody], you know, and we worked around with it, and worked around, and it became 'Tracks of My Tears.'"
Tarplin got the idea for the music after listening to a calypso tune: Harry Belafonte's " The Banana Boat Song (Day-O) ."
Robinson had the music Tarplin wrote on a cassette, but it took him about six months to write the lyrics. The words started coming together when he came up with the line, "Take a good look at my face, you see my smile looks out of place." From there, it was a few days before he got the lines, "If you look closer it's easy to trace... my tears."
What to do with those tears was a problem, as he wanted to say something no one has said about tears. In a 2006 interview with NPR, he explained that he finally came up with the image of tears leaving lasting marks, and the song came together. "One day I was listening, and it just came - the tracks of my tears," said Robinson. "Like footprints on my face. So that was what I wrote about."
Four different artists have charted with this song in America. Johnny Rivers had the biggest hit, taking it to #10 in 1967. Two of the most acclaimed female vocalists of their time, Aretha Franklin and Linda Ronstadt, also charted covers, Franklin's making #71 in 1969 and Ronstadt's going to #25 in 1976.
Other notable versions of this song include renditions by Go West in 1993 and Adam Lambert in 2009.
When he first recorded this song with The Miracles, Robinson left out the last chorus, fading it out on the "I need you, I need you" line. He was convinced to end on the chorus when he played the song at one of the famous Monday morning meetings at Motown, where songs were scrutinized by their team.
Robinson wrote a similar song a few weeks later called "My Girl Has Gone," which was released as the next Miracles single.
Motown head Berry Gordy has said that this song represents Smokey Robinson's best work.
The song was popular among American soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War, which is reflected in the 1986 Oliver Stone movie Platoon, where the song is used.
Other films to feature the song include The Big Chill (1983), The Walking Dead (1995) and Bobby (2006). TV series to used the song include The Wonder Years and Wife Swap.
| Smokey Robinson |
Who made the original recording of What Becomes of the Brokenhearted? | The Miracles
The Miracles
Along with Brian Holland-Lamont Dozier-Eddie Holland team, William "Smokey" Robinson was the songwriting and production mainstay of Berry Gordy's Motown Records during the '60s.The Miracles were the group most responsible for establishing the Motown sound and featured singer Smokey Robinson, who would go on to become one of America's premier songwriters.
The Five Chimes
Standing L to R: Clarence Dawson, Pete Moore, Ronnie White, Smokey Robinson,
(Front) James Grice.
William "Smokey" Robinson was born February 19,1940 in Detroit, Michigan. As a boy Smokey loved cowboy movies and his uncle Claude gave him the nickname Smokey Joe. His mother died when he was only ten. His father drove a truck, so Robinson lived with his sister who had nine children of her own. His neighbors were the Rev. C.L. Franklin family , including daughters Aretha, Carolyn, Erma and son Cecil. Together with Cecil, neighborhood paperboy, Ronnie White, Smokey began singing street corner doo wop in the early fifties while they were attending Dwyer Elementary School. Even at this young age, he was writing all of their material.
At about eleven or twelve Robinson became interested in R&B. Among his favorites were Dominoes and its lead vocalist Clyde McPhatter. While attending Northern High School in 1955 he started his own vocal group the Five Chimes. The group included along with Robinson, Pete Moore, Ronnie White James Grice and Clarence Dawson. When Dawson quit Emerson Rogers (Claudette's brother) was added and the name was changed to the Matadors. Cleveland quit the group after getting his girlfriend pregnant and Bobby Rogers who was Claudette's cousin took his place.
Robinson's initial influence was another great group, Nolan Strong and the Diablos . In 1955 Robinson and the Matadors(as the Miracles originally called themselves) did an a cappella demo of the Diablos' "Adios, My Desert Love" that revealed a distinctive though rough Robinson falsetto already taking shape.
(From left to right: Bobby Rogers, Claudette Robinson, Ron White and Smokey Robinson)
In 1956 Emerson was drafted and his place was taken by his sister Claudette Rogers.
In 1957 the Matadors auditioned for Jackie Wilson's manager who turned them down because he felt they sounded too much like the Platters. A young writer named Berry Gordy was there and he liked the Matadors. By early 1958 Gordy along with Jackie Wilson's cousin Tyrone Carlo had written an answer song to the Silhouette's hit "Get A Job" called "Got a Job".
Berry brought the song to the Matadors, since they now had a girl in the group re-named themselves the Miracles, and helped get it recorded on End Records in March 1958. "Got A Job" led to another End release "Money" (not the Barrett Strong song) with Robinson's easily identifiable lead. Berry then produced a side he had co-written with Robinson called "Bad Girl" and licensed it to Chess Records in 1959. "Bad Girl" reached #93 nationally, When the first Royalty check from Goldner totaled on $3.19 Robinson convinced Gordy to start his own label. Gordy borrowed eight hundred dollars in 1960 and formed the Tamla label and signed the Miracles. Their first single "Way Over There" bombed making the company look like a bad investment.
In 1959, Gordy began issuing records on his own Tamla label. One of the first was an outer space novelty "It" by Ron and Bill which was leased to Argo, a Chess Records subsidiary. Ron and Bill were Ronnie White and Bill "Smokey" Robinson. Even without hit records, the Miracles were celebrities in Detroit, appearing at local revues at the Windsor Stadium and the Twenty Grand Club. They even played the East Coast theater circuit that included the Apollo Theater in New York.
From mid-1959 to mid-1960, the Miracles did not release any singles. During that time they were honing their on stage act with Charley Atkins, a former tap dancer, who devised choreography for the group.
In that year they also added Marvin Tarpin. Tarpin became an integral part of the group and was considered to be a full member of the group. Robinson also married Claudete Rogers whom he had been dating and most of the time she was a group member. From now on she would record with the group, but seldom tour. Smokey was now earning five dollars a week.
(clockwise from far left - Smokey Robinson, Pete Moore, Ronnie White and Bobby Rogers)
Things turned around in October 1960 when the Miracle's "Shop Around" was released and charted on the Pop and R&B lists on December 12th. "Shop Around" went to number two Pop on February 20, 1961 (#1 R&B). Robinson, in recognition of his work with both the Miracles and other Motown acts, was made a Tamla vice president by the end of 1961.
In 1962 the Miracles came out with two of their best "What's So Good About Good-Bye" (#35 Pop, #16 R&B) and "I'll Try Something New" #39 Pop, #11 R&B).
"You Really Got a Hold on Me" in November 1962 carved out the Miracles permanent niche reaching #8 Pop and #1 R&B. That summer "Mickey's Monkey" became their third top ten Pop hit (#8 Pop, #1 R&B).
photo courtesy of The Smokey Robinson Fan Club
By the beginning of 1964 Claudette, who had married Robinson in 1963, had retired from the group. The British invasion had little affect on the Miracles, who continued to have hits with "Ooo Baby Baby" (#16 Pop, #4 R&B, 1965), "The Tracks of My Tears" (#16 Pop, #2 R&B, 1965), and "Going to A-Go-Go" (#11 Pop, #2 R&B, 1966). Robinson was also writing hits for Mary Wells "My Guy" (#1) and the Temptations The Way You Do the Things You Do" (#11). At the end of 1966 they recorded "I'm the One You Need" (#17 Pop, #4 R&B), their last hit as the Miracles, because in 1967 they became Smokey Robinson and the Miracles.
In 1967 Tamla released the Robinson written "More Love" (#23 Pop, #5 R&B). After "More Love" came one of their biggest hits "I Second That Emotion" (#4 Pop, #1 R&B).
Pete Moore, Bobby Rogers, Smokey Robinson, and Ronnie White
The Miracles in the late 60s
Their next big hit broke not in Detroit, but England. In 1967 the Miracles had recorded a song called "Tears of a Clown". Three years later, British Motown executive John Marshall needing a follow up to "The Tracks of My Tears" and heard "Tears of a Clown" off the the 1967 Make It Happen album. Issued in September 1970 it sold 900,000 copies and reached number one on the British charts. In December Motown released it in the States and by December 12th it was the Miracles biggest hit ever (#1 Pop and R&B), selling over a million copies.
On July 16, 1972, at the end of a six month U.S. tour, Robinson made has last appearance as a Miracle in Washington, D.C. "I Can't Stand To See You Cry" (#45 Pop, #21 R&B) was Robinson's last single with the Miracles and after forty two Pop chart singles, he began his solo career.
Robinson's place was taken by Billy Griffin of Baltimore. The Miracles recorded seven more Tamla singles that included "Do It Baby" (#13 Pop, #21 R&B) and "Don'tcha Love It" (#78 Pop, #4 R&B).
In 1975 the Miracles had their longest running chart hit when "Love Machine" (#1 Pop, #5 R&B) stayed on the charts for twenty eight weeks.
In 1977 the Miracles moved to Columbia and added Griffin's brother Don.
Their last chart single was "Mean Machine" in 1978 (#55 R&B).
On May 16, 1983 they reunited with Smokey for Motown's 25th anniversary TV special. Robinson continued recording and from 1073 to 1989 had 24 Pop and 38 R&B chart 45s, including "Baby That's Backatcha" ( #26 Pop, #1 R&B, 1975), "Cruisin'" (#4 Pop and R&B, 1979), "Bein' With You" (#2 Pop, #1 R&B, 981), and "Just to See You" (#8 Pop, #2 R&B, 1987).
Smokey Today
In 1988 he resigned his Motown vice presidency and left Motown in 1990, recording 1991's "Double Good Everything" for SBK Records. Ronnie White, an original member of The Miracles, died in Detroit on August 26, 1995, of leukemia at the age of 57.
The original Miracles have evolved into completely new group of faces. Other than the music, the Miracles bare little resemblance to the group that made the hits. Robinson continues to perform as he pleases, filling with ease the largest concert halls, in the world's largest cities
Smokey Robinson, without the Miracles, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987
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Levi Stubbs was lead singer with which act? | Levi Stubbs, 72, Powerful Voice for Four Tops, Dies - The New York Times
The New York Times
Music |Levi Stubbs, 72, Powerful Voice for Four Tops, Dies
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DETROIT — Levi Stubbs, the gravelly-voiced, imploring lead singer of the Motown group the Four Tops, who stood out in 1960s pop classics like “Reach Out, I’ll Be There,” and “Bernadette,” died on Friday at his home here. He was 72.
His death was confirmed by the office of the Wayne County Medical Examiner. No cause was given. Mr. Stubbs had had a series of illnesses, including a stroke and cancer, that forced him to stop performing in 2000, although he briefly participated in the Four Tops’ 50th-anniversary concert in 2004, which was broadcast on public television.
Formed while its original members were in high school, the Four Tops were one of the most successful groups of the 20th century. They had more than 40 hits on the Billboard pop charts, including their first No. 1 single, “I Can’t Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)” in 1965.
Hugely popular abroad as well as in the United States, the group became a linchpin of Motown Records, the Detroit label started by Berry Gordy Jr., and was second only to the Temptations, with whom it was often compared, in popularity among its male artists. In 1990 the Four Tops were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Unlike the Temptations, whose members regularly changed, the Tops exhibited extraordinary loyalty, with the original four remaining together for more than 40 years. In fact, they began their singing career almost a decade before joining Motown in 1963.
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In 1953 Mr. Stubbs, a student at Pershing High School in Detroit, and his friend Abdul Fakir, known as Duke, attended a birthday party at which they met two other founding members of the group, Renaldo Benson, known as Obie and Lawrence Payton, who were students at Northern High School.
(Mr. Fakir, who continues to perform with the Tops’ current lineup, is now the last surviving member.)
Originally calling themselves the Four Aims, they were rechristened the Four Tops in 1954 and signed with Chess Records, the Chicago rhythm and blues label, in 1956.
Photo
The Four Tops in the mid-60s. Clockwise from bottom left, Levi Stubbs, Obie Benson, Abdul Fakir and Lawrence Payton.
It was clear from the beginning that Mr. Stubbs, with his booming, rough-edged baritone, would be the lead singer, Mr. Fakir said in a 2004 interview. Yet many of his songs were written in a tenor range that pushed his voice higher and made it sound urgent and pleading.
Mr. Stubbs and the group did not plan a pop career, but began as jazz singers. Leaving Detroit in the mid-1950s, they headed for New York, bouncing around the nightclub circuit.
The four singers shared a studio apartment and rotated three daytime suits among them; whoever had the more important appointment got first pick, Mr. Fakir recalled.
The Tops added choreography to their act, but were advised to drop it when they toured with the jazz balladeer Billy Eckstine, who told them to master their singing. In 1963 Mr. Stubbs and the other Tops appeared on the “Tonight” show, then hosted by Jack Paar, singing a jazz arrangement of “In the Still of the Night.”
Mr. Gordy, who saw their performance, told his staff to sign them up, and assigned the songwriting team of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland to shape their sound and deliver them a hit song.
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It took a year before the group recorded “Baby, I Need Your Loving,” followed by their first No. 1 hits, “I Can’t Help Myself” in 1965 and “Reach Out” in 1966.
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“We didn’t know what bag to put them in,” Mr. Dozier said in 2004. The three songwriters concluded that Mr. Stubbs’s booming voice should be most prominent, backed by the Tops’ harmonies; layered with vocals by a female group, the Andantes; and supported by the Motown studio band known as the Funk Brothers.
The combination worked.
“Stubbs’s bold, dramatic readings of some of Holland-Dozier-Holland’s choicest material set a high standard for contemporary soul in the mid-’60s,” the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame said when the Tops were inducted.
Photo
The Four Tops, from left, in 1990: Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Levi Stubbs, Abdul "Duke" Fakir and Lawrence Payton. Credit Ron Frehm/Associated Press
Snappily dressed, even offstage, the Tops toured extensively throughout the United States and around the world, recording more hits like “It’s the Same Old Song” and “Standing in the Shadows of Love.”
In 1971 the group joined the Supremes to record a cover version of the Ike and Tina Turner song “River Deep — Mountain High.” But by then, relations with Motown were strained, and the group left the label after Mr. Berry moved it to Los Angeles.
The Tops continued to record during the 1970s and ’80s, often touring with the Temptations. Their biggest post-Motown hit was “Ain’t No Woman Like the One I’ve Got,” in 1973.
Levi Stubbles was born in Detroit on June 6, 1936, a cousin of the soul singer Jackie Wilson. His younger brother, Joe, sang with the Falcons and the Contours, two rhythm and blues groups.
Mr. Stubbs is survived by his wife of 48 years, Clineice; five children, Deborah, Beverly, Raymond, Kelly and Levi Jr.; and 11 grandchildren.
Mr. Stubbs took on a side project to become the voice of a man-eating plant, Audrey II, in the 1986 musical film “Little Shop of Horrors,” and also was the voice of Mother Brain, an evil character on the cartoon show “Captain N: The Game Master,” from 1989 to 1991.
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By 1995, Mr. Stubbs’s health had begun to fail, forcing him to curtail his performances. Mr. Payton died in 1997, and Mr. Benson in 2005. Mr. Fakir has continued singing with Mr. Payton’s son Roquel; a former Temptation, Theo Peoples; and Ronnie McNair, a veteran Motown singer.
Before his death, Mr. Benson said in an interview that he was saddened by performing without Mr. Stubbs and Mr. Payton.
“It’s like having one body with two limbs missing,” he said.
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page B10 of the New York edition with the headline: Levi Stubbs, Powerful Voice for the Four Tops, Dies at 72. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| Four Tops |
Who wrote the play Equus? | The Contours | SoulTracks - Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews
Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews
The Contours
Contours featuring Sylvester Potts official website
Artist Biography
Joe Billingslea, Billy Gordon, Billy Hoggs, and Billy Rollins founded a singing group called The Blenders in their native Detroit, Michigan in 1959. The group soon added Leroy Fair (in place of Billy Rollins) and bass singer Hubert Johnson and changed the name to The Contours. In the fall of 1960, the group auditioned for Berry Gordy's Motown Records. Gordy turned the act down, prompting the group to pay a visit to the home of Johnson's cousin, R&B star and Gordy associate Jackie Wilson. Wilson in turn got The Contours a second audition with Gordy, at which they sang the same songs they had at the first audition, the same way, and were signed to a seven-year contract.
The group's first single, "Whole Lotta Woman," was released in January 1961 and failed to chart. Within months of its release, Leroy Fair was replaced by Benny Reeves, brother of Martha Reeves. Shortly thereafter, Benny Reeves left to serve in the United States Navy and he was replaced by Sylvester Potts. In 1961 the group's second single, "The Stretch", was released and it also failed to chart. In early 1962, Gordy had The Contours record "Do You Love Me," a composition originally meant for The Temptations. The resulting record, with its shouted lead vocals from Billy Gordon, became a number-two hit in1962.
Although The Contours never quite repeated the extraordinary success of "Do You Love Me," they returned to the charts three times during 1963 and 1964 with "Shake Sherry," "Can You Do It" and "Can You Jerk Like Me." In 1964, Billy Hoggs, Joe Billingslea, Hubert Johnson, and Sylvester Potts all left Motown. Berry Gordy hired Council Gay, Jerry Green and Alvin English to back Billy Gordon, making the Contours a quartet. Within a year, Sylvester Potts returned to the group (replacing Alvin English), and Billy Gordon departed shortly thereafter. Gordon was replaced by Joe Stubbs, brother of Four Tops lead singer Levi Stubbs. Stubbs soon quit the act and was replaced by Dennis Edwards.
With all of the original members gone by the mid-1960s, The Contours recorded several records which received R&B radio play (notably "First I Look at the Purse" and "Just a Little Misunderstanding"), but were considered secondary to Motown's major male vocal groups, The Temptations, the Four Tops, and The Miracles. The group's seven-year contract with Motown expired in 1967 and when lead singer Dennis Edwards was recruited to replace the departed David Ruffin as lead singer of The Temptations in early 1968, The Contours disbanded. Edwards later became a solo hits maker as well.
Although they charted up a hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1970 with a re-release of "Just A Little Misunderstanding," The Contours' real claim to fame lies with "Do You Love Me." Both these tracks and others Contours work can be found on various Motown compilation albums.
In the early 1970s, Joe Billingslea resurrected the group with himself, Council Gay, Arthur Hinson, Martin Upshire and C. Autry Hatcher as its members, and began performing at local clubs around Detroit. During the seventies and early eighties, the group's popularity increased and they began playing dates throughout the US and even some international dates. In 1984, Charles Davis replaced Hinson and a week later Potts rejoined the group replacing Gay. In 1987, Hatcher left the group and Arthur Hinson returned. In 1988, Darell Nunlee was added when Martin Upshire left. The same year, "Do You Love Me" was prominently featured in the film Dirty Dancing. In 1988, a reissue of "Do You Love Me" sent the song back to the Billboard pop charts for eight weeks, peaking at number eleven. The movie and the record spawned a 1988 "Dirty Dancing Concert Tour" followed by a new recording contract for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records where the group recorded two albums Flashback and Revenge although the latter was not released although the songs came out on a later compilation.
In 1992, Hinson and left the group, and it continued as a quartet until 1993 when Nunlee left. Al Chisholm (formerly with The Falcons) and Gary Grier were recruited in 1993. This configuration - Joe Billingslea, Chisholm, Davis, Grier and Potts - continued from 1993 until 2004.
In 2004, Sylvester Potts left to form his own group with the four members (Leroy Seabrooks, Kim Green, Tony Womack and Darell Nunlee) of a local Detroit group named Upscale, which immediately began performing as 'The Contours'. Billingslea sued and Potts countersued, each claiming the rights to the name. These suits were resolved in an out-of-court settlement which provided for the existence of both groups to be identified as "Joe Billingslea and The Contours" and "The Contours featuring Sylvester Potts," respectively. Seabrooks has since left the Potts' group making it a quartet. In 2006, Joe Billingslea and The Contours filled the vacant bass singing spot created by Potts' departure with Odell Jones. Both groups are currently performing. Joe Billingslea and The Contours are among the acts featured in a DVD released by Motown in January 2007 called "Motown: The Early Years," featuring their appearances on the Public Broadcasting System specials.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . It uses material from the Wikipedia article The Contours .
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Which is the most northerly of the Met Office shipping forecast areas? | NAVTEX services in waters around the British Isles
Table 1 : NAVTEX stations in the UK and Republic of Ireland
Table 2 : Summary of NAVTEX broadcasts on 518 kHz in waters around the British Isles
Table 3 : Subject content of message as defined by the B2 character
Table 4 : Summary of the current UK National NAVTEX broadcasts on 490 kHz
Table 5 : The Met Office Inshore Waters forecast areas included in each of the UK NAVTEX transmissions
NAVTEX General introduction
NAVTEX is an international automated direct printing service for the promulgation of Marine Safety Information (MSI) to ships at sea. It is an integral part of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) and provides a low-cost system in coastal waters, a system that can provide all the safety information required whether on a Merchant ship or on a small craft. The simplest form of receiver incorporates a small printer which prints the output on a small roll of paper, but many units are now available at low cost which store the information in soft copy for access as and when required. The international system operates world-wide on a frequency of 518 kHz so there is no requirement for retuning of the receiver. The output on 518 kHz is in the English language no matter which part of the world the information is being received. The basic receiver can be programmed to receive specific transmitting stations and certain classes of messages, or more to the point, certain classes of messages cannot be programmed out. Messages which cannot be programmed out include distress messages, search and rescue messages, navigational warnings and meteorological warnings (in this context note that meteorological forecasts other than warnings can be programmed out - see below for more on this topic).
The service has been so successful that several countries are now taking up the option of using the national frequency of 490 kHz for the dissemination of additional information such as forecasts for inshore waters and the promulgation of MSI information in the National language. Such information is of particular interest to small craft although it should be remembered that the output on the 518 kHz frequency is the source of essential Marine Safety Information (MSI) for all classes of vessel.
Vessels obliged to carry NAVTEX equipment within the GMDSS regulations must have the receiver switched on and tuned to the 518 kHz frequency continuously, and if access to the new national frequency is required then a second receiver is required. On a vessel which is not required by the SOLAS regulations to carry NAVTEX equipment, it is feasible to have a receiver that can only receive one frequency at any one time. The user can switch to the national frequency of 490 kHz for reception of a bulletin and then switch back to the 518 kHz frequency when the bulletin has been received. This is possible since the NAVTEX station that one will be using will have different time slots for input into the 518 kHz and the 490 kHz service. Vessels that are required to carry NAVTEX equipment by the SOLAS regulations must carry a dual frequency receiver if reception on 490 kHz is required since availability to receive messages on 518 kHz must be maintained at all times.
NAVTEX transmissions are, in general, routine broadcasts within an allocated slot time of ten minutes every four hours. However, urgent information, distress information, warnings of gales etc can be inserted into the system at any time although the NAVTEX operator will ensure that the non-routine transmission is not made at the same time as a neighbouring NAVTEX routine transmission is broadcast (the result of such an action would be that both transmissions would corrupt each other). Also it is worth noting that any warning issued at a non routine time is repeated in the following scheduled ten-minute slot.
NAVTEX services in English on 518 kHz are now available in all coastal waters of Europe and in many other parts of the world so that worldwide vessels have access to marine safety information in English via the medium of NAVTEX.
Back to list of contents
NAVTEX stations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland
The following notes summarise some aspects of the service available in waters around the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland and that provided by Norway, Belgium and France for the North Sea and South-west Approaches to the British Isles. Details of the location of the three stations providing a service in the United Kingdom and the two stations in the Republic of Ireland are listed below.
TABLE 1: NAVTEX stations in the United Kingdom
and the Republic of Ireland
Station
Back to list of contents
Development of the NAVTEX service in the United Kingdom
(based mainly on information in The Marine Observer, a journal produced quarterly by the Met Office and published by The Stationery Office
NAVTEX is an acronym for NAVigational TEXt messages. The technology for the dissemination of these text messages via a simple radio-telex system has been about for some considerable time, certainly since the late 1970s when the Post Office Coastal Radio Station at Cullercoats in the north-east of England commenced broadcasting weather forecasts and gale warnings for the North Sea and most of the English Channel shipping forecast areas from Fair Isle to Plymouth on what was then referred to as a temporary radio teletype broadcast. Apart from a change of name from the Post Office Coastal Radio Station Cullercoats, to British Telecom International Coastal Radio Station Cullercoats in the early 1980s the temporary service continued with reports coming in of its success. In April 1983 the service was declared as an operational service alongside those provided via the conventional means of the MF Morse broadcasts and those via the marine radio-telephony service.
On 1st October 1983 the service was extended to the BT coastal radio station at Portpatrick. The weather information broadcast from Portpatrick included forecasts and a gale-warning service for the western sea areas of the UK, including Fair Isle in the north and all the western coastal sea areas from Lundy in the south to South-east Iceland in the north.
During 1985, NAVTEX broadcasts were started via Land End Radio. This broadcast included warnings and forecasts for the English Channel, the Irish Sea and all the sea areas in the South-west Approaches included in the main shipping forecast. However, reports suggested that the site at Lands End was not ideal for the intended area of coverage, and so the NAVTEX facility at Lands End was moved about a year later, in 1986, to the BT International coastal radio station at Niton on the Isle of Wight.
By 1987, interest in NAVTEX was growing and NAVTEX services were being successively introduced in other countries. The author of these notes does not have information as to how much MSI other than the meteorological bulletins was included in the transmissions in those early years, but gradually all the operational MSI information broadcast by W/T and R/T was incorporated into the bulletins. Procedures applicable to stations transmitting NAVTEX information on the frequency of 518 kHz were given in Article 14A of the Radio Regulations and in Resolution No.324 (Mob-87) of the World Administrative Radio Conference for the Mobile Services, 1987. Following the sixty-third session of the Maritime Safety Committee (May 1994) a second edition of the NAVTEX Manual was produced and this continues to be the basis on which the NAVTEX service operates today.
NAVTEX was a part of the marine communications organisation for shipping run by the Post Office and afterwards by BT International. The services included the broadcast of gale warnings, weather forecasts and navigational warnings both via the medium of W/T and R/T as well as via the NAVTEX service. The network of Post Office stations also dealt with distress traffic, telegrams to and from ships and enabled link telephone calls to be made from ships at sea to land subscribers world-wide. In the latter years of the operation of the coastal network of marine radio stations by BT International the UK NAVTEX service via all three transmitters was co-ordinated at Stonehaven Radio (not at one of the transmitting centres). It was to Stonehaven Radio that all the meteorological texts were sent from the Meteorological Office and other MSI information from the sources of that information such as the Hydrographic Office for broadcast via the UK NAVTEX service.
Back to list of contents
NAVTEX becomes an integral part of the GMDSS
NAVTEX was incorporated into the new regulations for the system known as the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). This system underwent a transitional phase from 1 February 1992 until 1st February 1999 from which date the GMDSS requirements became mandatory within Chapter V of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). From 1st August 1993 all vessels bound by the requirements of the SOLAS Convention have been required to carry NAVTEX equipment even though NAVTEX transmissions were by no means available world-wide.
On the 1st July 1999 BT International began to hand over the responsibility for dissemination of Marine Safety Information (including the provision of weather forecasts and warnings) to the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). This responsibility included the provision of MSI information to ships at sea via the medium of the HM Coastguard VHF and MF stations Early the following year, on the 1st February 2000 the MCA took over the responsibility for the transmission of the UK NAVTEX service. Control of the service was moved from Stonehaven to the MRCC (Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre) at Falmouth. It was shortly after this, on the 30 April 2000 that the BT HF station at Portishead ceased operations with the main source of safety information for ships in NAVAREA ONE on the North Atlantic outside of NAVTEX coverage being the Inmarsat SafetyNET service. The two Irish NAVTEX stations, Malin Head and Valentia, became operational later in 2000, the service via those stations being maintained by the Irish Coastguard and extended the availability of the provision of MSI via NAVTEX from 15�W to 20�W.
The set of sea areas for which forecasts and gale warnings were broadcast by the three UK NAVTEX stations was based on the station locations at Cullercoats, Lands End and Portpatrick and these groupings of areas persisted until November 2000 when a rationalisation of the sea areas to be included in each transmission was introduced, For example, the areas Irish Sea, Rockall and Malin were relevant in a broadcast from Lands End but not in a broadcast from Niton. Also courtesy the Irish Coastguard the two stations in the Republic of Ireland were able to take on the responsibility of broadcasting warnings and weather forecasts for users of the NAVTEX service out to 20�W. Thus several of the sea areas around the north, south and west of Ireland together with parts of the High Seas forecast for Metarea I are included in the transmissions from Malin Head and Valentia.
Back to list of contents
Format of NAVTEX messages
All broadcasts on 518 kHz are in English (International requirement). Broadcasts on 490 kHz may be in English, but more likely in the national language of the country providing the broadcast. For example, all NAVTEX stations in France broadcasting on 490 kHz are in the French language.
Heading B1B2nn
Every NAVTEX message has information within the message header, for example EE45 indicates that the message is transmitted from Niton [E], and the Message is a meteorological forecast (E). Thus the heading indicates which NAVTEX station broadcasts it, the type of information and a sequential number of the message. This information enables the receiver to be programmed to print/store a message just once on its receipt the first time into the NAVTEX receiver. Thereafter a message with the same B1B2nn heading will not be printed or held in store again in the receiver as long as it is not switched off. The format of the heading makes it possible to program one's receiver to accept or reject various classes of messages and also prevents the printing of the same message over and over again.
B1 denotes the broadcast (station and time of routine transmissions), for example E indicates Niton using the slot time of 0040 and every four hours thereafter.
TABLE 2: Summary of UK/Irish/French/Belgian/Dutch and Norwegian NAVTEX broadcasts on 518 kHz
Station [B1 character]
Back to list of contents
Reception of NAVTEX broadcasts
It is worthwhile remembering that NAVTEX is a medium-wave transmission and a decent aerial is required. Also signal strength in harbours and in some near coastal areas such as in bays and inlets may be very poor. This is obviously a problem when sailing near the coast of Western Scotland were the broadcast from Portpatrick is difficult to receive in many inshore areas.
Abbreviations used in NAVTEX broadcasts
It is estimated that significant savings in the content of NAVTEX broadcasts can be achieved by the use of a standard set of abbreviations. With this in mind the Second Session of JCOMM (Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology) held in Halifax, Canada (19 to 27 September 2005) recommended the use of an internationally agreed list of abbreviations to shorten the texts broadcast within the International NAVTEX service. The table (Annex 2 to the Recommendation) is reproduced below and presented in a decode format.
Abbreviations for wind direction
| south east iceland |
Isohels are lines on a map linking places of equal ……….what? | NAVTEX services in waters around the British Isles
Table 1 : NAVTEX stations in the UK and Republic of Ireland
Table 2 : Summary of NAVTEX broadcasts on 518 kHz in waters around the British Isles
Table 3 : Subject content of message as defined by the B2 character
Table 4 : Summary of the current UK National NAVTEX broadcasts on 490 kHz
Table 5 : The Met Office Inshore Waters forecast areas included in each of the UK NAVTEX transmissions
NAVTEX General introduction
NAVTEX is an international automated direct printing service for the promulgation of Marine Safety Information (MSI) to ships at sea. It is an integral part of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) and provides a low-cost system in coastal waters, a system that can provide all the safety information required whether on a Merchant ship or on a small craft. The simplest form of receiver incorporates a small printer which prints the output on a small roll of paper, but many units are now available at low cost which store the information in soft copy for access as and when required. The international system operates world-wide on a frequency of 518 kHz so there is no requirement for retuning of the receiver. The output on 518 kHz is in the English language no matter which part of the world the information is being received. The basic receiver can be programmed to receive specific transmitting stations and certain classes of messages, or more to the point, certain classes of messages cannot be programmed out. Messages which cannot be programmed out include distress messages, search and rescue messages, navigational warnings and meteorological warnings (in this context note that meteorological forecasts other than warnings can be programmed out - see below for more on this topic).
The service has been so successful that several countries are now taking up the option of using the national frequency of 490 kHz for the dissemination of additional information such as forecasts for inshore waters and the promulgation of MSI information in the National language. Such information is of particular interest to small craft although it should be remembered that the output on the 518 kHz frequency is the source of essential Marine Safety Information (MSI) for all classes of vessel.
Vessels obliged to carry NAVTEX equipment within the GMDSS regulations must have the receiver switched on and tuned to the 518 kHz frequency continuously, and if access to the new national frequency is required then a second receiver is required. On a vessel which is not required by the SOLAS regulations to carry NAVTEX equipment, it is feasible to have a receiver that can only receive one frequency at any one time. The user can switch to the national frequency of 490 kHz for reception of a bulletin and then switch back to the 518 kHz frequency when the bulletin has been received. This is possible since the NAVTEX station that one will be using will have different time slots for input into the 518 kHz and the 490 kHz service. Vessels that are required to carry NAVTEX equipment by the SOLAS regulations must carry a dual frequency receiver if reception on 490 kHz is required since availability to receive messages on 518 kHz must be maintained at all times.
NAVTEX transmissions are, in general, routine broadcasts within an allocated slot time of ten minutes every four hours. However, urgent information, distress information, warnings of gales etc can be inserted into the system at any time although the NAVTEX operator will ensure that the non-routine transmission is not made at the same time as a neighbouring NAVTEX routine transmission is broadcast (the result of such an action would be that both transmissions would corrupt each other). Also it is worth noting that any warning issued at a non routine time is repeated in the following scheduled ten-minute slot.
NAVTEX services in English on 518 kHz are now available in all coastal waters of Europe and in many other parts of the world so that worldwide vessels have access to marine safety information in English via the medium of NAVTEX.
Back to list of contents
NAVTEX stations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland
The following notes summarise some aspects of the service available in waters around the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland and that provided by Norway, Belgium and France for the North Sea and South-west Approaches to the British Isles. Details of the location of the three stations providing a service in the United Kingdom and the two stations in the Republic of Ireland are listed below.
TABLE 1: NAVTEX stations in the United Kingdom
and the Republic of Ireland
Station
Back to list of contents
Development of the NAVTEX service in the United Kingdom
(based mainly on information in The Marine Observer, a journal produced quarterly by the Met Office and published by The Stationery Office
NAVTEX is an acronym for NAVigational TEXt messages. The technology for the dissemination of these text messages via a simple radio-telex system has been about for some considerable time, certainly since the late 1970s when the Post Office Coastal Radio Station at Cullercoats in the north-east of England commenced broadcasting weather forecasts and gale warnings for the North Sea and most of the English Channel shipping forecast areas from Fair Isle to Plymouth on what was then referred to as a temporary radio teletype broadcast. Apart from a change of name from the Post Office Coastal Radio Station Cullercoats, to British Telecom International Coastal Radio Station Cullercoats in the early 1980s the temporary service continued with reports coming in of its success. In April 1983 the service was declared as an operational service alongside those provided via the conventional means of the MF Morse broadcasts and those via the marine radio-telephony service.
On 1st October 1983 the service was extended to the BT coastal radio station at Portpatrick. The weather information broadcast from Portpatrick included forecasts and a gale-warning service for the western sea areas of the UK, including Fair Isle in the north and all the western coastal sea areas from Lundy in the south to South-east Iceland in the north.
During 1985, NAVTEX broadcasts were started via Land End Radio. This broadcast included warnings and forecasts for the English Channel, the Irish Sea and all the sea areas in the South-west Approaches included in the main shipping forecast. However, reports suggested that the site at Lands End was not ideal for the intended area of coverage, and so the NAVTEX facility at Lands End was moved about a year later, in 1986, to the BT International coastal radio station at Niton on the Isle of Wight.
By 1987, interest in NAVTEX was growing and NAVTEX services were being successively introduced in other countries. The author of these notes does not have information as to how much MSI other than the meteorological bulletins was included in the transmissions in those early years, but gradually all the operational MSI information broadcast by W/T and R/T was incorporated into the bulletins. Procedures applicable to stations transmitting NAVTEX information on the frequency of 518 kHz were given in Article 14A of the Radio Regulations and in Resolution No.324 (Mob-87) of the World Administrative Radio Conference for the Mobile Services, 1987. Following the sixty-third session of the Maritime Safety Committee (May 1994) a second edition of the NAVTEX Manual was produced and this continues to be the basis on which the NAVTEX service operates today.
NAVTEX was a part of the marine communications organisation for shipping run by the Post Office and afterwards by BT International. The services included the broadcast of gale warnings, weather forecasts and navigational warnings both via the medium of W/T and R/T as well as via the NAVTEX service. The network of Post Office stations also dealt with distress traffic, telegrams to and from ships and enabled link telephone calls to be made from ships at sea to land subscribers world-wide. In the latter years of the operation of the coastal network of marine radio stations by BT International the UK NAVTEX service via all three transmitters was co-ordinated at Stonehaven Radio (not at one of the transmitting centres). It was to Stonehaven Radio that all the meteorological texts were sent from the Meteorological Office and other MSI information from the sources of that information such as the Hydrographic Office for broadcast via the UK NAVTEX service.
Back to list of contents
NAVTEX becomes an integral part of the GMDSS
NAVTEX was incorporated into the new regulations for the system known as the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). This system underwent a transitional phase from 1 February 1992 until 1st February 1999 from which date the GMDSS requirements became mandatory within Chapter V of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). From 1st August 1993 all vessels bound by the requirements of the SOLAS Convention have been required to carry NAVTEX equipment even though NAVTEX transmissions were by no means available world-wide.
On the 1st July 1999 BT International began to hand over the responsibility for dissemination of Marine Safety Information (including the provision of weather forecasts and warnings) to the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). This responsibility included the provision of MSI information to ships at sea via the medium of the HM Coastguard VHF and MF stations Early the following year, on the 1st February 2000 the MCA took over the responsibility for the transmission of the UK NAVTEX service. Control of the service was moved from Stonehaven to the MRCC (Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre) at Falmouth. It was shortly after this, on the 30 April 2000 that the BT HF station at Portishead ceased operations with the main source of safety information for ships in NAVAREA ONE on the North Atlantic outside of NAVTEX coverage being the Inmarsat SafetyNET service. The two Irish NAVTEX stations, Malin Head and Valentia, became operational later in 2000, the service via those stations being maintained by the Irish Coastguard and extended the availability of the provision of MSI via NAVTEX from 15�W to 20�W.
The set of sea areas for which forecasts and gale warnings were broadcast by the three UK NAVTEX stations was based on the station locations at Cullercoats, Lands End and Portpatrick and these groupings of areas persisted until November 2000 when a rationalisation of the sea areas to be included in each transmission was introduced, For example, the areas Irish Sea, Rockall and Malin were relevant in a broadcast from Lands End but not in a broadcast from Niton. Also courtesy the Irish Coastguard the two stations in the Republic of Ireland were able to take on the responsibility of broadcasting warnings and weather forecasts for users of the NAVTEX service out to 20�W. Thus several of the sea areas around the north, south and west of Ireland together with parts of the High Seas forecast for Metarea I are included in the transmissions from Malin Head and Valentia.
Back to list of contents
Format of NAVTEX messages
All broadcasts on 518 kHz are in English (International requirement). Broadcasts on 490 kHz may be in English, but more likely in the national language of the country providing the broadcast. For example, all NAVTEX stations in France broadcasting on 490 kHz are in the French language.
Heading B1B2nn
Every NAVTEX message has information within the message header, for example EE45 indicates that the message is transmitted from Niton [E], and the Message is a meteorological forecast (E). Thus the heading indicates which NAVTEX station broadcasts it, the type of information and a sequential number of the message. This information enables the receiver to be programmed to print/store a message just once on its receipt the first time into the NAVTEX receiver. Thereafter a message with the same B1B2nn heading will not be printed or held in store again in the receiver as long as it is not switched off. The format of the heading makes it possible to program one's receiver to accept or reject various classes of messages and also prevents the printing of the same message over and over again.
B1 denotes the broadcast (station and time of routine transmissions), for example E indicates Niton using the slot time of 0040 and every four hours thereafter.
TABLE 2: Summary of UK/Irish/French/Belgian/Dutch and Norwegian NAVTEX broadcasts on 518 kHz
Station [B1 character]
Back to list of contents
Reception of NAVTEX broadcasts
It is worthwhile remembering that NAVTEX is a medium-wave transmission and a decent aerial is required. Also signal strength in harbours and in some near coastal areas such as in bays and inlets may be very poor. This is obviously a problem when sailing near the coast of Western Scotland were the broadcast from Portpatrick is difficult to receive in many inshore areas.
Abbreviations used in NAVTEX broadcasts
It is estimated that significant savings in the content of NAVTEX broadcasts can be achieved by the use of a standard set of abbreviations. With this in mind the Second Session of JCOMM (Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology) held in Halifax, Canada (19 to 27 September 2005) recommended the use of an internationally agreed list of abbreviations to shorten the texts broadcast within the International NAVTEX service. The table (Annex 2 to the Recommendation) is reproduced below and presented in a decode format.
Abbreviations for wind direction
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Which Irish province includes the counties of Cork, Kerry and Limerick? | munster - Munster in Ireland
Ulster
Munster is the southerly province of Ireland, consisting of the counties of Cork, Clare, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. With a total population of a little over one million, Munster houses fewer residents than that of County Dublin further north.
Munster has some of Ireland's softest and greenest countryside, from the rolling hills of County Clare to beautiful coastline of West Cork. Visitors will find the spectacular Ring of Kerry and the Dingle Peninsula in the west of Munster a visual delight.
The two main business centres of Munster are the cities of Cork and Limerick and throughout the province the home sports of hurling, rugby and gaelic football (GAA) are ever present.
If you would like to include your business in our directory.
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What is the administrative HQ of the Welsh region of Ceredigion? | Castle Hotels of Ireland – Munster | Hi, my name is Sáoirse.
Hi, my name is Sáoirse.
Here I enjoy sharing my thoughts, feelings, random rants, favourite recipes and some travel reviews; so far, it's brought me a lot of joy. Thanks for stopping by.
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Castle Hotels of Ireland – Munster
It’s been ages since I took the time to make on of these, but here we go, the Castle Hotels of the Irish province of Munster. The included counties are:
Waterford (1 Castle)
(1 Castle hotel and 3 honorary mentions)
Kerry (1 Castle)
http://www.waterfordcastleresort.com/gallery.html
“The current castle is a Gothic-style house in built 1895 for Gerald Purcell-Fitzgerald (1865-1946) which incorporates the fabric of an earlier (pre-1845) house, and parts of the medieval (pre-1645) tower-house. The designs were prepared by Romayne Walker and supervised by Albert Murrary (1849 – 1924). The construction is in unrefined rubble stone with fine cut-stone quoins and window frames and topped with Irish-style battlements.” – ( Wikipedia )
Facilities & Features
“With a beautiful setting on the River Suir, the luxurious Waterford Castle Hotel and Golf Resort is on a private island completely detached from the mainland. The castle boasts elegant rooms and suites with stunning views. These individually designed rooms offer also offer free WiFi, goose-down quilts and complimentary tea and coffee delivered to your room. Contemporary lodges are also available and include three and four-bedroom semi detached properties with a spacious open-plan kitchen/dining area and adjoining living room. Access to the island is by a private car ferry which operates throughout the day. Ferry crossing takes 3 minutes, and can be arranged at the hotel. Drive up the beech-lined drive to reach the castle and its 800 years of history. Local activities include golfing on an 18-hole course, clay-target shooting, a driving range, archery, tennis and croquet. There are also several nature trails and walking paths to explore.” ( Booking.com )
http://www.lisheencastle.com/gallery/
“The castle is owned by the Everard family who have spent 5 years painstakingly restoring this historic castle from total ruin. After being totally destroyed by fire in 1921 during the final phases of the war of independence, Lisheen Castle once again now stands proudly as a luxurious castle thanks to the care, dedication and hard work bestowed on the building by the Everard family. Lisheen Castle offers its guests a unique visitor experience; a taste of Ireland’s past, a traditional Irish welcome and the luxury of a high-end self catering vacation home. The castle has nine bedrooms in total, 6 double rooms all with bathroom, 2 singles room and a twin room which has 2 single beds.” ( Lisheencastle.com )
http://www.castlemartyrresort.ie
“The castle from which the village of Castlemartyr takes its name was first built in 1210 by The Knights Templar, who were one of the most famous of the Christian military orders under the leadership of Richard Earl de Clare, more commonly known as Strongbow.” – Official Homepage
Facilities & Features
“Set adjacent to the ruins of 800-year-old castle, this 220-acre estate has a 17th-century manor house where guests can enjoy far-reaching countryside views and a stylish spa centre which includes an indoor swimming pool, 10 treatment rooms and a fitness studio. Cork International Airport is 23 miles away. The spacious rooms feature free Wi-Fi, an en suite bathroom, luxurious furniture and a flat-screen TV. Some rooms have stunning views of the resort. The award-winning restaurant The Bell Tower offers gourmet dining as well as a traditional afternoon tea menu including Smoked Salmon on Irish Soda Bread and home-made scones made with fresh, locally sourced produce. The Castlemartyr Resort includes an 18-hole, link-style golf course. Guest can also enjoy a carriage tour of the estate, including a visit to the historic chapel, the tomb of the 4th Earl of Shannon and Mitchell’s Woods.” ( Booking.com )
Blarney Castle Hotel , County Cork (honorary mention)
This one is sadly a bust, but get’s an honorary mention because it has “Blarney Castle” in the name. It has that because it is located near the famous Blarney Castle … you know, the one you kiss to obtain the gift of eloquence (locally known as “the gift of the gab”) … it looks like a wonderful hotel and seems like a great option to stay near the famous castle; but is not actually a castle itself.
Blackwater Castle , County Cork (honorary mention)
This castle is unique, in the sense that it offers accommodation for private hire of the whole castle. It is not a hotel, but it getting an honorary mention on this list, because it is a castle and it does offer accommodation, just not of the hotel variety. As stated on their official website: “While the Castle is generally let as a private rental on an exclusive basis when availability permits we are happy to take groups who would like a Guesthouse or B&B experience in a Medieval Castle. Contact us with your particular requirements and we will try to work something out with you.”
In case you’re ever looking to book a whole castle (wedding perhaps?) this might just be the place to go!
Castle Townshend , County Cork (B&B, honorary mention)
Honorary mention number 3 for County Cork is Castle Townshend. According to the official website: “The Castle (pictured left) has always remained the home of the Townshend family, as it has been passed down through the generations. The present family who live here are the Cochrane-Townshends, Mrs Cochrane-Townshend being a descendant of the original Townshends who came here in 1649.”
With the owners still living here, they have reserved “7 guest bedrooms that are let out for bed and breakfast. These are all ensuite with bathroom or shower room and most of them have lovely sea views.”
Discover more on their official website (linked in the title).
Ballyseede Castle Hotel , County Kerry
“Ballyseede Castle, one of the best known Castle Hotels in Ireland, has a history dating back to the 1590’s. Set in 30 acres of native woodland Ballyseede has been wonderfully transformed into a luxury hotel for you to enjoy. One of the most unique & special luxury Tralee Hotels, this Castle Hotel offers you formal and casual dining, 23 en-suite bedrooms and 3 beautiful private rooms complimented by enchanting formal gardens.” – Official Website
Facilities & Features
“Take a step back in time with a hotel steeped in history that offers luxurious surroundings within 30 acres of private gardens and woodland. The Doric columns that lead to an elegant oak staircase in the lobby are indicative of the grand decoration throughout the hotel. Impressive drawing rooms with ornate cornices, adorned with marble fireplaces provide an ideal setting for afternoon tea or morning coffee. Elegant accommodation, fine dining with traditional Irish cuisine, rooms that tell a story and the picturesque natural setting, will all comprise make your stay at Ballyseede Castle an unforgettable one.” – Booking.com
Adare Manor , County Limerick
“The Manor Hotel Ireland bedrooms all whisper a hint of Caroline and her penchant for luxury and splendour. All of the bedrooms in this 5 Star Hotel Limerick are individually designed – each with its own personality and proportion – many featuring the little details and additions lovingly added by Lord and Lady Dunraven in the 1800’s. Expect carved headboards, expansive adjoining bathrooms and original fireplaces – each room telling its own version of a story. Guests can choose to dine in the comfort of their own rooms with our in-room menu appealing to any time of day. Boudoir seating and ample table space mean that one need not leave their room at all!” – Official Website
“Situated in the heart of Adare Village in County Limerick, Adare Manor is a luxury 5-star hotel and golf resort steeped in history and surrounded by medieval ruins. Set in an 840-acre estate, the hotel offers unique rooms with ornate, luxurious furnishings and free Wi-Fi. Guests can enjoy the best of contemporary food in the 2 restaurants at Adare Manor, and the Tack Room pub has an open fire and live piano music. The estate is home to a championship golf course designed by Robert Trent Jones Senior and offers superb trout fishing on the River Maigue. Guests can stroll through the stonewalled gardens and winding woodland paths, discover the colourful history of Adare Manor and its story-filled walls. ” – Booking.com
Dromoland Castle , County Clare
credit: booking.com
“The present building was completed in 1835. However, the first building constructed here seems to have been a tower house built in the 15th or early 16th century and is recorded as being erected by Thomas, the son of Shane Mac Anerheny. There were at least three houses on the site, at various times, called Dromoland. While Dromoland later became residence of eight generations of the O’Brien family, early records suggest that the area was also occupied by other local Gaelic families, such as the McInerney family during the 16th century. According to the historian James Frost, Dromoland translates as the “Hill of Litigation”.” – Wikipedia
Facilities & Features
“A pretty lake, championship golf course, and sweeping grounds surround this magnificent 5-star castle. It dates back to the 5th century, and guests can dine in an elegant restaurant with high ceilings, relax in the spa, or try falconry and archery in awe-inspiring surroundings. Approached by a long drive that winds through acres of pretty lawns, Dromoland Castle was originally home to Gaelic royalty. Now guests can stay in large, traditionally furnished rooms that boast modern features like a flat-screen TV and free Wi-Fi. Afternoon tea is served with freshly baked pastries and bread, and the old library has been converted into a cocktail bar where guests can sit beside an open fire and take in picturesque lake views. There are restaurants for formal and informal dining, with wide-ranging and innovative menus. Dromoland Castle Hotel is only 20 minutes’ drive from Shannon Airport, and the city of Limerick can be reached in 30 minutes by car. The rugged Cliffs of Moher are one of the most striking sights in Ireland, and are less than an hour’s drive from the castle.” – Booking.com
Bunratty Castle Hotel , County Clare (honorary mention)
Just like its cousin the Blarney Castle Hotel, this hotel is situated very near a famous Irish castle; in this case Bunratty Castle & Folkpark (where they serve a magnificen medieval banquet) but the hotel itself is not part of the castle. As such, it earns its honorary mention.
You can discover more about this castle on it’s official website (linked in the title above).
Both Ballinalacken Castle Country House Hotel and Gregan’s Castle Hotel have castle in the name, but nothing about the building suggest that they had anything to do with castles at any given point. Don’t get me wrong, they are both gorgeous and charming in their own ways, and certainly worth a visit but I think the title of castle is woefully misleading and inappropriate.
I hope that you enjoyed this instalment of Castle Hotels of Ireland. Next time we will look at the final province; Connacht.
If you’ve ever stayed in any of these magnificent accommodations, or have any thoughts to share, please let me know in the comments! 😀
As always, thanks for reading and take care. xoxo
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Which body of water separates mainland Scotland and the Orkneys? | Orkney, Scotland | MONTECRISTO
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On a heathery knoll on Orkney’s largest island, called the Mainland, sits the Ring of Brodgar, a Neolithic henge and stone circle. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site known as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney.
John O’Groats House Hotel was first built on the seafront of Northeastern Scotland in 1875. Following years of neglect it was restored, and these Nordic-inspired wooden houses were added. It reopened as the Inn at John O’Groats.
The John O’Groats signpost is one of the most photographed signs in the world. It marks the end of Britain’s longest cycle and walking route from Lands End, Cornwall. Locals call it “end of the world.”
MV Pentland Venture is a passenger ferry between John O’Groats and Orkney that crosses the Pentland Firth, a strait well known for its mighty tides reaching 30 kilometres an hour—making them among the fastest in the world.
A local man helps dock the MV Pentland Venture when it arrives at Burwick, a small hamlet and port on the island of South Ronaldsay, Orkney. It is the closest Orkney harbour to the Scottish mainland.
Called the Churchill Barriers, these rock and concrete structures were built during the 1940s by Italian prisoners of war as a naval defense to protect anchorage at the Scapa Flow, a body of water in the Orkney Islands.
The craze of “yarn bombing”—where mystery knitters decorate public spaces—has appeared in Kirkwall, the main Orkney town. This work is in front of St Magnus Cathedral, founded in 1137 by Viking Earl Rognvald, nephew of St Magnus.
Kirkwall is the capital of Orkney. It was first mentioned in the “Orkneyinga Saga”, an historical chronicle that began in the 9th century. Today, the town has a population of approximately 9,293.
Farming has been a way of life in Orkney for centuries. Due to a push to adopt renewable energy, Orkney has the potential to generate enough with wind power and marine energy to supply electricity to half of Scotland.
Orkney is renowned for the quality of its beef. The robust cattle must endure strong winds, driving rains, and short summers. Agricultural shows are a focus for farming communities, culminating with the prestigious Orkney County Show every August.
On the coast of the Bay of Skraill is the ancient village of Skara Brae: Western Europe’s most complete Neolithic village, older than the Great Pyramids. It was first discovered in the winter of 1850.
Orkney’s Catholic Italian Chapel was built by Italian prisoners of war during WWII. Most of the interior decoration was done by prisoner Domenico Chiocchetti, who stayed behind to finish the church even after the war was over.
Orkney, Scotland
Story: Tallulah
The Orkney Islands, an archipelago located off the northeastern tip of mainland Scotland , is often referred to as the Edge of the World. One way to reach Orkney is to take the passenger ferry from John O’Groats, which crosses the choppy waters of the Pentland Firth, landing at the small village of Burwick on the island of South Ronaldsay. There is magic to Orkney that you feel as you approach. The wind is a constant presence, while sunshine alternates with rain, creating rainbows that arc across the horizon. Its coastlines have sandy beaches and the skies are thick with sea birds. The land of Orkney is fairly flat, with low hills of purple heather and grazing sheep and cows.
The history of these islands dates back to the Neolithic era—the last period of the Stone Age—as evidenced by ancient villages and mysterious standing stones dating back farther than 3100 BCE. In the 9th century, the Vikings ruled the Orkneys. Four hundred years later, they came under Norwegian jurisdiction. By the 15th century, Orkney had become part of Scotland. A designated UNESCO World Heritage Site, the islands’ archaeological remains include the Stone Age village of Skara Brae, the Neolithic chambered cairn of Maes Howe, and the megaliths of a henge, such as the Ring of Brodgar. Bird watching is popular, and shoreline hikes allow exploration not only of the beaches, but also the rugged cliffs of St. John’s Head and Old Man of Hoy, a 449-foot stone sea stack that is one of the island’s most famous landmarks. There is also a vibrant arts and crafts scene, delicious local produce, and, of course, Highland Park whiskey.
| Pentland Firth |
Who wrote The Leatherstocking Tales? | The Mainland | Article about The Mainland by The Free Dictionary
The Mainland | Article about The Mainland by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/The+Mainland
Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia .
Mainland.
1 Island (1991 pop. 14,150), 178 sq mi (461 sq km), N Scotland. The largest of the Orkney Islands Orkney Islands,
archipelago and council area (1991 pop. 19,650), 376 sq mi (974 sq km), N Scotland, consisting of about 70 islands in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, N of Scottish mainland across the Pentland Firth. About 20 islands are inhabited.
..... Click the link for more information. , it is also called Pomona. Kirkwall Kirkwall
, town (1991 pop. 5,867), N Scotland, on the east coast of Mainland Island. It is the trading center and administrative seat of the Orkney Islands, with exports of eggs, fish, whiskey, cattle, and sheep.
..... Click the link for more information. , the seat of the Orkney Islands council area, is on the island. Kirkwall Bay and Scapa Flow deeply indent its shores. The interior has hills, moors, several lakes, and fertile valleys. Cattle and sheep are raised; eggs are a leading product. A distilling industry is there. Local customs in some districts reveal the Norse ancestry of many of the inhabitants. There are numerous Pictish remains—mounds, underground dwellings, circles, and standing stones. Most famous of these are Maeshowe Maeshowe
or Maes Howe
, prehistoric monument, on Mainland in the Orkney Islands, off N Scotland, near Stenness (see Stenness, Loch of). A passage grave with a corbeled vault, it measures 115 ft (35 m) in diameter and 23 ft (7 m) high.
..... Click the link for more information. and the Standing Stones of Stenness Stenness, Loch of
, lake on Mainland island, in the Orkneys, off N Scotland. A headland between Harray and Stenness lochs holds the Standings Stones of Stenness, a ring of flat slabs surrounded by a ditch and bank (henge); it dates from before c.2500 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. . Skara Brae Skara Brae
, Stone Age village, on Mainland in the Orkney Islands, N Scotland. Dating from c.3200 to 2200 B.C., the village was preserved under a sand dune until uncovered by a storm in 1851. It contains seven underground chambers furnished with stone dressers, tables, and beds.
..... Click the link for more information. is an excavated Stone Age village. 2 Island, 375 sq mi (971 sq km), extreme N Scotland. It is the largest of the Shetland Islands Shetland Islands
, island group and council area (1993 est. pop. 22,830), 551 sq mi (1,427 sq km), extreme N Scotland, NE of the Orkney Islands. Formerly the county of Shetland or Zetland
..... Click the link for more information. . Lerwick Lerwick
, island town (1991 est. pop. 7,336), Shetland Islands, extreme N Scotland. Lerwick is the northernmost town in Great Britain. Located on the southeastern coast of Mainland island, it has fishing and hosiery industries.
..... Click the link for more information. , located in the southeastern part of Mainland, is the principal town of the islands. Remains of a prehistoric village at Jarlshof exist.
mainland
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Which institution was abolished as ‘useless and dangerous’ in 1649? | 19 March 1649: The House of Lords is abolished - MoneyWeek
Home > 19 March 1649: The House of Lords is abolished
19 March 1649: The House of Lords is abolished
By: Chris Carter
19/03/2015
“The House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England.” Not words uttered in the endless debates to reform the upper chamber over the last two decades, but a line from an Act of Parliament to get rid of the House of Lords altogether in 1649.
At the start of that year, King Charles I was beheaded. The king had fallen out with the Commons in spectacular fashion over tax revenues in the preceding decades and lost the First and Second English Civil Wars that followed. On 17 March, the monarchy was abolished.
But there was still the small matter of the House of Lords. Although its power and size had been greatly diminished with the Bishops Exclusion Act of 1642, there were still enough royal sympathisers to be a thorn in the side of the victorious ‘Parliamentarians’. So, the upper chamber had to go.
Two days later, by Act of Parliament, the House of Lords was dissolved – but not, as it turned out, for long. The Parliamentarians argued among themselves in the years that followed, and in 1660, the future Charles II seized his chance to grab the throne.
Charles offered up a host of concessions to Parliament in his Declaration of Breda. Parliament responded by offering to forget the whole thing. The English republic had never existed and Charles had, in fact, been king all along since his father’s death.
With the return of the king came the return of the House of Lords, along with many of the powers it had enjoyed prior to the wars. And that’s how things more or less stood for the next 250 years.
Since 1911, there have been numerous attempts to reform the unelected upper chamber, with marginal degrees of success. The latest was last year’s House of Lords Reform Act that allows members of the House to resign.
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| House of Lords |
Which educational movement was initiated by Robert Raikes in 1780? | Gardiner: Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution
89. An Act abolishing the House of Lords.
[March 19, 1649. Scobell, ii. 8. See Commonwealth and Protectorate, i. 3.]
The Commons of England assembled in Parliament, finding by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England to be continued, have thought fit to ordain and enact, and be it ordained and enacted by this present Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that from henceforth the House of Lords in Parliament shall be and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away; and that the Lords shall not from henceforth meet or sit in the said House called the Lords' House, or in any other house or place whatsoever, as a House of Lords; nor shall sit, vote, advise, adjudge, or determine of any matter or thing whatsoever, as a House of Lords in Parliament: nevertheless it is hereby declared, that neither such Lords as have demeaned themselves with honour, courage, and fidelity to the Commonwealth, nor their posterities who shall continue so, shall be excluded from the public councils of the nation, but shall be admitted thereunto, and have their free vote in Parliament, if they shall be thereunto elected, as other persons of interest elected and qualified thereunto ought to have.
And be it further ordained and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no Peer of this land, not being elected, qualified and sitting in Parliament as aforesaid, shall claim, have, or make use of any privilege of Parliament, either in relation to his person, quality, or estate, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.
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In Greek myth who won the beauty contest judged by Paris? | JUDGEMENT OF PARIS - Greek Mythology
JUDGEMENT OF PARIS
Paris
Athena, Aphrodite and Hera (detail), Greco-Roman mosaic from Antioch C2nd A.D., Musée du Louvre
THE JUDGEMENT OF PARIS was a contest between the three most beautiful goddesses of Olympos-- Aphrodite , Hera and Athena --for the prize of a golden apple addressed "To the Fairest."
The story began with the wedding of Peleus and Thetis which all the gods had been invited to attend except for Eris , goddess of discord. When Eris appeared at the festivities she was turned away and in her anger cast the golden apple amongst the assembled goddesses addressed "To the Fairest." Three goddesses laid claim to the apple--Aphrodite, Hera and Athena. Zeus was asked to mediate and he commanded Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris of Troy to decide the issue. The three goddesses appearing before the shepherd prince, each offering him gifts for favour. He chose Aphrodite, swayed by her promise to bestow upon him Helene, the most beautiful woman, for wife. The subsequent abduction of Helene led directly to the Trojan War and the fall of the city.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 1 (as summarized in Proclus, Chrestomathia) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or 6th B.C.) :
"The [Homeric] epic called The Cypria which is current is eleven books. Its contents are as follows. Zeus plans with Themis to bring about the Trojan war. Eris (Strife) arrives while the gods are feasting at the marriage of Peleus and starts a dispute between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite as to which of them is fairest. The three are led by Hermes at the command of Zeus to Alexandros [Paris] on Mount Ida for his decision, and Alexandros, lured by his promised marriage with Helene, decides in favour of Aphrodite."
Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 6 (from Athenaeus 15. 682) :
"The author of the Cypria, whether Hegesias or Stasinos, mentions flowers used for garlands. The poet, whoever he was, writes as follows in his first book [describing the Judgement of Paris] : ‘She [Aphrodite] clothed herself with garments which the Kharites (Graces) and Horai (Seasons) had made for her and dyed in flowers of spring--such flowers as the Horai wear--in crocus and hyacinth and flourishing violet and the rose's lovely bloom, so sweet and delicious, and heavenly buds, the flowers of the narcissus and lily. In such perfumed garments is Aphrodite clothed at all seasons. Then laughter-loving Aphrodite and her handmaidens wove sweet-smelling crowns of flowers of the earth and put them upon their heads--the bright-coiffed goddesses, the Nymphai and Kharites (Graces), and golden Aphrodite too, while they sang sweetly on the mount of many-fountained Ida.’"
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E3. 2 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[At the wedding of Peleus and Thetis :] Eris tossed an apple to Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, in recognition of their beauty, and Zeus bade Hermes escort them to Alexandros [Paris] on Ide, to be judged by him. They offered Alexandros gifts: Hera said if she were chosen fairest of all women, she would make him king of all men; Athena promised him victory in war; and Aphrodite promised him Helene in marriage. So he chose Aphrodite."
Strabo, Geography 13. 1. 51 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"The Adramyttene Gulf [in the Troad] . . . Inside is Antandros, above which lies a mountain called Alexandreia, where the Judgment of Paris is said to have taken place."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 15. 9. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[Amongst the scenes depicted on the chest of Kypselos dedicated at Olympia :] There is also Hermes bringing to Alexandros [Paris] the son of Priamos the goddesses of whose beauty he is to judge, the inscription on them being : ‘Here is Hermes, who is showing to Alexandros, that he may arbitrate concerning their beauty, Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.’"
Paris, Hermes, Athena, Hera and Aphrodite, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Antikensammlung Berlin
Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 6 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190) (trans. Pearse) (Greek mythographer C1st to C2nd A.D.) :
"The river Skamandros had a son, Melos (Apple), who was beautiful; it is said that Hera, Athena and Aphrodite quarrelled on his account; who would have him as a priest; Alexandros [Paris] judged that Aphrodite carried it; it is for this reason the fable of the apple circulates." [N.B. This is a late Greek rationalisation of the tale.]
Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 7 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190) :
"She [Aphrodite] won and accepted as prize a zither [from Apollon at the first Pythian Games] which she gave as a gift to Alexandros [Paris]. It is of her that Homer says : ‘But what help could your zither bring you.’" [N.B. Paris is usually depicted playing this instrument in Greek vase paintings of the Judgement.]
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 92 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Jove [Zeus] is said to have invited to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis all the gods except Eris, or Discordia. When she came later and was not admitted to the banquet, she threw an apple through the door, saying that the fairest should take it. Juno [Hera], Venus [Aphrodite], and Minerva [Athene] claimed the beauty prize for themselves. A huge argument broke out among them. Jupiter [Zeus] ordered Mercurius [Hermes] to take them to Mt Ida to Paris Alexander and order him to judge. Juno [Hera] promised him, if he ruled in her favour, that he would rule all the lands and dominate the rest in wealth; Minverva [Athena], if she left the winner, that he would be the strongest among mortals and know every skill; Venus [Aphrodite], however, promised that he would marry Helen, daughter of Tyndareus, the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris preferred this last gift to the previous ones and ruled Venus was the prettiest. Because of this, Juno [Hera] and Minerva [Athena] were angry with the Trojans. Alexander, at the prompting of Venus [Aphrodite], took Helen from his host Menelaus from Lacedaemon to Troy, and married her."
Ovid, Heroides 5. 33 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Venus [Aphrodite] and Juno [Hera], and unadorned Minerva [Athena], more comely had she borne her arms, appeared before you [Paris] to be judged. My [Oinone's] bosom leaped with amaze as you told me of it."
Ovid, Heroides 16. 51 ff :
"[Paris describes the Judgement :] My beauty and my vigour of mind, though I seemed from the common folk, were the sign of hidden nobility. There is a place in the woody vales of midmost Ida, far from trodden paths and covered over with pine and ilex, where never grazes the placid sheep, nor the she-goat that loves the cliff, nor the wide-mouthed, slowly-moving kine. From there, reclining against a tree, I was looking forth upon the walls and lofty roofs of the Dardanian city, and upon the sea, when lo! it seemed to me that the earth trembled beneath the tread of feet--I shall speak true words, though they will scarce have credit for truth--and there appeared and stood before my eyes, propelled on pinions swift, [Hermes] the grandchild of mighty Atlas and Pleione--it was allowed me to see, and may it be allowed to speak of what I saw!--and in the fingers of the god was a golden wand. And at the self-same time, three goddesses--Venus [Aphrodite], and Pallas [Athena], and with her Juno [Hera]--set tender feet upon the sward. I was mute, and chill tremors had raised my hair on end, when ‘Lay aside thy fear!’ the winged herald said to me; ‘thou art the arbiter of beauty; put an end to the strivings of the goddesses; pronounce which one deserves for her beauty to vanquish the other two!’ And, lest I should refuse, he laid command on me in the name of Jove, and forthwith through the paths of ether betook him toward the stars.
My heart was reassured, and on a sudden I was bold, nor feared to turn my face and observe them each. Of winning all were worthy, and I who was to judge lamented that not all could win. But, none the less, already then one of them pleased me more, and you might know it was she by whom love is inspired. Great is their desire to win; they burn to sway my verdict with wondrous gifts. Jove's [Zeus'] consort loudly offers thrones, his daughter, might in war; I myself waver, and can make no choice between power and the valorous heart. Sweetly Venus smiled : ‘Paris, let not these gifts move thee, both of them full of anxious fear!’ she says; ‘my gift shall be of love, and beautiful Leda's daughter [Helene], more beautiful than her mother, shall come to thy embrace.’ She said, and with her gift and beauty equally approved, retraced her way victorious to the skies."
Ovid, Heroides 16. 139 ff :
"[Paris admires the beauty of Helene :] ‘Features like those, as near as I recall, were Cytherea's [Aphrodite's] own when she came to be judged by me. If you had come to that contest together with her, the palm of Venus would have come in doubt!’"
Ovid, Heroides 16. 163 ff :
"[Paris woos Helene :] ‘Only give yourself to me, and you shall know of Paris' constancy; the flame of the pyre alone will end the flames of my love. I have placed you before the kingdoms which greatest Juno [Hera], bride and sister of Jove [Zeus], once promised me; so I could only clasp my arms about your neck, I have held but cheap the prowess that Pallas [Athena] would bestow. And I have no regret, nor shall I ever seem in my own eyes to have made a foolish choice; my mind is fixed and persists in its desire.’"
Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Hermes and Paris, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Antikensammlung Berlin
Ovid, Heroides 17. 115 & 131 ff :
"[Helene answers Paris :] ‘You say Venus [Aphrodite] gave her word for this; and that in the vales of Ida three goddesses presented themselves unclad before you; and that when one of them would give you a throne, and the second glory in war, the third said : "The daughter of Tyndareus shall be your bride!" I can scarce believe that heavenly beings submitted their beauty to you as arbiter: and, grant that this is true, surely the other part of your tale is fiction, in which I am said to have been given you as reward for your verdict. I am not so assured of my charms as to think myself the greatest gift in the divine esteem. My beauty is content to be approved in the eyes of men; the praise of Venus would bring envy on me. Yet I attempt no denial; I am even pleased with the praises of your report--for why should my words deny what I much desire? Nor be offended that I am over slow to believe in you; faith is wont to be slow in matters of great moment. My first pleasure, then, is to have found favour in the eyes of Venus; the next, that I seemed the greatest prize to you, and that you placed first he honours neither of Pallas [Athena] nor of Juno [Hera] when you had heard of Helen's parts. So, then, I mean valour to you, I mean a far-famed throne!’"
Statius, Achilleid 2. 55 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Verily that quarrel [between the goddesses Hera, Athene and Aphrodite] arose in thy [Akhilleus'] own glades, at a gathering of the gods, when pleasant Pelion made marriage feast for Peleus [and Thetis], and thou [Akhilleus] even then wert promised to our [the Greeks] armament."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10. 30 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) :
"[Description of a religious play depicting the Judgement of Paris held in Korinthos (Corinth) :] The day appointed for the show was now at hand . . . The curtain was raised, the backcloths were folded away, and the stage was set. A mountain of wood had been constructed with consummate workmanship to represent the famous mountain which the poet Homer in his song called Mount Ida. It was planted with thickets and live trees, and from its summit it disgorged river-water from a flowing fountain installed by the craftman's hands. One or two she-goats were cropping blades of grass, and a youth was acting out control of the flock. He was handsomely dressed to represent the Phrygian shepherd handsomely dressed to represent the Phrygian shepherd Paris, with exotic garments flowing from his shoulders, and his head crowned with a tiara of gold.
Standing by him [Paris] appeared a radiant boy, naked except for a youth's cloak draped over his left shoulder; his blonde hair made him the cynosure of all eyes. Tiny wings of gold were projecting from his locks, in which they had been fastened symmetrically on both sides. The herald's staff and the wand which he carried identified him as Mercurius [Hermes]. He danced briskly forward, holding in his right hand an apple gilded with gold leaf, which he handed to the boy playing the part of Paris. After conveying Jupiter's [Zeus'] command with a motion of the head, he at once gracefully withdrew and disappeared from the scene.
Next appeared a worthy-looking girl, similar in appearance to the goddess Juno [Hera], for her hair was ordered with a white diadem, and she carried a sceptre.
A second girl then burst in, whom you would have recognized as Minerva [Athene]. Her head was covered with a gleaming helmet which was itself crowned with an olive-wreath; she bore a shield and brandished a spear, simulating the goddess' fighting role.
After them a third girl entered, her beauty visibly unsurpassed. Her charming, ambrosia-like complexion intimated that she represented the earlier Venus [Aphrodite] when that goddess was still a maiden. She vaunted her unblemished beauty by appearing naked and unclothed except for a thin silken garment veiling her entrancing lower parts. An inquisitive gust of air would at one moment with quite lubricous affection blow this garment aside, so that when wafted away it revealed her virgin bloom; at another moment it would wantonly breathe directly upon it, clinging tightly and vividly outlining the pleasurable prospect of her lower limbs. The goddess's appearance offered contrasting colours to the eye, for her body was dazzling white, intimating her descent from heaven and her robe was dark blue, denoting her emergence from the sea.
Each maiden representing a goddess was accompanied by her own escort. Juno [Hera] was attended by Castor and Pollux [the Dioskouroi], their heads covered by egg-shaped helmets prominently topped with stars; these Castors were represented by boys on stage. The maiden playing this role advanced with restrained and unpretentious movements to the music of an Ionian flute playing a range of tunes; with dignified motions she promised the shepherd to bestow on him the kingship of all Asia if he awarded her the prize for beauty.
The girl whose appearance in arms had revealed her as Minerva [Athene] was protected by two boys who were the comrades in arms of the battle-goddess, Terror (Terror) [Deimos] and Metus (Fear) [Phobos]; they pranced about with swords unsheathed, and behind her back a flutist played a battle-tune in the Dorian mode. He mingled shrill whistling notes with deep droning chords like a trumpet-blast, stirring the performers to lively and supple dancing. Minerva with motions of the head, menacing gaze, and writhing movements incisively informed Paris that if he awarded her the victory for beauty, her aid would make him a doughty fighter, famed for the trophies gained in war.
But now Venus becomingly took the centre of the stage to the great acclamation of the theatre, and smiled sweetly. She was surrounded by a throng of the happiest children; you would have sworn that those little boys whose skins were smooth and milk-white were genuine Cupides (Loves) [Erotes] who had just flown in from sky or sea. They looked just he part with their tiny wings, miniature arrows, and the rest of their get-up, as with gleaming torches they lit the way for their mistress as though she were en route to a wedding-banquet. Next floated in charming children, unmarried girls, representing on one side the Gratiae (Graces) [Kharites] at their most graceful, and on the other the Horae [Horai] in all their beauty. They were appeasing the goddess by strewing wreaths and single blossoms before her, and they formed a most elegant chorus-line as they sought to please the Mistress of pleasures with the foliage of spring. The flutes with their many stops were now rendering in sweet harmony melodies in the Lydian mode. As they affectingly softened the hearts of onlookers, Venus [Aphrodite] still more affectingly began to gently stir herself; with gradual, lingering steps, restrained swaying of the hips, and slow inclination of the head she began to advance, her refined movements matching the soft wounds of the flutes. Occasionally her eyes alone would dance, as at one moment she gently lowered her lids, and at another imperiously signalled with threatening glances.
At the moment when she met the gaze of the judge, the beckoning of her arms seemed to hold the promise that if he preferred her over the other goddesses, she would present Paris with a bride of unmatched beauty, one like herself. There and then the Phrygian youth spontaneously awarded the girl the golden apple in his hand, which signalled the vote for victory . . . Once Paris had completed that judgement of his, Juno [Hera] and Minerva [Athene] retired from the stage, downcast and apparently resentful, indicating by gestures their anger at being rejected. Venus [Aphrodite] on the other hand was elated and smiling, and registered her joy by dancing in company with the entire chorus."
The Judgement of Paris, Greco-Roman mosaic from Antioch C2nd A.D., Musée du Louvre
Colluthus, Rape of Helen 15 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poetry C5th to 6th A.D.) :
"Among the high-peaked hills of the Haimonians, the marriage song of Peleus was being sung while, at the bidding of Zeus, Ganymede poured the wine. And all the race of gods hasted to do honour to the white-armed bride [Thetis] . . . And after him [Apollon] followed Hera, sister of Zeus; nor did the queen of harmony herself, even Aphrodite, loiter in coming to the groves of the Kentauros [Kheiron]. Came also Peitho (Persuasion), having fashioned a bridal wreath, carrying the quiver of archer Eros . . . And Athene put off her mighty helmet from her brow and followed to the marriage, albeit of marriage she was untaught . . .
But Eris (Strife) did Kheiron leave unhonoured: Kheiron did not regard her and Peleus heeded her not. And as some heifer wanders from the pasture in the glen and roams in the lonely brush, smitten by the bloody gadfly, the goad of kine: so Eris (Strife) overcome by the pangs of angry jealousy, wandered in search of a way to disturb the banquet of the gods. And often would she leap up from her chair, set with precious stones, and anon sit down again. She smote with her hand the bosom of the earth and heeded not the rock. Fain would she unbar the bolts of the darksome hollows and rouse the Titanes from the nether pit and destroy the heaven, the seat of Zeus, who rules on high. Fain would she brandish the roaring thunderbolt of fire, yet gave way, for all her age, to Hephaistos, keeper of quenchless fire and of iron. And she thought to rouse the heavy-clashing din of shields, if haply they might leap up in terror at the noise. But from her later crafty counsel, too, she withdrew in fear of iron Ares, the shielded warrior.
And now she bethought her of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Thence Eris took the fruit that should be the harbinger of war, even the apple, and devised the scheme of signal woes. Whirling her arm she hurled into the banquet the primal seed of turmoil and disturbed the choir of goddesses. Hera, glorying to be the spouse and to share the bed of Zeus, rose up amazed, and would fain have seized it. And Kypris [Aphrodite], as being more excellent than all, desired to have the apple, for that it is the treasure of the Erotes (Loves). But Hera would not give it up and Athena would not yield. And Zeus, seeing the quarrel of the goddesses, and calling his son Hermaon [Hermes], who sat below his throne, addressed him thus : ‘If haply, my son, thou hast heard of a son of Priamos, one Paris, the splendid youth, who tends his herds on this hills of Troy, give to him the apple; and bid him judge the goddesses' meeting brows and orbed eyes. And let her that is preferred have the famous fruit to carry away as the prize of the fairer and ornament of the Loves.’
So the father, the son of Kronos, commanded Hermaon. And he hearkened to the bidding of his father and led the goddesses upon the way and failed not to heed. And every goddess sought to make her beauty more desirable and fair. Kypris [Aphrodite] of crafty counsels unfolded her snood and undid the fragrant clasp of her hair and wreathed with gold her locks, with gold her flowing tresses. And she saw her children the Erotes and called to them. ‘The contest is at hand, dear children! Embrace your mother that nursed you. Today it is beauty of face that judges me. I fear to whom the herdsman will award the apple. Hera they call the holy nurse of the Kharites (Graces), and they say that she wields sovereignty and holds the sceptre. And Athena they ever call the queen of battles. I only, Kypris, am an unwarlike goddess. I have no queenship of the gods, wield no warlike spear, nor draw the bow. But wherefore am I so sore afraid, when for spear I have, as it were, a swift lance, the honeyed girdle of the Erotes (Loves)! I have my girdle, I ply my goad, I raise my bow: even that girdle, whence women catch the sting of my desire, and travail often-times, but not unto death.’
So spake Kypris of the rosy fingers and followed. And the wandering Erotes heard the dear bidding of their mother and hasted after their nurse.
Now they had just passed over the summit of the hill of Ida, where under a rock-crowned cliff's height young Paris herded his father's flocks. On either side the streams of the mountain torrent he tended his herds, numbering apart he herd of thronging bulls, apart measuring the droves of feeding flocks. And behind him hung floating the hide of a mountain goat, that reached right to his thighs. But his herdsman's crook, driver of kine, was laid aside: for so, walking mincingly in his accustomed ways, he pursued the shrill minstrelsy of his pipe's rustic reeds . . .
As he made shrill music under the high-roofed canopy of trees, he beheld from afar the messenger Hermaon. And in fear he leapt up and sought to shun the eye of the gods. He leaned against an oak his choir of musical reeds and checked his lay that had not yet laboured much. And to him in his fear wondrous Hermes spake thus : ‘Fling away thy milking-pail and leave thy fair flocks and come hither and give decision as judge of the goddesses of heaven. Come hither and decide which is the more excellent beauty of face, and to the fairer give this apple's lovely fruit.’
So he cried. And Paris bent a gently eye and quietly essayed to judge the beauty of each. He looked at the light of their grey eyes, he looked on the neck arrayed with gold, he marked the bravery of each; the shape of the heel behind, yea and the soles of their feet. But, before he gave judgement, Athene took him smiling, by the hand and spake to Alexandros thus : ‘Come hither, son of Priamos! Leave the spouse of Zeus and heed not Aphrodite, queen of the bridal bower, but praise thou Athene who aids the prowess of men. They say that thou art a king and keepest the city of Troy. Come hither, and I will make thee the saviour of their city to men hard pressed : lest ever Enyo of grievous wrath weigh heavily upon thee. Hearken to me and I will teach thee war and prowess.’
So cried Athene of many counsels, and white-armed Hera thus took up the tale : ‘If thou wilt elect me and bestow on me the fruit of the fairer, I will make thee lord of all mine Asia. Scorn thou the works of battle. What has a king to do with war? A prince gives command both to the valiant and the unwarlike. Not always are the squires of Athene foremost. Swift is the doom and death of the servants of Enyo!’
Such lordship did Hera, who hath the foremost throne, offer to bestow. But Kypris lifted up her deep-bosomed robe and bared her breast to the air and had no shame. And lifting with her hands the honeyed girdle of the Erotes (Loves) she bared all her bosom and heeded not her breasts. And smilingly she thus spake to the herdsman : ‘Accept me and forget wars : take my beauty and leave the sceptre and the land of Asia. I know not the works of battle. What has Aphrodite to do with shields? By beauty much more do women excel. In place of manly prowess I will give thee a lovely bride, and, instead of kingship, enter thou the bed of Helene. Lakedaimon, after Troy, shall see thee a bridegroom.’
Not yet had she ceased speaking and he gave her the splendid apple, beauty's offering, the great treasure of Aphrogeneia, a plant of war, of war an evil seed. And she, holding the apple in her hand, uttered her voice and spake in mockery of Hera and manly Athene : ‘Yield to me, accustomed as ye be to war, yield me the victory. Beauty have I loved and beauty follows me. They say that thou, mother of Ares, dist with travail bear the holy choir of fair-tressed Kharites (Graces). But today they have all denied thee and not one hast thou found to help thee. Queen but not of shields and nurse but not of fire, Ares hath not holpen thee, though Ares rages with the spear: the flames of Hephaistos have not holpen thee, though he brings to birth the breath of fire. And how vain is they vaunting, Atrytone! Whom marriage sowed not nor mother bare, but cleaving of iron and root of iron made thee spring without bed of birth from the head of thy sire. And how, covering thy body in brazen robes, thou dost flee from love and pursuest the works of Ares, untaught of harmony and wotting not of concord. Knowest thou not that such Athenas as thou are the more unvaliant--exulting in glorious wars, with limbs at feud, neither men nor women?’
Thus spake Kypris and mocked Athena. So she got the prize of beauty that should work the ruin of a city, repelling Hera and indignant Athene."
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
| Aphrodite |
In which cult 1960s TV series did villagers read the Tally Ho newspaper? | APHRODITE - Greek Goddess of Love & Beauty (Roman Venus)
Aphrodite
Venus
Aphrodite riding goose, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., British Museum
APHRODITE was the Olympian goddess of love, beauty, pleasure and procreation. She was depicted as a beautiful woman often accompanied by the winged godling Eros (Love). Her attributes included a dove, apple, scallop shell and mirror. In classical sculpture and fresco she was usually depicted nude.
MYTHS
Some of the more famous myths featuring the goddess include:--
Her birth from the sea foam. << More >>
Her adulterous affair with the god Ares. << More >>
Her love for Adonis, a handsome Cypriot youth who was tragically killed by a boar. << More >>
Her love for Ankhises (Anchises), a shepherd-prince. << More >>
The judgement of Paris in which the goddess was awarded the prize of the golden apple in return for promising Paris Helene in marriage. << More >>
The Trojan War in which she supported her favourites Paris and Aeneas and was wounded in the fighting. << More >>
The race of Hippomenes for Atalanta, which was won with the help of the goddess and her golden apples. << More >>
The death of Hippolytos, who was destroyed by the goddess for scorning her worship. << More >>
The statue of Pygmalion which was brought to life by Aphrodite in answer to his prayers. << More >>
The persecution of Psykhe (Psyche), the maiden loved by the goddess' son Eros. << More >>
Many other myths are detailed over the following pages.
APHRODITE PAGES ON THEOI.COM
This site contains a total of 18 pages describing the goddess Aphrodite, including general descriptions, mythology, and cult. The content is outlined in the Index of Aphrodite Pages (left column or below).
FAMILY OF APHRODITE
PARENTS
[1] Born from the castrated genitals of OURANOS in the sea's foam (Hesiod Theogony 188, Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.21, Apuleius 6.6, Nonnus Dionysiaca 1.86, et al)
[2] ZEUS & DIONE (Homer Iliad 5.370; Euripides Helen 1098; Apollodorus 1.13, Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.21, et al)
[3] OURANOS & HEMERA (Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.21)
OFFSPRING
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Aphrodite "Venus de Milo", Greek marble statue C2nd B.C., Musée du Louvre
APHRODI′TE (Aphroditê), one of the great Olympian divinities, was, according to the popular and poetical notions of the Greeks, the goddess of love and beauty. Some traditions stated that she had sprung from the foam (aphros) of the sea, which had gathered around the mutilated parts of Uranus, that had been thrown into the sea by Kronos after he had unmanned his father. (Hesiod. Theog. 190; compare Anadyomene.) With the exception of the Homeric hymn on Aphrodite there is no trace of this legend in Homer, and according to him Aphrodite is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. (Il. v. 370, &c., xx. 105.) Later traditions call her a daughter of Kronos and Euonyme, or of Uranus and Hemera. (Cic. De Nat. Deor. iii. 23; Natal. Com. iv. 13.)
According to Hesiod and the Homeric hymn on Aphrodite, the goddess after rising from the foam first approached the island of Cythera, and thence went to Cyprus, and as she was walking on the sea-coast flowers sprang up under her feet, and Eros and Himeros accompanied her to the assembly of the other great gods, all of whom were struck with admiration and love when she appeared, and her surpassing beauty made every one desire to have her for his wife.
According to the cosmogonic views of the nature of Aphrodite, she was the personification of the generative powers of nature, and the mother of all living beings. A trace of this notion seems to be contained in the tradition that in the contest of Typhon with the gods, Aphrodite metamorphosed herself into a fish, which animal was considered to possess the greatest generative powers. (Ov. Met. v. 318, &c.; comp. Hygin. Poet. Astr. 30.) But according to the popular belief of the Greeks and their poetical descriptions, she was the goddess of love, who excited this passion in the hearts of gods and men, and by this power ruled over all the living creation. (Hom. Hymn. in Ven. ; Lucret. 15, &c.)
Ancient mythology furnishes numerous instances in which Aphrodite punished those who neglected her worship or despised her power, as well as others in which she favoured and protected those who did homage to her and recognized her sway. Love and beauty are ideas essentially connected, and Aphrodite was therefore also the goddess of beauty and gracefulness. In these points she surpassed all other goddesses, and she received the prize of beauty from Paris; she had further the power of granting beauty and invincible charms to others. Youth is the herald, and Peitho, the Horae, and Charites, the attendants and companions of Aphrodite. (Pind. New. viii. 1, &c.) Marriages are called by Zeus her work and the things about which she ought to busy herself. (Hom. Il. v. 429; comp. Od. xx. 74; Pind. Pyth. ix. 16, &c.) As she herself had sprung from the sea, she is represented by later writers as having some influence upon the sea (Virg. Aen. viii. 800; Ov. Heroid. xv. 213; comp. Paus. ii. 34. § 11.)
During the Trojan war, Aphrodite, the mother of Aeneas, who had been declared the most beautiful of all the goddesses by a Trojan prince, naturally sided with the Trojans. She saved Paris from his contest with Menelaus (Il. iii. 380), but when she endeavoured to rescue her darling Aeneas from the fight, she was pursued by Diomedes, who wounded her in her hand. In her fright she abandoned her son, and was carried by Iris in the chariot of Ares to Olympus, where she complained of her misfortune to her mother Dione, but was laughed at by Hera and Athena. (Il. v. 311, &c.) She also protected the body of Hector, and anointed it with ambrosia. (Il. xxiii. 185.)
According to the most common accounts of the ancients, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus (Odyss. viii. 270), who, however, is said in the Iliad (viii. 383) to have married Charis. Her faithlessness to Hephaestus in her amour with Ares, and the manner in which she was caught by the ingenuity of her husband, are beautifully described in the Odyssey. (viii. 266, &c.) By Ares she became the mother of Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, and, according to later traditions, of Eros and Anteros also. (Hesiod. Theog. 934, &c., Scut. Herc. 195; Hom. Il. xiii. 299, iv. 440; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 26; Cic. De Nat. Deor. iii. 23.)
But Ares was not the only god whom Aphrodite favoured; Dionysus, Hermes, and Poseidon likewise enjoyed her charms. By the first she was, according to some traditions, the mother of Priapus (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 933) and Bacchus (Hesych. s. v. Bakchou Diônês), by the second of Hermaphroditus (Ov. Met. iv. 289, &c.; Diod. iv. 6; Lucian, Dial. Deor. xv. 2), and by Poseidon she had two children, Rhodos and Herophilus. (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. viii. 24.)
As Aphrodite so often kindled in the hearts of the gods a love for mortals, Zeus at last resolved to make her pay for her wanton sport by inspiring her too with love for a mortal man. This was accomplished, and Aphrodite conceived an invincible passion for Anchises, by whom she became the mother of Aeneas and Lyrus.
Respecting her connexions with other mortals see Adonis and Butes. The ancient story ran thus : Smyrna had neglected the worship of Aphrodite, and was punished by the goddess with an unnatural love for her father. With the assistance of her nurse she contrived to share her father's bed without being known to him. When he discovered the crime he wished to kill her; but she fled, and on being nearly overtaken, prayed to the gods to make her invisible. They were moved to pity and changed her into a tree called smurna. After the lapse of nine months the tree burst, and Adonis was born. Aphrodite was so much charmed with the beauty of the infant, that she concealed it in a chest which she entrusted to Persephone; but when the latter discovered the treasure she had in her keeping, she refused to give it up. The case was brought before Zeus, who decided the dispute by declaring that during four months of every year Adonis should be left to himself, during four months he should belong to Persephone, and during the remaining four to Aphrodite. Adonis however preferring to live with Aphrodite, also spent with her the four months over which he had controul. Afterwards Adonis died of a wound which he received from a boar during the chase. Thus far the story of Adonis was related by Panyasis.
Later writers furnish various alterations and additions to it. According to Hyginus (Fab. 58, 164, 251, 271), Smyrna was punished with the love for her father, because her mother Cenchreis had provoked the anger of Aphrodite by extolling the beauty of her daughter above that of the goddess. Smyrna after the discovery of her crime fled into a forest, where she was changed into a tree from which Adonis came forth, when her father split it with his sword. The dispute between Aphrodite and Persephone was according to some accounts settled by Calliope, whom Zeus appointed as mediator between them. (Hygin. Poet. Astron. ii. 7.) Ovid (Met. x. 300, &c.) adds the following features: Myrrha's love of her father was excited by the furies; Lucina assisted her when she gave birth to Adonis, and the Naiads anointed him with the tears of his mother, i. e. with the fluid which trickled from the tree. Adonis grew up a most beautiful youth, and Venus loved him and shared with him the pleasures of the chase, though she always cautioned him against the wild beasts. At last he wounded a boar which killed him in its fury.
According to some traditions Ares (Mars), or, according to others, Apollo assumed the form of a boar and thus killed Adonis. (Serv. ad Virg. Ecl. x. 18; Ptolem. Hephaest. i. p. 306, ed. Gale.) A third story related that Dionysus carried off Adonis. (Phanocles ap. Plut. Sumpos. iv. 5.) When Aphrodite was informed of her beloved being wounded, she hastened to the spot and sprinkled nectar into his blood, from which immediately flowers sprang up. Various other modifications of the story may be read in Hyginus (Poet. Astron. ii. 7), Theocritus (Idyll. xv.), Bion (Idyll. i.), and in the scholiast on Lycophron. (839, &c.) From the double marriage of Aphrodite with Ares and Adonis sprang Priapus. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 9, 32.) Besides him Golgos and Beroe are likewise called children. of Adonis and Aphrodite. (Schol. ad Theocrit. xv. 100; Nonn. Dionys. xli 155.) On his death Adonis was obliged to descend into the lower world, but he was allowed to spend six months out of every year with his beloved Aphrodite in the upper world. (Orph. hymn. 55. 10.)
Aphrodite possessed a magic girdle which had the power of inspiring love and desire for those who wore it; hence it was borrowed by Hera when she wished to stimulate the love of Zeus. (Hom. Il. xiv. 214, &c.) The arrow is also sometimes mentioned as one of her attributes. (Plnd. Pyth. iv. 380; Theocrit. xi. 16.) In the vegetable kingdom the myrtle, rose, apple, poppy, and others, were sacred to her. (Ov. Fast. iv. 15. 143; Bion, Idyll. i. 64; Schol. ad Aristoph. Nub. 993; Paus. ii. 10. § 4; Phornut. 23.)
The animals sacred to her, which are often mentioned as drawing her chariot or serving as her messengers, are the sparrow, the dove, the swan, the swallow, and a bird called iynx. (Sappho, in Ven. 10; Athen. ix. p. 395; Horat. Carm. iv. 1. 10; Aelian, Hist. An. x. 34; Pind. Pyth. l. c.) As Aphrodite Urania the tortoise, the symbol of domestic modesty and chastity, and as Aphrodite Pandemos the ram was sacred to her. [Urania; Pandemos.] When she was represented as the victorious goddess, she had the attributes of Ares, a helmet, a shield, a sword : or a lance, and an image of Victory in one hand. The planet Venus and the spring-month of April were likewise sacred to her. (Cie. de Nat. Deor. iii. 20; Ov. Fast. iv. 90.)
All the surnames and epithets given to Aphrodite are derived from places of her worship, from events connected with the legends about her, or have reference to her character and her influence upon man, or are descriptive of her extraordinary beauty and charms. All her surnames are explained in separate articles.
The principal places of her worship in Greece were the islands of Cyprus and Cythera. At Cnidus in Caria she had three temples, one of which contained her renowned statue by Praxiteles. Mount Ida in Troas was an ancient place of her worship, and among the other places we may mention particularly the island of Cos, the towns of Abydos, Athens, Thespiae, Megara, Sparta, Sicyon, Corinth, and Eryx in Sicily. The sacrifices offered to her consisted mostly of incense and garlands of flowers (Virg. Aen. i. 416; Tacit. Hist. ii. 3), but in some places animals, such as pigs, goats, young cows, hares, and others, were sacrificed to her. In some places, as at Corinth, great numbers of females belonged to her, who prostituted themselves in her service, and bore the name of hierodouloi. (Dict.of Ant. s. v. Hetairai.) Respecting the festivals of Aphrodite see Dict. of Ant. s.v. Adônia, Anagôgia, Aphrodisia, Katagôgia.
The worship of Aphrodite was undoubtedly of eastern origin, and probably introduced from Syria to the islands of Cyprus, Cythera, and others, from whence it spread all over Greece. It is said to have been brought into Syria from Assyria. (Paus. i. 14. § 6.) Aphrodite appears to have been originally identical with Astarte, called by the Hebrews Ashtoreth, and her connexion with Adonis clearly points to Syria. But with the exception of Corinth, where the worship of Aphrodite had eminently an Asiatic character, the whole worship of this goddess and all the ideas concerning her nature and character are so entirely Greek, that its introduction into Greece must be assigned to the very earliest periods. The elements were derived from the East, but the peculiar development of it belongs to Greece. The Roman goddess Venus was identified with the Greek Aphrodite.
Aphrodite, the ideal of female graec and beauty, frequently engaged the talents and genius of the ancient artists. The most celebrated representations of her were those of Cos and Cnidus. Those which are still extant are divided by archaeologists into several classes, accordingly as the goddess is represented in a standing position and naked, as the Medicean Venus, or bathing, or half naked, or dressed in a tunic, or as the victorious goddess in arms, as she was represented in the temples of Cythera, Sparta, and Corinth. (Paus. iii. 23. § 1, ii. 5. § 1, iii. 15. § 10.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Birth of Aphrodite, Greco-Roman fresco from Pompeii C1st A.D., Naples National Archaeological Museum
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
I) THE HOMERIC HYMNS
Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th to 4th B.C.) :
"Moisa (Muse), tell me the deeds of golden Aphrodite Kypria (Cyprian), who stirs up sweet passion in the gods and subdues the tribes of mortal men and birds that fly in air and all the many creatures that the dry land rears, and all the sea: all these love the deeds of rich-crowned Kythereia. [The story of the love of Aphrodite and Ankhises follows.] . . .
Hail, goddess, queen of well-builded Kypros (Cyprus)! With you have I begun; now I will turn me to another hymn."
Homeric Hymn 6 to Aphrodite :
"I will sing of stately Aphrodite, gold-crowned and beautiful, whose dominion is the walled cities of all sea-set Kypros (Cyprus). There the moist breath of Zephyros the western wind wafted her over the waves of the loud-moaning sea in soft foam, ad there the gold-filleted Horai (Horae, Seasons) welcomed her joyously. [The story of the birth of Aphrodite follows.] . . .
Hail, sweetly-winning, coy-eyed goddess! Grant that I may gain the victory in this contest, and order you my song. And now I will remember you and another song also."
Homeric Hymn 10 to Aphrodite :
"Of Kythereia (Cytherea) [Aphrodite], born in Kypros (Cyprus), I will sing. She gives kindly gifts to men: smiles are ever on her lovely face, and lovely is the brightness that plays over it. Hail, goddess, queen of well-built Salamis and sea-girt Kypros; grant me a cheerful song. And now I will remember you and another song also."
II) THE ORPHIC HYMNS
Orphic Hymn 55 to Aphrodite (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"To Aphrodite. Ourania (Urania) (Heavenly), illustrious, laughter-loving (philommeideia) queen, sea-born (pontogenes), night-loving (philopannyx), of awful mien; crafty, from whom Ananke (Necessity) first came, producing, nightly, all-connecting dame. 'Tis thine the world with harmony to join, for all things spring from thee, O power divine. The triple Moirai (Fates) are ruled by thy decree, and all productions yield alike to thee: whatever the heavens, encircling all, contain, earth fruit-producing, and the stormy main, thy sway confesses, and obeys thy nod, awful attendant of Bakkhos [Dionysos] God. Goddess of marriage, charming to the sight, mother of the Erotes (Loves), whom banquetings delight; source of Peitho (Persuasion), secret, favouring queen, illustrious born, apparent and unseen; spousal Lukaina, and to men inclined, prolific, most-desired, life-giving, kind. Great sceptre-bearer of the Gods, 'tis thine mortals in necessary bands to join; and every tribe of savage monsters dire in magic chains to bind through mad desire. Come, Kyprogenes (Cyprus-Born), and to my prayer incline, whether exalted in the heavens you shine, or pleased in odorous Syria to preside, or over the Aigyptian (Egyptian) plains they care to guide, fashioned of gold; and near its sacred flood, fertile and famed, to fix they blest abode; or if rejoicing in the azure shores, near where the sea with foaming billows roars, the circling choirs of mortals thy delight, or beauteous Nymphai (Nymphs) with eyes cerulean bright, pleased by the sandy banks renowned of old, to drive thy rapid two-yoked car of gold; or if in Kypros (Cyprus) thy famed mother fair, where Nymphai unmarried praise thee every year, the loveliest Nymphai, who in the chorus join, Adonis pure to sing, and thee divine. Come, all-attractive, to my prayer inclined, for thee I call, with holy, reverent mind."
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF APHRODITE
Aphrodite and Ares, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Tarquinia National Archaeological Museum
Classical literature offers only a few, brief descriptions of the physical characteristics of the gods.
Homer, Iliad 3. 396 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"She [Helene of Troy] recognized the round, sweet throat of the goddess [Aphrodite] and her desirable breasts and her eyes that were full of shining."
Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 6 (from Athenaeus 15. 682) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or 6th B.C.) :
"She [Aphrodite] clothed herself with garments which the Kharites (Charites, Graces) and Horai (Hours) had made for her and dyed in flowers of spring--such flowers as the Horai (Horae, Seasons) wear--in crocus and hyacinth and flourishing violet and the rose's lovely bloom, so sweet and delicious, and heavenly buds, the flowers of the narcissus and lily. In such perfumed garments is Aphrodite clothed at all seasons."
Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite 78 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th to 4th B.C.) :
"Aphrodite, the daughter of Zeus stood before him [Ankhises (Anchises)], being like a pure maiden in height and mien, that he should not be frightened when he took heed of her with his eyes. Now when Ankhises saw her, he marked her well and wondered at her mien and height and shining garments. For she was clad in a robe out-shining the brightness of fire, a splendid robe of gold, enriched with all manner of needlework, which shimmered like the moon over her tender breasts, a marvel to see. Also she wore twisted brooches and shining earrings in the form of flowers; and round her soft throat were lovely necklaces . . .
[later she revealed her true divine height and mien] and her head reached to the well-hewn roof-tree; from her cheeks shone unearthly beauty such as belongs to rich-crowned Kythereia (Cytherea). . . [and] when he [Ankhises] saw the neck and lovely eyes of Aphrodite, he was afraid and turned his eyes aside another way, hiding his comely face with his cloak."
Homeric Hymn 6 to Aphrodite 6 ff :
"The Horai (Horae, Seasons) clothed her [Aphrodite] with heavenly garments: on her head they put a fine, well-wrought crown of gold, and in her pierced ears they hung ornaments of orichalc and precious gold, and adorned her with golden necklaces over her soft neck and snow-white breasts, jewels which the gold-filleted Horai wear themselves."
Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 8 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"[From a description of a Greek painting:] Three goddesses standing near them--they need no interpreter to tell who they are . . . the second one [Aphrodite] even in the painting shows the 'laughter-loving' (philomeides) disposition caused by the magic of her girdle."
Orphic Hymn 57 to Chthonian Hermes (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"Celestial Aphrodite, Paphian queen, dark-eyelashed Goddess, of a lovely mien."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10. 30 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) :
"[From a description of an ancient Greek play portraying the Judgement of Paris:] After them a third girl entered, her beauty visibly unsurpassed. Her charming, ambrosia-like complexion intimated that she represented the earlier Venus [Aphrodite] when that goddess was still a maiden. She vaunted her unblemished beauty by appearing naked and unclothed except for a thin silken garment veiling her entrancing lower parts. An inquisitive gust of air would at one moment with quite lubricous affection blow this garment aside, so that when wafted away it revealed her virgin bloom; at another moment it would wantonly breathe directly upon it, clinging tightly and vividly outlining the pleasurable prospect of her lower limbs. The goddess's appearance offered contrasting colours to the eye, for her body was dazzling white, intimating her descent from heaven and her robe was dark blue, denoting her emergence from the sea . . .
Each maiden representing a goddess was accompanied by her own escort . . . Venus [Aphrodite] was surrounded by a throng of the happiest children; you would have sworn that those little boys whose skins were smooth and milk-white were genuine Cupides [Erotes] who had just flown in from sky or sea. They looked just he part with their tiny wings, miniature arrows, and the rest of their get-up, as with gleaming torches they lit the way for their mistress as though she were en route to a wedding-banquet. Next floated in charming children, unmarried girls, representing on one side the Gratiae [Charites, Graces] at their most graceful, and on the other the Horae [Horai] in all their beauty. They were appeasing the goddess by strewing wreaths and single blossoms before her, and they formed a most elegant chorus-line as they sought to please the Mistress of pleasures with the foliage of spring. The flutes with their many stops were now rendering in sweet harmony melodies in the Lydian mode. As they affectingly softened the hearts of onlookers, Venus [Aphrodite] still more affectingly began to gently stir herself; with gradual, lingering steps, restrained swaying of the hips, and slow inclination of the head she began to advance, her refined movements matching the soft wounds of the flutes. Occasionally her eyes alone would dance, as at one moment she gently lowered her lids, and at another imperiously signalled with threatening glances."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 2. 8 ff :
"Venus [Aphrodite] . . . wearing that belt of hers around her waist, diffusing the scent of cinnamon and bedewing the air with balsam."
Colluthus, Rape of Helen 82 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poetry C5th to 6th A.D.) :
"Kypris (Cypris) [Aphrodite] of crafty counsels unfolded her snood and undid the fragrant clasp of her hair and wreathed with gold her locks, with gold her flowing tresses."
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
Statius, Achilleid - Latin Epic C1st A.D.
Statius, Silvae - Latin Poetry C1st A.D.
Apuleius, The Golden Ass - Latin Novel C2nd A.D.
BYZANTINE
Photius, Myriobiblon - Byzantine Greek Scholar C9th A.D.
Suidas, The Suda - Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.
OTHER SOURCES
Source status of Aphrodite pages:-
1. Fully quoted: Homer (Iliad & Odyssey), Hesiod, Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle & Homerica, Apollodorus, Pausanias, Herodotus, Strabo, Orphic Hymns, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Callimachus, Aesop, Aelian, Ovid (Metamorphoses), Hyginus (Fabulae & Astronomica), Apuleius;
2. Partially or not quoted (Greek): Pindar, Greek Lyric (Fragments), Greek Elegaic (Fragments), Apollonius Rhodius, Diodorus Siculus, Antoninus Liberalis, Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Plato, Theocritus, Lycophron, Plutarch, Philostratus & Callistratus, Oppian, Colluthus, Tryphiodorus, et. al.;
3. Partially or not quoted (Latin): Ovid (Fasti), Cicero, Statius, Propertius, Valerius Flaccus, et. al.
| i don't know |
The A15 crosses which major bridge? | A15 - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki
A15
3.4 Disused Stations
Route
The A15 is the main north-south road in Lincolnshire, running the entire length of the county. It is also the road that crosses the Humber Bridge .
Section 1: Hull - Lincoln
The A15 starts on the outskirts of Hull near Hessle, and sets off in the wrong direction, north-eastwards, as a dual carriageway, and connects from roads west, north and east, though to come from Hull on the A63 requires quite a deviation under the high Humber Bridge and over half a mile beyond to come off the A63 , to then cross over the A63 , and continue to rise up over half a mile backwards back to the bridge roundabout to then go over the A63 again to the bridge. When built in the early 1980s this was the longest bridge span in the world and remained so until the late 1990s.
The Humber Bridge
The Humber Bridge is its own entity. After a settlement with the government in 1997 the users continue to pay massive tolls and the bridge doesn't go bust quite as quickly. The tolls maintain higher prices in the shops and some of the cheapest houses in Britain on the southern side of the Humber.
The weather is usually worse on the bridge than anywhere else. However, the wind is remarkably steady until getting to the road going from the bridge on the south bank downwards, where it can throw vehicles around in an unsteady fashion. If anyone breaks down on the Humber Bridge (as they do), cameras spot the vehicle and the Humber Bridge Board rescues it free of charge and leaves it by the roadside at a point where other rescue services can collect it.
The Humber Bridge Board knows two speed limits, 50 mph and an advisory 30 mph in difficult conditions. Few take any notice of the lower limit, except motorcycles leaning into the wind. It is never 40 mph. Sometimes the wind is up and down the bridge and doesn't matter, sometimes it is across the bridge and then it does. Going under the towers the wind goes the other way and vehicles veer sideways. Substantial road works mean the Board covers the main signs and clip over repeater signs with ones saying 30 mph, which is then compulsory. The bridge stays open almost always, but sometimes high sided vehicles either have to go around the Humber and cross at the Ouse or wait (in Barton, presumably).
Just off the high roundabout in a southerly direction, on the road to Scunthorpe, there are two long laybys. They are always mysteriously full of cars and people pass and wonder what on earth are they all doing there. The answer is that in the morning a lot of cars arrive. People then get out of some and leave them, and a few of them set off to cross the bridge. It is simply because the tolls are so high that car sharing takes place into Hull. At one time it cost nearly £5 for a return trip but the current price is £3 return for a car.
People can also get the coach to London on this roundabout near Barton. The coach to stop has to be booked and then the person stands on the roundabout. The coach instead of going under the roundabout comes up it and collects the person waiting. However, the scheduled hourly service to Humberside Airport, Grimsby and Sheffield (the coach connects at the airport - it used to do this at a cafe but the owner wanted more money) does not come up to the roundabout to collect people from Barton. They have to use the train, which itself has a bus connection from Hull, the one that replaced the ferry into New Holland.
The A15 has come down from the Humber Bridge and rises up and yet underneath the roundabout as it goes into the chalk hills of the Lincolnshire Wolds. These wolds have swept well under the river and alluvial soil and sweep up again. There is a chalk cutting south of this roundabout and still rising. In fact the road rises quite further as it rides on top of the wolds.
It is a dual carriageway from the Humber Bridge all the way to the M180. It is grade separated throughout, with a narrow strip and what is effectively a soft hard shoulder.
The old route of the A15 (now the B1206 ) crosses the present route at the next junction after the one to Barton. This is also a junction for heavy lorries to double back to New Holland, avoiding Barton. There is a road to the centre of Barton too. It would have been a junction for the industrial area on the eastern side of Barton too (the road to New Holland so far) but it failed a public enquiry. The road appeared for a while on the A-Z road atlas and they then had to remove it.
The next junction south goes nowhere. It is to two culs-de-sac to some business spaces and underneath the dual carriageway is a narrow bridge connecting the two culs-de-sac with traffic lights. They obviously saved money there.
Then comes the long hill down towards junction 5 of the M180 , which continues east of this point as the A180 - the noisiest road in Britain, a concrete monster with dangerous (still) laybys (which were made safer a few years ago). The A15 stops here; it is the A18 which continues opposite, forming in one direction the back door way into Grimsby (since the A180 was built) and to the west is Brigg. To continue on the A15 the driver needs to go on the Motorway (or through Brigg, if learning).
At one time all drivers on the A15 to Lincoln had to go through Brigg. It took them through villages to the Roman Road, Ermine Street. In fact Ermine Street did continue up to the Humber, but there was a gap with no more than a track up it (and I think it was gated). It was blocked off when junction 4 of the M180 was first built (which connected only to the A18 ) - southbound traffic having to use the A18 through Brigg to reach the A15, but some years after the opening of the M180 that gap was eventually filled with more of the straight road to rejoin the original route near Redbourne. So it is possible to come from the Humber, except that to discourage this the road in the adjacent village north of the M180, Broughton, has speed restrictions and physical road narrowings.
The A15 road south from the M180 follows the Roman Ermine Street to Lincoln. It is not counted by the AA as one of the most dangerous roads in Britain, but it ought to be. The new part has good sight lines, but it is still single carriageway and is seen as a necessary moment to overtake anything that can slow the journey in front. Speeds tend to be well above the national limit as it is straight and most have come off the motorway.
However, after the A15 passes where the old A15 appeared, now a junction with the B1206 , the A15 weaves its wicked magic. A lorry will slow everyone down. The road is considerably narrower than it should be. Then, more and more as the road goes south, comes the hills so there are plenty of hidden dips and blind summits. There is another aspect to this A15 that people do not realise. It isn't actually straight. It does not have bends as such, except fifth gear ones at dips, but also there is a kind of sway to parts of the road. This means that a car can come off if it isn't steered at all.
There are also quite a few side junctions and plenty of people dodging across, including the odd tractor. Generally though the tailbacks on the road mean that there are big gaps for people to get across. Roads go off to Kirton-in-Lindsey and then one goes south of it on a fast route to Gainsborough. Incidentally there is an older parallel road — the much more pleasant B1398 — that comes from near Scunthorpe and goes through Kirton-in-Lindsey on the top of the chalk. The Romans had to be different.
The road goes through Spittal in the Street, where there is one of those cameras to check nothing is going wrong but which can be used for anything. One or two are speed cameras on the A15. The name of the hamlet does not come from locals' unhygienic habits but the site of an ancient hospital.
Caenby Corner roundabout, at the A631 (which is counted in part by the AA as one of the most dangerous roads in Britain), gets busy not just from traffic to the coast from the Midlands but a nearby antiques, etc., market on an old RAF base.
The A15 continues south in its dangerous narrow way until it sweeps past RAF Scampton (of Dambusters fame) - the only deviation from the Roman road between the motorway and Lincoln (although the old line of the road continued straight). After this a 50 mph limit is imposed, and the cathedral at Lincoln is spotted small and starts to get bigger. There are speed cameras and police often do some speed checks. The road continues going up and down, and passes the home of the Lincolnshire Agricultural Society, the Lincolnshire Showground.
Finally the road comes to the outskirts of Lincoln and the partly single road, partly dual carriageway bypass. This bypass was one done on the cheap, with lots of roundabouts. To get to the other A15 drivers have to touch the urban area of Lincoln as the bypass takes users from Skegness, Grimsby and the Humber Bridge to the A46 , another Roman Road, to the A1 .
The A15 to Lincoln is a disaster. It is narrow, undulating, dangerous, and full of tailbacks of traffic that does not mix. It encourages idiots and more sensible people to drive like idiots. It is the perfect example of the inability of Lincolnshire County Council (before and after the very different Humberside) and the government to invest in local and national roads. For some reason Lincolnshire and Norfolk have had an investment bypass in decent roads.
Section 2: Lincoln
The A15 approaching Lincoln, with the Cathedral in the background
The road layout in Lincoln is complex and unusual, and merits some explaining. The Lincoln Ridge is the northernmost part of the range of limestone hills which run almost continuously across England from the Humber to the Bristol Channel, and forms a 200-foot-high natural causeway above the marshlands of the lower Trent valley to the west and the Fen country to the east. The ridge is broken only at the Lincoln Gap, formed by the navigable River Witham, which was bridgeable here for a short distance in its generally marshy route. Consequently, the Lincoln Gap early on became a major traffic focus for both land and water. Later, the railways across the plains of eastern England found the ridge a major obstacle, so the Gap became a focus for this mode of transport too. In the same way, Watling Street, the Grand Union Canal, the London to Birmingham railway, and the M1 all squeeze through the same range of hills at Watford Gap.
Until the 1950s, only three roads crossed the river in Lincoln, all within a mile of each other. Each of them also had to each cross two railway lines, close to the river. This pinch point explains the unusual hourglass shape of the city.
The Roman City was built on the hill overlooking the Gap on the north, and the original A15 followed Ermine Street straight to the Roman North Gate, there turning abruptly left in front of the old Roman North Gate to skirt the old city. In 1964 an overheight fish lorry missed the turn one night and went straight into the Roman arch, demolishing it. The arch was rebuilt - I have actually watched the construction of a Second Century Roman arch! Road traffic still passes through it, but it is now floodlit to prevent repeat performances by overheight vehicles!
The original Roman Road went straight through the city, and down the hill now known as Steep Hill to the original river crossing (now part of the pedestrianised High Street, continuing to St Catherines where it split, the Fosse Way heading south west towards Newark (the present A46 ) and eventually Bath, whilst the Ermine Street to London went up what is now Cross O'Cliff Hill onto the ridge again. Very early on it was realised that Steep Hill, with its steps, was far too steep for wheeled traffic so the Romans built a more easily graded road from the East Gate to the river crossing, roughly on the line of Pottergate, Lindum Road and Silver Street. This is why the East Gate became the main entrance to the city. Having skirted the east side of the city, the A15 originally followed this route, but Pottergate is now also closed to through traffic, as the Cathedral, a mere 11th-century upstart, was being shaken to bits by the heavy traffic grinding up the hill in low gear.
The present southbound A15 uses the bypass to skirt the northern suburbs of Lincoln, first multiplexing with the (northbound!) A46 on the last leg of its marathon cross-country trek from Bath to Grimsby, and then continuing on the bypass to meet the A158, where it turns southwards towards the city centre, rejoining the original route halfway down the Lindum Road.
At the bottom of the hill the A15 no longer cuts across to the High Street, but uses Broadgate to reach the most easterly of the river crossings, then the junction with the A57 , and next the flyover built in 1958 to replace a three-way level crossing (one road, two railways!). This half-mile or so is the only section of dual carriageway between the M180 and the suburbs of Peterborough. After the flyover, there comes a short three-lane tidal system on Canwick Road, before a TOTSO ( B1188 going straight on to Sleaford), where the A15 cuts across to St Catherines and the junction of the Ermine Street and Fosse Way.
Section 3: Lincoln - Peterborough
The A15 climbs out of the Lincoln Gap back onto the ridge. South of Lincoln there are actually five competing routes to the A1 for the south. Official signage would have you take the A46 to Newark to reach the A1 . This is the longest, and the most tedious. It has a similar reputation for nasty accidents with the A15 north of Lincoln. However, it does get you to the A1 quickest, and without passing through any major towns as the A1 bypasses Newark to the east. The A607 is easily the prettiest, along the cliff edge (like the B1398 north of the city), but as the A1 bypasses Grantham to the west you have to go through the town to reach it. There is also the B1188 to Sleaford, where it joins the A15. The Romans had the right idea, and the best route to London is still Ermine Street, despite its B-classification. However, the first part is now lost under another WWII airfield, (Waddington, now the home of AWACS), to reappear near Cranwell as the B6403 , so users of this route must set out along the A607 or A15 and join it at Byards Leap.
But when the numbers were being given out, someone thought the most important route south of Lincoln towards London was the one through Sleaford, so this is the one we take. At the top of the hill the A607 bears off right along the edge of the escarpment. (Within the last four miles the A15 has now met an A4x, A5x and A6xx road) The A15 crosses the Lincoln Heath on a more easterly route, passing the end of Waddington's runway, complete with traffic lights, and bypasses Sleaford (junction with A17 ), to cross the A52 .
Bourne Town Centre
It next skirts the fens to Bourne ( A151 ), Market Deeping ( A1175 ) and Peterborough. In the northern suburbs of Peterborough it throws off a spur to meet the A47 near the suburb of Newark (not to be confused with Newark on Trent), but the main A15 continues, as a non-primary route, into the centre of Peterborough.
The A15 has undergone many changes in Peterborough in recent years, avoiding the city centre to meet the A1 at various different points, but has now resumed more or less its original course through the city centre. This is obviously no longer the route for through traffic as this is the only non-primary section of the A15 - but the road still continues south as it always has done through Fletton and Yaxley to end on the A1(M) at Norman Cross . Signage at this junction does not even mention Peterborough.
Proposed Eastern Lincoln Bypass
For many years there have been proposals for the A15 to bypass Lincoln, which has been subject to multiple enquiries and modifications in recent years:
Previous Route
The original route of the A15 approaching the ferry at New Holland
The original route of the A15, before the Humber Bridge was constructed, started at the eastern end of the A63 in the centre of Hull and ran south along Queen Street as the approach to the Corporation Pier. It then took the ferry to New Holland, bizarrely running along the station platform to leave the pier, before continuing over the route of the present B1206 via Brigg to join the present A15 near Redbourne. The Humber Bridge was opened in 1981 and the A15 rerouted this way, which closed the ferry.
At the other end, the A15 was formerly routed down Lincoln Road through Werrington village, and Millfield into Peterborough city centre, at a junction in the middle of Westgate. It used to meet the A47 further down Westgate at a crossroads. From about 1968, however, the A15 route was split, with part continuing as before, but a new fork breaking off just before Millfield down the B1380 (Walpole Street/Westwood Street) instead. Although it also ended at a junction with Westgate (at the west end, this time), it was opposite the new Inner Relief Road, now taking shape (constructed along most of Albert Place).
In 1971-72, demolition work began in Walpole Street to widen the road to dual-carriageway. When the work was complete, the whole road was renamed (and still is) Bourges Boulevard; that included a former piece of Walpole Street, now detached from the main road. By the 1980s, once the Paston Parkway was completed, the 'outer' fork was routed along its current route instead, leaving Lincoln Road unclassified. This means only one of the two forks now reaches the city centre.
In 1989, the 2-mile Glinton bypass was built - meaning that long-distance traffic would need to TOTSO at a new roundabout, just south of Glinton village. The existing road through Glinton and Northborough became an unclassified (albeit popular), local road. Popular, as a fast way into Peterborough from the Deepings, and as a place where late running bus drivers would pick up speed!! Co-incidentally, a new stretch of road was built to link in with the existing Lincoln Road from Deeping. The roads converged just west of Northborough - the B1162 was extended further along Maxey Road to provide the link.
In 1997, a new parkway extension north of Werrington was built, to remove the dangerous blind junction at Hurn Road, where a minor road met the main road at a railway bridge. One of the last acts of Cambridgeshire County Council before it handed over to Peterborough City Council, it lead to considerable disagreements about how much each side should contribute towards costs.
Finally, in 1998, the Deepings bypass was completed; the road now took a new, NW course, crossing the River Welland at a new bridge , arriving at a new roundabout with the A16 (now A1175 ). The road continued sharply NE as dual-carriageway, before rejoining its traditional route towards Bourne. All of these bypasses have taken very sharp curves, to avoid existing landholdings - this can cause severe congestion at peak times.
Detrunking
In 2002, all sections of the A15 under the responsibility of the Highways Agency were detrunked and handed over to local government control.
Links
| Humber Bridge |
The Golden Spurtle is awarded for champion makers of what? | Public Roads - World's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens in Japan , July/August 1998 -
World's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens in Japan
by James D. Cooper
On April 5, 1998, 10 years after construction began, the ribbon was cut to open the world's longest suspension bridge, the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan. Following a parade of the 1,500 invited guests (including this author) across the bridge, the Crown Prince and Princess of Japan officiated the formal ceremony.
The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, also known in Japan as the Pearl Bridge, has a record main span of 1,991 meters. By comparison, the bridge is 366 meters (almost ü mile) longer than the previous record holder, the StoreBaelt (East Bridge) in Denmark, which was also opened in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is also 580 meters longer than the Humber Bridge in England, constructed in 1981; 692 meters longer than the longest suspension bridge in the United States, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York, built in 1964; and 710 meters longer than the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, constructed in 1937.
It cost an estimated 500 billion Japanese yen (U.S. $3.6 billion) to build the bridge. Construction began in 1988 and involved more than 100 contractors.
Background
The Akashi Kaikyo suspension bridge forms one link in the Kobe-Naruto highway route, which connects the main island of Honshu and the southern island of Shikoku. This route is the eastern-most route of three north-south traffic routes approved in the 1969 comprehensive Japan national development plan to stimulate local commerce and to facilitate the industrial development of the region. A central route, which connects Kurasiki on Honshu Island with Sakaide on Shikoku Island, was completed in 1988. A third route further to the west, the Onomichi-Imabari Route, will connect the Hiroshima greater metropolitan area with the Matsuyama area when completed in 1999.
The 81-kilometer-long Kobe-Naruto Route is marked by the construction of two major suspension bridges, including the world's longest - the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. This bridge with a total length of four kilometers crosses the Akashi Straits, connecting the Kobe area of Honshu with Awaji Island, the sixth largest island in Japan. About 1,400 ships per day traverse the 1,500-meter-wide main shipping lane through the Akashi Straits into the inland sea. A second major bridge on this route, the Ohnaruto suspension bridge, was completed in 1995 and connects Shikoku Island with the southern end of Awaji Island. This link of modern highways, interchanges, and bridges will greatly expand the economy of Awaji Island.
Bridge Construction and Features
The bridge was constructed in 110-meter-deep water with tidal currents of 4.5 meters per second. Wind speeds of 80 meters per second and a potential 8.5 Richter magnitude earthquake 150 kilometers from the site had to be considered by the bridge owners, the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority. Geology of the bridge site includes layered alluvium and diluvium deposits over what is called the hard Akashi or Kobe layer. Granite protrudes at the Awaji anchorage.
The main span was designed to be 1,990 meters with two side spans of 960 meters each. The bridge roadway surface is constructed on top of a 14-meter-deep by 35.5-meter-wide truss girder system suspended from main cables passing over two steel towers that rise 298 meters above main sea level. A 65-meter clearance is maintained over the shipping lane. The 1.12-meter-diameter main cables were erected using full-length, prefabricated strands. Approximately 181,400 metric tons of steel were used in the superstructure, and 1.42 million cubic meters of concrete were used in the substructure.
Anchorages measure 63 meters by 84 meters in plan and extend into the Kobe and granite layers at the site. This required special foundation construction technology. The Honshu anchorage had to be embedded 61 meters below sea level, and the anchorage excavation had to be performed in open air. Therefore, an 85-meter-diameter circular slurry wall, 2.2 meters thick, was constructed and subsequently used as a retaining wall. Excavation within the slurry wall was followed by the placement of roller-compacted concrete to complete anchorage foundation construction. The Awaji anchorage foundation was constructed using steel pipes and earth anchors to support the surrounding soil. The excavated foundation was filled with specially designed flowing-mass concrete. Both anchorages were completed with the construction of a huge steel supporting frame used to anchor the main suspension cable strands.
Main tower piers were constructed in the Akashi Strait. The tower-pier foundations were designed to transmit 181,400 metric tons of vertical force to bedrock, approximately 60 meters below the water surface. The foundation was constructed using a newly developed laying down caisson method. Steel caissons, 80 meters in diameter and 70 meters in height, were towed to the tower sites, submerged, and set on the pre-excavated seabed. Pier-foundation construction was completed with the placement of concrete. Next, the main steel towers were erected on the concrete piers. Each main-tower height is 282.8 meters (297.3 meters with cable saddle in place) and was erected by stacking 30 approximately 10-meter-high prefabricated steel segments on top of each other. The segments are formed with three separate cells in plan view. Special procedures were used during fabrication of each segment to assure tight tolerances for proper tower alignment. The tolerances were maintained using laser measuring technologies for controlling all dimensions. The technology resulted in no major erection problems during field bolting and splicing together of the steel tower segments.
An independent, self-supporting, 145-metric ton, tower crane was used during tower erection. Tuned mass dampers were attached to each tower at varying stages of completion to reduce wind-driven tower motion and reduce tower vibration in the event of an earthquake. Prior to stringing the cable, a pilot hauler rope was attached to each anchorage and placed over the tower tops by helicopter. The pilot rope was used to suspend the catwalk from which work on the main cable erection would proceed. The main cables, which have a 1-to-10 sag ratio, were erected using the prefabricated strand method. Cable strands, comprised of 127 5.23-millimeter-diameter galvanized wires, were factory-fabricated in 4,085-meter lengths. High-strength wire with a tensile strength of 180 kilograms per square millimeter (kg/mm2) was used rather than the standard 160-kg/mm2 wire. Each strand was transported to the construction site where it was pulled from one anchorage over the saddle of each tower and fastened to the opposite anchorage frame. This procedure was repeated 289 times to fabricate each main cable. Each main cable was separated at the anchorage by a splay saddle prior to attachment to the steel frame inside the anchorage to equally distribute cable tension to the foundation. A specially designed cable-squeezing machine was used to compress the 290 parallel wire strands into the final 1.12-meter-diameter cable. Cable bands were placed to circumferentially compress the cable and to maintain the circular shape. Finally, suspender cable hangers were attached to the main cable to support the main stiffening truss.
Hanger cables or ropes were factory-fabricated from bundled, 7-millimeter-diameter, 180-kg/mm2, parallel wire strands. Because the higher strength wire was used, two (rather than the usual four) hanger ropes were required to support the panel points of the stiffening truss girders. Steel stiffening truss girder panels were fabricated off-site and transported by barge to the bridge tower piers, lifted to roadway elevation, and transported by traveler crane to the proper location for connection to the suspender ropes. This procedure allowed the uninterrupted use of the busy shipping lane of the Akashi Straits.
Several unique technologies were developed to support the design and construction of the Akashi Kaikyo suspension bridge. The aerodynamic stability of long suspension bridges poses major challenges to designers. To verify the design of the world's longest suspension bridge, the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority contracted with the Public Works Research Institute to construct the world's largest wind-tunnel facility and to test full-section models in laminar and turbulent wind flow. Other innovations resulting from wind-tunnel testing included installation of vertical plates at the bottom center of the highway deck to increase flutter speed. Methods of improved prediction of flutter speed and gust response will be used in future bridge designs. A second unique technology developed for use on the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge was the use of parallel wire strand for cable fabrication and erection. Rather than using traditional cable-spinning methods for on-structure cable fabrication, individual parallel wire strands were fabricated off-site, transported to the bridge site, and strung parallel to each other to form the main cable. The advantage of using the new method is that the strands are continuous from anchorage to anchorage and eliminate the in-place spinning of cables, thus reducing the probability of accidents occurring. To use the parallel wire strand method, a unique cable-squeezing machine was designed to form the parallel strands into the final circular shape. The use of higher strength wires (180 kg/mm2 ) reduced the number of strands required, thus saving erection time and cost. Use of the higher strength wire also reduced (from four to two) the number of suspender ropes needed to connect each stiffening truss panel point to each cable hanger attachment on the main cable. This accounts for reduced erection time and cost savings.
Performance in Earthquake
Of particular interest was the performance of the bridge in the Jan. 17, 1995, Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, which provided a full-scale test of tower response. The complete bridge structure was designed to resist a 150-kilometer-distant, 8.5-Richter-magnitude earthquake. Fortunately, erection of the bridge stiffening truss had not begun. The Nojima fault zone passes between the towers of the bridge, and the earthquake caused a permanent lateral and vertical offset of the Awaji tower and anchorage. Ground fault rupture was visible on the northern tip of Awaji Island, approximately two kilometers from the Awaji anchorage. The Awaji tower was displaced 1.3 meters to the west, while the Awaji anchorage was displaced 1.4 meters to the west, relative to the Kobe tower and anchorage. This resulted in a 0.8-meter increase in span length between the main towers and a 0.3-meter increase in the southern side span length. The Awaji tower pier was displaced 0.2 meters vertically downward, while the Awaji anchorage rose by 0.2 meters. The sag in the main cable was reduced by 1.3 meters.
The earthquake caused a one-month delay in the construction schedule during which the bridge was carefully inspected for damage. This lost time was made up during the remaining three-year construction period, and the bridge was opened to traffic on schedule. The increased distance between towers was accommodated by the redesign of the two center stiffening panels, which are 0.4 meters longer than originally designed. Other minor damage was inflicted to the cable-squeezing machine, which was quickly repaired. Anchorages, piers, and towers were otherwise undamaged.
Safety First
The bridge was under construction for 10 years. In spite of the dangers associated with this type of construction project, elaborate safety procedures paid off. A couple of accidents resulted in six injuries and no deaths, a world-class safety record.
Looking Ahead
Now that the world's longest suspension bridge is in service, sights are being set on even longer spans. Preliminary plans are underway to investigate the feasibility of even longer span bridges in Japan. Japanese officials indicate that they are looking to extend main span lengths to 2,400 meters, clearly a daunting challenge for suspension bridge design in the new millennium.
The author has followed the design and construction of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge since 1985, and he was one of only a dozen foreign officials invited to attend the opening of the bridge. He presented a congratulatory letter from Federal Highway Administrator Kenneth Wykle to the executive director of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority.
James D. Cooper is chief of the Structures Division in the Office of Engineering Research and Development at the Federal Highway Administration's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Va. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in civil engineering from Syracuse University. He is a licensed professional engineer in the District of Columbia.
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The pagan festival Samhain is now better known as what? | Samhain 2014: 3 Things You Need To Know About The Pagan Festival
Samhain 2014: 3 Things You Need To Know About The Pagan Festival
10/29/14 AT 4:32 PM
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Many Wiccans, Druids and other pagans across the globe will be marking the beginning of their spiritual new year with the two-day festival of Samhain. The most widely observed pagan festival begins for most pagans on Oct. 31 -- known to others as Halloween.
“At its core, Samhain is the start of winter and of the new year in the old Celtic calendar,” Jason Pitzl, a Wiccan from Eugene, Oregon, told International Business Times. “This is a time when the ancestors are honored, divinations for the new year are performed, and festivals are held in honor of the gods. It is a time of final harvest before the long winter ahead.”
Depending on geographical location, pagans celebrate Samhain at different times and in different ways. Some will choose to wait until the nearest weekend to the full moon to hold ceremonies. Others observe it a bit later, around Nov. 6, to mark the midpoint between fall equinox and winter solstice. In the southern hemisphere, Samhain takes place towards the end of April and beginning of May.
Candles lit for the celebration of Samhain. Photo: Flickr
Rituals can include bonfires, dancing, feasting and ceremonies honoring ancestors and those who have died in the past year. For those unfamiliar with Samhain, below are three answers to common questions surrounding the pagan festival.
What is Samhain?
Samhain, pronounced saah-win or saa-ween, comes from the Gaelic word “Samhuin,” which means summer’s end. It is one of the eight annual Celtic festivals and one of eight "sabbats" that modern pagans celebrate in the course of the year. Paganism is an umbrella term for a movement of different nature-based religions. It is not related to Satanism or any form of devil worship.
“Samhain is the turning of the wheel. It feels almost like shutting off the lights for the evening or closing down the store for the night,” Heather Greene, the managing editor of a pagan news site, the Wild Hunt, told IBTimes. “It is time to go inward and focus on family and self.”
For many, the festival is a time to honor ancestors and those who have died in the past year. Seances are popular rituals since this is the time when the veil between this world and the spiritual one is at its thinnest , pagans believe.
“It’s a kind of memorial day for pagan people. The strongest theme is that of remembering, honoring and paying respects to the beloved dead,” Selena Fox, a pagan priestess and co-executive director of Circle Sanctuary, a Wiccan church based in southwestern Wisconsin, told IBTimes.
Common rituals?
There are several rituals that can be practiced during Samhain. Some decide to celebrate in group settings, while others choose to perform rituals in private.
“For me, Samhain has always been a very personal festival. My own celebrations have been either as a solitary practitioner or in a group of very close friends,” Green, who has celebrated Samhain as a Wiccan for 20 years, told IBTimes.
Many rituals involve creating an altar table with objects that relate to a particular ceremony. For instance, to honor one’s ancestors , an altar can include family photos and heirlooms. A family tree, postcards and flags from that person’s country or hometown can also be used. Family members can say blessings, light candles to honor the deceased and, later, eat a meal.
Other rituals include bonfires, divinations like tarot card readings, reflecting on the past year, meditative nature walks and commemorating the dead with a cemetery visit, telling ancestors’ stories and preparing a Feast of the Dead. The latter involves placing an empty setting at the dinner table for the deceased. Each person is meant to give an offering from their plate to the one that belongs to the deceased. A variation of this is called a “Samhain Dumb Supper” where the meal is conducted in silence.
“Typically, my family and I celebrate Samhain by having an Ancestor's Feast. I make foods that highlight both mine and my husband's ethnic backgrounds to honor our ancestors,” Danie Newcomb, a practicing pagan from Arkansas, told IBTimes. Her family also goes to a local cemetery to pick up trash and lay flowers. “This is a great way to show our respect for those who have passed, while also respecting the earth through cleaning the grounds,” she said.
Jasmeine Moonsong, a Wiccan high priestess in Massachusetts, says Samhain is also a time to set plans in motion for the coming year.
“An example of this would be to write down what it is we desire in the New Year and light some candles and incense that correspond to our desires in the hopes of raising the energy to attract those things,” she told IBTimes. “A simple example would be money. If you are wishing to attract more prosperity you could light green candles, use bay leaves and burn a honeysuckle candle in the hopes of attracting more wealth in the coming year.”
What’s the difference between Samhain and Halloween?
In the eighth century, the Catholic Church decided to mark Nov. 1 as All Saints Day to honor saints and martyrs. This was in part influenced by the pagan festivals already taking place during this time of the year. The mass on All Saint’s Day was called Allhallowmas in English. As a result, the night before became known as All Hallows Eve. This eventually became the popular holiday, Halloween.
While they might take place on the same day and mark the end-of-harvest season, Samhain and Halloween have different focuses. Halloween is considered a secular folk holiday celebrated by people of all denominations. Samhain is a religious observance honoring the dead. Rituals are somber and done in private .
While part of Samhain festivities involve a certain level of grief and mourning, there are celebrations or céilidh (a Gaelic term) that take place. At Circle Sanctuary, a Wiccan church in Wisconsin, there’s a witch’s ball where people dress up in every version of witch imaginable. The term signifies herbalists, healers, medicine persons and shamans who lived in old European villages -- not necessarily the black hat, green-faced women flying on broomsticks seen today. Although some people do dress up as those kinds of witches, Selena Fox said.
“We have a joyful evening. Some dress up outfits, sometimes in classic witch garb seen in pop culture,” Fox says, describing battery-operated wands and broomsticks she sees at the annual celebration -- especially since the release of the Harry Potter books and movies. “We have some fun with it,” she said.
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Muslims traditionally break the fast of Ramadan by eating which fruit? | The Pagan's Path ~ Witchcraft & Shamanism - The History Of Samhain / Halloween
And Halloween
Samhain's History
Samhain (pronounced Sow-en), dates back to the ancient Celts who lived 2,000 years ago. Contrary to what some believe, is not a celebration of a Celtic god of the dead.
Instead, it is a Celtic word meaning "summer's end." The Celts believed that summer came to an end on October 31st and the New Year began on November 1st with the start of winter. But the Celts also followed a lunar calendar and their celebrations began at sunset the night before.
Many today see Halloween as the pagan holiday. But that's not really accurate. As the pagan holiday of Samhain is on November 1st. But their celebrations did and still do, start at sunset on October 31st, on Samhain Eve. During the day on October 31st, the fires within the home are extinguished. Often families would engage in a good "fall" cleaning to clear out the old and make way for the new. Starting the winter months with fresh and clean household items.
At sunset on October 31, clans or local villages begin the formal ceremonies of Samhain by lighting a giant bonfire. The people would gather around the fire to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. It was a method of giving the Gods and Goddesses their share of the previous years herd or crops. In addition these sacred fires were a big part of the cleansing of the old year and a method to prepare for the coming new year.
During the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, and danced around the bonfire. Many of these dances told stories or played out the cycles of life and death or commemorated the cycle of Wheel of Life. These costumes were adorned for three primary reasons.
The first was to honor the dead who were allowed to rise from the Otherworld. The Celts believed that souls were set free from the land of the dead during the eve of Samhain. Those that had been trapped in the bodies of animals were released by the Lord of the Dead and sent to their new incarnations. The wearing of these costumes signified the release of these souls into the physical world.
Not all of these souls were honored and respected. Some were also feared as they would return to the physical world and destroy crops, hide livestock or 'haunt' the living who may have done them wrong. The second reason for these traditional costumes was to hide from these malevolent spirits to escape their trickery.
The final representation was a method to honor the Celtic Gods and Goddesses of the harvest, fields and flocks. Giving thanks and homage to those deities who assisted the village or clan through the trials and tribulations of the previous year. And to ask for their favor during the coming year and the harsh winter months that were approaching.
In addition to celebrations and dance, it was believed that this thin veil between the physical world and the Otherworld provided extra energy for communications between the living and the dead. With these communications, Druid Priests, and Celtic Shamans would attempted to tell the fortunes of individual people through a variety of methods. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark winter.
These psychic readings would be conducted with a variety of divination tools. Such as throwing bones, or casting the Celtic Ogham . There is some historical evidence that additional tools of divination were also used. Most of this comes from writings recorded by Roman invaders, but there are stories of reading tea leaves, rocks and twigs, and even simple spiritual communications that today we'd call Channeling. Some historians have suggested that these early people were the first to use tiles made from wood and painted with various images which were the precursor to Tarot Cards. There's no real evidence to support this, but the 'story' of these tiles has lingered for centuries.
When the community celebration was over, each family would take a torch or burning ember from the sacred bonfire and return to their own home. The home fires that has been extinguished during the day were re-lit by the flame of the sacred bonfire to help protect the dwelling and it's inhabitants during the coming winter. These fires were kept burning night and day during the next several months. It was believed that if a home lost it's fire, tragedy and troubles would soon follow.
With the hearth fires lit, the families would place food and drink outside their doors. This was done to appease the roaming spirits who might play tricks on the family.
The Romans began to conquer the Celtic territories. By A.D. 43 they had succeeded in claiming the majority of the Celtic lands. They ruled for approximately four hundred years combining or influencing many Celtic traditional celebrations with their own. Two Roman holidays were merged with Samhain.
Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead.
Pomona's Day of Honoring, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of "bobbing" for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.
Samhain to Halloween
With the coming of Christianity in the 800s AD, the early Church in England tried to Christianize the old Celtic festivals. Pope Boniface IV designated the 1st of November as "All Saints Day," honoring saints and martyrs. He also decreed October 31 as "All Hallows Eve", that eventually became Hallow'een.
Scholars today widely accept that the Pope was attempting to replace the earlier Celtic pagan festival with a church-sanctioned holiday. As this Christian holiday spread, the name evolved as well. Also called All-hallows Eve or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day). 200 years later, in 1000 AD, the church made November 2 All Souls' Day, a day to honor the dead. It is celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels, and devils. Together, the three celebrations, the eve of All Saints', All Saints', and All Souls' day, are called Hallowmas.
November 1st or May 13th?
Some people confuse Samhain being originally celebrated in May with other pagan and early Christian holidays.
Samhain comes from the Gaelic word samain. "Sam" - summer and "fuin" - end. It literally means Summer's End. The early Irish and Brythonic cultures believed the year was divided in half. The dark half and the light half. Samhain marked the end of the light half and the beginning of the Celtic new year or the dark half.
According to Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (1979 Vol 12 p 152), The Druids originated the holiday. It was a celebration of Saman Lord of the Dead who was the God of Evil Spirits. There is some debate about this origination as the Druids were not the only, or the first spiritual pagans of Ireland.
Some of the earliest archaeological evidence of the Celts come from their trade routes with the Greeks. Their culture can be followed with great precision from the 5th Century BC through the La Tène culture. From these early records with the Greeks we know of some of their great festivals and in particular one of their biggest Samhain the new years festival. Certainly we can gain information from Julius Caesar who wrote extensively about the Gauls during his invasion campaigns in Ireland during 4th Century BC. Eventually Rome is sacked by the Celts in 3rd Century BC, around 390BC. The Romans in general wrote of their warlike inhabitants and many of their barbaric celebrations. Which included Samhain.
In most if not all of these accounts, Samhain is immersed in blood and sacrifice. Often in the earliest of times, those sacrifices were human. One Greek account states these early Celts sacrificed prisoners captured during a battle during their New Years festival of Samhain. In The History and Origins of Druidism by Lewis Spencer writes about the Druids stating they burned their victims in holy fire which had to be consecrated by a Druid priest.
The confusion of May to November 1st probably comes from the Christians and pagan Roman festivals. The Roman Empire was a pagan culture. During their reign they held many pagan festivals and celebrations, one being the Feast of the Lemures on May 13th. During this time malevolent and restless spirits of the dead were appeased and festival participants would attempt to gain the favor of the spirits. The feast covered a three day period that honored "all the dead" with food, drink and sacrifice.
At the same time Pope Boniface IV consecrated the Pantheon at Rome to the Blessed Virgin and all the martyrs. This was celebrated in the west from May 13, 609 to 610. Pope Gregory III (731741) during an oratory in St. Peter's for the relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world", moved All Saints Day to November 1.
This is further confused by the early Irish churches who did not celebrate All Hallows Day in November or May, but rather in early spring on April 20th during the Felire of Oengus and the Martyrology of Talaght. A festival of All Saints was already widely celebrated in the days of Charlemagne in November. But it took a decree at the insistence of Pope Gregory IV to all the bishops, that the celebration be confirmed on November 1st.
These early similar celebrations come together around 835AD. The Roman pagan festival is over taken by the early Church, the Irish Church conforms it's celebrations with Rome, and everyone seems to move their day of the dead to coincide with early Irish pagans and their celebration of Samhain on November 1st.
There's no doubt, however, that the Irish festival of Samhain has always been at the end of summer on November 1st, and has been one of the prominent harvest festivals for Celtic pagans from the past and the present.
The Evolution Of Halloween
"Trick-or-treating" is a modern tradition that probably finds it's roots in the early All Souls' Day parades in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for food and families would give them pastries called "soul cakes" in return for their promise to pray for the family's dead relatives. The distribution of soul cakes was encouraged by the church as a way to replace the ancient practice of leaving food and wine for roaming spirits. The practice, which was referred to as "going a-souling" was eventually taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food, and money.
"Dressing up" for Halloween gets it roots from dressing up around the sacred bonfire during the original Celtic festival. Some suggest, this practice originates from England, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world on Halloween. People thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes, so to avoid being recognized people would wear masks after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits. In addition, these early English people, would place bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter or cause harm to their homes. A tradition obviously taken from the ancient Celtic pagans.
As European came to America, they brought their varied Halloween traditions with them. Celebration of Halloween in colonial times was much more common in Maryland and the southern colonies. Primarily because Celtic immigrants settled more in these regions than in the north.
As the beliefs and customs of different European ethnic groups meshed together a distinctly American version of Halloween began to emerge. The first celebrations included "play parties," public events held to celebrate the harvest, where neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell each other's fortunes, dance, and sing. Colonial Halloween festivities also featured the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making of all kinds. By the middle of the nineteenth century, annual autumn festivities were common, but Halloween was not yet celebrated everywhere in the country.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, America entered an age of mysticism. What was more often termed spiritualism. Metaphysical groups and clubs began to spring up throughout the Golden Age and the wealthier set of Americans. At the same time, America was welcoming a new group of immigrants, especially the millions of Irish fleeing Ireland's potato famine of 1846. This new cultural influence brought with it a melding of Irish and English traditions, and a new Americans culture was born. People began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that eventually became today's "trick-or-treat" tradition. Young women believed that, on Halloween, they could divine the name or appearance of their future husband by doing tricks with yarn, apple parings, or mirrors.
In the late 1800s, there was a move in America to mold Halloween into a holiday more about community and neighborly get-togethers, than about ghosts, pranks, and witchcraft. At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for both children and adults became the most common way to celebrate the day. Parties focused on games, foods of the season, and festive costumes. Parents were encouraged by newspapers and community leaders to take anything "frightening" or "grotesque" out of Halloween celebrations. Because of their efforts, Halloween lost most of its superstitious and religious overtones by the beginning of the twentieth century.
By the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween had become a secular, but community-centered holiday, with parades and town-wide parties as the featured entertainment. Despite the best efforts of many schools and communities, vandalism began to plague Halloween celebrations in many communities during this time. By the 1950s, town leaders had successfully limited vandalism and Halloween had evolved into a holiday directed mainly at the young. Due to the high numbers of young children during the fifties baby boom, parties moved from town civic centers into the classroom or home, where they could be more easily accommodated.
Between 1920 and 1950, the centuries-old practice of trick-or-treating was also revived. Trick-or-treating was a relatively inexpensive way for an entire community to share the Halloween celebration. In theory, families could also prevent tricks being played on them by providing the neighborhood children with small treats. A new American tradition was born, and it has continued to grow.
By the 1990s, Americans have made Halloween one of the largest commercial holidays. Spending an estimated $6.9 billion annually on Halloween costumes, accessories, decorations and pumpkins.
Samhain Traditions
To pagans the world over, November 1st, still marks the beginning of the New Year. To Witches and Pagans, Samhain is the Festival of the Dead, and for many, it is the most important Sabbat (Holiday) of the year. Although the Feast of the Dead forms a major part of most Pagan celebrations on this eve, and at Samhain voluntary communications are expected and hoped for. The departed are never harassed, and their presence is never commanded. The spirits of the dead are, however, ritually invited to attend the Sabbat and to be present within the Circle.
Orange and Black:
The colors of this Sabbat are black and orange. Black to represent the time of darkness after the death of the God (who is represented by fire and the sun) during an earlier sabbat known as Lughnasadh , and the waning of light during the day. Orange represents the awaiting of the dawn during Yule (Dec. 21st to Jan. 1st) when the God is reborn.
Jack O'Lanterns:
There is some debate about the origination of Jack-o-lanterns. One line suggests this custom originated from the lighting of candles for the dead to follow as they walked the earth. These candles were placed in hallowed out gourds and put on the ground to light the way.
Others suggest the practice originates from a Christianized Irish myth about a man nicknamed "Stingy Jack."
Stingy Jack and the Devil enter a pub to have a drink. Jack convinces the Devil to turn himself into a coin to pay for the drinks. But instead of using the coin, Jack slipped it into his pocket and next to a silver cross. The cross prevented the Devil from changing back into his original form. But Jack eventually freed the Devil, under the condition that he would not bother Jack for one year. And if Jack should die during that year, the Devil would not claim his soul. And the Devil agreed to these terms.
Jack again tricked the Devil. This time, the Devil climbed into a tree to pick a piece of fruit. While he was up in the tree, Jack carved a sign of the cross into the tree's bark so that the Devil could not come down. Once again, Jacked struck a bargain with the Devil. He would free the Devil from the tree if he promised not to bother Jack for ten more years. And if Jack died during those years, the Devil would not claim his soul. And the Devil again agreed to these terms.
Not long after this, Jack did indeed died. But because of his trickery, God would not allow him into heaven. In keeping his word not to take his soul, the Devil also would not allow Jack into hell. Instead, the Devil sent Jack out into the darkness of the world between worlds with nothing but a burning piece of coal. Jack placed the coal into a carved out turnip and has been roaming the Earth ever since. The Irish began to refer to Jack's ghostly figure as "Jack of the Lantern," and then, simply as "Jack O'Lantern."
The Irish and Scottish people began making lanterns by carving scary faces into turnips or potatoes and placing them into windows or near doors to frighten away the wandering evil spirits. In England, large beets were used. Immigrants from these countries brought the tradition to America where they found the pumpkin, a fruit native to America, that made the perfect jack o'lanterns.
Tricks & Treats:
Treats also originated from an old custom of leaving cookies and other foods out for those relatives to enjoy as they shared this one night of feasting. The 'trick' portion of "Trick or Treat" was an invention of the Christians. The tricks were supposedly caused by the dead who didn't receive a treat of food left for them when they arrived at your door.
The Contraversary of Samhain and Halloween
Sad to say there have been many fundamentalists who are inciting ignorance and bigotry into the celebrations of Halloween. No longer is Halloween a religious festival here in the US. It has become commercialized as an event for kids to have fun, play dress up and be scared by ghouls and ghosts. It has become nothing more than a secular holiday.
Those who have tried to link Halloween to Samhain are also missing the boat. As Halloween, All Hallows Eve are Christian created holidays devised by the early Churches of Europe as a means to convert pagans to Christianity. The celebrations were indeed taken from pagan practices, but their purposes have long since been corrupted and are no longer pagan in nature. Right down to being practiced on October 31st.
Some one asked me if I cared that a nearby town was attempting to change Halloween from October 31st to the last Friday of each October. My response is why should I mind? Halloween is a Christian holiday, do with it what you will.
The modern celebrations of Halloween do not take away or alter the spiritual significance of Samhain for pagan practitioners. Our Sabbat is still intact and still honored with reverence and in the traditional methods practiced by our ancient pagan ancestors. Though we don't make animal sacrifices any longer, there are some who will toss a steak into a bonfire as a symbolic gesture. The main focus of the holiday for pagans is still to honor our loved ones who have passed on and to share in communication with them during this time when the veil between worlds is narrowed.
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Which poet had a dog called Boatswain? | Byron and his dogs – in pictures | Books | The Guardian
Byron and his dogs – in pictures
Byron and his dogs – in pictures
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After Byron lost his beloved Newfoundland Boatswain, the poet called the dog his 'firmest friend'. Geoffrey Bond introduces some of the Romantic pioneer's favourite canine companions
Tuesday 3 December 2013 02.00 EST
Engraving after a sketch by William Parry (1824)
Rake, revolutionary and the original literary celebrity, Byron's constant companions were poetry and dogs. This famous engraving captures the poet communing with his Newfoundland, Lyon, during his disastrous escapade in Missolonghi. Lyon was always at Byron's side during the expedition to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, where according to Parry he would play with his dog and say ‘Lyon you are no rogue, thou art more faithful than men and I trust thee more’
Photograph: Robert Seymor
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Boatswain by Clifton Tomson (1808)
Byron's most famous dog was another Newfoundland called Boatswain, who he seems to have acquired in 1803 when the poet was 15 years old. This life-size portrait was painted by the Nottingham animal and sporting artist Clifton Tomson, and hangs at Byron's ancestral home, Newstead Abbey
Photograph: Nottingham City Museum and Galleries
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Burgage Manor & Green, with Byron & Boatswain by Nick Hugh McCann (1990)
While Byron was at Harrow school and Trinity College, Cambridge, he lived with his mother at Burgage Manor in Nottinghamshire while Newstead Abbey was rented out. Here McCann imagines Byron and Boatswain together in front of the manor house
Photograph: Nick McCann
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The Wonderful History of Lord Byron and his Dog by EB Pigot (1807)
Elizabeth Pigot was like an older sister to Byron while he was growing up in Nottinghamshire, encouraging him in the writing of his early poetry. This parody of Old Mother Hubbard tells the story of the poet and his dog Boatswain. Here we see Boatswain turned vicar, after Byron visits the house of Reverend Thomas Beecher.'He went to the Cottage to chat with Ann Beecher,& when he came back,Found Bo'sen' turn'd Preacher.'Boatswain says: ‘Repent ye wicked, resist temptation’
Photograph: Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin
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Aerial view of Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire
Byron lived at Newstead Abbey at various times between 1808 and 1814, burying Boatswain here after the dog's death in 1808. The grave is at the centre of this photograph, carved with an epigraph and Byron’s poem paying tribute to ‘the poor Dog, in life the firmest friend, / The first to welcome, foremost to defend, / Whose honest heart is still his Masters own’. His wish to be buried alongside Boatswain was thwarted partly because Newstead Abbey was sold in 1817
Photograph: Nick Hugh McCann
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Lyon, the Wolf Dog by Clifton Tomson (1808)
Writing to Thomas Moore in 1815 Byron recalled a dog ‘half a wolf by the “she” side’ that ‘doted’ on him when the poet was 10 years old and ‘very nearly ate me at 20’. Lyon ‘never would consent to any sign of recognition in spite of all kinds of bones which I offered him’, Byron continued, though he clearly thought enough of his 'cur' to commission this portrait
Photograph: Nottingham City Museum and Galleries
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Lord Byron’s Lyon by Nick Hugh McCann (1992)
As Byron prepared to set out for Greece in 1823, he was presented with a young Newfoundland. Fifteen years after the death of Boatswain, Byron was delighted, promising ‘never to part with him for any consideration’. Lyon or Lion was at his side throughout his ill-fated Greek adventure, returning to London with the poet’s coffin – as imagined here by Nick Hugh McCann. According to Walter Scott Byron loved his dogs very much, with the novelist suggesting ‘The companionship of a dog seemed to him almost as necessary as a hat or a stick. A man was not complete without a dog and a dog was scarcely complete without a man; Byron agreed with this’
Photograph: Nick Hugh McCann
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What was the name of the dog who accompanied the Three Men In A Boat? | Crede Byron
Crede Byron
Lord Byron and Newstead Abbey
"All men are intrinsical rascals ~ and I am only sorry that not being a dog I can't bite them."
(Lord Byron)
Byron's Menagerie
From an early age, Byron had a noted fondness for animals, and his household - wherever he settled - always included a collection of creatures.
Whilst a student at Cambridge, Byron was irked that university rules banned keeping a dog. With characteristic perversity, he installed a tame bear instead. There being no mention of bears in their statutes, the college authorities had no legal basis to complain. In one of his letters, Byron cheekily suggests that his ursine friend "should sit for a fellowship".
When Byron graduated, and took up residence in his ancestral home, the rambling, ruinous Newstead Abbey, the bear went with him. His predecessor at Newstead, the eccentric 5th baron Byron, also seems to have enjoyed unusual pets, for he is said to have kept a tame wolf at the Abbey. Along with Newstead, the poet inherited what must have been a descendant of this animal, a "wolf dog" named Lyon, which he described as "...A cur of mine...(half a wolf on the �she� side) that doted on me at ten years old and very nearly ate me at twenty! He bit away the backside of my breeches and never would consent to any recognition in despite of all kinds of bones which I offered him". Charles Skinner Matthews, Byron�s houseguest in 1809, reported that "Playing with the bear or teasing the wolf" was a regular amusement. Byron�s mother recorded that the food for the dog cost �20 a year (at a time when a housemaid�s wages and lodging was only around �30 per annum). Despite its bad temper and expensive appetite, Byron evidently thought enough of Lyon to commission a painting of him by a Nottingham animal and sporting artist, and the picture can still be seen at Newstead today.
The best known of Byron�s animal companions is Boatswain, whose portrait is also displayed at the Abbey. Byron always refers to him as a Newfoundland, but according to animal historian Gerald Pendred, the ears, coat and head-shape of the handsome black and white dog shown in the picture suggest some husky blood. Certainly he was - like his master - a strong swimmer. A tenant farmer told that whilst by the Upper Lake at Newstead he sometimes saw the poet "get into the boat with his two noble Newfoundland dogs, row into the middle of the lake, then dropping the oars tumble over into the middle of the water. The faithful animals would immediately follow, seize him by the coat collar, one on each side, and bear him away to land..."
Perhaps the second dog was "Thunder". Mrs. Francis, a former servant at the Abbey, wrote that two rather battered brass collars still shown at Newstead were damaged through the dogs� scraps with Byron�s bear. She recorded that Thunder "though the largest dog, was not so courageous, and could seldom be induced to face the bear".
The same Mrs. Francis tells the sad tale of how Boatswain, being in the habit of following the postboy to Mansfield, was bitten by a rabid dog in the town and fell ill. Moore, Byron�s biographer, writes how, as the dog foamed at the mouth, the grief stricken poet gently wiped away the slaver with his own hands. Despite his many debts, Byron commissioned an impressive marble monument for his canine friend, - the only piece of building Byron ever carried out at Newstead - and the dog was buried in a garden vault amongst the old Abbey ruins. The carved epitaph celebrates
"One who possessed Beauty without Vanity, Strength without Insolence, Courage without Ferocity, And all the virtues of Man without his vices..."�
When the American writer Washington Irving visited Newstead in Victorian times, he was greeted by "a memento of Lord Byron, a great black and white Newfoundland dog who accompanied his remains from Greece. He was descended from the famous Boatswain... a cherished inmate of the Abbey...honoured and caressed by every visitor".
In Italy Byron acquired a bulldog called Moretto. Whilst at Livorno, when the close proximity of the Leigh Hunt household and its noisy pack of ill-disciplined offspring was beginning to jar on Byron�s nerves, he hit on the novel method of keeping the kids out of his private rooms by training the dog to stand on the stairs and snarl at them.
During his courtship of Theresa Guccioli, Byron rented the upper floor of her husband, Count Guccioli�s villa in Ravenna and proceeded to make himself at home by installing a menagerie of "ten horses, eight enormous dogs, three monkeys, five cats, an eagle, a crow, and a falcon." When the poet Shelley visited the count a few month later, he was met on the staircase by "five peacocks, two guinea hens and an Egyptian crane". In 1819 Byron wrote happily to his friend Francis Hodgson, "I have got two monkeys and a fox - and two new mastiffs - Mutz is still in high old age. The monkeys are charming."
Such was his weakness for animals that when his coach travelled from Pisa to Genoa in 1822, it did so with three cackling geese swinging from cages off the back. On being told that they were being fattened up for Michaelmas, he decided to rescue them from the oven. On his departure for Greece, Byron placed the birds in the care of his Genovese banker, who wrote a bemused letter to Kinnaird, his London counterpart, after the poet�s death, asking what was to be done with them.
On Byron�s departure to Greece in 1823 the entourage included his bulldog Moretto, and a Newfoundland, Lyon, whose enthusiastic devotion to his master proved him a latter-day Boatswain. By the time the party had reached Missolonghi, Byron was in precarious health, and disillusioned and depressed by the turbulent progress of the war. His only relief from the stress was to romp with Lyon for excercise - "Lyon, thou art an honest fellow, Lyon. Thou art more faithful than men, Lyon; I trust thee more." The faithful Lyon�s last duty was to accompany his master�s body home to England on the "Florida"
Lady Byron, no animal lover, wrote superciliously of her estranged husband that "the reason why some tyrannical characters have been fond of animals and humane to them is because they have no exercise of reason and could not condemn the wickedness of their master." Perhaps the real reason was that in the unwavering loyalty and simple affection of his animals Byron found the non- judgemental love he craved, but rarely received, from his human relationships.
Image: Portrait of Boatswain the Newfoundland
� 1998-2011 L J Webb
Lord Byron
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Which series saw Ben Wishaw as a gay man whose new partner is murdered? | Thinking Telly | Some thoughts on thoughtful television
Some thoughts on thoughtful television
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Oh the delicious thrill of a handsome and classically-trained English actor working his way across a sprawling drama set in sumptuous locales. Never mind that the plot, like so many British adaptations of spy thrillers – think Worricker Trilogy and London Spy — makes little sense. You can’t take your eyes off our hero and you lean closer to hear when he says “I hope the weather wasn’t too ghastly.” That’s the power of Tom Hiddleston’s performance in the AMC-BBC collaboration The Night Manager a short series based on a LeCarre story.
Hugh Laurie of House fame (and wealth) plays arms dealer Richard Roper who has for decades escaped British agent Angela Burr played by the excellent Olivia Colman. Roper crosses paths with Jonathan Pine played by Hiddleston (Thor, The Avengers, Crimson Peak) an ex-soldier and night manager at a Cairo hotel. At the hotel. a beautiful woman with whom Pine has connected is murdered as a result of an arms deal. Enter Angela Burr, played by Olivia Colman, a shoved aside agent fighting at cross purposes within the British government to bring Roper down. Burr recruits Pine and we are off to the sunny climes of Roper’s world in Turkey, Switzerland, Morocco, Spain and again Egypt.
Laurie is fine but not great. His acting is a bit self-conscious and he relies on facial tics and expressions during gaps in dialogue. He is not quite good enough to overcome the silly plot holes. What man would lock Hiddleston in with his gorgeous blonde American girlfriend at a sun-drenched luxury villa and not come home expecting trouble?
Burr’s whose work in Broadchurch, Run, and W1A, has rightly earned her a devoted following is wonderful as the pregnant and put upon British agent. She carries her scenes even though thee are other excellent supporting actors in them.
Alas, the plot is the real weakness. Ludicrously, there is literally a list of illegal arms Roper is buying hidden is a drawer which is copied for Burr and passed around a corrupted MI5 with whispers akin to “You can’t mention you saw this to any one in the British government working with the arms dealer Roper because it will definitely get my source killed . . .”
You shouldn’t watch this for plot. You watch it for the mood, the acting, the scenery.
The cinematography is breathtaking. It surely makes you question those Jersey shore vacation plans. And Hiddleston makes you question every director’s casting decision when it doesn’t involve a dashing RADA graduate.
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All the hip hop about Hamilton has drawn me into a torrent of books about the founding fathers. The eyestrain reminded me that there was an old and much ballyhooed HBO series eponymously named for its subject – our second President whose single term was rapped up in Hamilton by Jefferson as “Adams shat the bed… I love the guy, but he’s in traction.”
Too bad the miniseries isn’t in much better shape. Paul Giamatti plays Adams with an unnervingly modern spirit. He is irascible, dour, foppishly petulant to the point of insult at the French court, cold and unforgiving to his disappointing children and befriended only by his wife Abigail – played by the predictably mannered Laura Linney — and at times, by Thomas Jefferson played wonderfully by Stephen Dillane.
You don’t like Giamatti’s Adams. You are glad he is undone by Jefferson, secretly, and Hamilton, openly. His defeat in the election of 1800 is portrayed as a result of a peace treaty with Napoleon that came just a bit too late for the electors. In reality, Adams made many, many mistakes and had too few allies and too many powerful enemies.
HBO wants you to believe Adams pulled off the Declaration of Independence almost alone and was undone by bad luck. Really he comes off as undeserving of the Presidential office to which he is elected.
The writing piles on the unforgiveable character flaws making it hard to like him. It makes it appear that Adams abandoned his children permanently while he did little in the foreign courts of Europe. In fact, at different times he did bring his family to Europe and even returned to Massachusetts for a stay during which he was key to the creation of the Massachusetts state constitution later a model for the U.S. Constitution.
The show unforgivably reduces the great Abigail Adams to housewife. Abigail’s hundreds of surviving letters reveal her to be Adams’ true confidante and advisor. The Hamilton to his Washington in many ways. But here she chides Adams annoyingly about his vanity and temper. To be fair, Laura Linney’s Abigail is given little to do except worry over the lack of letters from Adams while he is in France, smile at Jefferson’s compliments when she gets there., and generally swing between wide-eyed delight at some clever remark and deep fretting over a family matter. In one scene, Abigail makes a cutting reference to Mrs. Franklin’s “inconvenience” when she meets Franklin’s girlfriend at the French court who declares that old Ben has been trying to woo her into marriage. So we learn Abigail was a nosy mean girl — a conscious choice by the writers since the real Abigail Adams would have known that Mrs. Franklin had been dead for over a decade when she arrived in Paris.
Yet the redeeming features of this miniseries are some terrific supporting performances. Tom Wilkinson brings a wry cleverness and depth to our national treasure Ben Franklin as he limps around the French Court sporting a coonskin cap and teaching the eighteenth century a lesson in the power of branding. Stephen Dillane’s Jefferson is quiet and introspective and draws you in. We see Franklin swirling on Jefferson’s swivel chair. We see Jefferson quietly agree to write the Declaration of Independence as Adams requests. And we see him taking edits from Adams and Franklin with quiet equanimity. Later we see Jefferson writing Adams with a quill pen whose movements are mirrored by another quill pen in one of Jefferson’s great inventions – an early copying machine.
His machinations against Adams in the press come as a great shock to Adams, in part, because Jefferson seems so uninterested in such foul play. Since we know Adams was deeply wounded and surprised by Jefferson’s betrayal, this is well done by Dillane.
Rufus Sewell has only a few scenes as Hamilton but he plays our first Treasury Secretary with quiet dark power. We hear Hamilton fighting with Jefferson in a meeting with Washington (as Adams stands impotently outside the door). We see Hamilton uttering a few words while sitting at a corner desk quill in hand. In Sewell’s best scene, Hamilton expounds on the details of the army he was building for Adams during the Quasi War. As Hamilton starts explaining the breakdown of battalions, platoons, and squads he is creating, Adams with impatience brushes him off. We are supposed to understand that Adams wants to avoid war while Hamilton is delighting in the details of the effort. But it comes off that Adams is the dense one. Hamilton wants a standing army and the assertion of American power. Adams wants to avoid a stupid and costly war. They are both right but in vastly different temporal scope. Sewell’s acting pulls this off.
But the clash ultimately undoes Adams as he loses the support of his own party in the election of 1800. We don’t really understand from the miniseries how this happens. His peace treaty arrives too late. How sad. Adams sits in the White House squinting at a book while the battle between Jefferson and Burr rages.
Therein lies the problem with the miniseries. It’s boring. It dumbs down some of the most exciting times in our early history and portrays Adams as a sad unlovable victim who brings America into being then makes a few mistakes and is buffeted by events he doesn’t understand and can’t control. And Giamatti’s performance doesn’t hold your attention over the dull writing. The best parts of the series when other great actors come onscreen and elevate the action. And those scenes almost make the series worth watching. Almost.
Its binge worthy only for history buffs who want to tally the many, many historical errors. Predictably, it has been showered with awards including Emmys for Giamatti, Linney and Wilkinson. One out of three ain’t bad. But don’t be fooled. There is better television and better history out there.
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Mackenzie Crook’s The Detectorists follows eccentric mates Andy and Lance – and a few chums – as they sniff over the grounds of fictional Danebury, metal detectors in hand. The “detectorists,” as they insist on being called, enjoy their search for historical treasure as both adventure and escape from their daily lives. And why wouldn’t they? The scenery is bucolic and the filming gives every frame the fragrance and taste of summertime in Suffolk. You know you want to go there.
As for the plot – well not much happens in their small town but what does happen seems real. Their club has a rivalry with the Antiquisearchers, a Simon-and-Garfunkelesque duo with a connection to a university that threatens to oust our heroes from their preferred hunting grounds. We follow the ups and downs of that contest as we follow the characters personal relationships. Andy’s marriage hits a bump in more ways than one. And we learn that Lance’s pining for his manipulative ex-wife was not all that blind. And through these tribulations the quirky detectorists of the Danebury Metal Detecting Club continues on mission – pulling up bottle caps and barbed wire in the hunt for Saxon treasure.
The series is a comedy. The humor is dry and the characters are cleverly drawn. The effect is that even the characters we are not supposed to like are rather likeable. The Antiquisearchers are more hapless than evil. Lance’s ex-wife and her new man come off as genial and oblivious lovers even when they are mistreating Lance.
The overall effect is seductive. We want to know what happens to the funny sweet and hapless people of Danebury because Cook’s marvelous writing makes them seem very real. There is Andy’s live-in girlfriend Becky (Rachel Stirling) who loves him and supports him even while laughing at his passion for “detecting.” When Becky gets upset with Andy over a supposed betrayal, we understand why. She’s not a shrill, brow-beating sit-com narcissist. She’s a real woman who is beautiful and caring and puts up with Andy’s hobby because she loves him – so much harder on her is the pain of deceit.
The real star is Mr. Cook’s considerable talent on display in his writing, directing, and starring in the series. He is well known in British comedy since his days with The Office which launched a great and prolific career. The Detectorists has him stepping up his game into early Netflix and UK Christmas special territory. Sweet. It would be hard to find anyone else more responsible for The Detectorists success – or failure had that been the case.
So far one of two UK seasons is available on Acorn TV and Netflix. Lets hope there is more to come of the metal-detecting duo and their friends.
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In London Spy, BBC America brings us its special mix of superb acting, intense drama and unintelligible plot. The wonderful Ben Whishaw plays recovering risk-taking hedonist Danny – whose chance meeting with tragically-brilliant Alex (Edward Holcroft) sparks a deep and meaningful romance which overcomes Danny’s awkwardness and Alex’s sexual inexperience. You want this couple to succeed and it does for a time.
Enter an all-powerful shadowy conspiracy which tears them apart with ludicrously expansive effort. There is a murder painstakingly staged as sado-masochistic play gone wrong. The frame gets tighter with taped post-coital confessions, a honey-pot infidelity, and a dredge of Danny’s past self-destructive acts. Throughout, Danny insists on his innocence to his only friend Scotty, an older gay establishment figure played with sparing emotion by Jim Broadbent.
Danny is tailor made for the gifted Whishaw who wears Alex’s fear and self-doubt in every movement. He turns to Alex’s door only to turn away and back again. The effect is so compelling, its hard to look away.
When I first saw Ben Whishaw perform, it was at The Old Vic in Trevor Nunn’s 2004 Hamlet. The 23-year-old RADA graduate was a sensation and he brought an immature authenticity to Hamlet’s struggle. On the night I saw the play Whishaw mangled the “To be, or not to be” soliloquy. He skipped lines and lost the thread. The star struck school girls in the row ahead of us didn’t seem to mind, but I did. But my disappointment was not because I’d flown thousands of miles with excitement to see the Hamlet of the moment with a young actor in the role of the young Hamlet. I was disappointed because Whishaw was so very promising, I wanted to see him at his best.
In London Spy, he is at his best. He peels back the layers of his relationship with Alex whom he realizes he didn’t really know. Danny needs to separate what is true from what the conspirators who seemingly include Alex’s family want him to believe. He’s put under unfathomable pressure. His freedom, his health and his life are threatened. In short, it’s a great vehicle for a gifted actor.
The cinematography doesn’t disappoint and the direction is fast-paced where it should be and slow and languorous where that is appropriate.
The problem comes from the writing. Despite all the edgey acting Whishaw brings to the role, there is a mystery to be solved. And its resolution leaves the viewer as befuddled as the conspirators’ efforts appear histrionic.
You can’t help but wonder why an all-knowing spy cabal has to go to such elaborate effort to destroy a couple of almost friendless gay kids. Why not stage a car crash? Arrange an overdoes of some club drug? Or just disappear them ruthless dictator style? It seems pointless plot twists are the weakness in many a British TV spy drama. Fans of the great spy plots like LeCarre brought forth find themselves frustrated when such a series rolls along without a whimper of logic. Think of the Worricker series starring Bill Nighy, Ralph Fiennes, Helena Bonham Carter and Christopher Walken or Restless starring Hayley Atwell, Rufus Sewell, Michael Gambon and Charlotte Rampling. It is as if the writers think a coherent plot will detract from the talent of the actors they’ve assembled.
The whole genre reminds me of a 1986 SNL sketch in which Bond villains share tips for successful global domination. A key takeaway from Randy Quaid’s villain Emilio Largo: “If James Bond manages to infiltrate your complex and you capture him, just, just kill him.” Adds Jimmy Breslin’s Goldfinger “If you’re close enough to Bond to drop a tarantula on him, you’re close enough to shoot him.”
Of course, if the Bond villains had heeded that advice, we’d have missed the chance at many viewing hours enjoying the peerless Bond’s escape and evil’s noisy demise. In London Spy, a more efficient destruction of Danny and Alex would have cheated us of watching the deliciously captivating Ben Wishaw playing out Danny’s love, loss and torment. On second thought, I’ll take the plot holes.
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My latest binge was The Eagle: A Crime Odyssey, a three-season Danish TV series (Ømen: En krimi-odysse) which ran from 2004 to 2006 and won an International Emmy Award for best non-American television drama series in 2005.
The Eagle, follows a team of mostly beautiful and always intrepid Danish police officers as they thwart all the crimes human frailty can invent. The squad is an amalgam of stereotypes but the result is a pleasant mix of characters. Our hero, Hallgrim Øm Hallgrimsson, played with a commanding quietness by Jens Albinus, is a gifted Icelandic investigator whose talent for timely identifying the crime in play is likened by his colleagues to an eagle’s vision of lower-flying prey and ground movement far below. Alas, our crack cop Hallgrim is haunted in the style of Fox Mulder chasing his lost abducted sister or Jackson Brodie reliving his sibling’s watery end or, well, you get the idea. Hallgrim’s ghost springs from an incident involving his first girlfriend, his wet-brained father and the guilt of shirked responsibility. The trauma leaves Hallgrim an aggressive serial monogamist with commitment issues that should earn him a volume discount on engagement rings. But because he so effortlessly keeps Scandinavia and a good bit of Europe from all sorts of bombs, bullets, and blood diamond badness – and because he is crazy beautiful, we aren’t supposed to mind the trail of broken hearts. And I didn’t. None of those women understood him. He is a tortured and handsome investigator. These guys only find happiness when the series is cancelled.
Of course, ghosts are appropriate in Denmark, especially if they appear near Kronborg Castle, helpfully subtitled as “Elsinore” for well-read American couch potatoes. Hallgrim’s ghost takes human form and acts like a love doctor pointing out his many relationship fails. Its an annoying device but one that is more at home in the character’s Icelandic folklore and probably, better accepted by Scandinavian audiences. An American serial would use blackouts or blurry visions accompanied by unintelligible speech to signal an unresolved past. This guardian ghost is at least a refreshing change.
The squad is bossed by Thea Nellemann, a well-to-do iron lady with a heart, played by the incomparable Danish film star Ghita Norby in the style of Judi Dench’s “M.” Squad members include Marie Wied (Marina Bouras), Hallgrim’s subordinate and sometimes love interest who looks disturbingly like his twin; Ditte Hansen (Susan Olsen), the better half of a married crime-scene-investigator duo who turns cop with a crumbling marriage; Nazim Talawi (Janus Nabil Bakrawi), an unassuming action hero whose backstory includes surviving a Jordanian refugee camp and earning Hallgrim’s unquestioned trust; Villy Frandsen (Steen Sig Lommer) the middle-aged sad-sack and steady hand and Michael Kristensen (David Owe), the young hottie computer whiz who makes a fateful mistake.
If, like me, you enjoy foreign police procedurals as a way of peering into another culture through the familiar lens of heroes and villains, then The Eagle is for you. The plots move and overlap. One crime is solved but a thread takes us into another even more nefarious criminal plot. Car chases and shootouts are few, but electronic surveillance is constant and mobile phones are tapped with the touch of a key stroke or switch of a battery even when permission is denied by toady politicos. Defense attorneys are corrupt obstructions to justice who must be manipulated as part of the sting. The Eagle keeps it moving and only the cops are the good guys.
But subtitled TV takes effort. This means that binge TV standards must be higher for foreign series. The Eagle is good stuff not great stuff. Its not top of the list for foreign TV viewing. Save it for after you’ve seen Engrenages (Spiral), Borgen, Bron/Broen (The Bridge), Forbrydelsen (The Killing) and almost every British crime drama out there. But do put it on your list.
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Javadi: “Who moved the bomb?”
Carrie: “You told Saul it was one of Abu Nazir’s guys?”
Javadi: “Yes I did.”
Carrie: “Which I already knew.”
Javadi: “And who handed him the keys? Don’t tell me you never wondered. I bet you wonder all the time. Brody escaped the blast. Did he know it was coming?
Carrie: “Maybe I already know the answer to that?
Javadi: “Maybe you don’t.”
Javadi dangles the possibility of Brody’s involvement perhaps to flush out Carrie’s romantic interest in Brody. He doesn’t answer it. He makes Carrie ask him herself about the possibility of a coconspirator handing over the SUV keys, as he boards the plane for parts East. He says he doesn’t have the answer but puts her on the trail – “
Javadi: “. . . if you want to talk to someone you can trust . . .who was there . . . you should know that the man who built the bomb and moved the SUV didn’t die in the explosion like they say.”
Was this a mind game for Carrie? Javadi didn’t mention the keys when Saul asks him about Brody. That exchange was more direct:
Saul: “I need to know something before you leave. I need to know – who was responsible for the bomb? . . . On that ground that day, who was responsible?”
After being pushed, Javadi finally replies:
“It wasn’t him. It was one of Abu Nazir’s guys. Who exactly, I didn’t want to know.”
That bit of information is important to Saul because he intends (at first without Carrie’s knowledge or assistance) to recruit Brody to assassinate General Danesh Akbari, the Iranian Intelligence Chief, described as Javadi’s boss and “the single greatest impediment to peace.” Saul needed Brody to be an innocent fugitive from the Langley bombing and not a two-time traitor to the USA. A two-time traitor couldn’t be trusted loose in Tehran. (Imagine, if Brody publicly sought asylum and condemned America on Farsi-language TV. )
And we know from interviews with show runners that Saul probably suspects that Brody was coerced by Nazir into killing the VP to save Carrie. So finding out that Brody had nothing to do with Nazir’s group bombing the CIA makes sense to Saul and allows him to move forward with his plan to use Brody as a weapon.
Perhaps it’s a mind game. But he gratuitously offers up the Langley bomber to Carrie as being tied to his lawyers and sends Carrie out to find the information.
Nazir’s questions point back to some deliberate camerawork in the Season 2 finale “The Choice.” We see Brody parking his car under a sign that reads “C.” We see Brody holding his keys in his right hand for several seconds as he pulls his jacket on. He is still holding them as he walks forward out of Lot C but then a quick cut takes him to the steps of the CIA where he reaches out to shake a soldier’s hand. No keys after that. Are they in his pocket? Did he pass them to general or someone else on the way from Lot C? Does the CIA valet have them? (What a terrible job that would be – six months of security clearances and constant lie detector tests to get bad tips from underpaid federal employees).
There is also Brody’s timely exit from the memorial service with Carrie and uncomfortable expression when Carrie tells him she is choosing him over the CIA and the blank way he notices his SUV out the window.
And there is Brody’s earlier curious behavior in “Two Hats” after being dropped off by Nazir. I don’t mean omitting from his debriefing with the CIA the fact that he and Nazir prayed together. I mean his writing something intently and quickly while leaning against the doorframe when he is talking to Carrie about moving his family. What was Brody writing in Two Hats? Whatever he is writing, it is important enough to multitask while arranging for his family’s safety. And Brody says he’ll call back in an hour to give the CIA time to move his family. He had time to do something with that note before being under surveillance again.
And we don’t know if Brody told the CIA everything about his involvement with Nazir’s network from the time he was flipped by Carrie in the thrilling episode “Q and A.” Brody lists for Carrie the members of Nazir’s network with whom he’s had contact since returning: the journalist Roya Hammad, Bassel something, the Gettysburgh tailor, Afzhal Hammid who killed himself with a razor blade after Brody’s visit, Al Zharani, the Saudi attaché who died in a bombing, and Tom Walker, killed by Brody in a tunnel.
We know he did tell the CIA about killing Walker because that theme resurfaces when his marine buddies try to prove that he did and Faber even checked Brody’s ammunition and the CIA stops them.
And we know, Brody omitted his murder of the tailor Bassel from his off screen ”debrief” by Carrie and the team which occurred sometime between “Q and A” and “A Gettysburgh Address” by which time Bassel’s shop was already under surveillance. Quinn tells Carrie that Brody is a pathological liar and Carrie blames herself for not pressing him at the debrief. Those material omissions are lies even if they are backward looking.
We don’t know for sure if he slipped Hammid the razor during his visit. He must have done so – unless the CIA has a mole with great access or the CIA really was stupid enough to let a terrorist keep any article of clothing that could contain a razor after a strip search. (Prison slippers not in the budget at Langley?)
But the writers have been telling us through the three seasons that Brody’s lies are ones of omission. And they tell us not to trust Brody because they also tell us Carrie doesn’t fully trust him. Carrie professes to have fallen in love with Brody during “The Weekend.” But Carrie knows that at the Lake, Brody gave her a carefully-tailored version of taking comfort from Nazir, loving Issa and killing Walker. As they part in “The Choice,” Brody tells her “you gave it up to me” and Carrie replies “completely.” Yet hours earlier Carrie pulled a gun on him after the Langley bombing and accused him of planting the Langley bomb just as she confronted him in his Congressional office after the Gettysburgh slaughter.
Yes, we should have our doubts about Brody and his actions. As Saul tells Carrie when he prods her to take a post as station chief he’s arranging with Estes, he’ll always be the “man who put on a suicide vest.”
But if the writers are trying to tell us that Brody had a part in the bombing, that is based on circumstantial nothings. It doesn’t fit any of the key facts as we know them.
It was actually Carrie who nodded to Brody at the Memorial Service that she wanted to leave the room where Issa’s killer was being lauded. And Carrie went to the service because Brody asked her to meet him there. He shook Finn’s hand before sitting down. Are we to believe he is really a child killer like Walden the man he despises? And that he brought Carrie into the danger zone.
Then there is Brody’s coercion by Nazir in “Broken Hearts” while Nazir had a gun to Carrie’s head. This couldn’t have been staged for her benefit because they kept speaking as she ran away out of ear shot. Of course, Brody could have given Nazir the serial number to the pacemaker without the taking of Carrie hostage. For that matter, Brody could have transposed one digit of the serial number to save Walden and still given Carrie time to run. But the opportunity was too tempting . . . Walden is a child-murdering monster to Brody and Nazir was threatening to run after Carrie. The murder of Walden still fits with Brody working with Carrie.
Finally, there is Brody’s spectacular ashtray assassination of the head of Iran’s Intelligence in “Big Man in Tehran” the penultimate episode of Season Three. In its aftermath, he struggles over the redemption the act offered and there is no trace of the doubt that he has been trying to walk the path Carrie has laid out for him.
No, it just doesn’t work that Brody was part of Nazir’s network during the Langley bombing. I’ve thought that maybe Nazir threatened to reveal his role in the VP’s death but when was there time? Nazir was dead soon after the death of the VP – perhaps one or two days later at the outside if we followed Carrie lack of sleep. It doesn’t even make sense that the memorial service for Walden could have been arranged in the time it took to do a Muslim burial for Nazir – let alone that a plan to bomb it was formed.
Brody has to be clear of the Langley bombing. I don’t think Brody is lying to Carrie anymore about who he is after she breaks him of “the lies that undo us” in “Q and A” although he does try to omit some of the worst details. And he was being honest with Dana in “The Choice” when he said to her: “I don’t want to lie to you.” When asked about Carrie’s accusations on the day he strapped on the vest, he tacitly admitted his crime without breaching his deal of silence with the CIA telling Dana “Carrie isn’t crazy.”
Brody tells Dana definitively that he wouldn’t do those things again. And Brody is many things. But he was someone trying to shed himself of the lies to go back to being a man like the President whom Brody describes in “The Clearing” as someone “who didn’t lose himself” after seeing the horrors of war.
So just who were the Langley coconspirators?
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Who was killed when Gloria Jones’ mini left the road and hit a tree in 1977? | Thinking Telly | Some thoughts on thoughtful television
Some thoughts on thoughtful television
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Oh the delicious thrill of a handsome and classically-trained English actor working his way across a sprawling drama set in sumptuous locales. Never mind that the plot, like so many British adaptations of spy thrillers – think Worricker Trilogy and London Spy — makes little sense. You can’t take your eyes off our hero and you lean closer to hear when he says “I hope the weather wasn’t too ghastly.” That’s the power of Tom Hiddleston’s performance in the AMC-BBC collaboration The Night Manager a short series based on a LeCarre story.
Hugh Laurie of House fame (and wealth) plays arms dealer Richard Roper who has for decades escaped British agent Angela Burr played by the excellent Olivia Colman. Roper crosses paths with Jonathan Pine played by Hiddleston (Thor, The Avengers, Crimson Peak) an ex-soldier and night manager at a Cairo hotel. At the hotel. a beautiful woman with whom Pine has connected is murdered as a result of an arms deal. Enter Angela Burr, played by Olivia Colman, a shoved aside agent fighting at cross purposes within the British government to bring Roper down. Burr recruits Pine and we are off to the sunny climes of Roper’s world in Turkey, Switzerland, Morocco, Spain and again Egypt.
Laurie is fine but not great. His acting is a bit self-conscious and he relies on facial tics and expressions during gaps in dialogue. He is not quite good enough to overcome the silly plot holes. What man would lock Hiddleston in with his gorgeous blonde American girlfriend at a sun-drenched luxury villa and not come home expecting trouble?
Burr’s whose work in Broadchurch, Run, and W1A, has rightly earned her a devoted following is wonderful as the pregnant and put upon British agent. She carries her scenes even though thee are other excellent supporting actors in them.
Alas, the plot is the real weakness. Ludicrously, there is literally a list of illegal arms Roper is buying hidden is a drawer which is copied for Burr and passed around a corrupted MI5 with whispers akin to “You can’t mention you saw this to any one in the British government working with the arms dealer Roper because it will definitely get my source killed . . .”
You shouldn’t watch this for plot. You watch it for the mood, the acting, the scenery.
The cinematography is breathtaking. It surely makes you question those Jersey shore vacation plans. And Hiddleston makes you question every director’s casting decision when it doesn’t involve a dashing RADA graduate.
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All the hip hop about Hamilton has drawn me into a torrent of books about the founding fathers. The eyestrain reminded me that there was an old and much ballyhooed HBO series eponymously named for its subject – our second President whose single term was rapped up in Hamilton by Jefferson as “Adams shat the bed… I love the guy, but he’s in traction.”
Too bad the miniseries isn’t in much better shape. Paul Giamatti plays Adams with an unnervingly modern spirit. He is irascible, dour, foppishly petulant to the point of insult at the French court, cold and unforgiving to his disappointing children and befriended only by his wife Abigail – played by the predictably mannered Laura Linney — and at times, by Thomas Jefferson played wonderfully by Stephen Dillane.
You don’t like Giamatti’s Adams. You are glad he is undone by Jefferson, secretly, and Hamilton, openly. His defeat in the election of 1800 is portrayed as a result of a peace treaty with Napoleon that came just a bit too late for the electors. In reality, Adams made many, many mistakes and had too few allies and too many powerful enemies.
HBO wants you to believe Adams pulled off the Declaration of Independence almost alone and was undone by bad luck. Really he comes off as undeserving of the Presidential office to which he is elected.
The writing piles on the unforgiveable character flaws making it hard to like him. It makes it appear that Adams abandoned his children permanently while he did little in the foreign courts of Europe. In fact, at different times he did bring his family to Europe and even returned to Massachusetts for a stay during which he was key to the creation of the Massachusetts state constitution later a model for the U.S. Constitution.
The show unforgivably reduces the great Abigail Adams to housewife. Abigail’s hundreds of surviving letters reveal her to be Adams’ true confidante and advisor. The Hamilton to his Washington in many ways. But here she chides Adams annoyingly about his vanity and temper. To be fair, Laura Linney’s Abigail is given little to do except worry over the lack of letters from Adams while he is in France, smile at Jefferson’s compliments when she gets there., and generally swing between wide-eyed delight at some clever remark and deep fretting over a family matter. In one scene, Abigail makes a cutting reference to Mrs. Franklin’s “inconvenience” when she meets Franklin’s girlfriend at the French court who declares that old Ben has been trying to woo her into marriage. So we learn Abigail was a nosy mean girl — a conscious choice by the writers since the real Abigail Adams would have known that Mrs. Franklin had been dead for over a decade when she arrived in Paris.
Yet the redeeming features of this miniseries are some terrific supporting performances. Tom Wilkinson brings a wry cleverness and depth to our national treasure Ben Franklin as he limps around the French Court sporting a coonskin cap and teaching the eighteenth century a lesson in the power of branding. Stephen Dillane’s Jefferson is quiet and introspective and draws you in. We see Franklin swirling on Jefferson’s swivel chair. We see Jefferson quietly agree to write the Declaration of Independence as Adams requests. And we see him taking edits from Adams and Franklin with quiet equanimity. Later we see Jefferson writing Adams with a quill pen whose movements are mirrored by another quill pen in one of Jefferson’s great inventions – an early copying machine.
His machinations against Adams in the press come as a great shock to Adams, in part, because Jefferson seems so uninterested in such foul play. Since we know Adams was deeply wounded and surprised by Jefferson’s betrayal, this is well done by Dillane.
Rufus Sewell has only a few scenes as Hamilton but he plays our first Treasury Secretary with quiet dark power. We hear Hamilton fighting with Jefferson in a meeting with Washington (as Adams stands impotently outside the door). We see Hamilton uttering a few words while sitting at a corner desk quill in hand. In Sewell’s best scene, Hamilton expounds on the details of the army he was building for Adams during the Quasi War. As Hamilton starts explaining the breakdown of battalions, platoons, and squads he is creating, Adams with impatience brushes him off. We are supposed to understand that Adams wants to avoid war while Hamilton is delighting in the details of the effort. But it comes off that Adams is the dense one. Hamilton wants a standing army and the assertion of American power. Adams wants to avoid a stupid and costly war. They are both right but in vastly different temporal scope. Sewell’s acting pulls this off.
But the clash ultimately undoes Adams as he loses the support of his own party in the election of 1800. We don’t really understand from the miniseries how this happens. His peace treaty arrives too late. How sad. Adams sits in the White House squinting at a book while the battle between Jefferson and Burr rages.
Therein lies the problem with the miniseries. It’s boring. It dumbs down some of the most exciting times in our early history and portrays Adams as a sad unlovable victim who brings America into being then makes a few mistakes and is buffeted by events he doesn’t understand and can’t control. And Giamatti’s performance doesn’t hold your attention over the dull writing. The best parts of the series when other great actors come onscreen and elevate the action. And those scenes almost make the series worth watching. Almost.
Its binge worthy only for history buffs who want to tally the many, many historical errors. Predictably, it has been showered with awards including Emmys for Giamatti, Linney and Wilkinson. One out of three ain’t bad. But don’t be fooled. There is better television and better history out there.
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Mackenzie Crook’s The Detectorists follows eccentric mates Andy and Lance – and a few chums – as they sniff over the grounds of fictional Danebury, metal detectors in hand. The “detectorists,” as they insist on being called, enjoy their search for historical treasure as both adventure and escape from their daily lives. And why wouldn’t they? The scenery is bucolic and the filming gives every frame the fragrance and taste of summertime in Suffolk. You know you want to go there.
As for the plot – well not much happens in their small town but what does happen seems real. Their club has a rivalry with the Antiquisearchers, a Simon-and-Garfunkelesque duo with a connection to a university that threatens to oust our heroes from their preferred hunting grounds. We follow the ups and downs of that contest as we follow the characters personal relationships. Andy’s marriage hits a bump in more ways than one. And we learn that Lance’s pining for his manipulative ex-wife was not all that blind. And through these tribulations the quirky detectorists of the Danebury Metal Detecting Club continues on mission – pulling up bottle caps and barbed wire in the hunt for Saxon treasure.
The series is a comedy. The humor is dry and the characters are cleverly drawn. The effect is that even the characters we are not supposed to like are rather likeable. The Antiquisearchers are more hapless than evil. Lance’s ex-wife and her new man come off as genial and oblivious lovers even when they are mistreating Lance.
The overall effect is seductive. We want to know what happens to the funny sweet and hapless people of Danebury because Cook’s marvelous writing makes them seem very real. There is Andy’s live-in girlfriend Becky (Rachel Stirling) who loves him and supports him even while laughing at his passion for “detecting.” When Becky gets upset with Andy over a supposed betrayal, we understand why. She’s not a shrill, brow-beating sit-com narcissist. She’s a real woman who is beautiful and caring and puts up with Andy’s hobby because she loves him – so much harder on her is the pain of deceit.
The real star is Mr. Cook’s considerable talent on display in his writing, directing, and starring in the series. He is well known in British comedy since his days with The Office which launched a great and prolific career. The Detectorists has him stepping up his game into early Netflix and UK Christmas special territory. Sweet. It would be hard to find anyone else more responsible for The Detectorists success – or failure had that been the case.
So far one of two UK seasons is available on Acorn TV and Netflix. Lets hope there is more to come of the metal-detecting duo and their friends.
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In London Spy, BBC America brings us its special mix of superb acting, intense drama and unintelligible plot. The wonderful Ben Whishaw plays recovering risk-taking hedonist Danny – whose chance meeting with tragically-brilliant Alex (Edward Holcroft) sparks a deep and meaningful romance which overcomes Danny’s awkwardness and Alex’s sexual inexperience. You want this couple to succeed and it does for a time.
Enter an all-powerful shadowy conspiracy which tears them apart with ludicrously expansive effort. There is a murder painstakingly staged as sado-masochistic play gone wrong. The frame gets tighter with taped post-coital confessions, a honey-pot infidelity, and a dredge of Danny’s past self-destructive acts. Throughout, Danny insists on his innocence to his only friend Scotty, an older gay establishment figure played with sparing emotion by Jim Broadbent.
Danny is tailor made for the gifted Whishaw who wears Alex’s fear and self-doubt in every movement. He turns to Alex’s door only to turn away and back again. The effect is so compelling, its hard to look away.
When I first saw Ben Whishaw perform, it was at The Old Vic in Trevor Nunn’s 2004 Hamlet. The 23-year-old RADA graduate was a sensation and he brought an immature authenticity to Hamlet’s struggle. On the night I saw the play Whishaw mangled the “To be, or not to be” soliloquy. He skipped lines and lost the thread. The star struck school girls in the row ahead of us didn’t seem to mind, but I did. But my disappointment was not because I’d flown thousands of miles with excitement to see the Hamlet of the moment with a young actor in the role of the young Hamlet. I was disappointed because Whishaw was so very promising, I wanted to see him at his best.
In London Spy, he is at his best. He peels back the layers of his relationship with Alex whom he realizes he didn’t really know. Danny needs to separate what is true from what the conspirators who seemingly include Alex’s family want him to believe. He’s put under unfathomable pressure. His freedom, his health and his life are threatened. In short, it’s a great vehicle for a gifted actor.
The cinematography doesn’t disappoint and the direction is fast-paced where it should be and slow and languorous where that is appropriate.
The problem comes from the writing. Despite all the edgey acting Whishaw brings to the role, there is a mystery to be solved. And its resolution leaves the viewer as befuddled as the conspirators’ efforts appear histrionic.
You can’t help but wonder why an all-knowing spy cabal has to go to such elaborate effort to destroy a couple of almost friendless gay kids. Why not stage a car crash? Arrange an overdoes of some club drug? Or just disappear them ruthless dictator style? It seems pointless plot twists are the weakness in many a British TV spy drama. Fans of the great spy plots like LeCarre brought forth find themselves frustrated when such a series rolls along without a whimper of logic. Think of the Worricker series starring Bill Nighy, Ralph Fiennes, Helena Bonham Carter and Christopher Walken or Restless starring Hayley Atwell, Rufus Sewell, Michael Gambon and Charlotte Rampling. It is as if the writers think a coherent plot will detract from the talent of the actors they’ve assembled.
The whole genre reminds me of a 1986 SNL sketch in which Bond villains share tips for successful global domination. A key takeaway from Randy Quaid’s villain Emilio Largo: “If James Bond manages to infiltrate your complex and you capture him, just, just kill him.” Adds Jimmy Breslin’s Goldfinger “If you’re close enough to Bond to drop a tarantula on him, you’re close enough to shoot him.”
Of course, if the Bond villains had heeded that advice, we’d have missed the chance at many viewing hours enjoying the peerless Bond’s escape and evil’s noisy demise. In London Spy, a more efficient destruction of Danny and Alex would have cheated us of watching the deliciously captivating Ben Wishaw playing out Danny’s love, loss and torment. On second thought, I’ll take the plot holes.
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My latest binge was The Eagle: A Crime Odyssey, a three-season Danish TV series (Ømen: En krimi-odysse) which ran from 2004 to 2006 and won an International Emmy Award for best non-American television drama series in 2005.
The Eagle, follows a team of mostly beautiful and always intrepid Danish police officers as they thwart all the crimes human frailty can invent. The squad is an amalgam of stereotypes but the result is a pleasant mix of characters. Our hero, Hallgrim Øm Hallgrimsson, played with a commanding quietness by Jens Albinus, is a gifted Icelandic investigator whose talent for timely identifying the crime in play is likened by his colleagues to an eagle’s vision of lower-flying prey and ground movement far below. Alas, our crack cop Hallgrim is haunted in the style of Fox Mulder chasing his lost abducted sister or Jackson Brodie reliving his sibling’s watery end or, well, you get the idea. Hallgrim’s ghost springs from an incident involving his first girlfriend, his wet-brained father and the guilt of shirked responsibility. The trauma leaves Hallgrim an aggressive serial monogamist with commitment issues that should earn him a volume discount on engagement rings. But because he so effortlessly keeps Scandinavia and a good bit of Europe from all sorts of bombs, bullets, and blood diamond badness – and because he is crazy beautiful, we aren’t supposed to mind the trail of broken hearts. And I didn’t. None of those women understood him. He is a tortured and handsome investigator. These guys only find happiness when the series is cancelled.
Of course, ghosts are appropriate in Denmark, especially if they appear near Kronborg Castle, helpfully subtitled as “Elsinore” for well-read American couch potatoes. Hallgrim’s ghost takes human form and acts like a love doctor pointing out his many relationship fails. Its an annoying device but one that is more at home in the character’s Icelandic folklore and probably, better accepted by Scandinavian audiences. An American serial would use blackouts or blurry visions accompanied by unintelligible speech to signal an unresolved past. This guardian ghost is at least a refreshing change.
The squad is bossed by Thea Nellemann, a well-to-do iron lady with a heart, played by the incomparable Danish film star Ghita Norby in the style of Judi Dench’s “M.” Squad members include Marie Wied (Marina Bouras), Hallgrim’s subordinate and sometimes love interest who looks disturbingly like his twin; Ditte Hansen (Susan Olsen), the better half of a married crime-scene-investigator duo who turns cop with a crumbling marriage; Nazim Talawi (Janus Nabil Bakrawi), an unassuming action hero whose backstory includes surviving a Jordanian refugee camp and earning Hallgrim’s unquestioned trust; Villy Frandsen (Steen Sig Lommer) the middle-aged sad-sack and steady hand and Michael Kristensen (David Owe), the young hottie computer whiz who makes a fateful mistake.
If, like me, you enjoy foreign police procedurals as a way of peering into another culture through the familiar lens of heroes and villains, then The Eagle is for you. The plots move and overlap. One crime is solved but a thread takes us into another even more nefarious criminal plot. Car chases and shootouts are few, but electronic surveillance is constant and mobile phones are tapped with the touch of a key stroke or switch of a battery even when permission is denied by toady politicos. Defense attorneys are corrupt obstructions to justice who must be manipulated as part of the sting. The Eagle keeps it moving and only the cops are the good guys.
But subtitled TV takes effort. This means that binge TV standards must be higher for foreign series. The Eagle is good stuff not great stuff. Its not top of the list for foreign TV viewing. Save it for after you’ve seen Engrenages (Spiral), Borgen, Bron/Broen (The Bridge), Forbrydelsen (The Killing) and almost every British crime drama out there. But do put it on your list.
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Javadi: “Who moved the bomb?”
Carrie: “You told Saul it was one of Abu Nazir’s guys?”
Javadi: “Yes I did.”
Carrie: “Which I already knew.”
Javadi: “And who handed him the keys? Don’t tell me you never wondered. I bet you wonder all the time. Brody escaped the blast. Did he know it was coming?
Carrie: “Maybe I already know the answer to that?
Javadi: “Maybe you don’t.”
Javadi dangles the possibility of Brody’s involvement perhaps to flush out Carrie’s romantic interest in Brody. He doesn’t answer it. He makes Carrie ask him herself about the possibility of a coconspirator handing over the SUV keys, as he boards the plane for parts East. He says he doesn’t have the answer but puts her on the trail – “
Javadi: “. . . if you want to talk to someone you can trust . . .who was there . . . you should know that the man who built the bomb and moved the SUV didn’t die in the explosion like they say.”
Was this a mind game for Carrie? Javadi didn’t mention the keys when Saul asks him about Brody. That exchange was more direct:
Saul: “I need to know something before you leave. I need to know – who was responsible for the bomb? . . . On that ground that day, who was responsible?”
After being pushed, Javadi finally replies:
“It wasn’t him. It was one of Abu Nazir’s guys. Who exactly, I didn’t want to know.”
That bit of information is important to Saul because he intends (at first without Carrie’s knowledge or assistance) to recruit Brody to assassinate General Danesh Akbari, the Iranian Intelligence Chief, described as Javadi’s boss and “the single greatest impediment to peace.” Saul needed Brody to be an innocent fugitive from the Langley bombing and not a two-time traitor to the USA. A two-time traitor couldn’t be trusted loose in Tehran. (Imagine, if Brody publicly sought asylum and condemned America on Farsi-language TV. )
And we know from interviews with show runners that Saul probably suspects that Brody was coerced by Nazir into killing the VP to save Carrie. So finding out that Brody had nothing to do with Nazir’s group bombing the CIA makes sense to Saul and allows him to move forward with his plan to use Brody as a weapon.
Perhaps it’s a mind game. But he gratuitously offers up the Langley bomber to Carrie as being tied to his lawyers and sends Carrie out to find the information.
Nazir’s questions point back to some deliberate camerawork in the Season 2 finale “The Choice.” We see Brody parking his car under a sign that reads “C.” We see Brody holding his keys in his right hand for several seconds as he pulls his jacket on. He is still holding them as he walks forward out of Lot C but then a quick cut takes him to the steps of the CIA where he reaches out to shake a soldier’s hand. No keys after that. Are they in his pocket? Did he pass them to general or someone else on the way from Lot C? Does the CIA valet have them? (What a terrible job that would be – six months of security clearances and constant lie detector tests to get bad tips from underpaid federal employees).
There is also Brody’s timely exit from the memorial service with Carrie and uncomfortable expression when Carrie tells him she is choosing him over the CIA and the blank way he notices his SUV out the window.
And there is Brody’s earlier curious behavior in “Two Hats” after being dropped off by Nazir. I don’t mean omitting from his debriefing with the CIA the fact that he and Nazir prayed together. I mean his writing something intently and quickly while leaning against the doorframe when he is talking to Carrie about moving his family. What was Brody writing in Two Hats? Whatever he is writing, it is important enough to multitask while arranging for his family’s safety. And Brody says he’ll call back in an hour to give the CIA time to move his family. He had time to do something with that note before being under surveillance again.
And we don’t know if Brody told the CIA everything about his involvement with Nazir’s network from the time he was flipped by Carrie in the thrilling episode “Q and A.” Brody lists for Carrie the members of Nazir’s network with whom he’s had contact since returning: the journalist Roya Hammad, Bassel something, the Gettysburgh tailor, Afzhal Hammid who killed himself with a razor blade after Brody’s visit, Al Zharani, the Saudi attaché who died in a bombing, and Tom Walker, killed by Brody in a tunnel.
We know he did tell the CIA about killing Walker because that theme resurfaces when his marine buddies try to prove that he did and Faber even checked Brody’s ammunition and the CIA stops them.
And we know, Brody omitted his murder of the tailor Bassel from his off screen ”debrief” by Carrie and the team which occurred sometime between “Q and A” and “A Gettysburgh Address” by which time Bassel’s shop was already under surveillance. Quinn tells Carrie that Brody is a pathological liar and Carrie blames herself for not pressing him at the debrief. Those material omissions are lies even if they are backward looking.
We don’t know for sure if he slipped Hammid the razor during his visit. He must have done so – unless the CIA has a mole with great access or the CIA really was stupid enough to let a terrorist keep any article of clothing that could contain a razor after a strip search. (Prison slippers not in the budget at Langley?)
But the writers have been telling us through the three seasons that Brody’s lies are ones of omission. And they tell us not to trust Brody because they also tell us Carrie doesn’t fully trust him. Carrie professes to have fallen in love with Brody during “The Weekend.” But Carrie knows that at the Lake, Brody gave her a carefully-tailored version of taking comfort from Nazir, loving Issa and killing Walker. As they part in “The Choice,” Brody tells her “you gave it up to me” and Carrie replies “completely.” Yet hours earlier Carrie pulled a gun on him after the Langley bombing and accused him of planting the Langley bomb just as she confronted him in his Congressional office after the Gettysburgh slaughter.
Yes, we should have our doubts about Brody and his actions. As Saul tells Carrie when he prods her to take a post as station chief he’s arranging with Estes, he’ll always be the “man who put on a suicide vest.”
But if the writers are trying to tell us that Brody had a part in the bombing, that is based on circumstantial nothings. It doesn’t fit any of the key facts as we know them.
It was actually Carrie who nodded to Brody at the Memorial Service that she wanted to leave the room where Issa’s killer was being lauded. And Carrie went to the service because Brody asked her to meet him there. He shook Finn’s hand before sitting down. Are we to believe he is really a child killer like Walden the man he despises? And that he brought Carrie into the danger zone.
Then there is Brody’s coercion by Nazir in “Broken Hearts” while Nazir had a gun to Carrie’s head. This couldn’t have been staged for her benefit because they kept speaking as she ran away out of ear shot. Of course, Brody could have given Nazir the serial number to the pacemaker without the taking of Carrie hostage. For that matter, Brody could have transposed one digit of the serial number to save Walden and still given Carrie time to run. But the opportunity was too tempting . . . Walden is a child-murdering monster to Brody and Nazir was threatening to run after Carrie. The murder of Walden still fits with Brody working with Carrie.
Finally, there is Brody’s spectacular ashtray assassination of the head of Iran’s Intelligence in “Big Man in Tehran” the penultimate episode of Season Three. In its aftermath, he struggles over the redemption the act offered and there is no trace of the doubt that he has been trying to walk the path Carrie has laid out for him.
No, it just doesn’t work that Brody was part of Nazir’s network during the Langley bombing. I’ve thought that maybe Nazir threatened to reveal his role in the VP’s death but when was there time? Nazir was dead soon after the death of the VP – perhaps one or two days later at the outside if we followed Carrie lack of sleep. It doesn’t even make sense that the memorial service for Walden could have been arranged in the time it took to do a Muslim burial for Nazir – let alone that a plan to bomb it was formed.
Brody has to be clear of the Langley bombing. I don’t think Brody is lying to Carrie anymore about who he is after she breaks him of “the lies that undo us” in “Q and A” although he does try to omit some of the worst details. And he was being honest with Dana in “The Choice” when he said to her: “I don’t want to lie to you.” When asked about Carrie’s accusations on the day he strapped on the vest, he tacitly admitted his crime without breaching his deal of silence with the CIA telling Dana “Carrie isn’t crazy.”
Brody tells Dana definitively that he wouldn’t do those things again. And Brody is many things. But he was someone trying to shed himself of the lies to go back to being a man like the President whom Brody describes in “The Clearing” as someone “who didn’t lose himself” after seeing the horrors of war.
So just who were the Langley coconspirators?
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What kind of clothing is a toque? | toque or chef's hat - Young Gourmet
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toque or chef's hat
Toque: French term for a chef's tall white hat. (pronouced 'tock')
Little is really known about the origin of the toque or chefs hat. Todays version is normally white, conical and quite tall in shape with as many as 100 pleats. The more pleats, the more qualified the chef. YG has discovered more about toques than you will ever want to know, but if anyone can contribute further, please tell us!
One story says the toque originated from the ancient Assyrians (Assyria is or was located in north Mesopotamia and spans four countries: In Syria it extends west to the Euphrates river; in Turkey it extends north to Harran, Edessa, Diyarbakir, and Lake Van; in Iran it extends east to Lake Urmi, and in Iraq it extends to about 100 miles south of Kirkuk.) During 1170 612 BC it was common to assassinate leaders using poison, so chefs were chosen carefully and treated well. A chef sometimes held quite a high rank in the Kings Court, which entitled him to wear a "crown" of sorts, in the same shape as the king's, though made out of cloth and without all the jewels. The crown-shaped ribs of the royal headdress became the pleats of the toque, originally sewn, and later stiffened with starch.
During the decline of the Byzantine Empire at the end of the sixth century and during the seventh century AD, intellectuals and artists sought sanctuary in monasteries from the invading Northern barbarians. They hid by wearing the orthodox black hat and robes. Many of them were considered learned about health and food so they began to work in the church kitchens. Eventually they started wearing white hats instead of the black hats worn by Greek Orthodox priests, and the toque was born.
The most widely circulated legend about the toque appears to be one concerning why Master Chefs wear hats with 100 pleats. Ruth Edwards in her book A Pageant of Hats, Ancient and Modern said "It was regarded as natural that any chef, worthy of the name, could cook an egg at least one hundred ways. The most-renowned chefs often boasted that they could serve their royal masters a different egg dish every day in the year, some of them so cleverly prepared, that aside from being highly palatable they had flavours as widely different as completely diverse kinds of foods. Today, noted chefs are seldom called upon to prove their prowess in this manner.
Many believe that today's toque is a more recent result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks through the centuries.
Looking through illustrations of past headgear, one sees that the "toque" originally referred to a head covering worn by both men and women. It eventually assumed the shape of the small, round, close-fitting band or "crown" of cloth without a projecting brim but encompassing a gathering of material covering the top of the head. Sometimes of gatherings were pleated. By the end of the sixteenth century, the height, shape and stiffness of the gathered material varied from country to country. It ranged from the flattened beret style of the French to the formally pleated middle height of the Italians to the tall, softly-gathered style favored by the Germans. Illustrations in cookbooks of these periods show male cooks wearing a variety of headgear, including floppy berets, tall toques gathered in to topknots, skull caps and stocking caps resembling pointed nightcaps.
French cooks of the eighteenth century generally wore the "casque a meche" or stocking cap, the colors of which varied according to rank. Mr. Boucher, chef to the French statesman Talleyrand (l754-l838), is credited with introducing white as the standard color when he insisted for sanitary reasons that his cooks wear white caps. During this period, Spanish cooks wore berets of white wool or ticking; Germans wore pointed Napoleonic hats with a decorative tassel; the British wore starched Scotch caps and black skull caps sometimes referred to as librarians' caps. In addition to stocking caps, French cooks, especially pastry cooks, wore a bank of linen or ticking with a central mound of the same fabric pleated on the edge. By the end of the eighteenth century, it was full, heavily starched and held in the middle with a circular whalebone, producing the effect of a halo. Under Napoleon III (1808-1833), the Greek bonnet ornamented with a tassel was in vogue. Bald cooks purportedly wore caps in velour or heavy cloth wile persons with hair wore them in linen or netting.
The famous chef M. Antonin Careme, whose career spanned the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (l784-l833) is known to have worn the flattened, starched toque with a piece of round cardboard tucked inside. His book La Maitre d'Hotel (1822) has a frontis-piece illustration showing a chef in "costume anciene" wearing a stocking cap while a chef in "costume moderne" sports what may be either a whalebone or cardboard-braced toque.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, cooks still wore a variety of caps including the skull cap, beret, and short pleated pastry cook's cap, as well as the taller version reminiscent of the German toque of the fifteenth century.. Probably because of its comfort and imposing appearance the tall, stiffly starched and neatly pleated white hat, favored by the famous Auguste Escoffier (l846-l935), became more and more popular during the early part of the twentieth century. Today the tall "toque blanche" has become the standard headgear of professional cooks.
Whatever its true history, it is worn with pride and maintained with care as a vital part of the uniform or a working chef.
We have adapted the above information from the following sources.
Web References: (you will have to cut and paste into your browser):
Toques:
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Which anti-Catholic insurgencies took place in London in 1780? | toque - Wiktionary
toque
A type of hat with no brim .
1903—Janet Elder Rait, Alison Howard, Archibald Constable & Co., page 273,
"Because Esmé said she was going out this afternoon to choose a new toque, and she hoped I should like it, and I’m not quite sure what it is, or where she'll wear it. Do you mind explaining?"
"Not at all. A toque is that which if it had strings would be a bonnet, and if it had brim, would be a hat. It is worn on the head."
"Thanks, now I know where I am," said the vicar of St. Machars, with a sigh of relief.
1932—Vyvyan Holland, translator, The Strange River by Julien Green, Harper & Brothers, page 180,
She drank a glass of wine mixed with water, took off her felt toque and her shoes, and slid beneath the red eiderdown.
(specifically) A tall white hat with no brim of the sort worn by chefs
1999—Michael Ruhlman, The Making of a Chef: Mastering Heat at the Culinary Institute of America, Owl Books, ISBN 0805061738 , page 154,
Chef Felder was in her early forties, slender, with short wavy brown hair, almost all of which could be contained within her toque.
2000—Jerrilyn Farmer, Killer Wedding, HarperCollins, ISBN 0380795981 , page 103,
When I came to the back of a man's head, wearing a toque, I knew I'd spotted my quarry.
"Chef Reynoso?"
2004—Laura Levine, Killer Blonde, Kensington Books, ISBN 0758201621 , page 114,
Minutes later, a red-faced man in a chef's toque approached our table.
(by extension, informal ) A chef .
2007—October, Nicole Berrie, "Green Eggs and Sam", in Elle , page 360,
Sam Mason first grabbed the spotlight as the pastry chef ... for being the most rock 'n' roll toque in town.
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In 1797 what occurred at The Nore and Spithead? | The Naval Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore | Socialist Appeal
The Naval Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore
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The State can ultimately be reduced to bodies of armed men. These bodies of armed men are used by the ruling class either to maintain its power against what it sees as internal enemies, to defend itself against foreign aggression, or in support of its own aggressive action against foreign nations. Since its power lies in its ability to threaten or actually to use force, the ruling class regards anything that jeopardises the effectiveness of the State apparatus with the utmost seriousness. This explains why mutinies in the armed forces are of such concern to them.
In April and May of 1797 the British ruling class was horrified when two naval mutinies broke out; the first was at Spithead, close to Portsmouth; the second at the Nore which marks the seaward approach to the Thames Estuary. These occurred in some of the Royal Navy's most powerful fighting ships and in the middle of a desperate war against the French. The first mutiny was characterised by rigid discipline, a respect for good officers and utter loyalty to the King on the part of the mutineers. The second was more complicated.
Ostensibly these mutinies were about concrete grievances concerning pay and living conditions at sea. The pay of sailors had not increased since 1653 while prices had risen dramatically. Pay was frequently in arrears and sometimes withheld for years as a deterrent to desertion. It grated that army pay had been significantly improved in 1795 while that of naval ratings was apparently forgotten. Sick and wounded men received no pay at all. Another issue was that of leave to go ashore. The bigger fighting ships spent much of their time engaged in tedious but demanding duties blockading French naval ports. Even when they returned to port, the crew was usually not allowed a run ashore, again for fear of desertion. Other sources of discontent included the poor quality of the provisions and bullying and arbitrary punishments, usually imposed by noncommissioned and petty officers.
In wartime, the Royal Navy was always short of men. It received some volunteers but never enough. The pressgang swept up sizeable numbers of enforced recruits and was normally only interested in those who had at least some experience of ships and the sea. There were not enough such men. Because of serious under-manning, the Quota Acts were passed in 1795 and 1796. These required counties and boroughs to supply a specified number of men for naval service. Many were found among men awaiting trial or sentencing or incarcerated in debtors' prisons. Those liable to be hanged or transported often preferred to take their chance at sea. Their presence in the crowded confines of a fighting ship often harmed morale as they found it hard to fit into the live-and-let-live style necessary for shipboard life. Also swept into the Royal Navy was a sprinkling of political dissidents who found fertile ground for their ideas among their more disenchanted shipmates. While some of these men were natural leaders, the naval authorities saw them only as potential trouble-makers, described disparagingly as 'sea-lawyers'.
At this time ordinary people had no effective way of obtaining redress for their grievances about wages, rising prices, the stinginess of the Poor Law, the corruption in political and public life and all the other issues which concerned them. Inevitably by impressing into naval service thousands of working men, forcibly plucked from family, friends and all that was familiar, the government was creating potential trouble. Sporadic mutinies had occurred in the Royal Navy over the previous century but they were usually the last desperate measure of a crew pushed beyond breaking point by bullying officers or failure to receive some or all of their pay. In the case of the naval mutinies, however, those caught up by the pressgang had inevitably been influenced not only by their own everyday concerns but also by the recent revolutionary events in France. These had demonstrated that ordinary people were capable of throwing off their oppressors and changing the course of history. In a lesson as important today as in the 1790s, revolutionary events in one country clearly provided an example and encouragement to those engaged in the class struggle elsewhere. The class struggle has always been international.
In February and March 1797, the Admiralty and Lord Howe, the widely respected officer commanding the Channel Fleet, received a number of anonymous petitions purporting to come from men in ships in his fleet demanding better pay. Clearly these communications were the result of co-ordinated activity between the various ships; something always dreaded by the authorities. When the Channel Fleet returned to Spithead, there was a palpable sense of resentment and expectation among almost all the ships. The Admiralty's answer to the seething discontent was to order the fleet to sea once more in the hope that the rigours of ship-handling would leave no time for the fomenting of discontent. The men responded on 16 April by collectively refusing to obey the order to weigh anchor. For the next week the fleet was immobilised by the mutineers while a body of elected delegates, two from each ship, constituted a council of deputies which carried on negotiations with a number of senior admirals, most of whom verged on the apoplectic at the very idea of negotiating with mutineers rather than hanging them from the nearest yardarm.
A few especially unpopular officers were put ashore but no violence or indiscipline was tolerated by the delegates and the ordinary routine of the ships continued except that the fleet was under the control of delegates elected by the men of whom it was composed. The mutineers had highly capable leaders who went to great lengths to stress that they were patriotic, loyal to the King and that they would put to sea immediately if the French fleet posed a threat. They called for an increase in pay, various improvements in the supplies of food and drink and how the sick and wounded were treated. They also protested about the presence on board of so many pressed men, not only the total landlubbers but those criminal elements who were having a disruptive effect. The Admiralty agreed to deal with most of their demands and an official royal pardon was issued on the 23 April 1797. The first Spithead Mutiny was over.
Unfortunately the measures promised required the authority of Parliament. Action was slow in coming and the men began to feel that they had been duped. On 7 May the mutiny broke out again and the tension was greatly exacerbated when Admiral Colpoys ordered the officers of his flagship 'London' to fire on the mutineers, several of whom were killed. It was only by great efforts on the part of the delegates that the men on board were restrained from hanging the admiral. Colpoys and over 100 officers were put ashore but the rest remained aboard although the delegates once more took effective command of the fleet. Two days later the relevant legislation was passed by Parliament and Admiral Lord Howe came down to Spithead to assure the delegates that their demands were being implemented. They responded by demanding that about fifty particularly unpopular officers should be replaced and Howe on his own authority wisely conceded this point. On 15 May the second Spithead mutiny was over and two days later the fleet set sail for further blockading duty off the French coast.
Meanwhile, however, another mutiny had broken out. This was at the Nore, close to the naval dockyards at Chatham and Sheerness. The Nore was not a naval station as such but many ships often anchored there waiting for orders. There were just three ships-of-the-line (what we think of as battleships) and some frigates when mutiny broke out on 12 May, initially in support of their peers at Spithead. The men's demands were more wide-ranging. They included the immediate implementation of the concessions already won at Spithead, more regular pay, an automatic right to shore leave when in port, more equitable distribution of prize-money, a pardon for deserters and a veto on the appointment of unpopular officers. The largest vessel on the station was Sandwich, a huge ship-of-the-line considered to have perhaps the worst living conditions of any British warship of the time. It was built for a complement of 750 officers and men but contained double that number. It was riddled with infectious disease and a hotbed of seething resentment.
Corporal punishment was not among the grievances and in fact the mutineers flogged several of their own number for drunkenness. The mutineers' leaders imposed a rigorous discipline, preventing all communication with the shore, while not hesitating to fire on any ships that tried to leave the anchorage. The Admiralty, having had such a bad fright, was in a less conciliatory mood this time and when senior officers arrived on the scene, they refused to make any concessions and put an embargo on the food and other supplies the ships needed. They had assessed the mood and the circumstances and considered that the leaders had less popular support among the ships at the Nore and little wider support. The fact that the relatively small number of ships at the Nore had refused to sail was not deemed such a great risk to national security as the Spithead mutinies could have been. Two of the vessels at the Nore quickly managed to escape.
At Spithead there had been a collective leadership of 'delegates' but at the Nore one particular leader took the limelight and seemed to revel in it. His name was Parker and he was an intelligent, experienced seaman. He was also a loose cannon, a resentful egotist who styled himself 'President', revelled in the trappings of power and was therefore resented by many of his fellow-mutineers. In turn he voiced his contempt for the 'lower classes' who he described as 'cowardly, selfish and ungrateful'. While some officers were violently treated, the men were at pains to stress that they were loyalists and that their action was neither rebellion nor mutiny but a justified strike for better conditions. This viewpoint was not accepted by the Admiralty, who were in no mood to parley with those they described as 'rebels' whose motivation was seditious and political. Meanwhile the Government was drawing up a raft of legislation making incitement to mutiny punishable by death and giving the Admiralty the power to declare a ship to be in a state of rebellion. This meant that anyone remaining on board was a felon or a pirate while those having friendly dealings with them also committed a capital offence.
The Admiralty was prepared to play a waiting game and the mutiny was on the verge of collapse when it received an unexpected boost with the arrival of most of Admiral Duncan's ships, which had been cruising off Great Yarmouth and which had also mutinied. This was now a serious issue because Duncan's squadron had been engaged in blockading the enemy Dutch fleet. It threatened national security because Duncan was left with only two loyal ships, and it was only a matter of time before the Dutch realised this and sailed out to meet them. Had it actually taken place, the ensuing battle would have been a one-sided confrontation. The arrival of these ships was a mixed blessing. It provided welcome reinforcements for the men at The Nore but allowed the authorities to portray them as deserters who had abandoned their posts – therefore even worse than simple mutineers. An attempt was made to blockade much of the merchant shipping sailing to and from London but the rebels themselves effectively became blockaded and crucially began to run out of fresh water, something always harmful to morale.
After Duncan's ships had joined those at the Nore, red flags had been hoisted and a declaration issued that they now constituted a 'Floating Republic'. Despite this defiance, the situation was becoming highly volatile. A discussion took place about sailing the ships to enemy or neutral ports but when this was agreed and the order to sail was given, not one ship obeyed. There were serious differences among the leaders of the mutiny, supplies were running short, several ships escaped and gave themselves up and then the Admiralty removed the navigation buoys necessary for sailing among the shoals of the Thames estuary. The mutineers were trapped. Increasingly desperate, there were fights on board some of the ships between the hard-line mutineers and men who wanted to give themselves up. The ships had all been recaptured a month after the mutiny had broken out. 29 of the mutineers' leaders at the Nore were hanged.
There is no doubt that these mutinies struck fear into the hearts of the British ruling class. For many of them, no mutiny could ever be justified and all of those involved should be hanged. The Admiralty never acknowledged by word that the grievances were justified but as we have seen they acknowledged it by deed when they rectified many of the outstanding issues. It was fashionable in some quarters to claim that the mutinies were the work of outside influences, especially those associated with the Jacobins in Revolutionary France. This of course is a standard ploy in such situations. In this case it suggested that everything in the Royal Navy was basically fine until troublemakers with their own agenda parachuted in to make mugs out of the honest but gullible Jack Tars. Others contrasted the 'unpolitical', that is, the morally justified grievances of the Spithead mutineers, with the 'political' and therefore malignant designs of the Nore mutineers. The French, the Corresponding Societies, the Irish and even the Methodists were among those blamed for fomenting the discontent. The writings of the radical Tom Paine were widely circulated and were doubtless influential, particularly among the more literate sailors. The notion was developing that even those of humble birth had rights.
The 'delegates' at Spithead put their names to documents and petitions and, far from being outsiders, they were nearly all able seamen or petty officers with long service records. They were the natural leaders of the lower decks. Few of them were Irish and none were pressed men who might have been natural troublemakers. Of the 462 men charged with mutiny in 1797, exactly 106 had been born in Ireland which is about the usual proportion of Irish sailors that would have been expected at that time.
The politicians and other men of power who made the wars and benefited from them had great contempt for those who they compelled to do their fighting on their behalf. They were horrified and appalled by the events at Spithead and the Nore but these events forced the ruling class to improve the conditions of the men who manned their ships and to start addressing many of their other grievances. The lessons of such success are never entirely lost. 1797 was one small step in the onward march of working people for equality and justice. These aspirations can only be achieved through the socialist transformation of society.
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Which economic law says ‘Bad money drives out good’? | “Every ship in the Fleet must be Eused like men": The Royal Navy Mutinies in Simon’s and Table Bay, 1797 | International Journal of Naval History
International Journal of Naval History
Introduction 1
In the wake of the vast multi-ship mutinies of England’s fleets at home in the spring of 1797, the isolated squadron at the Cape of Good Hope weathered two separate multi-ship mutinies, one at Simon’s Bay in October, and another at Table Bay in early November. Writing after the close of these mutinies the colony governor Earl Macartney mused,
I have just communicated to you the account of the second mutiny that had broke out in the fleet here… From the most minute investigation of it I cannot discover that there was the shadow of a grievance to be pleaded in its alleviation. It appears solely to have proceeded from mere wantonness in the sailors and a vanity of aping their fraternity in England… This spirit of sea mutiny seems like the sweating-sickness in Edward the Fourth’s reign, a national malady which, as we are assured by the historians of the day, not content with its devastations in England, visited at the same time every Englishman in foreign countries at the most distant parts of the globe: ‘The general Air / From Pole to Pole /from Atlas to the East. / Was then at the enmity with English blood’. 2
The governor was correct about the “epidemic potential” 3 of mutiny in 1797. As the mutinies spread throughout the Royal Navy, touching such distant locales as the Mediterranean, West Indies, and Cape of Good Hope, they threatened the very social and economic fabric of the Empire. Until recently, historians covering the British naval mutinies of 1797 have focused almost exclusively on what occurred at Spithead, an anchorage on the English channel adjacent to Portsmouth, and directly after at the Nore, located to the northeast at the mouth of the Thames. 4 The disturbances at Simon’s and Table Bay, though lesser in scale and scope than Spithead and the Nore, 5 deserve attention not only for their similarities to these parent mutinies in terms of organization, demands made, and resolution, but also because these similarities offer concrete evidence of the physical and intellectual networks which underpin the maritime world.
The Delegates in Council, or beggars on horseback, A contemporary cartoon of the delegation of sailors who devised the terms of settlement of the Mutiny of Spithead, 1797 (Vaisseau de Ligne, Time Life, 1979)
The character and causal factors of the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore continue to be debated by historians. Motivated in part by the desire for increased wages in the face of the rising cost of living, 6 and exacerbated by an atmosphere of war exhaustion, what began as unanswered petitioning transformed into a concerted refusal to obey and a formal faceoff with authorities. What is certain is that the sailors involved in the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore acted in concert. They were organized, revealing forethought and intent; fleet parliaments, made from a complement of delegates elected by each participating ship’s company voiced the sailors’ demands, made decisions, and kept order aboard the ships throughout the course of the mutinies. 7 Oaths were sworn to signify solidarity to the cause, red flags were flown at the masthead, 8 and from the yards tarred ropes were dangled provocatively. 9 Throughout, the mutineers attested their loyalty to the King and country. These mutinies were not to see the same resolution, however. At Spithead, the sailors were granted limited yet significant concessions; at the Nore, the authorities responded with increasingly repressive measures, which culminated in the court martial and sentencing to death of a number of mutineers. 10
Historians have continuously sought to forge sustainable links between the mutinous men at Spithead and the Nore and revolutionary agents, echoing the English government’s own suspicions during and after the mutinies that this kind of outside interference had to have been necessary for the mutinies to occur. For the British government, this may have been an essential step in justifying repressive actions and legislation, and downplaying the real extent of popular discontent and the changing political and social climate. Prime Minister William Pitt, in a speech to Parliament on June 2, 1797, called the Nore mutineers “deluded persons,” and went on to state, “I trust too, that as these late proceedings are utterly repugnant to the real spirit of the British sailor… it will appear that it was not in the hearts of British seamen that such mutinous principles originated.” 11
But what was the “real spirit” of seamen of the Royal Navy of 1797? English historian E.P. Thompson wrote of the mutinies in his seminal work, The Making of the English Working Class,
It is foolish to argue that, because the majority of the sailors had few clear political notions, this was a parochial affair of ship’s biscuits and arrears of pay, and not a revolutionary movement. This is to mistake the nature of popular revolutionary crises, which arise when from exactly this kind of conjunction between the grievances of the majority and the aspirations articulated by the politically conscious minority. 12
While Thompson adeptly puts his finger on the focal point of the dissenting views amongst historians, i.e. whether the mutinies of 1797 were labor strikes over working conditions without political aims or a genuine revolutionary movement, his analysis hinges on the majority of sailors having “few clear political notions.” Just as elites of that era operated on the assumption that sailors are merely “necessary instruments… most needful for others supportance,” 13 so have generations of historians; the impact of landsmen brought in by naval recruitment policies such as impressment and the Quota Acts, as well as the intervention by radical known quantities such as London Corresponding Society members, members of the United Irishmen, or French spies has too often taken center stage in the historical debate. 14 It is not until recently that the historiography has refocused on the influence of ideas over outside individuals, recognizing or restoring the sailor’s agency in these events. 15 The popular view of sailors as incapable of or disinclined towards radical action is highly problematic, a conspicuous misperception, coexisting uneasily with long-standing traditions of lower deck organization and the sailor’s diverse and potentially politically conscious nature.
The behavioral contagion that occurred in 1797 offers something more than insight into the nature of ocean travel and communication, where ships in exchanging mail, supplies, and crew members, exchanged official and unofficial news. It also offers a wedge by which to pry open the door to an alternate maritime world, the elusive terra incognita of ideas, customs, and values. Situated within this forecastle culture 16 Jack Tar may be rediscovered; in the language of the mutineers’ petitions and letters is evidence of a sailor who is a confluence of local, translocal, and specifically nautical influences, a complex persona, to whom the action of making mutiny could seem at once appropriate and even necessary. 17
A Breeze at Simon’s Bay
The British Empire at the end of the 18th century was more than just a nation spread out over the waves, it was also an established commercial force, an “empire of goods,” 18 with systems, policies, and priorities that extended beyond traditional political or military authority and strategy. The linchpin of commercial Britain was its presence in Asia, via the East India Company. Ships traveling from the home islands to the Far East made the trip in approximately six months, 19 with the Cape Colony as an important waypoint on the route.
With the war against Revolutionary France as context, the seizure of the Dutch Cape Colony by British forces in 1795 seems to be a strategic strike to deprive the French of a toehold in Africa. The British action quickly followed the capitulation of the Dutch Republic to France that same year. However, a well-positioned port locale, in attracting commerce, also serves as a nexus for people, ideas, and ultimately, power. Human geographer Alan Lester, who envisioned the British Empire as an imperial network in which the metropole and the colonies were linked by routes that circulated goods as well as manpower and information, describes the Cape Colony as a key “nodal point” in this network. 20 The British aim was not necessarily to make or take a colony per se, but rather to protect a vital nodal point, their “stepping-stone to Asia.” 21
Rear Admiral Thomas Pringle (Gilbert Stuart, The National Maritime Museum)
Earl Macartney, the first official governor of the British Cape Colony, had clear instructions as he assumed his post in the spring of 1797: pacify any dissent on the part of the Dutch inhabitants, and remain vigilant against a potential French attack. 22 Vigilance in defending the Cape translated first and foremost into protection of the trade routes it watched over and the ships that plied those routes. By the summer of 1797, a total of 19 warships were stationed at the Cape under the command of Rear Admiral Thomas Pringle. 23
At the same time as Macartney was settling in to his governorship, the Arniston, a British East Indiaman, was steadily approaching the Cape as part of a convoy of merchant ships bound from England to China. Departing in early June, the Arniston arrived at the Cape in late August, delivering news of the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore formally to the colony, as well as informally to the crews of the ships stationed along its coast. 24 In a letter to Governor Macartney, Admiral Pringle reflected,
The information brought by the Arniston is truly of an alarming nature, it is much beyond anything I would possibly have expected though I have been long convinced We have more danger to apprehend from Our own Folly and Villainy than from any exertion of national Enemys, and I am by no means clear that the Path that we adopted of increasing the Seamen’s Wages will have the desired effect… 25
The news of the successes in collective action at Spithead and the ongoing struggle at the Nore made a profound impression on the seamen stationed at the Cape as well. In a show of solidarity, eight warships, Tremendous, Trusty, Imperieuse, Braave, Rattlesnake, Chichester, Star, and Euphrosyne, and one tender, the Suffolk, declared a state of coordinated mutiny on October 7th, electing delegates to represent each ship, putting officers ashore, and issuing petitions and lists of demands to the authorities. 26 27
Just like their predecessors in England, the mutineers of Simon’s Bay signed their names to their petitions and attempted throughout to underscore their loyalty to the crown. 28 The demands made were strikingly similar to those of their brethren, focusing primarily on provisioning. 29 They requested not only a general improvement in their victuals, but also a review of existing stores to combat ever-worsening quality. 30 There was an additional emphasis on rectifying discrepancies in the weights and measures used in the allocation of provisions, as well as countering any corruption on the part of the pursers. 31
The mutineers confirmed their knowledge of the events at Spithead and Nore, and expressed an expectation of having the same reforms granted at Spithead applied to them. In a general statement they highlighted their willingness to be patient on this matter:
The People of this Squadron has heard something of the Conduct of His Majesty’s Fleet in England, and the regulations that has taken place in Consequence with regard to the Extra Allowance of Pay and Provisions; but as we do not expect that you have received any Official Intelligence how to act on the occasion, We do not expect those Regulations to take place until that time may arrive, and we are determined to patiently Wait the Event. 32
As opposed to Spithead, where grievances against officers were withheld from the official petitions and instead were aired in a more unofficial capacity, the request for the removal of officers took center stage in the demand letters at Simon’s Bay. Almost every ship, excepting the Suffolk, expressed a desire for the expulsion of certain officers, the barring of their return to duty, and their prosecution by court martial. Additionally, the shared knowledge of other ships’ issues with officers was a reoccurring theme throughout the petitions. 33 For example, a letter from the Tremendous began by stating, “We have Received a Letter from the RattlSnake concerning Bad usage wich We are sorry to hear for we should wish to hear of Nothing but Pease and Trankeltety.” 34
From the outset, the attitude of those in power was one of grim uncertainty. Upon learning of the mutiny, Governor Macartney wrote to Major-General Francis Dundas, commander of the colony’s armed forces,
The news convey’d to me in your letter dated this day is the most unpleasant of any I have received from you as it seems to imply a despair of accommodation. As however it is impossible considering the situation of the fleet & the state of affairs in this part of the World, that mutineers in their circumstances can have any place whatever, that must not end in their own destruction, I can not avoid still cherishing a ray of hope that they will be the first to yield. In all events we must make up our minds to the worst that can happen & take the best care of ourselves that we can if we should be abandoned by the fleet. 35
Admiral Pringle was dispatched to the Tremendous to negotiate, while relaying the status of negotiations to Dundas and Macartney by way of his subordinates. By the next day, it was clear that the Admiral was to remain on the Tremendous in the presence of the delegates until some kind of agreement could be reached. In a message to Macartney, Dundas wrote of this development, “I have had a message this instant from the Admiral on the Tremendous informing me that the seamen hold out and will not suffer him to come a shore unless he complies with their demands.” 36
Despite the mounting tensions, and despite Admiral Pringle’s own willingness to hear the crews’ grievances and attempt to acknowledge and address them, there was still a certain level of dismissiveness on the part of those in power, most particularly Major-General Dundas. Lady Anne Barnard, Cape resident and wife of colonial secretary Andrew Barnard, writes of his attitude towards the mutineers,
I must introduce in jest a little anecdote of Genl Dundas, he left this place for Simmons Bay as quickly as the occasion demanded of him, but no one coud get him convinced that the crews could be so head strong & intemperate as he was told they were, particularly in the Tremenduous, which he was determined to go on board of – “it is only talking them round calmly he said, not minding their nonsense but arguing the matter coolly & reasonably with them” – some of his military friends smiled at the idea of his supposing himself more particularly qualified than some others, to talk the mutiny over coolly, and they fortunately persuaded him against going onboard, else both admiral & commander in chief would have been prisoners… 37
After being thus dissuaded, Dundas prepared to assist in the defense of the shore from the ships, whose cannon could easily reach the town. He wrote,
I fancy therefore that they are not to be brought to reason by fair means and it will necessary for us onshore to take such steps as are proper for preventing any attempt from the madmen of the fleet upon this town and Batteries. As soon as it is dark the (illegible) regiment will be ordered from Muizenberg to Simonstown to take possession of the heights & reinforce the garrison. 38
In a similar vein to Spithead, the major sticking point for negotiations was the fate of the officers. Dundas wrote again to the governor on October 9,
… I learn matters are not yet settled, the seamen insisting that Cap’n Stephens and few other officers they have named should not be received again into the ship and upon that point they have not been able to prevail upon Pringle to agree…. threat of the seamen being allowed to reject their officers in any case would be an example so dangerous as renders it in the present an indulgence not to be accorded. It seems the men of the Tremendous do not suffer any paper to be delivered into the Admiral’s hand which they do not read… 39
From Dundas’ updates to Macartney, a clear picture of the sailors’ behavior can be gleaned. Firstly, they carried out their actions in a poised, well-organized fashion, swapping the officers’ command with their own without any real rupture in discipline. Secondly, they controlled not only the Admiral’s physical movements, but also those of the other officers and captains, calling all but Captain Stephens to the Tremendous on October 9th. 40 The summoning of the officers to the Tremendous to meet with the assembled delegates became a regular occurrence, preceded by signals given from the flagship to the shore and the surrounding ships. 41
While the threat of an attack by the ships still loomed, the town being situated “so completely under the guns of the ships in the Bay,” 42 the fate of the rejected officers still proved to be the last remaining point of contention. Dundas wrote on the 10th,
It seems the crews of the ships and the Admiral have agreed upon every other question but that of a few officers returning to the ships… Pringle informs me by the servant that it is not his intention to signify to his men any wish for coming on shore though he has not yet been able to see through their plans which have however the appearance of an intention of going to sea. 43
Dundas’ letters to Macartney reveal the tenuous position of the authorities during the course of the mutiny, and the resulting shift in power. The sailors dictated the actions of the officers, curtailing their movements; by contrast the sailors’ own movements were incredibly free. One can imagine a dynamic atmosphere of industry, purpose, and perhaps even uncertainty and anxiety, as boats plied back and forth from ship to ship and ship to shore. As a compromise neared, the intercourse between ships and ships’ companies intensified. Dundas remarked on the final day of negotiations, “…the boats have been constantly crossing from ship to ship and in the opinion of Captain Stephens of the Tremendous who has not held the most favourable sentiment hitherto affairs wear a better face…” 44
By the evening of October 11th an agreement was reached between Pringle and the mutineers that included a moderate increase in provisions, improved oversight over provision quality and measurement, and the issuance of a full pardon for the sailors involved in the Simon’s Bay action, including the crew of the Vindictive. 45 Captain Stephens of the Tremendous and Captain Steven of the Rattlesnake were to await court martial as a part of the final terms. 46 Admiral Pringle declared a general amnesty that went into effect on October 12th, greeted by the cheers of the crews and the re-hoisting of the Royal Standard. 47 It stated,
By Thomas Pringle Esquire, Rear Admiral of the Red and Commander in Chief of His Majesty’s Ships and Vessel employed and to be employed at the Cape of Good Hope and the Seas adjacent.
A Proclamation for pardoning such Seamen and Marines of the Squadron under my command at Simons and Table Bay as have been concerned in any act of Mutiny, disobedience of orders or any breech or neglect of duty, and who have now returned to good order and their regular discharge of their duty.
Whereas it has this day been officially represented to me that the Seamen and Marines on board His Majesty’s Squadron in Simons and Table Bay under my command have returned to their regular and ordinary discharge of their duty according to the rules and practice of the Navy, I have thought fit to issue this my proclamation, And I do hereby promise my pardon and general Amnesty to all such Seamen and Marines now serving on board the Squadron who have so returned to their regular and ordinary discharge of their duty.
Given under my hand on board His Majesty’s Ship the Tremendous in Simons Bay the 11th of October 1797. 48
The Little Nore
Though Admiral Pringle felt confident enough in the resolution of the Simon’s Bay mutiny to send an official dispatch on October 13th to the Admiralty Board, the sailors at the Cape were not to stay pacified for long. On October 29th, a smaller complement of ships stationed in the nearby anchorage of Table Bay rebelled against their officers and another state of mutiny was declared; the mutiny subsided temporarily, then reignited on the 7th of November and continued for two additional days.
Two specific factors contributed to this second wave of action. Firstly, an influx of new ships reenergized the seamen’s cause. The Records of the Cape Colony, Volume V, states that the Sceptre, Raisonable, and Jupiter returned from convoy duty on October 24th, and that mutiny broke out aboard these ships shortly thereafter. 49 However, Lady Anne also writes about mutinous occurrences on the Sphinx. In a letter dated October 30th, she links the continued unrest to the conciliatory resolution of the first mutiny,
[T]he consequences of their escaping punishment has been seen since, as the Blew Jacket, (the sign of mutiny) has been hung up in two vessels from St. Helena, the Raisonable & the Sphnyx – but are now taken down tho a strong disposition appeared in the fleet to set off anew; Subordination is by no means established – the ferment is working secretly still… the sailors come ashore in Numbers, partys of 12 at a time, they pillage the markets, get drunk – riot – & endeavor by every means to corrupt the army, – their Influence begun to be felt, and Genl Dundas wisely ordered the army to be encamped… near Rondebosh…”” 50
Additionally, the promised court martial of Captain Stephens of the Tremendous began onboard HMS Sceptre on November 6th and soon devolved into a charged faceoff between the authorities and the sailors. In a letter to the Admiralty, Pringle links the outbreak of mutiny aboard the ships of Table Bay directly to the uproar at Stephens’ court martial,
I have now to acquaint you for Their Lordships’ information that in ultimo a mutiny broke out on board the Ships of the Squadron returned from St. Helena, which was conducted by the Ringleaders in nearly the same manner as that in Simon’s Bay, and although on reading to the different Ships’ Crews the Proclamation the mutiny subsided for a time, yet it appeared on the trial of Captain Stephens… that the inclination to Riot of some of the Crews of the Squadron was not abated, for the Court was insulted in its exercise of its functions on the second day of the trial, and on its committing to prison the offender, the Mutiny again broke out with the utmost violence onboard the Sceptre, and being communicated to the Tremendous and the Rattlesnake, these ships continued in a state of tumult all the next day. 51
In addition to the Sceptre, Tremendous, and Rattlesnake, the Crescent was also involved in this second wave of mutiny. Paralleling Spithead and the Nore, the authorities’ response to the mutiny at Table Bay was markedly different than that at Simon’s Bay. Lady Anne Barnard recounts the escalating tensions in her journal,
…the troops were brought in from Camp… the Artillery drawn forwards, the Garrison had the hurry and melancholy appearance of preparation for a foe… the turbulence onboard the fleet increased every hour, the great number of Ships in the harbour doubled the danger, the mad crews might have seized them. A decisive stroke to quell this became indispensably necessary…” 52
As opposed to amnesty, the Admiral issued two proclamations on successive days that threatened the mutineers with violent reprisal. On November 8th, Pringle addressed the crews of the Sceptre, Tremendous, and Rattlesnake, offering them a period of two hours to give up “the Promoters of the Riots…” 53 The following day, he issued an even more aggressive warning to the Crescent, which though originally anchored off Robben Island, had been brought by her captain into Table Bay. “I do hereby declare that if the Crew of H.M. Ship Crescent do not in the space of One Hour after the reading of this Proclamation deliver up the Promoters of the Present disturbance… I will declare the said Ship Crescent to be in a state of Rebellion, and Act on her accordingly.” 54
18th century illustration of Richard Parker (British sailor) about to be hanged for mutiny (Newgate Calendar)
Pringle’s proclamations were quickly obeyed. The sailors’ readiness in compliance was certainly due to the threat of bombardment from the shore, the ships at Table Bay “lying at anchor off the Amsterdam battery, within point blank shot.” 55 Just as at the Nore, the theater of court martial and execution was employed to regain order and control. Though twenty-two men were “delivered up [as] the Ringleaders,” after standing trial for mutiny only four sailors, Daniel Chapman of the Sceptre, and Philip James, Richard Foot, and James Reese of the Tremendous, were put to death; three others received terms of imprisonment. 56 Interestingly, though Captain Stephens was ultimately acquitted in his court martial, he was not to serve in the Cape Squadron again. Instead of returning to duty, he was dispatched back to England to bear news of the events. This reassignment shows a deft hand on the part of Pringle, where without overtly capitulating to the sailors, he managed to relieve the greatest point of tension. 57
There are definite spatial factors at play in determining why the Cape Colony authorities chose to appease one mutiny and assault the other. The strategic positioning of the parties in Simon’s Bay rendered the town and its inhabitants more susceptible to attack from the ships than vice versa. At Table Bay, artillery manned by Dundas’ troops had a clear shot out over the waters, whereas a month before at Simon’s Bay, troops and artillery had yet to be effectively deployed against the ships. Also, Simon’s Bay was the location of the British forces’ initial incursion when attacking the Dutch in 1795, and possibly remained in the minds of those in charge as a point of strategic importance.
Furthermore, at Simon’s Bay, the Admiral became an unwilling guest of the delegates, incapable of leaving the Tremendous without risking physical escalation of the mutiny. He was even impotent in the face of the ships putting to sea, as alluded to in Dundas’ letter to Governor Macartney on October 10th. 58 In the words of Lady Anne Barnard, “These terms I fancy woud not have been granted to the mutinists Had not the admiral been prisoner on board his own ship & with him most of the other officers… it was generally regretted that the ad: was obliged to give a general pardon as even the milder people here wishd the delegates had been made an Example of…” 59 In contrast, during the course of the Table Bay mutiny the Admiral was safe ashore, able to dictate his wishes to the sailors without fear of bodily harm.
There was also the additional threat of the sailors’ discontent spreading to the army, as alluded to by Lady Anne and confirmed by Dundas’ encampment of the army at Rondebosch during the interim between the two mutinies. Moreover, the naval mutiny had the potential to impact the local inhabitants as well. Lady Anne writes in her journal of Earl Macartney’s decision to dispatch Andrew Barnard to Stellenbosch, “to enforce an oath of allegiance on the boors, a dozen of them refuse to take it, their obstinancy increases with the spirit of mutiny in our Navy…” 60
Regardless of factors like strategic positioning, or the potential for the spread of dissatisfaction from the navy to those on land, key players like Major-General Dundas and Earl Macartney still possessed a somewhat patronizing view of the sailors, their motives and their demands. Macartney’s dismissal of the sailors as acting out of “mere wantonness” and “vanity” underplays the significance and the real peril of the events, as does Dundas’ purported belief that “talking them round calmly” and “not minding their nonsense” would be enough to resolve the situation. Writing on the last day of the Simon’s Bay mutiny, Dundas exclaimed, “I really think the seamen begin to be sensible of their delusion…” 61 echoing the words and sentiment of Pitt’s speech to Parliament concerning the mutineers at the Nore. This is even more disturbing considering that all parties had knowledge of the mutinies occurring in England in advance of the unrest at the Cape. Even Admiral Pringle, who seemed most open to accepting some of the sailors’ grievances as valid, missed the opportunity to end the trouble before it began. Lady Anne writes of Pringle’s hesitance, stating,
I see Mutiny is a plague which spreads rapidly when once it breaks forth, we supposed here that our Sailors would make the requisitions which have been conceded to at home, and some wise persons who had the good of the Navy and of the Admiral at heart suggested to him whether it might not be well to grant them similar indulgences unasked;… but Admiral Pringle growled sadly at this, he would do nothing without a positive instruction from the Admiralty, its silence was only taking grounds to find fault with him… 62
Throughout the course of the mutinies those in a position of authority aimed to maintain or reestablish the balance of power that was lost. This was even more necessary considering the remoteness and tactical significance of the location. Acting as agents of the King and government, but without their immediate support or direction, Macartney, Pringle, and Dundas would want to give an impression of dominance, accord, and even a controlled benevolence, when dealing with the sailors and when communicating news of the events back to the Admiralty and Home Office. They would want to report of an affair summarily concluded.
This need to maintain prestige, not only locally, but also in the eyes of their superiors in England, was perhaps one of the greatest contributing factors to their seeming aloofness or lack of empathy towards the sailors. Moreover, recognition of the sailors’ complaints as valid, and honoring their rights to make those complaints, would in turn cast criticism back on those in charge. Far easier to dismiss the sailors’ issues as “nonsense,” or to dismiss the sailors themselves as “poor, infatuated… unprepared wretches!… Young, Spirited!… mistaken… misled…” 63
The Forecastle Culture and the Tripartite Sailor: Local, Translocal, and Nautical
Lady Anne attested that when the Arniston arrived in late August, it brought something more than just news. In a letter to War Secretary Henry Dundas, a close personal friend, she wrote, “‘there is plainly a fashion in everything in this world – the English mutiny of course has sett the fashion here and we have had a swinging mutiny of our own at Simmons viz False Bay – delegates from the malcontents at home came out, it appears in the Arniston…” 64 In another letter, she goes even further, describing the men involved in the Simon’s and Table Bay mutinies as “blind agents of Blind agents of french miscreants.” 65
Simplistic though it may be, her verdict not only reflects that of the British authorities, it is strikingly similar to the efforts of later historians to deflect authorship of the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore onto outside parties. As counterpoint, there is the description of professional sailors by N.A.M. Rodger, as “predominately literate, often surprisingly well educated, especially in languages, which they picked up on their travels, and in mathematics…” 66 This depiction is corroborated somewhat by the sailors’ ability aboard each mutinous ship to find at least one person who could clearly and effectively articulate their demands to those in power, sometimes with great eloquence.
The seamen possessed an alternate form of knowledge or an alternate culture that was less understood or appreciated than the sheer power of their labor. Even the writer Richard Braithwaite, used as a foil by Marcus Rediker and Peter Linebaugh in The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic, conceded that despite the sailor being a “necessary instrument,” “the sea hath taught him other rhetoric.” 67 According to Rediker and Linebaugh, Braithwaite “knew that sailors were essential to English expansion, commerce, and the mercantilist state. He knew, moreover, that they had ways of their own—their own language, storytelling, and solidarity.” 68
These ways of their own, the forecastle culture of the sailor, is the legacy of a coming together of various peoples and ethnicities, social and historical influences, and a vigorous cross-pollination between merchant and navy. The British sailor was, to borrow a term from David Featherstone, a “translocal character,” 69 exposed to different cultures and modes of thought from ship to ship, crew to crew, and port to port contact. This is a basic reality of participation in the vast and complex maritime commercial networks that drove the era and the Empire, networks in which both Royal Navy and British merchant sailors played a part.
In contrast to Featherstone’s primacy of the translocal, 70 the sailor was actually a translocal and a local character, also shaped by homegrown trends of thinking about his self and his rights. N.A.M. Rodger locates much of the symbolism and technique employed in the 1797 mutinies as being rooted in English tradition, writing,
All the seamen’s methods of organization – red flags, oaths, delegates, committees – can be traced to merchant seamen’s disputes of the eighteenth century or earlier. Many assertions about their rights come, not only from Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man, but also from their seventeenth-century democratic inheritance: the Commonwealth republican navy, collectivism of the Diggers and Levellers in the New Model Army, and the 1688 bloodless revolution. 71
Sailors were also thalassological 72 or nautical beings, exposed to a seafaring ethos that transcended any particular locale or origin point, but instead derived from the unique physical landscape of life on or near the sea. Fundamentally, the sailing ship was an exceedingly collaborative environment. Designed to master or at least meet the physical challenges of movement over water, it was a complex machine driven by manpower, dependent on coordination and cooperation to function. The ability to organize and act in concert was literally built into almost every facet of life and labor, “something inherent in the nature of seafaring, and common to ships and seamen everywhere. It owed almost nothing to the authority of officers, and almost everything to the collective understanding of the seamen. A ship at sea under sail depended utterly on disciplined teamwork…” 73
From the mid-18th century onwards, the divisional system was employed aboard the ships of the Royal Navy as a means of fostering “greater efficiency and closer control.” 74 However, there were more informal systems of grouping that far predated this; from the gun crew to the sailor’s mess, to division by labor or task, the men were broken into confederacies from which a sense of solidarity was formed. Younger, less experienced crew members were known to instinctively respect and follow the lead of older, more seasoned sailors.
Furthermore, the well-documented history of sailors striking or rioting to resist wage reduction and impressment should not be downplayed. 75 Rediker and Linebaugh saw sailors as “prime movers in the cycle of rebellion” due to their agitations on land, participating in labor strikes and public riots, as well as on board the ship through collective protest over working and living conditions. 76 While the political nature of the average sailor most likely falls between the two extremes of naïf and “prime mover,” with some members of the shipboard community more radical, and others more conservative, here is an image of the sailor that is the inverse of the verdicts rendered by the authorities and early historians. With the potential to be overtly political, an instigator and actor in his own right, this sailor has ties not only to his country of origin or employment, but also ties to a greater maritime culture which operates outside the spatial bounds of country and locale.
Most importantly, there is ample evidence that the act of bringing grievances to their superiors and taking action when those grievances went unmet was nothing new to the sailors of the Royal Navy. N.A.M. Rodger, in his coverage of the navy during the mid-18th century, describes a world in which petitions were common, redress was frequent, and mutiny was understood, by the sailors and by those in a position of command, as a necessary “safety-valve,” and thusly “a means of safeguarding the essential stability of the shipboard society, not of destroying it.” 77
However, the world of ship petitions and safety valves of the mid 18th century was fundamentally different from the reality of the Royal Navy in 1797. England in the late 18th century was witness to a growing consciousness of class and class differences, heightened by the palpable repercussions of the American and French Revolutions. The war with Revolutionary France not only meant a war against an enemy and her allies abroad, but an increasingly politicized, and repressive climate at home, one that had a definite impact on the world at sea. 78 For Royal Navy officers, this translated into a fear that once acceptable means of dissent on the part of their sailors could now lead to something far more serious, and this fear played out in their reactions. Petitions and other forms of airing grievances became less and less acceptable; as time honored forms of permissible protest were quashed, the “safety valve” was slowly wrenched shut. 79 Historian Jonathan Neale writes that during this time of flux, “On one level, neither officers nor men knew what would happen next in any confrontation. On another level, after the French Revolution neither side knew what the ultimate consequences of any mutiny would be.” 80
It can be argued that the French Revolution instilled in sailors “a feeling of their rights as men, and just as importantly it broadened their horizons.” 81 Military historian Leonard Smith takes this idea one step further, introducing a novel concept of the French citizen-soldier that implies from the moment of the French Revolution onwards, the soldiers and sailors of France were living embodiments of the philosophy and principles of the revolution. 82 By the process of cultural exchange that comes with the fluid, interconnected nature of a life at sea, and the influx and outflow of prisoners that accompanies war, there is no doubt that British sailors not only fought against, but also intermingled with the citizen-sailors of France, and in the process were influenced by their ideas. A similar argument can be made for the impact of the American Revolution and the ideas of the United Irishmen, who would go on to organize a rebellion against the English a year later.
However, the focus here is on potential ideas, how they shaped sailors’ worldviews and moved them to action, and not so much on specific individuals. The best research done so far into individual sailor’s memberships in radical political organizations is in Philip MacDougall’s chapter on mutiny in the North Sea Squadron. MacDougall confirms the existence of certain sailors’ memberships in Corresponding Societies, but also some individual’s links to the United Irishman. 83 While there is no doubt there were many Irish, and some United Irishman in the Royal Navy during this time period, it is not until the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that we see definitive evidence of Irish sailors revolting aboard ship for this particular end. 84
The Sailor in His Own Words
As evidenced, the inspiration for the actions taken during the mass mutinies of 1797 can potentially be located within a dynamic mixture of influences. The sailor is an active assemblage, and not something fixed or inert, operating in a space that defies the traditional conception of country or empire, a space of shared behaviors, shared living conditions, and shared needs and values. Mining the missives of the Cape squadron might allow for a better understanding of what was necessary and important to the average sailor of the Royal Navy, revealing more clearly systems of belief and motivations for action.
Chief amongst the Cape sailors’ demands were their complaints against officers. For the crew of the Rattlesnake, inconsistency in punishment was a concern. They wrote, “We are likewise Resolved Not to Bear under the Affliction any longer their have Been so Mutch Whiping and Starting at the Will of Arbitrary command Whitch is not good Disciplined…” 85 For the Imperieuse, one officer “rendered himself disliked by a most Haughty and Contemptuous manner in carrying on his Duty, often using harsh and abusive language when not deserved, and we had every reason to think that had he been on Good Terms with a Superior Officer he would be a Terror to a Ship’s Company.” 86 On the Star, a reputation for bad behavior alone was enough to warrant expulsion, “The Master Robert M’Carty which has lately been made Out of the Trusty, and we had but little Trial of at present, but he bore such an Infamous Character In that Ship, that we thought proper to turn him on shore.” 87
On the Rattlesnake, additional examples of ill conduct were given against specific individuals. Lieutenant Syms was faulted for being “full of Pride, Arbitrary Command, and degrading Speeches,” while the Boatswain’s Mate, Mr. Stewart, was accused of devising punishments of a particularly cruel and bizarre nature:
We have had One Man by the Command of an Officer, to ride the Spanker Boom at Sea, with a Hand Swab for a Whip, others by the same Officer have had a Boatswain’s Handspike lashed across their shoulders and their arms extended at full length with a Twelve Pound Shot hung at each end. This was nothing to another mode of Punishment that took place by the Command of the same Officer, that is to sling a Hoop horizontally, and hang it perpendicularly to the Mizzen Stay, called Two Men that done their Duty as Cooks in the Ship, seized their Left Arms to the Hoop and presented each with a piece of Rope Inch and Half, or Two Inch, Directly ordered to frap, or Damn you I will… 88
The expressions used by the seamen at the Simon’s Bay mutiny to condemn their delinquent officers are extremely evocative. Phrases such as “tyranny,” “oppression” and “oppressive,” “fraudulent,” and perhaps most intriguingly, “usage” a word synonymous with “treatment,” were all frequently employed. Several of the ships decried bad or ill usage, or aspired to good or better usage. The rumor of ill usage was additional motivation for one ship to stand behind another in action. Crewmembers of the Tremendous wrote, “Throu out the fleet good Euzage must be… as other Ships as Mad application to us we must see them Righted Every ship in the Fleet must be Eused like men…” 89
An emphasis on proper usage is one way that the Cape sailors’ understanding of their deserved rights was made manifest in their letters to the authorities. This notion of rights and fair treatment was not unique to the Cape sailors, but rather echoes language used by mutineers back in England. As part of his analysis of the ships of the North Sea squadron, historian Philip MacDougall analyzed letters sent out by sailors to their families during the course of the Nore mutiny; in one a sailor writes of “a vast quantity of ships there sticking out for their rights and wages.” 90 In another, a sailor insists, “Dear friends, we poor solders and sellers want nothing more than to be used well.” 91
Moreover, the concerns over issues that fall under the category of “ship’s biscuits and arrears of pay,” as well as the inappropriate conduct of officers, also reveal a distinct commonsense conception of fairness. The Cape sailors craved fairness in victualling, fairness in the distribution, weighing, and accounting of provisions, fairness in payment when healthy or sick, fairness in the disbursement of prize money, as well as fairness in punishment, mandate, and equipment provided. For example, the men of the Star declared, “We think it is requisite that the People that goes a Wooding should be allowed Shoes by the Purser and not have them charged to their Wages.” 92
Almost all of the ships involved in the Simon’s Bay mutiny complained of short measures in addition to poor quality or a lack of ingredients; though there seemed to be a general understanding and therefore a forgiveness of the poor provisioning due to the remoteness of the locale, on the other, there was a distinct lack of empathy for short weights and measures and dishonest pursers. While the crew of the Imperieuse says of their need for more rice and better quality meat and bread, “but we are inclined to think the Commander in Chief cannot at all times remedy the defects of these last two articles,” they go on to state plainly, “The Gallon was found a half pint short, and the smaller measures lacked in proportion…It is the unanimous opinion of the Ship’s Company that the Purser’s conduct towards them have hitherto been fraudulent, that the same regard the Company has for the supplies in his charge…” 93
There is also a firm assertion of the need for respect in the officer/sailor relationship that comes through in the letters, as well as a demand for consistent adherence to set rules of conduct. The Articles of War were understood to be a behavioral contract, but while most often applied to the men before the mast, the sailors also saw it as pertaining to the officers that led them. 94 This notion of reciprocity is underscored by the sailors’ repeated critique of arbitrariness or tyranny on the part of the officers. The men of the Rattlesnake charged, “We have been Oppressed by young and unexperienced Officers, who had learned to Command before they had learned obedience.” 95 Royal Navy seamen expected to be punished for offences; this was part of the forecastle culture. However, they could not sanction what they saw as abuse of power, or a deviation from expected modes of punishment. The behavior on the part of Mr. Stewart and Lt. Syms on the Rattlesnake was as suspect for its flagrant cruelty as for its deviation from acceptable forms. In the words of the crew, “We allow Laws to Punish, but no Tyrants to bear His Majesty’s Commission.” 96
The envisioning of the Articles of War as a reciprocal contract is further emphasized by the critique of Captain Stephens given by the crew of the Tremendous. They took particular umbrage against his regularly reading to them a set of orders that was different from the standard Articles of War. The men’s fears for the repercussions of allowing a Captain to write his own rule book, no matter how closely allied in spirit or tone with the Articles of War, was that it “opens a wide field for fraud” depending on the temperament or caprice of the Captain. 97 By devising and formalizing a system of rules that, though similar, is not to the letter the same as the Articles of War, Captain Stephens broke a perceived code of conduct and risked usurping the authority of the English government. His crew firmly stated that “they are Humbly of opinion that no Authority whatever has a Right to impose new Laws on them except that of the British legislature…” 98 Here we see a subtle argument which not only decries deviation from the Articles of War, but also points to an additional sense of rights rooted in English citizenship, one which is reinforced by a letter from the Rattlesnake,
“We the lawfull and true Born Subjects of Great Britain Serving as Loyal Subjects for our king Church and State have been abused harassed and unconssistant and against the Civil order and Humanity of the laws of our Country the which we as one Man agree to fight In his Defence and in the Defence of the United Kingdoms that he Ruleth By a Good and Just Law that have been from our Ancestors… 85
Their equivalents at Spithead and the Nore also embraced the common themes of deserved and undeserved treatment, as well as a notion of rights that was defined by accepted codes of conduct and an evolving vision of English manhood and nationality. At Spithead, the sailors began one of their petitions to the Admiralty with the following lines:
My Lords, We, the seamen of His Majesty’s navy, take the liberty of addressing your Lordships in an humble petition, shewing the many hardships and oppressions we have laboured under for many years… We, your petitioners, do not boast of our good services for any other purpose than that of putting your and the nation in mind of the respect due to us, nor do we ever intend to deviate from our former character… 100
The most famous missive of the Nore, while reiterating the desire for fair and equitable treatment, also bore genuine revolutionary overtones:
Shall we, who in the battle’s sanguinary rage, confound, terrify and subdue your proudest foe, guard your coasts from invasion, your children from slaughter, and your lands from pillage—be the footballs and shuttlecocks of a set of tyrants who derive from us alone their honours, their titles, and their fortunes? No, the Age of Reason has at length revolved. Long have we been endeavoring to find ourselves men. We now find ourselves so. We will be treated as such. 101
The same revolutionary temper, wherein a concept of rights and fair treatment is directly linked to a rising up against tyranny, is echoed in the words of the crew of the Rattlesnake during the Cape mutinies,
We accost you with the joyfull Account of our having Canvassed our Grievances amongst each other, and finds that the Majority of us are determined to bring the Usurpers of our Rights to a just account of their future Transactions, and make or Compel them to render us justice and better usage in the future, having long laboured under their Yoke… 102
Conclusion
When studied in depth, the auxiliary mutinies at the Cape offer graspable details of both the explicit and implicit rules of the world in which the sailor lived and operated in, and the particular systems of values and rights born of that world. The men engaged in the making of mutiny at the Cape were by no means the “blind agents of Blind agents” that Lady Anne Barnard described, nor were they suffering from any kind of delusion as Major-General Dundas had hoped. Instead, they had real grievances and a genuine sense of what their rights were as men, as Royal Navy sailors, and as English citizens, and how those rights had been violated. In their protests for better provisioning, fairness in compensation, a more consistent relationship with officers and a more consistent meting out of punishment, lie specific ideas of what constitutes equitable treatment, and notions of manhood and citizenship influenced by both the political revolutions abroad as well as more homegrown cultural legacies. The sailors of the Cape Squadron acted not only in defense of their own rights, but also in solidarity with their compatriots in the Royal Navy stationed across the globe, wanting above all else for “Every ship in the Fleet must be Eused like men…” 89
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Tasmania","id":"49003268|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Geeveston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001412|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Liawenee, South, Tasmania","id":"49025663|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lindisfarne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005866|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Montagu Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49006082|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart City, South, Tasmania","id":"49005601|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Taranna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003568|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Woodbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49004130|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Deep Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001066|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mt Nelson, South, Tasmania","id":"49006161|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lewisham, South, Tasmania","id":"49002127|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glen Huon, South, Tasmania","id":"49001456|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hastings, South, Tasmania","id":"49001677|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glaziers Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001448|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Doo Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49001109|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tunbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49003773|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Norfolk, South, Tasmania","id":"49002739|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49001727|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wattle Hill, South, Tasmania","id":"49026216|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cambridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49004798|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Marion Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49002300|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Waddamana, South, Tasmania","id":"49003868|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nugent, South, Tasmania","id":"49002809|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lauderdale, South, Tasmania","id":"49005837|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hamilton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001653|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Magra, South, Tasmania","id":"49002257|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Koonya, South, Tasmania","id":"49002009|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Oatlands, South, Tasmania","id":"49002846|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"White Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49004028|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Arm, South, Tasmania","id":"49003369|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mountain River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002603|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49006222|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Buckland, South, Tasmania","id":"49000560|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Apslawn, South, Tasmania","id":"49025877|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sorell, South, Tasmania","id":"49003368|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Acton Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49025723|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dolphin Sands, South, Tasmania","id":"49025882|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Maydena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002342|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bellerive, South, Tasmania","id":"49004581|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kempton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001920|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006756|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Queens Domain, South, Tasmania","id":"49025919|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bothwell, South, Tasmania","id":"49000454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Risdon, South, Tasmania","id":"49006570|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Saltwater River, South, Tasmania","id":"49003261|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ida Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025950|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dover, South, Tasmania","id":"49001121|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brooks Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025925|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fortescue Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Desolation Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001084|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Seven Mile Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49006706|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Richmond, South, Tasmania","id":"49003165|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenora, South, Tasmania","id":"49001476|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ranelagh, South, Tasmania","id":"49003112|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin, South, Tasmania","id":"49001367|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Campania, South, Tasmania","id":"49000668|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenfern, South, Tasmania","id":"49014454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cockle Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000833|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Collinsvale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004971|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dodges Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49001105|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Carlton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000705|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brighton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000510|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bushy Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000621|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ellendale, South, Tasmania","id":"49001214|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wayatinah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003963|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Strathblane, South, Tasmania","id":"49003478|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49001982|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tarraleah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003581|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Judbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001855|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Strathgordon, South, Tasmania","id":"49003482|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bagdad, South, Tasmania","id":"49000140|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Broadmarsh, South, Tasmania","id":"49000517|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fentonbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001299|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Blackmans Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cradoc, South, Tasmania","id":"49000961|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ben Lomond, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000268|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Perth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002974|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Four Mile Creek, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001361|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Killiecrankie, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001952|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin Village, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005356|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lebrina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002102|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ross, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003216|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Westbury, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004010|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nabowla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002682|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kayena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001903|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cranbrook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000965|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Longford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002183|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legerwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002108|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nunamara, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002822|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lulworth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002229|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scamander, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003289|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Paper Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002910|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Liffey, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002132|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Trevallyn, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006985|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Branxholm, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000485|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Glengarry, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001470|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Sidmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003342|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Norwood, 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Tasmania","id":"49000120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside North, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Coles Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000842|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaumaris, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaconsfield, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Inveresk, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005657|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gladstone, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001445|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Orford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002872|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Newstead, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Mount Cameron, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025829|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Little Swanport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002160|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"George Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001416|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Greens Beach, North - Northeast, 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- Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003517|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Exeter, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001282|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002091|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rowella, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bicheno, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000308|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Relbia, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003150|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Karoola, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001897|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Poatina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003008|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"White Hills, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004030|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Leake, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002067|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002107|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scottsdale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003296|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Epping Forest, North - Northeast, 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Wales","id":"29002719|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Mystery Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002679|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Narooma, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002694|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Tilba Tilba, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003666|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Montague Island, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002478|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Tomakin, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003693|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"North Batemans Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29017514|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Potato Point, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003056|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Moruya Heads, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002528|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"South Durras, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003372|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Kianga, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001939|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Denhams Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001076|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Surf Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003500|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Congo, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000868|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Batemans Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000218|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Moruya, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002527|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Malua Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002271|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Long Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002179|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Guerilla Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001602|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Surfside, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003501|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Mogo, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South 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Wales","id":"29016162|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Corindi Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000933|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Thora, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016155|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Bowraville, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016116|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Emerald Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29001224|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Mylestom, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016133|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Sandy Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003272|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Bellingen, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016114|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Lowanna, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002206|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Urunga, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016158|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Nambucca Heads, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002684|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Coffs Harbour, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000837|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Brooklana, Coffs Harbour, New South 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South Wales","id":"29003759|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Cargelligo, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015213|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Tullibigeal, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015218|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Trundle, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29003742|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Fifield, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015211|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Peak Hill, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29002939|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Condobolin, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015209|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Bogan Gate, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29000401|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Parkes, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29002920|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Muswellbrook, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015933|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Jerrys Plains, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015926|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Merriwa, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015927|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Scone, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015938|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Denman, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015922|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Middle Brook, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29014656|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Murrurundi, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015930|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Segenhoe, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015940|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Aberdeen, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015920|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Sandy Hollow, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015936|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Moonan Brook, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29002487|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Nelson Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002721|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Corlette, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000935|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Medowie, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002359|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Anna Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000068|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Salamander Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003253|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Port Stephens, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003048|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"One Mile, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002864|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Heatherbrae, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29001691|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Karuah, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29001899|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Tanilba Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003554|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Shoal Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003336|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Soldiers Point, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003365|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Fingal Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29001311|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Raymond Terrace, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003129|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Bobs Farm, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000398|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Boat Harbour, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000392|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Lemon Tree Passage, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002115|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Cobar, New South Wales","id":"|29000282|NSW"},{"name":"Nyngan, Cobar, New South Wales","id":"29016438|29000282|NSW"},{"name":"Cobar, Cobar, New South Wales","id":"29000824|29000282|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Bombo, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29000417|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Jamberoo, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001817|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Foxground, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001362|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama Downs, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001936|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Werri Beach, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29003988|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001935|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama Heights, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001937|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Gerringong, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001424|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Gerroa, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001425|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Saddleback Mountain, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29003248|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Knights Hill, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001995|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Minnamurra, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29002431|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth East, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003550|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Manilla, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002283|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Nowendoc, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002804|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Currabubula, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001019|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Barraba, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000197|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth South, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003552|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Nundle, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002824|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth North, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003551|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Gunnedah, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001624|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Bendemeer, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000273|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Wallabadah, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003888|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Kootingal, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002014|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003549|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Carroll, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000720|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Willow Tree, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29004062|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Keepit, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002066|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Werris Creek, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003992|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Quirindi, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003099|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Hanging Rock, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001662|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Breeza, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000496|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Mullaley, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002627|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Curlewis, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001015|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Marrangaroo, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002314|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Wolgan Valley, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29014524|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Jenolan Caves, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001827|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Cullen Bullen, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001001|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Bogee, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29014493|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Hartley Vale, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001674|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Lithgow, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002155|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Capertee, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29000689|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Little Hartley, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002157|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Lidsdale, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002129|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Portland, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29003053|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Bowenfels, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29000462|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Rydal, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29003242|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Wallerawang, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29003900|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Glen Davis, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001451|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Hartley, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001673|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Hampton, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001660|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Newnes, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002748|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Moss Vale, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29002531|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Bowral, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000469|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Braemar, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000481|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Kangaroo River, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003825|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Yerrinbool, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29004247|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Robertson, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003179|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Alpine, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000052|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Avoca, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000119|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Berrima, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000293|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Barrengarry, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000202|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Barrallier, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000200|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Wildes Meadow, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29004051|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Sutton Forest, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003505|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Werai, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003987|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Bundanoon, Southern Highlands, New South 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Wales","id":"29004045|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Fern Bay, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001300|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Maryville, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002327|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Broadmeadow, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29000518|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Adamstown, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29000013|29000076|NSW"}]}
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What is the appropriate gift for a 15 Wedding Anniversary? | Yarra River (Melbourne, Australia): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor
“A lovely place to wander”
Reviewed 3 days ago NEW
Started by Federation Square walked along the Yarra River towards The Rod Laver Arena as I am a big tennis fan! Very pleasant as it was mostly in shade and a hot day when we were there. Some interesting art works too by the river. Crossed over Swan St Bridge then came back along the other side. Walked past the... More
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Which deceased comedian’s real name was Maurice Cole? | Famous Scousers' REAL names revealed: Declan MacManus, Maurice Cole and Frederick Fowell - Liverpool Echo
Famous Scousers' REAL names revealed: Declan MacManus, Maurice Cole and Frederick Fowell
The ECHO reveals the famous Liverpudlians who have changed their names
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Declan MacManus, Maurice Cole and Frederick Fowell may not sound familiar, but these are the birth names of three Liverpool celebrities.
Here, the ECHO reveals eight famous Scousers who have changed their names - and some of the reasons may surprise you.
Cilla Black = Priscilla Maria Veronica White
Cilla Black
Priscilla Maria Veronica White began her career as a cloakroom attendant at Liverpool’s Cavern Club, and quickly rose to stardom, known locally as “Swinging Cilla”.
She was mistakenly referred to as Cilla Black in an article in the music newspaper Mersey Beat - a name she liked so much she chose to keep it as her stage name.
Elvis Costello = Declan Patrick MacManus
Elvis Costello In Conversation with Mark Billingham at The Royal Court Theatre in Liverpool (Photo: David Munn)
Costello was born Declan Patrick MacManus and performed under the stage name D.P.Costello as a tribute to his father, a jazz trumpeter who went by the name of Day Costello.
His manager later suggested a name change, combining Elvis Presley’s first name and Costello, his father’s stage name.
Kenny Everett = Maurice James Christopher Cole
Kenny Everett
Comedian, radio DJ and TV entertainer Kenny Everett was born in Seaforth as Maurice James Christopher Cole.
To avoid legal problems while working at pirate radio station Radio London, he was advised to change his name.
The name Everett came from his childhood hero, American film star Edward Everett Horton.
Ringo Starr = Richard Starkey
Ringo Starr (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)
The Beatles singer was born Richard Starkey and adopted his stage name after joining the group Al Caldwell’s Texans at the age of 19.
The name was partly influenced by the rings he wore and also because it implied a country and western influence.
Starr, a shortened version of his last name, stuck after he began billing his drum solos as “Starr Time”.
Billy Fury = Ronald Wycherley
Billy Fury British pop singer 1967
The legendary singer was born on Smithdown Road as Ronald Wycherley.
At the age of 18, his manager Larry Parnes said that no one called Ronald Wycherley would become a rock star.
Parnes renamed him Billy after band leader Billy Cotton, and Fury to compensate for his shyness.
Les Dennis = Leslie Heseltine
Les Dennis in Jigsy at Royal Court Liverpool (Photo: Steve Ullathorne)
The TV presenter, actor and comedian was born in Garston under the name Leslie Heseltine.
The young comedian had his first gig at Norris Green Social Club at the age of 17.
His name was written as Les Dennis on the board because “Lesley Heseltine” was deemed a waste of chalk.
Though his bank details are in the name of Les Dennis, his passport still says Leslie Heseltine.
Michael Holliday = Norman Alexander Milne
Singer Michael Holliday poses wearing check shirt in November 1957
Kirkdale-born Norman Alexander Milne took his mother’s maiden name as his stage name after leaving the Merchant Navy.
His fake name Holliday was said to go with his fake American singing and speaking voice.
He was famous in the 1950s and 60s.
Frankie Vaughan = Frankie Abelson
Singer Frankie Vaughan with Marilyn Monroe pictured at her 20th Centruy Fox Cocktail Party 20 April 1960
The pop easylistening singer was born on Devon Street in Liverpool as Frankie Abelson.
His grandmother, a Russian Jew, used to tell him he was her ‘number one’ grandson - but with her pronunciation of ‘one’ sounding like ‘Vaughan’ Frankie adopted this as his stage name.
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Timbrology was an old name for what? | Real Name As An Alias - TV Tropes
Real Name As An Alias
Name Space:
Page Type:
Trope
A character needs an alias for some reason and technically DOESN'T lie about what their name is... it might be their real name if they're known by a nickname or vice versa, or their maiden name if they're a married woman, or their middle name being used as their first name, but the point is that the character can argue that it IS their real name.
Examples:
Film
When pretending to be a handmaiden in Star Wars , Queen Amidala used her lesser-known non-royal name, Padme Nabirre.
John Mclane's wife at the beginning of Die Hard sues her maiden name.
In 1937's Shall We Dance, the two leads, who are both famous under stage names, get married quietly in New Jersey under their real names.
The Disney Channel movie Motocrossed involved a girl posing as her brother to enter a motocross race, after he breaks his leg. The siblings have the same name (Andy, short for both Andrea and Andrew), allowing her a legal loophole: since she signed up as 'Andy,' instead of Andrew or Andrea, she could hold on to her win after she was outed.
Vicki Lester and Norman Maine in A Star Is Born get married under their real names by a town clerk who has no idea who they are.
Western Animation
Fosters Home For Imaginary Friends: In the episode "Imposter's Home for Um... Make 'Em Up Pals" this happens with two characters: Goofball John Mc Gee and John Larry Mc Gee , Goofball's owner.
Goofball is introduced by his first name. When Frankie overhears a group of kids calling him "John," she believes she has more proof he is not an imaginary friend. Goofball explains that it is his middle name and that he is named after his owner, Larry. He then tacks on another explanation that "Larry" is his owner's middle name.
British DJ Kenny Everett (real name Maurice Cole) once did a promo which ended with the words "...or my name isn't Maurice Cole!" The joke being that most of the listeners wouldn't have known his real name at the time.
TV
When she runs away to LA, Buffy Summers calls herself 'Anne', which is actually her middle name.
Anime
In Haruhi Suzumiya, Kyon uses 'John Smith' to pass off the question of who he is. But in a lot of things, it actually proves to be possible.
Literature
In Katharine Kerr's Deverry novels, the character Nevyn (meaning "no one", and hence often taken to be a joke) uses his long-abandoned original name (Galrion) when he needs to be taken seriously by some nobles. Everyone who knows him assumes he just made it up.
Seen It A Million Times where a character runs out of fake passports and falls back on the real one to pull a switcheroo with one of the fake I Ds . Friday does this in Heinlein's novel of same name.
In Monster Nina Fortner uses her previous legal name, Anna Liebert, when giving a police testimony and obtaining marksmanship training.
Lord Peter Death Bredon Whimsey uses the name Death Bredon in the Dorothy Sayers novel Murder Must Advertise. It's pronounced 'deeth'.
In the novel The School Story, Zoe pretends to be a literary agent and uses her nickname "Zee Zee" together with a misspelling of her last name.
Up for Grabs .
A character needs an alias for some reason and technically DOESN'T lie about what their name is... it might be their real name if they're known by a nickname or vice versa, or their maiden name if they're a married woman, or their middle name being used as their first name, but the point is that the character can argue that it IS their real name. Examples: Film * When pretending to be a handmaiden in StarWars, Queen Amidala used her lesser-known non-royal name, Padme Nabirre. * John Mclane's wife at the beginning of Die Hard sues her maiden name. * In 1937's Shall We Dance, the two leads, who are both famous under stage names, get married quietly in New Jersey under their real names. * The Disney Channel movie Motocrossed involved a girl posing as her brother to enter a motocross race, after he breaks his leg. The siblings have the same name (Andy, short for both Andrea and Andrew), allowing her a legal loophole: since she signed up as 'Andy,' instead of Andrew or Andrea, she could hold on to her win after she was outed. * Vicki Lester and Norman Maine in A Star Is Born get married under their real names by a town clerk who has no idea who they are. WesternAnimation * Fosters Home For Imaginary Friends: In the episode "Imposter's Home for Um... Make 'Em Up Pals" this happens with two characters: Goofball John McGee and John Larry McGee, Goofball's owner. ** Goofball is introduced by his first name. When Frankie overhears a group of kids calling him "John," she believes she has more proof he is not an imaginary friend. Goofball explains that it is his middle name and that he is named after his owner, Larry. He then tacks on another explanation that "Larry" is his owner's middle name. ComicBooks * Batman's butler Alfred Pennyworth has sometimes used his middle names, Thaddeus Crane, as an alias when undertaking some activity he doesn't want linked to Bruce Wayne. RealLife * British DJ Kenny Everett (real name Maurice Cole) once did a promo which ended with the words "...or my name isn't Maurice Cole!" The joke being that most of the listeners wouldn't have known his real name at the time. TV * When she runs away to LA, Buffy Summers calls herself 'Anne', which is actually her middle name. Anime * In Haruhi Suzumiya, Kyon uses 'John Smith' to pass off the question of who he is. But in a lot of things, it actually proves to be possible. Literature * In Katharine Kerr's Deverry novels, the character Nevyn (meaning "no one", and hence often taken to be a joke) uses his long-abandoned original name (Galrion) when he needs to be taken seriously by some nobles. Everyone who knows him assumes he just made it up. * Seen It A Million Times where a character runs out of fake passports and falls back on the real one to pull a switcheroo with one of the fake IDs. Friday does this in Heinlein's novel of same name. * In Monster Nina Fortner uses her previous legal name, Anna Liebert, when giving a police testimony and obtaining marksmanship training. * Lord Peter Death Bredon Whimsey uses the name Death Bredon in the Dorothy Sayers novel Murder Must Advertise. It's pronounced 'deeth'. * In the novel The School Story, Zoe pretends to be a literary agent and uses her nickname "Zee Zee" together with a misspelling of her last name. ProfessionalWrestling * In WWE, Shawn Michaels' recent lengthy absence was explained by him taking the job of a cook chef at an office complex under the last name of Hickenbottom - that being Michaels' real-life last name. UpForGrabs.
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Which common bird is also called the dunnock? | British Garden Birds - Dunnock
Dunnock
Wing Span: 19-21 cm (7-8")
Weight: 16-25 g (½-1 oz)
Breeding Pairs: 2 000 000
Present: All Year
Description
At first glance the Dunnock, also known as Hedge Sparrow or Hedge Accentor, looks like a dull sleek sparrow.
On closer inspection it is quite attractive with its blue-grey head and breast, light and dark brown streaky back, brown streaked flanks and pink legs. The black bill is finer than that of a sparrow, because it feeds mainly on insects and not seed.
The sexes are very alike, though the female is a little drabber.
Juveniles lack the grey on head and chest, instead they have brown streaks.
Another Juvenile
The Dunnock seems nervous and agitated, constantly flicking its tail and wings.
They are the only Accentor to live in lowland areas, all others live in upland and mountainous regions.
The Dunnock's song is a pleasant surprise also; an unhurried sweet warble which can be confused with the Wren or Robin , but lacks the Wren's intensity and the Robin's sweetness.
The main call is shrill, persistent "tseep", which often betrays its otherwise inconspicuous presence.
Feeding
The Dunnock is predominantly a ground feeder and feeds on insects, such as beetles and ants, and spiders, which it gleans from leaf litter, among plant roots, etc. In the autumn and winter they will eat seeds and berries. Occasionally, especially in the winter months, Dunnocks have taken small seeds, such as peanut granules, and suet off or around the ground feeder table.
The Robin and Dunnock have similar diets. Consequently, in the winter when food is in short supply and Robins are defending their feeding territories, the Robin often chases the Dunnock away.
The nest is built by the female in dense shrubs and hedges. The cup-shaped nest is lined with moss and hair, and built from twigs and moss.
Dunnock nests are often parasitized by Cuckoos .
The female lays and incubates bright blue, smooth and glossy eggs that are about 19 mm by 14 mm. Both adults feed the newly-hatched young, but are often assisted by other male birds.
The Dunnock's sex life is remarkable; few are monogamous and most are either polyandrous (females have more than one male mate) or polygynous (males have more than one female mate).
Breeding Data
Conservation
The Dunnock is on the Amber List of birds of medium conservation concern because after a serious decline in numbers during the 1980's, indications are that the population is recovering, but may be struggling in its "natural habitat" owing to changes in woodland management practices.
My Garden
The chart shows that there is usually only one or two Dunnocks present in the garden for much of the time. Towards the end of the winter there can be up to four Dunnocks, though only a couple of them visit the garden at once. This corresponds with the time of year that they establish their complex mating systems.
At the beginning of July 1998, four Dunnocks visited. These could have been adult birds with one or more young, but it's difficult to tell them apart. A fortnight later an impressive group of 14 birds visited, could this have been a crèche, or the result of infidelity?
In the winter of 2003/4, a Dunnock visiting our garden had knobbly warts, or papillomas, growing on its claws. This is caused by a virus, which is more common in finches, and though most birds recover it can cause lameness.
| Dunnock |
What is the capital of the Dominican Republic? | Dunnock – PHYLO: THE TRADING CARD GAME
EOL
Photo by Mark Robinson www.flickr.com/people/66176388@N00/
The Dunnock, Prunella modularis, is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Europe and into Asia . It is by far the most widespread member of the accentor family, which otherwise consists of mountain species. It is sometimes called the Hedge Accentor, Hedge Sparrow or Hedge Warbler.
It is a resident in the milder west and south of its range, but as an insectivore , must migrate south from the colder parts of its range. It is a bird of woodland, shrub and gardens. It builds a neat nest low in a bush or conifer , laying 3-5 unspotted blue eggs .
This is a Robin-sized bird, 13.5–14 cm in length, fairly drab in appearance, and somewhat resembling a small House Sparrow with its streaked back and general shape. It is also brownish underneath, and has a fine pointed bill. Adults have a grey head. The sexes are similarly coloured. They were introduced to New Zealand between 1867 and 1882 and now breed throughout the country including on the Chatham , Antipodes , Auckland and Campbell islands. [1]
This species makes up for its drab appearance with its breeding behaviour. Females are often polyandrous , breeding with two males at once, and thus giving rise to sperm competition . Males compete for mating access to the female, but DNA fingerprinting has shown that chicks within broods often have different fathers, depending on their success at monopolising access to the fertile female. Males try to ensure their paternity during courtship by pecking at the cloaca of the female to stimulate her to eject the sperm of other males with whom the female has recently mated. [2] Males provide parental care in proportion to their mating success, so it is not uncommon to see two males and a female provisioning nestlings at one nest. Polyandry is rare in birds, with only about 2% of species showing such a mating system; the majority are monogamous , where one male and one female breed together.
The main call is a shrill, persistent “tseep” and a high trilling note, [3] which often betray the bird’s otherwise inconspicuous presence. The song is rapid, thin and tinkling, a sweet warble which can be confused with the Wren but is shorter and weaker. [3] The Wren’s song incorporates repeated trill sounds but the Dunnock’s does not.[ citation needed ] While the Dunnock’s bubbling song is very pleasant, it has been described as being similar to a squeaky trolley wheel.[ citation needed ]
(From Wikipedia, 27 August 2011)
—
Although a common bird in the UK, only recently have studies shown that the dunnock has an interesting domestic arrangement. Although the pair-bond between the birds appears strong during the breeding season, females will often court another male and mate with him. This ensures that her chicks – whichever partner actually sires them – will receive an adequate supply of food from both males. The nest is hidden in a hedge or shrub and contains up to five pale blue eggs. There can be up to three clutches laid in a season, the first appearing in March or April. Incubation takes about two weeks with the female taking sole charge of the brooding. The young are fed by both sexes and fledge after some 12 -14 days. The dunnock is primarily an insect feeder although small seeds often form part of the bird’s diet as well.
The dunnock is a common bird of gardens, woods and parks, familiar to many people still under its old name of hedge sparrow. The name is slightly misleading as, while the bird does indeed frequent hedgerows, it is not related to sparrows. Dunnocks belong to a family known as accentors, small ground and scrub-dwelling birds that hop around in a characteristically crouched posture. Both sexes are similar in appearance, being predominantly brown with a striated back and belly, and with a grey head and noticeably brown eyes. Young birds are more boldly streaked with dark brown or black, these marks also extending to the head and neck, a feature not found on the adults. Dunnocks resemble robins in their habits and many people still confuse the young of the two species. The song of the dunnock is nowhere as melodic as that of the robin, consisting of a loud, clear but tuneless series of tinkling notes, often delivered from the top of a bush or a prominent branch of a tree. However, the birds sing this ditty throughout the year, and it is often the only birdsong to be heard during the otherwise dull days of late autumn and winter.
The dunnock is found across the whole of Europe, and parts of western Asia. It occurs throughout the UK and republic of Ireland, where it is a resident, but in the northern part of its range, it is a migratory bird.
(From EOL, 27 August 2011)
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What word can precede ‘beer’, ‘bread’, and ‘nut’ to make well-known terms? | The Food Timeline--famous people & favorite foods
What was the favorite food of a famous person? Excellent question with no simple answer. Biographers generally omit food-related information unless the person loved to eat, was a professional cook, cultivated exceptional gardens, or hosted fancy dinners. Alexandre Dumas' last book was a cook book. Monet was well known for his culinary prowess. John Muir was a tea afficianado. Louis XIV was celebrated for his splendid tables. Leonardo Da Vinci & Benjamin Franklin were a vegetarians. Anne Frank was genuinely grateful for all food delivered to her family's sequestered attic apartment.
Keep in mind, what famous people eat in public settings (White House galas) may not reflect personal tastes. Public meals are dictated by decorum. Favorite foods are often the ones enjoyed in childhood. Sometimes this information is recoverable; other times not. These are the sources we use to research favorite foods of famous people:
1. Biographies, autobiographies, period history books
...check index for food, dinners, banquets, anniversaries, childhood (often the foods people love most were introduced by family), home life, health (allergies?). If the book does not have an index, check for an online copy. Use your browser's "find" tool to identify food references. Be creative with keywords.
2. Historic museums/libraries/birthplaces
...history experts working at famous people's homes (Jefferson's Monticello; Elvis' Graceland) sometimes offer online notes, historic food recreations, family archives for scholarly research. If the information is not online, contact the organization. Be specific about your request.
3. Reserarch databases (historic newspapers, magazines, JSTOR)
...Teddy Roosevelt's family Christmas menus, Lindbergh celebration banquet bills of fare, etc. were found here.
4. Creative works generated by the famous person
...books, art, plays, poems, music, etc. sometimes provide personal insights to favorite foods. Think: Vermeer's Still life fruits, Dinesen's Babette's Feast & Dicken's A Christmas Carol. 5. Period foods representing the person's social class and economic status
...Cleopatra dined like a pharaoh, Shakespeare dined in 16th century opulence, Harriet Beecher Stowe's sister Catherine wrote a cookbook reflecting family values.
Biographers chronicle Mr. Hamilton's career from his socially-challenged origins in St. Croix to his coveted Secretary of the Treasury position in Washington DC. We know what he could have consumed. We don't know what he personally favored. High ranking public personae live in a larger arena where political correctness comes first.
Early cuilniary exposure
"Rachel [Alexander Hamilton's mother] took a two story house on 34 Company Street [St. Croix], fast by the Anglican church and school. Adhering to a common town pattern, she lived with her two boys in the wooden upper floor, which probably jutted over the street, while turning the lower stone floor into a shop selling foodstuffs to planters--salted fish, beef, pork, apples, butter, rice, and flour. It was uncommon in those days for a woman to be a shopkeeper...In her enclosed yard, Rachel kept a goat, probably to provide milk for her boys..."
---Alexander Hamilton, Ron Chernow [Penguin Press:New York] 2004 (p. 22-23)
"There is no reason to suppose Alex, as he was then called, was sent to school. He was needed at home...Rachel had been set up...in a little store that was...part of the family residence...there were two warehouses in the yard where an eager small boy could keep track of stock--salt pork, salted fish, butter, flour, rice..."
---The Young Hamilton: A Biography, James Thomas Flexner [Little, Brown and Company:Boston] 1978 (p. 29)
At dinner with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
"As soon as they saw that the salads had been disposed of, two servants were quick to bring in helpings of the first course that had been kept warming just outside the door. In keeping with the Monticello custom, there were two main courses. The first was a capon stuffed with Virginia ham and chestnut puree, artichoke bottoms, and truffles, with a bit of cream, white wine, and chicken stock added.It as served with a Calvados sauce, made with the great apple brandy of Normandy that Jefferson had brought back from his travels...As time passed, the second main course would prove to be the New York version of the famed boeuf a la mode, without which no Monticello dinner was considered complete. This was really an elegant beef stew that was a universal favorite. James Hemmings had made it before going to France with Jefferson. He had added certain flavoring touches that he learned in France, and now the beef was a masterpiece that Hamilton praised extravagently. They briefly fell silent while doing it justice with genuine enjoyment...We cannot be sure of the guests' response, but it is not hard to imagine Hamilton standing as if in a toast to his host...Hamilton was as aggressive and brilliant in the art and science of being a guest as he was in every other activity...There were meringues, macaroons, bell fritters, and other small sweets in endless varieties in front of each man, waiting to be consumed before the dessert...At the same time, Hamilton kept talking with a fluency that the host [Jefferson] had to admire...And then, at the precise moment when the evening was approaching perfection, came the universally favorite dessert--the delicious vanilla ice cream that still seemed like a miracle for it was enclosed in a warm pastry, like a cream puff, giving the illusion that the ice cream had come straight from the oven. it never failed to elicit cries from the groups of diners at Monticello, and it did not fail now. Even Madison gave a small squeal, and Hamilton positively exulted..."
---Dinner at Mr. Jefferson's, Charles A. Cerami [John Wiley & Sons:New York] 2008 (p. 130-132)
Mozart, and his contemporaries living in late 18th century Austria (Vienna, Salzburg), enjoyed a variety of foods. Consider this:
"The Viennese have always been greedy; they love good fare, especially those sweets and pastries of theirs which are still world famous...Austrian gastronomy has thus come to include specialties from many nations--Slav, Magyar, Italian, German and Czech--for the greater delight of the gourmet...It was easy in those days to indulge one's greed, since for an extremely modest sum, 31 kreutzers for instance, one could enjoy, in 1786, a meal consisting of two meat dishes, soup, vegetables, unlimited bread and a quarter-litre of wine. Such a meal was practically within everybody's means."
---Daily Life in Vienna of Mozart and Schubert, Marcel Brion [MacMillan:New York] 1962 (p. 8-9)
"The eating habits of the Baroque era were as exhuberant as everything else during that epock; and the banquets given in the palaces of Vienna's Baroque aristocrats were as splendid as those at the court of Louis XIV in Versailles. As a rule at least eight courses were served. The first course consisted of several broths, soups and purees. A potato puree soup was served alternately with a chicken puree soup. There were also a mushroom puree, and artichoke puree, and just in case somebody was still hungry for soup there were several bisques. The second course offered various kinds of ragouts, hams, tongues, and sausages, fine pies and pates made of game, mostly venison, and delicious fricasses. This was followed by the third course consisting of "big" roasts: pheasant, partridge, woodcock, turkey, hare, rabbit, all garnished with lemons and oranges and olives. The fourth couse offered the "small" roasts--birds like snipe, lark, ortolan, thrush. By that time one would expect to see some guests retiring from the scene, but no one seems to have left the table or been afraid of having a stroke. On went the guests to the fifth course--whole salmon, whole carp and pike, fish pies, crawfish dishes and fircasses of turtle. The sixth course was composed of various egg dishes, jellies and blancmanges. Then came a simple seventh course--nothing but fruit, biscuits and cheese. But the final, eighth course would still be ahead, consisting of sweets, dried preserves, crystallized fruit, various marzipans and beautiful creations made of sugar in various colors."
---The Cooking of Vienna's Empire, Joseph Wechsberg, Foods of the World series [Time-Life Books:New York] 1968 (p. 14)
"Vienna has been endowed with its love of bread and pastries for over 500 years. Five years before Columbus discovered America, an anonymous Viennese baker invented the Kaisersemmel (the Emperor's roll), known in less civilized places as the "Vienna roll"...Vienna's Lebselter (gingerbread makers)...had their own guild in 1661. There were also sugar bakers, restricted by law to the use of "burnt sugar, burnt almonds, biscuits and zweiback"; and chocolate makers, marzipan makers, cake bakers and candymakers. As for producers of bread, they were divided into ordinary breadmakers, Semmel roll bakers and "luxury bakers."...Vienna's pastry lore is as rich as the city's musical tradition...Three hundred years ago, an anonymous Viennese cook scooped the cream off the milk and carefully whipped it into Schlagobers--whipped cream. In Vienna, whipped cream is not only used in countless pastries and on top of many Torten (flat, round cakes), but sugared whipped cream is served as a dish by itself...Another delight of Viennese pastry lovers is Faschingkrapfen...[which have] been a Viennese marvel since 1615, the year that they were first available, under the name Cillikuglen...They are light, round fried yeast cakes..."
---ibid (p. 167-8)
---Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul, Mark Bego [St. Martin's:New York] 1989 (p. 128)
"Using her favorite term for cooking, Aretha admits, "Yes, I like switchin' in the kitchen.' It's relaxing and it's creative. I have my own special dishes--banana pudding, homemade ice cream, barbecued ribs, hams, quiche. And we've been growing our own fresh vegetables in the garden. I've been learning the art of French cooking and I've already done some Indonesian and Viennese dishes--so I'm not doing bad. I do it all: New Orleans gumbo, greens, ham hocks, chilins, ribs, and a great hickory-smoked barbecue sauce. "I couldn't bear to deny myself all my life all the good foods I like to eat...I love to eat fried chicken, greens, soul food. And I like banana splits, malts, plenty of ice cream..."I remember one time when I appeared on an NAACP Image Awards show in Hollywood," Franklin recalls. "I weighed little or nothing! But it made me feel weak, irritable, all that keeping away from food. I'll never knock off that much weight again in my life. One day I can eat anything. Everything I crave. Then the very next day I'll start out like a calorie executioner--a half grapefruit, a couple of eggs, some bran toast. I balance it off like that. Starvation diets are a sin, and deathly." Ever since the mid-1970s, Aretha has been talking about writing her own cookbook, which she wants to title Switchin' in the Kitchen...The one recipe that Franklin has shared is the one she calls "Aretha's Chicken Italiano." According to her, "Take six or eight pieces of chicken, all types: breasts, legs, thighs, wings, whatever you like. Get a couple of sticks of butter, and melt you butter. Brown your chicken on both sides lightly. Now ou have this butter base and you put about, I would say, a teaspoonful of rosemary in it and let it summer. Thats's it.""
---ibid (p. 191-193)
[NOTE: 2013 Library of Congress & Amazon search indicates Ms. Franklin's cookbook is still waiting to be published.]
"...at Kelly's restaurant in Atlantic City...Aretha Franklin remembered after-hours meals of 'hot sauced wings and grits for days.' Franklin also recalled that near Chicago's Regal Theater there was a 'food stand, tucked a few doors away from the theater, that served greasy burgers made with a spicy sausage in the meat, topped with crispy fries...The artists couldn't wait to get offstage to wolf down those burgers.'"
---Hog and Hominy: Soul Food From Africa to America, Frederick Douglass Opie [Columbia University Press:New York] 2008 (p. 123)
Barbra's Instant Coffee Ice Cream
24 marshmallows
1 teaspoon instant coffee
1 cup heavy cream, chilled
Turn you refrigerator to the coldest point. Pour milk into a saucepan, heat, and gradually add the marshmallows. Mix until the mixture is smooth; add the instant coffee. Let it cool a bit. Whip the cream until stiff; mix cream and marshmallow mix together and pour into an empty ice cube tray. Freeze. Barbra likes this with pretzels believe it or not."
---Singers & Swingers in the Kitchen, Roberta Ashley [Parallax Publishing Co.:New York] 1967 (p. 80-81)
People's favorite foods change with age. As a young man, Benjamin Franklin was a vegetarian:
"The ethical questions stemming from meat-eating also worried Benjamin Franklin.. it was a book by Thomas Tryon, The Way to Health, Long Life and Happiness, Or a Discourse on Temperance, which converted Franklin, ad the age of sixteen, to vegetarianism. He wrote in his autobiography that he was delighted with the diet for he saved money and in eating separately he found more time to study. He kept to the diet when he moved to Philadelphia and worked for a printer, Samuel Keimer, whom he persuaded to go on a similar diet. Keimer soon lapsed from the diet; nor was Franklin to keep is ideals for much longer either. On a sea trip Franklin's fellow-passengers fished when their boat was stranded off Block Island. Franklin noticed that inside the large codfish was another smaller fish swallowed whole. Here Franklin sound what appeared to him a natural law--that favourite explanation of the age--by which every living thing flourished because of the death of another. Hence human beings were justified in killing and eating lesser creatures. Franklin returned to eating fish, fowl and meat and never again in his long life had second throughts about it."
---The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism, Colin Spencer [University Press of New England:Hanover NH] 1995 (p. 232)
What did he eat? This excerpt comes from Franklin's Autobiography:
"When about 16 years of age I happened to meet with a book, written by one Tryon, recommending a vegetable diet. I determined to go into it. My brother, being yet unmarried, did not keep house, but boarded himself and his apprentices in another family. My refusing to eat flesh occasioned an inconveniency, and I was frequently chid for my singularity. I made myself acquainted with Tryon's manner of preparing some of his dishes, such as boiling potatoes or rice, making hasty pudding, and a few others, and then proposed to my brother, that if he would give me, weekly, half the money he paid for my board, I would board myself. He instantly agreed to it, and I presently found that I could save half what he paid me. This was an additional fund for buying books. But I had another advantage in it. My brother and the rest going from the printing-house to their meals, I remained there alone, and, despatching presently my light repast, which often was no more than a bisket or a slice of bread, a handful of raisins or a tart from the pastry-cook's, and a glass of water, had the rest of the time till their return for study, in which I made the greater progress, from that greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend temperance in eating and drinking."
--- Autobiography /Franklin (Chapter 1)
Dr. Franklin quit the vegetarian lifestyle but he retained his interest in the relationship between food and health throughout his life. Many of Franklin's food observations printed in Poor Richard's Almanck . Two sections that might be of particular interest are: Rules of Health and long Life, and to preserve from Malignant Fevers, and Sickness in general. Rules to find out a fit Measure of Meat and Drink.
What foods did Dr. Franklin eat when he was an adult? He was a middle-class man who lived a fairly simple lifestyle. He frequented taverns, inns and was sometimes invited to dine with the most influential people of his day. In any time and place, people with money usually enjoy the finest foods. Most likely Dr. Franklin enjoyed the simplest bread to the finest fare Paris and Philadelphia had to offer. He abstained from alcohol in his mature years.
About Franklin's recipes:
"The collection of recipes in the Franklin papers consists of (1) 16 pages in French probably not arranged in the original order. One leaf bears the inscription "rects. Translated into French" although the pages following it are in English. (2) separate recipes a) for Orange shrub in English; b) Method for making Spriuce Beer, title in Englsih and text in French; c) Method for making Raisin wine, in English endorsed "From Mr. Viney." It is an unsystematic collection. The tests are written in different hands by person whos French was fairly good but spelling uncertain. One recipe exists in two versions, the first one a draft much written over, the second one a fair copy. An attempt has been made to translate back into English the recipes given in French and as far as could be ascertained to reconsistute the style of the original. From the beginning it appeared that Franklin had not invented all the recipes however extended may have been his proficiency in the culinary art. At this point arose difficulties to be expected in work of that kind. Makers of cookbooks from the most ancient times have always borrowed freely from their predecessors. English cookbooks of the eighteenth century are no exception to that rule; to make it more puzzling their authors also made a free use of the French books on the subject...At a time it was thought an hoped that Franklin had chiefly used The Frugal Housewife, or Complete Woman Cook by Susannah Carter of Clerkenwell, London...Circa 1772, with engravings by Paul Revere...A more extensive study led to believe that the book probably used was The English Housewifery. Exemplified in above Four Hundred and Fifty Receipts by Elizabeth Moxon, Leeds, n.d. the fifth edition of which came abou around 1780...Our search came to an end with the finding of Mrs. Hannah Glasse's great book, The Art of Cookery, Made plain and easy...By a Lady, of which a new and more complete edition was published anonymously in London, around 1760. Obviously it was Franklin's vade mecum when he was in France and the main source of his gastronomic inspiration."
---Benjamin Franklin: on the Art of Eating Together with the Rules of Healthy and Long Life and the Rules for find out a fit Measure of Meat and Drink, With Several Recipes, American Philosophical Society [Princeton University Press:Princeton NJ] 1958 (p. 34-5)
[Note: Franklin's recipes are reprinted in this book. They are: To Melt Butter, To broil steaks, Sauce for boiled ducks or rabbits, Oyster Sauce for a Boiled Turkey, Puff-paste, A rice-pudding baked, To roast a pig, To make mince pies the best way, To make an apple pudding, A Way of making Beer with Essence of Spruce, To make White Caudle, Orange Shrub, A Rec. To make Raisins wine, Recipe to make Bouillon Tablets in the English manner, Mayz [maize], To make Bread with Maize Flour mixed with Wheat Flour.]
These food note are extracted from An Autobiography of Buffalo Bill /Col. W.F. Cody
Chapter I:
"The next evening, looking over toward the west, I saw a truly frontier sight�a line of trappers winding down the hillside with their pack animals. My mother had often told me of the trappers searching the distant mountains for fur-bearing animals and living a life of fascinating adventure. Here they were in reality. While some of the men prepared the skins, others built a fire and began to get a meal. I watched them cook the dried venison, and was filled with wonder at their method of making bread, which was to wrap the dough about a stick and hold it over the coals till it was ready to eat. You can imagine my rapture when one of them�a pleasant-faced youth�looked up, and catching sight of me, invited me to share the meal. Boys are always hungry, but I was especially hungry for such a meal as that."
"We had now been reduced to utter destitution. Our only food was what rabbits and birds I could trap and catch with the help of our faithful old dog Turk, and the sod corn which we grated into flour."
"I remember that on some of our trips we obtained such "luxuries" as dried apples and beans as part of our supplies. We could only have these once every two or three days, and their presence in the mess was always a glad occasion."
"During my stay in and about Fort Laramie I had seen much of the Indian traders, and accompanied them on a number of expeditions. Their business was to sell to the Indians various things they needed, chiefly guns and ammunition, and to take in return the current Indian coin, which consisted of furs. With the supplies bought by the money I had earned on the trip with Simpson, mother and my sisters were fairly comfortable. I felt that I should be able to embark in the fur business on my own account�not as a trader but as a trapper. With my friend Dave Harrington as a companion I set out. Harrington was older than I, and had trapped before in the Rockies. I was sure that with my knowledge of the Plains and his of the ways of the fur-bearing animals, we should form an excellent partnership, as in truth we did. We bought a yoke of oxen, a wagon-sheet, wagon, traps of all sorts, and strychnine with which to poison wolves. Also we laid in a supply of grub�no luxuries, but coffee, flour, bacon and everything that we actually needed to sustain life."
Chapter III
"The Indians had erected a great canopy of tanned buffalo skins on tepee poles. Underneath were robes for seats for the General and his staff, and thither they were led with great ceremony. Near by was a great fire on which, buffalo, antelope, and other animals were roasting. Even coffee and sugar had been provided, and the feast was served with tin plates for the meat and tin cups for the coffee. Another tribute to the customs of the guests was a complete outfit of knives and forks. Napkins, however, appeared to be lacking."
Chapter V
"The scouts who brought this information reported also that they expected the arrival of a bull-train from New Mexico with a large quantity of beer for the soldiers. "Wild Bill" and I determined to "lay" for this beer. That very evening it came along, and the beer destined for the soldiers at Fort Evans never reached them. It went straight down the thirsty throats of General Carr's command. The Mexicans living near Fort Evans had brewed the beer. They were taking it to Fort Evans to sell to the troops. But it found a better market without going so far. It was sold to our boys in pint cups, and, as the weather was very cold, we warmed it by putting the ends of our picket pins, heated red-hot, into the brew before we partook of it. The result was one of the biggest beer jollifications it has ever been my misfortune to attend."
Chapter VII
"I found the lieutenant, and told him I thought we had accomplished all that was possible. The orderly sounded the recall. I have never seen a muddier set of boys than those who came out of the marsh and began rummaging around the Indian camp. We soon discovered two or three hundred pounds of dried meat�buffalo, deer, and antelope, also a little coffee and sugar and an old kettle and tin cups which the Indians had used. All the men by this time had all the water they wanted. Each was chewing a piece of dried meat. Pickets were posted to prevent a surprise. Soon coffee was ready."
Chapter VIII
"Early in the month of September, 1874, word was received at Fort McPherson that General Sheridan and a party of friends were coming to the Post to have a grand hunt in the vicinity. They further proposed to explore the country from Fort McPherson to Fort Hays in Kansas. They arrived in a special car at North Platte, eighteen miles distant, on the morning of September 22. In the party besides General Sheridan were James Gordon Bennett, of The New York Herald, Leonard Lawrence Jerome, Carroll Livingston, Major J.G. Heckscher, General Fitzhugh, General H.E. Davies, Captain M. Edward Rogers, Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby, Samuel Johnson, General Anson Stager, of the Western Union, Charles Wilson, editor of The Chicago Journal, Quartermaster-General Rucker, and Dr. Asch, of General Sheridan's staff.
""It was either an extraordinary shot or a "scratch," probably the latter. The Duke was as much astonished as any of us at the result, but we gave him three rousing cheers, and when the ambulance came up we had a second round of champagne in honor of the prowess of our distinguished fellow hunter. I began to hope that he would keep right on killing buffaloes all the afternoon, for it was apparent that every time he dropped an animal a basket of champagne was to be opened. And in those days on the Plains champagne was not a drink that could be indulged in very often. I took care of the hides and heads of the buffaloes the Grand Duke had shot, as he wanted them all preserved as souvenirs of his hunt, which he was now enjoying immensely. I also cut the choice meat from the cow that he had killed and brought it into camp. At supper he had the pleasure of dining on buffalo meat which he himself had provided.......We pitched our camp for the night in a charming spot on the bank of Beaver Creek. The game was so abundant that we remained there the next day. This stopping-place was called Camp Cody, in honor of the reader's humble servant. The next day was spent in hunting jack-rabbits, coyotes, elk, antelope, and wild turkeys. That we had a splendid dinner may be seen from the following:
BILL OF FARE
Salmi of Prairie Dog; Stewed Rabbit; Filet of Buffalo aux Champignons
Vegetables
Sweet Potatoes, Mashed Potatoes, Green Peas
Dessert
Wines
Champagne Frapp�, Champagne au Naturel, Claret, Whisky, Brandy, Ale
Coffee I considered this a fairly good meal for a hunting party. Everybody did justice to it."
[NOTE: Buffalo Bill Cody hosted this grand hunting dinner January 14, 1872 in honor of the 21st birthday of the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia.]
Chapter IX
"The officers had large wall-tents, with portable beds to stow inside them, and there were large hospital tents to be used as dining-rooms. Terry's camp looked very comfortable and homelike. It presented a sharp contrast to the camp of Crook, who had for his headquarters only one small fly-tent, and whose cooking utensils consisted of a quart cup in which he brewed his own coffee, and a sharp stick on which he broiled his bacon. ...At daylight I unsaddled my mount and made a hearty breakfast of bacon and hardtack."
Although we have many primary/secondary accounts of Davy Crockett's legendary abilities to procure food, we find nothing specifically mentioning what he liked to eat. Biographers rarely include food notes unless their subject is famous for liking a specific food (or cooking). Generally, the foods people like most are ones connected to happy childhood memories. Our survey of sources about Davy Crockett confirms he was hard-working man with simple tastes. One of the key recurring culinary themes in Crockett's life (secondary to game) is corn. This versatile pioneer staple was popular in Tennessee. It was also critical in the last days of the Alamo. Historic notes & sample recipes below:
Childhood favorites
Davy Crockett grew up in Tennessee. The foods he ate were likely simple, filling and, and seasonal. We know that freshly killed meat of all sorts (squirrel, opossum, deer, turkey, etc.) were highly prized:
"Wild game has provided a savory and gamey continuity to the Appalachian diet from the days of the earielst pioneers...for a long time after the arrival of the first settlers, game was not ony the main meal of the colonists, it was often the main food...Davy Crockett was one of the aggresive hunters, going to great effort to pull a squirrel he had just shot from a hole in a tree. He would tell of the episode only to show to what lengths a hungry man will go to get something to eat.' Squirrels, rabbits and deer, wild turkeys, doves, quail and passenger pigeons, plus buffalo and black bear in the beginning--proved to be a godsend to people settling the mountain country. Even after homegrown pork and poultry became readily available, wild game warmed the hearts and stomachs in many a mountain cabin, taking an honored place in their bubbling black pots...From their cabin doors the newcomers had only to walk out into the woods with their long rifles and bring some game home for dinner--a bear...or a turkey, as squirrel, or rabbit, maybe even a deer. Rivers and creeks abounded in fish although they were no where as popular and easy a target as game."
---Smokehouse Ham, Spoon Bread, & Scuppernong Wine: Southern Applachian Cooking, Joseph E. Dabney [Cumberland House:Nashville TN] 1998(p. 220-221)
"Corn dodgers were popular in the Appalachians and throughout the South in the eighteenth century. Many people made corn dodgers by forming the cormeal batter into balls and dropping them into hot grease to make a type of dumpling. Modern-day versions call for the addition of a quarter cup of chopped onions with each cup of meal and three-quarter cup of hot water. This virtually turns the dodger into a modern day 'hushpuppy.'"
---ibid (p. 106)
One of the best primary sources for 19th century southern-Appalachian cooking (Tennessee, Kentucky, Western Virginia) is The Kentucky Housewife, Lettice Bryan, first published in 1839. Although the book was published after Mr. Crockett's death, the recipes would have been known during his childhood. This book is not online, but can be obtained from your local library. The recipes are original, not modernized. Several of the recipes in this book are for "Indian" (aka corn) bread products. Kentucky Corn Dodgers , c. 1850:
---Eating in America: A History, Waverly Root & Richard de Rochemont [William Morrow:New York] 1976 (p. 174-175)
"Life would have been intolerable many times for early settlers had it not been for a basic food product, the corn. The pioneer cooks used this vegetable in countless ways and cooked it by many different methods, but one of the most satisfying and most oftne used ways was the bread, especially the simple and easy breads, such as the Ash Cake, the Hoe Cake, and the Corn Dodger. These three cakes are a great deal alike in that they are made of a corn meal batter which is salted and made wet with cold or hot water. The Ash Cake batter is cooked on either a hot hearth with hot ashes spread over the top, or out in the open spread between hot ashes. When the cake is brwon the ashes are brushed off. Some of the ashes will penetrate the batter, but this only serves to enhance the flavor--or so the early settlers thought. The Hoe Cake is the same batter cooked on a helvless (handleless) hoe. The batter is spread on the inside of the hoe and then propped up against the open blaze or placed directly in the hot ashes until brown. Corn Dodger is the same batter made into small or large cakes, patted into round or oblongs with the hands and baked inside an oven on flat tins of some type. As the settlers were able to get a variety of food supplies they added bacon fat and eggs to the corn dodger. And finally they added sod or baking powder or both, making a light and tasty bread."
---The Saga of Texas Cookery, Sarah Morgan [Texian Press:Waco] 1981 (p. 32)
Soldier rations
Davy Crockett describes the types of food he and his fellow soldiers typically ate. NOTE: food was scarce. Almost everything tastes good to a starving person. Corn is highly prized:
"CHAPTER VIII. When we made a move from the point where we met the companies, we set out for Chatahachy, the place for which we had started when we left Fort Montgomery. At the start we had taken only twenty days' rations of flour, and eight days' rations of beef ; and it was now thirty-four days before we reached that place. We were, therefore, in extreme suffering for want of something to eat, and exhausted with our exposure and the fatigues of our journey. I remember well, that I had not myself tasted bread but twice in nineteen days. I had bought a pretty good supply of coffee from the boat that had reached us from Pensacola, on the Scamby, and on that we chiefly subsisted. At length, one night our spies came in, and informed us they had found Holm's village on the Chatahachy river ; and we made an immediate push for that place. We traveled all night, expecting to get something to eat when we got there. We arrived about sunrise, and near the place prepared for battle. We were all so furious, that even the certainty of a pretty hard fight could not have restrained us. We made a furious charge on the town, but to our great mortification and surprise, there wasn't a human being in it . The Indians had all run off and left it. We burned the town, however ; but, melancholy to tell, we found no provision whatever. We then turned about, and went back to the camp we had left the night before, as nearly starved as any set of poor fellows ever were in the world...Some of our friendly Indians, who knew the country, went on ahead of us, as we had no trail except the one they made to follow. With them we sent some of our ablest horses and men, to get us some provisions, to prevent us from absolutely starving to death. As the army marched, I hunted every day, and would kill every hawk, bird, and squirrel that I could find. Others did the same ; and it was a rule with us, that when we stop'd at night, the hunters would throw all they killed in a pile, and then we would make a general division among all the men. One evening I came in, having killed nothing that day. I had a very sick man in my mess, and I wanted something for him to eat, even if I starved myself. So I went to the fire of a Captain Cowen, who commanded my company after the promotion of Major Russell, and informed him that I was on the hunt of something for a sick man to eat. I knowed the captain was as bad off as the rest of us, but I found him broiling a turkey's gizzard. He said he had divided the turkey out among the sick, that Major Smiley had killed it, and that nothing else had been killed that day. I immediately went to Smiley's fire, where I found him broiling another gizzard. I told him, that it was the first turkey I had ever seen have two gizzards. But so it was, I got nothing for my sick man. And now seeing that every fellow must shift for himself, I determined that in the morning, I would come up missing ; so I took my mess and cut out to go ahead of the army. We know'd that nothing more could happen to us if we went than if we staid, for it looked like it was to be starvation any way ; we therefore determined to go on the old saying, root hog or die...We came to a large prairie, that was about six miles across it, and in this I saw a trail which I knowed was made by bear, deer, and turkeys. We went on through it till we came to a large creek, and the low grounds were all set over with wild rye, looking as green as a wheat field. We here made a halt, unsaddled our horses, and turned them loose to graze. One of my companions, a Mr. Vanzant, and myself, then went up the low grounds to hunt. We had gone some distance, finding nothing ; when at last, I found a squirrel ; which I shot, but he got into a hole in the tree. The game was small, but necessity is not very particular ; so I thought I must have him, and I climbed that tree thirty feet high, without a limb, and pulled him out of his hole. I shouldn't relate such small matters, only to show what lengths a hungry man will go to, to get something to eat. I soon killed two other squirrels, and fired at a large hawk. At this a large gang of turkeys rose from the cane brake, and flew across the creek to where my friend was, who had just before crossed it. He soon fired on a large gobler, and I heard it fall. By this time my gun was loaded again, and I saw -one sitting on my side of the creek, which had flew over when he fired ; so I blazed away, and down I brought him. I gathered him up, and a fine turkey he was. I now began to think we had struck a breeze of luck, and almost forgot our past sufferings, in the prospect of once more having something to eat. I raised the shout, and my comrade came to me, and we went on to our camp with the game we had killed. While we were gone, two of our mess had been out, and each of them had found a bee tree. We turned into cooking some of our game, but we had neither salt nor bread. Just at this moment, on looking down the creek, we saw our men, who had gone on before us for provisions, coming to us. They came up, and measured out to each man a cupfull of flower. With this, we thickened our soup, when our turkey was cooked, and our friends took dinner with us, and then went on. We now took our tomahawks, and went and cut our bee-trees, out of which we got a fine chance of honey ; though we had been starving so long that we feared to eat much at a time, till, like the Irish by hanging, we got used to it again. We rested that night without moving our camp ; and the next morning myself and Vanzant again turned out to hunt. We had not gone far, before I wounded a fine buck very badly ; and while pursuing him, I was walking on a large tree that had fallen down, when from the top of it, a large bear broke out and ran off. I had no dogs, and I was sorry enough for it; for of all the hunting I ever did, I have always delighted most in bear hunting. Soon after this, I killed a large buck ; and we had just gotten him to camp, when our poor starved army came up. They told us, that to lessen their sufferings as much as possible, Captain William Russell had had his horse led up to be shot for them to eat, just at the moment that they saw our men returning, who had carried on the flour.We were now about fourteen miles from Fort Decatur, and we gave away all our meat, and honey, and went on with the rest of the army. When we got there, they could give us only one ration of meat, but not a mouthful of bread. I immediately got a canoe, and taking my gun, crossed over the river, and went to the Big Warrior's town. I had a large hat, and I offered an Indian a silver dollar for. my hat full of corn. He told me that his corn was all " shuestea," which in English means, it was all gone. But he showed me where an Indian lived, who, he said, had corn. I went to him, and made the same offer. He could talk a little broken English, and said to me, " You got any powder ? You got bullet ?" I told him I had. He then said, " Me swap my corn, for powder and bullet." I took out about ten bullets, and showed him ; and he proposed to give me a hat full of corn for them. I took him up, mighty quick. I then offered to give him ten charges of powder for another hat full of corn. To this he agreed very willingly. So I took off my hunting- shirt, and tied up my corn ; and though it had cost me very little of my powder and lead, yet I wouldn't have taken fifty silver dollars for it. I returned to the camp, and the next morning we started for the Hickory Ground, which was thirty miles off. It was here that General Jackson met the Indians, and made peace with the body of the nation. We got nothing to eat at this place, and we had yet to go forty-nine miles, over a rough and wilderness country, to Fort Williams. Parched corn, and but little even of that, was our daily subsist ence. When we reached Fort Williams, we got one ration of pork and one of flour, which was our only hope until we could reach Fort Strother."
Elizabeth Blackwell shared her life's story in her own words. Diaries and autobiographical sketches are used to compile biographies. They are also on the Internet for us to examine. Elizabeth's memoirs offer some food references; most of them vague (no recipes with titles such as Charlotte Russe). She does not mention any particular favorite food. Indeed, her early commitment to self-independence would have precluded spending time in the kitchen making learning how to cook. In her time, women were only expected to keep the home, make food and have children. Elizabeth was more engaged by a toy telescope than a soup pot. Still, we can make some educated guesses. Elizabeth was born into a prosperous middle class home in Bristol, England 1821. In 1832 her family relocated to New York City, and on to Cincinnati in 1838. Her father was in the sugar refining business. This business did not always make money and he had plenty of opportunities to begin again. Economic status (read: the amount/type of food able to be purchased) varied a great deal. Elizabeth recounts a childhood experiencing both happy social dinner parties and abject poverty. Her most recounted party memory was being punished and sent upstairs. She does not tell us what the grown ups were eating or if she particularly missed any of those items. The only passage from her passage where Elizabeth takes time to note what she ate described one of the poorer times. It is reprinted in most biographies and noted for playing a pivotal role in Elizabeth's self-promise to become economically independent in her own right.
"Poverty was another family problem which had its effect on Elizabeth. 'We are become so poor that has put us upon an economical plan, we had no meat for dinner yesterday, today we had a stew composed of potatoes with a few bones which had been carefully preserved, and one penny leek." (Source: Elizabeth Blackwell's diary, March 2, 1838)
---Elizabeth Blackwell, M.DF. (1821-1910), Nancy Ann Sali [Arno Press:New York] 1982 (p. 19)
When Elizabeth went to boarding school she was provided regular meals. Below please find Elizabeth's own words describing these meals. Shared with a scientist's objective view, Elizabeth does not mention which of these items (if any) she preferred. Neither does she say how the food was cooked or if she didn't like it. "At twelve the bell sounds for the first meal, only milk being given at seven o'clock. We enter a large hall, full of round tables, each holding twelve ; to each are furnished a couple of white plates, a tumbler and small bottle of wine, a loaf of bread, a spoon and fork. The meal consists of soup, boiled meat, and vegetables ; it is eaten in haste to the music of Madame Blockel's voice, which keeps up a storm the whole time. She is a somewhat important personage, superintending our meals and our (lortoirs ; she is a little red-faced, squint-eyed being, with tremendous projecting teeth, and dressed always in rusty black with a black cap. She is good-natured, liked by the girls, but has a tremendous vocal organ, which is always sounding forth at its highest pitch...When the meal is over we present a funny sight, each carrying off her loaf, napkin, knife, and various bottles and remnants of dinner...At six a second meal is served, consisting of roast meat and some little kind of cake, and another bottle of wine ; afterwards we are free to do as we choose."
---"In the Maternite," Pioneer Work in the Opening of the Medical Profession to Women, Autobiographical Sketches, Elizabeth Blackwell (p. 137-138)
---The Parisian World of Frederic Chopin, William G, Atwood [Yale University Press:New Haven CT] 1999 (p. 18)
"In this part of the eleventh arrondissment lived many of Paris' authors and critics...Although Cafe Risbeck in the place of l'Odeon was a rendezvous for many of these literati, the Cafe Pinson, on the rue de l'Ancienne Comedie, attracted others like Honore Balzac and George Sand. Close by, the Cafe fe la Rotonde was favorite haunt for young bohemians like Charles Baudelaire..."
---ibid (p. 37) "Dejeuner or lunch followed, at a fashionable boulevard restaurant like Tortoni's...where an elegant simplicity a l'anglaise was the custom. Tablecloths were shunned, as was anything typically French like wine, champagne, truffles, or pates. Instead fresh eggs and vegetables, greens, rice, berries, and soda water were served...In the evening, the dandy ridicule frequently changed his white cravat for a black silk one and doused himself in English toilet water. Gallic at heart, he could not resist the pleasures of French cuisine for his main meal of the day. If he were eating out he probably had no choice; even English hostesses usually had French cooks, as did the so-called Cafe Anglaise. Although Paris had a number of 'English eating houses,' they were not sufficiently chic to attract the dandy."
---ibid (p. 142-143)
Our survey of biographies and historic newspaper articles reveals Houdini enjoyed entertaining his friends with lavish dinners. Bess, his wife, was an admirable cook who prepared the dinners (usually with a maid) served at home. While on tour, Houdini entertained in fancy hotels and fine restaurants. While we did not find any specific menus, we did find these notes:
"Bess [Houdini's wife] liked to cook. He appreciated the "fruit-served Breakfast" she readied for his early rising before going to sleep herself, the bar mitzva spread she prepared for Bill's son, to feed sixty guests. His idea of comfort, he said, was to be sitting in an armchair in his library, "hearing Mrs. Houdini call up 'Young man your lunch is ready.'"
---Houdini: The Career of Ehrich Weiss, Kenneth Silverman [Harper Collins:New York] 1996 (p. 218)
"...Houdini and Bess celebrated their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary at the Hotel Alexandria in Los Angeles. They always made something playful and festive of their anniversaries, often returning to Coney Island to have their picture taken at some boardwalk studio with jokey honeymoon-cottage props. But for this silver anniversary Houdini to up one of his extravaganzas of hospitality. He invited two hundred guests to gather in the hotel's main dining room at one long table for a ten-course banquet, opening with Crab Supreme and gorging its way through Breast of Chicken "Virginienne" to Strawberry Parfait, champagne..."
---ibid (p. 242)
"Aunt Bess said to me, "I told Houdini...that he was going to get a special dinner tonight. All his favorites--Hungarian chicken, spatzels, and custard bread pudding with bing cherries."
---ibid (p. 424)
Sample 1920s menus from the Alexandria Hotel in LA (where Houdini celebrated his wedding anniversary, mentioned above) 1 & 2
---"Germ Free: Hughes' Diet Staples were Steak, Fudge," Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1976 (p. A2)
"Obsessed by the most trivial details, Howard kept strict control of his food and that of his wife. This preoccupation with his food and its preparation had begun decades earlier when, as a child, he sat in his mother's kitchen and watched her scrub and scald and scour not jut the pots and pans, but the meat and vegetables as well. So the adult Howard feared that hordes of germs could attack him through ill-prepared nutrients. If Hughes had been a Renaissance prince instead of a modern-day tycoon, he would have undoubtedly procured a taster. Instead, he spent weeks devising ways to insure that his meals were sanitary and cooked to exact specifications...Howard's obsessive-compulsive disorder produced full-blown food fetishes. Suddenly, he was fixated on the minutes it took to open a can in a sterile manner, the exact thickness of roast beef, the shapes of stew vegetables, the precise number of chocolate chips in a batch of the 'germ-free' cookies, and the conditions of the vats that Kellogg's used to prepare his favorite breakfast cereal...When he ordered his special beef stew, the vegetables had to be pared into perfect half-inch squares, with 'each and every corner cut off at a precise forty-five-degree angle.' He kept a slide ruler on his TV table to measure any suspiciously inexact pea or carrot. A plate of his chocolate chip cookies had to have a precise number of chips per dozen. And Hughes could gauge the amount just by balancing the cookies in one hand. Too few or too may chips and the cookies were rushed back to the crestfallen chef. He even devised an exact way of folding the chips into the batter 'so that they would not be bruised.'...There were distinct rules for preparation and delivery of room service orders, which were prepared by Howard's staff of chefs, not the [Beverly Hills] Hotel staff."
---Howard Hughes: The Untold Story, Peter Harry Brown and Pat H. Broeske [Dutton, Penguin:New York] 1996 (p. 311-313)
"Gary G. Reich, who worked as a chef for Howard Hughes, President Lyndon B. Johnson and Walt Disney's theme parks, has died at the age of 62...Reich...worked as Hughes' personal chef for nine years...While working at the Beverly Hills Hotel, Reich once fixed scrambled eggs and bacon for Britain's Princess Margaret. She was so impressed that she recommended him to the White House, where he was chef to Johnson but quit only after a few months. He described Johnson's tastes as unadventurous, although he was a 'great steak eater.' He became chef at Disneyland in California in 1969 and moved to Orlando in 1970 for the opening of Walt Disney World the following year. Reich was born in Debrecen, Hungary, and said he began cooking at the age of 9. Asked once if he had a specialty, Reich said, 'Whatever I am preparing at the time.'"
---"Gary Reich; Chef for L.B.J., Howard, Hughes, Disneyland," Los Angeles Times, April 26, 1984 (p. G15)
---SOURCE: "John Muir's menu: western explorer's spare meals," J. Parker Huber, Sierra, November/December 1994 (P. 66+)
John Muir's writings confirm tea was his beverage of choice. The stronger the better. While he doesn't specify an exact variety, he does make several reference to "black" tea. Grocery ads published in period California newspapers confirm black and Black Breakfast tea were both available. Japanese and English teas appear to predominate the market. Mr. Muir was apparently not a fan of herbal or native beverages. He liked his imports.
What kind of tea was avialable in mid-19th century California?
"Tea: green or black, 20 cents/pound"---Mountain Democrat [Placerville CA], October 23, 1869 (p. 2)
"Geo.T. Hanly & Co. 922 Market Street, San Francisco, Are selling teas and a general line of Groceries at very low prices, viz: 4 1/2 lbs good Japan Tea, box, $1.75, 1 lb good Japan Tea, .50, 1 lb choice Japan Tea, .50, 1 lb best English Breakfast, $1.00, 1 lb choice English Breakfast, .75, 1 lb good Black Breakfast, .40"..."1 1/2 lbs best Oolong Tea, $1.00, ---Oakland Tribune [CA], December 20, 1875 (p. 2)
John Muir on tea:
"I chose a camping-ground on the brink of one of the lakes where a thicket of Hemlock Spruce sheltered me from the night wind. Then, after making a tin-cupful of tea, I sat by my camp-fire reflecting on the grandeur and significance of the glacial records I had seen. As the night advanced the mighty rock walls of my mountain mansion seemed to come nearer, while the starry sky in glorious brightness stretched across like a ceiling from wall to wall, and fitted closely down into all the spiky irregularities of the summits. Then, after a long fireside rest and a glance at my note-book, I cut a few leafy branches for a bed, and fell into the clear, death-like sleep of the tired mountaineer." "Early one bright morning in the middle of Indian summer, while the glacier meadows were still crisp with frost crystals, I set out from the foot of Mount Lyell, on my way down to Yosemite Valley, to replenish my exhausted store of bread and tea. I had spent the past summer, as many preceding ones, exploring the glaciers that lie on the head waters of the San Joaquin, Tuolumne, Merced, and Owen's rivers; measuring and studying their movements, trends, crevasses, moraines, etc., and the part they had played during the period of their greater extension in the creation and development of the landscapes of this alpine wonderland. The time for this kind of work was nearly over for the year, and I began to look forward with delight to the approaching winter with its wondrous storms, when I would be warmly snow-bound in my Yosemite cabin with plenty of bread and books; but a tinge of regret came on when I considered that possibly I might not see this favorite region again until the next summer, excepting distant views from the heights about the Yosemite walls." "After dark, when our tea was made and a rousing fire had been built, we began to make our plans. They decided to remain several days, at the least, while I concluded to make an excursion in the mean time to the untouched summit of Ritter." "Icy Ritter was still miles away, but I could proceed no farther that night. I found a good campground on the rim of a glacier basin about 11,000 feet above the sea. A small lake nestles in the bottom of it, from which I got water for my tea, and a storm-beaten thicket near by furnished abundance of resiny fire-wood." "The dawn in the dry, wavering air of the desert was glorious. Everything encouraged my undertaking and betokened success. There was no cloud in the sky, no storm-tone in the wind. Breakfast of bread and tea was soon made. I fastened a hard, durable crust to my belt by way of provision, in case I should be compelled to pass a night on the mountain-top; then, securing the remainder of my little stock against wolves and wood-rats, I set forth free and hopeful." "After lying loose and lost for awhile, I made a sunrise fire, went down to the lake, dashed water on my head, and dipped a cupful for tea. The revival brought about by bread and tea was as complete as the exhaustion from excessive enjoyment and toil."
SOURCE: Mountains of California , John Muir
"We have been out of bread a few days, and begin to miss it more than seems reason[Pg 74]able for we have plenty of meat and sugar and tea. Strange we should feel food-poor in so rich a wilderness. The Indians put us to shame, so do the squirrels,�starchy roots and seeds and bark in abundance, yet the failure of the meal sack disturbs our bodily balance, and threatens our best enjoyments."
"Mr. Delaney is expected to arrive soon from the lowlands with a new stock of provisions, and as the flock is to be moved to fresh pastures we shall all be well fed. In the mean time our stock of beans as well as flour has failed�everything but mutton, sugar, and tea. The shepherd is somewhat demoralized, and seems to care but little what becomes of his flock. He says that since the boss has failed to feed him he is not rightly bound to feed the sheep, and swears that no decent white man can climb these steep mountains on mutton alone. "It's not fittin' grub for a white man really white. For dogs and coyotes and Indians it's different. Good grub, good sheep. That's what I say." Such was Billy's Fourth of July oration."
"Mr. Delaney has not arrived, and the bread famine is sore. We must eat mutton a while longer, though it seems hard to get accustomed to it. I have heard of Texas pioneers living without bread or anything made from the cereals for months without suffering, using the breast-meat of wild turkeys for bread. Of this kind they had plenty in the good old days when life, though considered less safe, was fussed over the less. The trappers and fur traders of early days in the Rocky Mountain regions lived on bison and beaver meat for months. Salmon-eaters, too, there are among both Indians and whites who seem to suffer little or not at all from the want of bread. Just at this moment mutton seems the least desirable of food, though of good quality. We pick out the leanest bits, and down they go against heavy disgust, causing nausea and an effort to reject the offensive stuff. Tea makes matters[Pg 77] worse, if possible. The stomach begins to assert itself as an independent creature with a will of its own. We should boil lupine leaves, clover, starchy petioles, and saxifrage rootstocks like the Indians."
"Drank tea until half intoxicated. Man seems to crave a stimulant when anything extraordinary is going on, and this is the only one I use."
'Coffee, too, has its marvels in the camp kitchen, but not so many, and not so inscrutable as those that beset the bean-pot. A low, complacent grunt follows a mouthful drawn in with a gurgle, and the remark cast forth aimlessly, "That's good coffee." Then another gurgling sip and repetition of the judgment, "Yes, sir, that is good coffee." As to tea, there are but two kinds, weak and strong, the stronger the better. The only remark heard is, "That tea's weak," otherwise it is good enough and not worth mentioning. If it has been boiled an hour or two or smoked on a pitchy fire, no matter,�who cares for a little tannin or creosote? they make the black beverage all the stronger and more attractive to tobacco-tanned palates."
The best sources for what John James Audubon liked to eat are his journals. He often mentioned food in his notes. We learn from these his wife was an excellent cook and competent (also educated, socially adept) gardener. Mr. Audubons tastes adapted to his situations. In prosperous times he ate well; in lean times he made do. This was par for the course for the sturdy stock who settled Kentucky in those days.
The best source for actual period/place recipes is The Kentucky Housewife, Lettice Bryan, originally published in 1839. This book has been reprinted recently and i s readily available (sorry...not finding any copies online). Your local public librarian can help you obtain both journals and cookbook. The notes below are excerpted from various biographical sources.
"John James Audubon, (1785-1851), born in Haiti, raised in France, came to America at the age of 18 to operate a farm near Philadelphia that his father had purchased for investment...After marrying Lucy Bakewell...the Audubons moved to Louisville and then to Henderson, Kentucky. As a result of the depression of 1819, the lost everything, and Audubon turned to his art as a way of making a living...Audubon wrote much about food; in a great many of his descriptions of individual birds, he would advise the reader as to the food quality of the various species, from sparrows to eagles. In his ear, this was a valuable bit of information, when the local markets displayed the morning harvest of every form of wildlife for the buyer's lunch or dinner...in his little autobiography Myself, he informs the reader that while he lived on his father's farm in Pennsylvania, he had a finicky appetite, and refused many dinner invitations: 'Pies, puddings, eggs, milk, or cream was all I cared for in the way of food.' His journals reveal much more about his eating habits later in life, when he was anything but finicky. One time, all he had for food was a supply of apples and bread, another he had cold racoon for breakfast. We learned that in 1843, while in Montana, he preferred bison over beef, and learned that dog was 'most excellent.'..The nearest entry in Audubon's writing to a recipe, is his descriptions fo the American Woodcock.."
---The Artist's Palate: Cooking with the World's Great Artists, Frank Fedele [DK Publishing:New York] 2003 (p. 151-152)
"There was a saying, popular on the frontier, about the kind of people who moved west: 'The cowards never started and the weak died by the way.' The brave and the strong survived, the Audubons among them. In a letter to Euphemia Gifford Lucy [Audubon] mentioned some of the trip's discomforts...Beer, bread, and hams were bought at Pittsburgh, but poultry, eggs, and milk can always be bought from the farm houses on the bank..."
--- Audubon: Life and Art in the American Wilderness, Shirley Streshinsky [Villard:New York] 1993 (p. 60)
"The young [Audubon] couple's other diversions included Kentucky-type wedding celebrations, called 'the infare,' at which the table would be spread (according to one celebrant) 'with bear-meat, venison, wild turkey and ducks, eggs wild and tame, maple sugar lumps tide on string to bite off for coffee or whisky, syrup in big gourds, peach-and-honey; a sheep that two families barbequed whole over coals of wood burned in a pit, and covered with green boughs to keep the juices in; and a race for the whisky bottle.' There was always a race for the whisky; drinking was epidemic. Audubon had been abstinent until his wedding day, when he toasted his bride; in Kentucky he learned to lift the jug with the boys."
---ibid (p. 61-62)
"Kentucky had turned John Audubon into an accomplished woodsman. He had long since give up the foppish clothes of his early days in the country; he now wore a leather hunting shirt and trousers. He walked in moccasins and carried a ball pouch, a buffalo horn filled with gunpowder a butcher knife, and a tomahawk on his belt. His job was to keep the table supplied with fish and game...The partners [Rozier & Pope] had brought along a supply of flour and of 'bacon ham,' and all of them--especially Lucy...worked to establish a garden."
---ibid (p. 64-64)
"In these early days, Audubon often stayed in Indian camps or went hunting with braves; he believed Indians to be a heroic people, and he admired their simplicity and modesty...In the six weeks...spent in the winter camp, Audubon hunted wolves and studies the habits of wild deer, bears, cougars, racoons, turkeys, and other animals...After a few weeks, their bread gave out; they substituted turkey breast and used bear grease for butter until their stomachs revolted...Audubon set out to find some Indian meal..."
---ibid (p. 67)
"Lucy and John Audubon took no stand against the institution of slavery; in 1814 they bought nine blacks for $10,550. Lucy directed them in cleaning and cooking and working in her large garden...John had slaves do the heavy manual labor of the household and store: They dug a pond by the house so he could keep the turtles for the soup he fancied, and they built cages for the animals he brought in from the woods...Both Audubon and his friend Nicholas Berthoud from Shippingport were fond of fishing with a long trotline...The best part of fishing with the trotline...was letting it do the waiting...He liked to tell about the time when Nicholas Berthould--'a better fisher than whom I never knew'--once pulled up from a trotline 'a remarkably fine catfish...Lucy tended the large garden and ran the busy household with her usual efficiency..."
--- ibid (p. 82-83)
"The loss of his store left Audubon no choice to sell out entirely. He sold his prize Canada geese, sixty prairie chickens, and livestock."
---John James Audubon, Alice Ford [University of Oklahoma Press:Norman] 1964 (p. 105-106)
"Of the thousands of words from Audubon's glib pen, perhaps no passage is more affecting than his description of his departure from White House: '.one morning while all of us were sadly desponding, I took you both, Victor and John, from Shippingport to Louisville. I had purchased a loaf of bread and some apples; before we reached Louisville you were all hungry, and by the riverside we sat down and ate our scanty meal.'"
---ibid (p. 108-109)
"On a hunting expedition [Audubon] had shot and killed a female bird which he brought home to be cooked."
---John James Audubon, Alexander B. Adams [G.P. Putnam's Sons:New York] 1966 (p. 178)
---The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism, Colin Spencer [University of New England Press:Hanover NH] 1995 (p. 190-3)
Platina's De Honesta Voluptate is readily available. We recommend the critical editon and translation by Mary Ella Milham [Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies:Tempe AZ] 1998. Original Latin recipes are translated into English; scholarly notes are copious. Another recently translated period book of note is The Art of Cooking, Martino [1520], edited and introduced by Luigi Ballerini; translated and annotated by Jeremy Parzen. Your local public librarian will be happy to help you obtain copies.
Mahatma Gandhi did not think of food in the terms of "favorite." His philosophy toward diet and nutrition is well documented. In sum:
"Now let us consider how often and how much should one eat. Food should be taken as a matter of duty-even as a medicine-to sustain the body, never for the satisfaction of the palate. Thus, pleasurable feeling comes from satisfaction of real hunger." Diet & Diet Program /Mahatama Gandhi
[NOTE: This site contains extensive details regarding Mr. Gandhi's views on food. We encourage you to read the entire page.
Key to Health /Mahatma Gandhi (contains chapter on food) [1948]
Mata Hari
"[Mata Hari] was leading a fairly typical life for a single woman staying in a luxury French hotel of the day [1917], and since she was to spend half a year doing this, a brief description of such and existence is perhaps in order. The daily routine was determined by the timing of the two meals, dejeuner (literally 'breaking fast') and diner. The first meal was at 10:00 A.M., and a hotel servant would walk along the corridors at nine-thirty swinging a bell to warn guests in time for them to don the right attire for meals in public or to rise if they were still in bed. Diner was usually at 5:00 P.M., similarly preceded by a warning bell, a practice that would be continued for a few generations more on ships and trains. In Paris, the demands of the sophisticated had pushed back the hour of dinner to five-thirty or six or even later, thus necessitating a new way for hotels to earn money-introducing the British habit of 'high tea' in the afternoon. Guests who arrived after the early closing of the dining room in the evening could get a dish or cold charcuterie-known, aft the British demand for it, as an assiette anglassie-in their rooms. Restaurants, except for the working-class establishments, were more flexible; you could still get a dinner until about 8:00 P.M. However, quality restaurants, and many others, would not serve an unescorted woman, and those that did could draw the same conclusions as their customers about the reason for her presence. For more modest visitors to Paris, pensions de famille were more popular than garnis-small hotels that supplied no meals. That a woman traveling alone like Mata Hari could only go to a restaurant if someone invited her helps explain her.willingness to indulge in a broad spectrum of escorts. Eating a la carte-ordering from a menu with a choice of dishes-was gradually becoming popular in luxury hotels and was probably an available facility at the Grand; but most people were served a fixed meal, know as table d'hote ('guest's table') from the long table at which all guests still ate together in most hostelries in Paris and in virtually all of them in the provinces. In a hotel like the Grand.the guest's table would certainly have been replaced by the new fashion of smaller, separate tables. This luxury was demanded by the heavy spenders of the day, the British travelers, who objected to sitting down with a whole host of strangers babbling in French.Table d'hote meals, which were probably what Mata Hari ordered when eating in the hotel, were not as dreary as they sound: they ran to as many as twelve course: soup, hors d'oeuvres, a fish dish, a vegetable dish, a plat de resistance made with serious meat, another vegetable dish, cheese, dessert and fruit, plus a carafe of wine and coffee. It was the numerous British visitors to France who had brought about nearly all the modernizations in the French hotel system. The British, like the Japanese, were used to eating a meal before getting dressed in the morning, and the French had to find a way of satisfying this barbaric habit. While they could not be expected to supply bacon, eggs and mushrooms, porridge and grapefruit, they could at least cook up some eggs and coffee. The French themselves began to drink coffee in the mornings and chew on some of yesterday's bread, grilled to relieve its staleness, thus inventing toast. This became the petit dejeuner."
---Mata Hari: The True Story, Russell Warren Howe [Dodd, Meade & Company:New York] 1986 (p. 75-76)
Paul Revere's biographers confirm he was a well-to-do, gregarious man who enjoyed the finer things in life. During war-time food shortages, his family was well provisioned. Colonial era Boston foods are well documented. There was an abundance of fish, meat, vegetables and fruits. Imported foods (pineapples, oranges, rum, molasses, tea, coffee) were readily available to those who had money. Our research indicates Paul Revere liked to eat the best foods available, in generous quantities, with good friends:
�[Paul Revere�s] mother�s kitchen�good smells of herbs drying, as suet pudding bubbling on the hearth, ducks roasting, and the less alluring aroma of milk souring into cheese�chickens, and a pigs in the back yard would be part of his world��
---Paul Revere & The World He Lived In, Esther Forbes [Houghton Mifflin Company:Boston] 1942 (p. 21)
�Paul Revere had early been looked upon as a leader of that powerful group that formerly had called themselves �artisans.��By 1794, they first decided to form the organization which in time became the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association�The association became very prosperous�and of tremendous influence in Boston�The meetings were quite convivial. Not only were all the extraordinary new steps in manufacture discussed, but dinners were eaten, toasts drunk, and songs sung�One of the menus for dinner is so startling and so excessively �mechanical,� one wonders if this method of determining courses was often practices. Starting with soup, they went on to ��Boiled�Turkeys (with oyster sauce), Fowls, and Legs Pork�Beef alamode.� Second course��Roasted�Beef, Turkeys, Chickens, Pigs, Ducks, Geese &c..� Third course��Baked�Chicken pies with Oysters in them�Beefsteak pies�Plum puddings, Pies, Tarts, &c.� �Roots, vegetables and celery, &c.��
---Paul Revere & The World He Lived In, Esther Forbes [Houghton Mifflin Company:Boston] 1942 (p. 395-398)
�Probably [Revere] took them to the upper chamber of one of the famous inns close by in King Street�There would be a blazing fire upon the hearth (for it was January), the flicker of candlelight, and the come-and-go of the smart inn servants with their mugs of hot flip, crackling roast geese, rosy hams, apples baked to bursting, quivering jellies, towering puddings with flags on top�When the last cloth was drawn, a bowl of fragrant punch, smelling so sweetly of cinnamon and clove, rum , Madeira, lemons and oranges, would be set before them to help the gentlemen through the evening�� ---Paul Revere & The World He Lived In, Esther Forbes [Houghton Mifflin Company:Boston] 1942 (p. 413-414)
[NOTES: (1) This meal was hosted by Revere for close friends. Presumably he chose this inn because he liked the food & drink. (2) �Flip� was a mixed drink of beer and spirits heated with a hot iron.]
Hot Dogs On The Rocks
(serves five Stones)
10 frankfurters
5 potatoes, or enough instant mashed potatoes to serve five
Preparee instant potatoes, or boil and mash the potatoes. (Use milk and butter, making regular, every-day mashed potatoes.) Cook the frankfurters according to the package directions and heat the baked beans. On each plate, serve a mound of creamy mashed potatoes ringed by heated canned baked beans. Over the top of all this, slice up the frankfurters in good-sized chunks.
This is not--repeat not--a recipe for calorie counters."
Singers & Swingers in the Kitchen, Roberta Ashley [Parallax Publishing Co.:New York] 1967 (p. 39)
Biographers confirm Sarah Bernhardt appreciated the pleasures of the table. In her heyday, Mme. Bernhardt regularly hosted lavish suppers, offering her guests the very best money could buy. She was a connosieur of fine French food and knew how it should be cooked. One New York Times article tells us Escoffier personally inscribed a book for Mme. Bernhardt with "fervent admiration," ("Was Leonardo a Vegetarian? Read On," NYT, February 25, 1986, p. A28). It was no coincidence this actress's name was associated with several popular recipes of the day.
But? What famous people serve in public and what they actually like to eat are often two different things. Biographers tell us Mme. Bernhardt ate little. And what she did eat was generally simple. In her later years, Mme. Bernhardt employed Dr. Julie Stevens, a professional dietician ("Eat Less Sugar Says Dietician," NYT, May 21, 1923, p. 5) to plan healthy meals.
"With all this [Sarah Bernhardt at 65] continued to entertain in her backstage dining room with late supper parties or meals beteween matinees and evening performances. Sometimes, especially as her leg grew worse, she'd spare herself the stairs to her dining room and hold a luncheon on the stage itself. Hostess and guests would sit at some large prop table placed amid a setting of scenery especially put up by apparently willing stage hands who, having yet to be unionized, didn't know the meaning of overtime. The scenic effects varied according to the season...In her boulevard Pereire hotel her dinners and luncheons were kept us as lavishly as they had been for the last twenty years. each meal was a banquet over which she presided like royalty on a sort of coronation chair at the head of a table that was heaped with flowers summer and winter. At her place was chisled gold goblet of Holy Grail proportions, a gift from the Lord Mayor of London. From this she'd take an occasional sip of champagne. Guests were given several kinds of wine by Madame Sarah's only alcoholic intake was Veuve Cliquot in minute quantities. Although she herself ate practically nothing, she was exacting about the food that was passed to her guests. She'd taste a morsel or spoonful of every dish, every sauce, every crouton served, and if any item failed to come up to her standard she thought nothing of summoning the cook and berating the poor wretch in fron of the present company. It need hardly be stated that Sarah Bernhardt's cooks came and went in a constantly passing parade. Invitations to meals chez Sarah were sought after by many and afforded only to the choice."
---Madame Sarah, Cornelia Otis Skinner [Houghton Mifflin:Boston] 1966 (p. 296-7)
"Some one once asked Sarah Bernhardt's maid if the stories that Mme. Bernhardt ate lobster suppers after her evening performances were true. The maid replied that, indeed, if madame cared for lobster suppers, she doubtless ate them. Madame did not need to deny herself, all her life long she had lived moderately. If she cared for lobster, doubtless she ate it. But madame generally preferred bread and milk."
---"Care in Food Choice," New York Times, September 28, 1913 (p. SM 15)
"Paris continues to pay homage to Sarah Bernhardt. Many new anecdotes of "Divine Sarah's" life are current...One old friend who kept a restaurant near the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt was asked about a rumor that the actress never paid for the meals served her there. "It is true," he said, "that I never asked her for money and that she never offered me any; but that was between us; it was no one else's business. Everybody around here knew I was serving her suppers after the theatre. That was enough pay for me."
---"Bernhardt's Expenses Exceeded Her Income," New York Times, April 9, 1923 (p. 2)
Starting with a little context: What people eat in all times and places depends upon who they are (religious/ethnic/country heritage), where they live (urban centers/rural outposts) and economic status (wealthy have more choices). The Beatles during their early years spent much time on tour. They probably ate whatever they could whenever they could, in their host country. Which means? They probably ate different foods in Los Angeles than St. Petersburg or Paris. "Favorite foods" are different. They typically stem from childhood. The Beatles came from the same general location but they could have had very different personal preferences. They best places to determine personal preferences are biographies (individual/group). We will check them on Monday for clues. We also sent a query to the Beatles Story/ Liverpool on your behalf. The web site states it has photos of the Beatles eating snacks. Hoping someone will take the time to tell us what these were. In the meantime, we found this quote from an interview with Ringo Starr:
"Q: "I have around five hundred letters that came in one weekend for The Beatles to the radio station. People write and ask questions, and of course I have no way of answering without knowing. They ask things like favorite foods of the Beatles. Do you have anything special if all of you went out to eat at once?" Ringo: "We eat steak usually if we go out. Steak and chips. Egg and chips. Beans. Bacon. Chicken." Q: "Do you all eat regularly?" Ringo: "Sometimes. Some days we eat regularly, and some days we have a meal a day, or two meals a day, you know."" SOURCE: Interview with John Lennon & Ringo Starr at Wembly Stadium
If you're planning a Beatle-centered theme party this information will surely be of interest:
"EAT THE BEATLES!
New Study Reveals The Beatles' Favorite Food and Drink!
Honey is the Fab Four's Fave Food! And Tea is their Top Tipple!
3-Hour Radio Special Will Unveil The Full Juicy Details!
A new study which entailed detailed analysis of every recording, film, video and major utterance by the Beatles collectively and individually over the past 40 years has revealed that the all-time favorite food of the Fab Four is Honey - which features in no less than fourteen song lyrics recorded by John, Paul, George and Ringo - and that their preferred drink is tea - with over a dozen musical references. The survey analyzed over 1,800 separate recordings from the 130-plus albums written, performed or produced by the Beatles as a group and as solo artists in the 40 years between 1961 and 2001. The study also dissected over 40 hours of their 5 feature films and numerous documentaries; album artworks, books, major interviews, folklore and mythology. Every reference to food or drink made by a Beatle was carefully annotated and logged into a database. Noted Beatles scholar and humorist Martin Lewis - who undertook the study - said that he thought it might be useful to discover the nutritional stimulants which helped the Beatles create the music which made them the most popular and most critically-acclaimed group in history. "They were creating great music before and after their much-heralded but brief drug phase. So I think we need to look carefully at the other substances they ingested for clues to the source of their creativity! The startling news is that the Beatles owe much of their muse to the delights of much-maligned British cuisine! And the chief inspiration was undoubtedly the British 'cuppa' - a cup of tea!" "While factual in basic content - I do want to stress that the study is obviously a light-hearted, fun analysis of a Beatles-related topic - and should be taken with a pinch of salt - and some Sgt. Pepper" added Lewis. "I'm very aware of the culinary persuasions of the Beatles - and this study is as much a celebration of their irreverent humor as of their taste in food. And it should be consumed with that in mind!" The full results of the survey will be unveiled during a 3-hour radio special to be broadcast on Sunday April 29 in Los Angeles - in which Beatles songs relating to food and drink will be played alongside Beatle recipes, gourmet tips and tasty soundbites about food from the Beatles themselves. Lewis will also instruct listeners how to make the perfect Beatle "cuppa tea" - and he will conduct an audio cooking demo of how to prepare two sandwiches which were Beatle favorites from their impoverished Liverpool childhoods. The show titled "EAT The Beatles!" (A "Breakfast With The Beatles" special) will be written, produced and hosted by Lewis and will air in Los Angeles on Sunday April 29 from 9:00am-12:00pm - on KLSX-97.1 FM - the radio station which airs Howard Stern in L.A. Adding to the fun of the radio show, Lewis has engaged top classical harpist Raphael Rudd to play a few brunch-style renditions of food-and-drink-related Beatles songs - live in the studio. Listeners will hear harp performances of songs ranging from "Eleanor Rigby" (which refers to rice), "Norwegian Wood" (wine), "Yesterday" (McCartney's working title for the melody before he wrote the lyrics was "Scrambled Eggs") and John Lennon's "Cold Turkey." The survey divided Beatles food and drink references into nine distinct food groups:
MEAT/POULTRY . FISH . DAIRY . VEGETABLES . FRUITS . CONDIMENTS . CEREALS . GRAINS . NUTS & STARCHES . PASTRY . BAKERY . DESSERTS & CANDIES . BEVERAGES Surprisingly - given the stated vegetarianism of the three surviving Beatles - there are far more references to meat, poultry and fish than vegetables, grains or pasta! On the other hand - the sweet-toothed Beatles have plenty to sing and say about cakes, bakes and candies. When it comes to beverages while wine gets its share of plaudits - it's English tea that collects the most musical mentions. Here are some of the highlights revealed by the survey:
MEAT/POULTRY
Cows are a popular theme in Beatle songs - all four members of the Fab Four have written a composition featuring the creature: John's "When I Get Home," George's "Cockamamie Business," Paul penned an instrumental with the title "Cows." And even occasional composer Ringo wrote a line about cows into his single "Early 1970" Vegetarian George has the most carnivorous references - with lyrics about pigs, pepperoni, chops, bacon (in two songs!), two varieties of chicken (Spring and Tandoori), Burger King and Macdonalds. Paul wrote a song cautioning people to exercise portion control with his nursery ditty "Mary Had A Little Lamb." John was the poultry-lover with lyrics about birds "And Your Bird Can Sing" - and his paean to Thanksgiving leftovers - "Cold Turkey."
FISH
The group favor seafood such as octopus (Ringo's "Octopus's Garden") oyster and eel (the latter from Paul and George respectively.) John named his greatest hits compilation "Shaved Fish" and included a peculiarly British fish the pilchard (a plump sardine) in his "I Am The Walrus." John, Paul and George all wrote songs with "fish" in the lyrics.
VEGETABLES
The Beatles may have grown to love vegetables but they rarely sang about them. There's John's "Glass Onion" of course and George's "Savoy Truffle" - but veggie-lover Paul dispenses with all his vegetable mentions (sweet potato, green beans, garlic and salad) in just one song "Cook of the House" from his "Wings At The Speed of Sound" album.
DAIRY
The Fab Four are certainly fans of dairy. John told us that he was the Eggman in "I Am The Walrus" - while Paul named an album "Back To The Egg." Until Paul came up with the words for his famous ballad "Yesterday" its working title was "Scrambled Eggs." Cream, cheese and butter crop up occasionally and milk pops up with the ever-popular honey on a John album title ("Milk And Honey") and as "Sour Milk Sea" in a George composition.
CONDIMENTS
Paul McCartney is the Beatles' King of Condiments. His "Cook Of The House" song features salt, sugar, vinegar, cinnamon, curry powder and of course pepper - the spice he immortalized in his title song for the classic "Sgt. Pepper" album. John's wry corollary to Sgt. Pepper was "Mean Mr. Mustard." In the realm of sweet condiments we have John's 'marmalade skies' from "Lucy In The Sky" and his "Jam Rag." George was partial to "Apple Jam." John's infamous mutter of "Cranberry Sauce" at the end of "Strawberry Fields Forever" (see Fruit) was of course misheard as "I Buried Paul." (Though perhaps he was saying "I Berried Paul" - a reference to pelting McCartney with mixed berries in season.) The fourteen references to honey occur in songs and albums ranging from Paul's "Honey Pie" and "Wild Honey Pie"; John's "Milk And Honey"; George's performance of "Everybody's Trying To Be My Baby" ("Well they took some honey from a tree...") and Ringo's renditions of "Honey Don't" and "Matchbox."
CEREALS, GRAINS, NUTS & STARCHES
A commercial for Kelloggs Corn Flakes was the inspiration for John Lennon's "Good Morning, Good Morning" from the "Sgt. Pepper" album - and a couple of months after recording that he envisioned himself "sitting on a corn flake" in his "I Am The Walrus." At various times John sang about seeds, semolina and acorns. Paul sang of rice twice - including his famous "Eleanor Rigby" - and peanuts once (in "Drive My Car.") And both John and Paul have crooned about macaroni. In their "Magical Mystery Tour" film - John dreamed up the sequence where he appears as a very greasy waiter who is (quite literally!) shoveling massive quantities of spaghetti on to the plate of Ringo's size-challenged aunt.
PASTRY, BAKERY, DESSERTS & CANDIES
The Beatles had sweet teeth galore and a fine taste for baked goods. John wrote of chocolate cake in "Ballad Of John & Yoko," George crooned about birthday cake in "It's All Too Much" and Paul just sang of plain old cake in "Too Many People." John and Paul both sang the praises of pie. John favored 'marshmallow pies' (in "Lucy In The Sky") - while Paul's favorite varieties are 'butter pie' in "Uncle Albert" and "Flaming Pie" the title song of his 1997 album - inspired by a humorous story John wrote about the group having been named by "a man on a flaming pie." George sang of apple tarts and ginger slings while John dreamed of yellow matter custard and sugar plum fairies. And though John and Paul feuded in the 1970's about many things (including money) - at the same time they were both singing about the glories of bread (the edible variety.) George wrote "Savoy Truffle" for the Beatles' White Album - an entire song inspired by a box of British chocolates (the "Good News" assortment) which included such delights as Cream Tangerine, Montelimat and Coconut Fudge.
FRUITS
Apples are naturally the Beatles' favorite fruit and they were immortalized in song by George with "Apple Scruffs" and "Not Guilty"; John with "One Day" from his "Mind Games" album - and on the label of all the Beatles' post-1967 releases. George was notorious for having difficulty naming his compositions and the working titles for two of his three songs on the "Revolver" album were varieties of popular British apples - "Granny Smith" - which was finally titled "Love You To" and "Laxton's Superb" which was eventually named "I Want To Tell You." Strawberries were of course John's fruit of choice - while Ringo sang of peaches twice - "You're Sixteen" and "Matchbox." Other popular Beatle fruits include cherries (Paul, George and Ringo have all paid tribute); bananas (by Paul in two songs), papaya, lime, coconut, pineapple and tangerines.
BEVERAGES
The Fab Four definitely liked their wine. John drinks it in "Norwegian Wood," Paul wants a bottle of it "When I'm 64" and a bellyful of it in "Her Majesty." Both Paul and Ringo sing of the charms of Strawberry Wine - a particularly Beatle-ish wine. They also liked a variety of other drinks. John sang about lemonade in "Rain" and Coca-Cola in "Come Together." Paul sang of gin in "Rocky Raccoon" and rum in "Helen Wheels." In 1964's "A Hard Day's Night" film, Ringo orders a half-pint of "mild" (a light English beer.) By 1965's "Help!" movie he was on to "lager and lime." Before he gave up drinking - Ringo had graduated to rhapsodizing about moonshine whisky (on his 1970 "Beaucoups Of Blues" album.) But without doubt tea was the Beatles' top tipple of choice! In one 3-month period in 1967 when they were ostensibly at the height of their drug period - they actually recorded no less than five songs referring to this most English of habits! ("Lovely Rita," "Good Morning, Good Morning," "A Day In The Life," "All Together Now" and "It's All Too Much.") They actually recorded more overt references to tea than to drugs!"
OTHER FOOD & DRINK REFERENCES
Beatle songs are full of other food and drink references. There's talk about feeding ("When I'm 64" and "Lady Madonna") and drinking ("I Don't Want To Spoil The Party" and "I'm So Tired") kitchens and restaurants; dinners, breakfasts, and teas. Both John and Paul as solo artists wrote about TV dinners. In their movie "Help!" John discovers a season ticket in his soup ("I like a lot of seasoning in my soup.")
Excluded from the survey were what Lewis deemed 'items of international cuisine.' "While there may be Beatles fans in some countries who eat frogs, dogs, lizards, monkeys and horse - I didn't consider them likely to be served up in the average Beatle-loving American household." The survey was conducted by humorist Martin Lewis - who also happens to be among the world's leading Beatles historians. Lewis hosts the annual Beatlefest fan conventions in NY and L.A. every year and was a consultant to Capitol Records on the Beatles' "Anthology" and "Live At The BBC" projects. He was recently consultant to Miramax Films on the theatrical reissue of "A Hard Day's Night" and is currently working on production of the DVD of that film. Lewis - who previously hosted his own Beatles radio show on L.A.'s KGIL-AM station - has been an occasional guest host of the weekly "Breakfast With The Beatles" show since March 2001. His last show, which aired live on Oscar morning, was themed around the Beatles and the movies. His guests for that program included movie-star Beatle fans Mike Myers, Robin Williams, Kathy Bates, Drew Barrymore and Martin Landau. And 2001 Oscar nominee Sting. Lewis - who states that the only thing he loves more than food is the Beatles - was previously a guest host of Robin Leach's long-running TV talk show "Talking Food" on the Food Network. "Putting together my two biggest loves in one radio show is like a dream meal come true."
---SOURCE: Eat the Beatles!
Our survey of USA newspapers & magazines returns popular tips for holding a "beatles theme" party circa mid-1960s. The foods & games are all purely American teenage favorites. This may be another type of party for you to consider. Your guests may find these retro party foods more familiar. Happy to send/share if you want.
Edison's economic status afforded him an ample food supply and the latest cooking technology. In his lifetime, complicated Victorian fare competed with the scientific Domestic Science movement. Mrs. Edison preferred the scientific approach.
What did Thomas Edison like to eat?
"Friendless and penniless, the self-styled "T.A. Edison-Inventor" arrived in New York City in late spring, 1869, the very image of the "poor lad" in the "pluck and luck" stories that Horatio Alger would mae famous 20 years later. Breakfast presented the first New York challenge to the 22-year-old inventor. He begged a bit of tea in a wholesale tea emporium, then traded the tea for a breakfast of apple dumplings and coffee (which he later recalled was "the finest repast" of his life."
---Thomas Edison: They Called Him Wizard!, John T. Cunningham, [PSE&G:Newark NJ] 1979 (p. 14)
"The dining room...is simply and severely furnished; the sideboard, occupying a recess facing the window, displays one or two pieces of silver only. Edison probably spends less time in this room than any other in the house, for he is not fond of remaining long at his meals. (p. 283)...Up until quite recently Edison would have his lunch at the laboratory, and Mrs. Edison either sent the basket, which she herself prepared, by a special messenger, or took it herself in the automobile. Now she generally calls for her absent-minded husband about 1:30 and insists upon his accompanying her back to the house, where the inventor enjoys a modest meal and afterwards smokes a cigar. He objected at first, but Mrs. Edison, who has a will, was firm, and finally he laughingly capitulated, and now takes his meals more regularly. (p. 289)
---Thomas Alva Edison: Sixty Years of an Inventor's Life, Francis Arthur Jones [Thomas Y. Crowell & Co:New York] 1908
The Great American Roadtrip was defined by Thomas Edison's camping forays with Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, and John Burroughs. They called themselves The Four Vagabonds. Americans embraced these brilliant men because they embodied the Four Pillars of American values: nature, science, technology & business. The fact these men coexisted peacefully & enjoyed each other's company is perhaps their greatest legacy. A lesson that transcends time and place.
For several years these special friends set out to meet nature. On their own terms. Magnificent cars, elaborate camps, large staffs and famous guests. In 1921 President Warren G. Harding was a guest of this crew. Primary accounts confirm the President relished the experience.
We wonder: What did they eat? Curiously (or not) newspaper accounts divulge scant information beyond the description of grand planning and opulent al fresco dining facilities. We are told Mr. Edison was the primary planner of these camping trips; he admits food was not his forte. Mr. Firestone charged with stocking the commissary.
"Between 1915 and 1924, Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone, and John Burroughs, calling themselves the Four Vagabonds, embarked on a series of summer camping trips. The idea was initiated in 1914 when Ford and Burroughs visited Edison in Florida and toured the Everglades. The notion blossomed the next year when Ford, Edison and Firestone were in California for the Panama-Pacific Exposition. They visited Luther Burbank and then drove from Riverside to San Diego. In 1916, Edison invited Ford, Burroughs and Harvey Firestone to journey through the New England Adirondacks and Green Mountains; Ford, however, was unable to join the group. In 1918, Ford, Edison, Firestone, his son Harvey, Burroughs, and Robert DeLoach of the Armour Company, caravanned through the mountains of West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia. Subsequent trips were made in 1919 to the Adirondacks and New England; in 1920 to John Burroughs' home and cabin retreat into the Catskill Mountains; in 1921 to West Virginia and northern Michigan; and in 1923 to northern Michigan. In 1924, the group journeyed to northern Michigan by train, gathered again at Henry and Clara Ford's Wayside Inn in Massachusetts, and visited President Coolidge at his home in Vermont. The trips were well organized and equipped. There were several heavy passenger cars and vans to carry the travelers, household staff, and equipment; Ford Motor Company photographers also accompanied the group. The 1919 trip involved fifty vehicles, including two designed by Ford: a kitchen camping car with a gasoline stove and built-in icebox presided over by a cook and a heavy touring car mounted on a truck chassis with compartments for tents, cots, chairs, electric lights, etc. On later trips, there was a huge, folding round table equipped with a lazy susan that seated twenty. After 1924, the growing fame of the campers brought too much public attention and the trips were discontinued."
SOURCE: Benson Ford Research Center , Henry Ford Museum
[NOTE: This source includes vintage film and photos, including several cooking & dining scenes.]
"They were cheerfully boyish and ebullient as they purchased freshly made cider from a hillside orchard owner, paid a puzzled little girl too generously for her bucket of apples and descended on an unknowing farmer for the sake of 'helping' him at the old art of cradling and bundling oats, a skill that Firestone and Ford only partly retained from their youthful days in the rural midwest. Having dealt heavy-handedly with his crop, they paid the farmer for the privilege...The matter of food and how much of it the human body requires evoked the most heated arguments. As the keeper of the commissary, Harvey Firestone had seen to it that food supplies were generous in quantity and gourmet in quality, providing a table to which Burroughs was totally unaccustomed and Edison totally opposed--or so he frequently said. 'The luxuries of our 'Waldorf Astoria' on wheels that followed us everywhere' had little attraction for Mr. Edison, Burroughs noted. 'He eats so little that I think he was not tempted by the chicken-roosts or turkey-flocks along the way, nor by the cornfields and apple-orchards, as some of us were...' Edison indulged in preaching to his fellow diners, inveighing against eating anything that had not been heated to 212 degrees F., food that was overly cold, and cane sugar in particular 'because it makes crystals in the blood.' Burroughs then reprimanded Edison for putting two heaping teaspoons of sugar in his three or four daily cups of coffee. 'O Consistency, thy name is not Edison!' A probable explanation of the Wizard of Menlo Park's ability to make a meal out of toast and a cup of hot milk or hot water was his between-meals habit of munching on chocolate-nut candy bars and drinking pop. For his part, John Burroughs preferred caramels as snacks--to the dismay of Henry Ford, who announced that caramels were not decent food for a man of Burroughs age and, one occasion, deliberately discarded the octogenarian's candy.
"For the 1919 return to 'Nature's Laboratory,' Ford provided a 'kitchen cabinet car' with a running board that carried a sizable gasoline stove. The vehicle's interior included a built-in icebox and a neat array of drawers and shelves to house food and dishes. All this was presided over by Sato, the Japanese cook, who doubled as the chauffeur of his rolling kitchen....In the late fall of 1920 the four friends...proceeded to Woodchuck Lodge for some of Burroughs' famous Brigand Steak (alternate chinks of steak and pieces of bacon and onion skewered onto a sharpened green stick and broiled over and open fire). In spite of a driving snowstorm, the group went along with Burroughs' custom of cooking and consuming the entire meal out of doors. It was the last memorable occasion for the foursome--Burroughs died suddenly the following march... John Burroughs...was the group's most honored member, always seated at the head of the table...
"Later, during 1921, an elaborate tenting tour of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Maryland was under way. It peaked at 16, including seven wives, one bishop, one President of the United States, his secretary and several secret service men, tailed by chauffeurs, cooks, assistant cooks and assorted attendants...Harvey Firestone was apparently determined to establish a new level of excellence as a host. He invited a friend, President Warren Gamaliel Harding, to join the vagabonds in Maryland, and he enlisted the catering assistance of his Aunt Nannie and the Ladies Aid Society of Columbiana, Ohio. These helpful women killed, cleaned and dressed 100 chickens and baked a grandiose collection of cakes and cookies for the camping party...As usual, the campground was well lighted, thanks to a portable power plant, but this year there was a new refinement: an electric player piano...
"On their last joint expedition in 1924, Henry Ford hosted the gathering at his newly purchased Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts. A taste for old buildings, furniture and farm equipment had led him to buy the 1686 tavern that inspired Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn. In line with his long-standing affections for waterpower, he had promptly rebuilt the old flour mill and its overshot wheel. For this year's reunion he supplied homegrown produce as part of a new dietary regime of raw vegetables, raw milk and whole-wheat foods...And he held a picnic attended by 3,000 local people, complete with an exhibition of farming methods that ranged from ox teams to his latest tractors. A junket through New England followed, highlights by a visit to President Calvin Coolidge's homestead in Plymouth, Vermont. Coolidge conducted a tour of a nearby cheese factory along with a running commentary on cheese making. After they had tasted cheese at various stages of its ripening process, Edison, Ford, and Firestone is son Russell all complained of upset stomachs. The President presented Ford with his great-great-grandfather's maple-sap bucket, dating back to 1780...Although the campaign compatriots saw each other again on various occasions, their wanderings along the back roads and their pondering around the campfire had come to an end." ---"Over hill and dale with Henry Ford and famous Friends," Dorothy Boyle Huyck, Smithsonian Magazine, June 1978 (p. 88-94)
An eyewitness account:
"The camping equipment was very elaborate. In fact, too much so, I thought, but it was all selected by Mr. Edison, who knew what he wanted. The caravan, so to speak, was always headed by Mr. Edison's 4-cylinder Simplex. Mr. Firestone's Packard came next, followed by two Model-T Fords. Then came to vans, the first of which was called the dining room and kitchen, carrying all the necessary equipment for cooking and serving and an abundance of good food...Three meals a day were served which were almost equal to any hotel's service. The menus were as find as could be found anywhere, and the food was well prepared. The chef had been employed by some of the larger institutions and was well known for his excellent service. The camp stopped an our or so before nightfall, giving the helpers time to prepare the evening meal...Breakfast was served leisurely about 8:00 o'clock; we departed from the am between 9:00 and 10:00 o'clock, and stopped for lunch about 1:00 o'clock."
---"In Camp with Four Great Americans" R.J.H. DeLoach, The Georgia Review, Vol. 13, No.1 Spring 1959 (p. 44)
[NOTE: The author of this article was speaking from personal experience camping with these men.]
[1916]
"When Henry Ford reaches Roxbury to join the camping trip through the Catskills and Adirondacks, which Thomas A. Edison, Harvey S. Firestone, and John Burroughs are talking, he will find his name immortalized...At 8 o'clock tonight John Burroughs and 'Tom' Edison were sitting together like two happy schoolboys before a roaring wood fire in front of their tents, discussing the nature of primitive man. The camp was pitched in the orchard in front of the Woodchuck Lodge on the high hillside, with the beautiful Delaware Valley spread out before them. They reached Roxbury about 6. Mr. Edison was in high good humor, He pointed out delightedly the arrangements made for the comfort of the campers--the electric lights in the tents, the camp cots, and the scores of good things to eat packed away in the trunk which Mr. Firestone added to the Commissary department. The crowd dined tonight on fish. Did they catch the fish themselves? That was what John Burroughs wanted to know. They didn't exactly catch those fish. But they got them of the man who did, which is certainly closer to nature than buying them in a fish market... 'I've been doing a bit of gardening here,' [Burroughs] said, with pardonable pride exhibiting a handsome squash and a peck of huge potatoes."
---"Burroughs Joins Edison Campers," New York Times, August 30, 1916 (p. 20)
President Harding joined the Four Vagabonds in 1921:
"President Harding was today initiated into the country's most famous camping club. Having motored out from Washington before noon, he was resting tonight in a secluded camp...The President took the place left vacant by the death of the naturalist, John Burroughs, in the famous club, comprising Thomas A. Edison, Harvey S. Firestone, Henry Ford, and Burroughs...The President and his companions 'fell to' a hearty lunch, which was awaiting them on arrival...The Party ate off a trick table with a revolving center said to have been designed by Edison. The revolving center piece worked by the simple process of giving it a pull when one wanted something reposing on the other side. After lunch the camp chairs were placed under a shady sycamore and pipes and cigars were lighted. Harding, sitting near Edison, asked the inventor what he did for recreation. 'You don't sleep much' remarked Harding. 'Do you eat much?' 'No, I don't eat much,' answered Edison... The group then drifted into a discussion on eating and the President enlarged on his pet theory that most people over eat, stating that he had gone for five days without eating, taking only water. Henry Ford took his turn with the ax before Mr. Harding arrived. He piled it with vigor for several minutes, collecting a stack of firewood. Edison stole away while Ford was so engaged, but came back a little later with the announcement that he found a mint bed. 'I've got the mint,' he announced with a smile. 'Whose got the julep?' Long before the Hardings were expected the clear Blue Ridge mountain air was assailed by the odor of wood smoke ascending from the kitchen. Mingled with it were the smell of roasting Virginia ham, lamb chops, sweet corn, and vegetables."
---"'White House' is Under Sycamore of Blue Ridge, Harding Camps with Edison Party," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1921 (p. 1)
"At the camp, the first thing [President Harding] did was to get out of his coat. That action set the standard for this day. The coat came off near the cooks' tent, and those busy persons were chopping wood for a roaring fire that burned under great, black iron pots...There are two big eating tents...two fat chefs, wearing caps and trousers and leggings and white caps and aprons..."
---"Harding in Camp With Noted Party; Chops Fire Wood...," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 24, 1921 (p. 1)
Orville and Wilbur Wright were raised in an upper middle class family in Dayton Ohio. The family valued structure and abstinence. Tables were set generously with Anglo-American fare. Melba Hunt's Cooking the Wright Way: A Unqiue Profile of the Wrights From the Aspect of Food [Kettering-Moraine Museum:Kettering OH] 1998 is the best source for family recipes, menus, photos, and memories. The notes below are extracted from this book.
What did the Wright Brothers eat at Kitty Hawk?
"Food played a key roll in the Wright Brothers success at Kitty Hawk. One has only to look at a picture of their specially designed kitchen which the boys set up at their Kitty Hawk camp in 1902. The meticulous arrangement of their supplies and canned goods, plus kitchen equipemt, shows the importance of food their endeavor...Almost invariably they kept a regular eating schedule. There was usually a full breakfast in the morning, followed by dinner at noon and supper in the evening...Canned goods were all lined up in their proper order. A special table made of wood was constructed by the brothers for eating meals. This table could be raised or lowered. It was covered with burlap and white oil cloth. The first Kitty Hawk camp consisted of a tent. Will had cone to the campsite first to prepare the glider for flight. Orville joined him later on September 28, 1900. He brought with him two cots, some tea, coffee, sugar and other supplies which were difficult to acquire on the Outer Bank." (p. 41)
"Eggs, potatoes, canned goods: tomatoes, peaches,plums, pineapple, staples: lard, crackers, baking soda, bread, flour, corn meal, sugar, cornstarch,...baking powder, salt, pepper, spices, cooking oil, condensed milk and tea. Orville volunteered to be the cook for all of the Kitty Hawk trials. Wilbur was the dishwasher...dishes and kettles were all washed by sand-scrubbing. Water had to be carried about 1,000 feet over the sand to their camp...Other food items...Beef, pork, wild fowl, fish chicken (not often). Bread was rarely available so Orville made biscuits three times a day. Orville always mixed at one time enough flour and other dry ingredients to last for several days. This was kept in a covered jar on the shelf. Milk was also scarce, so Orville learned to make his biscuits without milk...There were times also when the borthers were low on shortening, so Orville came up with tow more recipes for biscuits, one without milk and one without shortening...Many times the main dish was eggs. Eggs were a good source of protein and an important items of diet with the Wright's at Kitty Hawk. They were used daily for muffins, besides for breakfast, and oftentimes they were eaten at dinnner and supper as a main dish, wheny they were out of a supply of meat...The oven was mounted on the wall behind the stove. Their kitchen cooking sotve was a carbide stove which used gasoline for cooking." (p. 43-44)
"'I have just stopped to eat a spoonful of condensed milk. Noe one down here has any regular milk...We did have a dinner of wild fowl the other day...a wild goose....tasted pretty good after a fast of several weeks without any kind of flesh except a mess or two of fish.'"...Letter written by Orville Wright (p. 45)..."I suspect you sometimes wonder what we eat and how we get it. Well, some part of the time we eat hot biscuits and eggs and tomatoes; part of the time eggs, and part tomatoes. Just now we are out of gasoline and coffee. Therefore no hot drink or bread or crackers...Will is so starved. But he said that when we were rolling in luxuries, such as butter, bacon, corn bread and coffee....We are living nearly the whole time on reduced rations. Once in a while we get a mess of fish, and if our stuff comes about the same time from Elizabeth City--which stuff consists of canned tomatoes, peaches, condensed milk, flour and bacon and butter-we have a big blowout...We are expecting a big blowout tomorrow when we get those two chickens. We have just apppointed the Kitty Hawk storekeeper our agent to buy anything he can get hold of, in any quantities he can get, in the line of fish, eggs, wild geese or ducks. We have had biscuits, molasses, coffee, and rice today." (p. 51)
"The subject of Wright beveraes is an important one for several reasons. First, their father, Bishop Milton Wright, a devout man of religion was a pioneer in the Temperance Movement...the boys were absolute abstainers fo alcohol...Orville loved milk... fresh milk was not obtainable on the Outer Bank and canned milk was used for their cooking chores. There was none for drinking." (p. 60)
What did the brothers eat the morning of the first flight? Hot biscuits and coffee. (p. 55)
"Baking Powder Biscuits
| Ginger |
What herb, mentioned by Ophelia in ‘Hamlet’, is often used to flavour roast lamb? | White Post Gourmet Take Out - Online Ordering
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Zucchini Crumb Bread
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Our classic zucchini bread with a buttery crumb topping. You’ll taste the freshness and abundance of our locally grown zucchini in every bite.
Zucchini Dark Chocolate Bread
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Locally grown zucchini, dark chocolate shavings, and pure vanilla extract are blended together to create this flavorful favorite.
Banana Crumb Bread
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Moist, rich, and crumbly. Our banana crumb bread is one of our most popular, made with ripe bananas, pure vanilla extract, and the finest European butter.
Pumpkin Crumb Bread
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Our bestselling pumpkin bread just got a buttery crumb upgrade. Every bite is rich, moist, and brimming with fresh ingredients and flavors, like nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon.
Pistachio Crumb Bread
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Jumbo-sized pistachios blended with our finest ingredients are the secret to the moist, flavorful quality of our classic pistachio bread. We just added a little extra crumbly something to this version.
Zucchini Bread
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Locally grown zucchini is the secret behind this popular summer bread. Every bite is a blast of zucchini. We peel and grate loads of it (literally) fresh every day. The work is hard, but the flavorful payoff is more than worth it. Serving suggestion: Zucchini bread needs little dressing. Lightly toast a few slices and serve warm with fine European butter.
Banoffee Bread " bananas, toffee, graham cracker''
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Toffee, graham crackers, and bananas? Yep, White Post Farms has done it. It’s a combination so perfect that explaining it doesn’t do it justice. Simply imagine our classic, dense banana bread infused with the sugary thickness of the finest toffee. Every bite of our banoffee is a sensation of the sweetest flavors to ever meet in a bread. Serving suggestion: Like many of the breads at White Post Farms, our banoffee bread is rich and flavorful enough to serve alone and still impress. But if you’re looking for that added touch, try this: Warm up a few slices and layer them with thinly sliced banana pieces. Right before serving, top it all off with the maple syrup of your choice.
Strawberry Champagne Pound Cake
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Romance is in the air! Fresh strawberries, dark chocolate shavings, and a touch of champagne make for a dessert too irresistible not to love. Perfect for Valentine’s Day and a favorite with couples, our strawberry champagne pound cake is a rich, moist, delightfully savory experience. The color alone, a vibrant pink, is enough to make your significant other smile. Serving suggestion: Enjoy a few slices with the one you love or offer it as a dessert at your next party. Serve it warm and pair with a scoop of vanilla ice cream.
Cranberry Orange Bread
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Loaded with cranberries and freshly squeezed oranges, this bread is a fall classic bursting with fruity flavor while the all-natural flavor of blood oranges infuses every savory bite with a kick of sweet, tangy taste. Serving suggestion: A loaf of our cranberry orange nut bread makes for a great gift come holiday time, as well as a seasonal dessert around the home. Our customers rave about it at breakfast, too, thinly sliced and served as is: simply delicious.
Chocolate Monkey Bread
$12.99 each
A bread with such a curious name better deliver with loads of flavor—and this one does. Ripe bananas, dark chocolate, and honey roasted peanut butter are blended to moist perfection in this sweet alternative to the same old. Then, as if that isn’t enough, we toss a generous serving of peanut butter cups into the mix. For any fan of chocolate and peanut butter, our chocolate monkey creation is a solid winner. Serving suggestion: Kids will be clamoring for another slice or three of our chocolate monkey bread, possibly even begging. As a dessert, it rocks, but like our other breads, versatility is key. Cut thin slices and use them to make delicious PB&J sandwich treats. Talk about lunch with a sweet twist!
Xtreme Chocolate Pound Cake
$12.99 each
The name says it all. This is the pound cake that will impress even the most diehard chocolate lovers. It’s just like a brownie—the richest, moistest, fudgiest brownie ever. ‘Nuff said. Serving suggestion: Heat up a slice and pair it with a scoop of vanilla ice cream and raspberry sauce.
Old Fashioned Pound Cake
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The pound cake you know and love just got better. Rich, moist, and satisfying, every bite is a flavorful lesson in the power of simplicity. Leave it to our bakers to take fresh, basic ingredients, including the finest European butter and the purest vanilla extract, and make a classic even more delicious, more satisfying, more memorable. Serving suggestion: Lightly toast a slice and pair with fresh berries and cream for something different.
Pistachio Bread
$12.99 each
Here’s one for pistachio lovers: Whole, jumbo-sized, and salted pistachios are put through an extraction process to capture their distinctive quality and then blended to create a deliciously moist and flavorful bread. Think pistachio ice cream, only better…and in a loaf of bread! Serving suggestion: Our pistachio bread goes perfect with afternoon tea and biscuits. Serve it warm and add a dollop of whipped cream for every slice.
Banana Nut Bread
$12.99 each
Our classic banana favorite is just as enticing, if not more so, when coupled with a wonderfully nutty flavor and crunchy texture. We’ve taken our beloved banana recipe and added in just the right amount of jumbo-sized walnuts. Every bite is a rich blast of banana flavor and hearty nutrition. Did you know that walnuts contain a significant amount of heart-healthy omega-3s, protein, vitamins, and minerals? Well, it’s true, but chances are you’ll be too busy savoring every last morsel to notice. Serving suggestion: Just like our banana bread and banana dark chocolate breads, banana nut is deliciously versatile. Try it as French toast or serve it alongside a scoop of ice cream in the summer months. Just as acceptable would be to serve yourself a slice, with a tall cup of milk, and enjoy the rich nutty flavors all by their delicious lonesome.
Cranberry Orange Nut Bread
$12.99 each
Loaded with cranberries and freshly squeezed oranges, this bread is a fall classic bursting with fruity flavor. Jumbo walnuts add a hearty crunch, while the all-natural flavor of blood oranges infuses every savory bite with a kick of sweet, tangy taste. Serving suggestion: A loaf of our cranberry orange nut bread makes for a great gift come holiday time, as well as a seasonal dessert around the home. Our customers rave about it at breakfast, too, thinly sliced and served as is: simply delicious.
Dark Chocolate Cheesecake Bread
$12.99 each
Chocolate lovers and cheesecake enthusiasts have finally found common ground. Only the finest Belgian dark chocolate goes into our dark chocolate cheesecake bread, along with chocolate pudding, cocoa powder, and the finest vanilla. The result is edible decadence. Rich, dense, and moist, this is one bread you will have trouble believing is, well, a bread at all. Serving suggestion: Dark chocolate and cheesecake seldom need any explanation. Served alone, the combination is often enough to satisfy and then some, but our customers have given us plenty of ideas over the years. Try slicing a few thin, delicate pieces, then fry lightly, and lather fine European butter on both sides of each slice. Serve warm next to a scoop of vanilla bean ice cream. Or, if cheese and a lot of it is more your style, try a slice with a topping of Philadelphia cream cheese.
Wild Blueberry Pound Cake
$12.99 each
Step aside, blueberry pie. We use only the freshest, largest, handpicked wild blueberries from Maine to get the bold punch of flavor that this pound cake packs. Every bite is rich, moist, and absolutely delicious. It’s like pie, only better. Serving suggestion: Lightly toast a few slices and dust with confectioners’ sugar.
GingerBread Pound Cake
$12.99 each
Gingerbread cookies are synonymous with the holidays. And now gingerbread pound cake is, too! Our bakers have gone and taken everything you love about gingerbread and crafted it into a pound cake recipe worthy of the White Post Farms stamp of approval. Moist and flavorful, it’s a wonderfully savory complement to the gingerbread family of sweet desserts. But don’t dream about it for too long: Our original gingerbread creation is only available during November and December. Serving suggestion: Out with the old and in with the new. Forgo the cookies and complicated house-building instructions by surprising your family and friends this holiday season with a gingerbread pound cake. Pair it with a delicious buttercream icing for just the right added touch of sweetness.
Pumpkin Bread
$12.99 each
Moist, delicious, and packed with pumpkin flavors and spices, this classic bread is consistently one of our bestsellers and a quintessential fall favorite. We handpick the pumpkins and ensure that only the densest make it into our recipes, alongside the purest vanilla extract, nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon. Serving suggestion: Our pumpkin bread is well known for making delicious French toast. Serve with fresh Vermont maple syrup, European butter, and just a touch of whipped cream.
Burnt Sugar Bread
$12.99 each
Our burnt sugar concoction is like a crème brulee…only it’s a bread! Every scrumptious bite is an experience in savory taste and silky texture, courtesy of the purest vanilla, eggs, and milk. And of course, there’s the caramelized sugar. Deliciously decadent, it adds just the right touch of sweetness to this utterly rich, wonderfully dense, and perfectly moist holiday favorite. Serving suggestion: Our burnt sugar loaves look as wonderful as they taste. Wrap one up and bring it to your next holiday party. Guests will love you for it.
Tonka Bean Cherry Pound Cake
$12.99 each
A vanilla-scented black seed as flavorful as it is enticingly fragrant, the tonka bean is one amazing ingredient. All the way from South America, it has found its way into one of our newest pound cake recipes. Together with pure vanilla extract and cherries, and layered with a dark chocolate crumb topping, it makes for a flavor combination that we are certain you have not had the pleasure of tasting before. So go ahead, give in to the power of the tonka bean and don’t ever look back. Serving suggestion: Shun the sides. Forgo the toppings. Just one bite of our Tonka Bean Cherry creation and you’ll understand why. It’s a flavor sensation incredible enough to satisfy sans any of the usual trimmings. Of course, if you feel the need to pair it with a scoop of vanilla ice cream, we won’t stop you.
Corn Bread
$7.99 each
If you’re a fan of corn, and a whole lot of it, then White Post Farms has the bread for you. Sure, our corn bread sounds familiar, but it’s a take on the homestyle classic that you will have to taste to believe. Moist, dense, and flavorful, it’s one of our most popular flavors, especially during the holidays. Our base ingredients, corn and corn meal, are blended to exacting specifications to create a deliciously fluffy and textured bread that will delight guests at any dinner table. Serving suggestion: Alone or topped with butter, our corn bread aims to please. Order a few loaves for your next BBQ or introduce it to the family at the next holiday occasion. Pair it with turkey and stuffing for the full-course experience.
Sweet Potato Bread
$12.99 each
Curl up on the couch with a cup of something warm and this delicious fall trio: sweet potatoes, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Dense with flavor, every moist bite is a savory sojourn. Not a fan of sweet potato? Well, you are now. Serving suggestion: Serve yourself a sweet potato slice with the maple syrup of your choice, and, in keeping with the fall theme, pair it with a cup of apple cider.
Pumpkin Dark Chocolate Bread
$12.99 each
Perfect for both Halloween and the holidays, this pumpkin and dark chocolate combo is another favorite, especially with the kids! Dark chocolate shavings add a rich, savory element to our bestselling pumpkin recipe. Still moist, delicious, and flavorful, it’s now also an opportunity to get your chocolate fix for the day. Serving suggestion: Just like our pumpkin bread, our dark chocolate pumpkin bread is also renowned for making delicious French toast. Serve with fresh Vermont maple syrup, European butter, and just a touch of whipped cream.
Beer Bread
$12.99 each
It’s okay to eat and drive! Here’s a bread that our Guinness? drinkers (and non-Guinness? drinkers, too) will love. Its thick, bold taste is characteristic of a dark Irish malt beer. You’ll taste the hops and unique flavor of roasted, unmalted barley in every satisfying bite. Even the kids will be asking for more. And yes, because we know you’re thinking it, you can serve it to them! Serving suggestion: Gather up your rowdiest friends for the next big game and try out our crowd-pleasing beer bread. Looking for a unique dessert to bring to the family BBQ? Then this bread is sure to top your list. Whatever the event, our loyal customers frequently pick up a few of our jumbo beer bread loaves because they know that it only takes a few bites before everyone will want a piece.
Hot Chocolate & Oreo Cookies Bread
$12.99 each
Not your ordinary bread, one of our most popular. Mounds of oreo cookie are added to an already delicious chocolate bread and mixed with a fresh hot chocolate mix. Great any time of the day.
Zucchini Nut Bread
$12.99 each
We took our classic recipe and added jumbo-sized California walnuts for that extra flavorful crunch that our customers love. Not to mention, our zucchini is locally grown, peeled and grated every day. But don’t take our word for it. One slice and you’ll know that taste this good could only be the result of the freshest, finest, and most delicious ingredients. Serving suggestion: Just like our classic zucchini bread, the zucchini nut version also needs little in the way of toppings. Just toast a few slices, serve warm with butter, sit back, and savor every bite.
Apple Crumb Bread
$12.99 each
Inspired by the classics—homemade apple pie and dense, filling crumb cake—our apple crumb bread is a fall favorite bursting with rich, all-natural flavors. Freshly shaved granny smith apples picked from the farm are blended with just the right amount of warm, spicy cinnamon to create an irresistibly moist and delicious bread topped off with a buttery layer of crumbly goodness. Serving suggestion: Start your day off right with a slice of our apple crumb bread. Toast it lightly until golden brown and serve with a thin layer of butter. Or better yet, try apple butter! Pair with a bold cup of coffee and enjoy the first morning of a new breakfast tradition. Still want more? Warm apple crumb bread and a scoop of vanilla bean ice cream together make for the perfect after-dinner dessert on a cool autumn night.
Lemon Crumb Pound Cake
$12.99 each
Lemon zest and buttery flavors, topped off with a layer of lemon crumbs, have garnered this pound cake a spot on our list of favorites. Simple but never boring, fresh lemon zest is sometimes all you need to lift your spirits. Not to mention, it’s the moistest, most satisfying incarnation you will find of this classic dessert. Serving suggestion: Toast a few thin slices and serve, with butter, for a breakfast treat. Or, for a midday dessert, pair a slice with apricot jam.
Carrot Bread
$12.99 each
At White Post Farms, we strive only for the best. So when we set out to craft a carrot bread unlike any that have come before, we knew we needed the sweetest juice carrots in the world to make it happen. So we found them—California’s famous juice carrots—and have been using them ever since, together with our roster of quality ingredients. Jumbo pecans, apple sauce, honey, cinnamon, nutmeg, and the finest vanilla are carefully blended to time-tested proportions that yield a moist, flavorful bread sure to make your list of favorites. Serving suggestion: Warm up a slice of our carrot bread and top it off with vanilla icing. Perfect as a dessert for two or as a birthday party centerpiece. Adults will be asking about it; kids always love it. It’s the carrot bread we’ve always known, only better.
| i don't know |
What is the Italian for ‘None shall sleep’? | "None Shall Sleep" for the Mongol princess - Nessun Dorma, Puccini | Readish Course 805
"None Shall Sleep" for the Mongol princess - Nessun Dorma, Puccini
Overview
Nessun Dorma is one of the best-loved tenor aria from Turandot - an Italian opera based on a French translation of a Persian story about a Mongolian princess in China. Composed by Giacomo Puccini (who died before completing the opera), Nessun Dorma is most famously sung by Pavarotti, several major tenors, and many talent show contestants. In the opera it is sung by Calaf, a prince in a deathly game to woo the cold-hearted Turandot, princess of China.
Learning objectives
Who have performed Nessun Dorma? Can I hear them?
What is the background, context, and influence of the song?
What is the lyrics and translation?
How do I pronounce the Italian lyrics?
Oh you mean I can sing along with karaoke as well?
From which opera and composer did the song came from?
What is the opera Turandot?
Dishes
The king of opera singing the "king" of aria for tenor.
Pavarotti "nessun dorma" live in Paris
We all love the unexpected opera hero.
Check out Paul's new greatest hits album, just released. http://smarturl.it/PaulPottsGreatestCD Paul on twitter: https://twitter.com/paulpottsmusic myredroom...
Dish 3 : Nessun dorma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | en.wikipedia.org
"Nessun Dorma," or "None Shall Sleep" is one of the most popular tenor arias. It came from the final act of Turandot, a Puccini opera. See bookmark of Wikipedia's entry about the opera Turandot below.
"Nessun dorma" (English: "None shall sleep")[1] is an aria from the final act of Giacomo Puccini's opera Turandot,[2] and is one of the best-known tenor arias in all opera. It is sung by Calaf, il principe ignoto (the unknown prince), who falls in love at first sight with the beautiful but cold Princess Turandot. However, any man who wishes to wed Turandot must first answer her three riddles; if he fails, he will be beheaded.
Chop 6 : Turandot on the Forbidden City of Beijing (1998). Giacomo Puccini's Opera on the original site | youtube.com
1:53 hours. The international collaboration in China. The story about a cold princess of China finally got its chance to be performed in the Forbidden City in Beijing, China.
« Turandot » on the Forbidden City of Beijing (1998). Giacomo Puccini's Opera on the original site. Singers : Giovanna Casolla, Sergeij Larin, Barbara Fritto...
Chop 7 : The Imperial Palace-Gate Of Celestial Purity | 360cities.net
Interactive panoramic view of Beijing's Forbidden City, the stage for the above production of Turandot.
360° panoramic photography by jacky cheng. Visit us to see more amazing panoramas from Beijing and thousands of other places in the world.
| Nessun dorma |
‘I Predict a Riot’ (2004) and ‘Never Miss a Beat’ (2008) were Top 10 hits for whom? | David Phelps- Nessun Dorma- Gaither Homecoming Indianpolis - YouTube
David Phelps- Nessun Dorma- Gaither Homecoming Indianpolis
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Uploaded on Jun 13, 2010
This video was taken at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis Indiana at a Gaither
Homecoming event. It is of David Phelps singing this beautiful Italian aria. The words Nessun Dorma in english mean None Shall Sleep.
David really pulls this off very well... His big vibrato voice is perfect for this song...
I apologize for the shaky camera work on this video and my others from the Gaither Homecoming...
Category
| i don't know |
What is the surname of the four sisters in ‘Little Women’ (1868-9)? | Little Women (1949) - IMDb
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Louisa May Alcott 's autobiographical account of her life with her three sisters in Concord, Massachusetts in the 1860s. With their father fighting in the American Civil War, sisters Jo, Meg... See full summary »
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 1 nomination. See more awards »
Videos
Little Women is a "coming of age" drama tracing the lives of four sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy. During the American Civil War, the girls father is away serving as a minister to the troops... See full summary »
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In the year leading up to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, the four Smith daughters learn lessons of life and love, even as they prepare for a reluctant move to New York.
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Little Women (TV Mini-Series 1978)
Drama | Family | Romance
Louisa May Alcott 's autobiographical account of her life with her three sisters in Concord, Massachusetts in the 1860s. With their father fighting in the American Civil War, sisters Jo, Meg... See full summary »
Stars: Meredith Baxter, Susan Dey, Ann Dusenberry
Little Women (TV Mini-Series 1970)
Drama | Family | Romance
Louisa May Alcott 's autobiographical account of her life with her three sisters in Concord, Massachusetts in the 1860s. With their father fighting in the American Civil War, sisters Jo, Meg... See full summary »
Stars: Angela Down, Jo Rowbottom, Janina Faye
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Storyline
Louisa May Alcott 's autobiographical account of her life with her three sisters in Concord, Massachusetts in the 1860s. With their father fighting in the American Civil War, sisters Jo, Meg, Amy and Beth are at home with their mother, a very outspoken women for her time. The story tells of how the sisters grow up, find love and find their place in the world. Written by Rob Hartill
THRILLS OF YOUNG LOVE! (original print ad - all caps)
Genres:
April 1949 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Mono (Western Electric Sound System)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
In the scene where Beth ( Margaret O'Brien ) tells Jo ( June Allyson ) that she doesn't mind dying, June Allyson's tears were real. She was so moved by Margaret O'Brien's performance that she was sent home early, still crying, and had to pull over several times on her journey home as her tears rendered her unable to drive. See more »
Goofs
Laurie ask Jo how many lumps she wants in her tea and she says three. You can see it's normal sugar and Laurie put four spoons of sugar in the tea. See more »
Quotes
See more (Spoiler Alert!) »
User Reviews
This Movie represents one of the finest most beautifully filmed of all of MGM's costum drama's from that era.
13 March 2001 | by zen11
(Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA) – See all my reviews
The opening scenes of Little Women are so beautifully captured on film that it looks almost like a Currier and Ives post card. It is so magically evocative of a New England in the early 1860's that the viewer is transported to that time visually and emotionally. The characters are so well crafted, warm and human that you truly wish you knew them. The way the movie glides through the season's, from the deep snows of winter, to the bright flowers of spring, through the summer into the golden hues of autumn each season is so wonderfully captured that viewers one hundred years from now will feel that they time tripped to that age so long ago. With the brutal civil war as the backdrop to the play, the movie tells the sensitive and gentle story of four young sister's on the homefront. Each sister is defined and likeable. Brought to life brilliently by June Allyson, Janet Leigh, Elizabeth Taylor and Margaret O'Brien. Each actress captured fully the innocents, decency and depth of their roles, imprinting forever the definitive characterizations that would have made Louisa May Alcott proud. I love this most beautiful work of cinematic art so much that I never tire of watching it. It is a treat for the eyes, the heart and the soul and at the end when the camera pans back to view the sky festooned with a glorious rainbow your emotions leap for joy that a movie can so utterly express the simple elegance of human decency and goodness.
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| Master of Architecture |
What do people who are viticulturists spend much of their time doing? | The Inspiring Stories Behind 15 Classic Novels | The Huffington Post
The Inspiring Stories Behind 15 Classic Novels
09/05/2014 07:14 am ET | Updated Nov 05, 2014
930
Paul Anthony Jones Author, writer, musician
According to Jack London, "You can't wait for inspiration, you have to go after it with a club." London himself took the inspiration for The Call of the Wild (1903) from his time spent living in Canada and Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush when high-quality sled dogs -- like those that feature in the book -- were in impossibly high demand. The stories and inspirations behind fifteen more of literature's most memorable titles are explained here:
Anna Karenina (1877), Leo Tolstoy In January 1872, the death of a 35-year-old woman was reported in the Russian press: smartly dressed and carrying a bag containing a change of clothes, the girl had thrown herself under a freight train at Yasenki Station outside Moscow. The woman was identified as Anna Pirogova, a distant relative of Leo Tolstoy's wife and the mistress of his good friend and neighbour, Alexander Bibikov. It soon transpired that Alexander had told Anna that he planned to leave her and marry his son's new governess, and, unable to cope, she had left him a brief note -- "You are my murderer; be happy, if an assassin can be happy" -- and fled. Tolstoy himself attended Anna's post-mortem the following day, and by all accounts the sight of the unrecognisable body of a woman he had known so well stayed with him long afterwards, so that when he came to begin a new novel more than a year later he already had its tragic conclusion in mind.
The Birds (1952), Daphne Du Maurier Dame Daphne Du Maurier is well known for having taken inspiration for some of her most celebrated works from her adopted home county of Cornwall in the far southwest of England. Jamaica Inn (1936) was inspired by an overnight stay at the real-life Jamaica Inn, an isolated 18th century pub on Bodmin Moor, in 1930. Frenchman's Creek (1941) was inspired by Readymoney Cove, where Du Maurier owned a holiday home on the coast. And the imposing Manderley estate in Rebecca (1938) was at least partly based on Menabilly, a grand country house that Du Maurier herself moved into in 1943. It was while at Menabilly that she saw a flock of seagulls following a plow at a nearby farm and was struck by a simple yet unnerving thought -- what would happen if the birds attacked? The resulting story, The Birds, first appeared in Du Maurier's collection The Apple Tree in 1952.
Catch-22 (1961), Joseph Heller Joseph Heller joined the US Army Air Corps in 1942 at the age of 19, and went on to take part in more than 50 European bombing raids before the end of the Second World War. His military service affected him greatly -- he became an angst-ridden chronic nail-biter, with a habit for screaming in his sleep -- and it took him another eight years to begin dealing with his experiences in writing. After a few dreary post-war years working as a copywriter, one afternoon in 1953 a line simply popped into Heller's head: "It was love at first sight. The first time he saw the chaplain, Someone [he had yet to name Captain Yossarian] fell madly in love with him." Heller wrote the first twenty pages of what he presumed would merely be a short story over the next seven days, but it took him another eight years to complete what would eventually become Catch-22.
Crime & Punishment (1866), Fyodor Dostoyevsky When he began writing it in the early 1860s, Dostoyevsky originally envisioned Crime & Punishment as a novella entitled "The Drunkard", in which he intended to explore the consequences of alcoholism on family life. That was until he discovered the writings of a French writer and murderer named Pierre François Lacenaire, who had been executed in Paris in 1836 for the brutal killing of a young man and his mother. While in prison, Lacenaire had written essays and poems, met with journalists and researchers, given interviews, speeches and press conferences, volunteered for psychological studies, and even offered to have a life mask made of his face, all on an apparent quest to become an icon of social injustice and guarantee his notoriety endured long after his death. It's unclear whether Dostoyevsky had already created the character of Raskolnikov by the time he heard of Lacenaire, but there are a number of striking similarities between his murder of the pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna and her half-sister Lizaveta in Crime & Punishment and Lacenaire's own crimes 30 years earlier.
Frankenstein (1818), Mary Shelley Frankenstein was famously written in response to Lord Byron's suggestion in the summer of 1816 that the guests at his villa on Lake Geneva -- including the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his future wife, Mary -- should each write a ghost story to pass the time. After initial reservations, 19-year-old Mary more than rose to the challenge by penning what is now considered masterpiece of gothic horror, inspired by a single terrifying image that popped into her mind as she lay in bed. "When I placed my head on my pillow..." she recalled in the introduction to her novel, "I saw -- with shut eyes, but acute mental vision -- the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together." The first edition of Frankenstein was published anonymously just two years later, followed by a second edition in 1822, a stage version in 1823, and finally a revised third edition in 1831 dedicated to Mary's then late husband, who had died nine years earlier.
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902), Arthur Conan Doyle In July 1900, Arthur Conan Doyle met an English journalist named Bertram Fletcher Robinson on board a ship returning to England from the Boer War. The pair quickly became friends and the following year Doyle agreed to visit Robinson at his home in Devon, southwest England, with an eye to collaborating on a new novel. Robinson took Doyle up onto Dartmoor, a vast ancient moorland (and now a National Park), and regaled him with an old folktale about a notorious local squire named Richard Cabell who had apparently sold his soul to the Devil -- when he died in 1677, local legend claims a monstrous pack of jet black hounds descended from the moors to escort his soul into Hell. Although Doyle had agreed to co-author a book with Robinson, after putting pen to paper the story quickly evolved into a new Sherlock Holmes mystery (his first in eight years) and Robinson's input was relegated, in his own words, to "assistant plot producer."
Jude The Obscure (1895), Thomas Hardy It is unclear precisely who inspired Thomas Hardy's tale of a young working-class man's struggle to become a scholar, but it seems likely that the eponymous Jude Hawley was at least partly based on Hardy's tragic friend Horace Moule. Born in 1832, Moule earned a place at Oxford University in 1851, but failed to receive his degree. Moving to Cambridge University three years later, it took him another 14 years to finally complete his studies, during which time he battled alcoholism and severe depression until finally, in September 1873, he committed suicide by cutting his own throat as he lay in bed. He was just 41 years old.
Little Women (1868-9), Louisa May Alcott The four eponymous March Sisters in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women were all based on the author and her three sisters. Louisa herself was the strong-willed protagonist Jo; her elder sister Anna was Meg; her youngest sister May was Amy; and her middle sister Elizabeth, who died at the age of 23, was Beth. The setting and the sisters may have been the alike, but the events and circumstances around them were not: the Marches were by no means rich, but the Alcotts lived in near abject poverty for many years during Louisa's childhood. What's more, the March family's father -- a philanthropic and scholarly Civil War hero -- was strikingly different from that of Alcott's own father, Bronson, a pacifist vegan schoolteacher and an early advocate of transcendentalism.
Middlemarch (1872), George Eliot In January 1869, George Eliot wrote a list of tasks in her journal that she wanted to complete in the coming year, one of which was "a novel called Middlemarch." Although Eliot seemed determined to set to work, progress on the new novel was slow and when her son Thornie contracted a fatal case of tuberculosis later that year she ceased writing completely; by the time Thornie died in October, Eliot had produced just three chapters of what would eventually be an 86-chapter work, and she promptly shelved the project. By all accounts Eliot did not recommence writing until more than a year later, when, in November 1870, she began an entirely new work entitled Miss Brooke. This new story introduced an eponymous character named Dorothea, but sometime during Miss Brooke's development Eliot saw the opportunity to merge its narrative with that of the three chapters she had shelved the previous year, and Middlemarch was born.
Moby-Dick (1851), Herman Melville Herman Melville's own experiences on board a Pacific Ocean whaling ship, the Acushnet, in the early 1840s provided the primary inspiration for his novel Moby-Dick, and later editors and commentators have since even been able to draw parallels between Melville's real-life fellow crewmembers and the characters in his book. The Acushnet was far from his only inspiration, however, as Melville was doubtless also influenced by the true story of a whaling ship named the Essex that was attacked and sunk by a sperm whale in the central Pacific in 1820. Melville later met the son of one of the Essex's eight surviving crewmembers during his time on the Acushnet, and after the publication of Moby-Dick in 1851 met with the ship's captain, George Pollard, whom he later described as "one of the most extraordinary men I have ever met."
Robinson Crusoe (1719), Daniel Defoe It is widely believed that Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe was based on the true story of real-life castaway Alexander Selkirk, but that's by no means guaranteed. In fact, there are such telling inconsistencies between the two tales -- Selkirk was voluntarily marooned in the Pacific, while Crusoe was shipwrecked in the Caribbean; he was stranded for just four years, compared to Crusoe's 28; and Selkirk was alone, while Crusoe's tale involves encounters with natives, cannibals and pirates -- that some editors have suggested Defoe likely had another story in mind. It may be that Crusoe's tale was based on the 17th century sea captain Robert Knox's 19-year imprisonment on Ceylon, which was published as An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon (1681), or else on the British doctor Henry Pitman, who escaped from a British penal colony in the Caribbean before being shipwrecked on a nearby island. Alternatively, there could be some truth in Defoe's own claim that Robinson Crusoe was the true story of a man he knew personally, and for whom he simply served as memoirist. Whatever its true inspiration, there's no doubting the success or impact of Defoe's novel, which ran to four editions in its first year alone and has remained enduringly popular ever since.
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson had already written a play about Deacon Brodie -- an 18th century Edinburgh city councillor who led a double life as a burglar -- when in 1885 he had a dream about a mild-mannered man transforming into a monster. His wife Fanny later recalled how, "In the small hours of one morning... I was awakened by cries of horror from Louis. Thinking he had had a nightmare, I awakened him. He said angrily, 'Why did you wake me? I was dreaming a fine bogey-tale.'" She had woken him, she later discovered, at what would eventually become Jekyll's first transformation into Mr Hyde.
The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), John Buchan John Buchan was recovering from a stomach ulcer at a nursing home in Broadstairs on the far southeast coast of England he began work on what he referred to as his first "shocker" in 1914. Buchan reportedly took the title of the novel from a wooden staircase that once ran from the clifftops at Broadstairs down to the beach, although there are several conflicting accounts: one version of the story has Buchan's young daughter running down the stairs two at a time and announcing that there were "39 steps" down to the beach, while another claims that as there were actually 78 steps Buchan either halved the number simply to make a snappier title, or else changed it because he was 39 years old at the time.
Three Men In A Boat (1889), Jerome K. Jerome In the mid 1880s, Jerome K Jerome came up with the idea of writing a straightforward travel guide to the River Thames, including descriptions of several historical sites along its course. As he began to compile it, however, Jerome's guide became increasingly filled with humorous anecdotes and bantering conversations recalled from boat trips he had taken along the river from London to Oxford with two of his friends, George Wingrave and Carl Henschel. Together, the three men became the eponymous Three Men In A Boat, with the addition of Montmorency the dog having, "as Jerome admits, developed out of that area of inner consciousness which, in all Englishmen, contains an element of the dog", according to Oxford World's Classics.
To Kill A Mockingbird (1960), Harper Lee Harper Lee has long denied claims that To Kill A Mockingbird is an autobiographical work, but rather a reflection of an author simply writing about what he or she knows and has experienced first hand. Either way, it's hard not to see parallels between her Pulitzer Prize-winning classic and her childhood growing up in Monroeville, Alabama. Just like Scout, Lee's father practiced as a lawyer, and in 1919 was faced with defending two black men accused of the murder of a local white shopkeeper (both men - a father and son - were later hanged). Moreover, Lee, like Scout, was a tomboy in her youth, and her eldest brother Edwin, like Jem, was four years her senior. She wrote the book in the years following the death of her mother in 1951, and in the story Scout too has lost her mother. And even the character of Dill, who lives next door to the Finch family during the summer, is modelled on her childhood friend Truman Capote, who would spend the summer with his aunt in Alabama while his mother visited New York.
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Who wrote the original poem in the second half of the 19th century? | Summary of American literature through the 19th century
Summary of American literature through the 19th century
NEWSPAPERS appeared early in the eighteenth century. In 1704 the first American newspaper, The Boston News-Letter, was established. The second, The New England Courant, was started by James Franklin, in 1720. His troubles in connection with it are well known from his younger brother Benjamin's famous "Autobiography." In 1765, at the time of the Stamp Act, there were forty news-papers in the Colonies.
Washington Irving was the first to gain for American literature the recognition of European critics. He was born in New York city in 1783. His indeed was an international mission - to heal to some extent, by the sympathetic charm of his style and his personality, the breach between the two countries, aggravated by the second war of 1812. He became "the first literary Ambassador of the New World to the Old." Like a loyal son of the soil, he breathed the breath of literary immortality into the traditions of his own country, as well as voyaged to England in order to write about English scenes and associations. Professor Richardson has remarked that he was "the first conspicuous American author who was neigher a Puritan nor a southron; his local tone was that of New York city and the Hudson." Quick to assimilate the customs and characteristics of other lands, he was the first to make distinctly American themes familiar to the world of letters. Returning to New York after a long residence in England, Irving gathered around him a group of friends now known as the Knickerbocker school, which comprised James Kirke Paulding (a connection of Irving by marriage, who afterwards became Secretary of the Navy, under Van Buren), and the poets Drake and Halleck. All four were Knickerbockers to the bone. Irving served as minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846. His " Life of Columbus" and other writings on Spanish themes were followed by the "Life of Washington," and sundry minor works.
Associated in memory with Irving are the poets Joseph Rodman Drake (1795-1820) and Fitz-Greene Halleck (1790-1867). These two comrades made their debut in the Irving style in the "Croaker Papers," a series of humorous and satirical verses contributed to the New York Evening Post. In the year that Irving in Europe published "The Sketch Book" (1819), Drake gave America "The Culprit Fay." Three years before this, Bryant had produced his unique "Thanatopsis;" and Drake's "Fay," a delicate fairy tale of the Highlands of the Hudson, was the second best' poem then produced in America.
William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878), who in early youth wrote anonymously a political satire, "The Embargo," was the first American poet of note. His stately hymn in blank verse, "Thanatopsis," which appeared in the North American Review in 1817, was a wonderful masterpiece of precocity, and won him an audience in England. Wordsworth is said to have learned the poem by heart, and in dignity of verse and majesty of style it is still to be recognized as one of the poetical masterpieces of the time.
As Bryant may be regarded as the pioneer American poet, and Irving as the pioneer essayist and man of letters, so James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) may be styled the first American novelist of true distinction. He is one of the world's great story-tellers, whose defects of style are abundantly compensated by the invention of his narrative in plot and incident. He became, furthermore, the first voice of primeval America, of her virgin wilderness, and her aboriginal children. He created the Indian as a life-size figure of literature, impressive even if idealized. And as he originated the novel of the forest, so to a certain extent he originated the novel of the sea. In those days it was necessary for professional men of letters to adopt, as Bryant did, the bread winning employment of the newspaper. Literature as a profession did not really exist, and such giants of literary genius as Poe and Hawthorne, not to mention Lowell and others, belonged to a generation of poorly paid Bohemians. In the early forties two Philadelphia magazines began to pay their contributors with what was then thought to be a princely munificence. Godey's Lady's Book, which had the chief financial success among the Philadelphia magazines, had succeeded Dennie's Port Folio in the fine personnel of contributors. It began in July, 1830, and its circulation grew several years later to 150,000 a month, largely due to its colored fashion plates. Some-what dimmed by the prismatic colors of the fashions, some of the earliest compositions of Poe, Holmes, Lydia H. Sigourney, Frances S. Osgood, Longfellow, Bayard Taylor, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, appeared in this magazine. Its chief rival was the Gentleman's Magazine, which George R. Graham, in 1841, purchased from William E. Burton the actor, and renamed simply Graham's Magazine. "There is one thing more," said Burton, after concluding the sale. "I want you to take care of my young editor." The "young editor" was Poe. Later Rufus Wilmot Griswold, of unpleasant notoriety later, sat in the editorial chair, and Lowell assisted Poe. Longfellow's "Spanish Student," Cooper's "Jack Tier," and some of Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Twice-told Tales" appeared in its pages. The Cary Sisters, Charles Fenno Hoffman, Thomas Dunn English, N. P. Willis, W. W. Story, E. P. Whipple contributed to it. Among the last were Bayard Taylor and C. Godfrey Leland. N. P. Willis established the American Monthly Magazine and wrote popular books of verse and society sketches.
In the Bohemian world of literary newspapers and magazines, Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) found his destiny cast. He was born in Boston, but he never belonged there, though his first volume, "Tamerlane and Other Poems," bore on its title-page the words, "By a Bostonian." His father was a penniless actor, and had married an actress. Early deprived of both parents, Poe was adopted by Mr. Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, Va. He drank and gambled, ran in debt, indulged in perverse pride, and was finally disowned by his adoptive father, who had tried to make a soldier of him at West Point. Turning to literature for support, Poe won a prize of $100 offered by a weekly paper for a story. His contribution was "The Manuscript Found in a Bottle." Being brought to the notice of John P. Kennedy, he was made editor of the Southern Literary Messenger, at Richmond. He married his cousin, Virginia Clenn, in 1836, and a year later went, first to New York, and then to Philadelphia, where he was editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, afterwards Graham's Magazine. He published "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque" (1839), which gave him renown as a prose writer. They were soon translated into French, and since that time Poe's popularity in France has exceeded that of any other American writer. Such combination of mathematical and imaginative powers is unknown elsewhere in all the range of literature. There is an exquisite fascination and enchanting melody in his verse that seems beyond the reach of calculating art.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was born in Salem, Massachusetts. He was a classmate with Longfellow in Bowdoin College. His first books were warmly received. These half-weird but felicitously told tales marked an epoch in American literature. They were followed by his delightful tales for children from "Grandfather's Chair," in which he first treated New England history. Meanwhile Bancroft, the historian, then collector of customs at Boston, appointed him a weigher and gauger, a place which the Whigs permitted him to retain but two years. He also embarked in the Acadian Brook Farm experiment. "I went to live in Acadia," he said, "and found myself up to my chin in a barn-yard." Deserting Brook Farm, he married and took the historic gambrel-roofed house at Concord, from whence issued the tales collected in the "Mosses from an Old Manse." His second series of "Twice-told Tales," with their Legends of the Province House, added a fresh romantic interest to Revolutionary Boston. Almost noiselessly his shy genius had made itself recognized as a new literary force. He returned to Salem for four years as surveyor in its old Custom House. After leaving this berth, he gave forth his masterwork, "The Scarlet Letter," in the preface to which he has told the story of that old Salem institution (1850). Hawthorne afterwards observed that "no author without a trial can see the difficulty of writing a romance about a country where there is no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery, no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity in broad and simple daylight." Yet in "The Scarlet Letter" he had touched even the gloom of Puritanism with the glamour of romance, as well as achieved a world's masterpiece of psychology. He now retired to Lenox, Massachusetts, with Herman Melville, author of "Typee," as almost his sole companion, and wrote the "House of Seven Gables." In 1853 President Pierce appointed him consul at Liverpool. His Notebooks contain his observations on life in England, France, and Italy.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) was a lineal successor to Irving, whom he also resembled in his equal treatment of foreign and native themes and legends alike. Such an academic influence as his, broadened and deepened by generous travel abroad to prepare him for his Harvard chair, was certainly needed in the decade after 1830. By his "Poets and Poetry of Europe" he familiarized Americans with the literature and lore of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Scandinavia, and even of old Anglo-Saxon days. His "Outre Mer," a book of travel, has kept a place for itself until to-day. When he came to write his Indian legend of "Hiawatha," his familiarity with the then little-known literature of the Northland enabled him to borrow the curious metre, style of imagery, and treatment of the Finnish epic "Kalevala." As a critic proper, Longfellow possessed more learning than Poe, but was less truly critical, nor had he the satire and penetration of Lowell. But it is as the great poet of sympathy, as America's most popular poet, that Longfellow must be chiefly considered; and, in the scope of this brief sketch, it is unnecessary to give a systematic account of his familiar poems. Long-fellow's conspicuous note as a poet was from the heart, and not the head. He touched his readers with tender poems of common sentiment and elevating tendency. Perhaps his most scholarly achievement in poetry was his translation of Dante's "Divina Commedia," published in 1867. How deeply he lingered throughout this long labor of love under the spell of the stern Florentine, may be seen in those sonnets inspired by his work and effectively mirroring on their surface this "mediaeval miracle of song." Long-fellow's translation is, in many respects, such as the metrical and onomatopoetic, superior to that of Carey. He was universally regarded with affection, and England paid her first tribute of memorial honor to an American writer by placing his bust in Westminster Abbey.
James Russell Lowell (1819-1888) succeeded Longfellow in his chair at Harvard. If not of Longfellow's rank as a poet, he was a greater critic and essayist, and had great influence for good in critical times. He was appointed Minister to England by President Hayes, where he won high and lasting favor, and received flattering degrees from Oxford and Cambridge. His "Fable for Critics," and the "Bigelow Papers" sparkled with homely humor, wit, satire, patriotism, and idyllicism, the latter being unique in literature. It is, however, chiefly as critic and essayist that he is best known. In his three books of literacy criticism and fancy, "Fireside Travels," "Among My Books," "My Study Windows," he proved himself to be America's most scholarly critic. The old English authors Chaucer, Spenser, the dramatists of Elizabeth's reign, attracted his attention particularly. But his catholicity of taste was also accompanied by a catholicity of subjects. In "My Garden Acquaintance," and "A Good Word for Winter," he displayed notable graces of style; and his paper "On a Certain Condescension of Foreigners," was a capital "retort courteous" to the woes inflicted upon America by foreign critics, and continues to be a compensating solace even to this day.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was the most potent force in New England thought. In 1832, after his wife's death, he gave up the Congregational ministry, for reasons of conscience, and travelled in Italy, France, and England, where began the lifelong friendship with Thomas Carlyle. His transcendental writings attracted wide attention, and he retained his popularity as a lecturer during forty-six years.
He smiled approval on the Brook Farm experiment, but took little part in it except to contribute to the Dial. But he did assist with voice and pen in the anti-slavery agitation. In 1847 he went on a second visit to England, which was rich in observation and effect on his mind. After his return his lectures on Plato, Shakespeare, Napoleon, Swedenborg, and others, were published under the title, "Representative Men" (1850). This proved popular, and still more so was his "English Traits" (1856). More readers could appreciate his judgement of great men and nations than could understand his sublime philosophy of the universe.
Emerson had but rarely contributed to periodical literature; but in 1857 a group of his friends - Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes - arranged in his parlor for the publication of the Atlantic Monthly, Lowell being editor. For some years Emerson contributed to it regularly prose and verse. His essays were collected in "The Conduct of Life" (1860); "Society and Solitude" (1864), and "Letters and Social Aims" (1876); his poems in "May-Day" (1867). He edited a collection of poetry by other authors in "Parnassus" (1874), and a selection of his own "Poems" (1876). Thereafter he wrote but little, though he revised and edited his former publications. The projected "Natural History of the Intellect," on which he had labored for many years, was never put into a form suitable for publication. In the latter years of his life his mind and memory failed. After his death his correspondence with Carlyle was edited by Professor Charles Eliot Norton (1883).
John Greenleaf Whittier (1807-1892), born at Haver-hill, Massachusetts, was not only the chief Quaker poet, but the clearest voice of New England country life. Bred on a farm, he found his first poetic inspiration in reading the poems of the inspired Scotch ploughman, Robert Burns. At the age of twenty he had earned enough by farm chores and shoemaking to secure some instruction at Haverhill Academy, and then became a district school-teacher. He contributed verse to the Free Press and found a lasting friend in the editor, William Lloyd Garrison, who enlisted him in the anti-slavery crusade. In 1835 Whittier was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature. From 1837 to 1839 he edited the Pennsylvania Freeman, at Philadelphia, where his office was sacked and burnt by a mob. His delicate health obliged him to return to Amesbury, Massachusetts, where with his sister he led a frugal life, contributing chiefly to the National Era, published in Washington. Gradually his books of poems made their way, and when the struggle for Kansas came, in 1856, he was recognized as the poet of freedom. These militant poems of a peace-loving Quaker helped to prepare the Northern people for the Civil War. When the Atlantic Monthly was founded,. Whittier was a frequent contributor. His verse celebrated there the emancipation of the slaves; but in his lallad of "Barbara Frietchie" he told effectively the story of the old woman of Frederick, Maryland, who waived the Union flag over the troops of Stonewall Jackson, and was gallantly spared by him. This tribute to Northern loyalty and Southern chivalry has become a national classic. His masterpiece is "Snow-Bound," a characteristic American poem. He ranks next in popularity to Longfellow.
Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894) was the last survivor of the Cambridge poet-group. He was the son of Rev. Abiel Holmes, a Harvard pastor, who wrote "The Annals of America." Having graduated from Harvard in 1829, he studied law and medicine, and spent three years in Europe. He was but twenty-one years old when he made his famous protest, "Old Ironsides," which saved the frigate Constitution from destruction, and not much older when in "The Last Leaf" he combined humor with the deepest pathos. Holmes was professor of medicine at Dartmouth College for a year, but settled in Boston in 1840, and seven years later was made professor at Harvard. Besides lecturing there and on the lyceum platform, he wrote patriotic and entertaining poems for occasions, and became the laureate of his Alma Mater, inditing forty poems in her honor. One of these, "The Boys," is the jolliest class poem ever written. Holmes was also the bard of Boston, whose state-house he pronounced to be "the hub of our solar system." But his lasting fame was due to the founding of the Atlantic Monthly, in 1857. His contribution was in the form of a serial, "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table." The series was renewed, in 1859, in "The Professor," and continued, in 1873, as "The Poet at the Breakfast Table." Novels and books of verse appeared during these years. In 1884 he published "Our Hundred Days in Europe," telling of his observations there fifty years after his first visit. Then, in his eightieth year, the veteran renewed his conversational contributions to the Atlantic in a series called "Over the Tea-Cups," full of the same shrewd sense and tender sentiment as "The Autocrat." He lived to be a "Last Leaf," yet without losing his geniality and optimism, preserving to the last the fresh spirit of youth.
Other New England writers of note were Margaret Fuller, Bronon Alcott, Lydia Maria Child, Mrs. Sigourney, philosophic and progressive teachers. The North American Review was founded in 1815, and gathered around it a brilliant circle of writers, of whom Edward Everett (1794-1865) was one of the strongest. Everett unloaded his treasures of German thought. More than a hundred articles came from his pen. In 1824 his address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard on "The Circumstances Favorable to the Progress of Literature in America," was a prophetic precursor of Emerson's dissertation on "The American Scholar," delivered before the same society thirteen years later. Everett was noted for his high classical scholarship and for the careful finish of his prose style. But he was not merely a literary man; he was active in public affairs. He represented Boston in Congress for ten years, was governor of Massachusetts for three years, United States minister to England for four years, president of Harvard for three years, secretary of state in President Fillmore's cabinet for one year, and United States senator for one year, when he resigned on account of impaired health. Yet afterwards he delivered in various parts of the country an oration on Washington for the purpose of raising a fund to purchase Mount Vernon and preserve it intact as a national memorial. His final service was in delivering the oration at the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, in November, 1863. His speeches were polished to the perfection of classical oratory, and were full of admiring contemplation and thoughtful admonition.
In the South, before the Civil War, literature was not generally favored. Men of intellectual ability there became statesmen, ministers, orators, and jurists. Yet some of these gave occasional attention to literary work, and a few devoted themselves to it almost entirely.
The principal literary figure of the Old South was William Gilmore Simms (1806-1870), who was born in Charleston, South Carolina, where his father had come from the North of Ireland, shortly after the Revolution. He wrote historical, geographical, and didactic works; but he lives only in his romances, which are numerous and stirring. Albert Pike (1809-1891) studied law, commanded a force of Cherokee Indians on the Confederate side at the battle of Pea Ridge. His "Hymns to the Gods" and other poems showed high lyric power. John Esten Cooke undertook to do for Virginia what Simms had done for South Carolina. He published the novel "Leather Stocking and Silk," which was soon followed and surpassed by "The Virginia Comedians," probably the best Southern novel written before the war. Others of his early stories were "The Last of the Foresters" and "Henry St. John, Gentleman." During the Civil War Cooke served on the staff of various Confederate generals. Afterwards he retired to his farm near Winchester, and wrote biographies of Lee and Stonewall Jackson, and several novels relating to the great conflict. Among those were "Mohun: or, the Last Days of Lee and His Paladins," and "Hilt to Hilt: or, Days and Nights in the Shenandoah."
Paul Hamilton Hayne (1831-1886), bearing a name famous in the annals of South Carolina, was the finest poet of the South. He was a native of Charleston, and edited literary periodicals there until the war, when he served on the staff of General Pickens. His house and property were destroyed in the bombardment of Charleston, and, after the war, he settled at Copse Hill, Georgia, where he pursued literary work till his death. Among his best poems are "The Pine's Mystery," the ballad "The Battle of King's Mountain," "The Lyric of Action." His war lyrics are thrilling, and his descriptive and meditative verses are exquisite in music and thought.
Henry Timrod (1829-1867), also born in Charleston, suffered from ill-health and poverty, yet wrote poems full of ardent devotion to the South and its lost cause. His war lyrics, grand and impetuous, won for him the title of "the Tyrtaeus of the South." His poems were edited by P.H. Hayne.
Abram Joseph Ryan (1840-1886), born of Irish parents, at Norfolk, Virginia, was equally devoted to the Southern cause. He was a Catholic priest, and served as chaplain in the Confederate army. After the war he edited religious and literary papers in New Orleans and Knoxville, and had charge of a church at Mobile. In 1880 he published his "Poems, Patriotic, Religious, Miscellaneous." He died at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1886. He is best known by his lament over the defeat of the Confederacy, "The Conquered Banner," and the spirited tribute to the Southern leader, "The Sword of Robert Lee."
The most remarkably original singer of the South was Sidney Lanier (1842-1881), who was chosen to write the cantata for the opening of the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. He was descended from a long line of musicians, and distinguished his poetry by the intermingling of musical effects. He was born at Macon, Georgia, and studied at Oglethorpe College, until the war broke out, when he entered the Confederate service. He was captured on a blockade-runner, and held prisoner for five months. The hardships of war developed consumption, and the rest of his life was a courageous struggle with that disease. Though his art was too fine and high for general appreciation, Lanier is by many regarded as one of the greatest American poets.
Of minor poets, whose name is legion, it is not possible to make even a passing mention. The test of time will sift them according to their quality.
Perhaps the first of our nature-essayists was Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), who was born at Concord, Massachusetts, and died there. The son of a farmer, he was educated at Harvard, and for a time taught school. But after a while he took up his self-appointed work of minute observation of nature. He attached himself to Emerson, who always showed him friendly regard. In 1845 he built himself a hut on the shore of Walden Pond, and lived as a recluse in communion with nature. His experiences and observations were embodied in "Walden, or Life in the Woods" (1854). He had already published "A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers" (1848). Thoreau was an apostle of plain living and high thinking, and practiced what he preached. His life was a protest against all forms of superfluous comfort, and an effort to reach harmony with nature, as the basis of true happiness.
Wilson Flagg (1805-1894) also deserves a place among the American nature-essayists. Born at Beverly, Massachusetts, he was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, and studied medicine. He was a keen observer of outdoor life and natural phenomena. His writings were contributed to Boston newspapers and to the Atlantic Monthly. His best-known works are "Halcyon Days," "A Year with the Trees," and "A Year with the Birds."
Another man who took delight in the portrayal of outdoor nature with the pen was William Hamilton Gibson (1850-1896). He was also an artist and book-illustrator.
The most startling and debatable contribution to American literature is that made by Walt Whitman (1819-1892). It claimed to be the true voice of Democratic America; and, while the claim has been admitted by a scholarly; few here, and acknowledged by an equal number of scholarly poets in Europe, there is no evidence that it has been so accepted anywhere by the people.
Under the initials "H. H." an American woman won high regard as a poet, and afterwards showed brilliant descriptive power in prose. Later, when her name was fully disclosed, she took up the cause of the Indian, and in history and a popular novel pleaded in his behalf with the Government and the people of the United States. Helen Fiske was born in 1831, at Amherst, Massachusetts, where her father was professor in the college. At twenty-one she was married to Captain Edward Hunt of the United States army, and wandered with him in different parts of the country. When he was killed by the explosion of a mine and her daughter died, Mrs. Hunt was plunged in the deepest grief. After some time she began to write meditative and descriptive poems, which attracted attention by their strong feeling and vivid fancy. Sometimes they took the form of parable or allegory, but they were best when they painted out-door nature. Mrs. Hunt then wrote prose descriptions, which were collected under the title "Bits of Travel," and proved attractive to even a wider circle of readers. They abound in humor as well as pathos, and show the delicate insight of women. Other books of the same class followed. Two novels in the "No Name" series are known to have been from her pen,-"Mercy Philbrick's Choice," and "Hetty's Strange History." The stories published under the pen-name "Saxe Holme" have also been ascribed to her. After she was married to Mr. William Jackson, in Colorado, she became fully aware of the gross wrongs done to the Indians, and exerted herself to secure justice for them from the nation. For this purpose she studied the full history of Government dealings with the red men, and summed it up in "A Century of Dishonor," making a passionate appeal for removal of the national disgrace. This was followed by the powerful story "Ramona," written shortly before her death, in 1885. This expiring effort of her genius is perhaps its fullest illustration.
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He wrote the poem after whose death? | American Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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American Philosophy
The term “American Philosophy,” perhaps surprisingly, has been somewhat vague. While it has tended to primarily include philosophical work done by Americans within the geographical confines of the United States, this has not been exclusively the case. For example, Alfred North Whitehead came to the United States relatively late in life. On the other hand, George Santayana spent much of his life outside of the United States. Until only recently, the term was used to refer to philosophers of European descent. Another focus for defining, or at least characterizing, American Philosophy has been on the types of philosophical concerns and problems addressed. While American philosophers have worked on traditional areas of philosophy, such as metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology, this is not unique to American Philosophy. Many scholars have highlighted American philosophers’ focus on the interconnections of theory and practice, on experience and community, though these, too, are not unique to American Philosophy. The people, movements, schools of thought and philosophical traditions that have constituted American Philosophy have been varied and often at odds with each other. Different concerns and themes have waxed or waned at different times. For instance, the analysis of language was important throughout much of the twentieth century, but of very little concern before then, while the relation between philosophy and religion, of great significance early in American Philosophy, paled in importance during much of the twentieth century. Despite having no core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation.
Table of Contents
References and Further Reading
1. 17th Century
Though many people, communities and nations populated the area that is now the United States long before the U.S.A. became a nation-state, and they all wrestled with universal philosophical questions such as the nature of the self, the relationships between persons, their origins and destiny, most histories of American Philosophy begin with European colonization, especially from the time of the Puritans in New England. From the "Mayflower Compact," penned in 1620 as the early English settlers arrived in the New World, basic socio-political positions were made explicit and fundamental to newly established communities. Speaking of forming a covenant to "combine ourselves into a civil Body Politic," those arriving on the Mayflower immediately identified a close and ineliminable connection between individuals and their community. This sentiment was echoed in founding documents of other colonies, such as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) and the Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641). Likewise, the writings of prominent early colonial leaders, such as John Winthrop (1588-1649) emphasized "the care of the public must oversway all private respects…for it is a true rule that particular estates cannot subsist in the ruin of the public." Although highly influential, such views were not universal, as the Maryland Toleration Act (1649) and the writings of other influential leaders, e.g., Roger Williams (1603-1683) stressed religious tolerance over commitment to the religious covenant of a community. From the earliest concerns, then, even prior to the establishment of the United States, the social and political issues of the relation of individuals to their communities as well as the nature of the communities themselves (that is, as secular or religious) were paramount.
2. 18th Century
Broadly speaking, American Philosophy in the eighteenth century can be divided into two halves, the first still heavily influenced by the Calvinism of the Puritans and the second more directly along the lines of the European Enlightenment and associated with the political philosophy of the Founding Fathers (e.g., Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin).
Far and away the most significant thinker of the first half of the 18th century for American Philosophy was Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). Often associated primarily with the fiery oratory of sermons such as "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," and the religious revivalist “Great Awakening” of the 1740s, Edwards both distilled and assimilated Calvinist theological thought and the emergent Newtonian scientific worldview. Frequently characterized as trying to synthesize a Christian Platonism, with an emphasis on the reality of a spiritual world, with an empiricist epistemology, an emphasis on Lockean sensation and Newtonian corpuscular physics, Edwards drew directly from the thought of Bishop George Berkeley, who stressed the necessity of mind (or non-material reality) to make sense of human experience. This non-material mind, for Edwards, consists of understanding and will, both of which are passive at root. It is understanding that, along lines of the successes of Newtonian physics, leads to the fundamental metaphysical category of Resistance, which Edwards characterizes as "the primary quality of objects." That is, whatever features objects might have, what is fundamental to something qua object is that is resists. This power of resistance is "the actual exertion of God's power" and is demonstrated by Newton's basic laws of motion, in which objects at rest or in motion will remain undeterred until and unless acted on by some other force (that is, resisted). Understanding, though, is different than will. Edwards is perhaps best known for his rejection of free will. As he remarked, "we can do as we please, but we cannot please as we please." Just as there is natural necessity and natural inability, for Edwards, there is moral necessity and moral inability. Every act of will is connected to understanding, and thus determined. Echoing the views of John Calvin, Edwards saw not (good) works, but the grace of God as the determiner of human fortune.
While couched primarily in a religious context for Edwards but less so for others, the acceptance and adaptation of a Newtonian worldview was something shared by most American philosophers in the latter half of the 18th century. These later thinkers, however, abandoned to a great extent the religious context and focused rather on social-political issues. Sharing many commitments of European philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment (such as a reliance on reason and science, a broad faith in scientific and social progress along with a belief in the perfectibility of humans, a strong advocacy of political democracy and laissez-faire economics), many of the famous names of American history identified themselves with this enlightenment thought. While they attended very little to basic issues of metaphysics or epistemology, the Founding Fathers, such as Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), and James Madison (1751-1836), wrote voluminously on social and political philosophy. The American Declaration of Independence as well as the United States Constitution, with its initial amendments, better known as the Bill of Rights, was drafted at this time, with their emphasis on religious toleration. Though including explicit references to God, these thinkers tended to commit themselves in their writings less to Christianity per se and more to deism, the view of God as creator of a world governed by natural laws (which they believed were explicated for the most part by Newton) but not directly involved with human action. For example, as early as 1730 and as late as 1790 Franklin spoke of God as world-creator and Jesus as providing a system of morality but with no direct commitment to the divinity of Jesus or to any organized church. Instead, a major focus of concern was the appropriate nature of the State and its relation to individuals. While the thought of Thomas Jefferson, exemplified in the language of the Declaration of Independence, emphasized natural, inalienable rights of individuals against the tyranny of the State - with the legitimacy of the State only in securing the rights of individuals - federalists such as James Madison highlighted dangers of factional democracy, with his view of protecting both individual rights and the public good.
3. 19th Century
In a letter to John Adams written in 1814, Thomas Jefferson complained that, while the post-revolutionary American youth lived in happier times than their parents, this younger generation held "all knowledge which is not innate, [to be] in contempt, or neglect at least." Their “folly” included endorsing "self-learning and self-sufficiency; of rejecting the knowledge acquired in past ages, and starting on the new ground of intuition." These complaints reflected Jefferson's concerns about the rise of romanticism in early nineteenth century America. Transcendentalism, or American Romanticism, was the first of several major traditions to characterize philosophical thought in America's first full century as a nation, with Transcendentalism succeeded by the impact of Darwinian evolutionary thought and finally developing into America's most renowned school of thought, Pragmatism. A Hegelian movement, centered in St. Louis and identified largely with its chief proponent, George Holmes Howison (1834-1916), occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century, but was overshadowed by the rise of Pragmatism. Even the journal founded in 1867 by the St. Louis Hegelians, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, became best known later on because of its publication of essays by the pragmatist Charles Peirce (1839-1914).
Where the thinkers of the American enlightenment stressed social and political concerns, based on a Newtonian mechanistic view of the world, the thinkers of American Transcendentalism took the emphasis on individuals and their relation to the community in a different direction. This direction was based not on a mechanistic view of the world, but on an organic metaphor that stressed the subjective nature of human experience and existence. Highlighting personal experience and often even a fairly mystical holism, writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), Henry David Thoreau (1817-1872), and Walt Whitman (1819-1892) argued for the priority of personal non-cognitive, emotional connections to nature and to the world as a whole. Human are agents in the world more fundamentally than they are knowers of the world. "Real" knowledge is intuitive and personal; it transcends scientific understanding that is based on empirical sense experience. Because of this, those things that constrain or restrict free personal thought, such as conventional morality and political institutions, need to be transcended as well. This spirit is captured in the poetry of Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself" in which he claims, “I celebrate myself…Unscrew the locks from the doors! Unscrew the doors themselves from their jambs! I speak the past-word primeval, I give the sign of democracy…." This sentiment is echoed in the works of Emerson and Thoreau, both of whom argue for the importance of self-reliance, intuition, and a return to nature, i.e., an embracing of what is non-civilized and non-industrial. In his 1836 paper, "Nature," Emerson states, "In the woods, we return to reason and faith…I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God…In the wilderness I find something more dear and connate than in streets and villages." Emerson's "The Transcendentalist” (1842) stands as a manifesto of this philosophical movement, in which he explicitly identifies Transcendentalism as a form of philosophical Idealism. Emerson wrote:
As thinkers, mankind have ever been divided into two sects, Materialists and Idealists; the first class founding on experience, the second on consciousness; the first class beginning to think from the data of the senses, the second class perceive that the senses are not final, and say, The senses give us representations of things, but what are the things themselves, they cannot tell…Society is good when it does not violate me, but best when it is likest to solitude. Everything real is self-existent. Everything divine shares the self-existence of Deity…[Kant showed] there was a very important class of ideas or imperative forms, which did not come by way of experience, but through which experience was acquired; that these were intuitions of the mind itself; and he denominated them Transcendental forms.
At the same time, during the 1830s and 1840s, there were other thinkers who stressed greater social and political equality, particularly several important women writers and activists, such as Sarah Grimké (1792-1873) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902). The call for social and political emancipation, in many ways a call to fulfill the promise of the American enlightenment, came not just from women such as Grimké and Stanton, but also from those demanding the abolition of slavery, notably William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) and Frederick Douglass (1817-1895).
Just as much of American philosophical thought was influenced by the success of Newton's scientific worldview throughout the eighteenth century, the publication of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory in 1859 had a great impact on subsequent American philosophy. Though not known widely outside of academic circles, two thinkers in particular wrote passionately for re-conceiving philosophical concerns and positions along Darwinian lines, John Fiske (1842-1901) and Chauncey Wright (1830-1875). Both stressed the need to understand consciousness and morality in terms of their evolutionary development. Such a naturalistic, evolutionary approach became even more pronounced at the end of the twentieth century. It was outside of academia, however, often under the label of "Social Darwinism" that this view had even greater impact and influence, especially via the writings of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) and William Graham Sumner (1840-1910). Both Spencer and Sumner likened societies to organisms, in a struggle for survival. Indeed, it was Spencer, not Darwin, who coined the term "survival of the fittest" to capture what he (and many others) took to be the significance of evolutionary theory. If groups within a society, and even societies themselves, are - like biological organisms – in a constant competition for survival, then a sign of their fitness is the fact that the do in fact survive, for Spencer. Such competition, indeed, is useful and good, for in the long run those that survive will have competed and won, a clear statement of their superiority. Spencer, Sumner and others, such as the industrialist Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), argued that the social implication of the fact of such struggle for survival is that free-market capitalism is the natural economic system and the one that will ensure the greatest success for a society's economic well-being. In Sumner’s essay, "The Man of Virtue," he remarks that, "Every man and woman in society has one big duty. That is, to take care of his or her own self…Society, therefore, does not need any care or supervision." Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth” echoes this view: "[The law of competition] is here, we cannot evade it; no substitutes for it have been found; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department…the law of competition [is] not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race." The emphasis on competition as the key to evolutionary thought was not shared by everyone, however. One prominent advocate of Darwin, who nevertheless argued that cooperation rather than competition was the message of evolutionary thought, was Lester Ward (1841-1913). Not only are those groups that cooperate and function together as a group more likely to survive than those that don't, he claimed, but human history has shown that government is a natural, emergent feature of human societies, rather than, contra Sumner, a hindrance and impediment to progress.
After Transcendentalism and evolutionary philosophy, the third and by far most renowned philosophical movement in nineteenth century America was Pragmatism. Informally christened as "pragmatism" in the 1870s by one of its most famous proponents, Charles Sanders Peirce, Pragmatism is seen by most philosophers today as the classic American philosophical tradition. Not easily definable, Pragmatism is a constellation of principles, stances, and philosophical commitments, some of which are more or less salient for particular pragmatism philosophers (as will be noted below). Nevertheless, there are threads that run across and through most pragmatists. There is a strong naturalistic bent, meaning that they look for an understanding of phenomena and concepts in terms of how they arose and how they play a part in our engagement with the world. Peirce's "pragmatic maxim" captures this stance as follows: "Consider what effects, which might conceivably have practical bearings, we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then, our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object." There is a rejection of a foundationalist view of knowledge. All knowledge claims are fallible and revisable. The flip side of such fallibility and revisibility is that no inquiry is disinterested. Beliefs are fundamentally instruments for us to cope with the contingencies of the world. In addition, there is an enunciated commitment to intersubjectivity and community. So, while rejecting the notion of any pure "givens," of experience, pragmatists also reject any pure subjectivism or abandonment of standards or criteria of adjudication beyond the individual. Unlike the American philosophical movements that preceded Pragmatism, pragmatists wrestled with issues and concerns across the philosophical spectrum, from basic metaphysics to epistemology to all forms of axiology (ethical, political, and even aesthetic).
a. Charles Peirce
Generally acknowledged as the "Big Three" classical pragmatists are Charles Peirce, William James (1842-1910), and John Dewey (1859-1952). Peirce, a polymath by all accounts, not only coined the term "pragmatism" in the 1870s, but did ground-breaking work in semiotics (the study of signs) as well as in logic, particularly in the logic of relations. In addition, while a scientist and mathematician by trade, he wrote a considerable amount on the philosophy of science (for example, on the nature of explanation), value theory, and metaphysics, including seminal work on categories. From his early writings in the 1860s, in which he criticized Cartesian doubt and foundationalist search for indubitability, to his later works on cognition and what he termed "evolutionary cosmology," Peirce continuously and consistently argued against forms of nominalism and in favor of realism, both in the sense that non-particulars are real (though perhaps not existent) and in the sense that our conceptions are of things independent of us. An important feature of Peirce's pragmatism is a strident rejection of subjectivism. This comes through in his insistence that, as inquirers do not exist in isolation, beliefs are not fulfilled (as he put it, the irritation of doubt is not overcome) in isolation. Rather, it is the development of successful habit that matters and it is the verdict of the community of inquirers in the long run that matters in the determination of what settles inquiry. Just as this is not a subjectivist view of what is real or true, it is also not a "social constructivist" view, in which what is real or true is determined by what society decides. Instead, as in the model of good science, there is a community of inquirers who form a system of checks and balances for any belief, but this community of inquirers operates within a world of objects, qualities, relations, and laws.
In establishing his notion of pragmatism as a means of clarifying and determining the meaning of signs, Peirce coined his "Pragmatic Maxim," noted above. This maxim not only points to pragmatism as a criterion of meaningfulness but also to pragmatism as a standard of truth. For Peirce, belief is not merely a cognitive state of an isolated agent, rather it encompasses an awareness of a state of affairs along with the appeasement of the irritation of doubt (or surprise) and - as genuine belief and not simply verbiage - the establishment of a habit, or rule of action. This requirement of a rule of action carries over for Peirce beyond epistemological concerns to metaphysical ones as well, particularly in his work on categories, or fundamental modes of being. Using varied terminology at different times, Peirce identified three fundamental categories of being. One category was that of Quality (or Firstness). This is the conception of being independent of anything else, such as the example of a pure tone or color. A second category was that of Brute Fact (or Secondness), that is being relative to or connected with something else. This might be a particular instance of a tone or a color sample. This is what he sometimes called the "demonstrative application" of a sign. Finally, there is Law, or Habit (or Thirdness), or mediation whereby a First and Second are brought into relation. This is the notion of regularity and representation, and as such involves a regulative as well as descriptive aspect. An example is a red light indicating the need to stop or perhaps indicating danger. Law, habit, regularity are neither reducible to the particular instances that are true of it (that is, Secondness) nor to the pure material quality of what is instantiated in those particulars (that is, Firstness). For Peirce, these three categories are all real, are all irreducible to the others, and are all involved in any form or act of inquiry. In particular, his insistence on the reality of Habit/Law was basic, as was noted above, to his advocacy of a pragmatist conception of inquiry.
b. William James
William James, known during his lifetime as much for his work in psychology as for his work in philosophy, did much more than Peirce to popularize the label and notion of pragmatism, both as a philosophical method for resolving disputes and as a theory of meaning and truth. Though James himself also argued against subjectivism and for the importance of "older truths" (that is, established facts), his writings led many others (including Peirce) to see his position as much more relativist and nominalist-leaning. James stressed the practical effects of belief and assertion, claiming that truth is a species of good (what it is ultimately good for us to believe). Much of James's philosophical work was aimed at dissolving many of the traditional philosophical puzzles and conundrums by showing that they made no practical difference in our lives or that they rested on mistaken and fruitless assumptions. For example, the traditional metaphysical concern of the nature of substance, as a category of things underlying and separable from attributes, has led to philosophers since the time of Plato to argue back and forth without any apparent solution. For James, the only significance of such an issue is what effect on our subsequent experience is likely to occur given the adoption of some position with respect to this issue. Likewise, any stance on, say, the existence of God, will matter only if adopting a belief (for or against such existence) will shape our future experience for the better. Since beliefs are instruments for coping with the world, those beliefs that are good for us, those that indeed help us cope, are the ones that are true. Of course, the goodness and coping-value of some beliefs might be negligible as in my beliefs that Romans wore socks while in Britain. The point for James is not the level or strength of goodness, but the appropriate criterion of truth and significance. While James, then, often focused on trying to dissolve long-standing philosophical puzzles, he also offered substantive positions on many issues. He argued for what is now called a compatibalist view of free will (that human freedom is compatible with some forms of determinism) as well as against a dualist view of mind. With respect to some traditional philosophical issues, e.g., freedom vs. determinism, he advocated a particular position because he did see predictable good or bad consequences. With respect to determinism, for example, he argued that a belief in determinism leads to a feeling of fatalism and a capitulation to the status quo; hence, it is not better for us.
In metaphysics, he is still known for his view of "radical empiricism," in which he argued that relations between objects are as real as the properties of objects. This view, he claimed, consisted in outline of a postulate, a statement of fact, and a generalized conclusion. The postulate is that the only things that shall be debatable among philosophers shall be things definable in terms drawn from experience. The statement of fact is that the relations between things are just as much matters of direct particular experience as the things themselves or their properties. For example, when one looks at a cat and a mouse, not only are those two objects (and their properties, such as their color and shape) immediate aspects of my visual experience, but so is the relation of their relative sizes; that is, it is also an aspect of my immediate visual experience that I see that the cat is larger than the mouse. Seeing the cat as being larger than the mouse is just as immediate as seeing that the cat is black and the mouse is gray. The generalized conclusion is that the parts of experience hold together from next to next by relations that are themselves parts of experience. As James puts it, the "directly apprehended universe needs, in short, no extraneous trans-empirical connective support, but possesses in its own right a concatenated or continuous structure."
Another metaphysical commitment of James is that of pluralism, i.e., that there is no single correct description or account of the world. With his consequentialist, future-oriented pragmatist view, focusing on effective possibilities, James argued that there can be multiple warranted or "true" accounts. Not only can there be different good accounts, but different correct accounts. In holding this view, James rejects a straight correspondence view of truth (what he calls "the copy theory") in which truth is simply a relation between a belief and a state of affairs. Rather, truth involves both a belief and facts about the world, but also other background beliefs and, indeed, future consequences. For James, then, the very distinction between a good account and a correct account is not a sharp dichotomy. This does not mean that any account is as good as any other; clearly that is false. Rather, there can be different accounts that not only make sense of present and past knowledge and experience, but lead to useful future experiences. What will determine the truth or warrantability of an account will be its consequences (e.g., are predictions based on it borne out in experience, does it promote physical and spiritual flourishing, does it survive intersubjective scrutiny?).
c. John Dewey
Born a generation after Peirce and James, and living decades past them both, John Dewey produced a body of work that reached a far greater audience than either of his predecessors. Like Peirce and James, Dewey engaged in academic philosophical writing, publishing many essays and books on metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. Unlike Peirce and James, though, he also wrote a vast amount on social and political philosophy and very often engaged in dialogue outside of the academy. He became nationally known as an education reformer, frequently participating in public forums, and producing highly influential works such as Democracy and Education. His social and political writings, such as The Public and Its Problems, reached an audience far beyond academic philosophers. Within philosophy proper, Dewey is probably best known for his work on inquiry and logic. Stating that all inquiry is conducted by agents, and not merely by passive information processors, he emphasized the experimental and instrumental nature of human conduct. Taking inquiry to be "the controlled transformation of an indeterminate situation so as to convert the elements of the original situation into a unified whole," Dewey argued that logic, formal rules of inference and implication, are ultimately generalizations of warranted, or warrantable, conclusions. Logic is a species of inquiry, and the latter is never disinterested or free of valuation. This emphasis on purposeful interaction between agents and environments points to Dewey's well-known criticism of what he termed "the quest for certainty." Too much human activity (with philosophers being primary culprits) has been a search for absolutes, whether in the area of ontology, epistemology, or ethics. This, for Dewey, is mistaken. The world is filled with contingencies and is in flux. Human inquiry should be a matter of purposeful action in response to, and ultimately in anticipation of, such contingencies and change. Intelligence is experimental and evaluative; we learn by doing, by engagement with the puzzles and problems presented by a changing environment. While there might not be eternal, absolute standards or criteria for, say, moral judgment, it is also the case that there are criteria that transcend subjective preferences, since there are facts about the contingencies and problems we face.
Constantly and consistently stressing a naturalistic account of human activity, Dewey (like James) saw human inquiry as the entertainment of hypotheses and intelligence as evaluative. Preferring to call his philosophical approaches "instrumentalist" rather than “pragmatist,” Dewey emphasized the contingent, purposive nature of human action. This "learning-by-doing" view carried over into his metaphysical commitments. For example, he frequently stressed the position that an agent can only be fully understood as one pole in a person-environment interaction, not merely as a subject bumping into a world of objects. This carried over into more immediately practical areas, such as his educational theory. Here he strongly advocated formal schooling as a means to enhance the autonomy of persons, whereby that autonomy is understood as the ability of persons to frame purposes, plans and life goals along with the skills and abilities to carry those purposes and plans and goals into effect. An education that is relevant to meaningful experiences is one that recognizes and is based on two principles: a principle of continuity (we are temporal agents and today's experiences are part of a continuum with yesterday’s and tomorrow's) as well as a principle of interaction (we are social beings and one’s experiences are inherently and ineliminably interwoven with the experiences of others).
Frequently critiquing and rejecting dichotomies that he saw as unfounded and unsustainable, Dewey argued often against a fact/value dichotomy. What is good (or bad) is relative to contexts and goals, but at the same time is a matter of what helps an organism cope with and flourish in the world. Drawing from a Darwinian heritage and writing as an early proponent of what is now seen as evolutionary and naturalistic ethics, Dewey growth is the only moral end. Adaptation and adjustment to different and changing environments, including social and moral environments, are the signs of appropriate action. In the interaction with one's environments, an agent must decide among goals and choices of action, based on predicted outcomes. Appraising situations and deliberating on likely outcomes is what Dewey refers to as "valuation." This process of valuation, for Dewey, clearly demonstrates the useless and mistaken notion of a fact/value dichotomy.
Finally, along with arguing for valuation at the level of the individual organism or person, Dewey wrote voluminously on valuation at the level of the group or community. Often speaking of democracy as a way of life, he claimed that full self-realization requires community and emphasized this self-realization in the context of individuals' participation in social collectives. Social arrangements, in fact, are means of "creating" individuals, for Dewey, not oppressive or repressive impositions on them (at least, not by their nature; social arrangements could be oppressive and repressive, but not merely by being social). Social arrangements, far from being foreign impositions on our freedom, are both "natural" and can be enhancing of our individual freedom. Dewey fleshes out this claim by distinguishing two types of freedom: freedom of movement and freedom of intelligence. Freedom of movement is what some philosophers refer to by the expression "freedom from." To be free in this sense means that one is free from external constraints on one's movements. This, says Dewey, is certainly an important sense of freedom, but it is only a sense that is a means toward a more important end, which he designates as a fuller sort of freedom, namely, freedom of intelligence (or what some philosophers call "freedom to"). Simply having no (significant) external constraints on one's movements does not lead to or entail self-realization. As he put it in The Public and Its Problems: "No man and no mind was ever emancipated merely by being left alone." What one is free to do, what one does with that absence of constraint is a much more important sense of freedom for Dewey. He expresses this fuller sense of freedom is a variety of ways throughout his writings, e.g., it is "a sound instinct which identifies freedom with the power to frame purposes and to execute or carry into effect purposes so framed." Freedom of movement (that is, freedom from constraints) is a necessary, but on a necessary, condition for this fuller sense of freedom. Furthermore, this freedom of intelligence results not from living in isolation of in rejecting social constraints (or, in his wording, "social controls"). In fact, social controls are quite natural and self-directed, Dewey claims. For example, he says, watch children at play. One of the first things they will do is to establish rules and parameters for play, in order to make play possible. Games involve rules, which constrain action, but at the same time make meaningful action possible. The important point here is that these rules are not only accepted, but most often self-imposed by the children at play. In addition to being natural, freedom of intelligence, which incorporates social controls, is social in its nascence. For Dewey: "Liberty is that secure release and fulfillment of personal potentialities which take place only in rich and manifold association with others; the power to be an individualized self making a distinctive contribution and enjoying in its own way the fruits of association."
d. Other Pragmatists
Besides the "Big Three" classical pragmatists, there were many other important thinkers labeled (sometimes self-identified) as pragmatist. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) was particularly influential during the first several decades of the twentieth century, especially in his work on the social development of the self and of language. A generation later, Clarence Irving Lewis (1883-1964) wrote several significant works in the middle third of the twentieth century on what he termed "conceptualistic pragmatism," stressing how pragmatic grounds shape the interpretation of experience. His contemporary, Alain Locke (1885-1954), blending the thought of earlier pragmatists with that of W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963), produced a large body of work on the social construction of identity (particularly focusing on race) and advocating cultural pluralism within the context of what he called a philosophy of "critical relativism" or “critical pragmatism.”
Another important thinker, often labeled as pragmatist, but noted more for advocating an explicit version of philosophical idealism, was Josiah Royce (1855-1916). Though there were other American idealists (e.g., G. H. Howison of the St. Louis Hegelians and Bordon Parker Bowne (1847-1910), known for his view of "personalism"), Royce is recognized as the most influential of them. Epistemologically, Royce noted that any analysis of experience shows that the fact and, indeed, very possibility of error leads to the postulation of both mind and external reality, since only minds can be in error and being in error presupposes something about which mind can be mistaken. The recognition of error presupposes a higher level of awareness, since knowing that one is in error about X presupposes that one recognize both X and what is mistaken about one's judgment. Error, then, presupposes some form or level of veridicality. Much like the story of the blind men who come upon an elephant, each believing that part of the elephant captures the whole, the message here is that error is really partiality, that is having only partial truth. For Royce, this also pointed to the ultimate communal nature of all interpretation, as knowledge (even of one's self) comes from signs, which in turn require some kind of comparison and finally of community. Royce extended this view, and displayed definite affinities to pragmatism, in his analysis of meaning. The meaning of an idea, he claimed, contained both an external and an internal element, much as we say that terms have both a denotation and a connotation. Ideas have external meaning in the sense that they connect up to an external world. But they have an internal meaning in the sense that they embody or express purpose. What is real, Royce claimed, is "the complete embodiment in individual form and in final fulfillment, of the internal meaning of finite ideas." As these in turn require comparison and moving beyond partiality, they come finally to a complete and coherent absolute level of ideas, what he termed "Absolute Pragmatism."
4. 20th Century and Recent
Much of the philosophical work of the classic pragmatists, as well as that of Royce and others, though begun in the latter half of the nineteenth century, carried over into the early decades of the twentieth century. While pragmatism continued to be a dominant movement in American philosophy in these early decades, other movements and schools of thought emerged. In the first several decades, there was a revival of common sense realism and naturalism (or, put another way, an explicit rejection of what was seen as the idealism of Royce and some aspects of pragmatism) as well as the emergence of Process Philosophy, which was directly influenced by contemporary science, especially Einsteinian relativity theory. Mid-twentieth century philosophy was heavily dominated in America by empiricism and analytic philosophy, with a strong focus on language. Finally, in the latter couple of decades there was a re-discovery and revival of pragmatism as well as the emergence of feminist and "minority" issues and concerns, of people and groups who had been marginalized and under-represented throughout the nation's history. Some movements and schools of thought that had been prominent in Europe, such as existentialism and phenomenology, though having advocates in America, never gained significant widespread attention in American philosophy.
One of the earliest movements in twentieth century American thought was a rejection of idealism, spearheaded in large part by Royce's own student, George Santayana (1863-1952), who saw philosophy as having unfortunately abandoned, and in the case of idealism contradicted, common sense. If we push the concept of knowledge to the point of requiring indubitability, then skepticism is the result, since nothing will satisfy this requirement. On the other hand, if knowledge is a kind of faith, much as common sense rests on untested assumptions, then we are led to a view of "animal faith," which Santayana endorses. This return to common sense, or at least to a naturalist, realist stance was echoed by many philosophers at this time. In 1910 an essay in the Journal of Philosophy (then called the Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods), entitled, "The Program and First Platform of Six Realists," announced a strong reaction against idealism and what were seen idealist elements in pragmatism. Among the platform planks of this program were statements that objects exist independently of mind, that ontology is logically independent of epistemology, that epistemology is not logically fundamental (that is, that things are known directly to us), that the degree of unity, consistency, or connection subsisting among entities is a matter to be empirically ascertained, etc. Given this realist stance, these philosophers then proceeded to try to produce naturalistic accounts of philosophical matters, for example, Ralph Barton Perry's (1876-1957) General Theory of Value.
A second school of thought early in the century was known as "Process Philosophy." Identified largely with the work of Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947), though having other notable proponents such as Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000), process philosophy proceeded from an ontology that took events or processes as primary. Change and becoming were emphasized over permanence and being. Drawing on contemporary scientific advances, in particular the new Einsteinian worldview, Whitehead highlighted this "event ontology." In his well-known work, The Concept of Nature, he insisted that “nature is a structure of events," and taking the new Einsteinian four-dimensional understanding of the world, things (what he called "concresences") are merely those streams of events “which maintain permanence of character." This embracing of contemporary science did not entail a materialist stance for Whitehead any more than Jonathan Edwards's embracing of the Newtonian worldview entailed materialism on his part. Rather, Whitehead distinguished between the notion of "Nature lifeless" and “Nature alive,” with the latter an acknowledgement of value and purpose being just as basic to experience as an external world of events.
Despite the presence of these two movements and the still-present influence of pragmatism, the middle half of the twentieth century was dominated in America by empiricism and analytic philosophy, with a pronounced turn toward linguistic analysis. Beginning with the powerful influence of the Logical Positivists (or Logical Empiricists), most notably Rudolf Carnap (1891-1969), academic philosophy turned in a decided way away from social and political concerns to conceptual analysis and self-reflection (that is, to the question of just what the proper role of philosophy is). Without a doubt, the most influential American philosopher during this time was Willard Van Orman Quine (1908-2000). Though Quine was critical of many aspects of Logical Positivism, indeed, one of his most renowned essays was "Two Dogmas of Empiricism," he nevertheless shared their view that the role of philosophy was not to enlighten persons or serve social and political concerns. Saying that philosophers in the professional sense have no particular fitness for inspiration or "helping to get society on an even keel," he argued instead that philosophy's job is to clear away conceptual muddles and mistakes. Seeing philosophy as in large part continuous with science in the sense of trying to understand what there is and how we can then flourish in the world, he claimed that philosophy is on the abstract, theoretical end of scientific pursuits. Advocating a physicalist ontology, Quine was openly behaviorist about understanding human agency and knowledge. Criticizing the analytic/synthetic distinction and the view that there are truths independent of facts about the world, Quine strongly advocated a naturalized epistemology and naturalized ethics. Openly acknowledging an affinity with some aspects of pragmatism, Quine claimed a holistic approach to knowledge, insisting that no particular experiences occur in isolation; rather we experience a "web of belief," with every belief or statement or experience affecting “the field as a whole," and hence "our statements about the external world face the tribunal of sense experience not individually but only as a corporate body." Reminiscent of Dewey, Quine asserted that while there is no fact/value dichotomy, the sciences, with their system of checks and balances, do provide the best theories and models of what there is. Besides his commitment to materialism, behaviorism, and holism, Quine urged what he called "semantic ascent," that is, that philosophy should proceed by focusing on an analysis of language. By looking at the language we use and by framing philosophical concerns in terms of language, we can avoid fruitless philosophical disputes and faulty ontological commitments. Within academic philosophy, Quine is perhaps best known for his work in formal, mathematical logic and with his doctrine of "the indeterminacy of translation." In his highly influential book, Word and Object, he introduced the term "gavagai." “Gavagai” is a term uttered by a native while pointing at something in the immediate environment, something that appears to us as a rabbit. However, from that utterance, we don't know if "gavagai" should be translated into English as “rabbit” or “undetached rabbit parts” or "rabbit time-slice" or something else. The point is that there is no givenness to the situation, no determinateness of translation. Nor is this a simple matter, as this lack of givenness and determinacy holds in all situations. There are other, pragmatic, factors that allow communication and understanding to be possible.
With this formal, often extremely technical, conceptual analysis dominating mid-century American philosophy, a return to social and political concerns did not become mainstream again until the 1970s. Such a return is often credited to the publication of John Rawls's (1921-2002) A Theory of Justice. While other philosophers had, of course, written on these issues, it was Rawls's book that brought these topics back into mainstream consideration among professional philosophers. Rawls argued for a position of political liberalism based on a system of procedural justice. Though his work was widely influential, it was critiqued by philosophers identified as libertarian, such as Robert Nozick (1938-2002), who saw it as too restrictive of individual liberties, as well as by communitarians, such as Alasdair MacIntyre (1929- ) who saw it as focusing too much on procedural justice and not enough on what is good for persons, who are also citizens situated in communities. Still, the revival of substantive social and political philosophy was effected. Outside of academic philosophy, these concerns had not been absent, however, but were present in the writings of social and political leaders, and in popular political philosophy, such as the writings of Ayn Rand (1905-1982) and Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968).
As the century ended, there was a renewal of interest in pragmatism as a philosophical movement, with two important philosophers in particular adopting the label of pragmatist, Hilary Putnam (1926- ) and Richard Rorty (1931- ). Known throughout the philosophical world, they brought the writings and stance of classical pragmatists back into the forefront of professional philosophy, often with their critiques of each other's works. This renewal of pragmatism, along with the revival of social and political philosophy, came at the same time, the final quarter of the century, as feminist philosophy emerged, though there had been prominent feminist thinkers in American philosophy prior to this time, e.g., Grimké and Stanton, noted earlier, as well as others, such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) or even Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643). Outside of academic philosophy, the publication, in the 1960s, of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, struck a popular nerve about the marginalization of women. Inside academic philosophy, feminist philosophers, such as Adrienne Rich (1929- ) and many others, began critiques of traditional philosophical concerns and stances. These critiques were leveled at the very roots of philosophical issues and across the board. For example, there were critiques of epistemic values such as objectivity (that is, detached, disembodied inquiry), as well as what were taken as masculine approaches to ethics and political philosophy, such as procedural over substantive justice or rights-based ethical theories. Insisting that there was not a public/private dichotomy and no value-neutral inquiry, feminists reformulated philosophical issues and concerns and redirected philosophical attention to issues of power and the social dimensions (and construction) of those very issues and concerns. This demand for pluralism in content was expanded to philosophical methods and goals, generally, and was expanded to other traditionally marginalized perspectives. By century's end, traditional philosophical work continued in full force, for example, with a strong surge of interest in philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, etc., but was accompanied at the same time by a sharp increase in these newly-demanded foci, such as philosophy of race, philosophy of law, philosophy of power, etc.
One final note. This survey of American Philosophy clearly is all-too-brief. One difficulty with summarizing American Philosophy is what has counted as philosophy over time. Unlike European cultures, there has tended to be less of an academic class in America, hence less of a sense of professional philosophy, until, that is, the twentieth century. Even then, much of what has been taken as philosophy by most Americans has been distant from what most professional philosophers have taken as philosophy. The kind of public awareness in France and indeed Europe as a whole of, say, the death of Jean-Paul Sartre, was nowhere near matched in America by the death of Quine, though for professional philosophers the latter was at least of equal stature. Few American philosophers have had the social impact outside of academia as John Dewey. A second difficulty here is that many thinkers in American intellectual history lie outside what is today considered philosophy. Because of his intellectual lineage, Jonathan Edwards is still studied within American Philosophy, but other important American thinkers, such as Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) and C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) are not. Much as other academic disciplines, philosophy in America has become professionalized. Nevertheless, professional philosophers, for example in their analysis of rights and the question of the meaningfulness of animal rights, or in their application of philosophical ethics to health care contexts, have both reflected and shaped the face of American culture.
5. References and Further Reading
There are numerous works available on particular American philosophers and specific movements or philosophical traditions in American philosophy. The references below are for books that deal widely with American Philosophy as a whole.
Blau, Joseph L. Men and Movements in American Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1952.
Borradori, Giovanna. The American Philosopher. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Cohen, Morris. American Thought. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1954.
Fisch, Max H. (ed.). Classic American Philosophers. New York: Appelton-Century-Crofts, 1951.
Flower, Elizabeth and Murray G. Murphy. A History of Philosophy in American, two volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1977.
Hollinger, David A. and Charles Capper. The American Intellectual Tradition, two volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. (Second edition, 1993.)
Harris, Leonard. Philosophy Born of Struggle: Anthology of African American Philosophy from 1917. Dubuque, IO: Kendell/Hunt, 1983.
Harris, Leonard, Scott L. Pratt, and Anne S. Waters (eds.). American Philosophies. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
Kuklick, Bruce. A History of Philosophy in American, 1720-2000. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001.
Kuklick, Bruce. The Rise of American Philosophy: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1860-1930. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
MacKinnon, Barbara (ed.). American Philosophy: A Historical Anthology. Albany: SUNY Press, 1985.
Muelder, Walter G., Laurence Sears and Anne V. Schlabach (eds.). The Develolpment of American Philosophy. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1940. (Second edition, 1960.)
Myers, Gerald (ed.). The Spirit of American Philosophy. New York: Capricorn Books, 1971.
Pratt, Scott L. Native Pragmatism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
Reck, Andrew J. The New American Philosophers. New York: Dell, 1968.
Reck, Andrew J. Recent American Philosophy. New York: Pantheon Books, 1964.
Schneider, Herbert W. A History of American Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1946.
Singer, Marcus G. (ed.) American Philosophy. Cambridge: Royal Institute of Philosophy, 1985.
Smith, John E. The Spirit of American Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963.
Smith, John E. Themes in American Philosophy. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
Stanlick, Nancy A. and Bruce S. Silver (eds.). Philosophy in America: Primary Readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.
Stroh, Guy W. American Philosophy. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1968.
Stuhr, John J. (ed.). Classical American Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Stuhr, John J. (ed.). Pragmatism and Classical American Philosophy, second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Waters, Anne S. American Indian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
West, Cornell. The American Evasion of Philosophy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
White, Morton (ed.). Documents in the History of American Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.
White, Morton. Science and Sentiment in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Winn, Ralph B. (ed.). American Philosophy. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.
| i don't know |
When TNT is expanded into the full word, how many letters does it contain? | c# - Case insensitive 'Contains(string)' - Stack Overflow
Case insensitive 'Contains(string)'
Is there a way to make the following return true?
string title = "ASTRINGTOTEST"; title.Contains("string");
There doesn't seem to be an overload that allows me to set the case sensitivity.. Currently I UPPERCASE them both, but that's just silly.
UPDATE
The sillyness I refer to is the i18n issues that come with up- and down casing.
UPDATE
This question is ancient and since then I have realized I asked for a simple answer for a really vast and difficult topic if you care to investigate it fully.
For most cases, in mono-lingual, English code bases this answer will suffice. I'm suspecting because most people coming here fall in this category this is the most popular answer.
This answer however brings up the inherent problem that we can't compare text case insensitive until we know both texts are the same culture and we know what that culture is. This is maybe a less popular answer, but I think it is more correct and that's why I marked it as such.
11
How is it silly? Do you mean that you're doing 2 passes on the string? I would think case-insensitive comparisons merely combine the two steps. – Calyth Jan 14 '09 at 21:44
14
Since I will use it on the worldwebz i have to take foreign characters into account. As mentioned in an answer below, upcasing as well as downcasing gives internationalization issues. – Boris Callens Jan 15 '09 at 14:15
1
Upper-casing both strings is silly, because you create two new strings and then still perform a case-sensitive search. There is unnecessary additional processing and memory involved in creating new strings like that, especially if you're searching through a set of strings and you upper-case the search or source terms redundantly. The IndexOf method that allows the specification of a StringComparison value is better. – Triynko May 3 '11 at 20:39
81
xkcd.com/979 – Francisco Mar 30 '12 at 13:54
1
@ColonelPanic: Correct. If you know the culture, this becomes less of a problem. But often, you either don't know or don't care. – Boris Callens Mar 18 '13 at 7:58
To test if the string paragraph contains the string word (thanks @QuarterMeister)
culture.CompareInfo.IndexOf(paragraph, word, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase) >= 0
Where culture is the instance of CultureInfo describing the language that the text is written in.
This solution is transparent about the definition of case-insensitivity, which is language dependent. For example, the English language uses the characters I and i for the upper and lower case versions of the ninth letter, whereas the Turkish language uses these characters for the eleventh and twelfth letters of its 29 letter-long alphabet. The Turkish upper case version of 'i' is the unfamiliar character 'İ'.
Thus the strings tin and TIN are the same word in English, but different words in Turkish. As I understand, one means 'spirit' and the other is an onomatopoeia word. (Turks, please correct me if I'm wrong, or suggest a better example)
To summarise, you can only answer the question 'are these two strings the same but in different cases' if you know what language the text is in. If you don't know, you'll have to take a punt. Given English's hegemony in software, you should probably resort to CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, because it'll be wrong in familiar ways.
45
Why not culture.CompareInfo.IndexOf(paragraph, word, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase) >= 0? That uses the right culture and is case-insensitive, it doesn't allocate temporary lowercase strings, and it avoids the question of whether converting to lowercase and comparing is always the same as a case-insensitive comparison. – Quartermeister Mar 18 '13 at 15:32
9
This solution also needlessly pollutes the heap by allocating memory for what should be a searching function – JaredPar Mar 18 '13 at 16:09
14
Comparing with ToLower() will give different results from a case-insensitive IndexOf when two different letters have the same lowercase letter. For example, calling ToLower() on either U+0398 "Greek Capital Letter Theta" or U+03F4 "Greek Capital Letter Theta Symbol" results in U+03B8, "Greek Small Letter Theta", but the capital letters are considered different. Both solutions consider lowercase letters with the same capital letter different, such as U+0073 "Latin Small Letter S" and U+017F "Latin Small Letter Long S", so the IndexOf solution seems more consistent. – Quartermeister Mar 18 '13 at 17:47
3
@Quartermeister - and BTW, I believe .NET 2 and .NET4 behave differently on this as .NET 4 always uses NORM_LINGUISTIC_CASING while .NET 2 did not (this flags has appeared with Windows Vista). – Simon Mourier Mar 23 '13 at 8:13
11
+1 for completeness - answers with a proper form of explanation are the only way users will actually learn from SO – TheGeekZn May 5 '14 at 12:57
You could use the String.IndexOf Method and pass StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase as the type of search to use:
string title = "STRING"; bool contains = title.IndexOf("string", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0;
Even better is defining a new extension method for string:
public static class StringExtensions { public static bool Contains(this string source, string toCheck, StringComparison comp) { return source.IndexOf(toCheck, comp) >= 0; } } ... string title = "STRING"; bool contains = title.Contains("string", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
15
Indeed does look like the best way to go. Weird that such a thing is not standard framework. Thx. – Boris Callens Jan 15 '09 at 14:17
146
@boris: help make it part of the framework: vote here: connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/435324/… – Ian Mercer Jul 28 '10 at 18:00
6
This gives the same answer as paragraph.ToLower(culture).Contains(word.ToLower(culture)) with CultureInfo.InvariantCulture and it doesn't solve any localisation issues. Why over complicate things? stackoverflow.com/a/15464440/284795 – Colonel Panic Mar 17 '13 at 18:52
30
@ColonelPanic the ToLower version includes 2 allocations which are unnecessary in a comparison / search operation. Why needlessly allocate in a scenario that doesn't require it? – JaredPar Mar 18 '13 at 16:09
2
@Seabiscuit that won't work because string is an IEnumerable<char> hence you can't use it to find substrings – JaredPar Nov 6 '14 at 17:55
You can use IndexOf() like this:
string title = "STRING"; if (title.IndexOf("string", 0, StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) != -1) { // The string exists in the original }
Since 0 (zero) can be an index, you check against -1.
bool contains = Regex.IsMatch("StRiNG to search", "string", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
Notice
As @cHao has pointed out in his comment, there are scenario's that will cause this solution to return incorrect results. Make sure you know what you're doing before you implement this solution haphazardly.
2
Good Idea, also we have a lot of bitwise combinations in RegexOptions like RegexOptions.IgnoreCase & RegexOptions.IgnorePatternWhitespace & RegexOptions.CultureInvariant; for anyone if helps. – Saravanan Aug 24 '11 at 4:36
7
Must say I prefer this method although using IsMatch for neatness. – wonea Sep 7 '11 at 17:40
18
What's worse, since the search string is interpreted as a regex, a number of punctuation chars will cause incorrect results (or trigger an exception due to an invalid expression). Try searching for "." in "This is a sample string that doesn't contain the search string". Or try searching for "(invalid", for that matter. – cHao Sep 9 '11 at 13:28
7
@cHao: In that case, Regex.Escape could help. Regex still seems unnecessary when IndexOf / extension Contains is simple (and arguably more clear). – Dan Mangiarelli Sep 9 '11 at 16:44
3
Note that I was not implying that this Regex solution was the best way to go. I was simply adding to the list of answers to the original posted question "Is there a way to make the following return true?". – Jed Sep 13 '11 at 15:43
up vote 44 down vote
One issue with the answer is that it will throw an exception if a string is null. You can add that as a check so it won't:
public static bool Contains(this string source, string toCheck, StringComparison comp) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(toCheck) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(source)) return true; return source.IndexOf(toCheck, comp) >= 0; }
7
If toCheck is the empty string it needs to return true per the Contains documentation: "true if the value parameter occurs within this string, or if value is the empty string (""); otherwise, false." – amurra Feb 16 '11 at 16:13
3
Based on amurra's comment above, doesn't the suggested code need to be corrected? And shouldn't this be added to the accepted answer, so that the best response is first? – David White Aug 30 '11 at 3:43
8
Now this will return true if source is an empty string or null no matter what toCheck is. That cannot be correct. Also IndexOf already returns true if toCheck is an empty string and source is not null. What is needed here is a check for null. I suggest if (source == null || value == null) return false; – Colin Jul 1 '13 at 12:21
You could always just up or downcase the strings first.
string title = "string": title.ToUpper().Contains("STRING") // returns true
Oops, just saw that last bit. A case insensitive compare would *probably* do the same anyway, and if performance is not an issue, I don't see a problem with creating uppercase copies and comparing those. I could have sworn that I once saw a case-insensitive compare once...
1
Interestingly, I've seen ToUpper() recommended over the use of ToLower() in this sort of scenario, because apparently ToLower() can "lose fidelity" in certain cultures - that is, two different upper-case characters translate to the same lower-case character. – Matt Hamilton Jan 14 '09 at 21:47
72
Search for "Turkey test" :) – Jon Skeet Jan 14 '09 at 21:48
3
In some French locales, uppercase letters don't have the diacritics, so ToUpper() may not be any better than ToLower(). I'd say use the proper tools if they're available - case-insensitive compare. – Blair Conrad Jan 14 '09 at 22:03
3
Don't use ToUpper or ToLower, and do what Jon Skeet said – Peter Gfader Aug 21 '09 at 2:49
8
Just saw this again after two years and a new downvote... anyway, I agree that there are better ways to compare strings. However, not all programs will be localized (most won't) and many are internal or throwaway apps. Since I can hardly expect credit for advice best left for throwaway apps... I'm moving on :D – Ed S. Jan 25 '11 at 7:28
up vote 27 down vote
StringExtension class is the way forward, I've combined a couple of the posts above to give a complete code example:
public static class StringExtensions { /// <summary> /// Allows case insensitive checks /// </summary> public static bool Contains(this string source, string toCheck, StringComparison comp) { return source.IndexOf(toCheck, comp) >= 0; } }
This is clean and simple.
Regex.IsMatch(file,fileNamestr,RegexOptions.IgnoreCase)
15
This will match against a pattern, though. In your example, if fileNamestr has any special regex characters (e.g. *, +, ., etc.) then you will be in for quite a surprise. The only way to make this solution work like a proper Contains function is to escape fileNamestr by doing Regex.Escape(fileNamestr). – XåpplI'-I0llwlg'I - Feb 3 '13 at 15:18
Since this is missing, here are some recommendations about when to use which one:
Dos
Use StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase for comparisons as your safe default for culture-agnostic string matching.
Use StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase comparisons for increased speed.
Use StringComparison.CurrentCulture-based string operations when displaying the output to the user.
Switch current use of string operations based on the invariant culture to use the non-linguistic StringComparison.Ordinal or StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase when the comparison is
linguistically irrelevant (symbolic, for example).
Use ToUpperInvariant rather than ToLowerInvariant when normalizing strings for comparison.
Don'ts
Use overloads for string operations that don't explicitly or implicitly specify the string comparison mechanism.
Use StringComparison.InvariantCulture -based string
operations in most cases; one of the few exceptions would be
persisting linguistically meaningful but culturally-agnostic data.
Based on these rules you should use:
string title = "STRING"; if (title.IndexOf("string", 0, StringComparison.[YourDecision]) != -1) { // The string exists in the original }
whereas [YourDecision] depends on the recommendations from above.
link of source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms973919.aspx
I know that this is not the C#, but in the framework (VB.NET) there is already such a function
Dim str As String = "UPPERlower" Dim b As Boolean = InStr(str, "UpperLower")
C# variant:
up vote 8 down vote
The InStr method from the VisualBasic assembly is the best if you have a concern about internationalization (or you could reimplement it). Looking at in it dotNeetPeek shows that not only does it account for caps and lowercase, but also for kana type and full- vs. half-width characters (mostly relevant for Asian languages, although there are full-width versions of the Roman alphabet too). I'm skipping over some details, but check out the private method InternalInStrText:
private static int InternalInStrText(int lStartPos, string sSrc, string sFind) { int num = sSrc == null ? 0 : sSrc.Length; if (lStartPos > num || num == 0) return -1; if (sFind == null || sFind.Length == 0) return lStartPos; else return Utils.GetCultureInfo().CompareInfo.IndexOf(sSrc, sFind, lStartPos, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase | CompareOptions.IgnoreKanaType | CompareOptions.IgnoreWidth); }
This is not culture-specific and may fail for some cases. culture.CompareInfo.IndexOf(paragraph, word, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase) should be used. – hikalkan Jul 22 '14 at 7:50
The questioner is looking for Contains not Compare. – DuckMaestro Jul 11 '11 at 8:05
@DuckMaestro, the accepted answer is implementing Contains with IndexOf. So this approach is equally helpful! The C# code example on this page is using string.Compare(). SharePoint team's choice that is! – vulcan raven Jan 5 '13 at 10:07
up vote 7 down vote
Ultimately, a generic "contains" operation comes down to a function like this,
/// <summary> /// Determines whether the source contains the sequence. /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the items in the sequences.</typeparam> /// <param name="sourceEnumerator">The source enumerator.</param> /// <param name="sequenceEnumerator">The sequence enumerator.</param> /// <param name="equalityComparer">An equality comparer.</param> /// <remarks> /// An empty sequence will return <c>true</c>. /// The sequence must support <see cref="IEnumerator.Reset"/> /// if it does not begin the source. /// </remarks> /// <returns> /// <c>true</c> if the source contains the sequence; /// otherwise <c>false</c>. /// </returns> public static bool Contains<T>( IEnumerator<T> sourceEnumerator, IEnumerator<T> sequenceEnumerator, IEqualityComparer<T> equalityComparer) { if (equalityComparer == null) { equalityComparer = EqualityComparer<T>.Default; } while (sequenceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (sourceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (!equalityComparer.Equals( sourceEnumerator.Current, sequenceEnumerator.Current)) { sequenceEnumerator.Reset(); } } else { return false; } } return true; }
this can be trivially wrapped in a extension version accepting IEnumerable like this,
public static bool Contains<T>( this IEnumerable<T> source, IEnumerable<T> sequence, IEqualityComparer<T> equalityComparer = null) { if (sequence == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("sequence"); } using(var sequenceEnumerator = sequence.GetEnumerator()) using(var sourceEnumerator = source.GetEnumerator()) { return Contains( sourceEnumerator, sequenceEnumerator, equalityComparer); } }
Now, this will work for the ordinal comparison of any sequences, including strings, since string implements IEnumerable<char>,
// The optional parameter ensures the generic overload is invoked // not the string.Contains() implementation. "testable".Contains("est", EqualityComparer<char>.Default)
However, as we know, strings are not generic, they are specialized. There are two key factors at play.
The "casing" issue which itself has various language dependent edge cases.
The rather involved issue of how a set of "Text Elements" (letters/numbers/symbols etc.) are represented by Unicode Code Points and what valid sequences of chars can represent a given string, details are expanded in these answers .
The net effect is the same. Strings that you might assert are linguistically equal can be validly represented by different combinations of chars. Whats more, the rules for validity change between cultures.
All this leads to a specialized string based "Contains" implementation like this.
using System.Globalization; public static bool Contains( this string source, string value, CultureInfo culture = null, CompareOptions options = CompareOptions.None) { if (value == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); } var compareInfo = culture == null ? CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.CompareInfo : culture.CompareInfo; var sourceEnumerator = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(source); var sequenceEnumerator = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(value); while (sequenceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (sourceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (!(compareInfo.Compare( sourceEnumerator.Current, sequenceEnumerator.Current, options) == 0)) { sequenceEnumerator.Reset(); } } else { return false; } } return true; }
This function can be used to perform a case insensitive, culture specific "contains" that will work, whatever the normalization of the strings. e.g.
"testable".Contains("EST", StringComparer.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
| 15 |
What is the surname of Jacques Alexandre Cesar, after whom a scientific law is named? | c# - Case insensitive 'Contains(string)' - Stack Overflow
Case insensitive 'Contains(string)'
Is there a way to make the following return true?
string title = "ASTRINGTOTEST"; title.Contains("string");
There doesn't seem to be an overload that allows me to set the case sensitivity.. Currently I UPPERCASE them both, but that's just silly.
UPDATE
The sillyness I refer to is the i18n issues that come with up- and down casing.
UPDATE
This question is ancient and since then I have realized I asked for a simple answer for a really vast and difficult topic if you care to investigate it fully.
For most cases, in mono-lingual, English code bases this answer will suffice. I'm suspecting because most people coming here fall in this category this is the most popular answer.
This answer however brings up the inherent problem that we can't compare text case insensitive until we know both texts are the same culture and we know what that culture is. This is maybe a less popular answer, but I think it is more correct and that's why I marked it as such.
11
How is it silly? Do you mean that you're doing 2 passes on the string? I would think case-insensitive comparisons merely combine the two steps. – Calyth Jan 14 '09 at 21:44
14
Since I will use it on the worldwebz i have to take foreign characters into account. As mentioned in an answer below, upcasing as well as downcasing gives internationalization issues. – Boris Callens Jan 15 '09 at 14:15
1
Upper-casing both strings is silly, because you create two new strings and then still perform a case-sensitive search. There is unnecessary additional processing and memory involved in creating new strings like that, especially if you're searching through a set of strings and you upper-case the search or source terms redundantly. The IndexOf method that allows the specification of a StringComparison value is better. – Triynko May 3 '11 at 20:39
81
xkcd.com/979 – Francisco Mar 30 '12 at 13:54
1
@ColonelPanic: Correct. If you know the culture, this becomes less of a problem. But often, you either don't know or don't care. – Boris Callens Mar 18 '13 at 7:58
To test if the string paragraph contains the string word (thanks @QuarterMeister)
culture.CompareInfo.IndexOf(paragraph, word, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase) >= 0
Where culture is the instance of CultureInfo describing the language that the text is written in.
This solution is transparent about the definition of case-insensitivity, which is language dependent. For example, the English language uses the characters I and i for the upper and lower case versions of the ninth letter, whereas the Turkish language uses these characters for the eleventh and twelfth letters of its 29 letter-long alphabet. The Turkish upper case version of 'i' is the unfamiliar character 'İ'.
Thus the strings tin and TIN are the same word in English, but different words in Turkish. As I understand, one means 'spirit' and the other is an onomatopoeia word. (Turks, please correct me if I'm wrong, or suggest a better example)
To summarise, you can only answer the question 'are these two strings the same but in different cases' if you know what language the text is in. If you don't know, you'll have to take a punt. Given English's hegemony in software, you should probably resort to CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, because it'll be wrong in familiar ways.
45
Why not culture.CompareInfo.IndexOf(paragraph, word, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase) >= 0? That uses the right culture and is case-insensitive, it doesn't allocate temporary lowercase strings, and it avoids the question of whether converting to lowercase and comparing is always the same as a case-insensitive comparison. – Quartermeister Mar 18 '13 at 15:32
9
This solution also needlessly pollutes the heap by allocating memory for what should be a searching function – JaredPar Mar 18 '13 at 16:09
14
Comparing with ToLower() will give different results from a case-insensitive IndexOf when two different letters have the same lowercase letter. For example, calling ToLower() on either U+0398 "Greek Capital Letter Theta" or U+03F4 "Greek Capital Letter Theta Symbol" results in U+03B8, "Greek Small Letter Theta", but the capital letters are considered different. Both solutions consider lowercase letters with the same capital letter different, such as U+0073 "Latin Small Letter S" and U+017F "Latin Small Letter Long S", so the IndexOf solution seems more consistent. – Quartermeister Mar 18 '13 at 17:47
3
@Quartermeister - and BTW, I believe .NET 2 and .NET4 behave differently on this as .NET 4 always uses NORM_LINGUISTIC_CASING while .NET 2 did not (this flags has appeared with Windows Vista). – Simon Mourier Mar 23 '13 at 8:13
11
+1 for completeness - answers with a proper form of explanation are the only way users will actually learn from SO – TheGeekZn May 5 '14 at 12:57
You could use the String.IndexOf Method and pass StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase as the type of search to use:
string title = "STRING"; bool contains = title.IndexOf("string", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0;
Even better is defining a new extension method for string:
public static class StringExtensions { public static bool Contains(this string source, string toCheck, StringComparison comp) { return source.IndexOf(toCheck, comp) >= 0; } } ... string title = "STRING"; bool contains = title.Contains("string", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
15
Indeed does look like the best way to go. Weird that such a thing is not standard framework. Thx. – Boris Callens Jan 15 '09 at 14:17
146
@boris: help make it part of the framework: vote here: connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/435324/… – Ian Mercer Jul 28 '10 at 18:00
6
This gives the same answer as paragraph.ToLower(culture).Contains(word.ToLower(culture)) with CultureInfo.InvariantCulture and it doesn't solve any localisation issues. Why over complicate things? stackoverflow.com/a/15464440/284795 – Colonel Panic Mar 17 '13 at 18:52
30
@ColonelPanic the ToLower version includes 2 allocations which are unnecessary in a comparison / search operation. Why needlessly allocate in a scenario that doesn't require it? – JaredPar Mar 18 '13 at 16:09
2
@Seabiscuit that won't work because string is an IEnumerable<char> hence you can't use it to find substrings – JaredPar Nov 6 '14 at 17:55
You can use IndexOf() like this:
string title = "STRING"; if (title.IndexOf("string", 0, StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) != -1) { // The string exists in the original }
Since 0 (zero) can be an index, you check against -1.
bool contains = Regex.IsMatch("StRiNG to search", "string", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
Notice
As @cHao has pointed out in his comment, there are scenario's that will cause this solution to return incorrect results. Make sure you know what you're doing before you implement this solution haphazardly.
2
Good Idea, also we have a lot of bitwise combinations in RegexOptions like RegexOptions.IgnoreCase & RegexOptions.IgnorePatternWhitespace & RegexOptions.CultureInvariant; for anyone if helps. – Saravanan Aug 24 '11 at 4:36
7
Must say I prefer this method although using IsMatch for neatness. – wonea Sep 7 '11 at 17:40
18
What's worse, since the search string is interpreted as a regex, a number of punctuation chars will cause incorrect results (or trigger an exception due to an invalid expression). Try searching for "." in "This is a sample string that doesn't contain the search string". Or try searching for "(invalid", for that matter. – cHao Sep 9 '11 at 13:28
7
@cHao: In that case, Regex.Escape could help. Regex still seems unnecessary when IndexOf / extension Contains is simple (and arguably more clear). – Dan Mangiarelli Sep 9 '11 at 16:44
3
Note that I was not implying that this Regex solution was the best way to go. I was simply adding to the list of answers to the original posted question "Is there a way to make the following return true?". – Jed Sep 13 '11 at 15:43
up vote 44 down vote
One issue with the answer is that it will throw an exception if a string is null. You can add that as a check so it won't:
public static bool Contains(this string source, string toCheck, StringComparison comp) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(toCheck) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(source)) return true; return source.IndexOf(toCheck, comp) >= 0; }
7
If toCheck is the empty string it needs to return true per the Contains documentation: "true if the value parameter occurs within this string, or if value is the empty string (""); otherwise, false." – amurra Feb 16 '11 at 16:13
3
Based on amurra's comment above, doesn't the suggested code need to be corrected? And shouldn't this be added to the accepted answer, so that the best response is first? – David White Aug 30 '11 at 3:43
8
Now this will return true if source is an empty string or null no matter what toCheck is. That cannot be correct. Also IndexOf already returns true if toCheck is an empty string and source is not null. What is needed here is a check for null. I suggest if (source == null || value == null) return false; – Colin Jul 1 '13 at 12:21
You could always just up or downcase the strings first.
string title = "string": title.ToUpper().Contains("STRING") // returns true
Oops, just saw that last bit. A case insensitive compare would *probably* do the same anyway, and if performance is not an issue, I don't see a problem with creating uppercase copies and comparing those. I could have sworn that I once saw a case-insensitive compare once...
1
Interestingly, I've seen ToUpper() recommended over the use of ToLower() in this sort of scenario, because apparently ToLower() can "lose fidelity" in certain cultures - that is, two different upper-case characters translate to the same lower-case character. – Matt Hamilton Jan 14 '09 at 21:47
72
Search for "Turkey test" :) – Jon Skeet Jan 14 '09 at 21:48
3
In some French locales, uppercase letters don't have the diacritics, so ToUpper() may not be any better than ToLower(). I'd say use the proper tools if they're available - case-insensitive compare. – Blair Conrad Jan 14 '09 at 22:03
3
Don't use ToUpper or ToLower, and do what Jon Skeet said – Peter Gfader Aug 21 '09 at 2:49
8
Just saw this again after two years and a new downvote... anyway, I agree that there are better ways to compare strings. However, not all programs will be localized (most won't) and many are internal or throwaway apps. Since I can hardly expect credit for advice best left for throwaway apps... I'm moving on :D – Ed S. Jan 25 '11 at 7:28
up vote 27 down vote
StringExtension class is the way forward, I've combined a couple of the posts above to give a complete code example:
public static class StringExtensions { /// <summary> /// Allows case insensitive checks /// </summary> public static bool Contains(this string source, string toCheck, StringComparison comp) { return source.IndexOf(toCheck, comp) >= 0; } }
This is clean and simple.
Regex.IsMatch(file,fileNamestr,RegexOptions.IgnoreCase)
15
This will match against a pattern, though. In your example, if fileNamestr has any special regex characters (e.g. *, +, ., etc.) then you will be in for quite a surprise. The only way to make this solution work like a proper Contains function is to escape fileNamestr by doing Regex.Escape(fileNamestr). – XåpplI'-I0llwlg'I - Feb 3 '13 at 15:18
Since this is missing, here are some recommendations about when to use which one:
Dos
Use StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase for comparisons as your safe default for culture-agnostic string matching.
Use StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase comparisons for increased speed.
Use StringComparison.CurrentCulture-based string operations when displaying the output to the user.
Switch current use of string operations based on the invariant culture to use the non-linguistic StringComparison.Ordinal or StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase when the comparison is
linguistically irrelevant (symbolic, for example).
Use ToUpperInvariant rather than ToLowerInvariant when normalizing strings for comparison.
Don'ts
Use overloads for string operations that don't explicitly or implicitly specify the string comparison mechanism.
Use StringComparison.InvariantCulture -based string
operations in most cases; one of the few exceptions would be
persisting linguistically meaningful but culturally-agnostic data.
Based on these rules you should use:
string title = "STRING"; if (title.IndexOf("string", 0, StringComparison.[YourDecision]) != -1) { // The string exists in the original }
whereas [YourDecision] depends on the recommendations from above.
link of source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms973919.aspx
I know that this is not the C#, but in the framework (VB.NET) there is already such a function
Dim str As String = "UPPERlower" Dim b As Boolean = InStr(str, "UpperLower")
C# variant:
up vote 8 down vote
The InStr method from the VisualBasic assembly is the best if you have a concern about internationalization (or you could reimplement it). Looking at in it dotNeetPeek shows that not only does it account for caps and lowercase, but also for kana type and full- vs. half-width characters (mostly relevant for Asian languages, although there are full-width versions of the Roman alphabet too). I'm skipping over some details, but check out the private method InternalInStrText:
private static int InternalInStrText(int lStartPos, string sSrc, string sFind) { int num = sSrc == null ? 0 : sSrc.Length; if (lStartPos > num || num == 0) return -1; if (sFind == null || sFind.Length == 0) return lStartPos; else return Utils.GetCultureInfo().CompareInfo.IndexOf(sSrc, sFind, lStartPos, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase | CompareOptions.IgnoreKanaType | CompareOptions.IgnoreWidth); }
This is not culture-specific and may fail for some cases. culture.CompareInfo.IndexOf(paragraph, word, CompareOptions.IgnoreCase) should be used. – hikalkan Jul 22 '14 at 7:50
The questioner is looking for Contains not Compare. – DuckMaestro Jul 11 '11 at 8:05
@DuckMaestro, the accepted answer is implementing Contains with IndexOf. So this approach is equally helpful! The C# code example on this page is using string.Compare(). SharePoint team's choice that is! – vulcan raven Jan 5 '13 at 10:07
up vote 7 down vote
Ultimately, a generic "contains" operation comes down to a function like this,
/// <summary> /// Determines whether the source contains the sequence. /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the items in the sequences.</typeparam> /// <param name="sourceEnumerator">The source enumerator.</param> /// <param name="sequenceEnumerator">The sequence enumerator.</param> /// <param name="equalityComparer">An equality comparer.</param> /// <remarks> /// An empty sequence will return <c>true</c>. /// The sequence must support <see cref="IEnumerator.Reset"/> /// if it does not begin the source. /// </remarks> /// <returns> /// <c>true</c> if the source contains the sequence; /// otherwise <c>false</c>. /// </returns> public static bool Contains<T>( IEnumerator<T> sourceEnumerator, IEnumerator<T> sequenceEnumerator, IEqualityComparer<T> equalityComparer) { if (equalityComparer == null) { equalityComparer = EqualityComparer<T>.Default; } while (sequenceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (sourceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (!equalityComparer.Equals( sourceEnumerator.Current, sequenceEnumerator.Current)) { sequenceEnumerator.Reset(); } } else { return false; } } return true; }
this can be trivially wrapped in a extension version accepting IEnumerable like this,
public static bool Contains<T>( this IEnumerable<T> source, IEnumerable<T> sequence, IEqualityComparer<T> equalityComparer = null) { if (sequence == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("sequence"); } using(var sequenceEnumerator = sequence.GetEnumerator()) using(var sourceEnumerator = source.GetEnumerator()) { return Contains( sourceEnumerator, sequenceEnumerator, equalityComparer); } }
Now, this will work for the ordinal comparison of any sequences, including strings, since string implements IEnumerable<char>,
// The optional parameter ensures the generic overload is invoked // not the string.Contains() implementation. "testable".Contains("est", EqualityComparer<char>.Default)
However, as we know, strings are not generic, they are specialized. There are two key factors at play.
The "casing" issue which itself has various language dependent edge cases.
The rather involved issue of how a set of "Text Elements" (letters/numbers/symbols etc.) are represented by Unicode Code Points and what valid sequences of chars can represent a given string, details are expanded in these answers .
The net effect is the same. Strings that you might assert are linguistically equal can be validly represented by different combinations of chars. Whats more, the rules for validity change between cultures.
All this leads to a specialized string based "Contains" implementation like this.
using System.Globalization; public static bool Contains( this string source, string value, CultureInfo culture = null, CompareOptions options = CompareOptions.None) { if (value == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("value"); } var compareInfo = culture == null ? CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.CompareInfo : culture.CompareInfo; var sourceEnumerator = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(source); var sequenceEnumerator = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(value); while (sequenceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (sourceEnumerator.MoveNext()) { if (!(compareInfo.Compare( sourceEnumerator.Current, sequenceEnumerator.Current, options) == 0)) { sequenceEnumerator.Reset(); } } else { return false; } } return true; }
This function can be used to perform a case insensitive, culture specific "contains" that will work, whatever the normalization of the strings. e.g.
"testable".Contains("EST", StringComparer.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
| i don't know |
What were the Goons doing for Christmas in 1956? | The Goons - I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas - YouTube
The Goons - I'm Walking Backwards for Christmas
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Uploaded on Apr 13, 2009
https://twitter.com/shanewhite1989
One of the fourteen singles released by Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Spike Milligan a.k.a. 'The Goons'. From June 1956.
It was partly as a result of the shelving of their first record that The Goons decided to secure a recording contract with Decca in the spring of 1956. Their first recording session took place on 24th May 1956, soon after the sixth series of The Goon Show had finished.
"Im Walking Backwards for Christmas" had originally made its debut in the programme "The Great Tuscan Salami Scandal" (recorded on 21st February 1956) during which The Goons were without their usual orchestra and musical interlude performances from Max Geldray and The Ray Ellington Quartet due to a strike called by the Musicians Union. To fill in the three minute interludes from the storyline, Spike Milligan performed this classic song accompanied by Peter Sellers' "unique" piano playing.
The song proved a highlight of the show and prompted its re-recording for Decca. As a B-side to the single, the equally splendid "Bluebottle Blues" provided the young cub from East Finchley with his first vocal outing on record.
Released on 25th June 1956, the record soon entered the UK singles chart, reaching a height of number 4. Surprisingly, Decca's US subsidiary London Records also released the single in August 1956, but it failed to make any impression on the American charts.
Category
| Walking Backwards |
What was the name of Michael Bentine’s Bafta-winning tv show that ran from 1960-64? | Goon Art
Goon Art...
45 RPM 7-inch EP record, Decca DFE 6396, issued October 1957
SIDE 1
1) BLUEBOTTLE BLUES (Milligan, Carbone)
With Maurice Ponke & his Orchestre Fromage. Recorded May 1956.
2) THE YING TONG SONG (Milligan)
With Maurice Ponke & his Orchestre Fromage. Recorded August 1956.
SIDE 2
1) I'M WALKING BACKWARDS FOR CHRISTMAS (Milligan, Carbone)
With Nick Rauchen conducting the Ball's Pond Road near
'The One-in-Harmony'. Recorded May 1956.
2) BLOODNOK'S ROCK 'N' ROLL CALL (Carbone)
Featuring Dennis Bloodnok, 43rd Deserters (Rtd.), with Roland
Rockcake and his Wholly Rollers. Directed by Maestro Ponke.
Recorded August 1956.
Cover art by Rex Morston
This 45 RPM 7-inch EP record is a re-issue of the material on two previously published
10-inch 78 RPM records, Decca F.10756 (pub. Aug. 1956) and F.10780 (pub. Oct. 1956)
Label art from a rare New Zealand pressing of one of the early Goon
records, 78 RPM 10-inch, Parlophone R.4251 (NZP.3049), 1956
1) MY SEPTEMBER LOVE
The Famous ECCLES & Miss Freda Thing, with Reginald Owen
& His Excruciating Orchestra (Evans-Mullan).
2) YOU GOTTA GO OWW!
COUNT JIM MORIARTY, with Gravely Stephens (Pharmacological
Pianist), and the Massed Alberts (Milligan).
Recorded early September 1956, published December 1956.
With Spike Milligan and Eric Sykes only.
Both tracks were reissued in 1980 on Dark Side of the Goon--solo classics by
Spike Milligan, Peter Sellers and Harry Secombe, 33 RPM 12-inch LP, EMI MID-41.
My September Love (Hit Songs Ltd.); You Gotta Go Oww! (Sherwin Music Ltd.):
.
Hunt Emerson's caricatures of the Goons
Spike Milligan, Harry Secombe, and Peter Sellers
(Source: GSPS Archive)
Of the artists who have drawn the Goon Show characters, well known underground comic artist Hunt Emerson is my stand-out favourite. Emerson's Goon Show pictures show a highly developed sensitivity to both the cast and the characters they portray. It is no coincidence that Emerson's Goon Show characters look a lot like the Telegoon puppets, for they were his primary inspiration. Since the puppets in turn were based on the cast's own sketches of the Goon Show characters, Hunt Emerson's pictures capture the essence of both The Goon Show and The Telegoons. Emerson watched The Telegoons on television in the 1960s, and then twenty years later created artwork for the Goon Show Preservation Society (GSPS), as well as sleeve art for two BBC Goon Show LPs (Goon Show Classics, Vol. 10, and Vol. 11). In discussing the genesis of his particular style of Goon art, Hunt had the following to say,
"My involvement with Things Goonatic was a long time ago...I always liked the Telegoons--my memories of them, that is, from seeing them on early steam television when I was a kid. Then seeing photos of the puppets brought back strange memories, and d�ja-vu thoughts...they have the same other worldliness as photos of DW Griffiths and George Meli�rs--the early silent film people, almost from another forgotten age. My drawings for the GSPS were based on those Telegoon memories (when they weren't caricatures of the Goons--amazingly difficult to do!), and I always thought the puppets captured the voices better even than Sellers' and Milligan's sketches."
Hunt Emerson's cover art on the BBC LP Goon Show Classics, Vol. 10, is a remarkably detailed montage of Telegoonesque scenes from The Whistling Spy Enigma (G.S. Series 5, #1; T.G. Series 2, #9):
Telegoonish Scenes from The Whistling Spy Enigma
LP cover art by Hunt Emerson
(G.S. Series 5, #1; T.G. Series 2, #9)
(Source: Goon Show Classics Vol.10, BBC Records REB 481, 1983)
Hunt Emerson's sleeve art for
Goon Show Classics Vol.10
12" long playing record, BBC Records,1983
"You silly twisted boy, you. Pull up a chair." Lance-Brigadier Grytpype-Thynne explains a specially dangerous mission to prize chump Captain Neddie Seagoon.
(click for larger picture 55K)
Henry Crun loses his dentures while attempting to teach Eccles a highly skilled mysterious whistling tune.
(click for larger picture 45K)
Minnie Bannister waves goodbye to Eccles, Capt. Seagoon & Henry Crun, as they set out on a secret mission to Hungary.
(click for larger picture 68K)
"Ah, Captain Seagoon. Hands up!" Hungarian counter espionage agent Moriarty confronts Capt. Seagoon & the Hungarian British Ambassador Major Dennis Bloodnok
(click for larger picture 52K)
Highly skilled mysterious whistling espionage agent Eccles whistles up some female companions
(click for larger picture 50K)
"You rotten swine, you, Eccles!" Eccles & Bluebottle play with dynamite in the Hungarian football team's changing room
(click for larger picture 59K)
Hunt Emerson's cover art on the BBC LP Goon Show Classics, Vol. 11, captures the essence of Spike Milligan and Eric Sykes' Orwellian comedy masterpiece Nineteen-Eighty-Five (G.S. Series 5, #15) like never before:
Telegoonish Scenes from Nineteen-Eighty-Five
(Source: Goon Show Classics Vol.11, BBC Records)
Hunt Emerson's sleeve art for
Goon Show Classics Vol.11
12" long playing record, BBC Records, 1985
Major Bloodnok presents Miss Beverley...formerly of the Beverley Twins(!), to sing to the regulars at the notorious public house, The Grosvenor, in London's forbidden Goon Sector
(click for larger picture 87K)
While "taking a gander" around Henry Crun's antique shop, 846 Winston Seagoon asks about an ancient historic cricket bat, and also bumps into the amorous Miss Snutt!
(click for larger picture 66K)
Due to 846 Winston Seagoon's alleged conspiracy with the Independent Television Army, he is sentenced to a "type three" demise--enforced listening to radio broadcasts of Mrs. Dale's Diary, Life with the Lyons, and Have a Go! Winston's only possible way out is to sign a three-year contract with the BBC. Presiding over the radio tuning dial is BBC studio attendant Wallace Greenslade.
(click for larger picture 59K)
Hunt Emerson's non-Goon work includes his well known Calculus the Cat comic strip, his comic book versions of Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover (both Eclipse Books), as well as his illustrations for the Fortean Times. One of my favourites is his cartoon cover artwork for the Earth vs The Wildhearts CD (Eastwest Records America, Warner catalogue number 92315-2). A cross-section of Hunt Emerson's work, both old and new, can be found at his web site which is named LARGECOW . There you'll find, "Lots of cartoons, full comic strips, fun and laffs."
| i don't know |
What is the English for ‘Duirt me leat go raibh me breoite’? | Duirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite – Susan Hated Literature
That is the enscription on Spike Milligan’s headstone . For those of you without Irish it is a translation of what he wanted: “I told you I was ill.”
Duirt mé (I told) pronounced durtch may (like the month)
leat (you) pronounced lat
go raibh mé (that I was) pronounced not like the english go, but the o is sorta like “uh”; raibh can have a variety of pronunciations, I’d usually say row (as in to fight, not to do anything in a boat), but you could say rev, or rav, and mé is may (again)
breoite (ill) pronounced bro-tcha
Here endeth the very bad Irish lesson, from which you are probably more confuddled than you were before?
On a secondary issue, why is the Irish language constantly described as Gaelic? It’s Irish, or Gaeilge. The latter only if you are speaking as Gaeilge. I mean I don’t say that some German person was speaking in Deutsch unless I’m attempting to say it in German.
This is a pet peeve of mine, feel free to ignore :)
| i told you i was ill |
Who wrote the 1996 novel ‘The Beach’? | The great British Goon Show comedian: Spike Milligan - Q (and other series)* | Page 2 | Steve Hoffman Music Forums
Steve Hoffman Music Forums
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Stirling South Australia
He had once quipped that he wanted his headstone to bear the words "I told you I was ill." He was buried at St Thomas's cemetery but the Chichester diocese refused to allow this epitaph.[39] A compromise was reached with the Irish translation, "Dúirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite", and, additionally in English, "Love, light, peace".
goodiesguy Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep Thread Starter
Location:
Ying tong iddle i po!
Norfolk, UK
Sneaky Pete said: ↑
Van Morrison name checked him in the song Spike and Boffyflow. Despite being notoriously anti-social apparently Van has a sense of humor.
Click to expand...
Ahhh I remember a Spike/Van Morrison moment.
Back in the late 80's there was an interview in Q (ha) magazine where they put Spike and Van together to chat and discuss.
The article went through ok and all but forgotten. Then about 10+ years later there was another interview with Spike and Van was mentioned. Spike said words to the effect "Oh yes I met him once a few years ago, miserable grubby bugger, hated him!"
On the Ning Nang Nong
Where the cows go bong
And the monkies all say boo
There's a Nong Nang Ning
Where the trees go ping
And the teapots jibber jabber joo
On the Nong Ning Nang
All the mice go clang
And you just can't catch them when they do
So it's Ning Nang Nong
Cows go bong
What a noisy place to belong!
Spike wrote that and they turned it into a silly kid's film
Glasgow, Scotland.
I remember the Q series as they aired here in the UK and they were experimental (because some of the humour was so off the wall for the time) and hilarious, sometimes for the sole reason that it made no logical sense whatsoever and that was what was so funny, that he got this surreal humour on to prime-time TV. Python came later.
East Lothian, Scotland
goodiesguy said: ↑
This is what I don't get?? Spike Milligan was very racist and sexist (although i find his stuff extremely funny) and yet he is still hailed and a comic genius?.
And yet Benny Hill, who was a television piooneer, an underated genius of comedy, who was the first to do many things, is pushed under the carpet and shoved off as a dirty old man who could never compare to the likes of Milligan and the Pythons.
Go watch Benny's BBC output and the early thames years (pre hill's angels). Every bit as genius as Milligan, and more consistent.
Both are my favorite comedians of all time, and I love spike to bits, but i just don't get how Benny can be shoved off as just tit quickie non intellectual comedy, and yet Milligan's shows (which i do love) which are extremely sexist, have almost constant nudity, and constant racism are hailed as Genius?
The two comedians also share many of the same cast members. Bob Todd appeared on Milligan's shows as far back as his first solo special in 1961 (Spike Milligan offers a series of unrelated incidents at current market value). Jenny Lee-Wright who appeared in at least 1 episode of Q5. Rita Webb who's a short fat lady also appeared in a few milligan shows, she was also on Benny's show (in 1970, and in 1977 to my knowledge). There is probably even more.
Click to expand...
Let's not get too carried away; Benny Hill was funny - for his time - but it was for much of it, end of the pier stuff. Spike was more than just that, his work with the Goons, his Q series and then his other stuff; plays like Puckoon, his poetry and the rest show far more than you credit him for.
As it happens, I loved Benny Hill, but when you'd seen one or two of his shows from the 70s onwards, you were on the page for the rest of them till he finished in the 1980s. Spike? I think we're not only talking about a different quality of output, but on a higher creative level.
Cambridge UK
My wifes grandad was a semi regular on the Goons show when it was still on the radio , Milligan , Sellers , Benttine , Secolme
My wifes mother still has quite a few of the typed scripts that he had to follow , and they make facinating reading especially with all the handwritten amendments to words and sentences.
About 15 years ago i had a stand up argument with Harry Secolme , finger pointing and angry words ..the works.
He was filming an episode of his religious show (I cant for the life of me remember what it was called ..very famous show??) in St. ives , Cambridge and they had blocked off the entrance to the town as they filmed on the chapel on the bridge.
This was fine for a while and everybody understood and was happy to watch proceedings ,but after half hour people were getting restless and needed to get on with their shopping etc.
There was a break in filming and after much mutterings I ducked under the corden tape to be on my way , and he gave me the old "excuse me young man , we are filming , please dont cross the line" , I politely (at first) explained that i needed to get on with my day and then all hell broke loose when i refused.
Then there was a ridiculous sight of 2 Welshmen (I'm Welsh too) angrily shouting at each other on a bridge in England
The chapel bridge where it all happened!
congresstart said: ↑
does anyone know where i could get his hitler books, and his other war epics on cd?
imo he was the funniest comic of all-time.
Click to expand...
Some of them were released on CD about 10 years ago. I bought the first one but the sound quality was REALLY bad and the tracks were split up in random 5 minute chucks. To make things worse each of these tracks were clipped meaning that the last split second was missing. It was SO annoying I sent them back. I believe the release was on Isis .
I really don't know why digital audiobook versions aren't available - probably family arguments over rights, etc. Fortunately I managed to get hold of some rips from the original cassette editions a few years ago - they're hilarious!
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In 1979, which seaside town became the first in Britain to set up a nudist beach? | August 9, 1979: Britain’s first nudist beach gets the go-ahead in Brighton despite objections - BT
August 9, 1979: Britain’s first nudist beach gets the go-ahead in Brighton despite objections
Britain's naturists could barely contain themselves when a small stretch of pebbled coastline was declared the country's first nudist beach on this day in 1979.
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Despite fierce opposition, a small pebbled coastal stretch in Brighton was designated Britain's first public naturist beach on August 9, 1979.
Black Rock beach – which lies approximately one mile to the east of Brighton Pier – had already been an unofficial favourite of nudists. But in 1979, it officially became a public naturist beach, the first of its kind in Britain.
The Central Council for British Naturism had been petitioning 140 local councils to allocate sections of their beaches to nudists – and it was councillor Ellen Jakes, a 47-year-old seafront landlady, who fought the cause in Brighton. She even showed her fellow councillors photographs of herself sunbathing topless on a beach in Ibiza in an effort to persuade them.
Jakes faced strong opposition from the ‘No’ campaign, however. “What distresses me is that people naively believe what is good for the Continent is good for Britain,” said Tory councillor John Blackman. “I personally have no objection to people showing their breasts and bosoms and general genitalia to each other. Jolly good luck to them. But for heaven's sake, go somewhere a little more private.”
The 59-strong Tory council finally voted ‘Yes’. “It is a bold move,” said Brighton's deputy Mayor Alfred Feld, “but we feel we are just moving with the times. It is a fairly secluded stretch of beach and I don't think it will be offensive to anyone.”
Locals and visiting naturists then had to wait eight months, however, as the council made sure that there were enough signs in place to warn more sensitive members of the public.
The naturist beach finally opened to the public on April 1, 1980 – and despite a threat by Conservative councillors to close it in 1983, calling it “a disgrace to the town”, it remains open to this day.
Have you used Brighton’s nudist beach? Would you? Should it be closed down? Let us know in the Comments section below.
British naturists - Did you know?
• The earliest known naturist club was established in British India in 1891 by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a judge for the Bombay Civil Service.
• There are four million self-described naturists in the UK.
• The first British naturist club was formed in Wickford, Essex, in 1924 and called itself the ‘Moonella Group’. It even got a mention in series five of Downton Abbey.
• Public nudity on a beach is not illegal in Spain or Denmark (except for two beaches). Nudity is also not illegal in Germany – although it can be regulated by local authorities for health and safety, not morality, issues.
• The abbreviation ‘FKK’ is widely used throughout Europe as meaning naturist – it stands for the German word Freikörperkultur, which means 'free body culture’.
• British Naturism is the official naturist organisation in the UK. They describe naturism is “a lifestyle in harmony with nature, expressed through social nudity, and characterised by self-respect of people with different opinions and of the environment.”
| Brighton |
Bewdley, Tenbury Wells, and Droitwich Spa are all towns in which English county? | BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | Grin and bare it
Grin and bare it
By Duncan Walker
BBC News Online Magazine
It's 25 years since Britain's first major nudist beach got the go ahead, provoking widespread controversy. Is nakedness still a laughing matter?
A short stretch of pebbly foreshore entered the history books on this day in 1979, when it was designated Britain's first major nudist beach.
Brighton was split by the opening of the nudist beach
A vociferous "No" campaign was unable to persuade Brighton councillors that bathing in the altogether was a disgrace, and the town took the bold step of deciding that bathing suits were optional.
A quarter of a century on and the beach is still there, a source of pride to naturists, who say they are increasingly accepted by a British public used to seeing nudity on holiday and in the media.
The group British Naturism estimates that there are now half a million naturists in the UK, and boasts that its own membership is up 20% over the last five years, to 25,000.
But with nudist camps still the source of much Carry On-style tittering, are we really any more accepting of naked bodies?
'Wrong sort'
For Bob (not his real name) naturism is all about the feeling of freedom that comes with shedding clothes.
That's why, once a month, he invites like-minded souls to his West Midlands pub for a drink. In the nude.
The UK has recently seen nude shopping events
People come from far and wide, but he no longer publicises the occasions, fearful of the "wrong sort" of customer.
"If you advertise in the paper you end up with 30 single blokes," says Bob, who has run the "theme" days for eight years.
The problem is emblematic of the challenge facing naturists. Ask them why they enjoy going naked and the responses are about feeling natural, enjoying the environment and mixing with people of all backgrounds.
But persuading the wider world that naturism is not about sex and gawping has not been easy.
'Horrible lady'
When Eileen Jakes led the campaign for Brighton's nudist beach she was accused of pandering to weirdos and perverts.
"If you perform nudity in public you destroy its value as an erotic action
Desmond Morris
On This Day: Brighton bares all
"I was told I should be ashamed of myself and that I was a horrible lady," says Ms Jakes, now 72, who got into naturism during holidays to the south of France and is still a regular visitor to Brighton's beach.
At the time, fellow town councillor John Blackman said the beach was a "flagrant exhibition of mammary glands".
"I personally have no objection to people showing their breasts and bosoms and general genitalia to one another," said Cllr Blackman. "Jolly good luck to them, but for heaven's sake, they should go somewhere more private."
Sun clubs
Despite failing to maintain the popularity of its early years, when young families flocked to its pebbles, Brighton nudist beach survived attempts by a Conservative council to close it, and it remains famous throughout the UK.
Foreign holidays have helped people get used to flesh
British Naturism regards Brighton's beach as a landmark, and a catalyst for changing attitudes to nudity in the UK .
In addition to the opening of other naturist beaches in the UK, there are now close to 100 naturist "sun clubs". There have even been a few naked shopping nights.
Some of the most profound changes have been in society at large, with films, magazines, newspapers and adverts all regularly featuring naked flesh.
Recent episodes of Big Brother, in which housemates frolicked in various states of undress, show that millions of TV viewers are also happy to see more than a glimpse of ankle.
'Intimate act'
But it seems Britons remain uneasy about nudity when seen away from film, or the printed page.
Last summer "Naked rambler" Steve Gough spent almost as much time in the clink as on the trail during his mammoth 900-mile trek from Land's End to John O'Groats.
Naked rambler Steve Gough faced repeated arrest
And artist Betsy Schneider had her exhibition closed following a visit by police, who were alerted by complaints that it contained naked pictures of her daughter.
Social anthropologist Desmond Morris, author of the Naked Ape, suggests that our unease with nudity has been shaped over thousands of years and is not going to disappear.
He says people started wearing clothes because they needed to keep warm. As a result, the sex organs were covered up and their display took on a definite meaning.
"Removal of clothes is an intimate act to perform with your loved one," says Mr Morris. "If you perform nudity in public you destroy its value as an erotic action."
'The weird family'
The trouble for naturists, he says, is that they want to separate their naked bodies from all erotic thoughts - something which does not come naturally.
"They have to rather stoically and rather stubbornly switch off all sexual feelings and thoughts," he says.
Suggesting people should be nudists is "rather like going to the Nuba tribe (in Africa), who are naked most of the time, and asking if they would like to set up a society for evening dress," adds Mr Morris.
Despite such doubts, British Naturism is adamant that while it hopes to attract new members, its main concern is to be understood.
"We want people to know it's all around you," says Andrew Welsh of British Naturism. "It may not only be the weird family down the street, but your next-door neighbour."
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In 1952, who was knocked down for the first time in his career by Jersey Joe Walcott? | Jersey Joe Walcott, Boxing Champion, Dies at 80 - NYTimes.com
Jersey Joe Walcott, Boxing Champion, Dies at 80
By RICHARD D. LYONS
Published: February 27, 1994
Jersey Joe Walcott, the son of poor immigrants from Barbados who was to slug his way out of poverty and into the record books as the oldest fighter to win the heavyweight championship of the world, died Friday at Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center in Camden, N.J., where he lived. He was 80.
The cause of death was complications from diabetes, said a nephew, Richard Cream.
Walcott, whose real name was Arnold Raymond Cream, was known as an athlete of grit and dignity, a man who turned professional at the age of 16 and who would not quit until he had won the heavyweight title after trying and failing four times.
"I always felt in my heart that God would give it to me," Walcott recalled years later.
And on July 18, 1951, at age 37, he knocked out Ezzard Charles -- an opponent who had already beaten Walcott twice -- in the seventh round of a title match in Forbes Field in Pittsburgh to attain his goal. Knocked Down Joe Louis
Walcott was also known as the fighter who knocked down Joe Louis three times. Indeed, many fight fans thought Walcott beat Louis in a match on Dec. 5, 1947, at Madison Square Garden when he knocked down Louis twice, but Louis got up to hold on for a 15-round split decision.
Even Louis seemed surprised by the verdict, at first starting to leave the ring apparently thinking he had lost.
Then, after the decision was announced, Louis went over to Walcott's corner and said, "Joe, I'm sorry." Walcott and his supporters sought to have the decision reversed a week later in an appeal to the New York State Athletic Commission, but it stood.
In the rematch at Yankee Stadium the next year, Walcott knocked Louis to the canvas again, but Louis knocked Walcott out in the 11th round.
In 1949, Charles outpointed Walcott for the title that Louis had vacated, and Charles outpointed him again in 1951. Four months later, Walcott took the title away with a left hook to Charles's chin. Walcott was to beat Charles again a year later. Lost Title at Age 38
Walcott's title was to last only 13 more rounds. At the age of 38, ahead on points, and dominating the bout, Walcott was knocked out by Rocky Marciano on Sept. 23, 1952, in what Marciano regarded as the toughest bout of his career.
Marciano won the rematch in 1953 in the first round, in what was to be Walcott's last fight. The bout also put Walcott in the record books again: as having lost more heavyweight title bouts -- six -- than any other fighter.
Walcott fought 67 times, winning 18 bouts by decisions, 30 by knockouts and 1 by a foul. He lost 11 decisions, was knocked out 6 times and fought 1 draw.
He was one of 12 children born to Joseph Cream, who came to the United States from Barbados at the age of 11. The fight career of Walcott, who was born and raised in Merchantsville, N.J., started in 1930 when he named himself Joe Walcott for a welterweight from Barbados who was a friend of the family. Meager Purses in Early Days
In 1936, Jack Dempsey staged a heavyweight show at Coney Island, and Walcott drew the attention of New York fight fans for the first time. Weighing 180 pounds, Walcott knocked out an up-and-coming fighter named Larry LaPage in the third round.
"I had been fighting 17 years before I made more than $300," Walcott was to say years later in recalling his boyhood poverty and the meager purses in his early ring career, which he supplemented by working as a laborer in a Camden shipyard. For a time, he even had to resort to public welfare payments to support his growing family.
After retiring, Walcott was a fight referee for a time, became Sheriff of Camden County and then chairman of the New Jersey State Athletic Commission until he reached the mandatory retirement age of 70.
He devoted most of his retirement days to directing special projects for the New Jersey State Department of Community Affairs, aiding handicapped and retarded children.
He is survived by two sons, Arnold Cream Jr. and the Rev. Vincent Cream, both of Camden; three daughters, Elva Kimbrough of Cinnaminson, N.J., Ruth Cream and Carol Cream, both of Pennsauken, N.J.; a brother, Robert Cream of Lindenwold, N.J.; two sisters, Naomi Holmes of Delair, N.J., and Barbara Gray of Camden, 20 grandchildren and 7 great-grandchildren.
Photo: Jersey Joe Walcott fighting Ezzard Charles, the heavyweight champion, in 1951. Walcott won the title by a knockout in the seventh round. (Associated Press)
| Rocky Marciano |
Which famous literary character does governess Mary Morstan marry in 1889? (She is | Jersey Joe Walcott : definition of Jersey Joe Walcott and synonyms of Jersey Joe Walcott (English)
7 External links
Background
Walcott was born in Merchantville, New Jersey , the son of immigrants from St. Thomas. Walcott's father died when he was 13 years old, so he quit school and took a job working in a soup factory to support his mother and 11 siblings. He also began training as a boxer. He took the name of his boxing idol, Joe Walcott , the welterweight champion from Barbados, hence his nickname, "Jersey Joe".
Boxing career
He debuted as a professional boxer on September 9, 1930, fighting Cowboy Wallace and winning by a knockout in round one. After five straight knockout wins, in 1933, he lost for the first time, beaten on points by Henry Wilson in Philadelphia .
He built a record of 45 wins, 11 losses and 1 draw before challenging for the world title for the first time. Walcott lost early bouts against world-class competition. He lost a pair of fights to Tiger Jack Fox and was knocked out by contender Abe Simon . But that would change in 1945 when Walcott beat top heavyweights such as Joe Baksi , Lee Q. Murray, Curtis Sheppard and Jimmy Bivins . He closed out 1946 with a pair of losses to former light heavyweight champ Joey Maxim and heavyweight contender Elmer Ray, but promptly avenged those defeats in 1947.
On December 5, 1947, he fought Joe Louis , at thirty three years of age breaking the record as the oldest man to fight for the world heavyweight title. Despite dropping Louis in round one, and once again in round four, he lost a 15 round split decision. Most ringside observers and boxing writers felt Walcott deserved the win, and so there was a rematch on June 25, 1948, when Louis prevailed once again, this time by a knockout in round 11.
June 22 of 1949, Walcott got another chance to become world heavyweight champion, when he and Ezzard Charles met for the title left vacant by Louis. However, Charles prevailed, winning by decision in 15 rounds. Walcott, disappointed but eager to see his dream of being a champion come true, went on, and in 1950, he won four of his five bouts, including a three round knock-out of future world light heavyweight champion Harold Johnson .
On March 7, 1951, he and Charles fought for a second time and once again Charles won a 15 round decision to retain his world title. But on July 18, he joined a handful of boxers who claimed the world title in their fifth try, when he knocked out Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh , to finally become world's heavyweight champion, at the relatively old age of 37. [1] This made him the oldest man ever to win the world heavyweight crown (a distinction he would hold until George Foreman won the title at age 45 in 1994).
Walcott retained the title with a 15 round decision victory against arch-enemy Charles. On September 23, 1952, he defended his title for the second time. His opponent was the undefeated Rocky Marciano . In the first round Marciano was knocked down with a left hook for the first time in his career. Walcott was in the scoring clearly ahead in the 13th round and Marciano needed a knockout to win, according to two of the three official scorecards. In this round Marciano landed a right hand on Walcott´s jaw, that is considered one of the hardest punches thrown in boxing history and the fight was over. There was a rematch in Chicago , on May 15, 1953, and the second time around, Walcott was again defeated by Marciano by a knockout in the first round.
Post boxing
He did not go away from the celebrity scene after boxing. In 1956, he co-starred with Humphrey Bogart and Max Baer in the boxing drama The Harder They Fall . In 1963, he tried professional wrestling , losing to Lou Thesz . Thesz pinned Walcott in the fifth round, but has stated that Walcott knocked him (Thesz) down and most likely out in that fifth round. As he fell to the floor, he relied on instinct, grabbing Walcotts knees, taking him down with him and stretching him out for the pin.
In 1965, he refereed the controversial world heavyweight championship bout between Muhammad Ali and Sonny Liston . Walcott lost the count as Ali circled around a floored Liston and Walcott tried to get him back to a neutral corner. Then Walcott looked outside the ring (presumably to the ringside count keeper) as Ali and Liston went at each other before Walcott instructed them to keep on fighting, then Walcott approached the fighters and abruptly stopped the fight. Walcott would never be appointed as a referee after this bout. It should be said, however, that most of the controversy surrounding this fight had nothing to do with Walcott, as this was the famous fight with the " phantom punch ".
Political career
Occupation
Boxer
After retiring, Walcott worked for Camden County corrections department. [4] In 1968, he ran for Sheriff of Camden County, but lost in the Democratic primary to Spencer H. Smith, Jr. [2] [5] That same year he was named director of community relations for Camden, New Jersey . [4]
In 1971 he once again ran for Camden County Sheriff. He defeated Republican William Strang in the general election. [4] He was the first African-American to serve as Sheriff in Camden County. [6]
He served as chairman of the New Jersey State Athletic Commission from 1975 until 1984, when he stepped down at the mandatory retirement age of 70. Walcott was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota .
Professional boxing record
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What is the cube root of one-eighth? | Cube Root Calculator
Cube Root Calculator
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Calculator Use
Use this calculator to find the cube root of positive or negative numbers. Given a number x, the cube root of x is a number a such that a3 = x. If x positive a will be positive, if x is negative a will be negative. Cube roots is a specialized form of our common radicals calculator .
Example Cube Roots:
The 3rd root of 64, or 64 radical 3, or the cube root of 64 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{64} = 4 \).
The 3rd root of -64, or -64 radical 3, or the cube root of -64 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-64} = -4 \).
The cube root of 8 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{8} = 2 \).
The cube root of 10 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{10} = 2.154435 \).
The cube root of x is the same as x raised to the 1/3 power. Written as \( \sqrt[3]{x} = x^{\frac{1}{3}} \). The common definition of the cube root of a negative number is that
(-x)1/3 = -(x1/3).[1] For example:
The cube root of -27 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-27} = -3 \).
The cube root of -8 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-8} = -2 \).
The cube root of -64 is written as \( \sqrt[3]{-64} = -4 \).
Cube roots (for integer results 1 through 10)
Cube root of 1 is 1
Cube root of 8 is 2
Cube root of 27 is 3
Cube root of 64 is 4
Cube root of 125 is 5
Cube root of 216 is 6
Cube root of 343 is 7
Cube root of 512 is 8
Cube root of 729 is 9
Cube root of 1000 is 10
To calculate fractional exponents use our calculator for Fractional Exponents .
References
[1] Weisstein, Eric W. "Square Root." From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource. Cube Root
Additional reading on cube roots:
| One half |
Which actor in silent films, 1887-1933, had the first names Roscoe Conkling? | Integers and Square Roots
Integers and Square Roots
A. How many integers are there between 5 and 14?
B. How Many rational numbers are there between 5 and 14?
C. One eighth of the square root of 7 less than a number is 2. What is the number?
D. x varies directly as the square of s and inversely as t. How does x change when s is doubled? When both s and t are doubled?
Solution Preview
A. The integers between 5 and 14 are 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 which are 8 in number.
B. We know 5 < 14 ==> 5+5 <5+14 ==> 5< (5+14)/2.
Similarly 5<14==>5+14<14+14==>(5+14)/2<14. Hence we can conclude that the rational number (5+14)/2 lies between 5 and 14. Generalizing, we can say that ...
Solution Summary
Integers and Square Roots are investigated. The solution is detailed and well presented.
$2.19
... determining the prime factorization of an integer, why is it that we need not consider
dividing by prime factors greater than the square root of that integer? ...
... and the index is not stated and thus implied to be 2 for square root. An absolute
value can arise from a simplification whenever the index is an even integer. ...
... Greeks were surprised to find out that the square root of two is an irrational number,
and that not all numbers can be expressed as the ratio of two integers.). ...
sum, product of rational and irrational number
... number, they could be expressed as r=p/q, s=x/y (p,q,x and y are integers). ... Because
if a= square root of 5, b=square root of 5, a*b=5. 5 is a rational number. ...
... You should truncate your numbers to round down to the nearest integer for display
purposes. Place an asterisk each time the square root is greater than or ...
... even integer. This avoids having the difficulty of working with fractions. Example
3. For the equation completing the square is preferred. Square root property ...
... that the square of the third is 76 more than the square of the ... Find the three integers. ...
For questions 1-2, apply the quadratic formula to find the roots of the ...
... String toString() { double root = findSquareRoot(); return("The square root of " +
m_n + " is " + root); ... int i=2; while (i<=100) { nsr.setNumber(i); System ...
... Consider all possible kinds of square roots. ... Consider the following code for
a RootFinder object that finds the integer root of a number. ...
... 10. Cube root of an integer. 13. Solving an equation with exponent using the
even-root property. 15. ... 10. Cube root of an integer. Compute the following: bdfgj. ...
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Who wrote the 1900 novel ‘The Wonderful Wizard of Oz’? | Who Wrote “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”
Who Wrote “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”
17 Feb, 2013 who wrote
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“The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” is a fictional children’s novel that was first published in 1900. It has been republished many times since this time, but is usually retitled as “The Wizard of Oz.” The story follows the main character Dorothy Gale as she in transported into the Land of Oz after being taken away from her home in Kansas by a tornado. The book was developed into a hit Broadway musical in 1902 and a very popular movie in 1939. Since this time it has been further adapted for television, cinema, radio and the stage. These adaptations ensured that it is one of the best known children’s stories in the English speaking world. Let’s find out who wrote this famous novel.
Who wrote “The Wizard of Oz”?
The American author L. Frank Baum wrote “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” and published the book in 1900 together with illustrator W. W. Denslow. The book was a critical and financial success and remained the bestselling children’s book for two years after it was published. Due to this success, Baum went on to write another thirteen novels based on the Land of Oz.
Musical
A year after the novel was published Baum and Denslow planned to adapt it for the stage. They teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and created a musical, but this was rejected by the director Julian Mitchell. He brought new songwriters to the project and rewrote the script with jokewriter Glen MacDonough. The show, simply called “The Wizard of Oz,” opened in Chicago in 1902 and eventually ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights. It returned in 1904 and continued to be very popular.
1939 film adaptation
The script for this famous film was rewritten and revised a number of times before filming began. In fact, more than 20 people worked on the script at different times. However, the official credits went to Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf.
Related Articles
| L. Frank Baum |
What is the name of the road that the horses cross in the English Grand National? | 8 Things You May Not Know About “The Wizard of Oz” - History Lists
History Lists
May 26, 2015 By Elizabeth Nix
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8 Things You May Not Know About “The Wizard of Oz”
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8 Things You May Not Know About “The Wizard of Oz”
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First published in 1900, “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” by L. Frank Baum (1856-1919) quickly became a best-seller. The book, about a Kansas girl named Dorothy who’s transported by a tornado to the Land of Oz, spawned a slew of sequels and a 1939 silver-screen adaptation that’s the most-watched movie in history, according to the Library of Congress. Find out more about “Oz,” including how Baum struck literary gold in his 40s then later attempted to end his famous series, why the movie version wasn’t a blockbuster when first released and what color Dorothy’s magical slippers are in the original book (hint: they’re not ruby red).
Before he was famous, Baum worked as a poultry breeder, actor and traveling salesman.
L. Frank Baum, 1910. (Credit: Interim Archives/Getty Images)
Baum was 44 when “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” was published and by then he’d tried his hand at a variety of jobs. As a young man in upstate New York, he bred prize-winning chickens, published a trade journal about poultry and was as an actor and playwright. One of his plays, “The Maid of Arran,” toured a number of U.S. cities in the early 1880s, with Baum in a leading role. However, following some shady dealings by his bookkeeper, plus a fire that destroyed a theater owned by Baum, he tabled his show-business dreams and went to work as a salesman for a company that made lubricating oil. By the early 1890s, he’d moved to Chicago and was employed as a traveling salesman for a glassware firm. While away from home, he invented stories to tell his four sons, and when his mother-in-law heard some of these tales she encouraged him to try to publish them. The result was Baum’s first children’s book, “Mother Goose in Prose,” which failed to sell well when released in 1897. Meanwhile, Baum had grown tired of life as a traveling salesman and founded a well-received trade magazine about window trimming (he got the idea after observing poorly organized store-window displays during his time on the road). In 1899, he published his second work for children, “Father Goose, His Book.” An unexpected best-seller, it got his literary career rolling and helped generate interest in “Oz,” which he was already working on.
The author and his “Oz” co-creator had a major falling-out.
An illustration by W.W. Denslow from the first edition. (Credit: Library of Congress)
When “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” debuted, it was praised for its lavish illustrations, created by Philadelphia-born artist William Wallace Denslow. Baum and Denslow met in Chicago in the 1890s and Denslow did some drawings for “The Show Window,” Baum’s trade magazine, before the two teamed up on “Father Goose,” the surprise 1899 best-seller. Their next project, “Oz,” for which they shared the copyright, quickly became a best-seller; however, the pair’s relationship soured, with each man believing he deserved the credit for the book’s success. Although they released one more children’s book together, 1901’s “Dot and Tot of Merryland,” they never collaborated on another “Oz” book. After clashing over royalties from a popular 1902 musical production called “The Wizard of Oz” (the first time “wonderful” was deleted from the title), the men parted ways. Denslow continued to work as an illustrator (the Scarecrow and Tin Man characters from “Oz” showed up in some of his designs) but his career eventually went into decline after he developed a drinking problem. He died in 1915 in New York, four years before Baum.
The “Oz” series almost came to an early end.
Cover of “The Emerald City of Oz.”
Buyenlarge/Getty Images
The success of the first “Oz” book led Baum to produce sequels, but he grew tired of the magical place he’d devised and tried to end the series with his sixth book, “The Emerald City of Oz,” in which Dorothy takes Aunt Em and Uncle Henry to reside permanently in Oz. However, by the time the book was published, in 1910, its author was facing serious financial problems due in part to his heavy investment in “The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays,” an expensive, short-lived traveling show in which Baum narrated silent-film clips of his famous characters, while accompanied by an orchestra and stage actors. Baum filed for bankruptcy in 1911 and signed away the film rights to “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” to help pay off his debts. Still in need of money, he resumed writing about the Land of Oz, and “The Patchwork Girl of Oz,” his seventh novel in the series, debuted in 1913.
Baum used a series a pen names.
Cover of “Aunt Jane’s Nieces Abroad,” one of a series of book’s Baum wrote under the pen name Edith Van Dyne.
Baum (his first initial, “L,” stood for Lyman, a name he disliked; in person, he went by Frank) also churned out dozens of books using various pen names. Among this work was a popular series for teenage girls, “Aunt Jane’s Nieces,” for which he used the nom de plume Edith van Dyne. The 14th and final “Oz” book written by Baum, “Glinda of Oz,” was published in 1920, a year after his death. Children’s author Ruth Plumly Thompson was hired to continue the series and penned 19 additional “Oz” books.
Baum championed women’s voting rights.
Author and suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage, Baum’s mother-in-law.
In 1888, searching for new business opportunities, Baum moved with his family to the frontier town of Aberdeen in the Dakota Territory. There he opened a novelty-goods store called Baum’s Bazaar; however, the area soon experienced a severe drought and the local economy cratered. After Baum was forced to shutter his store in early 1890, he became owner of a local newspaper, the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, for which he penned editorials that championed issues such as women’s suffrage. Baum’s views on the subject were influenced by his strong-willed wife, Maud, and mother-in-law, Matilda Gage, a leader in the women’s rights movement who had collaborated with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Baum advocated for an 1890 referendum on women’s suffrage in South Dakota, which was admitted to the Union in 1889, but the measure was defeated. When Baum later began writing children’s books, many of his main characters were tenacious, self-reliant girls. In 1920, a year after Baum’s death, American women gained the right to vote when the 19th Amendment was ratified.
Baum founded an early movie studio in Hollywood.
Baum moved to Hollywood in 1910, just as the film industry was getting started there. He went on to co-found the Oz Film Manufacturing Company to make movies based on his books for which he still held the film rights. He and his partners built a studio and in 1914 turned out a handful of silent films, but the elaborate productions were ahead of their time and failed to find a wide audience. The company shut down the following year.
One of Baum’s sons co-wrote a “Wizard of Oz” adaptation that made it to the big screen in 1925. The cast included Oliver Hardy (who became half of the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy) as the Tin Man; however, the film was panned by critics. It wasn’t until MGM’s 1939 production that “Oz” found cinematic success. Baum’s widow, Maud, attended the film’s Hollywood premiere at Grauman’s Chinese Theatre that August.
The now-classic movie wasn’t a blockbuster when first released.
MGM was inspired to make a silver-screen adaptation of “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” following the box-office success of “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” the world’s first animated feature film, which was released by Walt Disney in 1937. A 16-year-old Judy Garland starred as Dorothy in the 1939 movie, which debuted to mostly favorable reviews and earned six Academy Award nominations. It won two Oscars, for best song—“Over the Rainbow”—and best score, but lost the best picture category to “Gone with the Wind.” (Five different directors worked on “Oz,” although the credit went to Victor Fleming, who also helmed “GWTW.”) The big-budget production, which included some 600 actors and nearly a thousand costumes, cost $2.8 million to make. However, it initially brought in about $3 million at the box office, and when distribution costs and other expenses were tabulated, “The Wizard of Oz” wasn’t considered profitable. Television is what transformed the movie into an American classic. “The Wizard of Oz” aired on national TV for the first time in November 1956, and beginning in 1959 was shown once a year until 1991. Watching the annual screenings became a tradition for many families.
In the original book, Dorothy’s magical slippers were silver.
Ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland on display in 2011.
Astrid Stawiarz/Getty Images
Dorothy wore silver shoes in Baum’s story, but for the Technicolor film Judy Garland sported ruby red slippers because it was believed they’d stand out better against the yellow brick road. Several pairs of the now-legendary pumps were used during the 1939 production; after filming wrapped they went into storage on MGM’s Culver City, California, lot and were forgotten. The shoes were unearthed in 1970 during preparations for an auction of MGM costumes and props. Four authentic pairs are known to exist today: One pair was auctioned off then donated to the Smithsonian in 1979, while another pair sold at auction in 2000 for $666,000. In 2012, actor Leonardo DiCaprio was the main benefactor behind the purchase of a pair for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences.
Also in the movie but not the original book: “Toto, I’ve a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore.” One of the most famous quotes associated with the Land of Oz, it was dreamed up by Hollywood screenwriter Noel Langley, not Baum.
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In British Bingo, which number ball has the nickname ‘Dancing Queen’? | Bingo Number-calling Nicknames
35.. Jump and jive - Flirty wives
36.. Three dozen - Perfect (as in 36-24-36) - Yardstick... he wishes! (USA)
37.. A flea in heaven - More than eleven
38.. Christmas cake
39.. Those famous steps - All the steps - Jack Benny
40.. Two score - Life begins at - Blind 40 - Naughty 40 - Mary (USA)
41.. Life�s begun - Time for fun
42.. That famous street in Manhattan - Whinny the Poo
43.. Down on your knees
44.. Droopy drawers - All the fours - Open two doors - Magnum (USA)
45.. Halfway house - Halfway there - Cowboy's friend - Colt (USA)
46.. Up to tricks
48.. Four dozen
49.. PC (Police Constable) - Copper - Nick nick - Rise and shine
50.. Bulls eye - Bung hole - Blind 50 - Half a century - Snow White's number (five-oh - five-oh..) - Hawaii five O, Hawaii (USA)
51.. I love my mum - Tweak of the thumb - The Highland Div[ision] - President's salute
52.. Weeks in a year - The Lowland Div[ision] - Danny La Rue - Pack 'o cards - Pickup (USA)
53.. Stuck in the tree - The Welsh Div[ision] - The joker
54.. Clean the floor - House of bamboo (famous song)
55.. Snakes alive - All the fives - Double nickels - Give us fives - Bunch of fives
56.. Was she worth it?
57.. Heinz varieties - All the beans (Heinz 57 varieties of canned beans)
58.. Make them wait - Choo choo Thomas
59.. Brighton line (engine 59 or it took 59 mins to go from London to Brighton)
60.. Three score - Blind 60 - Five dozen
61.. Bakers bun
62.. Tickety boo - Turn on the screw
63.. Tickle me - Home ball (USA)
64.. The Beatles number - Red raw
65.. Old age pension - Stop work (retirement age)
66.. Clickety click - All the sixes - Quack quack (USA)
67.. Made in heaven - Argumentative number
68.. Saving grace - Check your weight
69.. The same both ways - Your place or mine? - Any way up - Either way up - Any way round - Meal for two - The French connection - Yum yum - Happy meal (USA)
70.. Three score and ten - Blind 70 - Big O (USA)
71.. Bang on the drum - Lucky one
72.. A crutch and a duck - Six dozen - Par for the course (golf) - Lucky two
73.. Crutch with a flea - Queen B - Under the tree - Lucky three
74.. Candy store - Grandmamma of Bingo - Lucky four
75.. Strive and strive - Big Daddy - Granddaddy of Bingo - Lucky five
76.. Trombones - Seven 'n' six - was she worth it? - Lucky six
77.. Sunset strip - All the sevens - Two little crutches - The double hockey stick - Lucky seven
78.. Heavens gate - Lucky eight
79.. One more time - Lucky nine
80.. Gandhi's breakfast - Blind 80 - Eight and blank - There you go matey
81.. Fat lady and a little wee - Stop and run - Corner shot
82.. Fat lady with a duck - Straight on through
83.. Fat lady with a flea - Time for tea - Ethel's Ear
84.. Seven dozen
87.. Fat lady with a crutch - Torquay in Devon
88.. Two fat ladies - Wobbly wobbly - All the eights
89.. Nearly there - All but one
90.. Top of the shop - Top of the house - Blind 90 - As far as we go - End of the line
Explanations of some nicknames:
1 Kelly's eye: In reference to the one-eyed Australian bushranger gangster Ned Kelly. (Note: apparently this explanation is incorrect. A viewer from Australia sent this message: "Ned Kelly didn't have one eye! He didn't even lose an eye in the shoot out at Glenrowan. And when he was wearing his helmet, you couldn't even see his eyes through the slot." But another Australian viewer sent this explanation: "The reason for "Kellys eye" may have been referring to Ned Kelly's helmet, which had one large slot for his eyes that looked like one eye.")
2 One little duck: The shape looks a bit like a swan.
3 One little flea: Looks a bit like a flea.
7 One little crutch: Looks like a crutch.
8 One fat lady: Resembles the two halves of a large lady.
9 Doctor's orders: A pill known as Number 9 was a laxative given out by army doctors in Britain. Apparently in the second world war in Britain doctors wrote on sick notes a 9 pm curfew, thus if patients were found out of their homes after that time they were violating their sick note. (Provided by a visitor)
The curfew story's not true. In the Great War, however, there was such a thing as a "number nine" pill, that was freely prescribed for virtually everything. (Provided by another visitor)
10 Downing street: UK Prime Minister's address, 10 Downing Street.
12 Royal salute: As in, a 21-gun salute for a Royal birthday or other celebration.
13 Bakers Dozen: Bakers in olden times used to make one extra piece of bread/cookie etc to the dozen ordered by a customer so they could do a taste test before it was sold to the customer, hence the phrase.
17 Dancing queen: From the Abba song of the same name. Over-ripe: Opposite of tender; 14 and 17 straddle 16 which is sweet!
23 Lord's My Shepherd: From Psalm 23.
26 Bed and breakfast: Traditionally the cost of a nights' lodgings was 2 shillings sixpence, or two and six.
26 Half a crown: Equivalent to 2'6d. Or two and six.
39 The famous steps; all the steps: From the 1935 Hitchcock film
59 The Brighton Line: The London-Brighton service was no. 59.
65 Old age pension: 'Pension' age in the UK is at the age of 65.
76 Seven 'n' six - was she worth it?: The price of the marrige licence, seven shillings and six pence.
A marriage license may have been 7/6 (37.5p in new money) once upon a time, but 7/6 was more recently the cost of a "short time" with a lady of negotiable affection.... (Provided by a visitor)
78 Heavens gate: it rhymes: heaven-seven, gate-eight.
80 Gandhi's breakfast: in reference to Ghandi�s famous peace protest, in which he abstained from food - Imagine him sitting crosslegged with a big empty plate in front of him, looking from above. Another suggested explanation: ate (8) nothing (0).
81 Corner shot: Generally used in Military clubs tambola aka housie in India; origin unknown.
83 Ethel's Ear: Fat lady beside ear-shaped three.
(Above explanations are courtesy of visitors' feedback and bbc.co.uk )
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Where is David Cameron’s Oxfordshire constituency? | List Of All Bingo Calls | Bingo Addict
List Of All Bingo Calls
Paddy / July 14, 2014 / No Comments
The best bingo calls list ever! Right here at Bingo Deposit Bonus you will find the best list of bingo calls on the web and not only that but you will find a bingo call explanation for every single bingo ball out there! The bingo call numbers are all detailed right here and we promise you won’t find anything this extensive on the whole internet. Please feel free to browse through at your leisure and settle any of those debates about what bingo ball is called what. Remember most balls have more than one name so click it to find out more!
Bingo Ball Number 1 – Kelly’s Eye, Buttered scone, At the beginning, Little Jimmy, Nelson’s column, B1 Baby of bingo, First on the board, Number Ace
The bingo ball number 1 was given the nickname Kelly’s eye in reference to the Australian cartoon gangster Ned Kelly. Mythologized as a Robin Hood style figure, Ned Kelly quickly became a folk hero to Australians due to his defiance of the colonial authorities. He only had one eye! As for Butter Scone well that rhymes with number 1. At the beginning explains itself as does first on board and number ace. It sometimes gets called Nelson’s column because it stands tall, thin and upright just like Nelsons Column in London.
Bingo Call Number 2 – One Little Duck, Baby’s Done It, Doctor Who, Me And You, Little Boy Blue, Home Alone, Peek A Boo
The bingo ball number 2 is most well known as One Little Duck simply because it looks a bit like a duck or a swan. Doctor Who rhymes with number 2 as does Little Boy Blue and Peek a Boo. Baby’s Done it refers to the alternative humorous meaning of the phrase number 2!
Bingo Call Number 3 – One Little Flea, Dearie Me, Debbie McGee , I’m Free, Goodness Me, You And Me, Cup Of Tea, Monkey On The Tree
The number 3 bingo ball is usually called One Little Flea by bingo callers and this is becasue it looks like a little flee. It also gets called I’m free, Debbie McGee, You and Me, Goodness me, Cup of tea and Monkey On The Tree becasue of the way they rhyme with number 3.
Bingo Call Number 4 – Bobby Moore, Shut The Door, B4 Crowd Says “and after”, Knock At The Door, On The Floor, The One Next Door
The number 4 bingo ball is has quite a few nicknames. One of the most popular is Bobby Moore who was the England football captin when they won the world cup in 1966. The one next door is another popular call for the number 4 ball becasue it rhymes. Other rhyming calls for the number 4 include On The Floor, Knock At The Door and Shut The Door.
Bingo Call Number 5 – Man Alive, One Little Snake, Jack’s Alive
The number 5 bingo ball is without doubt most known for the call Man Alive – this is because of the rhyming nature of both phrases. One Little Snake refers to the in and out shape of the number five. Jack’s Alive is used also because it rhymes.
Bingo Call Number 6 – Chopsticks, Tom’s Tricks, Tom Mix, In a fix
The number 6 bingo ball usually goes by one of three nicknames; Tom Mix, Tom’s Tricks and In A Fix all because they rhyme. Recently though callers have started to use Chopsticks for the number 6 bingo ball again because it rhymes.
Bingo Call Number 7 – Lucky Seven, God’s In Heaven, David Beckham, One Little Crutch, One Hockey Stick, A Slice Of Heaven
The number 7 bingo ball is usually called as lucky seven which stems from the superstitious belief that seven is a lucky number. It is thought that God’s In Heaven is a reference to ‘Seventh Heaven’ as is a Slice Of heaven. One Hockey Stick and One Little Crutch are sometimes used because of what the number 7 looks like. David Beckham is a more recent call for the number 7 and is used becasue it rhymes.
Bingo Call Number 8 – One Fat Lady, Garden Gate, At The Gate, Golden Gate, Harry Tate, She’s Always Late, Sexy Kate, Is She In Yet
The number 8 bingo ball is widely known as One Fat Lady because of the way it looks. Other terms are used for their rhyming potential like Garden Gate, Harry Tate and Sexy Kate. She’s Always Late would have been thought a humorous term in traditional UK bingo halls.
Bingo Call Number 9 – Doctors Orders
The number 9 bingo ball is really only known by one nickname Doctor’s Orders. A pill called the number 9 was prescribed for numerous ailments by British doctors during and after the second world war.
Bingo Call Number 10 – Downing Street, Cock And Hen, A Big Fat Hen, Cameron’s Den, Uncle Ben
The number 10 bingo ball has over the years used the name of various Prime Ministers as well as its other calls. Downing Street is obviously because the Prime Minister lives at 10 Downing Street. Cock and Hen, Cameron’s Den, A Big Fat Hen and Uncle Ben have all been used because of they rhyme.
Bingo Call Number 11 – Legs Eleven, Legs, Kelly’s Legs, Chicken Legs, Skinny Legs, They’re Lovely
The number 11 bingo ball is known mostly as legs eleven. This is pretty much just because it looks like 2 legs. All the other nicknames are based around its main name. Kelly’s legs number eleven is sometimes used because the number 1 ball is called Kelly’s Eye.
Bingo Call Number 12 – One Dozen, One And Two A Dozen, One Doz’ If One Can, Monkey’s Cousin
The number 12 bingo ball is always referred to a one dozen. Well its pretty easy to work out why – there are 12 eggs in a dozen. Monkey’s cousin is also sometimes used and although it doesn’t rhyme with 12 it does rhyme with dozen. One doz’ if one can was also formed from the more prominent nickname one dozen.
Bingo Call Number 13 – Unlucky For Some, Bakers Dozen, Devil’s Number
The number 12 bingo ball has 2 names which it gets called frequently. The first is unlucky for some and this is because of Friday the 13th – a supposedly unlucky day. The second main name is bakers dozen. This is because there are 13 in a bakers dozen as opposed to a regular dozen which is 12. 13 is also considered the Devil’s number.
Bingo Call Number 14 – Valentines Day, Tender, Pork Chops
The number 14 bingo ball is often called Valentines Day. This is because Valentines Day falls on the 14th. Poker Chops is a nickname that is more commonly used in the USA and is in relation to the way the number 14 looks.
Bingo Call Number 15 – Rugby Team, Young And Keen, Yet To Be Kissed
The number 15 bingo ball is known mostly as Rugby Team. This is because there are 15 players in a rugby team there is also a slight rhyme there as well. Young and Keen rhymes and refers to a 15 year old person. Yet to be kissed is also used because of 15 as an age.
Bingo Call Number 16 – Sweet Sixteen, Never been kissed, She’s Lovely
The number 16 bingo ball is most commonly known as sweet sixteen for obvious reasons. She’s lovely and never been kissed are also references to someone who is 16 years old. 16 is an interesting number because it is one of the only ones not to have a rhyming name!
Bingo Call Number 17 – Dancing Queen, Posh and Becks, Often Been Kissed, Over-Ripe, Old Ireland, The Age To Catch ‘Em
The number 17 bingo ball is usually called Dancing Queen. It got the name Dancing Queen from the Abba song which has the lyrics “dancing queen, young and sweet only 17”. Often been kissed follows up from the call for number 16 never been kissed. Posh and Becks comes from the fact the number 1 is so skinny and number 7 is David Beckhams football shirt number.
Bingo Call Number 18 – Coming Of Age, Now You Can Vote, Key Of The Door
The number 18 is now known as key of the door and coming of age due to the fact you are now seen as coming into adulthood at 18. You can vote, drink alcohol and best of all play online bingo! As you can tell all these nicknames are aged based references.
Bingo Call Number 19 – Goodbye Teens, Cuervo Gold
The number 19 bingo ball is commonly known as goodbye teens because at the age of 19 you only have one more year left as a teen. Cuervo Gold is a term for the number 19 that is used in the USA.
Bingo Call Number 20 – One Score, Getting Plenty, Blind 20
The number 20 bingo ball is often known as One Score. In the 1900′s One Score meant twenty, derived from the ancient practice of counting sheep in lots of twenty and keeping tally by scoring notches into a stick. Blind 20 just mean 20 on its own. They call it blind twenty so you know there isn’t another number to come after the 20.
Bingo Call Number 21 – Key Of The Door, Royal Salute, If Only I Was, Just My Age, At 21 Watch Your Son
The number 21 is often known as key of the door. This is because as everyone knows when you turn 21 you are given the key to the door. You enter adulthood. Royal salute is a nickname for the number 21 because of the 21 gun salute that is used on royal birthdays. All the other names are a reference to age.
Bingo Call Number 22 – Two Little Ducks, Quack Quack, Ducks On A Pond, All The Twos, Bishop, Dinky Doo
The 22 is most well known as two little ducks. This is becasue 22 is looks a bit like 2 little ducks sat next to each other. Ducks on a pond and quack quack are a result of the two little ducks nickname. Dinky doo rhymes with 22. All the twos is obviously because 22 is well … all the twos.
Bingo Call Number 23 – A Duck And A Flea, A Duck On A Tree, Thee And Me, The Lord’s My Shepherd
The number 23 bingo ball is often referred to as a duck and a flea. Well this is because number 2 is one little duck and number 3 is one little flea. Put them together and you have a duck and flea. Thee and me and a duck on a tree both rhyme with 23. The Lord’s my shepard is based on a biblical reference.
Bingo Call Number 24 – Two Dozen, Do You Want Some More?, Did You Score?
The number 24 bingo ball is usually called as two dozen. This is because there is 12 in a dozen and times that by 2 and you get 24. Did you score? and Do you want some more? both rhyme with 24.
Bingo Call Number 25 – Duck And Dive,
The number 25 bingo ball is called duck and dive. Firstly the duck comes from the fact that the number 2 ball is called 1 little duck. Dive rhymes with 5 and also completes the well know saying duck and dive. So they go together really well.
Bingo Call Number 26 – Half A Crown, Pick And Mix, Bed And Breakfast
The number 26 bingo ball is usually know as half a crown . This comes from the fact that half a crown comprised of two shillings and six pence. Bed and Breakfast is sometimes used as a call for number 26 as well and this is because the standard price for bed and breakfast was half a crown. Pick and mix is used purely because of its rhyming qualities.
Bingo Call Number 27 – Little Duck With A Crutch, Gateway To Heaven
The number 27 bingo balls most common name is little duck with a crutch. This is because the number 2 ball is called one little duck and the number 7 looks like a crutch. The 7 ball is sometimes known as stairway to heaven and that coupled with the rhyming nature of gateway to heaven and 27 resulted in its other nickname.
Bingo Call Number 28 – Overweight, Duck & Its Mate, The Old Brags, In A State
The number 28 bingo ball has lots of different nicknames. One of the main ones is Overweight. This is used because 28 rhymes with overweight and the number 8 ball is called one fat lady. In a state rhymes with 28. Duck and its mate is used because the number 2 ball is called one little duck and mate makes it rhyme with 28.
Bingo Call Number 29 – In Your Prime, Your Doing Fine, Rise And Shine
The number 29 bingo ball is often referred to as in your prime. This is a reference to age and the fact that next year someone who is 29 will be 30. Your doing fine is also a nickname based on age. Rise and shine rhymes.
Bingo Call Number 30 – Burlington Bertie, Dirty Gertie, Flirty Thirty, Blind 30, Speed Limit, Your Face Is Dirty
The number 30 bingo ball has many nicknames one of which is Burlington Bertie. This is used in a reference to the horse racing odds of 100-30. Speed limit is used because the speed limit in the United Kingdom is 30 mph. Flirty thirty is an age reference. Your face is dirty rhymes with 30 and blind 30 is used so people know there isn’t another number to follow.
Bingo Call Number 31 – Get Up And Run
The number 31 bingo ball only really has one nickname that is used on a regular basis and that is get up and run. There doesn’t seem to be any other explanation for the bingo call apart from the fact that get up and run rhymes with 31.
Bingo Call Number 32 – Buckle My Shoe
The number 32 bingo ball only has one call that gets used on a regular basis and that is Buckle My Shoe. The only real explanation for this the fact the buckle my shoe rhymes with 32. Buckle My Shoe is also a popular saying so is more likely to be used than something more redundant like bend over you.
Bingo Call Number 33 – Two Little Fleas, Gertie Lee, All The Threes, Dirty Knees, All The Feathers, Sherwood Forest
The number 33 bingo ball has many different bingo calls but one of the most popular used is two little fleas. This is used because the number 3 is called as one little flea. As you might have guessed all the threes is used because 33 really is all the threes. Sherwood forest is used as a result of all the threes as its meant to represent all the trees.
Bingo Call Number 34 – Ask For More
The number 34 bingo ball only has one nickname that is used when it is drawn from the cage. The call used is Ask For More. There doesn’t seem to be any other reason for this nickname than the fact that it rhymes with 34. Ask for more number 34.
Bingo Call Number 35 – Jump And Jive, Flirty Wives
The number 35 bingo ball is usually refereed to as Jump And Jive. We are pretty sure the only reason that this nickname is used is because of it rhyming qualities with the number 35. Flirty Wives is also sometimes used to call the number 35 and this is because it rhymes and traditionally would have been thought to be funny.
Bingo Call Number 36 – Three Dozen, Yardstick
The number 36 bingo ball only really has one well known call and that is Three Dozen. This is used because 12 x 3 = 36 making 36 Three Dozen. Apart from that the number 36 bingo ball only has one other nickname which is Yardstick. This is only used in USA bingo halls.
Bingo Call Number 37 – A Flea In Heaven, More Than Eleven
The number 37 bingo ball is often called as a flea in heaven. This nickname is used because the number 3 bingo ball is known as one little flea and the number 7 bingo ball has various nicknames centered around heaven. More than eleven is used because it rhymes with 37 and 11 is as you know more than 37.
Bingo Call Number 38 – Christmas Cake
The number 38 bingo ball only has one nickname that is used on a regular basis and that is Christmas Cake. The only reason that Christmas cake is used as the nickname for number 38 is becasue of its rhyming qualities.
Bingo Call Number 39 – Those Famous Steps, Jack Benny, All The Steps
The number 39 bingo ball is usually called those famous steps. This is a reference to the classic spy book and film The 39 Steps. It is sometimes called all the steps which again is a reference to the spy book and 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film.
Bingo Call Number 40 – Two Score, Life Begins At, Blind 40, Naughty 40
The number 40 bingo ball is often called Two Score. This is because 1 score = 20 so 2 scores = 40. It is also sometimes called as life begins at and that’s a reference to the well known saying life begins at 40. Naughty 40 is used because naughty rhymes with 40. Blind 40 is used so that players know there is no number to follow the 40.
Bingo Call Number 41 – Time For Fun, Life’s Begun
The number 41 bingo ball has 2 main nicknames when it is called in a bingo hall. The first of the two nicknames is time for fun this rhymes with 41 and also makes a referance to bingo actually being lots of fun. Life’s begun is the other nickname that is used for the bingo ball 41 and this is a referance to the well known saying life begins at 40.
Bingo Call Number 42 – Whinny The Poo, That Famous Street In Manhattan
The bingo ball number 42 has two main nicknames the first of which is Whinny The Poo. This name is used for its rhyming qualities with the actual number 42. The other nickname that is used that famous street in Manhattan. This gets used because 42nd Street is a Famous Street in Manhattan known especially for its theatres.
Bingo Call Number 43 – Down On Your Knees
The number 43 bingo ball is pretty much always referred to as down on your knees. The only reason that can explain this nickname is the fact the down on your knees rhymes with the number 43. Number 43 …. down on your knees.
Bingo Call Number 44 – Droopy Draws, Magnum, Open Two Doors, All The Fours
The number 44 bingo ball has quite a few nicknames. The name Droopy Draws is used along with open two doors because both of the phrases rhyme with the number 44. All the fours is used simply because 44 really is all the 4′s. Magnum is a name used only in American bingo halls and is referring to the magnum hand gun.
Bingo Call Number 45 – Halfway House, Halfway There, Cowboy’s Friend
The number 45 bingo ball is known as Halfway House. This nickname is used simply because 45 is the middle ball in a 90 ball bingo game. The 45 ball is also called halfway there for exactly the same reason. Cowboy’s Friend is another name that is used and this is because the colt 45 hand gun was commonly used by cowboys.
Bingo Call Number 46 – Up To Tricks
The number 46 bingo ball only really has one nickname that is commonly used to call it at the bingo hall. This nickname is up to tricks. The only reason that up to tricks is used is because of its rhyming qualities with the number 46. Forty six … up to tricks.
Bingo Call Number 47 – Four And Seven
The number 47 bingo ball is called four and seven. It seems that this is the only nickname that is in common use for the number 47 and the reason it is used is because putting the numbers four and seven together gets you 47. Four and seven …. 47.
Bingo Call Number 48 – Four Dozen
The number 47 bingo ball is another ball that only really has one commonly used nickname. That nickname is four dozen. It is used because there are 12 in a dozen and 12 x 4 = 48 meaning that 48 is Four Dozen. This is the only widely accepted nickname for the number 48.
Bingo Call Number 49 – Police Constable, Nick Nick, Copper, Rise And Shine
The number 49 bingo ball has quite a few commonly used nicknames one of which is PC or Police Constable. This came about as a result of the popular radio show in the mid 1900′s called PC 49 that was aired in Great Britain. Nick nick and copper are also used to call the 49 ball and these to are a result of the radio show. Rise and shine is used simply because it rhymes with the number 49.
Bingo Call Number 50 – Bulls Eye, Blind 50, Bung Hole, Half A Century, Snow White’s Number, Hawaii Five O, Hawaii
The number 50 bingo ball has quite a few different nicknames but one of the most popular is Bulls Eye. Anyone who plays darts already knows why this name is used but for those who don’t the very middle section of a dart board is called the bulls eye and is worth 50 points to any player that hits it. Hawaii Five O is used because of the popular TV program aired in America. This is also the reason that Hawaii is used on its own. Blind 50 is used so players know there isn’t another number coming after the 50. Half a century is used because 50 is half a century or half of 100 which is known as a century.
Bingo Call Number 51 – Tweak Of The Thumb, The Highland Division, I Love My Mum
The number 51 bingo ball has traditionally got two different calls. The first of the two is tweak of my thumb and the reason this is used as a nickname is because it rhymes with the number 51. The second of the two nicknames is I love my mum. This is also used for no other reason that it rhymes with the number 51. However since the second world war it is sometimes known as the Highland Division who were famous for their bravery and ability in combat.
Bingo Call Number 52 – Weeks In A Year, The Lowland Division, Danny La Rue, Pack ‘O Cards
The number 52 bingo ball is often called as weeks in a year this nickname was given to it because there are 52 weeks in a calendar year. Pack ‘o cards is very similar and is used because there are 52 cards in a standard pack. Danny La Rue used to be a famous drag queen entertainer and is sometimes used as the nickname for the 52 bingo ball because Danny La Rue rhymes with 52. The Lowland Division is used because they were a formidable fighting force during world war 2 with the division number of 52.
Bingo Call Number 53 – Stuck In The Tree, The Joker
The number 53 bingo ball is usually referred to as stuck in the tree and this is simply because it rhymes with the number 53. The Joker is the other nickname given to the number 52 bingo ball and this is used because there are 52 cards in a normal deck of cards and the 53rd card would be the joker.
Bingo Call Number 54 – Clean The Floor, House of Bamboo
The number 54 bingo ball is usually called clean the floor. This is simply because the phrase clean the floor rhymes with the number 54. It has one other nickname which is House of Bamboo. This is used due to the Andy Williams song from 1959 entitled House of Bamboo. One of the lyrics in the song was ‘number 54 the house with the bamboo door’ and this is how the number 54 got its nickname House of Bamboo.
Bingo Call Number 55 – Snakes Alive, All The Fives, Give Us Fives, Bunch Of Fives
The number 55 bingo ball is usually called snakes alive. This is becasue the number 5 itself actually looks like a snake and snakes alive rhymes with 55. All the fives is pretty self explanatory 55 is all the fives. Give us fives is used in reference to the saying give me five or high five. The final nickname given to the number 55 is bunch of fives. This is used becasue 55 could be considered a bunch of fives even though there is only 2 of them.
Bingo Call Number 56 – Was She Worth It
The bingo ball number 56 only has one nickname that is commonly used to call it out. The nickname is was she worth it and is thought to be used in reference to a 56 year old man who has been married all his life. It certainly is a bit of a weird one that’s for sure! Was it worth being married to the same women for such a long time!?
Bingo Call Number 57 – All The Beans, Heinz Varieties
The number 57 bingo ball has two main nicknames the first of which is all the beans. This nicknames was given to the number 57 because the Heinz Baked Beans slogan which was written on the side of a can of beans was 57 Varieties. This is also the reason that the number 57 gets called as Heinz Varieties. If your a big beans fan then you should have known this already!
Bingo Call Number 58 – Make Them Wait, Choo Choo Thomas
The number 58 bingo ball is usually called make them wait. The only reason make them wait is used is that it rhymes with the number 58. Choo choo Thomas is more of an interesting one. It is used to call the number 58 because the number 5 looks like the front of a train and the number 8 was the number given to Thomas The Tank Engine. Not many people know that one!
Bingo Call Number 59 – Brighton Line
The number 59 bingo ball only has one nickname that is used with any frequency and that nickname is Brighton Line. The nickname Brighton Line is used because engine 59 was used on the railway between Brighton and London. The service in operation was called the Brighton Line which people would often use to go to the sea side in Brighton from London for holidays or weekend breaks.
Bingo Call Number 60 – Three Score, Blind 60, 5 Dozen
The number 60 bingo ball is often called as Three Score by bingo callers. The reason for this is that one score equals 20 so if you multiply it by 3 you get Sixty. 20 x 3 = 60. Blind 60 is used as a call for the number 60 ball so that players know there isn’t another number to follow the 60. Five Dozen is another call used for the 60 ball and this is because 1 dozen is 12 and if you multiply that by 5 you get 60.
Bingo Call Number 61 – Bakers Bun
The number 61 bingo ball only has one commonly used nickname which is Bakers Bun. The only known reason that bakers bun is used to call the number 61 bingo ball is because bakers bun rhymes with the number 61.
Bingo Call Number 62 – Tickety Boo, Turn The Screw
The number 62 bingo ball is commonly called as Tickety Boo. The only explanation that we could find for the nickname is that it rhymes with the number 62. The other nickname which is also used because it rhymes with the number 62 is turn on the screw. Again this is the only explanation we could find for the nickname.
Bingo Call Number 63 – Tickle me
The number 63 bingo ball is only really known by the nickname tickle me. This has always been used in traditional bingo halls. The only reason tickle me is used to call the number 63 bingo ball is becasue it rhymes with the number 63.
Bingo Call Number 64 – The Beatles Number, Red Raw
The number 64 bingo ball is usually called The Beatles Number after the famous British pop band. The nickname comes from a song they sang which was entitled ‘When I’m 64′. As far as we know its other nickname which is Red Raw is used purely because it rhymes with the number 64.
Bingo Call Number 65 – Old Age Pension, Retirement Age
The number 65 bingo ball is usually called old age pension. This is because when you reach the age of 65 you start to get old age pension from the government. Retirement age is used for similar reason because people are expected to finish work at the age of 65.
Bingo Call Number 66 – Clickety Click, All The Sixes
The number 66 bingo ball is usually called Clickety click. This nickname was given to the number 66 bingo ball after the hit TV show that around in the 1900′s. The other nickname sometimes used for 66 is all the sixes. This one is pretty self explanatory. 66 really is all the sixes.
Bingo Call Number 67 – Made In Heaven, Argumentative Number
The number 67 bingo bally is most commonly known as Made In Heaven. This is because the number 67 has various connections with heaven. It is also called the argumentative number but at the moment we can’t find any explanation for this. If you know the answer then please use the contact us section to let us know!
Bingo Call Number 68 – Saving Grace
The number 68 ball is only really ever referred to as Saving Grace. This nickname comes because of the famous novel and famous book ‘Saving Grace’. The novel was written by Celia Gittelson and the most famous version of the film aired in 1985.
Bingo Call Number 69 – The Same Both Ways, Your Place Or Mine?, Any Way Up, Either Way Up, Any Way Round, Meal For Two, The French Connection, Yum Yum
The number 69 bingo ball is often call The Same Both Ways this is because if you flip the number around you will still get the number 69. For this reason the number 69 bingo ball also gets called Any Way Up, Either Way Up and Any Way Round. Your Place Or Mine is another nickname for the 69 ball and this is used because it rhymes with the number 69 itself. Meal For Two is also sometimes used for 69 and this is because the number 69 could look like 2 people at a table. Think birds eye view! Finally The French Connection is used becasue the group names French Connection was formed in 1969 in Camden London.
Bingo Call Number 70 – Three Score And Ten, Blind 70
The number 70 bingo ball is called Three Score And Ten. This nickname is used becasue a score equals 20 therefore 3 score equals 60 and add 10 onto that number and you are left with 70. Blind 70 is used so that players in the game know that there is not another number to follow the 70.
Bingo Call Number 71 – Bang On The Drum, Lucky One
The number 71 bingo ball is usually called Bang On The Drum. The only real reason for this use as the call for the number 71 is because bang on the drum rhymes with the number 71. The other call that you will sometimes hear is Lucky One. This is used because 7 is considered a lucky number so the 1 becomes lucky becasue its next to the 7
Bingo Call Number 72 – Par For The Course, Six Dozen, A Crutch And A Duck, Lucky Two
Then number 72 bingo ball is often called par for the course. This is because to shoot par on most golf courses would be to go round the entire course in just 72 shots. Six Dozen is used because 12 multiplied by 6 = 72. Luck Two is used because 7 is considered a lucky number and the 2 is next to the 7. A crutch and a duck is also used to call the number 72 and this is because the number 7 on its own is known as a Crutch and the number 2 is known as one little duck.
Bingo Call Number 73 – Queen Bee, Crutch With A Flea, Under The Tree, Lucky 3
The number 73 bingo ball is often called Queen Bee. The only reason this is used is becasue it rhymes with the number 73. The same goes for Under The Three as well. Crutch with a flea is used becasue the 7 is a crutch shape and the 3 is shaped like a 3. Lucky 3 is used becasue any number next to a 7 is considered lucky.
Bingo Call Number 74 – Candy Store, Grandma Of Bingo, Lucky Four
The number 74 bingo ball is usually called Candy Store. The only reason Candy Store is used to call the number 74 is because the two rhyme. Grandma of Bingo is used as a nickname and is a reference to 74 as an age. Lucky four is used because any number next to a7 is considered lucky.
Bingo Call Number 75 – Strive and Strive, Grandpa Of Bingo
The number 75 bingo ball is called by most bingo callers as Strive and Strive. The reason this is used is because it rhymes with the number 75. The other nickname sometimes used for the 75 ball is Grandpa of Bingo. This is a reference to age. Note 74 is called Grandma of Bingo.
Bingo Call Number 76 – Trombones, Was She Worth It?, Seven And Six
The number 76 bingo ball is usually called Trombones. This is because the brass section music piece “76 Trombones” is performed frequently at processions or organized street events where marching is involved. Was she worth it is also used as a nickname for the number 76 ball and this is because an old marriage license used to cost 7 shillings and 6 pence. Seven and six is pretty self explanatory!
Bingo Call Number 77 – Sunset Strip, All The Sevens, Two Little Crutches, The Double Hockey Stick
The number 77 bingo ball is called Sunset Strip. This is named after the popular TV series 77 Sunset Strip which aired in America during the 1950′s and 1960′s. All the sevens is another nickname that is used for 77 which is pretty self explanatory. Two Little Crutches is used because the number 7 looks a bit like a crutch and the Double Hockey Stick is used because the number 7 also looks like a hockey stick.
Bingo Call Number 78 – Heavens Gate, Lucky 8
The number 78 bingo ball is called Heavens Gate. The nickname Heavens Gate is actually quite interesting. The number 8 ball is called garden gate and the number 7 ball is called seventh heaven. As you can see Heavens Gate is a result of these two nicknames. Lucky 8 is used because any number that sits next to 7 is considered lucky.
Bingo Call Number 79 – One More Time, Lucky 9
The number 79 bingo ball is called One More Time. There is only one reason that the 79 ball is given the nickname One More Time and that is because one more time rhymes with the number 79. Lucky 9 is used as well because any number next to a 7 is considered lucky.
Bingo Call Number 80 – Ghandi’s Breakfast, There You Go Matey, Blind 80, Eight And Blank
The number 80 bingo ball is called Ghandi’s Breakfast. This is becasue if you were to look at Ghandi sitting down to eat cross legged it would look like the number 8. Also the the number eight sounds like ate which gives it a link to food. Blind 80 is used so that players know there isn’t another number to follow the 80. Eight and blank is used because 0 is considered a blank. There you go matey is used because it rhymes.
Bingo Call Number 81 – Stop And Run, Fat Lady And A Little Wee
The number 81 bingo ball is called Stop And Run. The only reason for this is the fact that stop and run rhymes with the number 81. Fat Lady And A Little Wee is another nickname that is used to call the 81 bingo ball and this is becasue the 8 looks like a fat lady and the 1 is small in comparison.
Bingo Call Number 82 – Fat Lady With A Duck, Straight On Through
The number 82 bingo ball is usually called Fat Lady With A Duck. This is becasue the number 8 looks like a fat lady and the number 2 looks like a little duck. Straight On Through is another nickname for the 82 ball and is used simply becasue it rhymes with the number 82. Straight On Through …. its number 82.
Bingo Call Number 83 – Ethel’s Ear, Fat Lady With A Flea, Time For Tea
The number 83 bingo ball is usually called as Ethel’s Ear. The reason for this is that the number number 8 can be seen as a fat lady – maybe named Ethel – and the number 3 looks like an ear. Fat Lady With A Flea is pretty much the same as Ethel’s Ear but with the 3 looking like a little flea. Time For Tea is only used because it rhymes with the number 83.
Bingo Call Number 84 – Seven Dozen
The number 84 bingo ball is called Seven Dozen. This is the only name for the ball that we could find. The reason it is called Seven Dozen is quite simple. There are 12 in a dozen and if you multiply 12 by 7 you are left with 84.
Bingo Call Number 85 – Staying Alive
The number 85 bingo ball is called Staying Alive. This is the only nickname we could find for 85 and the reason that it is used is becasue Staying Alive rhymes with the number 85. Staying Alive … its number 85.
Bingo Call Number 86 – Between The Sticks
The number 86 bingo ball is called Between The Sticks. The only reason we can find that the number 86 bingo ball has the nickname Between The Sticks is that it rhymes with the number 86. Apart from that though there doesn’t seem to be any other relevant reason why that nickname was given. Between The Sticks … its number 86!
Bingo Call Number 87 – Torquay In Devon, Fat Lady With A Crutch
The number 87 bingo ball is called Torquay In Devon. The reason for this is that obviously Torquay is in Devon but also that Torquay In Devon rhymes with the number 87. The other nickname that is sometimes used for number 87 is fat lady with a crutch. This nickname is used because the number 8 looks like a fat lady and the number 7 looks like a crutch.
Bingo Call Number 88 – Two Fat Ladies, Wobbly Wobbly, All The Eights
The number 88 ball is most well known as Two Fat Ladies. This is probably the most famous bingo call of them all and is used because the number 8 looks like a fat lady. Wobbly Wobbly is used and comes from the Two Fat Ladies nickname. All The Eights is the other nickname used for 88 and is pretty self explanatory.
Bingo Call Number 89 – Nearly There, One More To Go
The number 89 bingo ball is often called as Nearly There. The reason for this is that there is only one more bingo ball after it which is the number 90 ball. The other nickname One More To Go is pretty much used for the same reason in that there is only one more ball with a higher number on it.
Bingo Call Number 90 – Top Of The Shop, Blind 90, Top Of The House, As Far As We Go, End Of The Line
The number 90 bingo ball has lots of nicknames but one of the most common is top of the shop. The nickname is used because number 90 is the highest number bingo ball there is. The same reason has resulted in other nicknames as well such as top of the house, as far as we go and end of the line. Blind 90 is used so players know there isn’t another number to follow the 90.
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Who is the long-time judo sparring partner of Arkady Rotenberg? | Arkady Rotenberg
#69 in Russia
#1324 in 2015
Arkady Rotenberg is one of the most influential businessmen in Russia. He and his billionaire brother, Boris, were once judo sparring partners of President Vladimir Putin. The Rotenberg brothers were targets when the U.S. and Europe imposed sanctions and froze assets of businessmen close to Putin in 2014. The U.S. Treasury Department claimed that Putin had awarded the Rotenbergs billions of dollars in contracts with oil and gas giant Gazprom and for the Sochi winter Olympics. In September 2014, the Italian police seized assets from Arkady worth $39 million, including a luxury hotel in Rome and two villas in Sardinia. After the sanctions, Arkady transferred assets to his son Igor, including a 76% stake in drilling company Gazprom Bureniye, a 26% stake in road construction company Mostotrest, and a 33% stake in TPS Real Estate Holding. Arkady owns Stroygazmontazh Corporation (or SGM Group), one of Russia's biggest construction contractors in the energy field. He also holds an 80% stake in nitric fertilizer manufacturer Minudobreniya; a 50% stake in TPS Avia, which is investing in major construction at Sheremetyevo Airport near Moscow; and a 38% stake in SMP Bank. In 2015, companies he controlled received $7.2 billion in state contracts, including one for construction of a Siberian pipeline for Gazprom. More »
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What is the singular form of the word ‘graffiti’? | Putin Buddy Gets $7 Billion of Deals for Sochi Olympics - Bloomberg
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Putin Buddy Gets $7 Billion of Deals for Sochi Olympics
Ilya Arkhipov and Henry Meyer
Arkady Rotenberg, the boyhood friend and former judo partner of black-belt President Vladimir Putin, already is collecting his winnings from what promises to be the most expensive Winter Olympics ever next year.
Rotenberg’s companies have been awarded at least 227 billion rubles ($7.4 billion) of contracts for the 2014 Sochi Games, according to figures compiled from corporate and government filings. That’s more than the entire budget for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, though it represents just 15 percent of Russia’s latest estimate for the Sochi event.
Those contracts , which number at least 21, include a share of an $8.3 billion transport link between Sochi and ski resorts in the neighboring Caucasus Mountains, a $2.1 billion highway along Sochi’s Black Sea coast, a $387 million media center, and a $133 million stretch of venue-linking tarmac that will double as Russia’s first Formula One track.
“This is a monumental waste of public money,” Stefan Szymanski, a sports economist at the University of Michigan who tracks Olympic spending, said by phone from Ann Arbor. “A small number of people at the top have control of resources and there is no accountability.”
$50 Billion
Rotenberg, 61, is among a handful of men Putin has known since childhood or from his days in the KGB or St. Petersburg government who’ve amassed riches and power during his 13-year rule. Their fortunes have come at times at the expense of men who flourished under his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin, and the consequences of the differing wealth pedigrees are on display in Putin’s $50 billion push to prepare Russia for its first Winter Games. The country is considered the most corrupt of the Group of 20 economies by Berlin-based Transparency International.
While Rotenberg and longtime Putin associates such as Gennady Timchenko, co-founder of oil trader Gunvor, and OAO Russian Railways Chief Executive Officer Vladimir Yakunin, stand to gain from Russia’s Olympian largesse, Yeltsin-era tycoons led by Vladimir Potanin and Oleg Deripaska say they’re getting squeezed.
Potanin and Deripaska, the CEOs and largest owners of OAO GMK Norilsk Nickel and United Co. Rusal, respectively the world’s largest producers of nickel and aluminum, have been handed projects that may not turn a profit for years, if ever. Potanin is spending $2.2 billion on the resort where most of the skiing events will take place, while Deripaska is putting $1.5 billion into revamping the local airport and constructing a port and one of two Olympic Villages to house athletes and officials.
‘Commercially Useless’
Rosa Khutor , Potanin’s facility, has missed 14 billion rubles of interest payments on loans from state development bank VEB because it’s been closed to tourists for parts of three peak seasons for test competitions, Sergei Bachin, the head of the project, said in an interview in Moscow on March 12.
The resort, serviced by state-of-the-art ski lifts from Doppelmayr of Austria, was all but deserted on a sunny March 7 because the slopes were cleared for a para-alpine World Cup championship. Rosa Khutor will need to spend another $130 million after the Olympics to convert the facility into a fully commercial operation, Bachin said.
“A lot has been built for the Olympics that is commercially useless before the games and after,” Potanin said last month during a tour of his project with Putin and Jacques Rogge, president of the International Olympic Committee. “The money has been spent and interest is accumulating.”
Basic Element
The $200 million port Deripaska’s Basic Element constructed to dispatch Olympic building materials is handling as little as one-fifth of the planned volumes because freight traffic has been redirected to railways and roads, making the venture unprofitable, according to the company.
“If investors don’t get any return or government support and in effect lose a large part of the funds they’ve invested in the Olympics, it won’t have a positive impact on our investment climate,” Basic Element Deputy General Director Andrey Elinson said during a March 12 interview in Moscow.
Olympstroy , the state company overseeing Sochi’s transformation, declined to detail the costs of its individual projects. Olympstroy has had four general directors in six years.
The bulk of Rotenberg’s Olympic contracts are held by OAO Mostotrest, a Moscow-based company set up under Josef Stalin in 1930 to build bridges across the Soviet Union, according to its website . Rotenberg and partners, including his son Igor, gained control of Mostotrest in 2010, just before the company raised $388 million in an initial public offering.
Putin Link
Rotenberg’s aide said he was unable to comment on his work on the Olympics. Officials at Mostotrest didn’t respond to requests for comment by e-mail and phone, nor did Stroygazmontazh, another Rotenberg company with state contracts.
Rotenberg told the Financial Times in an interview published in November that while he values Putin’s friendship, he’d never abuse it for personal gain.
“I have great respect for this person and I consider that this is a person sent to our country from God,” the newspaper cited Rotenberg as saying about Putin.
Dmitry Peskov, Putin’s spokesman, said Rotenberg’s success is unrelated to his ties with Putin.
“No friendship can grant you access to Olympics projects, which are very difficult to get because they’re hard to implement and aren’t as profitable as many other construction contracts,” Peskov said by phone on March 15.
Gazprom Pipelines
Rotenberg gained his fortune by selling pipes and building pipelines for state-run OAO Gazprom, the world’s largest gas producer. Stroygazmontazh, which Rotenberg owns with his brother Boris, built a gas link to boost supplies to Sochi for 32.6 billion rubles , five times more than first budgeted, according to Olympstroy and government data.
The Rotenberg brothers are now worth $2.97 billion each, more than all but 35 Russians, Moscow-based CEO magazine estimated last month. That’s up from $1.75 billion each in 2011.
The controlling stake in Mostotrest that the Rotenbergs held via their 68.5 percent interest in Cyprus-based Marc O’Polo Investments Ltd. declined to 38.6 percent after the IPO, according to the company.
Mostotrest “somewhat disappoints investors with its annual performance forecasts,” said Elena Sakhnova of Moscow-based VTB Capital. Even so, Sakhnova is one of 12 analysts with a “buy” rating on the company’s stock, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. “Mostotrest gets very good contracts, not without Rotenberg’s help,” she said.
Shares Rise
Mostotrest shares closed up 0.1 percent at 136.83 rubles in Moscow, after gaining as much as 1.9 percent on the benchmark ruble-denominated Micex Index.
The largest single Olympic contract for the $8.3 billion rail-highway link went to state-run Russian Railways, which then hired Mostotrest and a company now part-owned by Putin ally Timchenko, SK MOST , among other contractors. Russian Railways’ pension fund owns 25 percent of Mostotrest.
Putin, 60, has fought to host global events to raise Russia’s international profile and boost growth through state and privately funded infrastructure projects, including last year’s Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Vladivostok.
The Audit Chamber, Russia’s budget watchdog, last November said it found that about $490 million of the $20 billion Russia allocated for the APEC summit was “improperly spent.” About $506 million has been misspent in Sochi thus far, the watchdog said this month, declining to be more specific.
‘Rough Estimate’
Russia in September doubled its forecast for spending on the 2018 soccer World Cup to almost $20 billion, a figure Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko called a “rough estimate,” according to state news service RIA Novosti. Brazil’s Sports Ministry last year said it planned to spend 30 billion reais ($15.1 billion) on projects linked to its staging of the 2014 World Cup.
Putin, who has repeatedly vowed to crack down on corruption, last month fired the vice president of the Russian Olympic Committee, Akhmed Bilalov, saying his brother’s company, which had the contract for the ski-jumping complex, was over budget by a factor of seven and behind schedule.
“The main issue is to be sure nobody steals anything,” Putin said Feb. 6 before the announcement of Bilalov’s dismissal.
Three days earlier, Rotenberg’s Mostotrest said it would seek to sell its Engtransstroy unit, which has at least four unfinished Olympics contracts, including the Formula One track.
Road Contracts
Bilalov, who has since left Russia, started having trouble in 2011, when organizers told him to spend what would amount to $200 million on roads and other works that weren’t in the contract once held by his family’s company, according to his representative in Moscow. Bilalov denies costs jumped sevenfold, saying they only increased 60 percent, according to the representative, who asked not to be identified because of the sensitivity of the matter.
Police have announced one major case of financial fraud related to the Olympics. That was last August, when the Interior Ministry put out a brief statement saying investigators had foiled a plot to embezzle 8 billion rubles. No details were provided. The ministry and the Prosecutor General’s Office in Moscow didn’t respond to requests for comment on corruption in Sochi.
“The cost overruns are due to corruption, the clan system and a lack of competition,” said Sochi native Boris Nemtsov, a deputy prime minister under Yeltsin and a political opposition leader who tracks government spending. “All the main contractors in the Olympics are people close to Putin.”
Cost Overruns
Sochi Mayor Anatoly Pakhomov, who defeated Nemtsov in his 2009 election with 77 percent of the vote versus 14 percent, said spending concerns are unfounded because any “wrongdoing” is quickly discovered and halted by authorities.
“Some people have latched onto the rising costs, but that can happen because of unforeseen circumstances,” Pakhomov said in an interview in his office March 6. “There won’t be any witch hunts after the Olympics.”
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According to many sources, Aeschylus was killed by what falling from the sky and landing on his head? | 9 People Killed By Unexpected Things That Fell From The Sky (freak accidents, fall from sky, weird deaths) - ODDEE
9 People Killed By Unexpected Things That Fell From The Sky
10/20/2014
1
The boy who was killed by a falling sacrificial goat
In October 2014, a schoolboy was killed after a sacrificial goat jumped off a roof and landed on his head.
Heval Yildirim was playing with friends when the animal – which also died – plummeted six floors from the top of a block of flats. The 13-year-old's father, Mehmet, brought the goat into town for sacrifice on the Muslim feast day of Eid al-Adha.
He could not find anywhere suitable to keep it, so he stowed it on the roof above the family's home on the top floor. He said of the tragic accident: "I am devastated but what more can I say? In fact, there is nothing at all to say."
Police said they were investigating Heval's death in Diyarbakir, south-eastern Turkey, adding it was the first such case they had heard of. ( Source )
2
The philosopher who died after a flying eagle dropped a turtle on his head
In 455 BC, Aeschylus, the great playwriter known as the Father of Greek Tragedy, died in a most unexpected way. He was said to have been killed by a tortoise which was dropped by an eagle that had mistaken his head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell of the reptile.
In his Naturalis Historiæ, Plinyadds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avert a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object.
Some other sources claim that the bird in question was the Lammergeier vulture, which were apparently more common in southern Europe 2,000 years ago than they are today. As carrion feeders, they feast on the bones of deceased animals that other vultures leave behind. Lammergeiers carry large bones high in the air and drop them on rocks before descending to feed on the exposed marrow. This method apparently also works for tortoise shells. According to legend, the top of Aeschylus' head and its marble likeness are similar, at least from a vulture's point of view. ( Source 1 | Source 2 )
3
The woman who was crushed to death by huge Taco Bell sign
Chambers, Nebraska resident Diana Durre died after a 75-foot (23 m) Taco Bell sign fell on top of the truck cab she was in. The pole broke at a welded joint about 15 feet (4.5 m) above the ground due to strong winds and he sign fell right on top of the quad-cab pickup.
At the time, Diana was meeting a Wyoming couple to sell them some dogs. They had agreed to meet in North Platte, Nebraska, at about 1 p.m., “right underneath the big Taco Bell sign.” North Platte's Animal Control Division took two Yorkie dogs to the shelter. The Wyoming couple showed up after the accident. ( Source )
4
The woman who was killed after being hit by a falling gargoyle from a historic church
Sarah Bean was just a few blocks from her South Loop home when tragedy struck. She was walking to lunch with her boyfriend before starting a late shift at Lurie Children's Hospital in Chicago in September 2014.
Several stories above, a piece of decorative metal came loose from the outside wall of the Second Presbyterian Church, a century-plus-old architectural jewel that in recent years had been hit with a number of building violations. The metal fell and knocked off a chunk of stone from a gargoyle jutting from a corner of the church's southeast tower.
The stone hit Bean, 34, squarely on the head as she walked along the sidewalk outside the church, killing her almost instantly. Her boyfriend, Lance Johnson, fell by her side, screaming and holding his hands to his head, said Broderick Adams, who watched from his fifth-floor apartment across the street before running out to help.
The church, a Gothic revival structure at 1936 S. Michigan Ave. built in 1874, failed a string of inspections between 2007 and 2011 for violations including failing to remove obstructions from building exits and failing to maintain an interior stairway system in safe condition, according to the city's Buildings Department.
Sarah had two kids and was planning to marry her longtime boyfriend. ( Source )
5
The man who was killed by an air conditioning that fell from the 7th floor
Ah, New York City in the summer! Generally, we really love it, despite the on-the-way-to-work sweatiness.
With the city's humid summers comes air conditioning, and with that come occasional inept air condition unit installations in apartment windows. Every so often, there is a report that that an air conditioner has fallen from a window and bashed someone in the head. In 1988, such an accident proved fatal.
A man walking down East 23d Street was fatally injured when an air conditioner slipped from the window of a building, plunged seven stories and struck him on the head. Vito DeGiorgio, 37 years old, of Dobbs Ferry was taken to Bellevue Hospital Center where he was pronounced dead.
The accident occurred when the victim passed 36 East 23d Street, between Madison Avenue and Broadway, opposite Madison Square Park. The air conditioner tumbled from a window of an office occupied by Louise Wise Services on the seventh floor. ( Source 1 | Source 2 )
6
The football fan killed by a flying lawnmower
Believe it or not, a flying lawnmower killed a man who was during a football halftime show.
In December 1979, The Jets hosted the Patriots at Shea Stadium. At halftime, the Electronic Eagles of the Radio Control Association of Greater New York took to the field to show off their collection of model airplanes.
During the show, a plane shaped like a lawnmower landed in the stands and struck 20-year-old John Bowen and 25-year-old Kevin Rourke. Bowen, who reportedly “looked like he had been attacked by an ax,” underwent emergency surgery but died a few days later.
Criminal charges never were pursued, but a lawsuit was filed against the Jets, the Radio Control Association of Greater New York, and Philip Cushman, who was flying the plane. ( Source 1 | Source 2 | Photo )
7
The Colombian man who died after a coconut fell on his head
In August 2010, a 69-year-old man was killed by a coconut that fell out of a 12-meter (39 ft) palm tree while he was sitting in a rocking chair outside his home in Melgar, Colombia. The autopsy found that Jose Abelino Ramirez suffered severe injuries to his skull and brain which resulted in his death. But don't get too worried – the saying that the chances of getting killed by a coconut is 15 times greater than getting killed by a shark is actually an urban legend. ( Source 1 | Source 2 )
8
The Brazilian soccer fan who was killed by flying toilet
Forty days before the beginning of the 2014 World Cup, a football fan was killed after he was struck on the head by a toilet bowl hurled from a stadium in the World Cup host city of Recife.
The 26-year-old man died after a large fight erupted following a match between Santa Cruz and Parana at the Arruda Stadium. Fans inside the stadium ripped out three toilets from a lavatory and threw them from the stands at rivals on the streets below. One of them hit and instantly killed the young fan. ( Source )
9
The two Canadians who were fatally hit by a flying bear
In 2011, two Canadians died instantly in a freak accident when a car hit a 440-pound (200-kg) black bear, and sent the animal flying straight through the windshield of an oncoming vehicle. The bear's body hit the 25-year-old female driver and a 40-year-old man sitting behind her and then shot out of the back window. The bear also died. The woman's boyfriend, who was sitting in the front passenger seat, escaped with upper-body injuries which were not life-threatening.
The accident happened at night in a rural area about 25 miles north ofOttawa. Collisions between vehicles and animals are common in Canada, which has a healthy population of large wild animals such as moose and deer. ( Source | Photo )
From the Web
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Laura Massaro and Nick Matthew are 2016 British champions at which sport? | LiveLeak.com - List of unusual death's...
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List of unusual death's...
This is a list of unusual deaths � unique causes or extremely rare circumstances � recorded throughout history. The list also includes less rare, but still unusual, deaths of prominent persons.
Antiquity
Note: Many of these stories are likely to be apocryphal (uncertain authenticity)
* 586 BC: Zedekiah, king of Judea, was punished for his attempt at mutiny by having his whole family brought before him and executed, his eyes then immediately punctured, his palms amputated and his mutilated body sent to rot in the dungeons.
* 458 BC: The Greek playwright Aeschylus was killed when an eagle dropped a live tortoise on him, mistaking his bald head for a stone.
* 270 BC: The poet and grammarian Philetas of Cos reportedly wasted away and died of insomnia while brooding about the Liar paradox.[1]
* 207 BC: Chrysippus, a Greek stoic philosopher, is believed to have died
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Which brand of whisky has an image of Lagopus lagopus scotica on the label? | Famous Grouse Blended Scotch Whisky - Reviews & Price
Famous Grouse Blended Scotch Whisky
The Spirit
Famous Grouse Blended Scotch Whisky
4.0
Orange
Distiller's Description
Our signature whisky is named after the Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus), Scotland´s national game bird. The Famous Grouse is testimony to the unsurpassed blending skills of Matthew Gloag and Son, a family business founded in 1800. The secret is in the way we marry the finest malt whiskies, such as The Macallan and Highland Park, with exceptional grain whiskies for an unusually long period in fully seasoned oak casks. The result is a blend of the smoothest possible character. Raised in the Highlands, The Famous Grouse is proud to be Scotland´s favourite whisky.
Tasting Notes
| The Famous Grouse |
Where in the human body would you find the mitral valve? | Buy The Famous Grouse Plastic 1L at Uvinum
The Famous Grouse Plastic 1L
TASTING NOTES:
- Colour: The Famous Grouse Plastic 1L is golden, clear and bright; the colour is an indication of the exceptional liquid inside.
- Aromas: There's oak and sherry on the nose, with a citrus note.
- Palate: On the palate it's mature, easy-going and full of the bright Speyside fruit - with a clean and medium-dry finish.
Our whisky is named after the Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus), Scotland's national bird. The Famous Grouse is the testimony to the unsurpassed blending skills of Matthew Gloag and Son, a family founded in 1800.
The secret is in the way we marry the finest malt and grain whiskies for an unusually long period in fully seasoned oak casks. The result is a blend of the smoothest possible character. The Famous Grouse is proud to be Scotland's favourite whisky.
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What plain, woven cloth gets its name from a port in north-east India? | Fabulous Fabric, Top Fashion Clothes Fabrics, Luxury Plus Size Clothing - Anna Scholz
Fabulous Fabric, Top Fashion Clothes Fabrics, Luxury Plus Size Clothing - Anna Scholz
A
ACETATE: A manufactured fibre formed by a compound of cellulose – refined from cotton linters and/or wood pulp – and acedic acid that has been extruded through a spinneret and then hardened.
ACRYLIC: A manufactured fibre derived from polyacrylonitrile. Its major properties include a soft, wool-like hand, machine washable and dryable, excellent colour retention.
ALPACA: A natural hair fibre obtained from the Alpaca sheep, a domesticated member of the llama family. The fibre is most commonly used in fabrics for dresses, suits, coats, and sweaters.
ANGORA: The hair of the Angora goat. Also known as Angora mohair, Angora may also apply to the fur of the Angora rabbit. By law, any apparel containing Angora rabbit hair must be labelled as "Angora rabbit hair" on the garment.
APPLIQUE: A cut out decoration fastened to a larger piece of material.
B
BACKED CLOTH: A material with an extra warp or filling added for weight and warmth. Satin weave and twill weave constructions are frequently used in the design of backed cloth because they are relatively resistant to the passage of air
BALLISTIC: A thick woven, high denier fabric that is extremely abrasion resistant and tough. Used in apparel, packs, and gear.
BAMBOO: Bamboo fabric is a natural textile made from the pulp of bamboo grass. Bamboo fibre resembles cotton in its unspun form, a puffball of light, airy fibres. To make bamboo fibre, bamboo is heavily pulped until it separates into thin component threads of fibre, which can be spun and dyed for weaving into cloth. Bamboo is nature’s most sustainable resource. It is grown without pesticides or chemicals, is 100% biodegradable, and is naturally regenerative. Some bamboo species grow up to 4 feet per day.
BATISTE: A medium-weight, plain weave fabric, usually made of cotton or cotton blends. End-uses include blouses and dresses.
BEADED VELVET: Velvet with a cut-out pattern or a velvet pile effect, made on a Jacquard loom. This fabric is used primarily for evening wear.
BEFORD CORD: A cotton-like fabric with raised ridges in the lengthwise direction. Since the fabric has a high strength and a high durability, it is often used for upholstery and work clothes.
BENGALINE: A fabric with a crosswise ribbed effect made of rayon, nylon, cotton, or wool - often in combination.
BLEND: A term applied to a yarn or a fabric that is made up of more than one fibre. In blended yarns, two or more different types of staple fibres are twisted or spun together to form the yarn. An example of a typical blended yarn or fabric is polyester/cotton.
BOUCLE: A knit or woven fabric made from a rough, curly, knotted boucle yarn. The fabric has a looped, knotted surface and is often used in sportswear and coats.
BROADCLOTH: A plain weave tightly woven fabric, characterized by a slight ridge effect in one direction, usually the filling. The most common broadcloth is made from cotton or cotton/polyester blends. Originally a silk shirting fabric, it was so named because it was woven in widths exceeding the usual 29 inches.
BROCADE: A rich, Jacquard woven fabric with an all-over interwoven design of raised figures or flowers. The pattern is emphasized by contrasting surfaces or colours and often has gold or silver threads running through it.
BROCATELLE: A fabric similar to brocade with a satin or twill figure in high relief on a plain or satin background.
BUNTING: A soft, flimsy, loose-textured, plain weave cloth similar to cheesecloth. Can be either a cotton or wool fabric. Often used in flags.
BURLAP: A loosely constructed, heavy weight, plain weave fabric used as a carpet backing, and as inexpensive packaging for sacks of grain or rice. Burlap may also appear as a drapery fabric.
BUTCHER’S LINEN: A plain weave, stiff fabric with thick and thin yarns in both the warp and the filling. The fabric was originally made of linen but is now often duplicated in polyester or a variety of blends.
C
CALICO: A tightly-woven cotton-type fabric with an all-over print, usually a small floral pattern on a contrasting background colour. Common end-uses include dresses, aprons, and quilts.
CAMBRIC: A soft, white, closely woven, cotton or cotton blend fabric that has been calendered on the right side to give it a slight gloss. Cambric is used extensively for handkerchiefs.
CAMEL’S HAIR: A natural fibre obtained from the hair of the two-humped Bactrian camel. The fibre is used primarily in coats, sweaters, and suits.
CANVAS: Cotton, linen, or synthetic fabric made with a basic plain weave in heavy and firm weight yarns for industrial or heavy duty purposes. Also referred to as "duck", although the term "canvas" usually relates to the heavier, coarser constructions.
CASHMERE: A luxury fibre obtained from the soft, fleecy undercoat of the Kashmir goat.
CELLULOSE: A material derived from the cell walls of certain plants. Cellulose is used in the production of many vegetable fibres such as cotton, linen, jute, and hemp. It is also a basic raw material in the manufactured fibres rayon, acetate, and triacetate.
CHALLIS: A lightweight, soft plain weave fabric with a slightly brushed surface. The fabric is often printed, usually in a floral pattern. Challis is most often seen in fabrics made of cotton, wool, or rayon.
CHAMPRAY: A plain woven fabric that is most commonly made from cotton but can be made from silk or manufactured fibres. It incorporates a coloured warp (often blue) and white filling yarns.
CHANTILLY LACE: This lace has a net background, and the pattern is created by embroidering with thread and ribbon to create floral designs. The pattern has areas of design that are very dense, and the pattern is often outlined with heavier cords or threads.
CHARMEUSE: Trade name of silk and silk-like fabrics that are characterized by a shiny, soft, satin-like appearance.
CHENILLE: A speciality yarn characterized by soft, fuzzy yarns standing out around a velvety cord. The name comes from the French word for "caterpillar."
CHIFFON: A lightweight, sheer fabric woven from highly twisted filament yarns. The twist in the crepe yarns puckers the fabric slightly in both directions after weaving, giving it some stretch and a slightly rough feel.
CHINCHILLA CLOTH: A heavy, twill weave, filling-pile fabric with a napped surface that is rolled into little tufts or nubs. The material is frequently double- faced. The term is also used to refer to a knitted woolen fabric having a napped surface. Used primarily in coats.
CHINO: A cotton or cotton blend twill used by armies throughout the world for summer-weight uniforms. Chino is frequently dyed khaki and is now finding popularity for sportswear and work clothes.
CHINZ: A plain weave fabric, which has been glazed to produce a polished look. Usually made of cotton, this fabric is most commonly used in blouses, dresses, draperies, and slipcovers.
COMBINATION FABRIC: A fabric containing different fibres in the warp and filling. Combination fabrics may be either knit or woven. They should not be confused with blend fabrics. Although blend fabrics also contain more than one fibre, the same intimately blended spun yarn is present in both warp and filling.
COMBINATION YARN: A piled yarn containing two or more yarns that vary in fibre composition, content, and/or twist level; or plied yarn composed of both filament yarn and spun yarn.
CORDUROY: A fabric, usually made of cotton, utilizing a cut-pile weave construction. Extra sets of filling yarns are woven into the fabric to form ridges of yarn on the surface. The ridges are built so that clear lines can be seen when the pile is cut
COTTON: A unicellular, natural fibre that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. The fibre is most often spun into thread used to make a soft, breathable textile.
CREPE: Used to describe all kinds of fabrics that have a crinkly, crimped or grained surface. From the French word creper, which means to “crimp or frizz.”
CREPE BACK SATIN: A satin fabric in which highly-twisted yarns are used in the filling direction. The floating yarns are made with low twist and may be of either high or low lustre. If the crepe effect is on the right side of the fabric, the fabric is called satin back crepe.
CREPE DE CHINE: Softer and shiner than crepe back satin and lighter in weight. Typically made from rayon or silk.
CRINOLINE: A lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. Often used as an interlining or to support areas such as the edge of a hem.
CROCHETED: Loose, open knit made by looping thread with a hooked needle.
D
DAMASK: A glossy Jacquard fabric, usually made from linen, cotton, rayon, silk, or blends. The patterns are flat and reversible. The fabric is often used in napkins, tablecloths, draperies, and upholstery.
DENIM: True denim is a firm twill-weave, cotton-like fabric often having white filling yarns and coloured warp yarns (usually blue).
DOBBY: A decorative weave, characterized by simple geometric forms or motifs woven into the fabric structure. The design on the fabric is created in the weaving process.
DONEGAL TWEED: A medium to heavy, plain or twill weave fabric in which colourful yarn slubs are woven into the fabric. The name originally applied to a hand-woven woolen tweed fabric made in Donegal, Ireland. End-uses include winter coats and suits.
DOTTED SWISS: A lightweight, sheer cotton or cotton blend fabric with a small dot flock-like pattern either printed on the surface of the fabric, or woven into the fabric. End-uses include blouses, dresses, baby clothes, and curtains.
DOUBLE SILK: Similar to silk georgette but of double the weight.
DUPION SILK: A rough or irregular yarn made of silk reeled from double or triple cocoons. Fabrics of dupion have an irregular appearance with long, thin slubs.
DUCHESSE SATIN: smooth, full bodied fabric with sheen. Often a mix of silk and manufactured fibres. A favorite for full or A-line skirts.
DUNGAREE: A term describing a coarse denim-type fabric, usually dyed blue, that is used for work overalls.
E
ELASTANE: A synthetic fibre known for its exceptional elasticity. Also known as Lycra and often called Spandex in North America.
EMBROIDERED: An embellishment of a fabric or garment in which colored threads are sewn into the fabric to create a design. Embroidery may be done either by hand or machine.
EYELET: A type of fabric which contains patterned cut-outs, around which stitching or embroidery may be applied in order to prevent the fabric from raveling.
F
FAGOTING: A method of decorating cloth by pulling out horizontal threads and tying the remaining vertical threads into hourglass-shaped bunches. This openwork decoration might also be formed of thread drawn in criss-cross stitches across an open seam, which is also called ladder braid.
FAILLE: A glossy, soft, finely-ribbed, silk-like woven fabric made from cotton, silk, or manufactured fibres.
FELT: A non-woven fabric made from wool, hair, or fur, and sometimes in combination with certain manufactured fibres, where the fibres are locked together in a process utilizing heat, moisture, and pressure to form a compact material.
FIBRE: The basic entity, either natural or manufactured, which is twisted into yarns, and then used in the production of a fabric.
FLANNEL: A medium-weight, plain or twill weave fabric that is typically made from cotton, a cotton blend, or wool. The fabric is brushed on both sides to lift the fibre ends out of the base fabric and create a soft, fuzzy surface. End-uses include shirts, sheets and pajamas.
FLAX: The plant from which cellulosic linen fibre is obtained.
FLEECE: The wool shorn from any sheep, or from any animal in the wool category.
FLEECE FABRIC: A lightweight fabric with a thick, heavy fleece-like surface. It may be a pile or napped fabric, of either woven or knit construction. Provides enhanced durability warmth, wind resistance, breathability, and weather protection. End-uses include coats, jackets, and blankets
FLOCKING: A type of raised decoration applied to the surface of a fabric in which an adhesive is printed on the fabric in a specific pattern, and then finely chopped fibres are applied by means of dusting, air-brushing, or electrostatic charges. The fibres then adhere only to the areas where the adhesive has been applied.
FOIL: A thin piece of material put under another material to add colour or brilliance.
FOULARD: A lightweight twill weave fabric, made from filament yarns like silk, acetate, or polyester, with a small all-over print pattern on a solid background. The fabric is often used in men's ties.
G
GABARDINE: A tightly woven, twilled, worsted fabric with a slight diagonal line on the right side. Wool gabardine is known as a year-round fabric for business suiting.
GAUZE: A thin, sheer plain-weave fabric made from cotton, wool, silk, or manufactured fibres. End-uses include curtains, apparel, trimmings, and surgical dressings.
GEORGETTE: A sheer, lightweight silk or silk-like fabric with a dull, creped surface.
GINGHAM: A medium-weight, plain weave fabric with a plaid or check pattern.
H
HERRINGBONE: A twill weave construction in which the twill is reversed, or broken, at regular intervals, producing a zig-zag effect.
HIGH VISIBILITY FABRICS: Fabrics that contain fluorescent materials in order to make the wearer visible in dim and dark lights. These fabrics have the ability to reflect on-coming lights, which cause them to glow in the dark.
HOUNDSTOOTH CHECK: A variation on the twill weave construction in which a broken check effect is produced by a variation in the pattern of interlacing yarns, utilizing at least two different coloured yarns.
J
JACQUARD: Elaborate woven or knitted pattern made on a Jacquard loom. Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in France in 1801.
JERSEY: A tricot fabric made with a simple stitch and without a distinct rib. Characterized by excellent drape and wrinkle recovery properties. First manufactured on the island of Jersey.
JUTE: A bast fibre, chiefly from India, used primarily for gunny sacks, bags, cordage, and binding threads in carpets and rugs.
L
LAWN: A light, fine cloth made using carded or combed linen or cotton yarns. The fabric has a crease-resistant, crisp finish.
LAMB’S WOOL: The first clip of wool sheered from lambs up to eight months old. The wool is soft, slippery and resilient. It is used in fine grade woolen fabrics.
LENO WEAVE: A construction of woven fabrics in which the resulting fabric is very sheer, yet durable. In this weave, two or more warp yarns are twisted around each other as they are interlaced with the filling yarns; thus securing a firm hold on the filling yarns and preventing them from slipping out of position. Leno weave fabrics are frequently used for window treatments, because their structure gives good durability with almost no yarn slippage, and permits the passage of light and air. Also called the gauze weave.
LINEN: A fabric made from fibres of the flax plant woven into a fabric that is cooler, stronger, and more absorbent than cotton.
LUREX: A metallic yarn.
LYCRA: see Elastane
LYOCELL: A manufactured fibre composed of regenerated cellulose. Lyocell has a similar hand and drape as rayon, but is stronger and more durable. Also the generic name for Tencel.
M
MADRAS: A lightweight plain weave cotton fabric with a striped, plaid, or checked pattern. A true madras will bleed when washed. This type of fabric is usually imported from India. End-uses are men's and women's shirts and dresses.
MATELASSE: A medium to heavyweight luxury fabric made in a double cloth construction to create a blistered or quilted surface. Common end-uses are upholstery, draperies, and evening dresses.
MARABOU: A delicate, white raw silk thread that can be dyed with the natural gum still in it. Also refers to the fabric made of this silk.
MATTE: Lacks lustre or gloss and has a usually smooth, even surface free from shine or highlights.
MELTON: A heavyweight, dense, compacted, and tightly woven wool or wool blend fabric. Used mainly for coats.
MERINO WOOL: A high quality wool yarn made from the fleece of Merino sheep. It is fine, strong, elastic, and takes dye well.
MICRO FIBRE: Generic term for any synthetic fibre finer than silk. Comparatively, micro fibres are two times finer than silk, three times finer than cotton, eight times finer than wool, and one hundred times finer than a human hair. The fabrics made from these extra-fine fibres are soft, lightweight, breathable, and durable.
MILK: A relatively new substance used for weaving fabric. After getting rid of milk fat, the milk is curdled and the proteins are separated and concentrated into a viscous solution. That solution is forced through a capillary and is then hardened into a solid fibre that can be spun around a bobbin. Milk fabric is similar to silk in feel. It’s not a very hardy fibre, but milk fabric absorbs moisture and dye well and blends well with other fibres. The amino acids present in the fibre make it antibacterial and antifungal and some say it makes the skin more refreshed and smooth.
MODAL: A bio-based fibre made by spinning reconstituted cellulose from beech trees. Essentially a variety of rayon, it is more water-absorbent than cotton and retains its shape when wet.
MOHAIR: Hair fibres from the Angora goat. One of the oldest textile fibres in use, mohair is durable, resilient and has a high lustre and sheen. End-uses include sweaters, coats, suits, and scarves.
MOIRE/ WATERMARKED FABRIC: A corded fabric, usually made from silk or one of the manufactured fibres, which has a distinctive watermarked wavy pattern on the face of the fabric.
MONK’S CLOTH: A heavy weight cotton fabric utilizing the basket weave variation of the plain weave. Used for draperies and slip covers, it has poor dimensional stability and tends to snag.
MUSLIN: An inexpensive, medium weight, plain weave, low thread count cotton sheeting fabric. In its unfinished form, it is commonly used in fashion design to make trial garments for preliminary fit.
N
NAINSOOK: A lightweight plain weave cotton fabric, usually finished to create lustre and a soft hand. Common end-uses are infants' wear, blouses, and lingerie.
NET: An open mesh fabric of rayon, nylon, cotton, or silk, made in a variety of geometric-shaped meshes of different sizes and weights, matched to various end-uses. The net is made by knotting the intersections of thread or cord to form the mesh.
NINON: A lightweight, plain weave fabric, made of silk or manufactured fibres, with an open mesh-like appearance. Since the fabric is made with high twist filament yarns, it has a crisp hand. End-uses include eveningwear and curtains.
NYLON: Produced in 1938, nylon was the first completely synthetic fibre developed. Known for its high strength and excellent resilience, nylon has superior abrasion resistance and high flexibility.
O
ORGANDY: A sheer, stiff muslin-like fabric. It is the sheerest cotton made. End-uses include blouses, dresses, and curtains/draperies.
ORGANZA: The filament yarn counterpart to organdy. A crisp, sheer, lightweight plain-weave fabric, with a medium to high yarn count. The traditional and most luxurious organzas are woven with silk but nowadays, many are woven with synthetic filament fibres such as polyester or nylon.
OTTOMAN: A tightly woven, plain-weave, ribbed fabric with a hard, slightly lustred surface. The ribbed effect is created by weaving a finer silk or manufactured warp yarn with a heavier filler yarn, usually made of cotton, wool, or waste yarn. In the construction, the heavier filler yarn is completely covered by the warp yarn, thus creating the ribbed effect.
OXFORD: A fine, soft, lightweight woven cotton or cotton blend in a basket weave variation of the plain weave construction. The fabric is used primarily in shirtings.
P
PANNE VELVET: A type of lustrous, lightweight velvet fabric, usually made of silk or a manufactured fibre, in which the pile has been flattened in one direction.
PARACHUTE FABRIC: A compactly woven, lightweight fabric comparable with airplane cloth. It is made of silk, nylon, rayon, cotton, or polyester.
PEAU DE SOIE: A heavy, closely woven fabric with a fine diagonal rib like a twill. From the French for “skin of silk,” it drapes nicely and is often used for bridal gowns and eveningwear.
PERCALE: A medium weight, plain weave, low to medium count cotton-like fabric. End-uses include sheets, blouses, and dresses.
PERFORMANCE FABRIC: Fabrics made for a variety of end-use applications, which provide functional qualities, such as moisture management, UV protection, anti-microbial, thermo-regulation, and wind/water resistance.
PICOT: The small decorative loops that form an edging on ribbon and lace.
PIQUE: A medium weight fabric, either knit or woven, with raised dobby designs including cords, wales, waffles, or patterns.
PLISSE: A lightweight, plain weave, fabric, made from cotton, rayon, or acetate, and characterized by a puckered striped effect, usually in the warp direction. The crinkled effect is created through the application of a caustic soda solution, which shrinks the fabric in the areas of the fabric where it is applied. Plissé is similar in appearance to seersucker. End-uses include dresses, shirtings, pajamas, and bedspreads.
POINTELLE: Very feminine, delicate-looking, rib-knit fabric made with a pattern of openings.
POLYAMIDE: A synthetic fabric with wrinkle-resistant capabilities.
POLYESTER: A manufactured fibre with has high strength, excellent resiliency, and high abrasion resistance. Introduced in the early 1950s, it is second only to cotton in worldwide use. Low absorbency allows the fibre to dry quickly.
PONGEE: The most common form is a naturally coloured, lightweight, plain weave, silk-like fabric with a slubbed effect. End-uses include blouses and dresses.
PONTE DI ROMA: A fabric made in a double knit construction, usually produced in one colour rather than colour patterns. This plain fabric has an elastic quality with a slight horizontal line. The fabric looks the same on both sides.
POPLIN: A fabric made using a rib variation of the plain weave. The construction is characterized by having a slight ridge effect in one direction, usually the filling.
PTFE Fabric: A fabric made from Polytetrafluoroethylene, such as Gore-Tex.
R
RAMIE: A bast fibre, similar to flax, taken from the stalk of a plant grown in China.
RASCHEL KNIT: A warp knitted fabric in which the resulting knit fabric resembles hand crocheted fabrics, lace fabrics, and nettings. Raschel warp knits contain inlaid connecting yarns in addition to columns of knit stitches.
RAYON: A manufactured fibre composed of regenerated cellulose, derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, or other vegetable matter.
RIP-STOP NYLON: A lightweight, wind resistant, and water resistant plain weave fabric. Large rib yarns stop tears without adding excess weight to active sportswear apparel and outdoor equipment such as sleeping bags and tents.
S
SATEEN: A fabric made from yarns with low lustre, such as cotton or other staple length fibres. It has a soft, smooth hand and a gentle lustre. Often used for draperies and upholstery
SATIN: A smooth fabric, as of silk or rayon, woven with a lustrous face surface and a dull back. The yarns are interlaced in such a manner that there is no definite, visible pattern of interlacing and, in this manner, a smooth and somewhat shiny surface effect is achieved. The shiny surface effect is further increased through the use of high lustre filament fibres in yarns which also have a low amount of twist.
SAXONY: A high-grade coating fabric made from Saxony Merino wool raised in Germany.
SEERSUCKER: A woven fabric in which some of the warp yarns are held under controlled tension at all times during the weaving, while other warp yarns are in a relaxed state. When the filling yarns are placed, this produces a puckered stripe effect in the fabric. Seersucker is traditionally made into summer sportswear such as shirts, trousers, and informal suits.
SERGE: A fabric with a smooth hand that is created by a two-up, two-down twill weave.
SEQUINED: Ornamented with small plates of shining metal or plastic.
SHANTUNG: A medium-weight, plain-weave fabric, characterized by a ribbed effect, resulting from slubbed yarns used in the warp or filling direction. Often used for dresses and suits.
SHARKSKIN: A hard-finished, low lustred, medium-weight fabric in a twill weave construction. It is most commonly found in men's worsted suitings.
SILK: A natural fibre obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm, which is the caterpillar of the silk moth. It feeds solely on the leaves of mulberry trees. It is one of the finest textiles and is very strong, lustrous, and absorbent.
SISAL: A strong bast fibre that originates from the leaves of the Agave plant, which is found in the West Indies, Central America, and Africa. End-uses include cordage and twine.
SMART TEXTILES: Textiles that can sense and react to changes in the environment, such as changes from mechanical, thermal, chemical, magnetic, and other sources.
SPANDEX: A manufactured elastomeric fibre that can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking, and will still recover to its original length.
SUEDE: Leather with a napped surface.
SURAH: A light weight, lustrous twill weave fabric with a silk-like hand. It is available in silk, polyester, and rayon.Surah is the fabric of ties, dresses, and furnishings.
T
TAFFETA: A lustrous, medium-weight, plain-weave fabric with a slight ribbed appearance in the filling (crosswise) direction. For formal wear, taffeta is a favourite choice. It provides a crisp hand, with lots of body. Silk taffeta gives the ultimate rustle.
TAPESTRY: A heavy, often hand-woven, ribbed fabric, featuring an elaborate design or pictorial display. The weft-faced fabric design is made by using coloured filling yarns, only in areas where needed, that are worked back and forth over spun warp yarns, which are visible on the back. End-uses include wall hangings and upholstery.
TENCEL: Made from raw natural fibres containing no toxic substances. It is 100% biodegradable and often comes from tree farms that practice sustainability.
TERRY: A woven fabric, usually cotton, with loop pile on one or both sides. Typical uses include towels, robes, and apparel.
TERRY VELOUR: A pile weave cotton fabric with an uncut pile on one side and a cut pile on the reverse side. Terry velour is valued for its soft, luxurious hand. Typical uses include towels, robes, and apparel.
TICKING: A tightly woven, very durable fabric, usually made of cotton. It is usually striped and can be made by using a plain, satin, or twill weave construction. Often used for covering mattresses, box springs, pillows, and work clothes.
TRI-ACETATE: A manufactured fibre, which, like acetate, is made by modifying cellulose. Tri-acetate is less absorbent and less sensitive to high temperatures than acetate.
TULLE: A lightweight, extremely fine, machine-made netting, usually with a hexagon-shaped mesh effect. End-uses include dance costumes and veils.
TWEED: A medium to heavy weight, fluffy, woolen, twill weave fabric containing coloured slubbed yarns. Common end-uses include coats and suits.
TWILL: A fabric that shows a distinct diagonal wale on the face. Examples include denim, gabardine, and tricotine.
VELOUR: A medium-weight, closely-woven fabric with a thick pile. It can be made using either a plain weave or a satin weave construction. It resembles velvet, but has a lower cut pile. End-uses include apparel, upholstery, and drapes.
V
VELVET: A medium-weight, cut-pile constructed fabric in which the cut pile stands up very straight. It is woven using two sets of warp yarns; the extra set creates the pile. Velvet, a luxurious fabric, is commonly made with a filament fibre for high lustre and smooth hand.
VELVETEEN: A cotton cut-pile weave fabric, utilizing extra fill yarn construction, with either a twill or a plain weave back. The fabric is woven with two sets of filling yarns; the extra set creates the pile.
VENICE LACE: This lace often has a high profile, and is made using a needlepoint technique rather than embroidery. A heavier weight lace, the patterns vary from geometric to floral. Each pattern is attached to the others by bars made of thread.
VIRGIN WOOL: New wool that has never been used before or reclaimed from any other products.
VISCOSE: The most common type of rayon.
VOILE: A crisp, lightweight, plain weave cotton-like fabric, made with high twist yarns in a high yarn count construction. Similar in appearance to organdy and organza.
| Calico |
Which saint is frequently depicted as being killed by arrows? | Glossary of Cloth Terms
Glossary of terms used to describe clothing
Oxford English Dictionary
calamanco: kælamæ;nko. Forms: 6 calamance, 6-9 cali-, 7 calla-, 7-9 callimanco, (9 calamanca), 7- calamanco. [Found also
in Dutch kalamink, kalmink, Ger. kalmank, kalmang, Fr. calmande, Genev. calamandre: of unknown origin. The form has
naturally suggested connexion with med.L. camelaucus, a kind of cap, and a cloth of camel's hair; but evidence of connexion is
wanting. See Du Cange. ]
1. A woollen stuff of Flanders, glossy on the surface, and woven with a satin twill and chequered in the warp, so that the checks are seen on one side only; much used in the 18th c.
calico: kæ;liko. Forms: . 6 (Cal3ecot), callicutt, 6-7 calecut, 6-8 calli-, calicut, 7 calicute, 7-8 callicot. . 6 kalyko, calyco, calocowe, (callaga, -ca), 6-8 callico(e, 7-8 calicoe, 7- calico. [In 16-17th c. also calicut, from the name of the Indian city (sense 1), called in Malayâlam Kolikodu, in Arabic Qaliqut, med.L. (Conti) Collicuthia, Pg. Qualecut (V. de Gama), Calecut (Camoens). It is not clear how the form calico, occurring in 1540 as kalyko, arose; it may have been merely an English corruption; the Fr. calicot has been suggested as the intermediate form, but the age of this is uncertain.]
1. The name of a city on the coast of Malabar; in the 16th c. the chief port, next to Goa, of intercourse between India and Europe; used attrib. in Calicut-cloth, Calico-cloth: see next.
2. a. orig. A general name for cotton cloth of all kinds imported from the East (see quot. 1753); `an Indian stuff made of cotton, sometimes stained with gay and beautiful colours' (J.); subsequently, also, various cotton fabrics of European manufacture (sometimes also with linen warp).
b. Now, in England, applied chiefly to plain white unprinted cotton cloth, bleached or unbleached (called in Scotland and U.S. cotton).
c. in U.S. to printed cotton cloth, coarser than muslin.
callimanco:
1. Obs. form of calamanco
copperas: ko.p<e>ras. Forms: 5-7 coperose, (5 coperosse, coporose, copros(se, 6 coperus, cop(p)erous(e, coporouse,
(copper(r)oost(e), copporose), 6-7 coperas, cop(p)eress(e, -is, -ose, cop(p)oras, -es, -is, cop(p)ras, -es(se, 7 cop(p)erase, -ass, -ice, cop(p)ris, -ice, -ose, 6- copperas. [In 15th c. coperose: cf. Fr. couperose (14th c. in Littré), coupperose, Ital. copparosa, med.L. cuperosa, cuprosa, coporosa, in various early glossaries: see esp. Grimm, s.v. Kupferrose. Diez explained cuperosa, as = *cupri rosa rose of copper, comparing the Gr. name xalkanqon, -oj lit. `flower of copper.' It seems more probable that med.L. cuprosa, cuperosa was simply short for *aqua cuprosa = Ger. kupferwasser, Dutch koperwater, and its association with rosa `rose' merely an etymological fancy. That it was so understood is certain: cf. Kilian (Flemish 1599) `Koper-roose, Koperwater, chalcantum, vitriolum, vulgo cuperosa and coppa rosa'; and obs. Ger. kupferrose = kupferwasser (Henisch); also mod. Dutch koperrood copper-red, obs. Ger. kupferroth, LG. koperrôt. See the many forms in German under
kupferrauch, -rose, -roth, rusz, -wasser, in Grimm. In Fr. , couperose is also applied with more descriptive propriety to the
disease copper nose; so in Ger. `eine kupferrote nase' (Grimm). ]
1. A name given from early times to the protosulphates of copper, iron, and zinc (distinguished as blue, green, and white
copperas respectively); etymologically it belonged properly to the copper salt; but in English use, when undistinguished by attribute or context, it has always been most commonly, and is now exclusively, applied to green copperas, the proto-sulphate of iron or ferrous sulphate (Fe SO4), also called green vitriol, used in dyeing, tanning, and making ink. (The extension of the name beyond its etymological meaning is anterior to its appearance in English, and indeed inherited from Gr. xalkanqon, the description of which by Dioscorides gives prominence to blue vitriol, while its use as shoemaker's ink implies green vitriol; the same is true of Pliny's account of chalcanthum. It is probably that, at all times, the occurrence of composite salts containing a variable proportion of copper and iron, as well as the failure to distinguish between copper and iron pyrites, contributed to the confusion. It has to be remembered also that from the mediæval point of view `copperas' was a species, occurring in various colours, the difference of composition being only vaguely apprehended, and that the phenomenon of the dissolving of iron by a solution of green copperas, with deposition of its copper, was explained as conversion of iron into copper by the mediation of the `copperas', which changed its colour from blue to green in the process.)
crocus: krou.kAs. [a. L. crocus, a. Gr. krokoj the crocus, and its product saffron: app. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. karkom,
crocus, saffron, Arab. kurkum, saffron, turmeric. See Lacaita, Etymology of Crocus and Saffron, 1886. Not known as an Eng. name to the 16th c. herbalists, though OE. had croh saffron, Ir. and Gael. croch, from Latin .]
1. A genus of hardy dwarf bulbous plants, N.O. Iridaceæ, natives of southern and central Europe, the Levant, and Western Asia, and commonly cultivated for their brilliant flowers, which are usually deep yellow or purple, and appear before the leaves in early spring, or in some species in autumn. The autumnal species, C. sativus, yields saffron.
2. Old Chem. A name given to various yellow or red powders obtained from metals by calcination; as crocus of antimony (crocus antimonii or c. metallorum), a more or less impure oxysulphide of antimony; crocus of copper (c. veneris), cuprous oxide; crocus of iron (c. martis; also in 15th c. crokefer), sesquioxide or peroxide of iron.
3. [var. a coarse linen fabric like a burlap made from flax or hemp, a yellow dye from the crocus or saffron flower, or a coarse linen sacking dyed yellow. used for trousers or shirts, slaves and servants.]
damask: dæ;mask, sb. and a. Forms: 4-7 damaske, -asc, 4- damask; also 5 dameske, 5-6 dammask(e, 7 damasque, -ast; Sc. 5-6 dammas, -es, -ys, 6 domas, 7 damas, -es. [Prob. originally a. AngloFr. *Damasc = Ital. Damasco, L. Damascus proper name of the city; Littré and Hatzfeld have an OFr. Damas of 14th c., whence the Sc. forms above. The French text of Mandeville (Roxb. Club) ch. xiv. has Damasce.]
1. A rich silk fabric woven with elaborate designs and figures, often of a variety of colours. Also applied to figured materials of silk and wool, silk and cotton, or worsted or cotton only, used for furniture-covering, curtains, etc. `True damasks are wholly of silk, but the term is now applied to any fabric of wool, linen, or cotton, woven in the manner of the first damasks' (Beck, Draper's Dict.).
2. A twilled linen fabric richly figured in the weaving with designs which show up by opposite reflexions of light from the
surface; used chiefly for table-linen.
dimity: di.miti. Forms: 5 demyt, 6 dimite, 7 dimmety, dimmity, dimetty, 8 demity, dimitty, 8- dimity. [In 15-16th c. demyt, dimite, a. Ital. dimito `a kind of coarse cotton or flanell' (Florio 1598), `a kind of course linzie-wolzie' (ibid. 1611) = med.L. dimitum (12th c. in Du Cange), ad. Gr. dimitoj of double thread, sb. dimity, f. di-, dij twice + mitoj thread of the warp. It is not certain how the final -y arose: could it represent Ital. pl. dimiti? Cf. the plural in Du Cange's quot.: `amita, dimitaque, et trimita', explained to mean fabrics woven with one, two, or three threads respectively. The relation to these of the Persian word dimyati, explained as `a kind of cotton cloth, dimity', which has the form of a derivative of Dimyat, Damietta, is not clear.] A stout cotton fabric, woven with raised stripes or fancy figures; usually employed undyed for beds and bedroom hangings, and sometimes for garments.
[a cotton or fustian cloth with ridges, generally fine, sometimes described as silk or satin.]
drab:
[var. in color, usually a dull, yellowish brown; in fabric, a thick, heavy woolen of a dull color.]
drugget: drA.get. Also 6 Sc. droggitt, drogatt, 8-9 druggit. [a. Fr. droguet (1555 in Hatz.-Darm.), thence, prob., Sp. droguete, Ital. droghetto, Ger. droguett. Ulterior origin unknown. Littré suggests derivation from drogue drug as `a stuff of little value'; some English writers have assumed a derivation from Drogheda in Ireland, but this is mere wanton conjecture, without any historical basis.]
1. a. Formerly, a kind of stuff, all of wool, or mixed of wool and silk or wool and linen, used for wearing apparel.
b. Now, a coarse woollen stuff used for floor-coverings, table-cloths, etc.
duffill: dA.f'l. Also 7-8 duffield, 7-9 duffil. (The more common form is now duffle.) [Named from Duffel, a town of Brabant, between Antwerp and Mechlin.]
1. A coarse woollen cloth having a thick nap or frieze.
fustian: fA.stian, sb. and a. Forms: 3 fustane, 4-5 fustain, 4 fustayn, 4-6 fustiane, -yan(e, fusten(e, (5 fustien, fustyn, 6 fustin, fuschain, fustheyn, fushtyayne, fustyam, fusteen, fosten, Sc. fustean), 5-7 fustion, -yon, 4- fustian. [a. OFr. fustaigne, -aine, mod.Fr. futaine fem. = Pr. fustani, Sp. fustan, Pg. fustao, Ital. fustagno, repr. med.L. (pannus) fustaneus, (tela) fustanea; conjecturally derived from Fostat, the name of a suburb of Cairo where cloth was manufactured.]
1. Formerly, a kind of coarse cloth made of cotton and flax. Now, a thick, twilled, cotton cloth with a short pile or nap, usually dyed of an olive, leaden, or other dark colour.
hempen: he.mpen, a. (sb.) Also 4-5 hempyn(e, -pene, (6-7 hempton, 7 hemton), 6-8 hemping. [f. hemp sb. + -en4. Not
recorded in OE.; but cf. OHG. hanafîn (Ger. hänfen), LG. hempen.]
1. Made of hemp; of or pertaining to hemp. hempen homespun, homespun cloth made of hemp; hence, one clad in such cloth, one of rustic and coarse manners.
kersey: Now rare. Also 5 kerseye, 5-6 carsey, -say, 6 carsy(e, -soye, -ssey, -esye, cassaye, kersay, karsey, 6-7 karsie, carsie, -zie, 6-8 kersie, -sy, 7 kerzie. [Possibly named from the village of Kersey in Suffolk, (cf. Kendal, Worsted, etc., as names of fabrics); though evidence actually connecting the original manufacture of the cloth with that place has not been found. See note below.]
1. A kind of coarse narrow cloth, woven from long wool and usually ribbed. [Note. Historically the evidence is in favour of the name being of English origin; Caersige was the OE. form of Kersey in Suffolk (Earle Land Charters 484). Panni cersegi were manufactured in England in 1262; Kerseyes were important English exports in 1390; drap de Kersy is mentioned along with other fabrics named from places in 1399; carisies d'Angleterre are mentioned in French in 1630 (Godef. Compl.), and kentischer kirsey in German in 1716 (Grimm). At an early date the word appears in OF. as carizé, carisé (1453 in Godef. Compl.), later carisie and carisel. It is also common in MDu. as kerseye, kaersay, carcey, etc. (mod.Du. karsaai), and is found in G. as kirsei, kirschei (earlier karisey); also Da. kersei, kirsei, and Sw. kersing. It. and Sp. carisea are app. from the older F. forms.]
nankeen: nænki.n, sb. (and a.) Also 8 nankein, 9 -kin, -quin, and with capital initial. [f. Nankin or Nanking, `southern
capital', the name of the chief city of the province of Kiangsu in China. Cf. Fr. and Dutch nankin, G. nanking.]
1. A kind of cotton cloth, originally made at Nanking from a yellow variety of cotton, but now extensively manufactured from ordinary cotton and dyed yellow. Also attrib. with cloth.
osnaburg: Also with lower-case initial. Forms: 6 Osenbreges, Ossenbrydge, Ostenbriges, Ozenbridg(e, (Osburow), 7 Osenbrigs, 8 Oz-, Osnabrigs, -brug, Ozenbrigs; 7 Ossenburgs, 8 Osnaburgh, 8-9 Osnaburg. [Named from Osnabrück (in later Eng. corruptly Osnaburg), a town and district in North Germany, noted for its manufacture of linen.]
1. A kind of coarse linen originally made in Osnabrück
sagathy: Also 8 sagathea, saggathe, sagathee, 8-9 segathy, 9 sagathoy, -thay. [In Fr. sagatis (Boiste 1840; not in Littré or Hatz.-Darm;), Sp. sagatí; of unknown origin.]
1. A woollen stuff (see quot. 1727-41)
shalloon: Salu.n. Forms: 7-9 shaloon, 8 saloon, 7- shalloon. [a. Fr. chalon, which had been earlier adopted as chalon, q.v.
Cf. MHG. schalûne, mod.G. schalaune.]
1. A closely woven woollen material chiefly used for linings.
taminy: Obs. Prob.
1. a misprint or misreading of tamin or tammy
tammy: tæ;mi, sb.1 Also 7 tammey, 8 tamy. [Appears to be identical with obs. Fr. tamise `étoffe de laine lustrée' cited by Littré from a letter patent of 22 July, 1780 (cf; cerise, cherry); but this may have been an adaptation of the Eng. word, which was in use a century earlier. It has also been suggested to be a corruption of tamin, or a deriv. of Fr. estame worsted, estamet cloth-rash (Cotgr.).]
1. A fine worsted cloth of good quality, often with a glazed finish. Much mentioned in 17th and 18th centuries, but app. obs. before 1858. The name was revived as a trade-term in the late 19th c.: see quot. 1876.
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Who created the literary character Major-General Sir Richard Hannay? | Richard Hannay | Public Domain Super Heroes | Fandom powered by Wikia
Public Domain Super Heroes
Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, DSO
First Appearance
The Thirty-Nine Steps (Novel, 1915)
Original Publisher
[ show ]
Origin
Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, DSO - A Scottish man who served as a soldier, spy and officer for the British Empire. Born around 1877, he joined his father in South Africa when he was six years old. When he grew up, he became a mining engineer, spending three years prospecting for copper in German Damaraland and making a small fortune in Bulawayo. He took part in the Matabele Wars and was an intelligence officer at Delagoa Bay in the Boer war. When the first world war broke out, he immediately joined the New Army as a captain. He suffered wounds to the leg and neck in the Battle of Loos in September 1915, by which time he had reached the rank of major. Later, he reutrned to regular service in the army and was rapidly promoted to brigadier-general. In early 1917, he was called to operate as an agent of the secret service. Hannay was a patriot of the Empire, stating "Perhaps the Scots are better than the English, but we're all a thousand percent better than anybody else." He was strong, tough, gutsy, and always longing to prove himself. He was sometimes too sportsman-like for his own good. However, he was also modest and had great respect for his enemies. He spoke fluent German.
Supporting Cast
Mary Lamington: A beautiful and highly intelligent nurse and fellow spy who fell in love with Hannay and eventually married him. [Mr Standfast by John Buchan] (1919)
John Scantlebury Blenkiron: A dyspeptic American secret service agent who was a friend of Hannay and assisted him on a few missions. [Greenmantle by John Buchan] (1916)
Launcelot Wake: A cousin of Mary Lamington. He is a conscientious objector who assisted Hannay. He later died from a gunshot wound. [Mr Standfast by John Buchan] (1919)
| John Buchan |
Peter Murrell is the husband of which politician? | The Richard Hannay MEGAPACK ® (ebok) av John – EBOK.NO
The Richard Hannay MEGAPACK ®
(0)
Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, OBE, DSO, Legion of Honour, is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist John Buchan. In his autobiography, Memory Hold-the-Door, Buchan suggests that the character is based, in part, on Edmund Ironside, from Edinburgh, a spy during the Second Boer War. Hannay appears as a major character in five novels, all of which are included here: The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915) Greenmantle (1916) Mr Standfast (1919) The Three Hostages (1924) The Island of S…
Legg eboken i handlekurven - 11,-
11,-
Beskrivelse
Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, OBE, DSO, Legion of Honour, is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist John Buchan. In his autobiography, Memory Hold-the-Door, Buchan suggests that the character is based, in part, on Edmund Ironside, from Edinburgh, a spy during the Second Boer War. Hannay appears as a major character in five novels, all of which are included here: The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915) Greenmantle (1916) Mr Standfast (1919) The Three Hostages (1924) The Island of Sheep (1936) We are also including the two books in which he appears as a minor character: The Courts of the Morning (1929) Sick Heart River (1940) If you enjoy this ebook, don't forget to search your favorite ebook store for "Wildside Press Megapack" to see more of the 200+ volumes in this series, covering adventure, historical fiction, mysteries, westerns, ghost stories, science fiction -- and much, much more!
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Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin? | Scurvy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Browse the Encyclopedia
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| C |
Opera. Which Benjamin Britten opera is set in a fictional fishing village? | Scurvy - Symptoms, Causes, Treatments
Scurvy
Treatments
What is scurvy?
Scurvy is a disease that affects the blood vessels, skin, and the body’s healing process, resulting in anemia, hemorrhaging of the skin, and gum disease (gingivitis). Scurvy occurs when your diet is deficient in vitamin C. Scurvy is uncommon in the United States, and those most at risk are older adults and alcoholics suffering from malnutrition.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning the body neither produces nor stores the vitamin. To maintain good health, vitamin C must be replenished frequently. If your diet is lacking in fruits and vegetables, you may be at risk of an inadequate level of vitamin C. Conditions that cause malnutrition may be associated with scurvy.
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You may find that the signs and symptoms of scurvy are constant or occur only periodically. The types of symptoms associated with scurvy vary among individuals. Some people with scurvy have only mild symptoms, such as fatigue, while others may develop severe anemia and recurrent infections.
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Fortunately, scurvy can be readily and effectively treated with nutritional supplements to resolve deficiencies in vitamin C. Changes in your lifestyle can also reduce your risk of developing scurvy, include limiting alcohol intake, eating a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, not smoking, and always taking all medications and supplements as prescribed.
In some cases, if left untreated, scurvy can lead to severe vitamin-deficiency anemia that should be immediately evaluated in an emergency setting. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these serious symptoms, including difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, fainting or change in level of consciousness or lethargy, generalized swelling, muscle pain, uncontrollable bleeding, or rapid heart rate (tachycardia).
Seek prompt medical care if you are being treated for scurvy but mild symptoms worsen, recur, are persistent, or give you any reason for concern.
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In ‘Monopoly’, what is the first non-property square after ‘Go’? | Monopoly (game)
Monopoly (game)
Players make their way around the Monopoly board, such as this German one.
Publisher
Medium ( dice rolling , card drawing, luck)
Skills required
Social skills
BoardGameGeek entry
Throughout this article, the unqualified use of currency denominations such as "$" or "£" generally refers to play money in the context of the game.
Monopoly is the best-selling commercial board game in the world. Players compete to acquire wealth through stylized economic activity involving the buying, rental and trading of properties using play money , as players take turns moving around the board according to the roll of the dice . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly, the domination of a market by a single seller.
According to Hasbro, since Charles Darrow patented the game in 1935, approximately 750 million people have played the game, making it "the most played [commercial] board game in the world." The 1999 Guinness Book of Records cited Hasbro's previous statistic of 500 million people having played Monopoly. Games Magazine has inducted Monopoly into its Hall of Fame.
History
The history of Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. In 1904, an inventor named Lizzie Magie patented a game through which she hoped to be able to explain some of the economic ideas of Henry George. Her game, The Landlord's Game, was commercially published a few years later. Magie's game was redeveloped by her, and other interested game players, many of whom made their own sets. Magie herself patented a revised edition of the game in 1924, and similar games were published commercially. By the early 1930s a board game named Monopoly was created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies through the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st. Several different people, mostly in the U.S. Midwest and near the U.S. East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution.
By the 1970s, the game's early history had been lost (and at least one historian has argued that it was purposely suppressed - see below), and the idea that it had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore, printed in the game's instructions, and even the 1974 book The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game, by Maxine Brady. As Professor Ralph Anspach fought Parker Brothers and their then parent company, General Mills, over the trademarks of the Monopoly board game, much of the early history of the game was "rediscovered."
Because of the lengthy court process, and appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' trademarks on the game was not settled until the mid-1980s. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements. Parker Brothers current corporate parent, Hasbro, again only acknowledges the role of Charles Darrow in the creation of the game. Anspach published a book about his researches, called The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle, in which he makes his case about the purposeful suppression of the game's early history and development.
Board
Atlantic City version
This is the original and classic version produced originally by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of 40 squares containing 28 properties, 3 " Chance" squares, 3 " Community Chest" squares, a " Luxury Tax" square, an " Income Tax" square, "GO", " Jail", " Free Parking", and "Go To Jail." In the U.S. version shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Standard (American Edition) Monopoly game board layout [ ]
Free Parking
Mediterranean Avenue
($60)
Landing on the Jail space by a direct roll of the dice (without being sent to Jail) in the corner between the Light Blue and Light Purple/Maroon properties means the player is "Just Visiting" and continue the next turn normally.
Note that Marvin Gardens, a Yellow property on the above board, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. Marven Gardens is not a street, but a housing area outside Atlantic City. The housing area is said to be derived from MARgate City and VENtnor City in New Jersey (emphasis added). The misspelling was originally introduced by Charles Todd, whose home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and subsequently used as the basis of their design by Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling.
Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. in Atlantic City sometime during the 1980s. States Avenue and Saint Charles Place no longer exist, as the Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where they once ran.
Short Line is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City. The B&O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid-1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Finally, Atlantic City does not have a Water Works – its water is piped in from the New Jersey "mainland" through two pipes.
The other versions of the game have different property names, and the prices may be denominated in another currency, but the game mechanics are almost identical. The income tax choice from the U.S. version is replaced by a flat rate in the UK version, and the $75 Luxury Tax square is replaced with the £100 Super Tax square. The same is true of current German boards, with a €200 for the Income Tax space on the board, and a €100 Zusatzsteuer (Add-on tax) in place of the Luxury Tax. To complicate matters further, an Austrian version, released by Parker Brothers/Hasbro in 2001, does allow for the 10% or €200 for Income Tax and has a €100 Luxury Tax.
London version
In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States.
The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that in order for the game to be a success in Britain the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but an area of North London named after a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s the inn had become a Lyons Corner House (it is now a Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming, was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson who is also named Victor.
The standard British board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada , where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries such as New Zealand (see Localized versions of the Monopoly game).
In the cases where the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged.
Standard (British Edition) Monopoly game board layout [ ]
Free Parking
Whitechapel Road (£60)
Old Kent Road (£60)
For a list of some of the localized versions, including the UK "Here & Now" edition, and the names of their properties, see localized versions of the Monopoly game.
Here and Now Editions
United Kingdom
In 2005, Hasbro launched the UK version of the "Here and Now Limited Edition", updating the properties and prices to reflect present-day London properties. The playing pieces were also changed to be: Mobile phone, Roller blade, Hamburger, Jumbo Jet , Racing Car, Skateboard and London Bus . This version was launched in recognition of the game's 70th anniversary in conjunction with an online version.
United States
The U.S. version of the "Here and Now Edition" replaces Atlantic City landmarks with legendary U.S. streets, neighborhoods and national monuments. Fans were able to vote on the U.S. Monopoly website for their favorite landmarks from 22 cities – including New York 's Times Square, Chicago 's Wrigley Field, Honolulu's Waikiki Beach, Minneapolis' Mall of America, Beverly Hills' Rodeo Drive, Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry, Phoenix's Camelback Mountain, and San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge. Additionally, the votes determined where each landmark appears on the game board; the city with the most votes landing on the coveted Boardwalk spot. The railroads were replaced by airports, namely, New York's JFK, Chicago's O'Hare, Los Angeles' LAX and Atlanta 's Hartsfield-Jackson. Property values have been increased, money is in higher denominations, and the Community Chest and Chance cards reflect more modern scenarios. Tokens in the new game include a box of McDonald's French fries, a cup of Starbucks coffee, a Toyota Prius, a New Balance tennis shoe, a Motorola RAZR cellular phone, and a laptop. A version for Microsoft Windows based on the same board was also released on CD-ROM, produced by Encore, Inc.
Germany
A German edition (called "Monopoly Heute" or "Monopoly Today") was released in 2005, with updated properties in Berlin.
France
The French edition (called "Monopoly - Nouveau plateau") was released in 2005, with updated properties in Paris.
Australia
The Australian edition followed a nomination process similar to the American edition, though with Premiers making the nominations to Hasbro. The set was released in autumn 2006.
Canada
A Here and Now Limited Edition has been released in Canada around the same time as that of the US version. It includes landmarks such as Niagara Falls, Percé Rock and Yorkville.
Debit Card versions
A "Here and Now Electronic Banking Edition" was released in the United Kingdom in 2006, which includes an ATM and Visa debit cards in place of paper money. Australia also has the UK Debit Card version, however with Pound sterling instead of Australian dollars. A similar edition is available in Germany and France where they are known as "Monopoly Banking" and "Monopoly Electronique" respectively.
Properties in detail
This list details the 22 real estate properties in the original American version of Monopoly as presented by Darrow to Parker Brothers. The Original Atlantic City Monopoly board was done by Hoskin/Raiford's Atlantic City Quaker Friends School teachers with the changes noted by starred [*] items. The bracketed items are the differences in the names on the Hoskin/Raiford Quaker Monopoly board. It is believed that a version copied from this school's edition by Charles Todd was in turn copied by Charles Darrow, duplicating the changes in names, and the infamous misspelling of Marven Gardens.
Name
2000
200
The four railroads/stations (Reading Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad, B&O Railroad, and Short Line/Kings Cross, Marylebone, Fenchurch St, Liverpool St) are each worth 200. Rent is based on the number of railroads that player owns: 25 for one, 50 for two, 100 for three, and 200 for all four. Each railroad has a mortgage value of 100.
The two utilities (Electric Company and Water Works) are each worth 150. If a player owns either, rent is equal to the amount shown on the dice times 4. If a player owns both, rent is equal to the amount shown on the dice times 10. Each utility has a mortgage value of 75.
Equipment
All twelve tokens from the U.S. Deluxe Edition Monopoly.
Each player is represented by a small pewter token which is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured to the left and are as follows (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999 editions onwards), a horse and rider, a car , a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a cannon (1937b edition), an old style shoe, a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat.
Many of the tokens came from companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and spinning wheel were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage. Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy.
Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden head-shaped tokens identical to those in Sorry! (not unlike the MSN Messenger logo). Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s. Plastic versions of these tokens can be seen in the German Monopoly set pictured at the beginning of this article.
Other things included in the standard edition are:
The dice in Britain were replaced with a spinner because of a lack of materials due to World War II
A pair of six-sided dice .
A Title Deed for each property. A Title Deed is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include:
22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a colour group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. A player can also be considered to have a monopoly by having both utilities and/or all four railroads (or stations) during gameplay. However, the utilities and railroads cannot be improved or have houses and/or hotels built on them.
4 railways/stations. Players collect higher rent if they own more than one railway. Hotels and houses cannot be built on railways. These are usually replaced by railway stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.
2 utilities. Players collect higher rent if they own both utilities. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities.
A supply of paper money. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores. In U.S. standard editions, the supply generally starts with $15,140, the same amount given away in United States dollars to the winner of the quadrennial Monopoly World Championship.
32 wooden or plastic houses and 12 wooden or plastic hotels. (The original and the current 'Deluxe Edition' have wooden houses and hotels; the current 'base set' uses plastic buildings.) Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed.
A deck of 16 Chance cards and a deck of 16 Community Chest cards. Players draw these cards when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them.
Hasbro also sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven: a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink.
In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-Chocolate edition of Monopoly through their "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for US$ 600.
The F.A.O. Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version in 2000 called " One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly" for US$ 100,000. This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:
18- carat (75%) gold tokens, houses and hotels
Rosewood board
street names written in gold leaf
emeralds around the Chance icon
sapphires around the Community Chest
rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space
the money is real, negotiable United States currency
The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, and worth US$ 2,000,000 is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced.
Rules
Two to eight people may play Monopoly, but the game dynamics are ideal with six players. With more than six players, it is too likely that an individual will not have the opportunity to buy significant property and be bankrupted without ever having been in contention. With four or fewer players, there are not as many possible combinations of property ownership, and the importance of astute trading and negotiation is diminished.
Each player begins the game with his token on the Go square, and $1500 (£1500, €1500, etc.) in cash divided as follows, per the U.S. standard rules:
2 each of:
1 x £5
5 x £1
Classic German editions (i.e. those pre-Euro) started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations and abbreviated M., and later used the Deutschmark (DM.) abbreviation, with seven denominations. In the classic Italian game, each player receives L350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but L50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. At least one Spanish edition (the Barcelona edition) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version.
All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players.
Official rules
Players take turns in order, as determined by chance before the game. A player's turn consists of rolling two dice and advancing on the board the corresponding number of squares clockwise around the track. Depending on where he/she lands, he/she takes any of a number of actions. If he or she lands on an unowned property, then the player has two options. He or she can either buy the property for its listed purchase price, or he or she can put it up for auction. The same goes for Railroads and utilities. If a person lands on Chance or Community Chest, then he or she draws the top card from the respective pile. If the player rolls doubles, he or she rolls again after completing the first turn, but if the player rolls three doubles in a row, he/she is sent to jail. If the player lands on a owned property he or she pays the owner a set amount of rent on colored properties and railroads, or multiplies a dice roll by a certain factor for the utilities. The player can also buy houses for their property if he/she owns all the property in a color group. The rent increases the more houses are on a space. Once there are four houses on a space, the player can build a hotel. The construction or selling back of houses and hotels must be done evenly across all properties in a colour group. This means that each property must have first received one house before a second can be constructed, two houses before a third can be constructed, and so on.
House rules
Many casual Monopoly players are surprised and disappointed to discover that some of the rules that they are used to are not part of the official rules. Many of these house rules tend to make the game longer by giving some players more money. Some common house rules include the following (and more can be found via links at the end of this article):
Free Parking jackpot, which usually consists of an initial stake (typically $500) plus collections of fines and taxes otherwise paid to the bank. A player who lands on Free Parking wins the jackpot, which may then be reset with the initial stake (if any). The jackpot is usually put in the centre of the board.
Players in jail cannot collect rent, build house or conduct trades.
A bonus for landing directly on GO by dice roll (commonly an additional $200). This does not include cards that send the player to GO.
Delayed Start: Players must pass GO before they can buy property.
Not having an auction when a player lands on a property and does not buy it.
Unlimited houses and hotels. A variant on this is to declare that houses cost $50 each, and hotels cost $100 each.
The fourth house step in building is skipped. In other words, after building a third house, the next step is building a hotel.
No need to build houses and hotels evenly over monopolized properties.
A bonus for rolling snake eyes (a pair of ones), often $100 or $500.
Properties are auctioned as soon as they are landed on, without the chance for the player who landed on the property to buy it outright. This is actually carried over from "auction monopoly" rules that were popular in the 1920s.
All properties are handed out evenly to all players before the game begins, or one or two are dealt to each player. (This variation is in the official UK rules as a short game option.)
No income tax on weekends and after 4 p.m. because the "income tax office" is closed.
A ' get out of jail free' card means that one can stay where they are on the board.
No need to roll a double when in jail.
A player rolling a 3 has the option of taking a Chance card instead.
The final unsold property is added to the Free Parking jackpot and must be won therein; it cannot be purchased even if a player lands on it.
A player can build a house as soon as he or she buys a property.
A player may buy resort shares when passing GO. Buying shares means that a player pays the lowest rent if he or she lands there.
A player who owns a property colour set may sell shares of one of them. A player who buys property shares pays half of the rent if he or she lands there and receives half of the rent if other players land there.
House rules, while unofficial, are not wholly unrecognized by Parker Brothers. George S. Parker himself created two variants, to shorten the length of game play. Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. House rules that have the effect of introducing more money into the game have a side-effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably.
Strategy
Monopoly involves a substantial portion of luck, with the roll of the dice determining whether a player gets to own key properties or lands on squares with high rents. Even the initial misfortune of going last is a significant disadvantage because one is more likely to land on property which has already been bought and therefore be forced to pay rent instead of having an opportunity to buy unowned property. There are, however, many strategic decisions which allow skilled players to win more often than the unskilled.
Property square probabilities
The layout of the "special" squares on the board (that is, the non-property squares), as well as the dice-roll probabilities, mean that not all squares have an equal probability of being landed upon.
1
11
12
As illustrated by the table, seven is the most probable roll, occurring 6 out of 36 times whereas 2 and 12 are the least probable rolls, each occurring once every 36 rolls. For this reason, Park Place is one of the least landed-on squares as the square seven places behind it is "Go to Jail".
Also when you are in jail, you are likely to get out by rolling a double, one in every six rolls. A get out of jail free card can be sold to any other player.
In consequence, some properties are landed upon more than others and the owners of those properties get more income from rent. The board layout factors include the following:
Jail: Since players are frequently directed to "Go To Jail," they will move through the purple, orange and red property groups immediately after leaving Jail. The two properties with the highest probability of being landed upon after leaving jail are the two cheaper orange properties (St James Place and Tennessee Avenue in North America, Bow Street and Marlborough Street outside North America). This makes the orange property set highly lucrative.
Go to…: One square — Go To Jail — plus a number of Chance and Community Chest cards will cause the player to advance a distance around the board. Thus, the squares immediately following Go To Jail and the take-a-card squares have a reduced probability of being landed upon. The least-landed upon property in this situation is the cheaper dark blue property (Park Place or Park Lane) because it sets in the lee of both Go to Jail and Community Chest (the Chance directly before it wouldn't affect its odds because it is impossible to roll a one).
Go to (property): Several properties are blessed with Chance cards which draw players to them. St Charles Place (Pall Mall), Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), Boardwalk (Mayfair), all of the railroads except Short Line (Liverpool Street Station), and both of the utilities benefit from this feature. Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) has the fortune of having both a "go to" dedicated card plus the card advancing to the nearest railroad.
Advance to Go: A player may be directed to the Go square by a Chance or a Community Chest card, thus lowering the probability of being landed-upon of every square in-between. The properties most affected by this are the yellow, green, and dark blue sets. It also marginally raises the probability for each square in the wake of Go, including the purple and orange sets which will be reached two or three rolls after being on Go.
Go Back Three Spaces: This directive comes from a Chance card. A quick look at the board shows that there are three Chance squares and hence three other squares which are 3 spaces behind. The leading orange property (New York Avenue or Vine Street) gains the most benefit from this card since the Chance square nestled amongst the red properties is itself the most landed-upon Chance square.
In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road) and Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road) are the least-landed-upon properties.
Dealing and bargaining
Much of the skill comes from knowing how to make the best use of a player's resources and above all knowing how to strike a good bargain. Monopoly is a social game where players often interact and must "deal" with each other in ways not unlike "real world" real estate bargaining. Note that the best deal is not always for the most expensive property; it is often situational, dependent on money resources available to each player and even where players happen to be situated on the board. When looking to deal, a player should attempt to bargain with another player who not only possess properties he or she needs but also properties the other player needs themself. In fact, offering relatively fair deals to other players can end up helping the player making the offer by giving him or her a reputation as an honest broker, which can make players less wary of dealings in the future. What is more, most people play Monopoly with the same group repeatedly. For this reason, such a reputation can have effects far beyond the game being played.
The end game
One common criticism of Monopoly is that it has carefully defined yet almost unreachable termination conditions. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers, is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around." However, the problem of time can be resolved by playing with a time limit and counting each player's net worth when the time is up. In fact, tournament play calls for a 90-minute time limit. Two hour time limits are used for international play. The Lord of the Rings edition gives players the option of creating a random time limit using the included One Ring token and specialized dice.
Played strictly to the rules, many games will be effectively decided when one player succeeds in bankrupting another because the bankrupt player gives all his property to the one to whom he could not pay his debt. A player who thus gains a fistful of properties will virtually control the game from that point onwards since other players will be constantly at risk. On the other hand, if a player is bankrupted by being unable to meet his debt to the bank (e.g., a fine or tax or other debt that is not rent), then his property is auctioned off; this can open up new possibilities in a game which was evenly set or in which a lot of property sets were divided among the players.
Another path to a faster ending is by a key property bargain, whether it be a very shrewd trade which sets one player up with a well-positioned set or a very rash trade where an inexperienced player gives his experienced opponent an underpriced gem. Either way, a deal which pays off for one player is most often the turning point of the game.
A third way to finish the game, though not the fastest, is to jot down important information (like property, money, and spaces the pieces are on), then put that in the box with the game to finish at a later date.
Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days).
Add-ons
Numerous official and unofficial add-ons have been made for Monopoly, both before its commercialization and after. The best-known expansion to the game is the Stock Exchange Add-On, published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook). The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a large number of new Chance and Community Chest cards.
In the Stock Exchange add-on, the Free Parking square is replaced with the Stock Exchange. The add-on also contained three each of Chance and Community Chest cards directing the player to advance to the Stock Exchange. The 1992 add-on also included seven other Chance cards and eight Community Chest cards (to play with the 1992 add-on, one Community Chest card - "From sale of stock you get $45" - is removed).
The add-on also included thirty stock certificates, five for each of the six different stocks, differing only in its purchase price, ranging from $100 to $150. Shares, like properties, can be considered to be tradeable material, and could also be mortgaged for half their purchase price. Shareholders could increase the value of their shares by buying up more of the same company's shares.
When a player moves onto Free Parking, stock dividends are paid out to all players with any unmortgaged shares. The amount to be paid out to each player is determined based on the number and kind of shares owned. Specifically, a player receives dividends from each stock based on the following mathematical formula:
(purchase price of share / 10) × (number of shares owned)2
The player who lands on Free Parking can also choose to buy a share if any remain – should the player decline, the Bank auctions a share off to the highest bidder. The 1936 rules are ambiguous with regards to the stock that is put up for auction, and convention has it that the winner of the auction chooses the stock to be received.
The Stock Exchange add-on serves to inject more money into the game, in a similar manner to railroad properties, as well as changing the relative values of properties. In particular, the Yellow and Green properties are more valuable due to the increased chance of landing on Free Parking, at the expense of the Light Purple and Orange groups.
A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001, this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built.
"Playmaster", another add-on, kept track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages that will be advantageous for some players and a punishment for others, making it easier to free up cards of a colour group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur, for example when a player lands on a railroad it will play I've Been Working on the Railroad.
Spinoffs
Monopoly Tycoon is a PC game in the Tycoon series that makes strategy and speed into determining factors for winning the game, eliminating completely the element of luck inherent in the dice rolls of the original. The game uses the U.S. standard Atlantic City properties as its basis, but the game play is unique to this version. The game also allows for solo and multiplayer online games.
Parker Brothers has also sold several games which are spinoffs of Monopoly. These are not add-ons as they don't function as an addition to the Monopoly game, but are simply additional games in the flavor of Monopoly.
Monopoly Junior board game, a simplified version for young children
Advance to Boardwalk board game
Express Monopoly, a card game released by Hasbro/Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the UK in the 1990s, now out of print.
Monopoly: The Card Game, an updated card game released by Winning Moves Games under license from Hasbro.
Free Parking card game
| Community Chest |
Baron Bomburst is a character in which British family film? | Monopoly Rules - Go, Jail, Income Tax
Property Improvements | Wheeling and Dealing | Debt and Bankruptcy | Variations | History | Conclusions
Monopoly: Go, Jail, Income Tax
Whenever you land on or pass GO you receive $200. This is one of the main ways that the bank infuses money into the game. $200 is no mean amount in Monopoly. It can buy 4 houses on the cheap properties or one house on Boardwalk. You can get to GO by the usual movement or by drawing a specific card in Chance or Community Chest. Overall, without the income from passing GO the game would take a lot longer to build to its final phases.
Four squares past GO lies the dreaded "Income Tax" square. Like real life it can be an onerous drain on your financial resources. It basically comes to 10 percent of everything you own or $200 whichever is less. If your strategy is working when you land on this square you will generally be forced to fork over the $200 you got for passing GO - which is included in calculating the tax, by the way, no matter where you started your turn. You are required by the rules to decide whether to pay the $200 or the ten percent of all your assets before you tally your assets. For this reason you should always have a pretty good idea of your financial position.
"Go to Jail. Go directly to Jail. Do not pass GO. Do not collect $200." This series of phrases long ago entered the American lexicon. You often hear it when someone receives a sudden minor setback in a sports game or in life. In the actual game of Monopoly landing on "Go to Jail" can indeed be a minor setback, or it could be a godsend. A player can be sent to Jail in any one of three ways: land on the "Go to Jail" square, draw a Chance or Community Chest card directing him to go there, or roll doubles three times. On the third double the move is NOT completed, but the player goes "directly" to Jail. If you land on the Jail square itself, you are "just visiting". It is kind of a free space (like "Free Parking").
There are some general misconceptions about going to Jail. First, a player sent to Jail may still collect rents on his or her property and may even do property improvements on his or her turn. The average sentence to Jail is 3 turns. The player rolls the dice every turn to see if he or she gets doubles. Doubles gets the player out early (without paying the $50 fine), and he or she must move the number rolled on the dice. The player may pay $50 BEFORE his or her dice roll to get out. At the end of three turns the player MUST pay the fine and MUST leave Jail.
Early in the game when property is being purchased, if sent to Jail, get out as soon as possible to get back into the buying action. But after the property is bought up, it is generally best to remain in Jail as long as possible, as you still collect rents, and can trade and make improvements. At the same time, being in Jail, you are not wandering around the board where you are likely to land on the improved properties of others. In Monopoly players are sent to Jail fairly frequently.
All these trips to jail actually make the orange property group one of the most desirable on the board. New York Avenue, Tennessee Avenue, and St. James Place, if improved can garner considerable income from players just released from Jail. The chances of any roll landing on one of these three properties from Jail is 38%. This is better than a 1/3 of the time. By the same token, the "Go to Jail" square is going to prevent a certain number of players from moving down the expensive side of the board.
| i don't know |
In which pantomime does the character Baron Hardup appear? | Cinderella
Cinderella
To order scripts ISBN 1-873855-14-1 Cast List Scenes Extract Notes
Introduction
A pantomime written in a traditional style, but at the same time refreshingly different, Cinderella treats your cast to some well made characters and dialogue, and conspires to involve your audience to the maximum.
There are many opportunities for song and dance, including 23 suggested titles, and plenty of scope for including an undefined number of senior and junior chorus members in the show.
Principals: Male 6, Female 6, Indeterminate 2
© John Owen Smith 1989
Gloria, her sister - a bad, but incompetent Fairy
Puck, a peripatetic Pixie
Elves, Imps, Fairies, etc. (junior chorus)
The Mortals:
Cinderella, his daughter by his first wife (principal girl)
Petunia & Nasturtium (Petty & Nasty), Ugly Sisters, imported daughters of his second wife
Griselda, their mother and the Baron's second wife
Buttons, the Baron's handyman
The Prince Charming, heir to the throne of Concordia (principal boy)
Dandini, Aide to the Prince
Coachman
The Prologue - Puck's Piece (Front of Tabs)
Scene 1 - A Street in the Town (Full Set)
Scene 2a - Gloria's grotto (Half Set)
Scene 2b - A Room in the Palace (Front of Tabs)
Scene 4a - In the Fairy Glen (Half Set)
Scene 4b - Another Street in the Town (Front of Tabs)
Scene 5 - Back in Baron Hardup's Kitchen (Full Set)
**** INTERVAL ****
The Interlogue - Gloria's grotto (Half Set)
Scene 1 - At the Ball in the Palace (Full Set)
Scene 2a - The Rumour Scene (Front of Tabs)
Scene 2b - In the Fairy Glen Again (Half Set)
Scene 3 - Again in Baron Hardup's Kitchen (Full Set)
Scene 4 - Community Song (Front of Tabs)
Scene 5 - In the Palace again (Full Set)
Extract from Act I Scene 3
Squire What have we come for Baldock?
Baldock Two asses, Squire.
Squire Two asses? What are you talking about?
Baldock That's what it says here - you wrote it, look - "Two asses".
Squire Give me that, let's have a look! "To assess", you ass, "To assess"! Two asses indeed! We know where one of them is, don't we!
Baldock It's your writing, Squire.
Squire It's your education you mean. You're incompetent Baldock, what are you?
Baldock Income bent, Squire.
Squire Bent! Yes, you're probably that too. (To Buttons and Cinders) We're here to assess the assets, calculate the cash, work out the wealth, list the lot and tot up the total.
Cinders Well, of all the cheek!
Buttons There's not a lot to tot!
Squire We'll see.
Squire (To Baldock) You start upstairs, Baldock, and I'll start down-stairs.
Baldock Upstairs. Righto, Squire. (Baldock exits upstage left)
Buttons You'd better start through here, (guides Squire upstage right), but I'm afraid it won't take you long. (Squire exits upstage right)
Buttons (To Cinders) Now, where were we?
Cinders About to make supper.
Buttons Right, well let's get on with it before the Squire ... (he is interrupted by shrieks and horrendous screams from upstairs). Oh my goodness, what's happened now?
Cinders I think Baldock's just found Daddy's hidden assets!
(The Ugly Sisters rush on from upstage left)
Nasty There's a man in my room!
Petty And mine!
Cinders He can't be in both at the same time.
Nasty There I was embroiled in my boudoir, when this fearsome face leered round the door at me.
Buttons Poor fellow!
Petty And I was in the middle of my make-up when the monster appeared in my mirror!
Buttons I wonder he survived!
Nasty What's he up to, that's what I'd like to know.
Petty Up to no good, I'll be bound.
Nasty Fancy, just barging in on us like that - two defenceless females. I mean, anything might have happened.
Buttons Unlikely, I would say.
Producer's Notes
This pantomime uses three different full set scenes, separated by half set or front of curtain scenes to allow for backstage activity.
Directions given are those used in the original production, but use your imagination according to the facilities available to you. (In the event, we didn't fly Puck out of the Prologue!).
A list of songs used in the original production is included for your guidance. Where special words were written (eg. for the inevitable "Sisters"), these are also included. But again, use your imagination and feel free to use whatever seems to fit, or whatever your pianist and performers can handle! We were lucky in both.
In our shows we like to get in among the audience as much as possible. We had a number of cast entrances coming through the auditorium, and of course the Rumour Scene gives a further opportunity for mayhem!
I used the general convention that immortals speak in rhyme and mortals in prose; "In Pantomimes that's how it goes", says Gloria. Of course this leads to interesting problems if mortals and immortals speak to each other, as when Cinders meets the Fairy Godmother in disguise. I hope I have resolved this reasonably successfully. You will also see Griselda slipping from mortality to immortality as Gloria's potion starts to work!
I also put the transformation scene just before the interval, not only to leave the audience in a state of wonder while they drink insipid coffee, but also to allow us to clear the smoke from the stage! (If you can arrange to do the transformations without generating smoke, fine!).
So good luck with your show. Put in local variations as you wish, and if you think you can improve on the verse then do that too! Have fun - otherwise, why do it?
P.S. Of course if you're not doing Robin Hood next year, you may want to change Gladys's last lines!
| Cinderella |
On which 2014 Richard Linklater film did production begin in 2002, but not end until 2014? | Count Arthur Strong to appear in panto : News 2016 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide
Count Arthur Strong to appear in panto
Alongside Paul Zerdin, Paul O'Grady and Julian Clary
Count Arthur Strong is to make his real-life pantomime debut.
The bumbling character created by Steve Delaney is to play Baron Hardup in Cinderella at the London Palladium this Christmas.
The character was asked to appear in a local pantomime in the 2014 Christmas special of his Radio 4 show… but it didn’t go well. And the London Palladium has always featured heavily in Count Arthur’s recollections of the heyday of variety. In his 2006 live show, he even set his sights on staging Count Arthur Strong The Musical there.
Cinderella will be the first panto at the Palladium in 30 years, and also features America’s Got Talent champion Paul Zerdin , who plays Buttons, the role the comic ventriloquist also took in Plymouth last year.
The cast also includes Paul O’Grady, who plays The Wicked Stepmother, Julian Clary , as Dandini, West End star Lee Mead as Prince Charming and Nigel Havers as Lord Chamberlain.
Producers say the roles of Cinderella, the Fairy Godmother and the Ugly Sisters will be announced soon.
Earlier this year, co-director Michael Harrison told actors’ newspaper The Stage that ‘the last thing I want is celebrity casting for the sake of celebrity casting. I want stars but I want every single person on that stage to be able to do it and that’s the balance we have got to try to create.’
Cinderella will be staged by the world’s biggest pantomime producer Qdos Entertainment, who say: ‘This lavish and spectacular production features sumptuous costumes, magnificent scenery and the unmissable and magical breathtaking moment when Cinderella swaps her rags for a stunning Ball gown and is transported to The Prince’s Ball.’
The show will run at the London Palladium from December 9 to January 15, 2017.
Posted: 26 May 2016
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